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GAZETTEER 


OF    THE 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA; 

COMPRISING 

A   CONCISE    GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES,  AND   PARTICULAR  DESCRIPTIONS 

OF  THE  SEVERAL  STATES,  TERRITORIES,  COUNTIES,   DISTRICTS,  CITIES,  TOWNS, 

VILLAGES,    THEIR     MOUNTAINS,     VALLEYS,    ISLANDS,     CAPES,    BAYS, 

HARBORS,  LAKES,  RIVERS,   CANALS,  RAILROADS,  <fcc.;   WITH 

THE    GOVERNMENTS     AND    LITERARY    AND    OTHER 

PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS    OF  THE  COUNTRY ; 

ALSO,    ITS 

MINERAL  SPRINGS,  WATERFALLS,  CAVES,  BEACHES, 

AND  OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS; 

TO    WHICH    ARE    ADDED 

VALUABLE  STATISTICAL  TABLES,    • 


BY    JOHN    HAYWARD, 


AUTHOR    OF    THE    NEW    ENGLAND    GAZETTEER,    AND    SEVERAL    OTHER    GEOGRAPHICAL 
AND    STATISTICAL    WORKS. 


NEW    YORK. 

LEAVITT    AND    ALLEN. 

1853. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1851,  by 

JOHN  HAYWARD, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts 


STEREOTYPED  AT  THE 
BOSTON    STEREOTYPE    FOUNDRY. 


3  9  -7  3  f\  -3  tf 


PREFACE. 


THE  labor  of  preparing  and  bringing  out  a  new  Gazetteer  of  the 
United  States  has  become  great  and  difficult.  A  considerable  number 
of  years  have  elapsed  since  any  work  of  this  kind  has  been  given  to 
the  public  as  the  fruit  of  original  research.  These  have  embraced  a 
period  of  extraordinary  progress  and  development  in  the  whole  economy 
of  the  country ;  during  which  our  new  settlements  have  been  multiplied 
and  extended  with  unexampled  rapidity,  and  most  of  the  districts,  towns, 
and  cities  of  an  earlier  date  have  made  advances  in  population, 
wealth,  and  internal  improvements,  which  have  given  to  some  of  the 
older  states  a  character  and  an  aspect  almost  entirely  new.  Numerous 
nourishing  places  at  the  west,  now  the  marts  of  an  extensive  trade, 
and  seats  of  civil  jurisdiction,  have  sprung  up  within  that  period ; 
while  great  numbers  of  our  maritime*  ports,  and  manufacturing  towns 
and  cities,  in  the  Atlantic  States,  have  seen  their  population,  and  every 
element  of  their  prosperity,  wonderfully  augmented. 

Hence  the  necessity  of  going  over  the  whole  ground,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, with  new  and  careful  investigation ;  questioning  and  doubting  the 
old  authorities  at  every  step,  and  obtaining  accurate  information  from 
the  most  recent  and  authentic  sources.  In  the  endeavor  to  accomplish 
this,  the  author  has  spared  no  labor  nor  expense  which  it  was  in  his 
power  to  command.  Having  devoted  himself  almost  exclusively  to  the 
pursuit  of  information  in  this  department  for  many  years,  during  which 
time  his  Gazetteers  of  New  England,  and  of  the  states  of  Massachu- 
setts, New  Hampshire,  and  Vermont,  have  been  given  to  the  public, 
and  having,  for  this  purpose,  travelled  somewhat  extensively,  and  made 
himself  personally  familiar  with  the  physical  and  social  characteristics 
of  the  country,  he  has  endeavored  to  pass  an  intelligent  judgment 
upon  the  genuineness  and  accuracy  of  all  the  materials  incorporated 
in  the  work.  Yet  perfect  accuracy,  in  a  work  of  this  extent,  is  unat- 
tainable by  any  human  diligence ;  and  the  author  claims,  on  this  score, 


4  PREFACE. 

nothing  further  than  to   have   employed  his  best  exertions,  under  some 
peculiar  advantages,   for  the  successful  accomplishment  of  his   object. 

The  most  competent  and  able  assistance  has  been  freely  employed, 
in  the  preparation  and  revision  of  the  materials  embodied  in  the  work. 
Many  of  the  papers  on  particular  subjects,  such  as  those  on  the  higher 
educational  institutions,  the  banks,  the  currency,  the  population,  &c., 
have  been  prepared  by  gentlemen  distinguished  for  their  acquaintance 
with  the  several  departments  of  learning  to  which  they  pertain  ;  and  a 
large  number  of  the  roost  elaborate  articles  in  the  descriptive  portions 
of  the  work  were  written  by  persons  familiar  with  the  places  and 
the  scenes  described.  To  these,  and  to  other  individuals,  who  have 
been  steadily  employed  upon  the  undertaking,  for  a  longer  or  shorter 
time,  the  author  is  happy  to  acknowledge  himself  indebted  for  a  large 
amount  of  what  is  valuable  in  the  subject  matter,  and  much  that  is 
attractive  in  the  literary  execution  of  the  work.  He  would  specially 
acknowledge  his  obligations  to  the  public  officers  of  the  several  states 
and  of  the  United  States,  to  whom  he  has  been  indebted  for  many 
valuable  documents  ;  to  the  Rev.  WILLIAM  JENKS,  D.  D.,  for  his  articles  on 
the  New  England  States ;  to  JESSE  CIIICKERING,  M.  D.,  for  his  assist- 
ance in  the  population  tables ;  to  CALEB  STETSON,  Esq.,  for  his  valu- 
able article  on  banks ;  and  especially  to  the  Rev.  SAMUEL  II.  RIDDEL. 
late  secretary  of  the  American  Education  Society,  for  his  assistance 
in  the  preparation  of  the  entire  work. 

The  standard  authorities  which  have  been  consulted  are,  the  general 
and  local  gazetteers  of  former  dates,  numerous  county  and  town  his- 
tories, that  valuable  series  of  volumes  known  as  Historical  Collections 
of  several  of  the  states,  the  American  Almanac,  congressional  and 
state  documents,  reports  of  corporations,  topical  and  coast  surveys, 
journals  of  the  most  intelligent  tourists,  guide  books,  maps,  and  other 
works,  geographical,  geological,  and  statistical,  from  which  appropriate 
information  could  be  derived.  The  substance  .of  all  which  may  be 
considered  as  of  real  value,  in  reference  to  the  legitimate  purpose  of 
a  gazetteer  of  the  country,  has  been  made  to  contribute  to  the  com- 
pleteness of  the  present  work ;  to  the  exclusion,  however,  of  a  large 
class  of  unimportant  details,  with  which  the  pages  of  works  of  this 
kind  have  frequently  been  encumbered.  Statistics  which  are  compar- 
atively trifling  and  unessential  in  themselves,  or  such  as  must  cease  to 
be  of  any  value  after  the  changes  of  one  or  two  years,  have  been 
usually  omitted ;  and  the  space  they  would  have  occupied  has  been 
redeemed  for  matter  of  more  general  interest,  and  for  such  material 
facts  as  are  wanted  to  satisfy  the  intelligent  inquiries  of  persons  inter- 
ested in  obtaining  a  knowledge  of  any  portion  of  the  country,  for  ends 
important  to  themselves. 

The  interest  and  convenience  of  the  reader  have  also  been  consulted, 


PBEFACE. 

in  regard  to  the  facility  of  such  casual  references  as  a  work  of  this 
kind  is  chiefly  intended  to  supply,  by  breaking  up  the  mass  of  its 
materials  into  several  distinct  sections,  as  indicated  by  a  natural  prin- 
ciple of  distribution  and  arrangement.  The  general  descriptions  of  the 
states  and  territories ;  the  grand  physical  features  of  the  country ;  the 
great  body  of  its  inhabited  places,  whether  denominated  cities,  boroughs, 
towns,  or  villages ;  its  chief  localities  of  fashionable  resort,  and  of  curious 
interest  to  the  traveller;  the  smaller  post  villages,  which  are  only  of 
consequence  as  such ;  the  population,  colleges,  banks,  and  various  sta- 
tistical tables,  are  severally  placed  by  themselves,  under  distinct  and 
appropriate  titles,  instead  of  being  all  embodied,  as  has  been  more 
commonly  the  case,  in  one  promiscuous  and  ^indistinguishable  series. 
Thus  the  person  consulting  this  Gazetteer  will  be  saved  much  of  the 
perplexity  and  hinderance  of  running  his  eye  over  pages  of  a  long  and 
crowded  alphabet,  to  find  the  subject  of  his  inquiry;  while,  at  the 
same  time,  important  portions  of  the  work  are  thus  presented,  in  a 
much  more  interesting  and  instructive  form,  to  the  general  reader. 

The  failure  of  Congress,  hitherto,  to  provide  for  the  publication  of 
the  seventh  national  census,  has  necessarily  occasioned  a  postponement 
in  the  issuing  of  this  work,  from  the  time  contemplated  in  the  original 
prospectus,  and  has  required  a  laborious  and  expensive  resort  to  other 
methods  of  obtaining  the  information  which  that  public  document  was 
expected  to  supply.  This  delay,  however,  has  been  diligently  improved 
in  more  carefully  elaborating  and  perfecting  important  portions  of  the 
work,  and  in  bringing  the  whole  down  to  a  much  later  date  than  was 
at  first  intended. 

In  all  the  toil  of  this  arduous  and  protracted  undertaking,  the  author 
has  been  much  sustained  and  animated  by  the  hope  of  offering  an 
acceptable  and  useful  service  to  his  countrymen,  and  of  contributing,  in 
no  small  degree,  to  illustrate  the  prosperity  and  glory  of  a  people, 
whose  advancement,  in  all  the  elements  of  a  free,  Christian  civilization, 
is  becoming,  more  and  more,  the  admiration  of  the  world.  In  the  con- 
fidence that  neither  of  these  good  ends  will  be  entirely  lost,  the  labor 
of  years  is  now  submitted  to  a  liberal  and  enlightened  public,  to  meet 
with  such  approval  only  as  its  merits  may  deserve. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


ALABAMA, AA. 

ARKANSAS, As. 

CALIFORNIA, CA. 

CONNECTICUT, Cx. 

COUNTY, Co. 

COURT  HOUSE,  OR  SHIRE  TOWN,  .       .  C.  H. 

DELAWARE, DE. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA,  .       .      .  D.  C. 

FLORIDA,    ....  ...  FA. 

GEORGIA, GA. 

ILLINOIS, Is. 

INDIANA, IA. 

INDIAN  TERRITORY, IN.  TY. 

IOWA, to. 

KENTUCKY, KY. 

LOUISIANA LA. 

MAINE, ME. 

MARYLAND,  MD. 

MASSACHUSETTS, Ms. 

MICHIGAN, MN. 


MINNESOTA, MA. 

MISSISSIPPI, MI. 

MISSOURI, MO. 

NEBRASKA, NA. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE, N.  H. 

NEW  JERSEY, N.  J. 

NEW  MEXICO, N.  M. 

NEW  YORK, N.Y. 

NORTH  CAROLINA,        .       .       •       .  N.  C. 

OHIO, o. 

OREGON, ON. 

PENNSYLVANIA PA. 

RHODE  ISLAND R.  I. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA, S.  C. 

TENNESSEE, TE. 

TEXAS, TS. 

UTAH, UH. 

VERMONT VT. 

VIRGINIA, VA. 

WISCONSIN,        ....  .  WN 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 9 

DESCRIPTIONS    OF  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES, 25 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  MOUNTAINS,  VALLEYS,  RIVERS,  CREEKS,  LAKES,  CAPES,  BAYS, 

HARBOES,  ISLANDS,    SOUNDS,  &C.,          ...  16~ 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &C.,  2G3 

LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE  OF  SOME  OF   THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  PLACES,     .           .  642 
DESCRIPTIONS    OF    MINERAL    SPRINGS,    WATERFALLS,    CAVES,    BEACHES,    AND 

OTHER  FASHIONABLE    RESORTS.     (For  Index,  see  next  page.)                     ...  643 

LIGHT-HOUSES, 680 

COLLEGES,       ...                       689 

PROFESSIONAL   SCHOOLS  AND  SEMINARIES, 707 

PUBLIC  LIBRARIES,           .           .                      709 

BANKING  INSTITUTIONS,  COIN,  AND  CURRENCY, 710 

POPULATION  TABLES,  FROM  1790  TO  1850, 729 

CENSUS   1850, 724 

POST  OFFICES,  ARRANGED    BY  STATES  AND  COUNTIES, ,761 

PROGRESS  OF  THE  POST  OFFICE, 832 

NEWSPAPERS  AND   PERIODICALS, 831 

ARMY,     ....                                  842 

NAVY,      ....                                  845 

CANALS,             .                      .                      846 

RAILROADS, 847 

COMPARATIVE  SPEED   ON    PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS, 850 

ROUTES  TO  CALIFORNIA  AND  OREGON, 851 

STATISTICAL  TABLES. 

AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTIONS,                      163 

MANUFACTURE  OF  COTTON  GOODS, 164 

MANUFACTURE  OF  WOOLLEN  GOODS, 165 

MANUFACTURE  OF  WROUGHT  IRON,          ........  833 

MANUFACTURE  OF  PIG  IRON,                       834 

MANUFACTURE  OF  IRON  CASTINGS,           ...                       ....  835 

COMMERCE  OF  EACH  STATE  AND   TERRITORY,   FROM  JBLY  1,    1850,  TO    JUNE 

30,1851, 166 

NAVIGATION.  — TONNAGE  OF  THE    UNITED  STATES,                                             .            .  836 

TONNAGE   ENTERED,  .  .838 

TONNAGE  CLEARED, 833 

TONNAGE  BY  DISTRICTS, 840 

CONCISE   VIEW  OF  THE  LOCATION,  EXTENT,  CAPITAL,  &c.,  OF  EACH  STATE 

AND  TERRITORY, 262 

STATE  PENITENTIARIES,  1851, 751 

GRAND  DISTANCE  TABLE, '     '.           .  853 

APPENDIX,       ....  .857 


INDEX 


TO 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  WATERFALLS,  CAVES,  BEACHES,   AND 
OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS. 


ASCUTNEY  MOUNTAIN,  VT.,        .       . 
AVON  SPRINGS,    N.  Y.,      . 
BALSTON  SPA,  N.  Y.,         .        .        •       . 
BELLOWS  FALLS,  VT., 
BLACK  MOUNTAIN,  N.  C.,       . 
BLENNERHASSETT'S   ISLAND, 
BLUE  HILLS,  MS.,       . 
BLUE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  VA.,     . 

BOOTHBAY,  ME., 

BRANDYWINE  SPRING,  DE.,  . 
BURNING  SPRINGS,  N.  Y.,    . 

CAPE  ANN,  MS., 

CAPE  MAY,  N.  J., 

CARROLLTON  GARDENS,  LA., 
CATAWBA  FALLS,   N.  C. 
COHASSET  ROCKS,  MS.,     .        .        . 
COHOES  FALLS,  N.  Y.,     . 
CONEY  ISLAND,  N.  Y.,        .        >      . 
CROWN  POINT,  N.  Y.,      .... 
DIGHTON  ROCK,  MS.,  .... 
DRENNON  SPRINGS,  KY.,      . 

FLUSHING,  N.  Y., 

FORT  TICONDEROGA,    N.    Y., 
FRANCONIA   NOTCH,  N.  H.        .        . 
OINGERCAKE  ROCKS,   N.  C., 
GUILFORD  POINT,  CT.,       . 
HAMPTON  BEACH,   N.  II.,       . 
HARPER'S  FERRY,  VA.,     . 
HARRODSBURG   SPUING S,   KY., 

HOBOKEN,  N.  J., 

HOPKINTON  SPRINGS,  MS.    . 
HOT  SPRINGS,  AS.,      .... 

HOT  SPRINGS,  VA.,          . 

HOUSE  OF  NATURE,  IS.,    . 

INDIAN   SPRINGS,  GA.,    .... 

ISLES  OF  SHOALS,  ME    AN!)   N.  IL, 
LATONIAN  SPRINGS,   KY.,     . 
LONG  BRANCH,  N.  J.,         ... 
LOOKOUT    MOUNTAIN,   GA., 
MADISON'S  CAVE,  VA.,      . 
MADISON  SPRINGS,  GA., 
JIAMMOTH   CAVE,  KY.,        .        .        . 
MITCHELL'S  PEAK,   N.  C.,    . 
MONADNOCK  MOUNTAIN, 
MONTAUK  POINT,  N.   Y., 
MONTMORENCI  FALLS,  CANADA, 
MONTREAL,  ....  .        . 

MOUNT  EVERETT,  MS., 
MOUNT  HOLYOKE,  MS.,  . 


Patre 
643 
643 
643 
644 
644 
644 
644 
645 
645 
645 
645 
645 
645 
645 
645 
645 
646 
646 
646 
646 
646 
646 
646 
646 
647 
647 
647 
648 
648 
648 
648 
648 
649 
649 
649 
649 
649 
649 
649 
649 
649 
6511 
652 
652 
653 
652 
652 
653 
654 


MOUNT  HOPE,  R.  I., 

MOUNT  VERNON,  VA.,  .... 

NAIIANT,  MS., 

NANTASKET  BEACH,  319.,    .        .        . 
NATURAL  BRIDGE,  VA.,    .... 
NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS,  N.   Y.,      . 
NEWPORT,  R.  I.,     .        .        ... 

NIAGARA   FALLS, 

NICOJACK   CAVE,   GA.,       .        .        .        . 
OLD  MAN  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN,  N.  H., 
OLD  ORCHARD  BEACH,   ME., 
ONONDAGA  SALT  SPRINGS,  N.  Y., 
PASSAIC  FALLS,   N.  J.,        .        .        .        . 
PHILLIPS'S   POINT,  MS., 
PICTURED  ROCK,  LAKE  SUPERIOR.  . 
PINE  ORCHARD,  N.  Y.,  : 

PLUM  ISLAND,  MS., 

PLEASANT  MOUNTAIN,  ME., 
PLYMOUTH    ROCK,  MS.,     .... 
QUEBEC, 


Page 
655 


.    655 

656 
.  656 

656 
.  656 

657 
.  659 

659 
.  659 

660 
.  660 

660 


RED   SULPHUR   SPRINGS,  VA.,       .        . 
RICHFIELD   SPRINGS,  N.  Y., 
ROAN  MOUNTAIN,  N.  C.,     .... 
ROCKAWAY   BEACH,  LONG   ISLAND,  N. 
RYE  BEACH,  N.   H.,  .... 

SACHEM'S   HEAD,  CT.,         .... 
SAGUENAY   RIVER,  CANADA,     . 
ST.  ANTHONY'S  FALLS,      .... 
SALISBURY   BEACH,  MS.,      .        . 
SALT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  VA.,    . 
SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  N.  Y., 
SAYBROOK   POINT,   CT.,      .... 
SCHOOLEY'S  MOUNTAIN,  N.  J., 
SHARON  SPRINGS,  N.  Y., 

PIASCONSET,  MS., 

SQUANTUM,  MS., 

STAFFORD   SPRINGS,   CT.,      . 
SWEET  SPRINGS,  VA.,         .... 
TINTON  FALLS,   N.  J.,      .        .        .        . 
TRENTON  FALLS,  N.    Y.,    .... 
WACHUSET  MOUNTAIN,  MS.,       .        . 
WARM  SPRINGS,  VA.,         .... 
WARM   SPRINGS,  N.  C.,   . 
WEIR'S   CAVE,  VA.,  .... 

WELLS  BEACH,   ME.,        .  .        .        , 

WHITE    MOUNTAINS,  N.  H.,      . 
WHITE   SULPHUR   SPRINGS,  VA.,      . 
WHEELING   SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,  VA., 
WINNIPISEOGEE  LAKE,  N.  II.,  . 


660 

.  660 

G61 

.  661 

.   665 

.  666 

667 

.  667 

Y.,  667 

667 
.  667 

667 
.  669 

669 


671 
671 
671 
671 
671 
672 
672 
672 
672 
673 
673 
673 
673 
673 
673 
678 
679 
679 


INTRODUCTION; 


COMPRISING 


A  GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ON  the  subject  of  the  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA  it  is  not  easy  to  write  or  to  feel  with 
calmness.  Such  and  so  great  are  the  interests  involved,  that  it  requires  no  little  control  of 
the  mind  to  maintain  a  freedom  from  enthusiasm  in  contemplating  the  rapid  growth  and  de- 
velopment of  these  states,  and  the  field  of  inquiry  and  effort  which  they  display. 

The  following  work  professes  to  exhibit  in  detail  the  several  parts,  even  to  the  most  minute, 
of  this  now  vast  body,  in  a  view  at  once  geographical,  civil  or  political,  and  moral  or  religious. 
It  presents  the  natural  features  and  the  various  peculiarities  of  the  widely-extended  domains, 
which,  by  the  divine  Providence,  working  its  own  wonders  by  various  means,  have  been  united 
into  »ne  nation,  and  placed  under  one  form  of  government.  This  government  is,  indeed,  of 
diversified  application,  in  respect  to  its  subjects  or  constituents,  gathered  from  almost  every 
people,  and  in  the  employment  of  its  energies,  as  every  government  must  be.  Yet  its  princi- 
ples and  design  are  simple,  and  open  to  the  inspection  of  all.  The  establishment  of  its  prin- 
ciples has  cost  ages  of  human  thought,  labor,  and  suffering.  Its  design,  both  professedly  and 
practically,  is  THE  PUBLIC  GOOD. 

That  such  is  the  character  of  the  government  providentially  established  in  these  states  is 
clear,  from  the  fact  that  it  has  originated  from  the  people,  and  is  virtually  managed  by  them- 
selves. They  have  modified  it  as  the  circumstances  attending  its  operation  have  appeared  to 
them  to  require ;  and  their  own  experience  of  its  good  or  ill  effects  has  decided  both  their 
judgment  and  actions  concerning  it.  It  admits  not  of  the  doctrine  of  "  millions  made  for  one," 
but  cherishes  the  grand  idea  of  reaching,  with  paternal  and  salutary  attention,  the  masses  of 
men  and  their  wants.  Hence  it  has  opened,  expressly,  an  asylum  for  all  of  the  human  race 
who  are  honorably  seeking  the  enjoyment  of  that  prosperity  and  influence  with  which  GOD  is 
ready  to  endow  his  moral,  accountable  creatures  on  earth,  and  are  willing  to  bear  the  labor 
and  sustain  the  responsibility  that  are  necessary  to  secure  them. 


10  UNITED   STATES. 

This  very  circumstance,  combining  with  the  condition  in  various  respects  of  other  countries 
has  made  the  North  American  states  a  subject  of  curiosity  abroad,  and  has  attracted  to  them 
very  many  colonists  from  countries  of  an  older  civilization.  And  it  deserves  the  attentive 
curiosity  of  those  also  who  are  in  possession  of  its  benefits,  and  who,  as  we  trust,  are  becoming 
more  sensible  of  their  value ;  for  it  would  argue  great  ingratitude,  or  inability  to  appreciate 
human  privileges  and  blessings,  should  those  which  are  the  favored  lot  of  the  United  States  be 
overlooked  or  disregarded. 

It  will  not,  then,  be  amiss,  in  this  place,  to  take  a  general  and  extended  but  rapid  prospect 
of  the  country,  in  regard  to  its  boundaries,  divisions,  and  geography,  including  soil,  climate, 
rivers,  mountains,  lakes  ;  and  to  delineate,  though  briefly,  the  features  of  its  history,  progress, 
and  present  state,  in  an  agricultural,  commercial,  civil,  literary,  and  religious  point  of  view. 

At  the  period,  therefore,  when  this  volume  issues,  the  United  States  of  North  America  are 
thirty-one  in  number,  enjoying  each  a  separate  local  government,  of  its  own  choice  and  forma- 
tion; and  to  these  are  added  six  territories,  so  denominated,  whose  government  emanates 
from  the  supreme  authority  of  the  nation  or  republic,  until  they  also  shall  have  acquired  a 
numerical  population  sufficient  to  establish  a  claim  to  become,  by  due  form  of  law,  sovereign 
states. 

But  before  entering  further  on  the  exhibition  of  the  political  institutions  of  the  country,  it  is 
proper  to  dwell  on  its  natural  features  and  boundaries. 

The  British  possessions  of  New  Britain,  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  with  the  province  of 
New  Brunswick,  form  the  north  and  north-east  boundary,  partially  modified,  since  the  peace  of 
1783,  by  new  treaties.*  On  the  north-west,  Russia  has  indeed  a  territory  upon  this  continent ; 
and  Greenland,  on  the  opposite  side  of  it,  but  separated  from  it,  belongs  to  Denmark ;  yet 
neither  reaches  the  United  States'  boundary.  British  territory  alone  is  conterminous  with  it, 
except  in  its  direction  through  the  lakes  and  a  portion  of  the  River  St  Lawrence,  of  both 
which  it  keeps  the  centre. 

On  the  east  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which,  with  the  Gulf  Stream  at  no  great  distance,  washes 
the  shore  from  the  southern  extremity  of  Florida  to  the  extreme  eastern  coast  of  Maine.  On 
the  south  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as  far  as  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Bravo  del  Norte,  which 
constitutes  the  limit  between  the  republic  of  Mexico  and  the  United  States  in  that  quarter,  as 
far  as  to  the  32d  degree  of  north  latitude,  whence  it  takes  a  western  course  until  it  strikes  a 
branch  of  the  River  Gila,  which  it  follows  to  its  entrance  into  the  Rio  Colorado,  at  the  head 
of  the  Gulf  of  California.  Thence  it  crosses  over  Southern  California  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  at 
a  point  ten  miles  south  of  San  Diego.  This  portion  of  boundary  is  under  actual  survey  and 
definitive  settlement,  by  commissioners  chosen  by  each  power  mutually. 

The  western  boundary  is  the  vast  Pacific  Ocean,  from  latitude  32°  29'  30"  to  49°  north,  and 
the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca ;  opening  an  almost  illimitable  career  to  navigation,  enterprise, 
and  skill  in  the  prospective  commerce  of  the  country  —  a  commerce  that  must,  in  not  a  long 
time,  extend  to  all  those  Asiatic  regions  which  from  time  immemorial  have  excited  the  cupid- 
ity of  Europe. 

The  territory  embraced  within  these  limits  embodies  an  area  of  perhaps  3,250,000  square 
miles.  In  this  view,  it  ranks  as  the  fifth  of  the  great  territorial  powers  of  the  earth ;  Russia 
being,  since  the  disruption  of  the  Spanish  dependencies  from  the  mother  country,  first  in  the 
list,  Great  Britain  next,  then  China,  and  afterwards  Brazil.f 

Such  an  extent  in  latitude  must  stretch,  of  course,  through  very  different  climates :  so  that 
nearly  every  variety  of  temperature,  and  of  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral  productions,  will  be 
included.  And  these  have  actually  been  found,  not,  indeed,  in  all  respects  similar  to  those  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  but  for  by  far  the  greater  number. 

*  The  last  of  which  was  negotiated  by  Hon.  Daniel  Webster,  as  secretary  of  state,  and  Lord  Ashbur- 
ton,  as  commissioner  on  the  part  of  England,  and  ratified  November  10,  1842. 

t  Spain  once  possessed  territories  containing,  by  estimation,  9,332,000  square  miles.  Russia  has 
7,565,000 ;  England,  6,508,000 ;  China,  5,200,000 ;  and  Brazil,  3,390,000. 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

The  face  of  the  country  is  also  much  diversified.  Long  ranges  of  mountains  extend  on  each 
side  of  the  great  central  basin  or  valley.  That  which  marks  the  western  part  most  prominently 
is  a  continuation  of  the  Cordilleras  of  the  Andes  of  South  America,  although  receding  rather 
more  from  the  western  coast.  Their  direction  is  northward,  turning  a  little  to  the  west,  as 
the  coast  runs,  and  distant  from  it,  in  some  parts,  nearly  600  miles.  On  the  eastern  side,  the 
several  ranges,  called  in  general  Alleghany,  and  branching  into  the  Green  Mountains  on  the 
north-east,  take  the  direction  of  the  coast,  from  which  they  are  generally  distant  about  250 
miles.  The  space  between  these  two  vast  ranges  of  mountains  is  watered  by  the  majestic 
Mississippi,  appropriately  denominated,  in  a  style  peculiarly  Oriental,  the  "  Father  of  Waters," 
and  its  large  tributaries  —  tributaries,  the  Missouri  especially,  equalling  or  surpassing  in 
length  of  course  and  body  of  water  most  of  the  great  rivers  of  the  eastern  continent 

With  the  British  possessions  in  North  America  the  United  States  share  the  magnificent 
provision  which  the  GOD  of  nature  has  made  of  the  vast  reservoirs  of  fresh  water  in  the  chain 
of  lakes  that  find  their  outlet  at  the  Falls  of  Niagara  and  River  of  St.  Lawrence.  And  it 
is  a  circumstance  peculiarly  worthy  of  notice,  that,  while  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior  are  ele- 
vated 600  feet  above  the  tide-waters  of  the  Atlantic,  so  that  a  power  of  immense  force  is 
kept  in  reserve  for  all  future  uses,  the  depth  is  such,  that,  should  the  rocks  at  the  great  falls 
be  worn  entirely  away,  as  they  are  known  to  have  receded  already  several  miles,  neither  that 
lake?  nor  Lakes  Huron,  Michigan,  and  Erie  would  be  drained ;  and  Ontario  is  the  deepest 
of  them  all. 

Considering  the  extent  of  country,  its  soil  may  be  accounted  generally  fertile  An  exception 
is  found  to  this  estimate  in  the  territory  which  lies  north  of  the  new  State  of  Texas,  and  west 
of  Arkansas  and  part  of  Missouri.  This  has  been  emphatically  denoted  as  the  American 
Desert.  On  the  eastern  side  of  it  are  located  the  remnants  of  several  tribes  of  the  original 
inhabitants,  who  have  left  their  ancestral  abodes  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  are  congregated 
in  a  rather  close  proximity,  requiring  the  keen  oversight  of  the  American  government,  as  well 
as  its  paternal  care  and  providence. 

No  reflecting  person  can  examine  the  map  of  our  territory  without  perceiving  the  unusual 
facilities  of  river  communication  enjoyed  by  all  parts  of  it.  This  circumstance  is  wonderfully 
promotive  of  internal  commerce,  as  well  as  of  fertility  in  the  products  of  the  field  and  forest, 
the  orchard  and  the  garden.  True  it  is  that  occasional  droughts  are  felt,  but  the  extent  of 
such  calamities  has  not  been  great,  nor  their  continuance  long ;  and  often  what  is  denied  to 
one  portion  is  bestowed  on  another,  "  that  there  may  be  equality,"  and,  at  the  same  time,  the 
intercourse  of  friendly  trade. 

Sugar  is  produced  in  the  lower  parts  of  Louisiana,  to  a  very  considerable  extent,  from  the 
cane  plant,  which  might,  doubtless,  be  cultivated  more  than  it  is  in  Florida,  Alabama,  and 
Mississippi,  as  well  as  in  Texas.  But  the  cotton  fields  have  occupied  the  planter,  and  yielded 
generally  a  sure  reward.  Occasional  frosts,  however,  are  experienced  all  along  the  southern 
borders,  rendering  the  cultivation  of  tropical  productions  too  precarious  for  a  dependence  on 
them.  This  has  been  the  case  with  the  orange,  fig,  and  lemon,  while,  of  late,  experiments 
have  been  made  even  farther  north,  on  the  introduction  of  the  tea  plant,  with  promising  results. 
The  Middle  States  appear  to  be  the  favorite  region  of  the  grape ;  and  of  this  rich  and  whole- 
some fruit  no  small  quantity  of  wine  is  already  manufactured  along  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 
The  peach  is  cultivated  extensively  in  New  Jersey,  especially,  but  flourishes,  with  the  grape, 
in  the  neighboring  states,  and  generally  in  that  parallel  of  latitude.  But  we  must  refer  to  the 
Gazetteer  itself,  in  the  several  articles,  for  the  various  particulars  of  this  nature ;  remarking, 
only,  that  the  maize,  or  Indian  corn,  —  one  of  the  indispensable  articles  of  American  food,  — 
wheat,  —  a  most  important  staple,  —  rye,  barley,  oats,  rice,  of  its  different  varieties,  the  diet 
of  so  large  a  portion  of  mankind  in  Southern  Asia,  overspread  the  United  States,  in  their 
respectively  adapted  parts,  with  ample  provision  for  the  population,  even  were  it  many  times 
increased.  And  these  necessary  productions  for  the  continuance  of  human  life  must  long 
form  the  reliable  articles  of  export  and  trade.  Tobacco,  too,  and  ardent  spirits  have  been, 
and  still  are,  notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  said  and  written  to  dissuade  men  from  the 
habitual  use  of  them,  a  not  inconsiderable  item  of  commerce. 


12  UNITED    STATES. 

The  American  forests  were  the  wonder  of  the  early  discoverers.  Such  a  stately  growth 
had  been  reached  by  the  noble  oaks,  chestnuts,  magnolias,  cotton-trees,  elms,  maples,  and, 
above  all,  the  tall,  straight  pines,  as  rendered  calculation  almost  wild  in  its  anticipations  of 
profit  What  in  the  old  countries  had  been  the  result  of  careful  cultivation  appeared  here  in 
all  the  unbounded  luxuriance  of  nature,  rendering  the  scenery  picturesque  often,  and  beautiful 
in  the  extreme,  although  more  generally  overburdened,  tangled,  and  obstructed,  and  demand- 
ing the  judicious  hand  of  skill  and  taste.  Much  remains,  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  in  its 
original  state  still ;  although  the  rapid  diminution  effected  by  steaming  excites  not  unfrequently 
an  anxious  fear,  that  our  posterity  may,  if  systematic  attentions  do  not  prevent,  inherit  a 
denuded  patrimony,  abandoned,  like  many  portions  of  the  "  Old  World,"  to  sterility. 

But  here  a  provision  meets  us  which  seems  to  reassure  our  hope.  The  vast  coal-beds  which 
are  wrought  now  to  so  great  an  extent  and  profit  in  Pennsylvania,  and  in  several  other  states, 
"  cropping  out "  along  the  navigable  rivers  of  the  west,  will  yield  fuel,  either  in  the  bituminous 
form,  or  in  the  hard  anthracite,  which,  it  may  be  hoped,  will  prove  a  preservative  of  much 
forest  scenery  and  highway  shade.  The  substitution  of  coals  for  wood  is  rapidly  advancing. 

With  respect  to  mineral  wealth,  it  had  been  supposed  until  recently  that  little  of  the  more 
precious  metals  would  be  found  within  the  regions  assigned  to  these  states.  But  a  sudden 
Durst  of  what  is  almost  universally  regarded  as  good  fortune  surprises  us  in  the  acquisition 
of  California.  Its  treasures  of  gold  have  surpassed  all  previous  calculation,  although  not 
every  hunter  of  it  has  been  gratified  with  success.  Millions  have  been  gained,  and  will  be 
brought  into  circulation,  notwithstanding  sickness,  vice,  and  misery  have  often  been  coparceners 
in  the  enterprise.  A  new  empire  is  founded,  also,  notwithstanding  an  almost  incalculable 
expenditure  of  human  life  has  been  sustained  to  effect  it.  And  we  may  hope,  that;  by  the 
overruling  hand  which  "  educes  good  from  partial  evil,"  benefits  to  the  human  family  will 
eventually  be  realized,  though  many  individuals  be  sacrificed  and  lost 

Lead  and  copper  had  long  been  mined  to  much  advantage  before  this  unexpected  discovery. 
And  their  abundance  was  a  subject  of  gratulation,  previous  to  the  working  of  the  copious 
supply  of  copper  near  Lake  Superior,  and  of  lead  at  Galena.  Silver  has  been  of  rather  rare 
occurrence,  although  gold  has  been  obtained  among  the  Alleghany  ranges,  and  east  of  them ; 
and  the  indefatigable  exertions  of  Dr.  C.  T.  JACKSON  have  even  discovered  tin.  Iron,  pro- 
verbially the  most  useful  of  all  the  metals,  abounds  almost  every  where. 

While  dwelling  on  these  treasures  of  the  earth,  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  great 
progress  has  been  made  in  turning  to  profit  many  of  the  rocks  which  in  some  parts  of  the 
country  are  abundant,  but  of  which  other  parts  are  destitute.  Thus  New  Hampshire  and 
Massachusetts  send  their  granite  to  Georgia  and  Louisiana.  The  abundance  of  limestone  in 
the  north  compensates  the  want  elsewhere  ;  and  while  in  Florida,  and  Georgia,  and  Alabama, 
the  live-oak  has  been  felled,  by  dwellers  of  Maine,  to  furnish  timber  for  their  ship-yards,  the 
mortar  made  of  the  lime  from  Thomaston  has  been  cementing  the  buildings  of  the  south  — 
the  abundance  of  one  furnishing  the  other  a  needed  supply,  and  that  alternately  and  mutually. 

Beautiful  marbles  also  have  been  wrought  in  quarries  of  different  kinds,  from  the  famous 
verd  antique  to  the  rival  of  the  Parian  for  whiteness  and  uniformity  of  texture,  giving  to 
statuaries  and  architects  the  materials  from  which  the  most  splendid  trophies  of  art  may  be 
elicited.  To  this  may  be  added  the  red  sandstone  of  Connecticut,  the  appearance  of  which, 
in  various  buildings,  has  been  greeted  with  much  favor.  Before  the  introduction  of  the 
"  Quincy  granite,"  this  material  was  the  most  commonly  wrought  stone  of  the  market.  Slate 
is  also  obtainable,  and  begins  to  be  employed,  and  may  soon  equal  the  productions  of  ancient 
Wales,  which,  however,  are  still  imported  largely. 

Of  native  animals  but  little  is  said  at  the  present  day,  except  in  respect  of  the  frontier 
settlements,  and  the  employments  of  professed  hunters  who  frequent  the  forests.  Immense 
wealth  has  in  time  past  been  amassed  from  the  furs,  for  which  several  species  are  sought 
and  killed.  Indians  complain  of  the  diminution  of  buffaloes,  which  heretofore  had  formed  no 
small  portion  of  their  dependence ;  and  it  is  unquestionable  that  the  once  abundant  supply 
has  been  wasted  in  very  many  instances,  in  which  their 'hides  only  have  been  the  objects  of 


INTRODUCTION.  13 

cupidity,  their  carcasses  being  left  to  birds  of  prey.  The  moose  has  almost  disappeared,  as 
also  the  wild  deer,  which  once  abounded.  Bears  are  not  common,  yet  the  grisly  bear,  that 
dreaded  monarch  of  the  forest,  is  met  in  California  still.  The  cougar,  the  catamount,  members 
of  the  same  family,  wildcat,  lynx,  and  wolf  have  in  many  parts  been  troublesome,  but  are  now 
only  occasionally  caught,  shot,  or  seen. 

As  we  do  not  by  any  means  profess  to  give  a  complete  catalogue  of  quadrupeds,  so  neither 
can  we  of  birds  and  fishes,  which  yet  are  abundant.  The  wild  pigeons  of  the  west  are  still 
celebrated  for  their  multitudinous  flocks,  and  the  race  of  wild  turkeys  is  not  extinct.  Birds  of 
prey  are  not  wanting,  from  the  stately  and  powerful  bald  eagle  to  the  various  species  of  the 
hawk ;  and  all  the  domestic  fowls  have  accompanied  the  migrations  of  the  European  colonists, 
as  well  as  all  the  domestic  quadrupeds. 

No  small  amount  of  provisions  drawn  from  the  pasture  enters  into  commerce ;  and  more 
especially  of  late  years,  and  since  the  distressing  famine  in  Ireland.  Beef  has  long  been  fur- 
nished to  the  West  Indies ;  and  with  it  exported  hams,  lard,  and  cheese  are  admitted  into  the 
British  islands.  At  the  same  time  the  rearing  of  sheep  is  regarded  with  greater  favor,  and 
that  especially  since  the  introduction  of  the  Merino  breed,  and  the  consequent  increase  of 
woollen  factories.  Cattle,  horses,  asses,  and  mules  are  often  shipped  to  the  West  India  islands 
as  live  stock. 

From  the  first  knowledge  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  fisheries  were  accounted  important. 
France  and  England  at  an  early  period  were  sensible  of  their  value,  and  jealous  in  securing 
them.  And  even  to  this  day,  notwithstanding  the  former  power  has  lost  its  hold  on  every 
portion  of  the  northern  continent,  the  two  islands  of  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon  are  retained  by 
treaty,  in  order  to  accommodate  her  fishermen,  who  spread  on  them  their  "  flakes."  With 
respect  to  the  productiveness  of  this  source  of  human  support  and  governmental  revenue,  no 
part  of  the  United  States  has  experienced  it  more,  and  thriven  more  from  it,  than  New  Eng- 
land, through  its  hardy  fishermen.  From  the  earliest  periods,  their  occupation  has  been  one 
of  the  first  necessity  and  greatest  profit,  if  we  take  into  view  its  various  branches,  and  include 
in  them  the  whale  fishery.  But  in  pursuit  of  that  employment,  not  the  Atlantic  alone  bounds 
their  enterprising  industry.  The  bold  and  hazardous  occupation  is  followed  in  every  ocean, 
sea,  or  strait  where  its  subjects  are  to  be  met,  and  the  whalers  of  America  are  among  the  most 
daring,  courageous,  and  expert  of  men. 

The  land,  the  ocean,  and  the  air  combine,  then,  to  furnish  out  a  space  in  which  to  develop 
the  genius,  enterprise,  and  application  of  the  rapidly  increasing  population  of  these  states. 
For  the  exercise  of  every  talent  a  field  is  not  wanting,;  and  the  exertion  of  every  faculty  may 
be  flattered  with  hope  of  success. 

Having  made  these  remarks,  which,  of  course,  must  be  superficial  and  brief,  as  we  have  no 
room  for  enlargement  here,  and  must  refer  for  special  and  particular  information  to  the  body 
of  the  work  itself,  in  its  several  and  distinct  articles,  we  would,  with  equal  brevity,  dwell  for 
a  little  time  on  some  of  the  historical  events  which  concern  the  settlement,  growth,  and  pros- 
perity of  the  states  themselves. 

Inquiries  respecting  the  primeval  inhabitants,  important  as  they  may  be  in  the  investigations 
we  make  for  ascertaining  the  history  of  MAN,  under  all  the  varieties  of  existence  in  which  he 
appears,  can  be  indulged  in  but  sparingly  here.  Still,  since  the  present  inhabitants  have 
entered  on  the  places  of  their  predecessors,  some  interest  must  attach  to  the  character  and 
circumstances  of  those  who  have  passed  away  ;  and  it  would  seem  illiberal  and  unkind  to  be 
wholly  silent  respecting  them,  and  would  argue  an  unbecoming  disregard  to  the  claims  of 
common  humanity.  Hence  the  subject  has  occupied  no  small  attention  from  all  our  historians. 

But  the  little  progress  among  them  of  what  we  term  civilization,  or  rather,  perhaps,  their 
distance  from  the  civilization  which  prevails  with  us,  has  rendered  the  cases  so  dissimilar,  that 
it  were  almost  invidious  to  overlook  their  estimate  of  character,  and  pride  ourselves  on  our 
own.  They  had  their  own  manners,  and  habits,  and  judgments ;  and  although  with  a  standard 
different  from  ours,  it  is  evident  they  were  not  without  some  estimate  of  character.  Talents 
they  had,  but  without  means  of  cultivation.  A  natural  eloquence  they  could  exercise,  and 


14  UNITED    STATES. 

form  sagacious  counsels.  But  their  want  of  a  sure  method  of  perpetuating  their  acquisitions, 
by  a  careful  transmission  of  them,  rendered  them  but  transitory.  Simple  facts  alone  would 
be  matters  of  remembrance,  and  even  these  would  be  recollected  but  imperfectly.  Reasonings 
would  be  almost  as  evanescent  as  the  times  and  occasions  of  them.  The  preservation  of  a 
continuity  of  thought,  plan,  and  effort,  so  as  to  form  national  character,  is  the  result  of  a  liter- 
ature that  embodies  the  labors  of  the  human  mind. 

It  is  not  wonderful,  then,  that  so  little  remains  to  enable  us  to  ascertain  the  distinguishing 
traits  of  Indian  character  and  life.  Our  histories  fail  to  do  justice  to  the  subject,  doubtless  ; 
for  they  were  written  by  parties  unfavorably  prepossessed,  and  in  but  few  instances  by  the 
cultivated  talent  of  natives.  Nevertheless,  here  and  there,  in  the  course  of  more  than  three 
centuries,  an  example  is  found. 

The  mounds  and  fortifications  discovered  at  the  west,  and  having  some  relation  to  monu- 
ments remaining  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  indicate  more  of  industry  and  talent  than  has  at  least 
been  exercised  by  our  Indians  since  Europeans  landed  on  these  shores.  And  perhaps  their 
very  presence  hastened  the  deterioration,  from  a  despair  of  resisting  with  success,  or  even 
maintaining  their  own  position,  much  less  of  surpassing  those  who,  in  too  many  instances, 
became  oppressors  rather  than  aids,  robbers  more  than  friends. 

These  remarks,  however,  will,  it  is  acknowledged,  apply  more  to  the  southern  than  the  northern 
part  of  the  American  continent  —  more  to  the  Spaniards  than  the  English.  But  even  in  regard 
to  the  English,  although  possessed  of  a  purer  faith,  and  prompted,  in  most  cases,  by  higher 
motives,  yet,  with  comparatively  few  though  honorable  exceptions,  too  little  attention  has  been 
paid  to  their  welfare,  too  little  to  their  instruction  and  training  for  usefulness,  and  national 
establishment  and  prosperity.  True,  it  was  much  to  demand  this  of  human  nature,  selfish  as 
it  is ;  and  therefore  the  names  of  ELIOT,  and  MAYHEW,  and  GOOKIN,  and  PENN,  and  BRAIN- 
ERD,  and  BENEZET,  and  of  a  catalogue  of  worthies,  will  be  celebrated  with  high  and  growing 
regard.  As  no  amalgamation  of  the  races  took  place,  the  Indians  have,  for  the  greater  part, 
declined.  They  are  mostly  removed  from  their  ancient  seats,  and  inhabit  a  frontier  country, 
where  they  can  enjoy,  at  least  for  a  time,  the  privileges  of  the  chase.  Some,  indeed,  have 
abandoned  the  life  of  the  hunter,  and  become  agriculturists ;  and,  in  consequence  of  the  per- 
severing, self-denying  labor  of  devoted  missionaries,  not  a  few  have  become,  by  the  divine 
blessing,  humble  and  devout  Christians.  The  Cherokees,  —  who  have  now  an  alphabet  of  their 
own,  —  the  Choctaws,  Mohegans,  —  a  mere  remnant,  however,  —  and  a  few  Creeks,  Mohawks, 
Oneidas,  Ojibways,  and  Dakotas  have  thus  been  trained  to  a  degree  of  Christian  civilization ; 
and  the  work  is  still  advancing,  but  the  discouragements  are  great.  What  is  to  be  the  issue 
time  alone  can  develop. 

As  respects  the  European  immigration,  a  new  order  of  things  dawned  at  its  outset ;  and 
though  the  progress  was  slow  at  first,  laborious,  and  often  interrupted,  yet  it  has  advanced  to 
a  day  of  no  little  splendor.  Let  us  trace  the  outlines. 

Virginia  may,  in  some  respects,  be  permitted  to  take  the  lead ;  for,  although  both  France 
and  Spain  had  preceded  England  in  efforts  to  colonize  portions  of  North  America,  the  colonies 
of  each  of  them  were  beyond  the  boundaries  which  limited  the  thirteen  states  of  the  original 
Union ;  Canada  retaining  her  connection  with  England,  and  Florida  becoming  a  territory  of  the 
United  States  only  in  the  year  1819,  and  a  state  in  1845.  Virginia  has,  therefore,  been  called 
44  the  Old  Dominion,"  dating  her  first  effective  European  settlement  from  1607.  That  very  year, 
indeed,  was  marked  by  an  attempt  to  settle  an  English  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec, 
the  intended  province  then  bearing  the  name  of  Sagadehoc.  But  it  was  broken  up  the  ensuing 
spring ;  and  thirteen  years  passed  away  before  the  next  settlement  was  made,  in  what  had 
been  called  New  England,  as  early  as  1614.*  This,  happily,  became  permanent. 

Still,  the  coast  had  been  frequented  for  purposes  of  the  fishery,  and  to  effect  also  the  expul- 
sion of  the  French  from  Acadia,  within  the  bounds  of  which  debatable  country  they  had  formed 
several  settlements,  and  recovered,  and,  to  a  later  period,  retained  them,  greatly  to  the 

*  See  Life  of  Captain  John  Smith,  the  early  hero  of  Virginia.    Bclknap's  Biog.  v.  i.  p.  306. 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

annoyance  of  the  English  settlers.  But  the  colonization  of  Virginia,  though  attended  with 
many  discouragements  and  disappointments,  on  which  our  space  permits  us  not  to  dwell,  ad- 
vanced, and  became  a  safeguard  to  the  next  successful  band  of  adventurers. 

This  band,  to  whichf  we  have  before  alluded,  was  the  expatriated  church  of  ROBINSON,  who 
established  themselves  at  Plymouth,  and  are  familiarly  and  honorably  known  as  "  the  Pilgrims 
of  Leyden,"  or  "  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New  England."  Their  errand  hither  was  mainly  for 
religious  peace  and  prosperity,  and  it  was  religiously  conducted ;  nor  is  it  too  much  to  say, 
that,  in  the  good  providence  of  God,  then*  efforts,  character,  and  success  have  given  a  deeply- 
interesting  tone  to  the  history  and  features  of  their  adopted  country,  and  render  their  memory 
respected  by  every  true  philanthropist.  But  on  their  individual  or  special  history  we  have  no 
room  here  to  dwell.  Their  immigration  was  in  1620. 

A  few  years  after,  a  settlement  was  commenced  at  Naumkeag,  in  the  Bay  of  Massachusetts, 
and  called  Salem.  Then  followed  an  establishment  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  which  enters 
the  bottom  of  the  bay,  and,  in  compliment  to  the  king  of  England  then  on  the  throne,  took  the 
name  of  Charlestown.  The  settlement  of  Boston  succeeded,  in  1630,  under  WINTHROP, 
JOHNSON,  and  their  associates;  and  now  the  way  was  opened  to  thousands  of  their  country- 
men, and  the  principles  agreed  upon,  on  which  the  colony  might  live,  thrive,  and  flourish. 

Encouraged  by  such  instances  of  success,  there  had  been,  in  the  mean  while,  several  Eng- 
lish adventurers  who  formed  settlements  for  trading,  fishing,  and  exploring  the  country,  along 
the  whole  coast  of  New  England ;  and  the  colonies  of  New  Hampshire,  of  Connecticut,  and 
New  Haven,  separate  at  first,  but  afterwards  blended,  Rhode  Island  and  the  Plantation  of 
Providence,  forming  a  retreat  for  persecuted  religionists,  Laconia,  Gorgeana,  and  Sagadehoc, 
included  afterwards  in  Maine,  gradually  burst  into  being.  Before  the  middle  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  they  had  become  politically  organized  as  distinct  governments,  and,  in  1643, 
four  of  them  formed  a  confederation,  the  type  and  emblem  of  a  future  important  fact,  which, 
in  little  more  than  a  century  later,  created  a  new  NATION. 

The  Dutch  also,  as  a  great  naval  power,  and  rival,  in  that  respect,  of  England  and  France, 
had  not  been  idle,  but,  as  early  as  1609,  employed  an  Englishman,  HENRY  HUDSON,  who  dis- 
covered the  noble  river  that  bears  his  name,  and  penetrated  it  as  far  as  where  Albany  now 
stands,  preparing  the  way  for  the  formation  of  the  "  Empire  State  "  of  New  York.  The  early 
result  was  not,  indeed,  a  promise  of  harmony  in  regard  to  the  growth  and  happiness  of  the 
little  colonies  to  the  eastward  of  Manhattan  or  New  Netherlands.  Jealousies  arose  on  both 
sides,  and  bickerings  and  difficulties  with  the  natives,  which  were  not  fully  quieted  until 
English  authority  became  paramount,  and  New  York  ceased  to  be  controlled  by  any  other 
European  power. 

The  settlements  of  New  Jersey  and  Maryland,  of  Delaware,  and,  at  length,  of  Pennsylvania, 
extended  the  English  influence  along  the  coast  between  Virginia  on  the  south,  and  New 
England  to  the  north  and  east.  For  the  settlement  of  Swedes,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Cape 
Henlopen,  yielded,  in  not  a  long  time,  to  the  prowess  of  the  Dutch,  and,  with  them,  became  at 
last  subject  to  the  British  crown. 

Nor  did  Virginia  long  remain  the  southern  boundary  of  British  dominion.  North  and  South 
Carolina  were  settled  in  the  reign  of  CHARLES  II.,  and  in  1732  the  foundation  was  laid  for 
the  State  of  Georgia.* 

These  were  the  thirteen  original  states  recognized  at  the  period  of  the  American  revolution. 
But,  considering  how  unanimous  they  became  in  that  grand  scene  of  the  trial  of  principle,  it 
is  curious  to  notice  how  diversified  were  the  characters  of  the  first  settlers  of  them,  and  on 
what  principles  they  were  severally  chartered.  JAMES  I.  of  England,  who  gave  the  earliest 
of  these  charters,  was  bigoted,  arbitrary,  and  jealous  of  his~~prerogative.  Royal  blood  was, 
with  him,  of  different  composition  from  that  which  runs  in  the  veins  of  ordinary  mortals.  And 
he  was  ready  to  visit  with  pains  and  penalties  the  presumption  of  ROLFE,  one  of  his  subjects, 
who  had  dared,  without  his  leave,  to  ally  himself  with  even  an  Indian  princess,  in  the  person 

*  See  these  several  states,  under  their  names,  respectively,  in  the  Gazetteer. 


16  UNITED    STATES. 

of  POCAHONTAS,  daughter  of  POWHATAN.  Such,  too,  was  the  known  character  of  his  son  and 
grandsons  who  succeeded  him.  And  it  was  only  under  CROMWELL,  and  at  the  tune  of  the 
revolution  in  England,  that  popular  rights  were  regarded  with  any  real  sympathy.  Hence, 
in  part,  at  least,  this  observable  diversity. 

Some  also  of  the  charters,  like  those,  for  instance,  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  were 
bestowed  on  court  favorites,  as  gratuities  for  services  rendered  or  anticipated.  In  others,  as 
in  those  of  the  Carolinas,  granted  to  noblemen  principally,  a  provision  was  made  in  the  con- 
stitution framed  for  them  by  the  profound  metaphysician  LOCKE,  for  ranks  of  hereditary 
nobles — a  provision  which,  though  happily  never  carried  into  effect  in  any  one  province  or 
colony,  exhibits  one  of  the  embarrassments  that,  but  for  some  overruling  power,  must  have 
obstructed  the  course  of  the  subsequent  revolution,  and  establishment  of  a  republican  form  of 
government. 

But  the  tendency  towards  a  prevalence  of  the  principles  of  democracy  or  republicanism  is,  in 
one  circumstance,  more  distinctly  traceable  than  in  any  other.  It  is  in  the  absence  of  the 
ultimately  controlling  power.  This,  from  the  very  necessity  of  the  case,  threw  the  exercise  of 
a  certain  degree  of  authority  on  the  people  themselves,  either  in  their  primary  assemblies, 
where  each  one  must  feel  his  own  consequence,  or  in  those  of  their  representatives,  immediate 
or  remote.  Accustomed  thus  to  a  degree  of  self-government,  and  unawed  by  the  splendor  of 
the  present  majesty  of  power,  unused  therefore  to  the  servility  of  courtiers,  the  colonists  exer- 
cised a  degree  of  sovereignty  at  an  early  period.  This  varied,  indeed,  as  we  have  seen,  in 
the  different  colonies ;  but,  in  process  of  time,  a  portion  of  liberty  pervaded  all.  The  removal 
to  America  of  the  charter  of  Massachusetts  was  no  short  step  towards  the  exercise  of  the 
spirit  of  1776.  India  is  governed  in  London  by  the  honorable  company  seated  there,  of  whom 
the  governor  general  is  but  the  agent,  and  to  whom  he  is  accountable.  But  were  the  company 
seated  in  India,  how  long  could  loyalty  to  the  crown  of  Great  Britain  be  cherished  ? 

It  cannot,  then,  appear  strange  that  a  degree  of  jealousy  should  be  felt  in  the  mother  country 
in  relation  to  the  exercise  of  power  on  the  part  of  the  colonies.  It  was  this  which  led  to  the 
mission  of  RANDOLPH  under  CHARLES  II.,  and  ripened  the  popular  fury  against  ANDROS  in 
the  reign  of  his  misguided  brother.  Nor  this  alone ;  for  the  exhibition  of  spirit  and  ability  to 
conduct  important  warlike  enterprises,  which  was  made  in  1745  in  the  successful  attack  on 
Louisburg,  familiarly  called  the  Dunkirk  or  Gibraltar  of  America,  and  deemed  impregnable, 
aroused  at  court  the  anxious  fear  that  greater  efforts  would  soon  become  practicable,  if  the 
exercise  of  power- were  not  speedily  checked.  To  this  idea  we  may  trace  the  succession  of 
measures  which  prepared  the  way  for  the  American  revolution. 

It  would  be  a  pleasing  task  to  dwell  here  on  the  endeared  memory  of  many  a  colonial 
worthy,  and  to  embalm  the  virtues  of  patriots  not  a  few,  though  filling  a  humble  sphere ;  but 
it  is  impracticable.  Nor  can  we  follow  the  traces  of  those  stirring  events  which  distinguished 
the  vastly  disproportionate  struggle  between  the  colonies  and  the  powerful  mother  country, 
then  at  the  height  of  her  supremacy  on  the  sea.  Warriors  were  nurtured  by  the  contests  with 
the  French  of  Canada.  Minds  were  enlarged  by  the  project  of  a  confederacy  to  resist  them 
made  in  1754.  In  this  it  was  intended  so  to  unite  the  several  colonies  along  the  Atlantic 
border,  that  they  might  be  able  to  defeat  the  sagacious  policy  of  France  in  extending  her 
posts  from  Canada  to  Louisiana,  and  securing  the  inland,  central  regions  to  herself,  that  she 
might  fall  on  the  maritime  and  subdue  them  at  her  convenience. 

One  of  the  most  affecting  though  simple  devices  of  the  Puritans  appears  in  the  arms  and 
motto  adopted  by  the  State  of  Connecticut.  It  exhibits  the  vine  fastened  and  trained  for 
bearing  to  its  upright  stake,  and  the  assertion,  "  He  who  transplanted  will  sustain  it."  *  This 
was  the  confidence  of  the  pious  founders  of  not  a  few  colonies  on  this  side  the  Atlantic.  They 
trusted  in  GOD.  And  his  providence  can,  without  the  aid  of  an  unmanly  superstition,  be 
distinctly  traced  in  the  history  of  the  United  States.  The  spirit  of  his  truth  is  marked,  from 
generation  to  generation,  on  the  minds,  and  consciences,  and  lives  of  men  preparing  for  the 

*  "  Qui  transtulit  sustinet." 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

exercise  of  freedom  in  its  widest  practicable  extent  and  forms.  If  even  HUME  was  compelled 
to  give  his  meed  of  praise  to  the  Puritans  for  the  elements  of  true  liberty  ingrafted  on  the 
British  stock  by  the  struggles  of  the  Commonwealth,  Americans  may  well  trace  to  the  posses- 
sion and  free  use  of  the  Bible  their  more  perfected  political  developments.  Nay,  it  has  been 
said,  and  that  recently,  with  equal  truth  and  eloquence,  "  Who  shall  write  the  history  of  modern 
civilization  without  tracking  the  course  of  the  divine  Word  ?  To  the  homes  of  our  fathers  it 
brought  the  best  lessons  of  experience  and  the  sturdiest  virtues  of  religion.  We  need  not 
say  much  of  the  good  seed  of  the  Word  that  came  with  the  people  of  the  Mayflower  and  the 
Arbella,  nor  will  our  common  sense  or  charity  allow  us  to  limit  the  blessing  to  any  State  in 
the  Union.  The  Bible  came  with  the  Huguenots  of  Carolina,  the  Reformed  Dutch  of  Man- 
hattan, the  Friends  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Churchmen  of  Virginia,  the  Methodists  of  Georgia, 
as  well  as  the  Puritans  of  Massachusetts.  Who  shall  say  what  that  book  has  done  for  the 
nation  ?  " 

Look,  then,  at  the  history  of  the  United  States.  It  deserves  to  be  contemplated  with  serious 
attention  as  a  development  of  the  august  providence  of  GOD,  who  uses  the  passions  and  pur- 
suits of  men  for  the  accomplishment  of  his  own  wise  and  benevolent  designs.  The  disco'very 
of  the  new  continent  occurs  at  a  period  of  the  world  when  the  human  mind,  in  Europe  at  least, 
has  been  roused  to  uncommon  activity,  and  has  put  forth  its  greatest  vigor.  The  reformation 
resuscitates  the  power  of  the  Bible,  and  persecution^  tests  its  worth.  Spain  conquers  and 
possesses  the  southern  part  of  the  continent,  seeking  every  where  to  assuage  her  insatiate 
craving  for  gold.  She  passes  by  the  northern  half,  because  it  is  not  discovered  there,  and 
leaves  to  France  and  England  a  country  she  knows  not  how  to  value.  France  colonizes  the 
least  inviting  part  of  this  vast  field,  on  which  England  begins  to  display  a  rival  power.  Com- 
mercial enterprise  is  roused,  but  commercial  enterprise  signally  fails.  Religious  principle 
conducts  a  perilous  effort,  and  success,  after  much  hardship  and  suffering,  crowns  it.  This 
encourages  adventure,  and,  step  by  step,  the  work  advances.  Colonies,  scattered  along  the 
Atlantic  border,  like  those  of  ancient  Greece  on  the  shores  of  Asia,*  multiply  and  prosper. 
But,  unlike  them,  these  colonies  discover  that  their  interests  are  similar,  become  united,  and 
are  led  to  form  one  government,  which  exhibits  to  the  world  a  new  nation. 

Every  step  of  this  progress  is  interesting  to  the  statesman,  the  philanthropist,  and  the  Chris- 
tian. The  first  will  study  it  as  developing  the  germ  of  human  greatness  ;  the  next  will 
contemplate  it  as  opening  an  asylum  for  suffering  humanity,  a  field  for  .honest  labor,  with 
hopeful  promise  of  reward ;  but  the  last  will  view  it  with  grateful  and  adoring  thoughts  of 
the  wonder-working  power  of  GOD. 

The  close  of  the  revolutionary  struggle  —  during  which  had  been  exhibited  many  of  the 
virtues  that  adorn  and  exalt  human  nature,  although  in  multitudes  of  instances  the  contamina- 
tion of  the  unfixed  and  loose  opinions  and  manners  that  prevail  in  camps  affected  our  coun- 
trymen, and  made  an  awful  inroad  on  the  simplicity  of  colonial  habits  —  brought  with  it  a  view 
and  keen  perception  of  difficulties  and  embarrassments  which  had  hardly  been  anticipated. 
While  the  struggle  itself  endured,  the  event  was  doubtful,  and  hope  and  fear  alternately 
prevailed.  But  when  the  pressure  of  events  from  abroad  had  diminished,  and  the  feelings  and 
views  generated  by  the  scenes  of  home  gained  sway,  room  was  afforded  for  a  new  play  of  the 
passions,  and  perils  of  a  new  character  arose.  And  hence  it  has  been  remarked  by  a  states- 
man, whose  talents  and  power  of  thought  and  language  have  been  amply  acknowledged  in 
our  own  country  and  in  Europe,f  that  no  period  of  American  history  deserves  the  profound 
study  of  our  young  men  more  than  that  which  intervened  between  the  peace  of  1783  and 
the  establishment  of  the  federal  government  in  1789. 

The  reason  of  this  remark  must  appear  on  reflecting  that,  when  the  independence  of  the 
country  had  been  achieved  by  labors,  self-denial,  and  sacrifices  of  property,  time,  talents,  and 

*  A  comparison  suggested  by  Heeren.     Several  of  these  colonies  had,  indeed,  a  confederation,  —  that 
of  the  Ionian  cities,  —  but  it  neither  continued  long  nor  extended  far. 
f  It  seems  hardly  necessary  here  to  name  the  Hon.  Daniel  Webster. 
3 


18  UNITED    STATES. 

life,  of  which  in  this  day  we  can  form  no  adequate  conception,  there  were  required  the  virtues 
of  self-command,  candor,  and  devotion  to  the  public  welfare.  Without  these,  it  must  be  clear 
that  freedom  from  one  class  of  evils  might  have  been  effected  only  to  incur  new  troubles  and 
difficulties  from  another.  The  perils  of  anarchy  and  of  civil  war,  and  of  the  reckless  personal 
ambition  of  daring  chieftains,  were  all  to  be  dreaded.  With  these  perils  the  provinces  of 
South  America  and  Mexico  were  necessitated  to  contend  when  they  burst  away  more  recently 
from  the  dominion  of  Spain ;  nor  have  the  contest  and  its  perils  ceased  with  them  even  yet 

But,  most  happily  for  us  and  the  world,  its  Sovereign  Ruler  had  provided  for  the  emer- 
gency in  raising  up  a  distinguished  individual,  of  whom,  without  unduly  exalting  man,  we 
may  admit,  with  truth,  that  he  was  "  first  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his 
countrymen."  WASHINGTON  had  been  called  to  the  command  of  her  armies  by  his  country 
in  her  day  of  danger.  He  had  conducted  the  arduous  struggle  to  its  close,  with  a  discretion, 
a  moral  as  well  as  natural  courage,  and  a  dignity  of  character  which  left  him  without  a 
rival.  And  perhaps  in  none  of  the  favors  of  divine  Providence  bestowed  on  the  country  —  and 
they  have  been  numerous  and  great  —  can  we  find  what  should  be  regarded  as  more  peculiarly 
deserving  commemoration  than  this.  It  is  admitted  by  all  nations  who  become  acquainted 
with  the  facts,  as  well  as  by  our  own.  An  English  reviewer,  while  displaying  a  series  of  polit- 
ical schemes,  remarked,  that  "  however  they  might  have  appeared  and  been  successful  in  other 
times,  they  could  not  bear  the  light  of  the  age  of  WASHINGTON."  * 

His  sterling  worth,  long  tried  and  extensively  approved,  the  disinterestedness  of  his  behavior 
and  moral  integrity  in  all  respects,  rendered  it  safe,  in  the  estimation  of  the  people  at  large, 
to  invest  him  Avith  the  supreme  power  of  the  republic.  To  this  elevation  no  claim  of  royal 
descent  was  produced  ;  although  this  might  have  been  pleaded  with  equal  truth  as  for  General 
MONK,  the  rival,  in  one  sense,  and  yet  the  restorer  of  CHARLES  II.  And  it  has  been  said  that 
eur  minister  in  France  received  an  offer  from  a  Norman  nobleman,  who  stated  his  family  to  be 
as  ancient  and  respectable  as  that  of  WILLIAM  the  Conqueror.  The  offer  was  made  on  the 
supposition  that  of  course  the  country  would  want,  and  must  have  a  king,  when  it  should  be- 
come independent.  GEORGE  III.  is  stated  to  have  remarked  to  our  countryman  WEST  that 
he  supposed  the  Americans  would  strive  to  make  General  WASHINGTON  their  king,  instead 
of  himself. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  circumstances  in  reference  to  the  American  population,  and 
the  providence  of  GOD  overruling  and  ordering  affairs  for  a  future  benefit,  is  seen  in  this,  that 
hereditary  titles  of  nobility  have  been,  from  the  first,  unusual  among  us,  to  say  the  least. 
None,  of  course,  could  have  originated  here ;  and  although  noblemen  dwelt  with  us  as  gov- 
ernors, occasional  sojourners,  and  even  with  their  own  families  about  them,  yet  they  were 
never  American  noblemen,  entitled  as  such  to  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords. 

It  was  bold  language  for  the  late  M.  SISMONDI  to  employ,  when  he  said  that  revolutions 
for  the  advancement  of  liberty  had  not  been  rare,  but  that  in  France  the  principle  on  which 
they  are  sought,  and  which  he  supposed  to  be  a  melioration  of  the  condition  of  the  people,  had 
been  lost  sight  of,  from  the  circumstance  that  they  had  ever  placed  some  prince  in  power. 
This,  of  course,  was  written  before  the  pretensions  of  Louis  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE,  almost 
invariably  called  a  prince,  were  developed.  If  LAFAYETTE,  in  1830,  had  been  placed  at  the 
head  of  a  republic,  or,  in  1848,  some  individual  without  a  claim  to  royal  descent  or  regal  or 
imperial  relationship,  might  not  stability  have  been  bestowed  on  those  institutions  which  now 
seem  only  made  to  be  overturned  ?  And  is  it  not  strange,  that,  while  in  theory  all  titles  arc 
abolished,  the  French  delight  still  in  giving  their  rulers  princely  and  noble  titles  ?  No,  it 
may  be  said,  it  is  not  strange,  for  the  French  people  are  not  prepared  for  republican  govern- 
ment. It  is  questionable  if  they  can  be  so  before  the  present  generation  passes  away. 

Indeed,  human  nature  must  be  greatly  changed,  if  the  hearts  of  men  in  America  be  not 
affected,  as  elsewhere,  with  the  love  of  distinction.  They  are  so  affected ;  but  the  democratic 
tendency  which  has  been  stamped  on  our  institutions  is  ever  found  a  counteracting  force. 

*  Aikin's  British  Review,  about  1810. 


INTKODUCTION.  19 

Family  cliques  are  cultivated,  exclusiveness  in  the  associations  of  intimacy  is  cherished, 
wealthy  matches  coveted  and  sought  out,  and  effected  even  among  very  near  relatives,  to 
secure  riches  and  influence  ;  but  still  the  general  process  is  of  a  levelling  character,  after  all. 
The  equal  division  of  estates  in  families,  and  the  rapid  growth  of  families  themselves,  assist 
it ;  and,  in  very  many  instances,  the  ambitious  hope  of  rearing  and  establishing  aristocratic 
distinctions  is  frustrated  and  destroyed. 

At  such  a  consummation  we  ought  not,  perhaps,  so  far  as  individual  improvement  is 
concerned,  and  the  formation  of  a  character  of  virtuous  distinction  and  influence,  to  rejoice ; 
nevertheless,  the  problem  to  be  wrought  out  in  America  appears  to  be  of  wider  concernment 
to  the  human  race  than  the  aggrandizement  of  family  relationship.  In  the  old  republics  of 
Venice,  Switzerland,  and  Holland,  things  were  vastly  different.  In  them  an  aristocracy  was 
avowed,  established,  and  rendered  paramount  and  flourishing.  The  American  problem  refers 
to  the  possibly  Utopian  idea  of  THE  BROTHERHOOD  OF  MANKIND  ;  and  probably  no  nation 
A7as  ever  placed  in  circumstances  calculated  more  happily  to  realize  this  object. 

A  new  motive  for  the  cultivation  of  the  virtues  which  our  fondest  partiality  ascribes  to  our 
best  patriots,  and  most  excellent  citizens  and  countrymen,  arises  from  the  fact,  that  at  the 
present  eventful  crisis  of  affairs  in  Europe,  in  which  the  experience  and  character  of  these 
states  are  studied,  and  our  institutions  alluded  to,  as  an  exemplification  of  the  results  of  civic 
freedom,  our  example  may  be  of  the  highest  moral  tendency.  It  may  obtain  an  influence  for 
the  good  of  large  and  suffering  portions  of  mankind,  that  shall  be  effective  of  "  glory  to  GOD 
in  the  highest,  and  on  earth  peace,  good  will  toward  men." 

With  respect  to  the  fears  entertained  from  the  overwhelming  torrent  of  uneducated,  and 
vicious,  and  pauper  foreigners  poured  upon  our  shores,  in  a  manner  so  unprecedented,  we 
may  feel  less  alarm  if  our  citizens  will  but  preserve,  and,  as  circumstances  require,  augment 
the  advantages  of  early  education  now  enjoyed,  and  see  that  the  young  immigrants  improve 
them.*  This  will  lay  the  axe  to  the  root  of  all  growing  corruption.  Adults  may  prove 
incorrigible,  and  require  the  animadversion  of  wholesome  law.  Our  prisons  can  now  instruct 
and  compel  them  to  labor  for  the  profit  of  the  public  ;  but  THE  EDUCATION  OF  THE  YOUNG, 
conducted  on  principles  of  sound  morals  and  sincere  piety,  will  prove  the  sure  foun- 
dation of  usefulness,  respectability,  and  prosperity.  Such  has  it  ever  been  found,  and  ever 
will  be. 

To  return  to  our  political  state :  a  comparison  of  our  highest  executive  officers  with  others 
of  such  grade  abroad  elicits  hope.  While,  for  instance,  the  present  ruler  of  France  is  openly 
charged  with  a  design  of  perpetuating  his  powers,  and  altering  the  very  constitution  of  the  coun- 
try for  that  end,  we  have  never  had  a  public  case,  whatever  may  have  transpired  privately,  in 
which  a  president  of  the  United  States  was  found  ambitiously  plotting  for  the  perpetuation  or 
continuance  of  his  power.  Those  who  have  filled  this  station  have  returned  successively  to 
private  life,  or,  as  in  two  illustrious  instances,!  consented  to  serve  the  public  in  a  lower  but 
important  position.  Thanks  are  due  to  GOD  for  this  apparent  degree  of  civic  purity  of  char- 
acter. And  we  should  rejoice  in  that  state  of  public  sentiment  which  would  not  only  render 
the  reverse  of  this  odious  to  the  country,  but  also  effectually  defeat  the  object  aimed  at. 

The  condition  of  the  country  at  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  which  had  been  but 
partially  benefited  by  the  subsequent  confederation,  assumed  a  new  life  under  the  government 
of  the  FATHER  OF  HIS  COUNTRY.  That  government,  after  it  had  been  exercised  for  the 
constitutional  period,  that  is,  for  four  years,  from  1789  to  1793,  was  again  offered  by  the  public 

*  "  Individuals,  as  such,  have  no  more  claim  upon  the  public  for  their  education  than  for  their  board 
and  clothing."  But  "the  first  principles  of  popular  government  require  that  the  means  of  education 
should  as  far  as  possible  be  equally  within  the  reach  of  the  whole  population.  This  can  be  effected 
in  no  other  way  than  by  a  system  of  education  supported  by  the  public.  The  same  great  motive  of 
public  policy  requires  that  the  schools  should  be  of  a  very  superior  order,  so  that  every  child  may  receive 
not  merely  an  education,  but  an  excellent  education."  —  Gov.  EVERETT. 

t  Those  of  Washington  and  (more  especially)  John  Quincy  Adams. 


20  UNITED    STATES. 

voice  to  its  distinguished  heacl,  and  again  accepted ;  but  not  for  a  third  period,  although  by 
many  greatly  desired. 

It  had  been  only  by  the  exercise  of  qualities  precisely  adapted  to  the  emergencies  which 
required  them,  that  WASHINGTON  had  been  so  successful.  His  personal  courage  was  un- 
questionable. His  firmness  and '  moderation  were  even  constitutional,  habitual,  and  uniform. 
He  sincerely  loved  his  country,  and  devoted  himself  to  its  interests  in  a  manner  perhaps  un- 
precedented. The  people  at  large  appreciated  his  character,  and  had  entire  confidence  in  his 
integrity ;  and  it  was  only  prejudice  or  ignorance,  or  the  reckless  violence  of  party  spirit,  eagerly 
bent  on  its  object,  and  unscrupulous  as  to  the  methods  of  attaining  it,  which  opposed  and  thwarted 
his  well-considered  measures,  gave  trouble  to  his  impartial  government,  and  vilified  his  person. 

In  fact,  in  the  great  points  of  view  under  which  we  are  to  consider  this  so  justly  celebrated 
man,  so  remarkably  prepared  in  the  providence  of  God  for  the  stations  he  was  called  succes- 
sively to  fill,  it  will  be  proper  to  notice,  — 

First,  the  contest  for  freedom,  or  the  revolution.  And  in  this  we  see  a  people  widely 
scattered,  comparatively  poor,  living  under  different  laws,  although  dependent  on  the  same 
crown,  having  rivalries,  jealousies,  antipathies  of  their  own,  and  yet  necessitated,  from  the 
very  nature  of  the  case,  to  act  together.  He  was  the  instrument  of  thus  connecting  them,  by 
the  weight  of  his  own  character,  and  the  wisdom  and  energy  of  his  conduct,  and  the  revolution 
was  achieved. 

Next  came  the  substitution  of  a  more  effective  central  government  for  that  of  a  Congress 
which  had  no  power  to  enforce  its  decisions,  and  for  a  long  period  little  ability  to  decide. 
And  the  convention  of  1787,  four  years  after  the  peace,  was  presided  over  by  him.  In  that 
was  formed  the  constitution,  under  which,  with  comparatively  few  amendments,  the  United 
States  have  existed  in  honor  and  prosperity  for  more  than  sixty  years. 

No  one,  probably,  of  its  framers  better  knew  than  he  the  difficulties  to  be  met,  the  powers 
necessary  to  be  created  and  exercised,  and  the  authority  requisite  to  be  given,  in  order  to 
constitute  an  efficient  yet  paternal  government ;  although  this  knowledge  were  in  him  more 
the  result  of  experience,  aided  by  sound,  practical  good  sense,  than  of  sedentary  study  and 
learned  research.  For  these  the  corporal  activity  of  his  pursuits  and  labors  had  allowed  him 
little  leisure.  But  there  were  in  association  with  him  minds  of  high  intelligence.  Of  this 
character  were  ADAMS,  JEFFERSON,  HAMILTON,  MADISON,  and  JAY.  To  these,  and  such  as 
they,  were  confided  the  great  concerns  of  adjusting  and  balancing  the  respective  depart- 
ments, —  legislative,  judicial,  and  executive,  —  and  of  founding,  at  length,  under  his  super- 
intendence, an  empire  of  laws  based  on  the  welfare  of  the  whole  community ;  laws  under  which 
any  aggregate  of  population,  if  disposed  to  be  orderly,  industrious,  and  frugal,  or  any  number  of 
states,  if  loyally  affiliated  to  the  federal  government,  can  enjoy  as  great  prosperity  as  it  falls 
to  the  lot  of  human  institutions  to  secure. 

The  third  view  is  that  in  which,  after  the  perils,  sufferings,  sacrifices  of  the  revolution,  and 
the  establishment  of  principles  of  government,  partaking  of  the  nature  as  well  of  concession, 
agreement,  and  compromise,  in  certain  cases,  as  of  conservative  arrangements  in  others,  we 
behold  the  successful  warrior  and  upright  legislator,  first  in  the  esteem,  veneration,  gratitude, 
and  confidence  of  his  countrymen,  becoming  their  first  president.  At  the  head  now  of  a  new 
nation,  his  habits  of  intercourse  must  form  precedents  for  his  successors.  The  formalities  of 
his  administration  will  characterize  future  courses ;  and,  happily,  his  inclination,  judgment,  and 
resolution  established  a  "just  medium"  between  too  great  stateliness,  resembling  the  courts 
of  foreign  princes,  and  the  too  great  familiarity  which  would  bring  government  into  contempt. 

"  If  I  were  to  exhibit  the  spirit  of  the  constitution,"  observed  recently  the  present  able 
secretary  of  state,  "  in  its  living,  speaking,  animated  form,  I  would  refer  always,  always  to  the 
administration  of  the  first  president,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  And  if  I  were  now  to  describe  a 
patriot  president,  I  would  draw  his  masterstrokes  and  copy  his  design.  I  would  present  his 
picture  before  me  as  a  constant  study  for  life.  I  would  present  his  policy,  alike  liberal,  just, 
narrowed  down  to  no  sectional  interests,  bound  to  no  personal  objects,  held  to  no  locality,  but 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

bic^d,  and  generous,  and  open,  as  expansive  as  the  air.  ...  I  would  draw  a  picture 
of  his  foreign  policy,  just,  steady,  stately,  but  withal  .  .  .  lofty  and  glorious.  No 
man  could  say  in  his  day  that  the  broad  escutcheon  of  the  honor  of  the  Union  could  receive 
injury  or  damage,  or^even  contumely  or  disrespect,  with  impunity.  His  own  character  gave 
character  to  the  foreign  relations  of  the  country.  He  upheld  every  interest  of  his  country  in 
even  the  proudest  nations  of  Europe ;  and  while  resolutely  just,  he  was  resolutely  determined 
that  no  plume  in  the  honor  of  his  country  should  ever  be  defaced  or  taken  from  its  proper 
position  by  any  power  on  earth.  WASHINGTON  was  cautious  and  prudent;  no  self-seeker; 
giving  information  to  Congress  according  to  the  constitution,  on  all  questions,  when  necessary, 
with  fairness  and  frankness,  claiming  nothing  for  himself,  exercising  his  own  rights,  and  pre- 
serving the  dignity  of  his  station,  but  taking  especial  care  to  execute  the  laws  as  a  paramount 
duty,  and  in  such  manner  as  to  give  satisfaction  to  every  body,  and  to  be  subservient  to  that 
end.  And  it  was  always  remarked  of  his  administration,  that  he  filled  the  courts  of  justice 
with  the  most  spotless  integrity,  the  highest  talent,  and  the  purest  virtue ;  and  hence  it  be- 
came a  common  saying,  running  through  all  classes  .of  society,  that  our  great  security  is  in 
the  learning  and  integrity  of  the  judicial  tribunals.  This  high  character  they  justly  possessed, 
and  continue  to  possess  in  an  eminent  degree,  from  the  impress  which  WASHINGTON  stamped 
on  these  tribunals  at  their  first  organization."  * 

We  have  dwelt  thus  long  on  this  administration,  as  it  exhibits  the  genius  and  spirit  of  the 
American  government  in  its  acknowledged  model.  Successive  presidents  —  the  thirteenth 
is  now  in  the  chair  —  have  in  general  so  regarded  it,  as  well  as  the  people  at  large  ;  and  all 
parties  virtually  conspire  to  render  to  it  their  praise.  We  have  not  room  to  follow  out  the 
history  of  each  administration.  The  constitution  itself  it  is  proper  for  a  short  space  to 
consider. 

Its  OBJECTS  are,  to  form  a  more  perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity, 
provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of 
liberty ;  and  it  is  ordained  and  established  in  the  name  of  the  people. 

I.  It  vests  all  the  LEGISLATIVE  POWERS  it  grants  in  a  Congress,  consisting  of  two  branches, 
a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  The  representatives  are  chosen  once  in  two  years, 
by  all  persons  qualified  in  their  several  states  to  vote  for  members  of  the  most  numerous  branch 
of  the  state  legislature  ;  and  no  one  can  be  entitled  to  a  seat  in  this  house  under  twenty-five 
years  of  age.  He  must  also  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  for  seven  years,  and  an 
inhabitant  of  the  state  in  which  he  is  chosen. 

The  Senate  consists  of  two  senators  from  each  state,  chosen  by  its  legislature,  for  six  years. 
It  is  divided  into  three  classes,  one  of  which  goes  out  of  office  every  two  years.  A  senator 
must  have  attained  thirty  years,  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  nine  years,  and  be  an  in- 
habitant of  the  state  that  elects  him. 

When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  the  representation  of  a  state,  its  executive  is  to  issue  writs  for  a 
new  election  by  the  people.  If  it  happen. in  the  Senate,  the  state  legislature  supplies  it  by  a 
new  election ;  and  should  it  occur  when  such  legislature  is  not  in  session,  the  state  executive 
makes  a  temporary  appointment  until  the  legislature  meets. 

The  representatives  choose  their  own  speaker,  have  the  exclusive  power  to  impeach  public 
officers,  and  originate  bills  for  raising  a  revenue.  The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States 
presides  over  the  Senate,  which  chooses  its  other  officers,  and  a  president  pro  tempore,  in 
case  of  absence  of  its  president,  or  in  case  he  exercise  the  office  of  President  of  the  United 
States. 

Each  house  determines  the  validity  of  the  elections  and  qualifications  of  ifls  own  members, 
forms  its  own  rules,  and  keeps  a  journal  of  its  proceedings.  Their  members  are  privileged 
from  arrest,  during  the  session,  except  for  treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace. 

The  Congress  has  power  to  make  and  enforce  all  laws  necessary  for  the  general  welfare ; 
as,  to  lay  taxes  and  collect  them,  imposts  and  excises  also,  to  borrow  money,  regulate  commerce, 

*  See  Mr.  Webstw's  Speeches  at  Buffalo,  Syracuse,  and  Albany,  in  May,  1851,  p.  55,  ed.  N.  Y. 


22  UNITED    STATES. 

establish  uniform  rules  of  naturalization,  coin  money,  establish  post-roads  and  post-offices, 
promote  the  arts  and  sciences,  institute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court,  define  and 
punish  piracy,  declare  war  and  make  reprisals,  raise  and  support  armies,  provide  and  maintain 
a  navy,  and  regulate  the  militia,  and  to  make  all  laws  necessary  to  carry  these  powers  into 
effect,  exercising  also  jurisdiction  over  the  District  of  Columbia. 

II.  No  bill  of  attainder  or  retrospective  (ex  post  facto)  law  shall  be  passed ;  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  cannot  be  suspended,  except  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion ;  no  soldier,  in 
time  of  peace,  to  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of 
war  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law  ;  no  direct  tax  can  be  laid,  except  according  to 
a  census  of  the  inhabitants  ;  no  duty  can  be  laid  on  exports ;  no  money  to  be  drawn  from 
the  treasury,  unless  appropriated  by  law ;  no  law  to  be  made  respecting  an  establishment  of 
religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of 
the  press  ;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition  the  government 
for  a  redress  of  grievances ;  no  title  of  nobility  can  be  granted,  nor  can  any  public  officer, 
without  the  consent  of  Congress,  accept  of  any  present  or  title  from  any  foreign  prince  or 
state.     The  states  are  restricted  from  emitting  bills  of  credit,  making  any  thing  but  gold  or 
silver  a  tender  for  debts,  and  passing  any  law  impairing  private  contracts.     No  member,  also, 
of  Congress,  continuing  such,  is   allowed  to  hold  any  office  under  the  government  of  the 
United  States ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  can  be  a  member  of 
either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

III.  The  EXECUTIVE  POWER,  is  vested  in  a  president,  who  holds  his  office  for  four*  years, 
and  who  must  have  been  a  citizen  at  the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  or  native  of  the  United 
States,  must  have  attained  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident  within 
the  Union.     The  president,  and  the  vice  president,  of  similar  qualifications,  are  chosen  by 
electors,  designated  as  the  legislature  of  each  state  shall  direct.     The  number  of  electors  in 
each  state  is  to  equal  the  whole  number  of  its  senators  and  representatives. 

The  president  is  coinmander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the 
militia  when  called  into  actual  service.  He  grants  reprieves  and  pardons,  except  in  cases  of 
impeachment;  nominates,  and,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  appoints  ambassa- 
dors, judges,  and  other  officers  of  the  United  States,  forms  treaties,  provided  two  thirds  of  the 
Senate  agree,  and  fills  vacancies  in  offices  happening  during  the  Senate's  recess.  He  convenes 
the  Congress  on  extraordinary  occasions,  receives  foreign  ministers,  gives  information  to 
Congress  of  the  state  of  public  affairs,  and,  in  general,  takes  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully 
executed — being  himself  under  solemn  oath  or  affirmation  to  that  end,  and  liable  to  impeach- 
ment as  any  other  public  officer.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  or  removal  of  the  president, 
the  vice  president  succeeds  to  his  office. 

IV.  The  JUDICIARY  of  the  United  States  consists  of  one  Supreme  Court,  meeting  annually 
at  Washington,  and  such  inferior  courts  as  Congress  ordains.     The  judges  hold  their  offices 
during  good  behavior,  and  while  holding  them  can  sustain  no  diminution  of  salary.     The 
power  of  these  courts  extends  to  all  cases  in  law  and  equity,  arising  under  the  constitution  or 
laws  of  the  United  States,  and  under  treaties  ;  to  cases  of  public  ministers  and  consuls ;  to 
all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction ;  to  controversies  between  the  states,  and 
where  the  United  States  are  a  party,  but  not  in  regard  to  suits  originating  with  foreign  states, 
or  subjects  of  them ;  between  citizens  of  different  states  ;  between  a  state  and  a  citizen  of 
another  state,  and  between  citizens  of  the  same  state,  claiming  under  grants  of  different  states ; 
and  to  causes  between  one  of  the  states,  or  an  American  citizen,  and  a  foreign  state  or  citizen. 

V.  As  to  general  RIGHTS  AND  IMMUNITIES  :  In  all  criminal  trials,  except  impeachment,  the 
trial  by  jury  is  guarantied  to  the  accused.     Treason  is  restricted  to  the  simple  act  of  levying 
war  against  the  United  States,  and  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort ;  and 
no  one  can  be  convicted  but  by  two  witnesses  to  the  same  act,  or  by  confession  in  open  court. 
Conviction  of  treason  is  not  followed  by  corruption  of  blood,  to  disinherit  the  criminal's  heirs, 
nor  by  forfeiture  of  estate,  except  during  the  life  of  the  offender.     The  citizens  of  each  state 
are  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  states  ;  and  the  powers 


INTRODUCTION.  23 

not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  states,  are 
reserved  to  the  states  respectively,  or  to  the  people.  Congress  may  admit  new  states  into  the 
Union ;  and  the  national  compact  guaranties  to  each  state  a  republican  form  of  government, 
together  with  protecti8n  from  foreign  invasion  and  domestic  violence.* 

Such,  in  substance,  is  the  celebrated  CHARTER,  if  it  so  may  be  called,  of  the  rights,  priv- 
ileges, and  duties  of  American  citizens,  whether  in  their  private  capacity,  or  raised  for  a  time 
to  offices  of  trust  and  power.  Under  it  these  states  have  grown  to  a  maturity  which  ranks 
them,  in  their  collective,  concentred  existence,  among  the  leading  nations  of  the  world.  To 
the  three  millions  of  their  population,  when  they  felt  it  their  duty  to  appeal  to  arms  against  the 
mother  country,  they  have  now  added  a  score  of  millions,  and  more.  They  are  in  commerce 
second  only  to  Great  Britain,  the  first  among  the  nations.  Their  navy  is  respectable,  well 
built,  and  well  furnished.  Their  internal  commerce  is  immense.  Its  statistics  appear  in  the 
following  work.  Their  railroads  are  among  the  greatest  triumphs  of  art  over  natural  impedi- 
ments of  distance  and  unequal  surfaces.  Steam  has  astonishingly  facilitated  and  abridged 
human  toil ;  and  the  ease  with  which  intelligence  is,  like  lightning,  sent  from  one  extremity 
of  the  Union  to  the  other,  is  among  the  wonders  of  the  age. 

We  do  not  here  appeal  to  statistics ;  these  occupy  another  department,  and  will  confirm  me 
present  statements  amply.  We  commend  to  the  reader  a  careful  perusal  of  them,  and  will 
simply  remark,  in  closing  this  rapid  review,  that  it  is  not  alone  in  the  progress  of  population,! 
agriculture,  commerce,  and  the  arts,  that  we  are  to  contemplate  the  elements  of  greatness 
bestowed  on  the  United  States.  Other  things  demand  a  grateful  notice. 

Very  early  in  the  settlement  of  the  country  it  was  perceived  that  no  temporal  prosperity 
could  be  permanent  without  the  institutions  of  learning  and  religion.  Two  classes  of  English- 
men came  over :  the  one,  at  the  south,  maintained  conformity  to  the  church  of  England ;  the 
other,  at  the  north,  claimed  and  exercised  a  greater  liberty  —  the  liberty  of  dissent.  These 
dispositions  had  each  their  peculiar  effect.  Compelled  to  rely  on  themselves,  the  northern 
dissenters  founded  their  college,  and  endowed  it  as  well  as  their  poverty  would  allow ;  and 
for  years  it  was  the  only  seminary  of  such  kind  in  the  colonies.  Sir  WILLIAM  BERKELEY,  J 
like  the  late  Emperor  of  Austria,  wanted  about  him  "  not  learned  men,  but  obedient  subjects." 

Wherever  the  influence  of  New  England  reaches  in  these  states,  the  school,  the  college, 
and  the  Christian  ministry  are  esteemed  as  necessaries  of  life,  and  not  easily  dispensed  with ; 
and  all  the  states,  without  exception,  perhaps,  have  since  the  revolution  partaken  more  or  less 
in  this  feeling.  The  press  groans  with  its  periodical  issues ;  and  these  are  not  all  the  pro- 
duction of  contentious  political  partisans  ;  but  a  large  share  is  of  a  religious,  scientific,  literary 
character,  bringing  into  discussion  the  great  questions  that  agitate  the  intellectual  world,  and 
assuming  a  stand  in  the  crowd  of  learned  competitors. 

Astronomy,  chemistry,  mineralogy,  geology,  and  natural  history  are  cultivated  with  growing 
ardor  and  success.  They  will  be  advanced  by  the  facilities  afforded  through  the  unexpected 
liberality  of  an  English  stranger,§  whose  benefaction  has  consecrated  at  the  capital  of  the 
nation  a  reservoir  of  knowledge,  diffusing  its  streams  to  the  extremities  of  the  land. 

Our  missionary  enterprises,  in  the  foreign  field  and  at  home,  have  been  surprisingly  pros- 
perous. The  state  of  Christian  civilization  bestowed  on  the  Sandwich  Islands  is  the  proof  of 
it  as  regards  distant  efforts  ;  the  increasing  settlement  of  the  institutions  of  religion  in  the 

*  See  the  constitution  itself,  and  the  abridgment  of  it  in  Webster's  "Elements  of  Knowledge," 
copied  into  that  very  useful  and  valuable  compendium,  Goodrich's  "  History  of  the  United  States," 
compiled  for  youth ;  and  of  which  many  thousands  are  in  their  hands  throughout  the  Union. 

t  For  numbers  only,  China  stands  first,  with  her  300  or  400,000,000,  as  the  case  may  be ;  then  Brit- 
ain, reckoning  150,000,000  subjects  of  her  queen.  Russia  follows,  with  60,000,000  ;  France  and  Austria 
rank  next.  And  whether  the  empire  of  Japan  or  the  United  States  come  next  in  order  is  not  clear. 
Turkey  is,  probably,  in  advance  of  Prussia  and  Spain.  No  other  power,  perhaps,  exceeds  10,000,000 
of  subjects. 

J  Governor  of  Virginia  under  the  crown. 

§  James  Smithson,  Esq. 


24  UNITED    STATES. 

west  is  a  happy  comment  on  the  domestic  effort ;  while  the  creation  of  a  new  republic  on  the 
shores  of  Africa  is  one  of  the  most  glorious  of  the  triumphs  of  religion,  humanity,  and  polit  - 
ical  wisdom. 

Nothing  will  be  wanting  to  the  greatness  and  prosperity  of  our  cherished  republic,  if,  securing 
the  blessing  of  GOD  by  obedience  to  his  Word,  under  the  directions  of  which  no  small  portion 
of  our  ancestors  lived  and  toiled,  we  hold  on  our  way  with  fearless  integrity,  and  a  conscien- 
tious love  of  our  countrv  and  our  race. 


DESCRIPTIONS 


OF 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES. 


Ig^"  The  reader  will  please  to  observe  that  the  statistical  tables  and  other  documents  near  the  close  of 
the  volume  will  be  found  to  contain  much  additional  information  in  regard  to  the  several  and  combined 
interests  of  the  following  confederated  republics,  denominated  the  United  States  of  America. 

These  states  and  territories  are  alphabetically  arranged. 


ALABAMA  ranks  as  the  twenty-second  state  of  the  American  Union.  It  was  originally 
settled  by  French  and  Spanish  immigrants.  In  conjunction  with  Mississippi,  it  was  set  off 
from  Georgia,  in  1800,  as  a  separate  territory ;  which  again  was  divided  in  1817,  the  western 
portion  forming  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  the  eastern  the  Territory  of  Alabama  —  now  the 
state  of  that  name,  having  been  so  constituted  by  act  of  Congress  in  March,  1819. 

Limits  and  Extent.  —  It  is  bounded  by  Tennessee  on  the  north,  Georgia  on  the  east,  Florida 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  Mississippi  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  30°  10'  to 
35°  north  latitude,  and  from  85°  to  88°  307  west  longitude  ;  comprising  an  area  of  nearly 
51,000  square  miles. 

Surface  and  Soil. — The  face  of  the  country  exhibits  much  variety.    In  the  northern  quarter, 

where  the  Alleghany  Mountains  terminate,  it  is  elevated  and  somewhat  broken,  but  gradually 

improves  in  appearance  and  fertility  as  it  descends  towards  the  opposite  boundary,  where  it 

settles  into  wide-spreading  prairies  and  gently-swelling  plains,  profusely  covered  with  grass 

4 


26  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

and  beautiful  herbage.  For  all  purposes  of  agriculture,  the  chief  pursuit  of  the  inhabitants, 
the  soil  is,  in  general,  finely  adapted.  There  are  many  large  tracts,  especially  on  the  margins 
of  rivers,  which  are  remarkably  productive.  The  most  prominent  among  the  "  kindly  fruits 
of  the  earth "  are  cotton,  corn,  wheat,  and  rice.  Tobacco  and  sugar  are  also  cultivated  to 
some  extent.  The  cotton  crop,  for  several  years  past,  is  estimated  to  have  been  equal  to  a 
sixth  part  of  the  aggregate  annual  harvest  of  that  commodity  within  the  United  States. 
Minerals,  particularly  iron  and  coal,  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  state ;  the  latter  article 
exists  in  abundance  on  the  borders  of  the  Cahawba  and  Black  Warrior  Rivers. 

Climate.  —  Alabama  presents  considerable  diversity  of  climate,  healthful  or  otherwise,  accord- 
ing to  locality.  The  hilly  region,  in  the  central  and  northern  parts,  affords  a  salubrioua 
atmosphere,  mildly  tempered  in  winter,  and  gratefully  pleasant  in  summer ;  but  the  low  and 
marshy  districts  at  the  south,  the  bottom  lands  along  the  rivers,  and  the  country  lying  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Muscle  Shoals,  are  usually  considered  unhealthy. 

Rivers.  —  Nearly  every  part  of  the  state  is  amply  watered  by  large  streams  admitting  of 
extensive  steamboat  navigation.  The  most  considerable  and  important  of  these  rivers  are  the 
Tennessee,  Chattahoochee,  Alabama,  and  Tombigbee. 

Civil  Government.  —  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives ;  the  former  composed  of  thirty-three  members,  elected  for  four  years,  —  one  half  retiring 
every  two  years,  —  and  the  latter  consisting  of  one  hundred  members,  elected  biennially.  The 
sessions  of  the  legislature  are  held  once  in  two  years,  at  the  present  seat  of  government,  the 
city  of  Montgomery.  The  people  elect  not  only  the  executive  and  legislative  authorities,  but 
the  judges  of  Circuit  and  Probate  Courts.  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  chancellors  are 
chosen  for  terms  of  six  years  by  the  General  Assembly,  in  joint  ballot. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Supreme  Court  holds  its  sessions  at  the  capital,  semiannually,  in  June  and 
January :  it  is  composed  of  a  chief  and  two  associate  justices.  The  Court  of  Chancery,  corn- 
prising  three  chancellors,  holds  an  annual  session  in  each  of  the  thirty-seven  districts  into 
which  the  state  is  subdivided.  The  Circuit  Courts,  of  which  there  are  nine  judges,  hold  two 
sessions  per  annum,  in  each  of  the  nine  circuits. 

Education.  —  See  Literary  Institutions. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  state  enjoys  numerous  facilities  for  intercommunication,  and 
a  due  measure  of  public  interest  is  directed  to  the  development  of  these  natural  advantages. 
Many  miles  of  railroads,  and  several  important  canals,  have  alrealy  been  constructed,  and 
others  are  also  in  contemplation. 

Manufactures.  —  But  little  attention  has  been  given  to  the  business  of  converting  the  prin- 
cipal staple  of  the  state  into  fabrics  for  exportation.  Nearly  all  the  cotton  produced  is  sent  as 
raw  material  to  markets  beyond  the  state,  and  but  a  small  portion  of  the  population  is  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  other  articles  of  domestic  growth. 

Public  Debt,  fyc. —  For  information  relative  to  the  debts,  expenditures,  financial  resources, 
&c.,  of  the  state,  see  Statistical  Tables. 

Indians.  —  There  are  within  the  limits  of  Alabama  several  formidable  tribes,  or  parts  of 
tribes,  some  of  whom,  the  Cherokees  particularly,  have  attained  a  respectable  state  of  civili- 
zation. These  reside  in  the  north-east  corner  of  the  state.  The  Choctaws  and  Chickasaws 
occupy  portions  of  the  western  part,  and  the  Creeks  dwell  on  the  eastern  border.  During 
the  war  of  1812,  the  white  settlements  were  much  annoyed  by  the  Indians,  who  were  finally 
subdued  by  General  Jackson. 

Population.  —  One  of  the  chief  impulses  which  led  to  the  almost  unexampled  increase  of 
population  in  Alabama,  within  the  last  forty  years,  was  the  annexation,  in  1812,  or"  a  part  of 
Florida.  This  measure  gave  access  to  an  important  coast  frontier  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
induced  an  immediate  flow  of  emigration  in  that  direction. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — ARKANSAS. 


27 


ARKANSAS.  This  state  was  originally  included  within  the  limits  of  Louisiana ;  from 
which,  in  conjunction  with  Missouri,  it  was  set  off,  becoming  a  part  of  the  latter,  under  the 
name  of  Missouri  Territory,  soon  after  the  purchase  of  the  former  by  the  United  States.  In 
1819,  Missouri  was  divided,  and  the  southern  portion  became  the  Territory  of  Arkansas.  It 
remained  under  a  distinct  territorial  government  until  1830,  when  it  was  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  an  independent  state,  constituting  the  twenty-sixth  member  of  the  American  Union.  As 
early  as  1C85,  settlements  were  formed  in  the  country  now  embraced  in  this  state  by  certain 
French  adventurers,  who  formed  alliances  and  intermarried  with  the  then  powerful  tribe  of 
Arkansas  Indians,  from  whom  the  name  of  the  state  is  derived. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  It  is  bounded  north  by  the  State  of  Missouri ;  east  by  the  River 
Mississippi,  separating  it  from  the  state  of  that  name,  and  from  Tennessee  ;  south  by  Louisiana, 
and  west  by  the  Indian  Territory.  It  lies  between  33°  and  30°  3(X  north  latitude,  and  reaches 
longitudinally  from  89°  30;  to  94°  30'  west ;  being  245  miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  breadth 
of  about  212  miles,  comprehending  an  area  of  somewhat  over  52,000  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  governor  is  elected,  by  a  plurality  of  the  popular  vote,  for  a  term  of 
four  years,  but  is  ineligible  for  more  than  eight  in  any  twelve  years.  There  is  no  lieutenant 
governor,  the  executive  duties  devolving,  in  cases  of  official  disability,  first  upon  the 
president  of  the  Senate,  and  next  upon  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  The 
legislature  consists  of  a  Senate,  in  number  not  less  than  seventeen,  nor  more  than  thirty-four 
members,  elected  for  four  years  ;  and  of  a  House  of  Representatives,  comprising  from  fifty-four 
to  one  hundred  members,  chosen  biennially.  The  legislature  convenes  once  in  two  years,  at 
Little  Rock,  the  capital.  Laws  against  the  introduction  of  slaves,  either  as  criminals  or  as 
merchandise,  may  be  passed  by  the  General  Assembly.  Slaves  are  entitled  by  law  to  trial  by 
jury ;  and,  in  capital  cases,  no  difference  on  account  of  color  is  made  in  the  imposition  of 
penalties. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Supreme  Court  has  three  judges,  who  are  chosen  for  terms  of  eight  years 
by  joint  vote  of  the  legislature.  It  has  appellate  jurisdiction  only,  except  in  cases  provided 
for  by  the  constitution.  The  Circuit  Courts  have  six  judges,  elected  by  the  people  for  four 
years.  They  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  all  felonies,  and  of  all  civil  cases  not  cognizable  by 
justices  of  the  peace,  and  hold  hi  each  circuit  two  terms  annually. 

Education.  —  Although  large  provision  for  the  support  of  public  education  has  been  made, 


28  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

the  subject  has  hitherto  occupied  but  a  small  share  of  the  popular  attention.  There  are,  com- 
paratively, but  few  common  schools,  and  only  some  eight  or  ten  academies,  or  high  schools, 
in  the  state  ;  yet,  under  an  act  of  Congress,  one  thirty-sixth  part  of  every  township  of  land  was 
appropriated  for  the  maintenance  of  these  institutions.  The  state  treasury  has  also  been 
liberally  drawn  upon  for  the  same  purpose.  Nor  are  there  any  colleges,  notwithstanding  the 
munificent  grant  by  Congress  of  seventy-two  sections  of  land  for  the  establishment  of  a 
classical  seminary;  the  legislature  having  preferred  to  sell  the  land  and  divide  the  avails 
among  the  several  counties. 

Finances.  —  For  particulars  of  receipts,  expenditures,  state  debts,  &c.,  see  Statistical  Tables. 

Surface  and  Soil.  —  On  the  western  border  of  the  Mississippi,  and  extending  some  one  hun- 
dred miles  into  the  interior,  the  country  is  low,  marshy,  and  subject  to  periodical  inundations. 
It  is  densely  wooded,  with  occasional  open  tracts  of  arable  land.  Towards  the  centre,  it  is 
generally  hilly  and  rugged,  though  interspersed  with  extensive  prairies.  The  western  section 
is  crossed  by  several  mountainous  ridges,  the  most  elevated  of  which  are  the  Black  Mountains, 
and  the  Ozark  (alias  Arkansas)  Mountains,  the  altitude  of  some  of  the  peaks  of  which  is 
estimated  at  3000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  As  a  whole,  the  state  cannot  be  considered 
as  a  region  of  great  fertility,  some  three  fourths  of  its  surface  being  unproductive,  or  unfit  for 
tillage ;  although  in  certain  localities,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  inland  streams,  the  soil  is 
remarkably  rich.  The  staple  products  of  the  earth  are  cotton  and  Indian  corn ;  and  consider- 
able quantities  of  wheat,  oats,  sweet  potatoes,  and  tobacco  are  also  raised.  Immense  plains, 
covered  exuberantly  with  verdure,  afford  peculiar  facilities  for  the  growth  of  cattle ;  and  the 
forests  and  prairies  abound  with  wild  game,  such  as  the  buffalo,  deer,  elk,  wild  turkeys,  geese, 
quails,  &c.  Indigenous  fruits,  such  as  grapes,  plums,  &c.,  are  found  in  profusion.  The  peach 
is  cultivated  with  great  success,  but  the  apple  does  not  flourish. 

Rivers.  —  There  is  scarcely  a  spot  in  the  whole  state  that  has  not  some  navigable  water- 
course within  a  distance  of  one  hundred  miles,  so  thoroughly  is  it  penetrated  by  those  natural 
channels  of  intercommunication.  Among  the  principal  rivers  by  which  the  state  is  watered, 
besides  the  Mississippi,  are  the  St.  Francis,  the  Arkansas,  the  Ouachitta,  the  White,  Black, 
and  Red  Rivers. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Little  interest  has  been  manifested  in  this  subject.  A  grant  by 
Congress  of  500,000  acres  of  land,  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  a  system  of  internal  im- 
provements, was  diverted  from  its  legitimate  object  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  in  1849, 
authorizing  the  distribution  of  this  fund  among  the  forty  counties  into  which  the  state  was 
subdivided. 

Minerals.  —  No  extensive  explorations  of  the  mineral  resources  of  Arkansas  have  yet  been 
nmde ;  there  are,  however,  undoubted  indications  of  the  existence  of  numerous  beds  of  iron 
and  lead  ores,  coal,  and  gypsum.  Salt  is  also  abundant,  being  found  upon  the  surface  of 
several  large  prairies,  in  some  instances,  it  is  said,  to  the  depth  of  four  to  six  inches.  It  is 
also  contained  in  many  remarkable  springs,  the  waters  of  which  are  strongly  impregnated  with 
this  material. 

Manufactures.  —  Hitherto  the  manufacturing  operations  within  this  state  have  amounted  to 
nothing  of  importance  beyond  the  fabrication  of  articles  for  household  use  and  home  con- 
sumption. 

Climate.  —  Upon  the  low  river  lands,  the  climate  is  decidedly  unfavorable  to  human  health , 
but  in  the  elevated  country,  it  is  quite  otherwise ;  although,  in  some  quarters,  the  deleterious 
properties  of  the  water  render  these  localities  unfit  for  the  residence  of  a  very  numerous  popu- 
lation. Connected  with  this  topic  may  be  mentioned  the  hot  or  warm  springs,  numbers  of 
which  are  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  state.  Their  waters  are  known  to  be  efficacious  in 
the  cure  of  chronic  maladies,  and  are  much  resorted  to  by  invalids,  as  well  as  by  travellers 
drawn  thither  by  curiosity. 

Religion.  —  The  predominating  religious  denominations  are  Methodists  and  Baptists. 
There  are  likewise  considerable  bodies  of  Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  and  Roman 
Catholics. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  CALIFORNIA. 


29 


Indians.  —  Many  tribes,  or  parts  of  tribes,  of  Indians  have  their  abodes  still  within  this  state, 
the  most  populous  of  which  are  the  Cherokees,  Choctaws,  Osages,  Quapas,  Camanches,  &c. 

Population.  —  Between  1810  and  1820,  the  population  of  Arkansas  increased  from  1000  to 
15,000.  In  1830  it  had  Doubled  this  number,  and  in  1840  had  risen  to  nearly  100,000,  one 
fifth  of  whom  were  slaves.  In  1850  it  was  209,639. 


CALIFORNIA  has  recently  become  one  of  the  United  States.  A  part  of  the  country  was 
discovered  as  earl)''  as  1542,  by  a  Spaniard  named  Cobrillo ;  and  its  northern  section  was 
visited  for  the  first  time  by  foreigners  in  1578,  when  Sir  Francis  Drake,  then  at  the  head  of 
an  expedition  from  England,  gave  to  this  region  the  name  of  New  Albion.  The  Spaniards 
planted  colonies  upon  its  sea-coast  in  1768,  from  which  period,  until  1836,  the  territory  was  a 
province  of  Mexico.  In  the  latter  year  a  revolution  occurred.  The  people,  after  having 
frequently  compelled  the  Mexican  governors  and  other  officials  to  abandon  their  posts,  declared 
themselves  independent,  and  undertook  to  organize  new  political  institutions.  Several  weak 
and  ineffectual  attempts  to  regain  absolute  control  were  made  from  time  to  time  by  the  Mex- 
icans, until  the  year  1846.  In  July  of  that  year,  the  port  of  Monterey,  a  central  point  on  the 
Pacific  coast  of  the  state,  was  seized,  in  the  name  of  the  United  States,  by  a  naval  force  under 
Commodore  Sloat,  who  at  once  unfurled  the  American  flag,  and  established  a  provisional  govern- 
ment. At  that  epoch,  the  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the  territory  was  in  the  hands  of  a  civil 
governor  and  a  military  commandante,  both  natives  of  California,  but  holding  commissions  from 
the  President  of  Mexico.  In  1848,  the  discovery  of  a  gold  "placer"  at  Columa,  (Sutter's 
Mills,)  and  the  ascertained  reality  of  its  extraordinary  richness,  followed  immediately  by 
further  and  equally  surprising  developments,  startled  the  whole  civilized  world ;  and  a  tide  of 
emigration  began  to  flow  in  from  every  quarter,  with  a  rapidity  and  volume  unparalleled  in 
the  history  of  nations.  The  population  forthwith  attained  the  required  number  for  the  forma- 
tion of  a  distinct  state.  The  inhabitants  prepared  and  submitted  to  Congress  the  draught  of  a 
constitution  ;  and  in  September,  1850,  California  was  admitted  into  full  membership  as  one  of 
the  United  States. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  By  the  constitution,  adopted  by  the  people  in  November.  1849, 
and  by  the  act  of  Congress  consequent  thereon,  the  limits  of  California  are  established  as  fol- 
lows :  commencing  at  latitude  42°  north,  and  longitude  120°  west ;  thence  running  south  on  said 
line  of  longitude  until  it  intersects  the  39th  degree  of  north  latitude ;  thence  in  a  direct  course 
south-easterly  to  the  River  Colorado ;  thence  down  the  channel  of  said  river  to  the  boundary 


30  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

between  Mexico  and  the  United  States ;  thence  along  said  boundary  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  into  the  same  three  English  miles ;  thence  north-westerly,  in  the  direction  of  the  Pacific 
coast,  to  the  original  parallel  of  42° ;  and,  finally,  along  this  line  to  the  point  of  beginning.  It 
lies  between  32°  and  42°  north  latitude ;  and  its  extremes  of  longitude,  owing  to  its  angular 
position,  embrace  an  extent  of  about  10°,  —  its  eastern  point  being  at  114°  3CK,  and  the  western 
at  124°  30',  —  although  the  average  distance  of  the  eastern  boundary  from  the  sea-coast,  and, 
consequently,  the  average  breadth  of  the  state,  is  but  212  miles.  Its  length  from  north  to 
south  is  764  miles  ;  estimated  area,  188,500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  north  by  the  Territory 
of  Oregon,  east  by  that  of  Utah,  south  by  Lower  California,  and  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Government.  —  The  chief  magistrate  is  elected  for  two  years ;  also  the  lieutenant  governor, 
who  is  ex  qfficio  president  of  the  Senate.  The  legislature  is  composed  of  two  branches  —  the 
Senate,  consisting  of  not  less  than  one  third,  nor  more  than  one  half  of  the  number  contained 
in  the  other  house,  elected  by  districts  biennially  ;  and  the  Assembly,  chosen  annually,  also  by 
districts,  to  comprise  not  less  than  twenty-four  nor  more  than  thirty-six  members,  until  the 
population  shall  amount  to  100,000,  when  the  minimum  shall  be  thirty,  and  the  maximum 
eighty.  The  legislature  convenes  annually  in  January.  No  lotteries  can  be  granted,  nor 
charters'  for  banking  purposes.  The  circulation  of  paper  as  money  is  prohibited.  Corporations 
may  be  formed  under  general  laws  only.  In  legislative  elections,  the  members  vote  viva  voce. 
Loans  of  the  state  credit  are  interdicted ;  and  state  debts,  exceeding  a  sum  total  of  $300,000, 
cannot  be  contracted  except  in  certain  specified  contingencies.  The  property  of  married 
women  acquired  before  or  after  marriage,  and  a  portion  of  the  homesteads,  or  other  estates  of 
heads  of  families,  are  protected  by  law.  The  elective  franchise  is  held  by  all  white  males 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  who  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  Mexicans  choosing  to 
become  citizens,  under  the  treaty  of  Queretaro,  and  have  resided  six  months  within  the  state. 
Indians  and  their  descendants  are  allowed  to  vote  in  special  cases. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  a  chief  justice  and  two  associates,  elected  by 
the  people  for  six  years,  and  so  classified  that  one  shall  retire  every  two  years.  District  judges 
are  chosen  in  like  manner,  for  the  same  term  of  time  ;  and  county  judges  are  elected  for  four 
years.  The  Supreme  Court  has  appellate  jurisdiction  in  cases  involving  a  sum  not  less  than 
two  hundred  dollars,  in  the  settlement  of  certain  legal  questions,  and  in  various  criminal 
matters.  The  District  Courts  have  power  to  try  cases  in  law  and  equity,  where  the  sum  in 
dispute  exceeds  two  hundred  dollars.  The  county  judges,  assisted  by  two  justices  of  the 
peace,  hold  Courts  of  Sessions  in  each  county  for  criminal  business.  Clerks  of  courts,  district 
attorneys,  sheriffs,  coroners,  &c.,  are  chosen  by  the  people. 

Finances.  —  The  state  debt  in  January,  1851,  was  $500,000,  —  existing  in  the  shape  of 
bonds  of  $500  and  $1000  each,  —  drawing  interest  at  the  rate  of  three  per  cent,  a  month.  The 
means  of  meeting  the  public  expenditure  are  derived  chiefly  from  taxation.  In  1850,  the 
inhabitants  of  San  Francisco  and  Sacramento  were  taxed  at  the  rate  of  two  to  three  per  cent., 
principally,  however,  for  municipal  purposes.  The  state  derives  an  income  of  $1,525,000  from 
the  following  sources :  1.  A  state  tax  of  one  half  per  cent,  on  $200,000,000,  the  estimated 
value  of  taxable  property,  amounting  to  $1,000,000 ;  2.  A  poll  tax  of  $5  each  on  50.000  in- 
habitants ;  and,  3.  A  miner's  tax  of  $20  per  month  on  25,000  foreign  miners,*  —  the  two  latter 
items  producing  about  half  a  million  of  dollars ;  —  and,  4.  Duties  on  sales  at  auction,  estimated 
at  $25,000.  The  whole  expense  of  the  state  government  in  1850,  including  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  was  $700,000,  deducting  which  from  the  computed  receipts,  a  balance  of  $825,000 
remained  in  the  treasury. 

Education.  —  The  constitution  provides  for  the  establishment  and  support  of  a  system  of 
free  schools,  in  which  instruction  shall  be  given  at  least  three  months  in  each  year.  A  fund 
is  to  be  created  from  various  sources,  the  interest  of  which  is  to  be  inviolably  applied  to  the 
maintenance  of  these  institutions.  This  fund  must  soon  become  one  of  great  magnitude ;  for 
it  is  to  consist  of  the  proceeds  of  public  lands  ceded  to  the  state  for  school  purposes,  and  of 

*  This  tax  was  repealed  in  the  spring  of  1851. 


STATES    AND    TERKITORIES.  —  CALIFOKNIA.  31 

the  500,000  acres  of  land  granted  to  each  new  state  by  the  general  government,  together  with 
such  percentage  on  sales  of  lands  within  the  state  as  shall  be  allowed  by  Congress,  and  the 
avails  of  all  estates  left  by  persons  dying  without  heirs.  Certain  lands  are  also  set  apart,  the 
income  of  which  is  to  be^appropriated  to  the  maintenance  of  a  university. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  The  face  of  the  country  presents,  perhaps,  a  greater  variety  of  topo- 
graphical features  than  may  be  found  in  any  one  territory  of  like  magnitude  upon  the  whole 
earth.  Several  ranges  of  huge  and  lofty  mountains  —  many  of  their  peaks  of  volcanic  origin, 
ascending  into  the  region  of  perpetual  snow  —  extend  through  the  central  parts,  and  parallel 
with  the  sea-coast  of  the  state,  from  its  northern  nearly  to  its  southern  extremity.  On  the 
coast  side  of  these  ridges,  as  well  as  between  them,  the  surface  is  greatly  diversified,  pre- 
senting many  varieties  of  soil,  thin  and  sandy  in  some  localities,  but  in  others  abounding  in 
the  richest  loam.  Among  the  hilly  regions,  there  are  numerous  valleys  and  plateaus,  of 
different  elevations,  covered  with  a  soil  of  good  quality,  which,  wherever  duly  watered,  is 
capable  of  being  rendered  highly  productive.  But  these  are  frequently  interspersed  with 
large  tracts  of  rough,  broken,  and  apparently  sterile  territory,  or  intersected  by  deep  and 
rocky  ravines.  Until  within  a  very  short  period,  the  entire  country,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  widely  separated  spots,  exhibited  all  the  harsh  and  rugged  characteristics  of  a  yet  unre- 
deemed wilderness. 

The  elevated  lands,  at  certain  seasons,  are  usually  either  denuded  of  vegetation,  or  partially 
overspread  with  stunted  trees  and  herbage.  But  in  places  that  are  sheltered,  and  having 
facilities  for  irrigation,  fruits  and  garden  vegetables  grow  luxuriantly.  Though  few  agri- 
cultural experiments  on  a  large  scale  have  yet  been  made,  enough  has  been  ascertained  to 
show  that  the  resources  of  the  state,  in  this  respect,  may  be  advantageously  developed. 
Indeed,  it  is  known  that  most  of  the  cereal  grains  can  be  produced  in  quantities  abundantly 
adequate  to  the  wants  of  a  numerous  population.  In  most  parts  of  the  country,  the  vine,  fig, 
olive,  and  other  valuable  plants,  both  of  the  temperate  and  torrid  zones,  may  be  cultivated 
with  great  success.  Springs  of  water  abound  in  many  districts  ;  while  in  others,  the  earth,  for 
leagues  together,  exposes  a  naked  and  arid  surface,  which  is  only  relieved  by  the  periodical  rains. 
Some  few  extensive  forests,  comprising,  occasionally,  trees  of  enormous  magnitude,  were  met 
with  by  recent  United  States  exploring  parties  ;  but  large  portions  of  the  territory  are  very  scan- 
tily wooded.  This  absence  of  trees,  and  the  consequent  want  of  moisture,  and  of  shelter  to  the 
earth  from  the  sun's  heat,  is  doubtless  a  grand  obstacle  in  the  way  of  agricultural  improve- 
ment ;  and  years  will  probably  elapse  before  any  great  measure  of  public  attention  will  be 
directed  to  the  subject.  Among  the  forest-trees  most  common  in  California  are  the  oak,  ash, 
beech,  birch,  elm,  plane,  red  cedar,  and  pine  of  almost  every  description.  These  abound 
more  profusely  near  the  Pacific  shore,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  rivers  communicating  with  that 
ocean,  thus  affording  excellent  opportunities  for  ship-building.* 

Climate.  —  There  is  nearly,  if  not  quite,  as  great  a  diversity  of  climate  in  California  as  of 
its  geological  features.  The  coast  and  its  neighborhood  are  enveloped  in  cold  mists,  borne  on 
the  north-west  winds,  which  prevail  during  most  of  the  summer  or  dry  season,  with  occasional 
intervals  of  more  pleasant  weather.  At  San  Francisco,  although  the  temperature  frequently 
varies  some  30°  in  a  single  day,  it  is  said  that  the  mean  temperature,  in  both  winter  and  sum- 
mer, is  nearly  equal.  Other  positions  on  the  coast  are  more  or  less  affected  by  the  chilly 
winds  and  fogs  from  the  point  above  indicated,  in  proportion  to  their  relative  geographical 
situations,  the  line  of  coast  at  the  southern  part  of  the  state  being  less  directly  influenced  by 
those  causes  than  that  at  the  northern.  In  the  winter,  or  rainy  season,  the  prevailing  winds 
are  from  the  south-west,  rendering  the  temperature  much  milder  than  in  the  same  latitudes  on 
the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent.  Farther  inland,  beyond  the  first  range  of  mountains,  the 

*  Timber  is  scattered  over  several  counties,  and  is  quite  abundant  around  Bodaga,  San  Rafael, 
Sonoma,  Santa  Cruz,  and  a  few  other  localities.  The  red  wood,  or  soft  cedar,  is  most  frequently  met 
with  in  those  quarters.  It  often  grows  to  the  circumference  of  forty  feet,  and  to  a  height  of  three 
hundred.  Near  Santa  Cruz,  there  is  one  measuring  seventeen  feet  in  diameter. 


32  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

climate  assumes  a  very  different  phase.  The  sea  winds  of  the  spring,  summer,  and  early 
autumn,  having  deposited  their  freight  of  moisture  upon  the  summits  of  the  intercepting 
highlands,  (the  "  Cordilleras  of  California,")  pass  gently  into  the  great  valley  of  the  Sacra- 
mento, carrying  a  grateful  softness,  with  scarcely  a  remaining  vapor  to  obscure  the  brightness 
of  the  skies.  Proceeding  still  onward  in  an  easterly  direction,  these  prevailing  winds  climb 
the  flanks  of  the  lofty  Sierra  Nevada,  and,  on  reaching  its  elevated  peaks,  are  deprived  by 
condensation  of  all  watery  particles  that  may  yet  linger  among  them.  Thence  they  pass 
down  into  the  broad  basin,  spreading  eastward  to  an  immense  extent,  with  occasional  moun- 
tainous interruptions.  Here  another  change  of  climate  is  perceptible  ;  the  air  is  exceedingly 
dry  and  hot  throughout  more  than  half  the  year,  and  the  earth  suffers  accordingly.  These 
variations  occur  sometimes  within  the  distance  of  a  few  miles,  corresponding  generally  with 
the  abrupt  changes  observable  upon  the  face  of  the  country.  A  most  delightful  climate  per- 
vades the  numerous  valleys  on  the  land  side  of  the  mountains,  where  they  are  protected  from 
the  rude  ocean  blasts.  Near  the  western  border  of  the  Sacramento  valley,  the  extremes  of 
temperature,  between  winter  and  summer,  are  very  great,  comprehending  some  80°  Fahren- 
heit, viz.,  from  30°  to  110°.  A  degree  of  heat  almost  as  excessive  as  the  last  indicated  is 
often  felt  in  various  parts  of  the  mountain  region ;  but  this  is  here  so  peculiarly  modified  as 
to  produce  none  of  those  injurious  effects  upon  animal  life  which  result  from  similar  tempera- 
tures elsewhere.  The  rainy  season,  sometimes  termed  the  winter,  commences  at  the  north 
in  October  or  November,  and  progresses  slowly  to  the  south,  reaching  the  centre  of  the  state 
in  December,  and  the  southern  boundary  in  January.  The  season  has  an  average  duration 
of  about  three  months,  but  is  longer  and  more  pluvious  at  the  north  than  at  the  south.  The 
effect  of  all  these  atmospheric  mutations  upon  human  health  must  naturally  be  diverse,  and 
not  always  congenial.  The  subject,  however,  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently  investigated  and 
analyzed  to  enable  one  to  treat  with  accuracy  upon  the  relations  between  those  phenomena 
and  the  diseases  incident  to  the  localities  where  they  respectively  exist.  That  great  scourge 
of  modern  times,  the  cholera,  has  visited  some  of  the  most  populous  settlements  in  the  state ; 
and  other  epidemics  occur  at  different  seasons,  similar  in  character  to  those  which  visit  other 
parts  of  the  world  exposed  to  like  vicissitudes  and  agencies. 

Rivers.  —  The  waters  of  California  partake  of  those  varied  peculiarities  which  mark  its 
terrene  surface  and  its  atmospheric  properties.  The  sea  and  its  numerous  contiguous  bays 
and  estuaries,  the  inland  lakes,  the  rivers  and  their  countless  tributaries,  are  all  subjects  of 
speculative  interest.  They  yield  abundantly  almost  every  description  of  fish  found  in  like 
latitudes,  besides  many  kinds  which  are  either  unknown  or  not  common  in  other  regions. 
Some  of  the  rivers  are  navigable  many  miles  from  their  moutns  ;  others  flow  over  precipices 
and  ledges,  constituting  falls  or  rapids,  which  the  industry  of  man  may  hereafter  convert  into 
valuable  mill  sites.  The  sea-shores  are  prolific  in  marine  plants,  which,  at  some  future  day, 
will  doubtless  be  applied  to  useful  purposes.  Immense  quantities  of  kelp  are  thrown  up  by 
the  waves  —  an  article  that  now  forms  the  most  available  material  for  the  manufacture  of  iodine, 
and  is  also  excellent  as  a  compost  for  arid  soils,  like  those  of  this  state.  Lichens,  in  all  their 
variety,  spring  profusely  from  the  rocky  strand  along  its  entire  extent,  which,  like  the  mosses 
of  Iceland,  and  the  carrageen  of  Ireland,  will  undoubtedly,  in  due  time,  be  much  prized  for 
their  nutritive  and  medical  properties.  The  coasts  and  inland  watercourses  swarm  with  wild 
fowl,  some  of  which  resemble  the  aquatic  birds  found  on  the  eastern  shores  of  the  continent, 
and  others  seem  peculiar  to  the  tracts  which  they  inhabit.  The  principal  rivers,  communi- 
cating with  the  Pacific,  are  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin.  These  flow  through  almost 
the  whole  length  of  the  great  valley  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  coast  range  of  moun- 
tains, the  former  taking  its  rise  in  the  north,  and  the  latter  in  the  south,  and  both,  uniting  near 
the  centre  of  the  state,  pass  into  the  noble  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  whence  they  reach  the  sea. 
They  are  fed  in  their  course  by  great  numbers  of  mountain  streams  from  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Other  important  rivers,  though  of  less  considerable  extent,  intersect 
the  state  in  various  directions. 

Internal  Improvements.  — 'But  little  attention  has  hitherto  been  given  to  this  subject,  beyond 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  CALIFORNIA.  33 

providing  for  the  temporary  accommodation  of  residents  in  the  principal  settlements.  No 
railroads  or  canals  of  any  importance  have  yet  been  constructed  ;  although  projects  have  been 
suggested  for  several  improvements  of  this  description.  It  is  not  probable  that  many  years 
will  elapse  before  ample  and  convenient  means  of  communication  will  be  established  between 
the  seaports  and  the  mining  districts ;  for  the  necessities  of  the  people,  and  the  nature  of 
their  pursuits,  must  soon  demand  far  greater  facilities  of  intercourse  than  any  now  existing. 

Minerals.  —  Besides  the  incredible  quantities  of  gold,  for  which  California  has  become 
renowned  above  all  other  countries  on  the  globe,  sundry  mineral  products  of  much  value  are 
found  in  different  parts  of  the  state.  Silver,  mercury,  and  lead  have  been  obtained ;  and 
indications  of  copper,  tin,  iron,  and  other  ores  have  appeared,  as  is  reported,  in  several  places.* 
No  satisfactory  signs,  however,  of  any  extensive  coal  fields  have  as  yet  been  discovered, 
although  reports  of  their  existence  have  from  time  to  time  been  made.  Some  few  small 
veins  of  what  was  at  first  imagined  to  be  pure  coal  have  been  met  with ;  but,  on  investi- 
gation, they  have  proved  to  be  lignite,  bitumen,  or  other  material  of  tertiary  formation. 
Researches  for  other  minerals  than  gold  have  not  yet  been  prosecuted  to  any  great  extent ; 
nor  is  it  likely  that,  during  the  prevailing  attraction  towards  the  more  precious  metal,  the 
coexistent  mineral  resources  of  the  state  will  be  fully  developed,  unless  incidentally,  and  by 
degrees,  or  through  systematic  explorations  under  authority  of  the  government. 

The  wealth  of  the  "gold  region"  is  almost,  if  not  entirely,  incalculable.  This  region 
comprehends  the  territory  occupied  by  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  contiguous  country,  including 
its  rivers.  Indeed,  it  is  almost  solely  on  account  of  its  capacity  to  produce  gold,  that  the 
attention  of  the  world  has  been  directed  to  this  extraordinary  country.  The  universally 
coveted  metal  is  found  in  prodigious  quantities  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  great  moun- 
tain range,  and  especially  in  and  around  the  streams  that  descend  thence  into  the  large  valley 
of  California,  at  the  bottom  of  which  flow  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Rivers.  The  gold 
is  obtained  in  various  forms,  mostly  in  small,  thin  particles ;  but  not  unfrequently  in  lumps, 
some  of  which  have  weighed  several  pounds.  The  slate  rocks  of  the  mountains  enclose 
numerous  veins  of  granite,  in  which  gold  is  imbedded  ;  and  it  is  from  these  sources,  wrought 
upon  as  they  have  been  by  volcanic  action,  that  the  metal  finds  its  way  into  the  ravines  and 
crevices  upon  the  mountain  sides,  and  into  the  streams  below,  carried  thither  by  the  constant 
operation  of  powerful  atmospheric  agencies.  The  value  of  the  auriferous  product  of  Cali- 
fornia can  scarcely  be  computed.  The  yield  of  the  mines  for  the  year  1851,  it  is  confidently 
stated,  may  be  estimated  at  some  seventy  millions  of  dollars.  This  is  based  on  official  state- 
ments of  the  amounts  procured,  carried  away  by  sea  and  land,  stamped  by  various  houses,  or 
manufactured  into  jewelry,  &c.,  during  the  first  quarter  of  that  year ;  the  aggregate  of  which, 
at  the  mint  valuation,  exceeded  sixteen  millions  of  dollars.  New  developments  of  rich  deposits 
are  constantly  occurring ;  and  notwithstanding  the  vast  additions  to  the  population,  which  are 
made  daily,  the  average  gains  of  .miners  do  not  seem  in  any  degree  to  diminish. 

Manufactures.  —  The  only  manufacturing  branches  at  present  carried  on  in  California  are 
such  as  chiefly  pertain  to  the  casual  wants  of  the  people ;  and  these  are  confined  to  mechanical 
operations  connected  with  the  construction  and  repairing  of  houses,  vessels,  furniture,  &c., 
the  making  up  of  clothing,  and  the  fabrication  of  various  articles  needed  by  miners.  Some 
considerable  amount  of  gold  is  formed  into  jewelry,  much  of  which  is  sent  abroad ;  but  no 
other  commodities,  to  any  great  extent,  are  manufactured  for  exportation. 

Indians.  —  Few  of  the  descendants  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  remain  within  the  present 
limits  of  the  state.  These  few  consist  of  small  and  scattered  tribes,  who  neither  own,  nor 
pretend  to  claim,  any  portion  of  the  soil  beyond  the  boundaries  of  their  small  villages.  To 

*  Cinnabar  is  found,  in  great  quantities,  within  eight  or  ten  miles  of  San  Jose,  the  capital  of  the 
state.  Sulphur  is  obtained  in  the  vicinity  of  Sonoma.  Salt  ponds  exist  in  different  parts  of  the  state, 
and  limestone  is  not  uncommon.  In  various  spots,  during  the  summer  season,  a  peculiar  sort  of  earth 
may  be  gathered  from  the  sites  of  certain  dried-up  ponds,  which  possesses  strong  alkaline  properties, 
*nd  answers  all  the  uses  of  ashes  in  the  manufacture  of  soap. 
5 


34  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

the  gold  region,  especially,  they  assert  no  title.  They  are,  for  the  most  part,  a  roaming, 
wretched  race,  divided  into  insignificant  hordes,  subsisting  on  wild  fruits,  berries,  roots,  &c., 
and  too  indolent  to  hunt  for  game  in  a  legitimate  way ;  but  not  too  much  so  to  pursue  and 
steal  the  cattle  and  horses  of  the  whites,  which  they  use  for  food.  There  are,  probably,  no 
bodies  of  Indians  in  the  United  States  who  are  more  dishonest,  perfidious,  and  cruel ;  nor  any 
that  are  not  superior  in  moral  and  intellectual  character. 

Population.  —  So  rapidly  has  the  population  of  California  accumulated  since  the  first  dis- 
covery of  a  gold  "  placer,"  in  February,  1848,  and  so  constantly  does  the  stream  of  immigration 
flow  on  and  expand,  that  the  ratio  of  increase,  at  definite  periods,  cannot  be  ascertained  with 
any  great  degree  of  accuracy.  A  comparison  of  the  number  of  residents  in  certain  localities, 
at  the  time  of  the  occupation  of  Monterey  by  the  United  States  forces,  (July,  1846,)  with  the 
estimated  number  in  January,  1851,  —  a  space  of  four  and  a  half  years,  —  may  give  some  idea 
of  the  force  and  velocity  of  that  great  "  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men,"  which  is  setting  towards 
this  point  from  all  quarters  of  the  world.  At  the  former  date,  there  were  but  eight  towns,  or 
pueblos,  within  the  present  confines  of  the  state,  viz.,  San  Diego,  with  500  inhabitants  ;  Pueblo 
de  los  Angelos,  with  2500  ;  Santa  Barbara,  800  ;  Monterey,  1200 ;  Santa  Cruz,  400  ;  Pueblo 
de  San  Jose,  1000 ;  Yerba  Buena,  (now  San  Francisco,)  400 ;  Sonoma,  200 ;  making  a  total 
of  7000.  The  rest  of  the  territory  contained  some  7000  or  8000  besides.  At  the  latter 
date,  it  was  estimated  that  the  residents  in  California,  permanent  and  temporary,  num- 
bered not  far  from  200,000,  one  third  of  whom  are  engaged  in  mining.*  There  are  towns, 
which,  at  the  close  of  their  first  year's  existence,  contained  from  1200  to  1500  voters.  In 
October,  1850,  the  monthly  mail  from  the  United  States  conveyed  nearly  50,000  letters  to 
California;  and  there  were  22,000  advertised  letters  in  the  post-office  of  Sacramento  city, 
then  a  place  of  less  than  three  years'  growth. 

There  are  some  twenty  post  towns  in  the  state.  In  January,  1851,  thirteen  newspapers 
(many  of  them  daily)  were  published,  as  follows :  6  in  San  Francisco,  2  in  Sacramento 
city,  2  at  Stockton,  and  1  each  at  Monterey,  Sonoma,  and  Maryville. 

Religion.  —  There  are  religious  societies  of  almost  every  Christian  denomination,  and 
increasing  attention  is  given  to  the  support  of  public  worship.  No  one  sect  appears  to  pre- 
dominate, and  the  utmost  toleration  prevails.  In  the  present  fluctuating,  unsettled,  and 
bustling  state  of  things,  there  must  be,  of  course,  many  changes  in  the  affairs,  and  in  the  rela- 
tive numbers,  of  different  communities  and  associations  ;  so  that  an  attempt  to  furnish  correct 
statistical  details  in  the  premises  must,  at  this  time,  be  attended  with  much  difficulty. 

*  The  following  estimate,  made  in  April,  1851,  is  from  a  public  journal  printed  at  Sacramento  :  In 
the  northern  mines,  or  that  scope  of  country  lying  north  of  San  Francisco  and  Feather  River,  the 
population  is  computed  at  20,000 ;  the  Yuba,  40,000 ;  Bear  River,  4000 ;  the  American  Fork,  50,000 ; 
in  the  southern  mines,  or  that  portion  lying  south  of  the  American  River,  89,000 ;  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys  and  neighborhood,  65,000;  the  coast  south  of  San  Francisco,  20,000;  —  making  an 
aggregate  of  314,000.  It  is  further  estimated  that  the  100,000  miners  have  each  labored  300  days  during 
the  preceding  year,  and  have  produced  an  average  of  3J  dollars  per  diem ;  which  gives  a  total  of 
|100,000,000. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — CONNECTICUT. 


35 


CONNECTICUT  is  one  of  the  original  thirteen  United  States,  and  the  most  southern  of 
that  division  of  the  country  known  as  the  New  England  States.  The  territory  now  constituting 
this  state  was  granted  to  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  in  1630,  by  the  Plymouth  Company  in  England, 
and  by  him,  in  1631,  was  assigned  to  a  number  of  active  Puritans,  who  were  on  the  parlia- 
mentary side  in  the  quarrel  with  Charles  I.  It  was  shortly  afterwards  settled,  in  part,  by 
persons  from  various  towns  in  Massachusetts.  A  few  of  the  Dutch  people  of  New  York  also 
established  one  or  two  small  settlements,  with  the  intention  of  appropriating  the  whole  terri- 
tory to  themselves.  This  occasioned  disputes,  which  continued  until  1637,  when  the  Pequot 
Indians  made  war  upon  all  New  England  —  an  event  that  united  the  people  for  their  common 
defence,  and  soon  enabled  them  to  overcome  their  savage  assailants.  Purchases  of  large 
tracts  were  made  from  time  to  time  of  the  Indian  occupants ;  and,  in  1650,  the  Dutch  aban- 
doned their  pretensions,  except  to  the  lands  they  had  actually  settled  upon.  In  1664,  Con- 
necticut was  included  in  the  charter  from  Charles  II.,  granting  the  New  Netherlands  to  the 
Duke  of  York ;  but  the  attempt  to  take  possession  under  this  authority  was  resisted  by  the 
local  government  of  Connecticut,  as  were  further  encroachments  under  James  II.  and  King 
William.  The  territory  originally  comprised  two  colonies,  Connecticut  and  New  Haven ; 
the  former  settled  by  Massachusetts  people  in  1633,  at  Windsor,  and,  in  1635-6,  at  Hartford 
and  Wethersfield ;  the  latter  by  the  English  in  1638.  These  were  combined  into  one  colony 
by  virtue  of  the  charter  from  Charles  II.,  in  1665 ;  which  charter  formed  the  basis  of  the 
government  until  1818,  when  the  present  constitution  was  established.  The  state  took  a  very 
active  and  efficient  part  in  the  American  revolution,  furnishing  nearly  40,000  soldiers  out  of 
a  population  of  230,000. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  This  state  is  bounded  north  by  Massachusetts,  east  by  Rhode 
Island,  south  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  west  by  New  York.  Situated  between  40°  58'  and 
42°  1'  north  latitude,  and  71°  43'  and  72°  37'  west  longitude.  Area,  4674  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  governor  and  lieutenant  governor,  the 
latter  being  also  president  of  the  Senate.  The  legislature,  called  the  General  Assembly, 
consists  of  a  Senate,  of  not  less  than  eighteen  nor  more  than  twenty-four  members,  and  a 
House  of  Representatives  ;  most  of  the  towns  choosing  two  members  each,  and  the  residue  but 
one.  All  state  officers  are  elected  annually  by  the  people ;  and  the  General  Assembly  con- 
venes once  in  each  year,  alternately  at  Hartford  and  New  Haven.  All  white  male  citizens, 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  resident  in  the  place  where  voting  for  six  months  next  preceding, 
and  having  a  freehold  estate  of  the  value  of  seven  dollars ;  or  having  performed  regular  military 


I 

36  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

duty  in  such  town  for  one  year  immediately  previous  to  voting ;  or  having  paid  a  tax  within 
said  year,  are  entitled  to  the  right  of  suffrage,  on  taking  the  oath  prescribed  by  law. 

Judiciary.  —  The  judicial  department  embraces  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors,  the  Superior 
Court,  a  County  Court  in  each  county,  a  City  Court  in  each  city,  a  Court  of  Probate  in 
each  probate  district,  and,  as  in  other  states  in  New  England,  an  indefinite  number  of  jus- 
tices of  the  peace  in  each  county.  The  Court  of  Errors  consists  of  five  judges,  appointed  by 
the  General  Assembly,  and  holding  their  offices  during  their  good  behavior,  but  not  beyond 
the  age  of  seventy.  It  holds  one  term  in  each  county  annually,  and  has  final  jurisdiction  of 
writs  of  error  brought  to  revise  judgments  on  decrees  of  the  Superior  Court.  Two  terms  of 
the  latter  are  held  in  each  county  annually,  by  some  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors, 
designated  for  the  purpose ;  and  these  tribunals  have  cognizance  of  civil  suits  brought  by 
appeal  from  any  lower  court,  or  brought  for  relief  in  chancery,  where  the  sum  at  issue  exceeds 
$335.  They  also  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  capital  cases  of  crime  ;  and,  concurrent  with 
the  inferior  courts,  of  all  other  offences  not  within  the  control  of  justices  of  the  peace.  They 
have  cognizance,  likewise,  of  writs  of  error,  brought  to  revise  decisions  of  lower  courts :  of 
petitions  for  divorce,  and  for  new  trials  relative  to  matters  in  or  issuing  from  these  courts , 
and  of  writs  of  scire  facias,  &c.  In  trials  for  capital  offences,  one  or  more  of  the  other  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court  must  be  called  to  assist.  The  County  Courts  consist  of  one  chief  judge, 
and  two  associate  judges,  appointed  annually  by  the  legislature.  They  have  original  jurisdic- 
tion of  all  civil  actions  at  law,  wherein  the  demand  exceeds  $35 ;  and  of  all  criminal  cases, 
where  the  penalty  does  not  exceed  a  fine  of  $7,  or  an  imprisonment  of  30  days,  or  both. 
Actions  involving  smaller  sums  or  penalties  than  the  foregoing  come  within  the  special 
jurisdiction  of  justices  of  the  peace.  The  City  Courts,  composed  of  the  mayor  and  two  senior 
aldermen,  have  cognizance  of  all  civil  actions  not  involving  land  titles. 

Finances.  —  The  expenditures  of  the  state  for  the  financial  year  ending  1850  were 
$118,392-09,  and  the  income  $122,346-73.  The  banking  capital,  April  1,  1850,  amounted  to 
about  $]  0,000,000. 

Education.  —  In  September,  1849,  the  date  of  the  biennial  exhibit,  the  school  fund  of  the  state 
amounted  to  $2,076,602-75 ;  and  the  dividends  for  1850  gave  $1-50  for  every  enumerated  child 
between  four  and  sixteen  years  of  age,  of  which  the  number  is  stated  at  about  92,000.  The 
legislature,  in  1849,  appropriated  $10,000  for  the  establishment  of  a  state  normal  school,  for 
"  teaching  teachers  how  to  teach,"  to  be  placed  under  the  control  of  one  trustee  from  each  of 
the  eight  counties.  There  are  three  colleges  in  the  state,  viz.,  Yale,  founded  in  1701,  at  Say- 
brook,  and  removed  in  1717  to  New  Haven ;  Washington,*  at  Hartford,  founded  in  1824  —  an 
Episcopalian  institution;  —  and  the  Wesleyan  University,  founded,  in  1831,  at  Middletown, 
by  the  Methodists.  These  are  all  in  a  highly  flourishing  condition.  There  is  an  extensive 
Asylum  for  deaf  mutes  at  Hartford,  which  has  deservedly  attained  great  celebrity ;  also,  in  the 
same  city,  a  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  which  was  opened  in  1824,  and  is  most  happily  managed 
There  are  also  several  academies  of  a  high  order  in  various  parts  of  the  state.  At  the  taking 
of  the  census  in  1840,  it  was  found  that  the  number  of  persons  within  the  state,  above  the  age 
of  twenty,  who  were  unable  to  read  or  write,  was  only  526,  —  a  much  smaller  proportion  than 
in  any  other  state,  —  and  but  very  few  of  these  were  native  citizens.  The  school  fund  of  Con- 
necticut is  larger,  compared  with  the  population,  than  that  of  any  other  state  of  the  Union, 
and  the  character  of  her  school  system  is  correspondingly  excellent. 

Surface,  Soil,  Sfc.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  the  following  counties,  viz. :  Hartford,  New 
Haven,  New  London,  Fairfield,  Windham,  Middlesex,  Litchfield,  and  Tolland.  The  face  of 
the  country  is  much  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys,  and  is  so  exceedingly  undulating  as  to 
present  an  ever-changing  variety  of  objects.  There  are  ranges  of  mountainous  elevations, 
which  take  their  rise  in  the  north,  and  terminate  near  New  Haven,  but  are  not  remarkable 
for  their  great  height  within  this  state.  The  soil  varies  from  a  gravelly  loam,  upon  the  hilly 
lands,  to  a  rich  and  fertile  alluvial  in  the  valleys ;  the  former  well  adapted  to  grazing,  and  the 
latter  to  tillage.  In  possession  of  an  industrious  class  of  freemen,  the  land  yields,  in  great 

*  In  1845,  the  name  was  changed  to  Trinity  College 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES  —  CONNECTICUT.  37 

abundance,  all  the  varieties  of  products  common  to  the  climate.  Nearly  every  description  of 
grain,  flax,  hemp,  hay,  potatoes,  and  garden  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  are  among  the  most  pro- 
fuse of  the  agricultural  products;  orchards  are  also  numerous,  yielding  apples,  peaches, 
cherries,  plums,  and  otfier  fruits  peculiar  to  this  region. 

Climate.  —  No  portion  of  New  England,  contiguous  to  the  sea-coast,  possesses  a  more  salu- 
brious climate  than  Connecticut.  The  raw  easterly  blasts,  which  annoy  all  residents  upon  the 
shores  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  become  greatly  softened  before  reaching  the  southerly 
border  of  this,  state.  It  is  true  that  near  the  coast  the  weather  is  variable,  and  sudden  changes 
of  temperature  occur,  in  accordance  with  the  direction  of  the  sea  or  land  breezes ;  but,  in  the 
interior,  these  fluctuations  are  far  less  frequent,  the  temperature  becomes  steady,  and  the 
climate  healthful  in  consequence. 

Rivers.  —  Connecticut  is  finely  watered  by  the  noble  river  whence  its  name  is  derived, 
by  the  Thames,  Housatonic,  Naugatuck,  and  numerous  smaller  streams,  affording  extraordi- 
nary facilities  for  commercial  and  manufacturing  operations.  Numerous  bays  '  and  creeks 
penetrate  its  shore,  affording  commodious  harbors :  that  at  New  London,  one  of  the  best  in 
the  United  States,  has  a  depth  of  30  feet  of  water.  Brooks  and  springs,  of  the  purest  water, 
abound  throughout  the  interior.  Several  mineral  springs  exist  in  the  state,  especially  at  Stafford 
and  Suffield,  which  have  acquired  much  celebrity. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  There  are  numerous  railroads  completed  within  the  state,  com- 
prising an  aggregate  extent  of  somewhat  over  500  miles  ;  others  extend  in  various  directions, 
into  or  out  of  the  state ;  and  others  still  are  in  process  of  construction.  Indeed,  all  requisite 
means  for  the  extension  of  intercourse,  and  the  promotion  of  internal  and  external  commerce, 
are  amply  and  generously  provided,  wherever  and  whenever  the  necessity  becomes  apparent ; 
such  is  the  vigilant  spirit  of  enterprise  and  industry  which  is  constantly  stimulating  this  people 
to  works  of  general  improvement  and  utility. 

Minerals.  —  Iron  ore,  of  various  qualities,  is  obtained  in  several  parts  of  the  state.  The 
town  of  Salisbury,  bordering  on  Massachusetts  and  New  York,  is  celebrated  for  its  valuable 
iron  mines.  The  ore  procured  in  this  region  possesses  a  peculiarly  tenacious  property, 
admirably  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  wire,  anchors,  and  other  articles  wherein  firmness 
and  flexibility,  without  brittleness,  are  desirable.  It  has  been  worked  for  upwards  of  one 
hundred  years,  and  the  supply  still  seems  inexhaustible,  many  thousand  tons  being  extracted 
annually.  Stafford,  near  the  southern  line  of  Massachusetts,  abounds  in  bog-iron  ore,  of  ex- 
cellent quality,  suited  to  the  manufacture  of  fine  hollow- ware,  and  other  castings.  Marble  of 
different  kinds  abounds  in  Milford,  at  the  junction  of  the  Housatonic  with  Long  Island  Sound. 
A  quarry  of  serpentine,  or  "  verde  antique,"  of  very  beautiful  texture,  has  been  wrought  for 
some  time  with  much  success.  Vast  quantities  of  reddish  sandstone,  much  used  in  New  York 
and  other  cities  for  building  purposes,  are  quarried  in  Chatham,  Portland,  &c.,  on  the  Con- 
necticut. Copper  ore  is  found  in  Granby,  in  certain  caverns  about  50  feet  in  depth,  called  the 
Simsbury  mines  —  once  employed,  for  some  forty  years,  as  a  prison,  but  now  more  liberally 
used  for  mining  purposes.  Another  copper  deposit  has  been  discovered  at  Orange,  near  New 
Haven,  where  also  a  vein  of  silver  was  struck  some  years  since,  which,  however,  yielded  too 
little  to  be  deemed  worth  working.  But  few  indications  of  coal  are  found  in  the  state. 

Manufactures.  —  The  citizens  of  this  state  enjoy,  in  an  eminent  degree,  the  rare  faculty  of 
combining  their  great  home  interests  —  those  of  agriculture,  commerce,  and  manufactures  — 
in  such  manner  as  to  make  them  happily  support  and  advance  each  other.  The  products  of  their 
fields  and  forests,  their  orchards  and  dairies,  their  mines  and  quarries,  are  all  subjects  of 
domestic  or  foreign  trade  ;  or  are  made  to  contribute  in  some  way,  either  as  raw  material,  or 
as  means  of  exchange,  to  the  improvement  and  growth  of  their  numerous  branches  of  mechan- 
ical industry.  Although  the  traffic  of  Connecticut,  especially  the  coasting  trade,  is  extensive, 
in  comparison  with  that  of  other  states  of  like  magnitude,  her  manufactures  are  of  still  greater 
extent.  Establishments  for  the  conversion  of  her  unwrought  products,  of  all  descriptions,  into 
articles  fit  for  practical  use,  abound,  and  are  still  multiplying,  throughout  the  state,  together 
with  others,  for  operating  in  like  manner  upon  the  imported  products  of  other  states  and 


38  UNITED   STATES    GAZETTEER. 

countries.  These  comprehend  woollen,  cotton,  and  silk  factories ;  furnaces,  forges,  and  rolling 
mills ;  paper  mills ;  book-printing  houses ;  hat,  cap,  and  bonnet  factories  ;  tanneries,  and  other 
leather  manufactories ;  glass-houses,  potteries,  brick  and  lime  kilns,  granite  and  marble  yards ; 
powder  mills,  chandleries,  machine  shops,  furniture,  carriage,  and  wagon  manufactories  ;  flour, 
grist,  and  saw  mills ;  distilleries,  manufactories  of  hardware,  cutlery,  tinware,  clocks,  &c. ; 
ropewalks,  ship  yards,  &c.,  the  whole  employing  many  thousands  of  operatives,  and  many 
millions  of  capital. 

Indians.  —  The  once  powerful  and  savage  lords  of  this  fair  territory  were  long  since  swept 
away ;  and  if  their  descendants  exist  at  all,  it  must  be  only  among  the  dispersed  and  mixed 
vestiges  of  former  tribes,  of  whose  organization  as  nations  or  communities  no  traces  now 
remain. 

Religion.  —  The  people  of  Connecticut,  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  its  territory,  have 
been  distinguished  for  their  religious  character.  In  the  primitive  days  of  the  colony,  they 
were  preeminently  renowned  for  their  strict  adherence  to,  and  enforcement  of,  the  doctrine  of 
church  and  state  unity.  Their  statutes  were  based  upon  the  Levitical  code  ;  but  the  char- 
acter of  that  system,  and  of  the  sentiments,  feelings,  and  practices  of  those  who  administered 
it,  has  become  materially  changed.  The  people  of  Connecticut  still  maintain  a  high  position 
in  the  religious  world.  Religious  denominations,  of  almost  every  variety,  flourish  in  all  quar- 
ters. Congregationalists,  Baptists,  Methodists,  and  Episcopalians,  are  the  most  numerous ; 
Universalists,  Romanists,  and  Unitarians  follow  in  order ;  and  there  are  a  few  Shakers. 

Curiosities.  —  Connecticut  abounds  less  in  natural  curiosities  than  in  interesting  antiquities. 
Old  superstitions  and  traditions,  romantic  and  supernatural  events  in  the  early  colonial  times, 
and  reports  of  revolutionary  marvels,  are  illustrated,  in  numerous  localities,  by  alleged  relics, 
and  sometimes  by  actual  documentary  and  topographical  demonstrations.  But  these  are  mat- 
ters belonging  rather  to  speculation  than  to  facts  and  realities. 


DELAWARE.  This  small  state  was  the  first  of  the  thirteen  united  American  colonies  to 
ratify  and  adopt  the  federal  constitution,  in  1789.  It  had  been  successively  a  Swedish  settle- 
ment from  1627  to  1655,  a  province  of  the  Dutch  colony  of  New  Amsterdam  (or  New  York) 
for  the  next  nine  or  ten  years,  then  a  dependency  of  New  York,  under  the  English,  until 
1682,  and  an  adjunct  of  Pennsylvania  for  nearly  a  century  thereafter,  —  during  which  period 
it  was  known  as  the  "  three  lower  counties  of  the  Delaware."  In  1775,  the  nominal  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  then  proprietor  of  Pennsylvania  was  relinquished  ;  and  in  the  following  year,  the 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— DELAWARE.  39 

people  having  framed  and  established  a  constitution,  Delaware  became  a  distinct  independent 
state,  taking  for  its  name  that  of  its  bay  and  river,  which  had  been  derived  at  an  early  date 
from  Lord  De  La  War,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Virginia. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  The  state  is  bounded  north  by  Pennsylvania;  east  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  and  by  the  waters  of  Delaware  Bay,  which  separate  it  from  New  Jersey ;  and  south 
and  west  by  Maryland.  It  lies  between  38°  27'  and  39°  507  north  latitude,  and  extends  from 
74°  50'  to  75°  40'  west  longitude  ;  being  92  miles  in  length  by  about  23  in  width,  and  having 
an  area  of  2120  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  existing  constitution  underwent  material  alteration  and  revision  in 
1831.  By  its  provisions  the  governor  is  elected  quadrennially,  and  can  serve  but  one  term. 
The  senate  is  composed  of  nine  members,  (three  for  each  county,)  chosen  for  four  years ;  and 
the  representatives,  consisting  of  seven  for  each  county,  are  elected  every  two  years.  The 
sessions  of  the  legislature  commence  at  Dover,  the  seat  of  government,  on  the  first  Tuesday 
of  January  in  each  alternate  year.  The  executive  and  legislative  elections  are  by  popular 
vote ;  and  the  qualifications  of  voters  are  similar  to  those  in  the  New  England  States. 

Judiciary.  — The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  four  judges  (one  of  whom  is  chief  justice  ;  the 
others  associate  law  judges,  residents  of  separate  counties)  and  a  chancellor,  all  appointed  by 
the  governor  during  good  behavior.  The  chief  justice  and  two  associates  constitute  the 
Superior  Court.  No  associate  judge  can  sit  within  his  own  county.  Inferior  courts  may  be 
established  by  the  legislature  when  requisite.  The  whole  bench,  including  the  chancellor, 
form  a  Court  of  Appeals ;  and  the  powers  of  a  Court  of  Chancery  are  vested  in  the  latter 
magistrate,  together  with  the  resident  judge  of  the  county. 

Education.  —  The  state  has  provided,  from  various  sources,  a  school  fund,  which  yields  an 
annual  income  of  $20,000,  applicable  to  the  support  of  free  schools  ;  provision  being  made 
for  the  erection  and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  of  these  seminaries  within  every  three  square 
miles.  An  equal  or  greater  amount  is  furthermore  raised  for  educational  purposes,  by  taxes 
and  contributions  in  the  several  districts.  Delaware  College,  at  Newark,  founded  in  1833,  is 
the  only  institution  of  this  grade  in  the  state. 

finances.  —  Delaware  owes  nothing  as  a  state,  but  possesses  ample  funds  for  all  civil 
purposes,  exclusive  of  those  appropriated  for  schools. 

Surface  and  Soil.  —  For  the  most  part  the  face  of  the  country  is  quite  level.  The  only 
important  elevations  are  certain  ranges  of  table  lands,  in  which  the  waters  which  flow  from 
either  side  into  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware,  respectively,  take  their  rise.  These  extend 
from  the  northern  boundary,  in  a  southern  direction,  gradually  declining  in  height  as  they 
approach  the  central  part  of  the  state.  In  the  southern  and  western  quarters,  as  well  as 
among  the  high  lands  above  mentioned,  there  are  extensive  swamps.  At  the  north,  the  soil 
consists  of  a  strong  clay,  not  very  productive  ;  in  other  parts,  it  is  light  and  sandy  ;  but  there 
are  large  tracts  of  rich  clayey  loam,  of  great  fertility.  The  agricultural  products,  besides 
excellent  wheat  and  Indian  corn,  are  rye  and  other  grains,  potatoes,  and  the  usual  abundance 
and  variety  of  vegetable  esculents  peculiar  to  the  Middle  States.  Fine  grazing  lands  afford 
pasturage  to  multitudes  of  neat  cattle,  horses,  and  mules  ;  and  the  swampy  tracts  yield  large 
quantities  of  timber,  much  of  which  is  exported. 

Rivers.  —  The  principal  navigable  stream  is  the  Delaware  River,  flowing  into  the  bay  of 
that  name.  There  are  also  several  large  creeks  and  mill  streams,  running  east  and  west  from 
the  central  table  lands,  and  emptying  into  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Bays. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Among  these  are  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  fourteen 
miles  in  length,  connecting  Elk  River,  by  way  of  Back  Creek,  with  the  Delaware.  This  was 
finished  in  1829,  at  a  cost  of  $2,750,000.  Between  Newcastle  and  Frenchtown,  a  railroad  of 
sixteen  miles  forms  the  line  of  connection  between  the  steamboat  travel  on  the  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Bays.  It  was  completed  in  1832,  and  cost  $400,000.  The  great  breakwater, 
erected  by  the  general  government,  within  Cape  Henlopen,  should,  perhaps,  be  here  alluded 
to.  This  is  a  work  of  vast  magnitude,  the  expense  of  its  construction  having  fallen  litfle 
short  of  two  and  a  quarter  millions  of-  dollars. 


40  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

Manufactures.  —  Wheat  being  the  chief  staple  product,  the  most  important  of  the  home 
manufactures  is  naturally  that  of  flour.  A  large  amount  of  capital  is  also  employed  in  cotton 
mills,  and  in  the  pursuit  of  divers  other  branches  of  domestic  industry,  such  as  the  manufac- 
turing of  iron,  of  leather,  gunpowder,  machinery,  &c. 

Commerce. — Wilmington,  by  reason  of  its  good  and  safe  harbor,  and  having  in  its  imme- 
diate vicinity  large  numbers  of  capacious  flour  mills,  has  long  been  known  as  the  most 
important  commercial  place  in  the  state.  It  carries  on  a  very  extensive  trade,  especially  in 
the  article  of  flour ;  and  there  are  several  ships  belonging  to  this  port  which  are  actively 
engaged  in  the  prosecution  of  the  Pacific  whale  fishery. 

Climate.  —  The  geographical  position  of  this  state  insures  a  medium  temperature  ;  but,  as 
in  most  of  the  other  Middle  States,  the  climate,  though  generally  mild,  is  subject  to  variations, 
induced  by  differences  in  locality.  The  eleVated  regions  are  undoubtedly  far  more  favorable 
to  health  and  longevity  than  the  low,  moist,  and  marshy  tracts. 

Religion.  —  Presbyterians  and  Methodists  compose  the  most  numerous  of  the  religious 
denominations.  Next  in  numbers  are  the  Episcopalians  and  Baptists.  There  are  also  some 
Roman  Catholics,  and  a  few  Friends  or  Quakers. 

Population*  —  The  progress  of  population  in  this  state,  for  the  last  thirty  years,  has  been 
exceedingly  slow.  From  72,674,  in  1810,  it  had  increased  in  1850  to  only  91,532.  It  is  still 
the  least  populous  state  in  the  Union. 


COLUMBIA,  DISTRICT  OF.  This  tract,  originally  ten  miles  square,  was  ceded  to 
the  United  States  in  1790,  by  the  States  of  Maryland  and  Virginia,  for  the  purpose  of  being 
occupied  as  the  seat  of  the  federal  government.  The  location  was  selected  by  President 
Washington,  in  conformity  with  a  provision  of  the  United  States  constitution.  It  is  placed 
under  the  immediate  jurisdiction  of  Congress,  and,  at  the  date  of  the  cession,  comprised  the 
city  of  Alexandria,  in  Virginia,  the  city  of  Georgetown,  Maryland,  and  the  site  on  which  now 
stands  the  city  of  Washington.  The  latter  was  established  as  the  permanent  capital  of  the 
Union,  in  the  year  1800,  and  is  consequently  the  principal  residence  of  the  president,  heads 
of  departmentsf  and  other  chief  officers  of  the  government,  foreign  ambassadors,  &c.  In 
1846,  the  geographical  dimensions  of  the  District  were  reduced  by  an  act  of  Congress,  retro- 
ceding  the  city  and  county  of  Alexandria  to  the  State  of  Virginia. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  The  District,  as  at  present  limited,  containing  less  than  two  thirds 
of  the  original  land  surface,  is  bounded  on  the  north-west,  north-east,  and  south-east,  by  the 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA.  41 

counties  of  Montgomery  and  Prince  George's,  in  Maryland ;  on  the  south-west  flows  the 
Potomac,  dividing  it  from  Alexandria  county,  in  Virginia  —  that  portion  of  the  District  which 
reverted  to  the  latter  state  by  the  act  of  1846.  The  two  cities,  Washington  and  Georgetown, 
are  situated  respectively  on  the  east  and  north-east  banks  of  the  river,  and  are  connected  by 
two  short  bridges  crossing  Rock  Creek,  a  small  branch  of  the  Potomac.  Washington  lies  in 
latitude  38°  53'  23"  north,  and  longitude  77°  1'  24"  west  from  Greenwich,  and  covers  an 
area  of  somewhat  over  eight  square  miles.  The  area  of  the  entire  District  is  now  estimated 
at  sixty  square  miles. 

Government.  —  By  the  withdrawal  of  the  county  of  Alexandria,  the  District  became  con- 
fined to  the  northerly  or  Maryland  side  of  the  Potomac,  where  the  laws  of  Maryland  are  in 
force,  excepting  when  superseded  by  special  acts  of  Congress  ;  the  power  of  legislating  in 
the  premises  being  vested  in  that  body  exclusively.  The  District  has  no  local  representative 
on  the  floor  of  the  national  legislature ;  but  every  member  is  deemed  to  be  alike  interested 
in  its  general  affairs.  The  two  cities  have  distinct  civil  organizations ;  they  establish  their 
own  municipal  laws,  and  regulate  their  own  internal  economy,  in  all  matters  not  particularly 
provided  for  by  Congress. 

Judiciary.  —  The  judicial  tribunals  consist  of  a  Circuit  Court  of  the  District,  with  a  chief 
judge  and  two  associates ;  a  Criminal  Court  for  the  District,  with  one  judge  ;  and  an  Orphans' 
Court,  with  a  judge  and  register.  The  Criminal  Court  holds  three  terms  a  year,  commencing 
respectively  on  the  first  Monday  of  March,  the  third  Monday  of  June,  and  the  first  Monday 
of  December. 

Education.  —  Academies  and  grammar  schools  are  tolerably  well  sustained,  through  private 
sources  ;  but  the  number  of  common  and  primary  schools,  supported  at  the  public  cost,  might, 
with  advantage,  be  increased.  There  is  a  college  at  Georgetown,  maintained  by  Roman 
Catholics  ;  and  another  at  Washington,  called  Columbian  College,  which  is  under  the  control 
of  the  Baptists. 

Finances.  —  The  public  debt,  at  the  close  of  the  year  1840,  amounted  to  one  and  a  half 
million  of  dollars.  The  disbursements  for  public  purposes,  by  the  cities,  often  exceed  the 
annual  income,  for  various  reasons  ;  and,  having  few  or  no  sources  of  revenue  besides  direct 
taxation,  appropriations  to  meet  deficiencies  are  not  unfrequently  made  by  Congress. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  The  land  is  generally  hilly,  but  not  mountainous.  There  are  numerous 
alternating  eminences  and  depressions,  the  former  affording  fine  views,  and  the  latter  some- 
times consisting  of  bogs  and  marshes.  The  soil  is  not  naturally  very  fertile,  being  commonly 
sandy  and  clayey,  but  is  doubtless  capable  of  great  improvement,  with  a  due  degree  of 
attention  to  agricultural  science  by  practical  husbandmen.  It  produces  much  good  timber, 
and  most  of  the  indigenous  shrubbery  and  plants  peculiar  to  the  bordering  states,  many  of 
which  are  very  beautiful. 

Rivers.  —  The  beautiful  Potomac  laves  the  south-western  margin  of  the  District  for  some 
miles,  and  receives,  at  the  south-eastern  edge  of  the  city  of  Washington,  the  waters  of  a 
considerable  stream,  called  the  Eastern  Branch.  These  are  the  only  rivers  or  streams  of 
note  which  flow  within  or  along  the  District.  The  Potomac  affords  navigation  for  vessels  of  a 
large  class,  from  the  Atlantic  shore  to  the  navy  yard,  Washington,  at  the  confluence  of  that 
river  and  its  branch,  and  for  craft  of  smaller  descriptions  up  to  Georgetown. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  one  of  the  most  important  works 
of  this  kind  in  the  country,  commences  at  Georgetown.  It  was  commenced  in  1828,  and 
connects  the  waters  of  the  two  great  rivers  whose  names  it  bears.  The  United  States  con- 
tributed one  million  of  dollars,  the  city  of  Washington  a  like  sum,  and  the  city  of  George- 
town two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  towards  its  construction.  Railroads  pass  from 
the  city  of  Washington,  both  north  and  south. 

Manufactures.  —  Within  the  present  limits  of  the  District,  there  are  no  manufactures  of 
articles  exclusively  or  chiefly  for  export ;  most  of  the  operations  in  this  department  of  industry 
being  confined  to  the  fabrication  of  articles  for  family  use  and  home  consumption. 

Population.  —  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  District  varies  at  different  seasons  — 


42 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


especially  those  in  the  city  of  Washington.  During  the  sessions  of  Congress,  the  population 
of  the  capital  is  of  course  far  more  numerous  than  at  other  periods  ;  that  of  Georgetown  is 
comparatively  much  less  fluctuating. 

Climate. Throughout  most  of  the  year,  the  climate  is  favorable  to  human  health.  The 

air  is  generally  salubrious,  and  the  water  pure.  In  some  locations,  at  the  hottest  seasons, 
diseases  peculiar  to  the  neighboring  regions  are  apt  to  prevail ;  but  extensively  fatal  epi- 
demics are  not  common. 

Religion.  —  The  numerical  proportions  of  the  respective  religious  denominations  stand, 
relatively,  in  the  following  order :  1.  Presbyterians  ;  2.  Episcopalians  ;  3.  Methodists ;  4.  Bap- 
tists ;  5.  Roman  Catholics  ;  6.  Quakers  ;  and,  7.  Unitarians. 


FLORIDA.  The  credit  of  having  discovered  this  peninsula,  now  the  southernmost  of  the 
United  States,  is  usually  awarded  to  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  from  Hispaniola,  Avho  explored  it, 
to  some  extent,  in  1512  and  1516,  and  gave  to  it  the  name  which  it  still  bears.  The  coast, 
however,  had  been  visited,  in  1497,  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  from  England ;  but  its  interior  was 
not  then  examined.  In  1539,  an  expedition  from  Cuba,  commanded  by  Hernando  de  Soto, 
who  had  served  with  Pizarro,  made  a  descent  upon,  and  overran  the  country.  In  1562,  a 
body  of  French  settlers,  under  Francis  Ribault,  endeavored  to  form  a  civilized  colony ;  but 
they  were  shortly  assailed  by  the  Spaniards,  and,  after  several  conflicts,  nearly  exterminated. 
The  conquerors  were  afterwards  obliged  to  contend  frequently  with  the  English  colonists  of 
Georgia  and  South  Carolina  ;  but  they  maintained  possession,  though  often  attacked  by  both 
French  and  English  forces,  until  1763,  the  date  of  its  cession  to  Great  Britain.  Liberal  offers 
were  immediately  made  to  settlers  from  abroad  ;  and  in  consequence,  numerous  reputable 
citizens  from  the  British  settlements,  and  even  a  body  of  some  1500  people  from  the  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean,  were  induced  to  emigrate.  A  portion  of  the  territory,  known  as 
West  Florida,  was  conquered  by  the  Spanish  governor  of  Louisiana  in  1781  ;  and  the  whole 
was  surrendered  to  Spain  by  the  treaty  of  Pans,  in  1783.  In  1819,  the  latter  power  trans- 
ferred the  entire  country,  composing  East  and  West  Florida,  to  the  United  States,  as 
remuneration  for  trespasses  on  American  commerce.  It  was  occupied  by  the  authorities  of 
the  latter  in  1820,  and  forthwith  established  as  one  of  the  territorial  members  of  the  American 
republic.  It  was  erected  into  an  independent  state  in  1845. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  Florida  is  bounded  north  by  Georgia  and  Alabama,  east  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west  by  the  same,  and  by  a  small  portion  of 
Alabama.  It  is  situated  between  latitudes  25°  and  31°  north ;  and  extends  from  80°  west 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — FLORIDA.  43 

longitude  to  87°  35' ;  being  385  miles  in  length,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  50  to  250  miles, 
and  containing  59,268  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  people  of  Florida  formed  a  constitution  in  1839,  six  years  prior  to  the 
admission  of  the  state  fnto  the  Union.  The  governor  is  elected  for  four  years  ;  but  is  not 
eligible  for  two  terms  consecutively.  The  acting  executive  officer,  in  case  of  vacancy,  is, 
first,  the  president  of  the  Senate,  and  next,  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
Senators  are  elected  for  two  years,  and  representatives  for  one  year  ;  the  latter  not  to  exceed 
sixty  in  number.  Clergymen,  bank  officers,  and  duellists  are  excluded  from  participation  in 
the  civil  government.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  enjoyed  by  all  free  white  males,  of  lawful 
age,  after  two  years'  residence.  Laws  for  the  emancipation  of  slaves,  or  for  the  prevention 
of  their  introduction  into  the  state,  are  prohibited.  The  sessions  of  the  legislature  are  held 
biennially. 

Judiciary.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  four  circuits,  each  having  a  judge  and  a  solicitor. 
They  are  chosen  by  the  legislature,  and  have  original  common  law  jurisdiction  in  all  civil  and 
criminal  matters.  The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  the  circuit  judges,  and  has  appellate  juris- 
diction only.  The  attorney  general  is  elected  by  both  houses  of  the  legislature.  The  judges, 
in  sessions  of  the  Supreme  Court,  preside  in  their  respective  circuits. 

Education.  —  No  extensive  system  of  common  school  education  has  yet  been  established. 
There  are  several  academical  institutions,  and  a  number  of  grammar  and  primary  schools,  but 
no  college  in  the  state. 

Finances^.  —  The  revenue  of  the  state  is  about  sufficient  to  meet  its  expenditures.  For  in- 
formation concerning  the  public  debt,  &c.,  see  Statistical  Tables. 

Surface  and  Soil.  —  Florida  exhibits  no  very  prominent  elevations,  the  surface  being  gen- 
erally level,  and  towards  the  south,  especially,  singularly  broken  into  alternate  tracts  of 
meadow  lands,  forest-crowned  knolls,  and  grassy  lagoons.  The  celebrated  "  everglades " 
are  situated  in  this  quarter  of  the  country,  and  extend  northerly  nearly  200  miles  from  the 
southern  extremity.  Much  of  the  territory  is  covered  with  pine  timber ;  although  the  live-oak, 
and  other  descriptions  of  hard  wood,  grow  in  abundance  on  the  river  banks.  The  quality  of 
the  soil  is  in  many  parts  exceedingly  rich.  The  "  pine  barrens,"  so  called,  are  considered, 
however,  as  scarcely  worth  cultivating.  The  peculiarly  open  condition  of  the  forests  admits 
of  the  spontaneous  and  luxuriant  growth  of  innumerable  varieties  of  herbage  and  flowers, 
many  of  which  are  of  the  most  beautiful  description,  and  flourish  in  great  profusion  throughout 
all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  land,  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  state,  is  adapted  to  the  culture  of 
cotton,  sugar,  corn,  rice,  tobacco,  and  valuable  fruits ;  and  there  is  much  grazing  land  even 
among  the  pine  barrens,  which  are  also  finely  irrigated  by  numerous  streams  of  pure  water. 

Rivers.  —  On  the  eastern  coast,  the  St.  John's  is  the  principal  stream.  It  takes  its  rise  at  a 
distance  of  not  more  than  150  miles  from  the  sea,  in  a  straight  line ;  though,  from  its  meander- 
ing course,  it  probably  flows  more  than  twice  that  distance,  varying  in  width  from  less  than 
one  to  about  five  miles.  The  St.  Mary's,  which  rises  in  Georgia,  also  empties  into  the  Atlantic. 
The  mouths  of  these  rivers  afford  good  harbors.  On  the  western  coast  are  numerous  bays  and 
inlets,  furnishing  safe  shelter  and  anchorage  for  coasting  craft.  A  large  number  of  rivers 
enter  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  the  western  side  of  the  peninsula,  the  chief  of  which  is  the 
Appalachicola. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Several  railroads  have  been  constructed,  and  others  are  still  con- 
templated. The  most  important  already  completed  are,  one  between  Tallahassee  and  St. 
Mark's,  22  miles  ;  and  another  of  30  miles  in  length,  extending  from  St.  Joseph  to  lola.  A 
canal,  entirely  across  the  isthmus,  has  for  many  years  been  a  subject  of  earnest  consideration 
and  active  discussion.  Such  a  work,  it  is  universally  conceded,  would  supply  vast  facilities  to 
the  commerce  between  Atlantic  ports  of  the  United  States  and  the  shores  of 'the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, arid  be  the  means  of  avoiding  immense  losses,  now  annually  incurred  by  vessels  forced 
to  encounter  the  hazardous  navigation  beyond  the  southern  point  of  Florida. 

Manufactures.  —  Beyond  the  fabrication  of  articles  for  domestic  use,  but  little  capital  is 
employed  in  manufacturing  operations.  The  exports  from  the  state  consist  principally  of 
raw  materials. 


44 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER 


Indians. — The  territory,  for  some  years  subsequent  to  its  cession  to  the  United  States,  was 
much  disturbed  by  contests  with  various  Indian  tribes.  Among  these,  the  Seminoles  gave 
much  trouble  to  the  general  government,  and,  on  the  question  of  their  removal,  with  other 
natives,  to  the  lands  provided  for  them,  were  found  to  be  most  impracticable.  They  were, 
nowever,  subdued,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  tribe  have  retired  to  the  far  preferable  coun- 
try assigned  them  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

Population.  —  There  was  an  increase  of  population,  during  the  ten  years  prior  to  the  census 
of  1840,  of  nearly  sixty  per  cent.  Of  the  inhabitants  at  that  date,  nearly  one  half  were  slaves. 
The  ]ast  census  (1850)  exhibits  the  same  ratio  of  increase,  but  a  somewhat  smaller  proportion 
of  slaves. 

Climate.  —  Except  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  some  of  the  large  swamps,  the  interior  of 
Florida,  and  the  sea-coast  generally,  may  be  considered  extremely  favorable  to  health.  In- 
deed, many  parts  of  the  state  are  much  resorted  to  by  invalids  from  northern  localities, 
especially  by  persons  subject  to  pulmonary  affections,  or  laboring  under  certain  chronic 
maladies.  A  mild  and  very  uniform  temperature  prevails  throughout  the  different  seasons ; 
the  heat  of  summer  rarely  raising  the  mercury  above  90°,  or  the  cold  of  winter  depressing  it 
below  freezing  point.  Epidemics,  particularly  the  yellow  fever,  occasionally  visit  some  of  the 
low  and  marshy  districts.  The  city  of  St.  Augustine,  occupying  a  remarkably  fine  geograph- 
ical position,  is  widely  celebrated  for  the  salubrity  of  its  atmosphere,  the  genial  qualities  and 
effects  of  which  are  not  exceeded  by  those  of  any  spot  in  Southern  France  or  Italy. 

Religion.  —  Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  Methodists,  and  Roman  Catholics  constitute  the 
principal  religious  denominations.  Neither  sect  is  very  numerous. 

Curiosities.  —  Among  the  natural  objects  of  curiosity  may  be  mentioned  the  existence  and 
frequent  formation  of  beautiful  rivulets,  the  pellucid  waters  of  which,  after  coursing  through 
many  devious  curves  for  a  long  distance,  suddenly  disappear  in  some  dark  abyss,  and  all  traces 
of  their  farther  wanderings  are  lost  to  human  eyes.  On  the  other  hand,  vast  volumes  of 
water  are  often  seen  to  emerge  from  the  depths  of  the  earth,  at  once  forming  navigable  rivers, 
teeming  with  fish,  turtles,  alligators,  &c.  Both  these  phenomena  are  said  to  be  common  in 
some  parts  of  the  state,  and  in  all  probability  are  mutually  connected  by  subterranean 
channels. 


GEORGIA,  the  most  recently  settled  of  the  thirteen  original  American  colonies,  which 
united  in  the  great  national  act  of  independence,  July  4,  1776.  At  that  epoch,  only  about 
one  third  of  a  century  had  elapsed  since  the  entire  territory  was  the  exclusive  abode  of  the 
savage — the  first  English  immigrants,  under  General  Oglethorpe,  having,  in  the  year  1734, 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  GEORGIA.  45 

commenced  a  settlement  at  the  spot  whereon  the  city  of  Savannah  now  stands.  This  company 
was  composed  chiefly  of  necessitous  artisans  and  tradesmen,  driven  from  Great  Britain  by  want 
of  employment  to  seek  out  new  modes  of  living,  and  more  permanent  homes,  in  the  western 
hemisphere.  They  had -previously  received  from  George  II.  a  grant  of  the  vast  tract  of  country 
(called  Georgia,  after  their  royal  patron)  out  of  which  the  present  States  of  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  as  well  as  Georgia,  have  since  been  formed.  Although  the  original  charter  of 
Carolina  included  this  whole  territory,  the  Spanish  occupants  of  Florida  had  laid  claim  to  it,  and, 
in  1742,  undertook  by  force  of  arms  to  dispossess  the  English,  but  without  success.  In  1752, 
the  company  relinquished  its  charter  to  the  crown,  and  thenceforth  the  province  was  placed 
upon  an  equal  footing  with  the  other  colonies. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  Bounded  north  by  parts  of  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina,  east  by 
South  Carolina  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south  by  Florida,  and  west  by  Alabama.  It  extends 
300  miles  from  north  to  south,  with  an  average  breadth  of  200  miles,  and  includes  an  area  of 
58,000  square  miles.  Latitude,  30°  22'  to  35°  north ;  longitude,  80°  507  to  85°  40'  west. 

Government.  —  In  1777  the  people  of  Georgia  established  their  first  frame  of  state  govern- 
ment. A  second  constitution  was  formed  in  1785,  and  a  third  in  1798,  which  was  revised  in 
1839,  and  still  remains  in  force.  The  chief  magistrate  is  elected  biennially  by  the  popular 
suffrages.  In  apportioning  the  representatives  on  the  basis  of  population,  three  fifths  of  the 
blacks  are  reckoned  in  the  estimate.  There  are  46  senatorial  districts,  each  entitled  to  one 
member  of  the  Senate ;  and  the  93  counties  into  which  the  state  is  divided  send  each  from 
one  to  three  representatives  to  the  legislature,  which  meets  biennially  at  Milledgeville,  the 
seat  of  government,  where  the  governor  and  other  executive  officers  are  required  to  reside 
during  their  official  terms.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  restricted  to  free  white  males,  residents 
of  the  state  for  six  months,  and  tax-payers  one  year  prior  to  the  election. 

Education.  —  The  subject  of  common  education  is  but  partially  provided  for,  as  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that  in  1840  there  were  in  the  state  upwards  of  30,000  white  persons 
above  the  age  of  20  years  who  could  neither  read  nor  write.  There  is  a  literary  institution 
at  Athens,  called  the  University  of  Georgia,  which  was  founded  in  1788,  with  the  design  of 
establishing  branches  in  each  county.  The  object,  however,  has  been  but  imperfectly 
carried  out. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  a  chief  justice  and  two  judges,  elected  by  the 
legislature  for  six  years.  There  are  eleven  circuit  judges,  one  for  each  of  the  circuits  into 
which  the  state  is  divided.  These  courts  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  criminal  and  land 
cases.  Inferior  courts,  composed  of  five  justices,  are  held  in  each  county.  These  latter 
officers  are  elected  by  the  people  quadrennially,  and  act  also  as  probate  judges. 

Finances.  —  The  annual  revenues  of  Georgia  are  amply  sufficient  to  meet  the  current 
expenditures,  including  about  $110,000  interest  on  the  state  debt,  and  a  reserve  of  $70,000 
towards  a  sinking  fund  for  its  ultimate  extinction.  The  public  debt  in  1850  was  stated  at 
$1,828,472,  and  was  incurred  for  the  construction  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railway. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  The  face  of  the  country,  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  for  some  30  to  40 
miles  in  breadth,  is  generally  level,  with  a  rich  soil,  favorable  to  the  cultivation  of  cotton  and 
rice.  The  numerous  islands  on  the  eastern  frontier  are  especially  productive  of  that  fine 
species  of  cotton  known  as  sea  island.  Westward  of  the  above  tract,  the  land  becomes  more 
elevated,  and  the  soil  more  sandy.  Proceeding  still  farther  into  the  interior,  and  beyond  the 
mountainous  region,  a  stronger  and  richer  soil  is  found,  which  produces  in  abundance  wheat, 
corn,  and  other  grains ;  tobacco,  cotton,  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits,  as  the  orange,  fig,  pome- 
granate, lemon,  citron,  olive,  melon,  peach,  pear,  and  grape.  The  latter  fruit,  of  the  finest 
flavor,  grows  spontaneously  and  luxuriantly  among  the  pine  barrens,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  sea- 
coast.  Of  the  divers  descriptions  of  fine  timber  composing  the  extensive  forests  of  Georgia, 
the  oak,  hickory,  cedar,  and  pine  are  the  most  common.  The  black  walnut  and  mulberry  are 
also  abundant  upon  the  high  lands.  The  northern  part  of  the  state  is  traversed  by  a  portion 
of  the  Appalachian  chain  of  mountains. 

Rivers.  —  Many  of  the  rivers  in  Georgia  are  of  great  length  ;  for  instance,  the  Savannah, 


46  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

which  separates  this  state  from  South  Carolina,  is  500  miles  long ;  the  Alatamaha,  400  miles  to 
its  sources ;  Flint  River,  the  Chattahoochee,  and  others.  These  are  generally  navigable  for 
steamers  and  large  boats  through  a  considerable  portion  of  their  extent ;  and  some  of  them, 
especially  those  emptying  into  the  Atlantic,  admit  the  passage  of  large  vessels  for  several 
miles  above  their  mouths. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  These  consist  of  several  important  canals  and  railroads,  either 
completed  or  still  in  progress.  Among  them  may  be  enumerated  the  Savannah  and  Ogeechee, 
and  the  Brunswick  Canals,  —  the  former  16,  and  the  latter  12  miles  long,  —  the  Georgia  Rail- 
road, with  its  branches  and  projected  continuations  ;  the  Central  Railroad,  and  the  Munroe 
Railroad,  —  the  whole  forming  a  connected  series,  and  embracing  an  aggregate  extent  of 
upwards  of  500  miles. 

Minerals.  —  On  the  borders  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  at  the  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  con- 
siderable quantities  of  gold  have  been  found  ;  and  numerous  smelting  houses,  employing  some 
hundreds  of  persons,  are  established  in  the  vicinity,  although  the  business  of  mining  has  not 
been  very  regularly  pursued.  Copper  and  iron  ores,  the  latter  in  great  abundance,  are  also 
among  the  mineral  productions  of  the  state. 

Manufactures. —  A  number  of  /cotton  mills,  and  some  woollen  factories,  have  been  erected 
within  a  few  years.  Manufactures  of  cast  iron  and  other  hardware,  machinery,  leather,  car- 
riages, furniture,  soap,  candles,  brick,  lime,  &c.,  are  carried  on  to  some  extent,  principally  for 
home  consumption.  There  are  numerous  flouring  mills,  distilleries,  and  breweries,  portions 
of  the  products  of  which  are  exported. 

Indians.  —  Some  parts  of  the  territory  are  still  in  the  occupancy  of  the  Creek  Indians.  The 
Cherokees  also  inhabit  a  large  tract  at  the  north-west  boundary,  their  country  extending  also 
into  Tennessee  and  Alabama. 

Population.  —  About  one  third  of  the  inhabitants  of  Georgia  are  of  African  descent. 

Climate.  —  The  interior  and  elevated  parts  of  Georgia  enjoy  a  delightful  and  salubrious 
climate,  not  excelled,  perhaps,  by  that  of  any  other  region  of  like  extent  in  North  America. 
As  in  most  of  the  southern  states  of  the  Union,  there  are  extensive  tracts  of  low  and  swampy 
grounds,  which,  at  certain  seasons,  are  subject  to  destructive  epidemics,  arising  from  noxious 
exhalations  and  impure  water.  The  upper  country,  however,  to  which  many  of  the  inhabitants 
retreat  during  the  unhealthy  months,  is  remarkably  exempt  from  these  injurious  influences. 
The  winters,  which  are  of  but  two  or  three  months'  duration,  are  generally  so  mild  that  vege- 
tation is  but  little  interrupted,  and  cattle  roam  at  large  upon  the  savannas  and  in  the  forests, 
where  they  find  ample  food.  Snow  and  severe  frosts  are  rare,  although  the  thermometer 
occasionally  indicates  a  temperature  as  low  as  20°  Fahrenheit. 

Religion.  —  The  religious  denominations  in  Georgia  are  chiefly  Baptists,  Methodists,  Epis- 
copalians, and  Presbyterians.  There  are  also  some  congregations  of  Romanists,  Lutherans, 
Fnends,  and  Jews. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  ILLINOIS. 


47 


ILLINOIS.  This  comparatively  young  member  of  the  American  Union  was,  never- 
theless, partially  settled,  by  civilized  adventurers,  as  early  as  the  year  1673.  A  party  of 
enterprising  Frenchmen  from  Canada  accompanied  M.  De  la  Salle  in  his  second  exploration 
of  the  country,  in  the  above  year,  when  in  search  of  the  River  Mississippi,  and  founded  the  vil- 
lages of  Kaskaskias  and  Cahokia.  These  settlements  continued  to  flourish  for  some  years  ;  but 
the  people,  by  constant  intercourse  with  the  surrounding  savages,  gradually  reduced  themselves 
to  a  semi-barbarous  condition,  and  for  a  long  period  their  numbers  were  but  little  augmented 
by  immigration.  By  the  treaty  of  peace  between  the  French  and  English,  in  1763,  the 
Illinois  country,  together  with  Canada,  was  ceded  by  the  former  to  the  latter,  who  took  formal 
possession  two  years  afterwards.  It  remained  in  their  hands,  under  several  successive  mili- 
tary governors,  until  1778  ;  in  which  year  a  body  of  Virginia  troops,  commanded  by  General 
Clarke,  penetrated  the  country,  and  subdued  all  the  fortified  places.  In  the  same  year,  a 
county  called  Illinois  was  organized  by  the  legislature,  and  placed  under  the  care  of  a  deputy 
governor.  The  country  had  been  considered,  hitherto,  as  a  part  of  the  territory  included  in 
the  charter  of  Virginia  ;  and  the  claim  founded  thereon  was  recognized  by  the  treaty  of  1783. 
Virginia,  however,  ceded  it  to  the  United  States,  four  years  afterwards,  when  it  constituted  a 
section  of  the  "  North-west  Territory,"  so  called.  In  1800,  it  received  a  separate  organiza- 
tion and  a  territorial  government,  in  conjunction  with,  and  under  the  name  of,  Indiana. 
Another  division  took  place  in  1809,  when  the  distinct  territories  of  Indiana  and  Illinois  were 
formed  ;  both  of  which  were  subsequently  admitted  into  the  Union,  as  independent  states  — 
the  former  in  1816,  and  the  latter  in  1818.  The  name  of  the  state  is  derived  from  that  of  its 
great  central  river  —  an  aboriginal  appellation,  signifying  the  River  of  Men. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  The  state  is  bounded  north  by  Wisconsin ;  east  by  the  southern 
portion  of  Lake  Michigan,  by  the  State  of  Indiana,  and  by  the  Ohio  River,  dividing  it  from 
Kentucky  also  on  the  south ;  and  west  by  the  Mississippi,  which  separates  it  from  the  States 
of  Missouri  and  Iowa.  Its  extreme  length  is  some  380  miles,  extending  from  37°  to  42£° 
north  latitude.  Its  breadth  varies  from  about  145  to  220  miles,  being  widest  in  the  centre, 
and  narrowest  at  the  northern  and  southern  points.  Its  utmost  reach  of  longitude  is  4  degrees, 
viz.,  from  87°  to  91°,  west  from  Greenwich.  Its  area  is  computed  at  55,400  square  miles,  of 
which  near  50,000  are  believed  to  be  well  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes. 

Government.  —  The  chief  magistrate  is  chosen  for  four  years,  by  the  people,  viva  voce,  and 
cannot  serve  two  terms  in  succession.  The  lieutenant  governor  (who  is,  ex  officio.  president 
of  the  Senate)  and  the  senators  are  also  elected  quadrennially.  The  members  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  are  elected  for  two  years.  The  popular  elections  and  the  legislative 


4S  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

sessions  are  held  biennially.  The  Senate  cannot  consist  of  less  than  one  third,  nor  more 
than  one  half,  the  number  compqsing  the  other  branch.  All  white  males  above  the  age  of  21 
years,  who  have  resided  six  months  within  the  state,  are  qualified  voters.  Slavery  is  prohibited 
by  the  constitution  —  to  amend  which  instrument  a  convention  must  be  called.  Elections  are 
decided  by  a  plurality  of  votes. 

Judiciary.  —  The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  composed  of  three  justices, 
and  such  other  courts  as  the  legislature  may  create.  One  session  of  the  Supreme  Court  is 
held  annually,  in  each  of  the  three  judicial  divisions  of  the  state.  The  state  is  also  divided 
into  nine  circuits,  each  having  a  resident  judge  and  a  state's  attorney.  Five  of  these  judges 
constitute  a  quorum.  They  are  elected  by  the  General  Assembly,  and  hold  office  during 
good  behavior.  The  state's  attorneys  are  chosen  for  two  years.  Inferior  courts  are  also  held 
by  probate  judges  and  justices  of  the  peace.  The  Supreme  Court  judges,  together  with  the 
governor,  compose  a  council  of  revision,  with  power  to  disapprove  bills  passed  by  the  General 
Assembly,  subject,  however,  to  further  legislative  action,  whereby  a  rejected  bill  may,  never- 
theless, become  a  law  when  reenacted  by  a  majority  of  members  elect  in  both  branches. 

Education.  —  The  act  of  admission  to  the  Union  provides  for  a  reservation  of  one  thirty-sixth 
part  of  all  the  public  lands,  for  school  purposes  ;  and  section  numbered  16  has  been  accord- 
ingly designated  and  set  apart,  in  each  township,  for  the  benefit  of  its  inhabitants.  A  common 
fund,  for  the  promotion  of  education  generally,  was  also  established  by  the  United  States 
government,  through  the  annual  payment  to  the  state  of  3  per  cent,  of  the  net  avails  of  the 
public  lands  within  its  limits.  Of  this  fund,  a  sixth  part  is  appropriated  to  the  erection 
and  support  of  a  collegiate  institution.  Other  funds,  to  a  very  generous  extent,  have  like- 
wise been  provided ;  from  all  which  sources  a  large  annual  income  is  derived.  Yet  the  sub- 
ject of  common  schools  has  not  received  that  degree  of  regard  and  attention  which  its 
immeasurable  importance  demands  ;  although  there  are,  in  many  towns,  primary  schools  of 
fair  character,  and  occasionally  a  seminary  of  higher  grade.  Several  colleges  exist ;  but  they 
are  mostly  exclusive  or  somewhat  sectarian  in  their  organization ;  each  of  the  following 
denominations  having  a  special  institution,  viz.,  Old  School  Presbyterians,  New  School  Pres- 
byterians, Baptists,  and  Methodists.  One  of  these,  at  Alton,  was  liberally  endowed  byDr.  B. 
Shurtleff,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  and  bears  his  name.  There  are  a  number  of  respectable 
academies  and  literary  associations  in  various  parts  of  the  state  ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
measures  will  be  taken  to  establish  the  school  fund  of  the  state  on  a  basis  corresponding 
to  the  liberality  of  Congress,  and  to  the  example  set  by  Ohio  and  other  neighboring 
states. 

Finances.  —  The  total  amount  of  the  public  debt  on  the  1st  of  January,  1851,  was 
$16,627,507,91,  nearly  one  half  of  which  grew  out  of  the  construction  of  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal.  This  latter  item  will  be  partially  if  not  wholly  liquidated  by  sales  of  canal 
lands,  and  by  future  receipts  for  tolls.  The  state  is  now  able,  from  its  revenues,  for  the  first 
time  in  several  years,  to  meet  its  current  expenditures. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  There  are  no  lofty  mountains  in  this  state,  although  at  its  northern  and 
southern  extremes  the  land  is  considerably  elevated,  and  occasionally  broken.  In  general, 
the  surface  is  level,  or  slightly  undulating,  about  two  thirds  of  the  whole  consisting  of 
immense  prairies,  clothed  luxuriantly  with  grass,  herbage,  delicious  strawberries,  and  other 
wild  berries,  and  resplendent  with  myriads  of  indigenous  flowers,  flourishing  in  all  the 
beauty  of  "nature  unadorned."  No  impenetrable  forests  encumber  these  vast  tracts, 
although  isolated  patches  of  woodland,  some  of  them  covering  many  acres,  are  frequently 
found  in  their  midst.  In  some  quarters  of  the  state,  timber  is  sufficiently  abundant; 
in  others,  there  is  a  deficiency.  The  most  common  descriptions  are  the  oak,  hickory, 
maple,  elm,  ash,  locust,  beech,  poplar,  sycamore,  and  various  other  woods.  The  soil  is  almost 
invariably  fertile,  often  of  the  finest  and  richest  quality,  to  a  great  depth.  The  products  of 
the  earth  are  of  corresponding  value  and  amount  Every  variety  of  grain,  and  of  edible 
vegetables,  together  with  hemp,  flax,  cotton,  and  tobacco,  are  cultivated  with  extraordinary 
success.  All  the  fruits  common  to  the  temperate  latitudes  are  produced  in  abundance : 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES. —  ILLINOIS.  49 

grapes,  especially,  natives  of  the  soil,  are  remarkably  plentiful  in  most  parts  of  the  state,  and 
of  fine  quality,  capable  of  yielding  excellent  wines.  The  fecundity  of  the  land,  and  the  gen- 
erous returns  with  which  it  rewards  even  the  moderate  labors  of  the  husbandman,  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  ttfat  in  almost  all  parts  of  the  state  an  average  crop,  per  acre,  can  be 
obtained,  of  fifty  bushels  of  Indian  corn  —  one  of  its  important  staples ;  and  instances  are 
frequent  where  the  product  reaches  75  to  100  bushels. 

Rivers.  —  Illinois  is  provided  most  bountifully  by  nature  with  admirable  facilities  for  com- 
munication by  water,  not  only  within,  but  far  beyond,  its  own  borders,  by  means  of  its 
numerous  inland  streams,  tending  in  every  direction  towards,  and  connecting  with,  the  great 
western  rivers,  and  by  its  immediate  contact,  on  the  north-east,  with  Lake  Michigan.  The 
whole  of  its  western  boundary  is  washed  by  the  mighty  Mississippi,  and  the  noble  Ohio  flows 
along  a  portion  of  its  eastern  frontier.  The  Illinois  traverses  a  large  part  of  the  state 
from  north-east  to  south-west,  and  its  tributaries  course  through  most  of  the  central  counties. 
Some  of  these  branches  are  of  great  extent.  Among  the  other  important  rivers  are  Rock, 
Kaskaskia,  Wabash,  &c. 

Infernal  Improvements.  —  The  canal  for  uniting  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Illinois  with 
those  of  Ijake  Michigan,  at  Chicago,  is  one  of  the  greatest  enterprises  of  the  kind  in  the 
Western  States.  Its  computed  extent  is  10(5  miles,  and  its  cost  upwards  of  $8,000,000. 
When  fully  completed,  the  waters  of  the  Gulfs  of  St.  Lawrence  and  of  Mexico  may  be  said 
to  meet  each  other,  through  a  long  chain  of  inland  channels.  Under  the  system  of  internal 
improvement  adopted  by  the  state,  in  1837,  a  number  of  extensive  and  important  railroads 
were  projected,  the  work  on  most  of  which  has  been  commenced,  and  some  few  are  in 
travelling  order. 

Minerals.  —  At  the  north-west  angle  of  the  state  lie  immense  beds  of  lead  ore,  of  which 
great  quantities  are  annually  smelted  and  sent  to  market.  Copper  and  iron  are  also  found  in 
abundance  in  many  parts  of  the  state ;  and  in  the  southern  quarter,  there  are  several  sections 
of  the  public  lands  which  are  reported  to  be  rich  in  silver  ore,  and  in  consequence  are  with- 
held from  sale.  Lime,  salt,  and  coal  are  among  the  most  plentiful  of  the  mineral  productions. 
Limestone  ledges  of  great  extent  exist  for  many  miles  along  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi, 
often  rising  abruptly  and  perpendicularly,  in  huge  bluffs,  to  a  height  of  300  feet.  In  the 
south  and  east  parts  of  the  state,  there  are  numerous  saline  springs,  so  strongly  impregnated 
as  to  render  profitable  the  manufacture  of  salt  on  an  extensive  scale  in  their  vicinity.  The 
elevated  and  broken  regions  towards  the  north,  particularly  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rock 
River,  contain  exhaustless  veins  of  bituminous  coal ;  and  the  bluffs  and  ravines  on  the  river 
banks,  in  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties,  at  the  south-west  quarter  of  the  state,  are  pregnant 
with  treasures  of  this  valuable  mineral. 

Manufactures.  —  Hydraulic  power  to  a  considerable  extent  is  attainable  at  various  points 
of  the  state,  some  of  which  is  already  advantageously  improved  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
The  contemplated  improvements  of  the  Wabash  and  other  rivers  —  some  of  which  are  already 
in  progress  — will  furnish  additional  water  privileges  of  great  value.  Steam  mills,  for  sawing 
lumber,  manufacturing  flour,  &c.,  as  well  as  mills  wrought  by  animal  and  water  power,  are 
common  throughout  the  state.  There  are  also  numerous  smelting  houses,  iron  furnaces,  tan- 
neries, potteries,  distilleries,  &c.,  together  with  a  few  cotton,  woollen,  and  flax  factories ;  and 
almost  every  article  of  domestic  use  is  or  may  be  fabricated  within  the  state.  Among  the 
few  commodities  principally  manufactured  for  export  are  whiskey  and  castor  oil :  some  40,000 
to  50,000  gallons  of  the  latter  are  annually  expressed  from  the  palma  christi,  or  castor  bean, 
at  a  single  establishment  in  Edwardsville. 

Indians.  —  Few  or  none  of  the  descendants  of  the  tribes  formerly  occupying  this  region 
now  linger  within  or  around  it,  their  titles  having  been  extinguished,  from  time  to  time,  by 
various  treaties  with  the  United  States  government  The  white  inhabitants  were  somewhat 
annoyed  by  hostile  Indians  during  the  war  of  1812 ;  but  after  its  close,  the  country  was 
exempt  from  molestation  until  1832,  when  a  band  of  sanguinary  savages,  led  on  by  the  noto- 
rious chief  Black  Hawk,  committed  many  bloody  atrocities,  and  created  much  distress  and 
7 


50 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


alarm,  at  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  They  were  at  length  entirely  quelled,  and  finally 
removed  to  the  country  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Population.  —  During  the  thirty  years  prior  to  1840,  the  population  of  Illinois  increased 
from  12,282  to  476,183,  of  whom  3600  were  persons  of  color.  In  1850,  the  population  was 
851,470,  of  whom  5366  were  persons  of  color. 

Climate.  —  In  general,  the  climate  of  Illinois,  in  its  influence  upon  health,  does  not  differ 
materially  from  that  of  the  other  states,  lying  within  the  same  parallels,  east  of  the  Alle- 
ghany  ridge.  It  furthermore  enjoys  the  advantage  of  exemption  from  annoying  easterly  winds, 
although  the  prairie  breezes  are  often  severely  cold.  The  temperature,  ordinarily,  is  much  like 
that  of  Ohio  and  Michigan  during  the  respective  seasons.  The  length  of  the  winter  is  usually 
somewhat  less  than  three  months.  Snow  seldom  falls  to  a  great  depth,  or  continues  upon  the 
earth  many  days  in  succession ;  and  the  ground  is  commonly  free  from  frost  throughout  half 
the  winter.  The  early  spring  months  are  rainy  and  unpleasant ;  but  they  are  soon  succeeded 
by  a  milder  season,  a  warm  and  cheering  summer,  with  an  invigorating  atmosphere  ;  and, 
finally,  "  the  year  is  crowned "  by  a  delightful  autumn  of  some  months'  duration,  rarely  dis- 
turbed by  a  cloudy  day  or  a  stormy  hour. 

Religion.  —  The  most  numerous  sect  are  the  Methodists,  including  their  different  varieties. 
Then  follow  the  Baptists  and  Presbyterians,  with  their  several  ramifications.  The  Episcopa- 
lians, Lutherans,  and  Dunkards  have  each  from  eight  to  twelve  congregations  ;  and  there 
are  small  societies  of  Roman  Catholics,  Quakers,  and  Mormons.  The  proportion  of  profess- 
ors of  religion  has  been  estimated  at  about  one  tenth  of  the  whole  population. 


INDIANA.  The  history  of  the  settlement  of  Indiana  is  nearly  identical  with  that  of  its 
twin  sister,  Illinois,  and  of  much  of  the  vast  surrounding  region  formerly  included  in  the  so- 
called  North-west  Territory.  The  first  permanent  occupancy  of  the  country  was  effected  in  1702, 
at  a  fertile  spot  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Wabash,  about  100  miles  above  its  confluence  with 
the  Ohio.  To  this  place,  which  became  a  fortified  trading  post,  its  inhabitants  afterwards  gave 
the  name  of  Vincennes.  The  original  settlers  were  French  soldiers  from  Canada,  belonging 
to  the  army  of  Louis  XIV.  Their  descendants  remained  an  almost  isolated  community,  in- 
creasing very  slowly  in  numbers,  for  nearly  one  hundred  years,  and,  in  the  mean  time,  from 
habits  of  constant  intercourse  with  their  Indian  neighbors  exclusively,  with  whom  they  often 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — INDIANA.  51 

intermarried,  had  imbibed  a  taste  for  savage  life,  and  had  consequently  retrogressed  in  the 
march  of  civilization.  By  the  treaty  of  peace  between  France  and  England,  in  1763,  the 
territory  became  subject  to  the  latter;  from  which  power,  however,  it  was  wrested  by  tne 
Americans  during  the  "revolutionary  war.  From  the  close  of  that  struggle,  in  1783,  until 
General  Wayne's  treaty  in  1795,  and  again  just  before  the  commencement  of  the  second  war 
with  Great  Britain,  the  people,  generally  residing  in  hamlets  and  villages  remote  from  each 
other,  were  terribly  harassed  by  the  incursions  of  the  Indians,  who  committed  the  most  cruel 
atrocities.  These  merciless  barbarians  were  at  length  effectually  conquered  and  humbled  by 
the  United  States  military  forces  under  General  Harrison  ;  a  season  of  quietude  and  prosperity 
immediately  ensued,  and  a  vast  tide  of  immigration  has  been  flowing  into  the  state  since  the 
peace  of  1815.  Indiana  was  originally  embraced  in  the  territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio,  and 
BO  remained  until  the  year  1800.  It  was  then,  including  the  present  State  of  Illinois,  newly 
organized  under  the  name  of  Indiana  Territory.  In  1809,  it  was  divided  into  two  territories, 
Illinois  having  been  set  off,  and  became  an  independent  state  in  1816. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  The  state  is  bounded  north  by  Michigan  and  the  southern  portion 
of  the  lake  of  that  name ;  east  by  the  State  of  Ohio ;  south-east  and  south  by  Ohio  River, 
which  divides  it  from  Kentucky ;  and  west  by  Illinois,  the  Wabash  River  forming  part  of  the 
boundary.  It  lies  between  37°  47'  and  41°  50'  north  latitude,  and  its  mean  length  is  esti- 
mated at  260  miles ;  its  mean  breadth  is  about  140  miles,  extending  from  84°  45'  to  88°  west 
longitude.  Its  area  comprehends  nearly  34,000  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  executive  power  resides  in  a  governor  and  lieutenant  governor,  the 
latter  being  president  of  the  Senate,  and  acting  as  governor  in  cases  of  vacancy.  The  legis- 
lature consists  of  two  branches,  —  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  —  apportioned  to  the 
counties,  according  to  the  number  of  qualified  electors,  in  such  ratio  that  the  number  of 
representatives  shall  not  be  less  than  36  nor  more  than  100.  The  Senate  is  never  to  contain 
less  than  12  nor  more  than  50  members.  All  the  above  are  elected  by  the  people  triennially, 
except  the  representatives,  who  are  chosen  every  year.  The  legislature  convenes  annually. 
The  chief  magistrate  cannot  hold  office  longer  than  six  years  in  any  term  of  nine  years.  The 
secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  and  auditor  are  chosen  by  the  General  Assembly  in  joint  ballot, 
the  first  for  a  term  of  four  years,  and  the  two  latter  for  three  years. 

Judiciary.  —  The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  in  Circuit  Courts,  Courts  of 
Common  Pleas,  Probate  Courts,  and  justices  of  the  peace.  The  Supreme  Court  is  composed 
of  three  judges,  the  senior  in  office  being  chief  justice,  and  are  appointed  for  seven  years  by 
the  governor  and  Senate.  The  Circuit  Courts  are  thirteen  in  number,  and  consist  of  a  pres- 
ident judge  for  each  judicial  circuit,  acting  with  two  associate  judges  in  each  county :  the 
president  judges  are  elected  for  seven  years  by  the  legislature,  and  the  associate  judges  for 
the  same  term  by  the  people.  Judges  of  probate,  justices  of  the  peace,  sheriffs,  and  coroners 
are  chosen  by  the  people,  for  various  terms. 

Education.  —  Attention  to  this  important  interest  has  been  considerably  awakened  within  a 
few  years.  A  common  school  fund,  to  be  derived  from  various  sources,  was  founded  by  a  law 
of  the  state  in  1849,  at  which  time  the  several  funds  set  apart  for  the  purpose  were  valued  at 
upwards  of  $700,000.  By  the  census  of  1840,  there  were  within  the  state  over  38,000  white 
persons,  above  the  age  of  20  years,  who  could  neither  read  nor  write.  Asylums  for  the  blind, 
the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  the  insane,  have  been  established.  There  are  several  colleges,  and 
numerous  academies,  in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

Finances.  —  The  annual  revenue  of  Indiana  is  amply  sufficient  for  the  ordinary  current 
expenditures.  The  amount  of  the  public  debt  in  July,  1849,  was  more  than  $12,000,000, 
the  liability  for  which  is  nearly  equally  divided  between  the  state  and  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal  Company. 

Surface,  Soil,  &fc.  —  The  face  of  the  country,  though  not  mountainous,  is  in  some  quarters 
hilly  and  broken.  The  greater  portion  of  the  state,  by  far,  consists  of  immense  tracts  of  level 
lands,  studded  at  intervals  with  picturesque  clusters  of  trees.  Many  of  the  upland  prairies 
are  skirted  for  long  distances  with  noble  forests,  while  those  bordering  upon  the  rivers  are 


52  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

rarely  productive  of  any  description  of  timber.  The  whole  earth  is  replete  with  vegetable 
wealth.  Upon  the  prairies  there  is,  at  the  proper  seasons,  intermingled  with  gay  and 
odorous  flowers,  a  thick  covering  of  grass,  growing  to  a  height  of  seven  or  eight  feet.  The 
soil  of  the  prairies,  as  well  those  which  are  elevated  as  those  which  lie  along  the  rivers,  is 
surpassingly  rich,  the  loam  commonly  reaching  to  a  depth  of  two  to  five  feet.  The  trees  of 
native  growth  comprise  several  varieties  of  oak,  walnut,  maple,  elm,  sycamore,  beech,  ash, 
linden,  locust,  sassafras,  buckeye,  cottonwood,  cherry,  and  mulberry.  The  most  important  of 
the  cultivated  products  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye,  and  other  grains,  potatoes,  and  various  other 
esculents.  Grapes,  and  indeed  fruits  of  all  kinds  peculiar  to  the  climate,  grow  profusely. 
Among  the  many  valuable  staples  of  this  state  are  large  quantities  of  beef,  pork,  butter,  cheese, 
sugar,  wool,  tobacco,  and  hemp. 

Rivers.  —  The  entire  state  is  admirably  watered  by  large  and  beautiful  streams,  many  of 
them  navigable  for  hundreds  of  miles.  Among  the  most  considerable  rivers,  besides  the  Ohio, 
are  the  Wabash,  a  tributary  of  the  former ;  White  River,  a  branch  of  the  Wabash,  with  its 
two  great  forks  ;  Whitewater,  St.  Joseph's,  &c. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  187  miles  in  length,  connecting  the 
navigable  waters  of  the  River  Wabash  with  those  of  Lake  Erie,  is  the  most  important  enterprise 
of  the  kind  in  which  this  state  has  been  concerned.  Nearly  100  miles  of  its  extent  are  in 
Indiana,  and  the  residue  in  Ohio.  The  whole  was  completed  in  1843.  The  Whitewater 
Canal,  a  work  of  much  less  magnitude,  is  partially  completed,  and  several  additions  are  con- 
templated. A  railroad,  commencing  at  Indianapolis,  connects  the  capital  with  three  or  four 
different  points  on  the  Ohio,  a  distance  of  about  100  miles.  From  the  same  point  of  beginning, 
another  road,  partly  macadamized,  extends  northwardly  to  Michigan  city.  Other  railroads 
have  been  projected,  some  of  which  are  in  course  of  construction. 

Minerals.  —  The  mineral  resources  of  this  state  have  been  but  partially  explored  or  developed. 
Iron  is  known  to  exist  in  various  quarters,  and  some  copper  has  been  found.  Salt  springs 
have  been  opened,  at  which  salt  in  considerable  quantities  has  been  manufactured.  Epsom 
salts,  and  saltpetre  in  a  pure  state,  have  been  quite  plentifully  obtained  from  caves  in  Craw- 
ford and  Harrison  counties.  Coal  in  abundance  has  been  recently  excavated  from  the  bluffs 
near  the  Ohio,  in  Perry  county.  At  a  place  called  Cannelton,  the  deposits  are  extremely 
productive,  yielding  in  profusion  a  very  superior  quality  of  bituminous  coal,  resembling,  in  all 
its  characteristics,  the  celebrated  English  Cannel  coal. 

Manufactures.  —  The  business  of  manufacturing  has  not  been  pursued  largely,  except  for 
domestic  uses.  Cotton  and  woollen  fabrics  are  extensively  manufactured  in  families  through- 
out the  state ;  and  there  are  also  a  number  of  fulling  mills,  woollen  and  cotton  factories,  iron 
furnaces,  tanneries,  potteries,  breweries,  flouring  and  saw  mills,  &c. 

Indians.  —  The  various  tribes  formerly  inhabiting  this  region  have  yielded  to  the  advances 
of  their  civilized  successors,  parted  with  their  native  right  to  the  soil,  and  sought  other  homes 
farther  west. 

Population.  —  The  population  of  Indiana,  since  the  year  1825,  has  increased  with  unexam- 
pled rapidity.  At  that  date,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  estimated  at  185,000.  It  is  now, 
in  (1850,)  988,416.  Among  the  causes  which  have  conduced  to  attract  settlers  thither,  the 
extraordinary  fertility  of  the  soil,  the  low  price  of  lands,  the  facilities  for  inland  water  com- 
munication, and  the  healthful  climate,  are  doubtless  among  the  most  prominent. 

Climate.  —  Residents  of  the  country  characterize  the  climate  as  generally  mild  and  salu- 
brious. In  summer,  the  temperature  is  genial  and  uninterrupted  by  injurious  changes.  The 
winters  are  neither  long  nor  severe,  six  weeks  being  considered  as  their  average  duration. 
Frosts,  however,  are  common  in  spring  and  autumn.  Fevers  and  agues  prevail  only  in  marshy 
places,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  stagnant  waters. 

Religion.  —  In  "modes  of  faith"  there  is  much  diversity.  The  most  numerous  classes 
of  Christians  are  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  and  Baptists ;  there  are  also  considerable  num- 
bers of  Lutherans,  Episcopalians,  Roman  Catholics,  and  Friends. 

Curiosities.  —  Among  the  most  remarkable  curiosities  of  the  state  are  the  mineral  caves 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — INDIAN    TERRITORY.  53 

already  alluded  to,  and  the  multitudes  of  singular  mounds  scattered  over  the  face  not  only  of 
Indiana,  but  most  of  the  Western  States,  supposed  by  many  to  have  been  ancient  Indian  for- 
tifications, by  others  conjectured  to  be  places  of  sepulture,  and  by  some  to  be  tumuli  produced 
solely  by  natural  causes. 


INDIAN  TERRITORY  (PROPER)  is  a  large  and  fertile  region,  lying  geographically  in  the 
centre  of  the  North  American  republic,  midway  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans.  It  was 
allotted,  and  has  been  at  different  times  enlarged,  by  the  government  of  the  United  States,  for  the 
purpose  of  affording  places  of  permanent  residence  for  those  Indian  tribes  who  might  emigrate 
from  the  states  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  These  emigrants  are  protected  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  their  own  institutions,  and  many  of  the  tribes  have  established  forms  of  government 
independent  of  the  United  States  laws,  in  all  matters  not  connected  with  the  preservation  of 
peace  between  the  tribes  and  upon  tiie  frontier.  It  extends  from  Platte  River,  in  about  41° 
north  latitude,  to  Red  River,  in  34°  ;  is  between  500  and  GOO  miles  in  length,  and  about  300 
miles  in  breadth,  and  its  area  may  be  estimated  at  some  150,000  square  miles.  Its  limits, 
however,  are  not  exactly  determined  on  the  north  or  the  west ;  it  being  generally  understood 
that  the  Indian  Territory,  so  called,  comprehends  that  region  which  is  permanently  settled  by 
Indian  communities,  as  distinguished  from  the  wide  waste  beyond  its  present  northern  and 
•western  borders,  which  is  peopled  by  wandering  bands  of  untutored  natives.  It  is  definitely 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  States  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  and  on  the  south  by  the  State 
of  Texas,  wherefrom  it  is  separated  by  the  Red  River. 

The  soil  throughout  this  territory  is  very  generally  productive.  It  is  watered  by  numerous 
streams,  few,  if  any  of  which,  however,  afford  facilities  for  navigation.  The  principal  rivers, 
besides  those  mentioned  as  forming  the  northern  and  southern  boundaries,  are  the  Kanzas  and 
Canadian,  with  their  multitudes  of  forks  or  tributaries.  Some  of  these  take  their  rise  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  all  flow  eastwardly,  ultimately  emptying  either  directly  or  by  way  of 
the  Missouri  into  the  great  "  Father  of  Rivers,"  the  mighty  Mississippi. 

The  face  of  the  country  presents  but  few  mountainous  prominences,  although  the  land  is 
generally  high  and  swelling,  especially  in  the  south-eastern  quarter,  wrhere  are  situated  several 
ranges  of  large  hills.  Corn  and  other  grains,  vegetables,  fruits,  and  all  the  agricultural  prod- 
ucts peculiar  to  the  states  lying  eastward  on  the  same  parallel,  may  be  cultivated  with  ample 
success.  Timber  is  not  abundant ;  but,  with  ordinary  attention,  such  trees  as  are  needed  may 
be  easily  raised.  The  grassy  prairies  afford  room  for  forests,  and  experiments  already  made 
demonstrate  their  adaptation  to  the  rapid  growth  of  wood.  Lead  and  iron  ores,  coal,  and  saline 
springs  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the  territory.  The  country  is  admirably  fitted  for  the 
raising  of  stock  and  domestic  animals  of  all  descriptions.  The  climate  is  represented  as  re- 
markably pleasant  and  salubrious,  varying  but  little  from  that  of  the  regions  east  of  the 
Mississippi,  whence  the  present  inhabitants  were  removed. 

Tlio  number  of  resident  Indians  may  be  reckoned  at  about  100,000,  three  fourths  of  whom 
are  emigrants  from  beyond  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Mississippi.  The  population  is  constantly 
being  augmented  by  additional  removals  of  Indians  from  the  east,  under  treaty  stipulations 
with  the  United  States.  The  most  numerous,  as  well  as  the  most  advanced  in  civilization,  of 
the  tribes  now  settled  in  the  territory,  are  the  Cherokees,  Choctaws,  Creeks,  Chickasaws,  and 
Shawanees.  These  have  established  appropriate  forms  of  government  for  themselves,  some 
of  them  having  written  constitutions,  and  have  made  provision  for  the  support  of  education, 
of  public  worship,  of  courts  of  justice,  &c.,  similar  to  those  of  all  well-organized  communities. 


54 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER 


Their  dwellings  are  generally  comfortable,  their  lands  well  tilled,  and  most  of  their  natural 
facilities  and  advantages  properly  applied  and  improved.  Large  numbers  of  horses  and  cattle 
are  owned  among  them ;  mercantile,  mechanical,  and  manufacturing  pursuits  are  carried  on 
to  considerable  extent,  especially  by  the  Cherokee  population ;  and  one  or  more  steamboats, 
the  property  of  some  of  the  latter,  ply  between  their  district  and  New  Orleans. 

The  United  States  support  several  military  posts  within  the  territory,  which  are  all  kept  gar- 
risoned. Missionaries,  from  the  various  religious  organizations  in  the  states,  have  established 
stations  at  many  points,  who  labor  not  only  for  the  moral  improvement,  but  for  the  literary 
and  physical  advancement,  of  the  people.  At  the  Shawanee  station,  under  control  of  the 
Baptists,  books  in  different  Indian  languages  have  been  printed  and  issued ;  journals  and 
other  works  have  also  been  published  in  the  Shawanee  dialect.  A  very  respectably  con- 
ducted newspaper  is  supported  by  the  Cherokees,  the  editor  of  which  is  an  educated  native. 

In  compensation  for  the  lands  which  were  vacated  by  the  transfer  of  these  tribes  to  their 
present  locality,  the  United  States  paid,  or  stipulated  to  pay,  between  the  years  1789  and 
1839,  in  money  or  in  lands  exchanged  or  reserved,  upwards  of  $80,000,000.  The  number 
of  acres  of  land  thus  acquired  is  about  420,000,000.  The  emigrants  also  receive  consider- 
able annuities,  from  which  they  derive  a  portion  of  their  means  of  subsistence. 


IOWA,  recently  a  dependency  of  the  United  States,  is  now  an  admitted  member  of 
the  Federal  Union.  Until  1832,  the  country  was  held  in  undisputed  possession  by  its  rude 
and  roaming  Indian  inhabitants,  of  whom  it  was  then  purchased  ;  and  settlements  were  soon 
thereafter  commenced  by  civilized  emigrants.  In  1838,  having  been  set  off  from  Wisconsin, 
it  was  organized  under  a  distinct  territorial  government ;  and  in  1846,  the  territory  was  duly 
elevated  to  the  position  of  a  free  and  independent  American  state. 

Boundary  and  Extent.  —  Iowa  is  bounded  north  by  the  Territory  of  Minnesota;  east  by  the 
Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  the  States  of  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  ;  south  by  the 
State  of  Missouri ;  and  west  and  north-west  by  portions  of  the  Territories  of  Nebraska  and 
Minnesota,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Missouri  and  the  Big  Sioux  Rivers.  The  country 
lies  between  40°  3(X  and  43°  30'  north  latitude,  and  extends  from  90°  3(X  to  96°  30>  west  lon- 
gitude ;  reaching  some  200  miles  from  north  to  south,  with  an  average  extent  of  over  220 
miles  from  east  to  west,  and  comprehending  about  51,000  square  miles. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — 10 WA.  55 

Government.  —  The  executive  power  resides  in  a  governor  and  lieutenant  governor,  chosen 
by  popular  vote  for  two  years :  the  latter  is  president  of  the  Senate.  The  legislature  com- 
prises a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  the  former  chosen  for  four  years,  one  half 
biennially,  and  in  number  not  less  than  one  third  nor  more  than  one  half  that  of  the  other 
branch.  The  constitution  provides  that  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  consist  of  less 
than  26  nor  more  than  39  members,  until  the  white  population  shall  amount  to  125,000  ;  when 
the  minimum  shall  be  36,  and  the  maximum  72.  All  free  white  male  American  citizens,  after 
a  residence  of  six  months,  are  voters. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Supreme  Court  is  composed  of  a  chief  justice  and  two  associates,  either 
two  of  whom  form  a  quorum.  They  are  elected  by  joint  vote  of  the  legislature  for  six  years. 
District  judges  are  elected  for  five  years  by  the  people,  in  the  several  districts.  Probate 
judges,  prosecuting  attorneys,  and  clerks  of  courts  are  also  elected  in  the  same  manner,  every 
two  years. 

Education.  —  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  is  chosen  by  the  people  for  three 
years.  A  large  school  fund  is  secured  by  the  appropriation  of  lands  granted  by  Congress, 
escheated  estates,  and  the  percentage  allowed  by  Congress  on  sales  of  public  lands  within 
the  state.  Common  schools  in  all  the  school  districts  are  also  maintained,  by  law,  from  other 
sources  of  revenue.  There  is  also  a  large  fund  assigned  for  the  support  of  a  university. 
The  permanent  school  fund,  at  interest,  in  1850,  amounted  to  about  $279,000. 

Finances.  —  The  state  holds  productive  property  valued  at  upwards  of  $11,000,000.  Its 
debt,  in  1849,  was  $55,000,  incurring  an  interest  of  $5500.  The  legislature  holding  biennial 
sessions  only,  the  annual  public  expenditure  is  only  about  $19,000.  The  taxable  property, 
in  1849,  was  valued  at  $18,479,751,  which  pays  to  the  state  a  tax  of  three  tenths  of  one 
per  cent. 

Surface  and  Soil. — With  the  exception  of  some  high  hills  in  the  northern  part,  the  surface 
is  nowhere  mountainous,  but  consists  of  table  ^ands,  prairies,  and  gently  swelling  eminences 
covered  with  timber.  Ranges  of  bluffs,  from  30  to  120  feet  in  height,  intersected  with 
ravines,  generally  terminate  the  table  lands  upon  the  borders  of  rivers.  The  soil  is  almost 
universally  good,  reaching  to  a  depth  of  18  to  24  inches  on  the  upland  prairies,  and  from  24 
to  48  inches  on  the  bottom  lands.  Constant  cultivation  for  a  century  would  scarcely  exhaust 
it.  It  produces  every  description  of  grain  and  vegetables  suited  to  the  climate,  and  is  pecu- 
liarly favorable  to  the  growth  of  fruit.  Timber  is  not  abundant,  except  in  certain  sections, 
comprising*  in  all  about  one  fourth  part  of  the  state.  But  the  country  is  so  well  supplied  with 
river  navigation,  that  this  deficiency  in  other  quarters  is  not  felt.  Among  the  indigenous 
fruits  are  vast  quantities  of  plums,  grapes,  strawberries,  crab  apples,  &c.  The  crops  of 
wheat  ordinarily  amount  to  30  or  35  bushels  per  acre  ;  and  the  yield  of  corn  is  from  50  to  75 
bushels.  Wells  of  excellent  water  are  obtained  at  a  depth  of  25  to  30  feet. 

Rivers.  —  Besides  the  noble  rivers  which  skirt  the  state  on  the  east  and  west,  there  are 
several  streams  of  considerable  magnitude,  with  numerous  branches,  pervading  the  entire 
territory.  Many  of  them  are  extensively  navigable,  and  afford  fine  water  power ;  and  all 
are  immediately  or  remotely  connected  with  the  Mississippi  or  the  Missouri. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  A  project  for  constructing  a  railroad,  commencing  at  Dubuque, 
on  the  Mississippi,  and  extending  across  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  waters  of  Columbia 
River,  was  started  in  1840.  At  the  last  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  acts  were  passed 
granting  the  right  of  way  to  the  Davenport,  Camanche,  and  Lyons  Railroad  Companies,  for 
railroads  from  the  Mississippi  to  Council  Bluffs  on  the  Missouri.  In  these  enterprises  consid- 
erable northern  and  eastern  capital  will  probably  be  employed. 

Minerals.  —  But  little  comparative  progress  has  been  made  in  the  exploration  and  develop- 
ment of  the  mineral  treasures  of  Iowa ;  although  it  is  well  known,  from  even  imperfect 
researches,  that  a  very  large  pbrtion  of  the  country  is  extremely  rich  in  various  descriptions 
of  metals.  There  are  tracts,  probably  to  the  extent  of  hundreds  of  miles,  that  abound  in  lead 
ore;  copper jand  iron  are  also  abundant  in  various  locations,  as  well  as  coal,  limestone,  &c. 


56 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


In  the  vicinity  of  Dubuque,  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  are  some  of  the  finest  and  most 
valuable  lead  mines  in  the  United  States.* 

Manufactures.  —  Excepting  the  working  of  mineral  ores  into  marketable  shape,  and  the 
fabrication  of  articles  for  domestic  use  from  the  raw  materials  produced  within  the  state,  there 
are  no  extensive  manufacturing  operations.  The  whole  amount  of  capital  employed  in  1840, 
in  every  description  of  manufactures,  fell  somewhat  short  of  $200,000. 

Indians.  —  Recently  large  tracts  were  held  by  various  tribes  of  Indians.  The  lowas  held 
portions  of  the  south,  the  Pottawatamies  of  the  west,  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of  the  centra] 
parts  of  the  state.  But  these  tracts  have  been  ceeded  to  the  United  States. 

Population.  —  Since  the  admission  of  Iowa  into  the  Union,  the  state  has  been  rapidly  filling 
up  with  white  settlers.  In  1840,  the  population  numbered  43,]] 2,  including  that  of  the  north 
section,  now  called  the  Territory  ofMinesota.  It  has  increased  prodigiously  within  the  past 
ten  years,  and  at  the  last  census  amounted  to  192,214. 

Climate.  —  With  the  exception  of  some  localities  on  the  river  sides,  subject  to  occasional 
inundations,  the  climate  of  Iowa  is  more  healthy  in  general  than  that  of  the  neighboring 
Western  States.  This  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact,  that  the  current  of  its  streams  is  more 
rapid.  The  diseases  prevalent  in  quarters  considered  unhealthy  at  times  are  fevers  and 
agues,  bilious  disorders,  &c.  The  commencement,  duration,  and  termination  of  winter  cor- 
respond with  those  of  the  same  season  in  New  England.  But  the  temperature  is  less  severe, 
being  more  like  that  of  Pennsylvania.  Snow,  to  a  depth  of  more  than  seven  or  eight  inches, 
is  seldom  seen.  The  summers  are  extremely  pleasant,  the  heat  rarely  becoming  oppressive, 
and  the  atmosphere  being  often  refreshed  by  gentle  showers. 

Religion.  —  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  and  Baptists  are  the  most  numerous  of  the  religious 
denominations.  The  Episcopalians  have  several  societies  or  parishes,  and  there  are  also 
Roman  Catholics,  Friends,  &c. 

Curiosities.  —  One  of  the  most  remarkable  productions  of  nature,  in  this  region,  is  a  natural 
bridge,  which  crosses  the  River  Maksqueta  —  a  fine  stream  flowing  into  the  Mississippi,  near 
the  centre  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  state.  This  bridge  has  a  span  of  40  feet,  and  is 
composed  of  solid  limestone. 


KENTUCKY,  formerly  considered  one  of  the  "  Western  States  "  of  the  American  Union, 
may  now  be  ranked  among  those  on  the  map  at  the  right  hand  of  the  observer,  since,  by  the 

*  Very  recently,  at  Dubuque,  a  company  of  seven  persons  took  from  its  native  bed  in  one  day  a 
quantity  of  lead  ore  valued  at  upwards  of 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.—  KENTUCKY.  57 

immense  extension  of  territory  towards  the  setting  sun,  there  is  vastly  more  space  between 
Kentucky  and  tho  Pacific  Ocean  than  between  that  state  and  the  Atlantic.  It  was  originally 
included  within  the  limits  of  Virginia,  from  which  state  it  was  separated  in  1786,  when  it  was 
organized  under  a  territorial  government,  and  so  remained  until  its  erection  into  a  state  in 
1792.  No  extensive  exploration  of  the  country  is  known  certainly  to  have  taken  place  until 
about  the  year  1770,  when  the  celebrated  and  eccentric  adventurer  Colonel  Boone  penetrated 
its  then  remote  and  inhospitable  wilds.  Four  years  afterwards,  a  permanent  settlement  was 
made  at  Harrodsburg ;  but  the  inhabitants  of  the  territory,  wherever  located,  were  constantly 
harassed  by  the  predatory  incursions  of  various  savage  tribes,  until  the  conclusion  of  the 
treaty  with  General  Wayne  in  1795. 

Boundary  and  Extent.  —  The  Ohio  River  constitutes  the  northern  boundary  of  this  state, 
separating  it  from  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois.  On  the  east  lies  Virginia,  and  on 
the  south  Tennessee.  The  Mississippi,  on  the  west,  separates  Kentucky  from  the  State  of 
Missouri.  It  extends  from  north  latitude  36°  30'  to  39°  10',  and  lies  between  82°  and  89°  30' 
west  longitude.  Its  length  from  'east  to  west  is  about  400  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  does 
not  greatly  exceed  100  miles.  Its  area,  as  officially  reported,  is  37,680  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  present  constitution,  adopted  in  1850,  provides  for  the  quadrennial 
election  of  governor  and  lieutenant  governor  by  a  plurality  of  the  popular  suffrages  ;  but  the 
former  magistrate  cannot  be  reflected  until  after  a  lapse  of  four  years.  The  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor is,  ex  ojficio,  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate,  and,  in  extraordinary  cases,  discharges 
the  duties  of  the  executive.  The  number  of  senators  is  limited  to  38:  one  half  of  the  number 
are  elected  every  two  years,  in  a  manner  that  each  member  may  serve  four  years.  The 
representatives,  100  in  number,  apportioned  to  the  several  counties  or  districts  every  eighth 
year,  are  chosen  biennially.  The  legislature  holds  biennial  sessions  at  Frankfort,  continuing 
only  60  days,  unless  by  a  two  thirds  concurrent  vote.  All  white  males,  21  years  of  age,  after 
a  residence  in  the  state  of  two  years,  and  in  the  district  of  one  year,  are  qualified  voters. 
The  manner  of  voting  at  elections  is  by  open  vote,  or  viva  voce. 

Judiciary.  —  The  courts  consist  of  a  Court  of  Appeals,  having  appellate  jurisdiction  only 
throughout  the  state,  Circuit  Courts  in  each  county,  and  County  Courts.  The  judges  of  the 
former,  four  in  number,  are  elected  by  the  people  for  eight  years,  and  so  classified  that  one 
shall  retire  every  two  years.  Those  of  the  Circuit  Courts,  12  in  number,  are  chosen  for  six 
years.  Those  of  the  County  Courts,  consisting  of  a  presiding  and  two  associate  justices  in 
each  county,  are  chosen  by  the  people  for  four  years.  Two  justices  of  the  peace  are  elected, 
in  each  county,  for  terms  of  four  years.  Sheriffs  are  chosen  for  two  years,  and  cannot  serve 
beyond  a  second  term. 

Education.  —  The  state  possesses  a  bountiful  school  fund,  which,  for  the  year  1849,  yielded 
an  income  of  about  $67,000,  three  fourths  of  which,  however,  are  applied  to  the  ordinary  ex- 
penditures of  the  state.  In  the  above  year,  there  were  193,000  children  between  the  ages  of 
five  and  sixteen  years,  nearly  one  half  of  whom  attended  the  district  schools  connected  with 
the  public  system.  Among  these  latter  the  sum  of  $29,166  was  distributed  from  the  perma- 
nent school  fund,  and  $21,874  from  the  "two  cent  tax." 

Finances.  —  In  1849,  the  whole  amount  of  the  funded  debt  was  $4,497,652-81,  a  part  of 
which,  viz.,  $836,000,  was  due  to  the  school  fund.  The  income  in  the  same  year,  from  all 
sources,  amounted  to  $468,630-19,  and  the  expenditures  to  $447,620-64.  To  meet  the  in- 
terest of  the  public  debt,  the  state  owns  bank  stocks,  turnpike  and  railroad  stocks,  and  other 
property,  from  which  an  annual  revenue  of  more  than  $100,000  is  derived.  The  residue  of 
the  interest  is  made  up  from  the  yearly  tax,  which  is  about  17  cents  on  each  $100  worth  of 
property.  The  amount  of  taxable  property  in  1849  was  upwards  of  $285,000,000. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  Kentucky  presents  a  great  diversity  of  surface.  In  the  eastern 
quarter,  where  it  is  bordered  by  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  there  are  numerous  lofty  eleva- 
tions ;  and  on  the  northern  boundary,  adjacent  to  the  Ohio  River,  and  running  through  the 
whole  extent  of  the  state,  there  is  a  strip  of  hilly  but  fertile  land,  from  5  to  20  miles  in  breadth. 
Along  the  immediate  margin  of  the  Ohio  is  a  tract,  one  mile  wide,  of  bottom  lands,  which  are 
8 


58  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

periodically  overflowed.  The  intermediate  country,  between  the  hilly  regions  on  the  north  and 
on  the  south-east,  is  gently  undulating ;  and  here,  within  an  area  of  100  by  50  miles,  the  soil 
is  of  extraordinary  richness.  In  the  neighborhood  of  the  Cumberland  River,  there  is  another 
tract  of  about  100  miles  in  extent,  which,  though  denominated  "barrens,"  has  been  within  a 
feAv  years  transformed  from  an  extended  and  unbroken  prairie  into  forests  of  thrifty  and  valu- 
able timber.  The  soil  throughout  the  state  is  generally  of  excellent  quality,  producing  hemp, 
tobacco,  wheat,  corn,  and  numerous  other  fruits  of  the  earth  in  great  abundance.  Among  the 
native  trees,  the  most  common  are  black  walnut,  black  cherry,  mulberry,  locust,  ash,  elm, 
papaw,  buckeye,  whitethorn,  cottonwood,  and  sugar  maple.  Grapes,  of  fine  quality,  also 
abound ;  and  all  the  fruits  adapted  to  the  climate  are  successfully  cultivated. 

Rivers.  —  The  largest  rivers  are  the  Cumberland  and  the  Tennessee,  both  branches  of  the 
Ohio,  which  latter  flows  along  the  northern  boundary  for  a  distance  of  637  miles.  These 
branches  are  navigable  to  a  very  considerable  extent.  They  enter  the  Ohio  at  points  about 
12  miles  apart,  and  within  50  to  60  miles  of  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  with  the  Mississippi. 
The  other  principal  streams,  besides  those  which  bound  the  state,  are  the  Kentucky,  Licking, 
Salt,  and  Green  Rivers,  all  of  which  are  extensively  navigable. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  Louisville  and  Portland  Canal,  two  and  a  half  miles  in  length, 
is  a  work  of  extraordinary  magnitude  and  importance.  It  was  completed  in  1831,  at  great 
cost,  and  after  some  years  of  labor;  its  bed  having  been  excavated  out  of  lime  rock,  a  portion 
of  it  to  the  depth  of  12  feet.  By  this  work,  a  fall  of  22  feet  on  the  Ohio  River  at  Louisville 
has  been  overcome,  and  vast  numbers  of  steamboats  and  other  craft  are  constantly  passing 
through  it.  The  Lexington  and  Ohio  Railroad,  extending  from  Lexington,  via  Frankfort,  to 
Louisville,  95  miles  in  length,  is  nearly,  if  not  quite,  completed.  Another,  from  the  former  city 
to  Covington  on  the  Ohio,  opposite  Cincinnati,  is  under  contract ;  and  some  others  are  projected. 

Minerals.  —  The  most  abundant  of  the  mineral  products  of  Kentucky  are  iron,  coal,  lime, 
and  salt.  Large  quantities  of  the  latter  article  are  annually  exported.  Limestone,  at  various 
depths,  underlays  the  soil  of  a  large  portion  of  the  state. 

Manufactures.  —  A  large  amount  of  capital  is  invested  in  the  manufacture  of  hemp,  cotton, 
wool,  iron,  tobacco,  leather,  and  other  staple  commodities.  The  fabrication  of  almost  every 
article  of  domestic  use  is  also  carried  on  throughout  the  state. 

Indians.  —  FCAV  or  none  of  the  descendants  of  the  aboriginal  possessors  of  the  soil  now 
remain  within  the  limits  of  the  state. 

Population.  —  Sixty  years  since,  the  population  of  Kentucky  numbered  less  than  75,000. 
By  the  last  census,  it  has  reached  over  1,000,000,  more  than  one  fifth  of  which  number 
are  slaves. 

Climate.  —  The  winters  in  this  state  rarely  continue  longer  than  two  or  three  months,  and 
are  generally  mild,  but  humid.  The  other  seasons  are  remarkably  pleasant,  and  the  tempera- 
ture varies  less  between  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  than  in  some  of  the  neighboring  states. 
The  climate  is  consequently  healthy. 

Religion.  —  Of  the  various  Christian  denominations,  the  Baptists,  perhaps,  are  the  most 
numerous.  The  Methodists  are  next  in  numerical  order.  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  and 
Roman  Catholics  have  each  a  large  number  of  churches.  There  are  also  some  societies  of 
Shakers  and  Unitarians. 

Curiosities.  —  Among  the  extraordinary  objects  .of  wonder  found  in  this  state  is  the 
celebrated  "  Mammoth  Cave,"  which  has  not,  probably,  an  equal  in  the  known  world.  It  is 
situated  in  the  county  of  Edmonson,  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  and  its  subterranean  vaults 
have  been  explored  to  the  extent  of  some  eight  to  ten  miles.  Its  earthy  floor  is  impregnated 
so  strongly  with  nitre,  that  considerable  quantities  of  this  article  have  been  extracted  there- 
from. There  are  several  other  remarkable  caverns  in  the  state,  principally  in  the  south-west 
part,  between  Cumberland  and  Green  Rivers.  Many  of  the  lofty,  perpendicular  precipices 
of  solid  limestone  on  the  banks  of  Kentucky  River,  and  the  frequent  chasms  formed  in  the 
subjacent  calcareous  rocks  by  the  rapid  action  of  large  streams,  may  likewise  be  enumerated 
among  the  natural  curiosities  of  Kentucky. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— LOUISIANA. 


59 


LOUISIANA.  This  state  became  a  territorial  member  of  the  Federal  Union  in  tho  year 
1803,  under  peculiar  circumstances.  It  had  been  successively  the  property  of  certain  French 
adventurers,  of  the  crown  of  France,  of  the  government  of  Spain,  and  again  of  the  French, 
by  whom  it  was  sold  to  the  United  States  for  $15,000,000.  One  of  the  conditions  of  the 
transfer  required  the  United  States  to  liquidate  all  claims  of  American  citizens  upon 
France,  on  account  of  commercial  spoliations  prior  to  the  year  1800  —  an-  obligation  which, 
after  the  lapse  of  nearly  half  a  century,  has  not  been  fulfilled.  Within  20  years  after  the 
discovery,  in  1663,  of  the  River  Mississippi,  the  territory  was  explored  by  La  Salle,  who,  in 
honor  of  Louis  XIV.,  called  it  by  the  name  it  now  bears.  The  first  settlements  were  made  at 
about  the  commencement  of  the  18th  century ;  and  in  1731,  the  proprietors  relinquished  their 
jurisdiction  to  the  king,  who  ceded  it  to  Spain,  in  1762.  It  was  reconveyed  to  France  in 
1800  ;  and,  at  the  period  of  its  sale  to  the  United  States,  three  years  thereafter,  the  province 
embraced  all  the  country  west  of  the  Mississippi,  reaching  to  the  Texan  boundaries.  It  was 
admitted  as  an  independent  state,  and  its  limits  specially  defined,  in  1812.  The  city  of  New 
Orleans,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  is  celebrated  in  history  for  its  defence,  under 
General  Jackson,  against  an  attack  of  the  British  sea  and  land  forces,  commanded  by  General 
Packenham,  on  the  8th  of  January,  1815,  wherein  the  invaders  were  signally  defeated. 

Boundary  and  Extent.  -—  It  is  bounded  on  the  extreme  north  by  Arkansas,  and  near  its 
centre  by  a  part  of  Mississippi ;  on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  dividing  it  from  the 
state  of  that  name,  and  by  Pearl  River;  on  the  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  and  on  the  west 
by  Texas,  from  which  it  is  partially  divided  by  the  River  Sabine.  It  extends  from  29°  to  33° 
north  latitude,  and  from  88°  40'  to  94°  25'  west  longitude.  Its  length  is  250  miles,  and  its 
breadth,  at  the  southern  extremity,  300.  This  width  is  maintained  throughout  about  one  half 
its  length,  when  it  becomes  nearly  200  miles  narrower,  though  gradually  expanding  towards 
the  northern  line,  where  it  measures  180  miles  in  breadth.  Its  area  is  computed  at  46,431 
square  miles. 

Government.  —  By  the  constitution,  established  in  1845,  the  governor  holds  office  for  a  term 
of  four  years,  but  cannot  be  elected  for  the  next  succeeding  term.  He  is  chosen  by  a  plu- 
rality of  the  electors.  The  lieutenant  governor,  chosen  in  like  manner,  presides  over  the 
Senate.  Senators,  32  in  number,  are  chosen  also  for  four  years,  at  alternate  biennial  elec- 
tions, so  that  one  half  retire  every  two  years.  Representatives,  not  less  than  70  nor  more 
than  100  in  number,  apportioned  to  the  number  of  electors,  as  computed  every  10  years,  are 
chosen  biennially.  The  legislature  sits  but  once  in  two  years,  and  their  sessions  cannot  be 
of  longer  duration  than  60  days.  The  qualifications  of  voters  are  similar  to  those  of  most 


60  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

of  the  free  states ;  the  right  of  suffrage  being  confined  to  white  American  citizens,  who  have 
resided  within  the  state  two  years,  the  last  of  which  in  the  parish  or  county  where  they  vote. 

Judicially.  —  The  Supreme  Court  is  composed  of  a  chief  and  three  associate  justices.  It  has 
appellate  jurisdiction  only  in  certain  prescribed  cases.  District  Courts,  with  one  judge  to 
each,  are  established  in  the  several  judicial  districts,  the  present  number  of  which  is  17 :  * 
these  have  jurisdiction  in  all  criminal  cases,  and  in  civil  suits  involving  a  sum  exceeding  50 
dollars.  All  the  judges  are  appointed  by  the  executive ;  those  of  the  Supreme  Court  for 
eight,  and  those  of  the  inferior  courts  for  six  years. 

Education.  —  The  state  appropriates  annually,  for  purposes  of  education,  $250,000.  It  has 
also  a  permanent  fund,  derived  from  various  sources,  the  interest  of  which  is  applied  to  the 
maintenance  of  free  schools. 

Finances.  —  It  is  provided  by  the  constitution  that  the  state  debt  shall  never  exceed 
$100,000,  except  in  case  of  war  or  other  like  emergency,  or  for  some  special  public  work  or 
object  authorized  by  law.  Subscriptions  by  the  state  to  the  stock  of  any  corporation  are 
prohibited,  as  is  also  a  loan  of  the  state  credit.  Banking  or  discounting  companies  cannot 
be  augmented  in  number,  nor  any  further  charters  granted,  except  for  political  or  municipal 
purposes,  for  more  than  25  years. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  Nearly  the  whole  surface  of  the  state  consists  of  level  prairies,  many 
of  them  of  immense  extent.  There  are  no  elevations  of  consequence,  excepting  in  one 
quarter,  near  the  centre  of  the  western  boundary,  where  the  land  swells  into  protuberances, 
though  pf  no  very  great  height.  There  are  occasional  tracts  exhibiting  a  hilly  and  rolling  sur- 
face, having  forests  of  pines,  of  singular  appearance,  upon  the  acclivities,  and  surmounted  by 
broad  expanses  of  table  lands,  the  intervening  valleys  reaching  to  a  depth  of  some  40  feet. 
Prairies,  swamps,  alluvial  plains,  pine,  hickory,  and  oak  lands,  may  be  said  to  comprehend 
the  chief  varieties  of  the  soil  of  Louisiana.  The  marshes,  forming  the  basis  of  the  alluvial 
soil,  and  which  are  annually  overflowed,  extend  some  20  to  30  miles  inland  from  the  southern 
boundary,  and  in  many  places  nearly  the  same  distance  on  either  side  of  the  large  streams. 
The  alluvial  grounds  beyond,  as  they  gradually  accumulate,  assume  the  character  of  prairies, 
and  are  remarkable  for  their  extraordinary  fertility.  A  part  of  the  tract  subject  to  inundation 
bears  a  heavy  growth  of  timber.  The  soil  of  the  pine  uplands  is  somewhat  sterile  ;  and  that 
of  the  elevated  prairies  is  generally  of  ordinary  quality,  though  well  adapted  for  grazing ; 
but  that  of  the  alluvial  districts  is  exceedingly  rich  and  productive.  Sugar,  cotton,  and  rice 
are  the  most  important  staples ;  and  these  are  cultivated  extensively  and  profitably.  Among 
the  other  valuable  products  of  the  soil  are  corn  and  other  grains,  potatoes,  tobacco,  hay,  &c. 
Large  numbers  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  are  raised  in  the  central  and  northern 
parts  of  the  state.  The  bottom  lands  bordering  on  Red  River  abound  in  various  descriptions  of 
timber,  as  locust,  buckeye,  papaw,  willow,  cottonwood,  &c.  On  the  fertile  uplands  are  found 
the  hickory,  elm,  ash,  walnut,  and  mulberry;  also  grape-vines  in  great  profusion.  The  white 
and  yellow  pine,  and  several  kinds  of  oak,  thrive  in  many  other  elevated  parts  of  the  state, 
otherwise  deemed  sterile. 

Rivers.  —  The  magnificent  "  Father  of  Waters,"  the  Mississippi,  discharges  itself  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  through  various  outlets  at  the  southern  and  south-eastern  extremities  of  the 
btate.  In  its  long  journey  from  its  northern  sources,  it  of  course  traverses  the  entire  length 
of  the  state,  partially  forming  its  eastern  boundary,  and  then  passing  off  in  a  south-easterly 
direction,  nearly  through  the  middle  of  the  remaining  portion  of  the  territory.  This  vast 
stream  receives  in  its  course,  and  within  the  limits  of  the  state,  the  liquid  contributions  of 
several  important  tributaries,  which  water  the  country  in  many  directions.  Among  these  are 
Red  River  and  its  branches,  the  Atchafalaya,  &c. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  There  are  sundry  railroads  connecting  the  capital  with  different 
places  in  the  vicinity,  none  of  which,  however,  are  of  any  great  length.  The  railroad  from  St. 
Francisville,  on  the  Mississippi,  to  Woodville,  Mississippi,  20  miles,  is  the  longest  in  the  state. 

*  The  district  of  New  Orleans  comprises  5  courts  ;  so  that  the  whole  number  of  district  judges  is  22. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— MAINE. 


61 


There  are  also  several  canals  of  considerable  magnitude  connected  with  the  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi.  Other  public  works  of  the  kind,  including  both  railroads  and  canals,  are  in  contem- 
plation, some  of  which  are  already  in  course  of  construction. 

Minerals.  —  But  littl«  attention  has  been  given  to  the  mineral  resources  of  Louisiana. 
Probably  no  extensive  explorations  have  ever  been  undertaken.  Few  or  no  indications  of 
coal,  or  other  mineral  deposits,  have  as  yet  made  their  appearance,  and  whatever  treasures  of 
this  kind  may  exist  beneath  the  surface  still  remain  undeveloped. 

Manufactures.  —  These  include  a  few  cotton  factories,  producing  articles  only  for  home 
consumption ;  several  furnaces,  forges,  and  tanneries ;  a  number  of  sugar  refineries,  distilleries, 
and  mills  of  various  sorts. 

Indians.  —  Of  the  numerous  tribes  which  once  peopled  or  roamed  over  this  and  the  neighbor- 
ing regions,  scarcely  a  vestige  remains.  The  race  of  red  men  has  retired  before  the  advancing 
footsteps  of  civilization,  from  this  as  from  other  quarters  of  the  United  States,  where  the  settle- 
ments of  the  white  man  have  encroached  upon  the  hunting-grounds  and  the  wild  haunts  and 
habits  of  the  savage. 

Population.  —  The  people  of  Louisiana  comprehend  not  only  several  varieties  of  the  human 
species,  but  are  composed  both  of  native  Americans  and  of  the  descendants  of  emigrants  from 
many  foreign  nations.  The  inhabitants  of  the  northern  settlements  were  chiefly  from  Canada, 
those  in  the  centre  of  the  state  are  mostly  of  German  extraction,  and  those  at  the  south  com- 
prise large  numbers  of  French  and  Spaniards,  descended  from  the  original  settlers.  The  popu- 
lation, which  in  1810  was  76,556,  more  than  doubled  itself  within  the  following  ten  years, 
and  in  1850  it  had  increased  to  517,739.  Nearly  one  half  the  population  are  slaves. 

Climate.  —  There  are  large  tracts  in  this  state,  which,  at  certain  seasons,  are  decidedly  un- 
favorable to  human  health.  During  the  summer  and  autumn,  the  low  and  marshy  localities 
are  frequently  visited  by  yellow  fever,  cholera,  and  other  destructive  maladies.  Other  parts 
of  the  state,  however,  enjoy  a  salubrious  climate.  The  winters  in  general  are  said  to  be  less 
mild  than  those  on  the  Atlantic  coast  in  the  same  parallel  of  latitude. 

Religion.  —  The  Roman  Catholics  have  ever  been  the  prevailing  sect,  the  country  having 
been  originally  settled  by  them,  although  other  denominations  are  at  present  increasing. 
There  are  numerous  bodies  of  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  and  Episcopalians,  all  of 
which  are  growing  in  numbers  more  rapidly  than  the  Papists. 


MAINE.  History  is,  in  more  than  one  point  of  view,  an  instructor  of  mankind.  It  can  be 
considered  morally,  as  it  teaches  the  connection  of  the  virtues  with  domestic  and  national 
prosperity.  By  its  statistics  it  enlightens  the  politician,  animates  the  philanthropist,  and 


62  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

warns  the  tyrant.  It  directs  the  efforts  of  art,  science,  and  benevolence ;  connects  distant 
times  and  places  with  our  own  period  and  abode  ;  makes  us  denizens  almost  of  a  world ;  and 
kindles  a  glowing  interest  in  the  aifairs  of  our  whole  race. 

The  "  enlightened  European  "  might  disdain  to  look  for  lessons  of  wisdom  to  the  compara- 
tively obscure  settlers  of  American  wildernesses ;  but  it  may  be  successfully  maintained  that 
even  from  them  he  could  be  taught  A  population  laborious  and  sober,  frugal  yet  free,  pos- 
sessing and  consulting  the  sacred  records  of  divine  revelation,  and  unobstructed  in  the  reduction 
of  their  precepts  into  practical  life,  must  aiford  a  development  to  the  human  faculties  rarely 
seen.  The  old  world  presents  the  many  as  made  subservient  to  the  few ;  the  new  world 
has  afforded  the  prospect  of  the  multitude  engaged  in  promoting  their  own  benefit,  and  framing 
their  institutions  in  such  manner  as  to  secure  it. 

Let  a  thoughtful  reader  peruse  the  history  of  the  republics  of  Italy,  as  written  by  their 
enlightened  and  faithful  historian  SISMONDI,  and  study  the  tablet  it  presents  of  lawless  ambition, 
ruthless  war,  and  keen  suffering,  of  heartless  oppression  and  wrong,  and  that  for  centuries ; 
then  let  him  turn  over  the  records  of  our  own  American  states,  and  institute  a  comparison. 
Will  he  not  conclude  that  humanity  has  gained  somewhat  in  the  lapse  of  ages  ? 

In  MAINE,  for  instance,  an  example  has  been  set  for  the  instruction  of  the  world,  in  the 
single  circumstance  of  the  creation  of  its  territory  into  a  sovereign  state,  without  the 
shedding  of  a  drop  of  human  blood,  or  the  existence  of  angry  debate.  Peaceful  and  deliberate 
discussion,  weighing  critically  the  advantage  or  the  injury,  and  honestly  bringing  each  to  the 
light  for  impartial  examination,  formed  the  prelude ;  and  the  consequent  success  of  the  measure 
has  been  between  the  sister  states  a  subject  of  mutual  congratulation,  each  of  the  parties 
having  unquestionably  gained. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  in  the  circumstances  of  these  two  masses  of  population,  amounting 
in  the  aggregate  to  700,000  souls,  the  withdrawing  of  one  third  part  might  have  furnished  fuel 
for  an  extensive  and  ruinous  conflagration.  Causes  of  minor  consequence  often  inflamed  the 
ancient  republics  of  Greece,  and  incited  them  to  ruinous  wars ;  and  Italian  history,  before 
alluded  to,  is  full  of  scenes  of  bloodshed  where  far  less  was  at  stake.  But  MASSACHUSETTS 
submitted  to  lose  much  of  her  weight  and  influence  in  the  general  union  of  the  states,  and 
MAINE  was  content  with  the  division  of  the  public  property.  Each  State  has  since  advanced 
in  opulence,  and  in  all  that  distinguishes  American  society,  without  the  slightest  relic  of  any 
ancient  grudge,  or  the  traces  of  political  jealousy  or  envy. 

No  enlightened  lover  of  mankind  can  contemplate  such  a  picture,  it  would  seem,  without 
emotion.  How  many  bloody  revolutions  would  have  been  prevented,  how  many  precious  lives 
been  saved,  had  such  a  course  been  uniformly  held !  The  wars  of  Holland  with  Spain,  in  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries,  and  that  of  Great  Britain  with  the  colonies  in  the  eighteenth, 
would  have  had  no  place  in  history  ;  and  could  the  now  remaining  colonies  pursue  a  similar 
course,  it  might  be  expected  to  issue  in  mutual  benefit ;  as  might,  perhaps,  the  wasting  desola- 
tions of  Hungary  and  Italy,  in  our  own  day,  have  been  prevented  by  it.  Force  and  fraud  have 
done  for  ambition  the  work  of  selfish  aggrandizement  too  long  already :  we  may  hope  that  the 
time  approaches  when  "  the  greatest  good  of  the  greatest  number  "  is  to  be  the  acknowledged 
aim  of  the  rulers  of  men. 

Among  the  Eastern  pr  New  England  States,  extent  of  territory  is  the  prominent  distinction 
of  MAINE.  So  great  is  this,  comparatively,  that  it  early  gave  occasion  to  a  significant  toast 
from  a  tourist  *  of  South  Carolina  —  "  The  District  of  Maine,  the  main  district  of  Massachu- 
setts ! "  But  it  rises  to  a  higher  consequence,  for  its  area,  which  is  now  stated  at  32,628  square 
miles,  nearly  equals  the  aggregate  of  all  the  other  states  comprised  in  the  above-named  division, 
and  in  population  it  stands  among  them  the  second  only  to  Massachusetts. 

Nor  are  these  distinctions  the  sole  recommendations  of  this  state  to  our  regard.  Its  length- 
ened sea-coast,  indented  with  harbors  almost  innumerable,  and  extending  more  than  200  miles, 
point  it  out  as  offering  advantages  of  navigation  and  commerce  superior  to  any  coast  of  equal 
extent  possessed  by  any  of  the  states  of  our  broad  confederacy  —  advantages  which  have  been 

*  Major  Pinckney,  in  1809. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — MAINE.  63 

availed  of  by  many  of  its  adventurous  and  energetic  citizens,  who  have  for  a  long  time 
frequented  the  West  Indies,  as  well  as  our  own  ports,  with  lumber,  cattle,  and  provisions  of 
various  kinds.  This  distinction  occasioned  a  late  President  of  the  United  States  *  to  express 
the  opinion,  that  in  process  of  time  the  peculiar  facilities  of  MAINE  would  inevitably  raise  her 
to  a  commercial  prosperity  greater  than  that  of  any  state  of  the  Union. 

Her  climate  is,  indeed,  uninviting  to  the  inhabitant  of  more  southern  regions.  So  great  a 
portion  of  the  year  is  occupied  by  the  months  which  may  be  termed  wintry,  that  a  dread  is  felt 
of  experiencing  its  rigor.  But  little  reflection,  however,  is  necessary  to  evince  that  such  a 
climate  is  favorable  to  health,  and  promotive  of  vigorous  action.  An  old  inhabitant  addressed 
a  foreigner  of  distinction,!  who  had  taken  up  his  abode  in  it  after  the  revolution,  saying,  "  I 
wonder  how  you,  who  had  a  choice  of  all  the  country,  should  seat  yourself  here."  "  You 
have  here,"  he  replied,  "  the  better  end  of  the  whole  region,  with  a  pure,  gravelly  soil  and 
clear  springs."  The  inhabitants  of  the  rich,  alluvial  soil  of  the  western  country,  enriched 
indeed  by  the  vegetable  spoils  of  centuries,  yet  hardly  admitting  the  construction  of  durable 
roads,  and  affording  in  its  waters  but  the  elements  of  fever  and  ague,  can  appreciate  the 
observation.  MAINE  is  comparatively  healthy.  It  has  lost,  however,  a  large  number  of  its 
vigorous  young  men  in  the  trade  with  the  West  Indies,  as  in  fact  has  been  the  sad  experience 
of  most  of  the  Northern  States  of  our  confederacy. 

We  may  take  a  view  of  MAINE, — 

I.  In  its  condition  previous  to  the  formation  within  it  of  any  settlement  from  Europe.  It 
was  then  inhabited  by  a  rather  numerous  and  formidable  body,  or,  to  speak  more  accurately, 
by  several  bodies,  of  Indians,  as  they  were  subsequently  termed.  Of  their  character  and 
manners,  as  they  were  totally  destitute  of  letters,  we  can  form  but  a  very  inadequate  judgment, 
as  our  opinions  must  be  grounded  on  knowledge  obtained  concerning  them  at  a  later  period. 
Their  country  was  mostly  covered  with  wood ;  yet  it  abounded  in  animals  used  for  the  support 
of  human  life,  and  the  natives  were  clad  in  their  skins.  Well-shaped,  athletic,  accustomed 
to  traverse  tl\e  rivers  *yid  to  frequent  the  islands  and  sea-coast  in  their  light  canoes,  they  seem 
to  have  enjoyed  much  of  all'  that  can  fall  to  the  lot  of  savage  life. 

Of  their  languages  we  are  able  at  present  to  give  but  a  meagre  account.  Vocabularies 
have,  indeed,  been  formed,  and  particularly  one  by  RALLE,J  a  Jesuit  priest,  who  was  long  with 
them,  and  lost  his  life  in  their  defence ;  but  it  is  believed  no  books  were  ever  published  in  any 
of  them,  the  celebrated  Bible  of  their  more  western  "  apostle  "  ELIOT  having  appeared  in  the 
dialect  of  the  tribes  inhabiting  Massachusetts. 

The  late  lamented  Dr.  PICKERING,  who  had  paid  no  little  attention  to  the  subject,  has  left, 
as  the  result  of  his  labors,  a  lucid  account  appended  to  the  translation  of  the  "  Conversations- 
Lexicon,'^  and  an  ample  exhibition  of  the  various  opinions  of  different  writers  respecting  the 
names  and  abodes  of  their  several  tribes  appears  in  WILLIAMSON'S  very  elaborate  History  of 
Maine.  But  our  limits  will  not  permit  us  to  pursue  the  subject  far. 

Not  remotely  from  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot,  and  up  its  waters,  is  placed  by  general 
consent  the  country  called  in  the  earliest  English  authorities  NORUMBEGA.  Here,  or  at  Pem- 
aquid,  it  was  supposed  resided  the  most  powerful  chieftain  of  all  the  region  now  included  in 
the  boundaries  of  Maine.  His  title  or  name  was  Bashaba.  His  authority  apparently  reached 
westwardly  as  far  as  the  Piscataqua ;  but  Avhen  it  originated  is  uncertain ;  it  seems  to  have 
ended  about  1617. 

There  remain  at  present  but  three  tribes.  These  appear  descended  of  the  Etechemins,  who 
had  the  Micmacs  to  the  eastward  of  them,  inhabiting  what  are  now  the  British  provinces  of 
New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia.  Remnants  of  the  latter  are  also  left,  but  it  is  believed  their 
language  has  never  been'  reduced  to  writing,  at  least  that  no  books  have  been  printed  in  it. 

*  Mr.  Van  Buren.  f  Count  Polerccski,  a  noble  of  Poland. 

t  See  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc. 

§  Encyclop.  Amer.,  vol.  vi.,  Appendix,  in  which  (p.  585)  he  classes  the  native  inhabitants  east  of  the 
Hudson,  except  the  Iroquois  or  Mohawks,  as  descended  of  the  Lenape,  and  says,  "  When  the  Euro- 
peans arrived  here,  these  Indians  were  in  possession  of  all  the  sea-coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Virginia." 


64  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

Two  bodies  of  the  Indians  inhabiting  Maine  are  the  Passamaquoddy  and  Penobscot  tribes  ; 
the  latter  reckoned  as  Tarratines,  the  former  as  Openangoes.  By  an  experiment  related  by  the 
Hon.  Mr.  WILLIAMSON,  it  appeared  that  "  not  a  word  of  their  language  was  found  in  the  Bible 
translated  by  ELIOT."  * 

We  cannot,  perhaps,  venture  to  assert  that  the  coast  had  never  been  visited  by  Europeans 
before  the  voyage  of  CABOT,  or  those  of  the  Spaniards,  who,  with  the  French,  seem  to  have  been 
upon  it  at  an  early  date.  But  on  a  small  island  very  near  Monhegan  was  discovered,  in  1808, 
an  inscription  of  a  rather  curious  kind,  made  on  the  side  of  a  rock.  It  might  possibly  coun- 
tenance the  hypothesis,  which  has  been  of  late  entertained  with  so  much  approbation  and 
interest  by  the  Danish  antiquaries,  that  America  was  visited  by  Scandinavians,  or  Icelanders, 
long  before  COLUMBUS.  Yet  the  inscription  seems  too  simple  to  be  resolved  into  Runic 
characters.  We  give  it  thus  :  — 


On  the  top  of  the  rock  were  found  three  holes,  about  one  foot  apart,  rather  deeply  perforated, 
and  calculated  to  accommodate  a  tripod.  The  island  is  called  Mananas,  or  Menannah,  and  is 
described  in  WILLIAMSON;!  although,  so  far  as  is  known  to  the  writer,  the  above  inscription 
has  never  before  met  the  public  eye.  It  is  the  only  one  of  which  he  has  heard  as  existing  in 
Maine  ;  and  whether  it  were  the  result  of  mere  idleness,  or  made  to  score  a  reckoning,  or  has 
a  meaning  of  a  different  kind,  we  will  not  undertake  to  determine.  The  holes  are  an  inch 
deep  or  more,  and  near  three  inches  in  diameter.  The  strokes  are  cut  to  the  depth  of  nearly 
half  an  inch,  and  are  about  six  inches  in  length,  as  our  informant  J  stated.  A  spring  is  near, 
and  the  shore  about  thirty  rods  off.  The  ledge  of  rock  is  near  the  centre  of  the  little  island, 
and  runs  about  north-north-east  and  south-south-west. 

The  natives  became  known  to  Europe  by  an  act  of  what  we  might  term  cruel  treachery  in 
an  English  captain,  WEYMOUTH.  Yet  it  resulted  in  good.  For  an  interest  w^  excited  on 
the  sight  of  them,  and  new  desires  were  aroused  of  colonizing  their  country.  This  was  in 
1605.  Two  or  three  years  after,  an  actual  attempt  was  made  to  settle  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Sagadehoc  or  Kennebec  River. 

The  Indians  now  remaining  in  the  State  of  Maine  are  divided  into  three  bodies.  That 
division  with  which  we  are  least  acquainted  is  settled  on  the  St.  John's  River,  at  two  places, 
63  and  163  miles  respectively  above  Fredericton,  in  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick. 
ScHooLCRArT  §  gives  their  number  at  300  souls,  and  calls  them  Souriquois.  By  WILLIAMSON 
they  are  termed  Marechites,  by  MORSE  Melecites.  They  were  once  numerous  and  powerful, 
but  have  greatly  declined  ;  and,  like  the  other  two  divisions,  are  chiefly,  as  they  ever  have  been 
from  the  earliest  English  settlement,  ||  under  the  influence  of  Romish  priests  ;  although  attempts 
have  been  made,  and  sometimes  with  apparent  success,  to  induce  individuals  to  adopt  a  purer 
faith.  In  1811,  one  branch  of  them  was  visited  at  Old  Town,  under  the  authority  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts government,  with  a  view  to  induce  them  to  cultivate  their  lands,  and  learn  to  depend 
on  the  productions  of  their  soil,  and  not  merely  on  hunting,  fowling,  and  fishing.  But  the  effort 
was  frustrated  by  the  ensuing  war  of  1812-15,  in  which  the  tribe  determined  on  a  strict  neu- 
trality between  the  two  belligerent  nations. 

At  a  subsequent  period,  as  is  stated  by  WILLIAMS  ON,  IF  both  these  tribes  had  become 

*  Hist,  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  459. 

•f  "  On  the  south  side  [of  Monhegan]  is  the  Menannah  Island,  of  two  acres,  distant  a  cable's  length, 
and  the  harbor  is  between  the  two  islands  ;  the  entrance  into  it  on  the  south-west  of  Monhegan  being 
safe  and  easy."  —  Hist,  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  61. 

J  The  late  Major  Joshua  Shaw,  of  Bath,  Maine. 

§  In  his  great  work  on  the  Indians  of  North  America,  published  by  Congress  in  1850,  4to. 

H  See  an  account  of  the  succession  of  missionaries  from  the  late  Governor  Lincoln's  Papers,  in  the 
Collections  of  the  Maine  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  i. 

H  Hist,  of  Maine,  vol.  ii.  pp.  669,  670 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  MAINE.  65 

"  objects  of  public  charity  and  protection,"  and  one  which  suffered  peculiarly  was  aided  by  a  grant 
of  provisions.  This,  however,  was  but  a  temporary  relief,  and  at  length  an  arrangement  was 
made,  by  which  the  lands  belonging  to  the  Penobscot  tribe,  and  which  originally  extended  far 
up  the  river,  and  six  miles  in  width  on  each  side  of  it,  were  still  further  relinquished  or  dis- 
posed of  to  the  'government  by  a  treaty,  with  exception  of  four  townships  six  miles  square,  and 
the  islands  in  Penobscot  River  above  Old  Town. 

In  consequence  of  this  arrangement,  effected  in  1817,  and  ratified  February  20,  1819,  the 
government  stipulated  to  deliver  to  the  tribe  yearly,  in  October,  as  long  as  it  might  exist, 
"  500  bushels  of  corn,  15  barrels  of  wheat  flour,  and  7  of  clear  pork ;  one  hogshead  of  molasses, 
50  Indian  blankets,  100  pounds  of  gunpowder,  400  of  shot,  and  150  of  tobacco ;  100  yards  of 
broadcloth,  alternately  red  and  blue;  (3  boxes  of  chocolate,  and  f50  in  silver."  "After- 
wards, $350  were  appropriated  by  the  government,  as  an  annual  stipend  to  their  religious 
teacher." 

Such  is  the  issue  of  a  lingering  and  almost  listless  existence,  that  has  been  protracted 
during  successive  and  obstinate  wars,  in  which  the  devotion  of  the  Indians  to  their  Romish 
guides  filled  them  with  prejudice  and  hatred  against  the  Protestant  settlers  of  Maine,  and 
apparently  has  prevented,  and  still  prevents,  their  rising,  by  industrious,  economical  habits, 
to  the  enjoyment  of  blessings  which  they  see  multiplied  all  around  them.  These  but  con- 
vince them  of  their  own  degradation,  and  display,  in  a  marked  contrast,  the  effects  of 
their  idleness  and  improvidence.  There  are  now,  according  to  the  last  account  reported  at 
Washington,  277  souls  in  the  Penobscot,  and  379  in  the  Passainaquoddy  tribe  ;  and  much  the 
greater  portion  of  these  are  women  and  children.  The  Passainaquoddy  tribe  are  at  "  Pleasant 
Point,"  with  a  territory  of  90  acres ;  the  other  at  Old  Town,  on  an  island  of  the  Penobscot 
River. 

II.  We  may  contemplate  MAINE  as  claimed,  and  in  part  occupied,  by  French  and  English 
proprietors. 

Compared  with  the  other  Eastern  or  New  England  States,  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  peculiar 
feature  of  the  history  of  MAINE,  that  her  first  settlements  of  Europeans  were  made  on  prin- 
ciples of  feudalism.  Hence,  in  fact,  the  disappointments  that  attended  them.  This  observa- 
tion was  made,  virtually,  by  the  respected  historian  of  New  Hampshire,  the  accurate  and 
sagacious  BELKNAP.  He  could  not  but  mark  the  difference  resulting  from  the  influence  of 
orders  transmitted  from  a  distant  country,  compared  with  the  impulses  of  personal  interest  and 
independent  adventure.  In  almost  every  instance,  the  lordly  proprietor,  who  managed  his 
estate  by  agencies,  was  forced  to  succumb  to  the  lavish  or  indiscreet  expenditures  of  his 
"  servants ; "  and  they  who  became  successful  were  the  men  who  hazarded  their  all  in  person. 
This  has  been  noticed  in  the  remarks  introducing  our  Gazetteer  of  New  Hampshire.* 

Sir  FERDINANDO  GORGES  was  the  most  conspicuous  and  laborious  of  these  proprietors  of 
the  territory.  The  portion  he  claimed  within  the  present  limits  of  Maine  reached  along  the 
shore  from  Piscataqua  to  Sagadehoc,  estimated  at  60  miles,  and  120  miles  into  the  interior, 
embodying  about  6000  square  miles.  For  this  he  obtained  a  patent  from  "  the  Council  for 
the  Affairs  of  New  England,"  which  had  been  formed  by  King  JAMES  I.,  in  1606,  into  a  com- 
pany, divided  into  two  parts,  the  one  having  South  Virginia  for  its  object,  the  other  North 
Virginia.  London  and  Plymouth  gave  name  to  these  several  divisions,  which  were  united 
under  one  head,  termed  the  "  General  Council  of  Virginia,"  consisting  of  thirteen  members 
appointed  by  the  crown,  and  resident  in  England.  In  1620,  chiefly  at  the  solicitation  of 
GORGES,  who  was  a  leading  member,  the  patent  given  originally  to  the  Plymouth  division 
was  enlarged  and  renewed,  and  now  embraced  all  NEW  ENGLAND,  taking  the  above  title.. 
This  measure  was  deemed  necessary,  in  order  to  give  a  "  definite  extent  of  territory,  with 
necessary  power  and  privileges,"  and  "  an  exclusive  right  to  the  soil,  fishing,  and  trade  within, 
its  limits.' 

*  See  Hayicard's  Gazetteer  of  New  Hampshire,  p.  10,  and  repeated  in  this  work.     And  see  the  very 
comprehensive  summary  of  the  history  of  these  claims  in  an  account  of  "  the  Plymouth.  Claim,"  or 
"Kennebec  Purchase,"  by  Hon.  R.  H.  Gardiner,  Pres.  of  Maine  Hist.  Soc.,  in  vol.  ii.  of  their  Coll., 
9 


66  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

GORGES,  whose  attention  had  been  early  turned  to  America,  as  a  field  for  colonization,  and 
who  had  already  made  great  efforts  and  expenditures,  with  but  unsatisfactory  results,  being 
now  strengthened  by  the  zeal  and  intelligence  of  Captain  JOHN  MASON,  whose  patent  adjoined 
his  own  at  the  westward,  and  extended  from  Piscataqua  to  Merrimac,  entered  on  the  work  with 
new  vigor,  although  advanced  in  years  and  a  pecuniary  sufferer.  He  had,  in  1623,  invested 
his  son  ROBERT  with  ample  powers,  and  furnished  him  with  stores  to  aid  the  settlers  already 
upon  liis  lands ;  and  at  length,  in  1635,  gave  the  form  and  consistency  of  a  Province  to  them, 
of  which  he  bore  the  title,*  and  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  MAINE. 

It  is  peculiarly  affecting  to  read  the  simple  and  "  Brief  Narration  "  which  this  ardent  adven- 
turer has  transmitted  to  posterity,  and  see  with  what  perseverance  he  cherished  the  hope,  for 
near  forty  years,  that,  although  for  himself  he  were  a  loser,  others  would  yet  obtain  great 
benefits.  "  I  dealt  not,"  says  he,  "  as  merchants  are  wont,  seeking  only  to  make  my  own  profit, 
my  ends  being  to  make  thorough  the  discovery  of  the  country."  —  "I  opened  the  way  for 
others  to  make  their  gain."  —  "Thus  much,  I  presume,  will  clear  the  objection  made  by  my 
example,  and  give  comfort  and  courage  to  the  industrious  to  follow  the  precedents  of  those 
more  able  to  act  their  own  parts  than  I  have  been."  —  For  he  had  said,  "  I  found  it  no  mean 
matter  to  procure  any  to  go  there,  much  less  to  reside  there ;  and  those  I  sent  knew  not  how 
to  subsist  but  on  the  provisions  I  furnished  them  withal."  f 

But  our  space  will  not  permit  us  to  dwell  longer  on  this  detail.  It  has  already  carried  our 
narrative  beyond  the  period  of  the  earliest  European  settlements,  and  we  must  return. 

The  rivalry  of  the  two  most  powerful  princes  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  FRANCIS  I.  of 
France,  and  CHARLES  of  Spain,  afterwards  emperor,  and  5th  of  that  name,  evinced  itself  in 
maritime  affairs,  as  well  as  in  efforts  on  land.  One  of  the  popes,  himself  a  Spaniard,  J  had 
"meted  out"  the  heathen  portion  of  mankind  between  the  Portuguese  and  Spaniards,  assign- 
ing to  the  latter,  under  the  name  of  the  West  Indies,  that  "new  world"  of  which  COLUMBUS 
had  been  the  discoverer,  in  1492 ;  to  the  former,  with  Africa,  the  East  Indies. 

FRANCIS,  not  brooking  that  his  rival  should  be  enriched  with  a  possession  so  splendid,  and 
roused  by  the  efforts  at  discovery  made  by  HENRY  VII.  of  England,  who  had  patronized  the 
CABOTS,  and  claimed  the  northern  part  of  the  American  continent,  which  they  had  seen  in 
1497,  attempted  to  realize  a  share  also.  He  therefore  fitted  out  an  expedition  in  1523,  under 
VERRAZZANO,  who  discovered  Florida,  and  sailed  along  the  coast  from  latitude  28°  to  50°, 
denominating  it  New  France.  He,  however,  perished  at  sea,  without  effecting  any  coloniza- 
tion whatever.  § 

In  fact,  the  wars  of  Europe  conspired  with  other  causes  to  prevent,  for  more  than  a  century 
after  its  discovery,  the  colonization  of  any  part  of  North  America.  Attempts  were  indeed 
made  by  Sir  WALTER  RALEIGH  within  the  patent  of  South  Virginia,  and  had  been  made  pre- 
viously in  Florida,  by  Admiral  COLIGNY,  but  were  both  ineffectual.  And  it  may  be  asserted, 
that,  notwithstanding  repeated  voyages  to  different  parts  of  the  coast  by  both  French  and 
English,  and  repeated  exertions  to  colonize,  frustrated  by  untoward  circumstances,  the  six- 
teenth century  had  closed  before  any  permanent  establishments  were  made. 

In  1602,  the  shores  of  Maine  were  at  least  approached  by  GOSNOLD,  an  English  navigator, 
and  the  following  year  actually  visited  by  MARTIN  PRING,  who  fell  in  with  the  coast  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Penobscot  River.  The  claim  of  England  to  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia  had  been 
valid  until  1600,  when  the  French  were  in  possession  of  both ;  and  the  mutual  contentions  of 
the  mother  countries  thenceforward  affected  the  inhabitants  down  to  the  peace  of  1763. 

But  it  will  be  useful  to  glance  at  the  intermediate  period,  by  retaining  a  few  dates  as  land- 
marks and  assistants  of  the  memory. 

*  Being  called  "  Lord  Proprietor  of  the  Province  of  Maine  ;  "  the  name  of  Maine  being  supposed  to 
be  taken  from  the  province  of  that  name  in  France  —  as  a  compliment  to  Henrietta  of  France,  queen 
»f  Charles  I. 

f  See  his  "  Brief  Narration,"  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Maine,  vo\  ii. 

J  Alexander  VI.  (Borgia.)    See  Holmes' s  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  7. 

§  Annals,  ut  supra,  p.  54. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — MAINE.  67 

1607.  The  colony  of  Sagadehoc  was  temporarily  formed  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Ken- 
nebec.  The  time  that  had  elapsed  between  GOSNOLD'S  voyage  and  this  period  had  been 
occupied  by  the  visits  of  different  navigators,  who  had  greatly  increased  the  interest  felt  in 
England  with  respect  to  America ;  and  especially,  as  has  been  seen,  in  the  bosom  of  Sir  F. 
GORGES  and  his  associates.  And,  as  a  result  of  the  division  of  the  royal  patent,  in  1606, 
already  noticed,  this  attempt  at  Sagadehoc  was  made.  But  it  was  unhappily  frustrated.  The 
winter  proved  exceedingly  cold,  the  colonists  were  poorly  sheltered,  and  a  part  of  their  store 
was  consumed  by  fire.  Chief  Justice  POPHAM,  a  special  patron  of  the  enterprise,  died;  his 
brother  also,  GEORGE  POPHAM,  who  was  its  president  and  leader,  followed.  Sir  JOHN  GIL- 
BERT, elder  brother  of  RALEIGH  GILBERT,  admiral  of  the  colony,  had  deceased,  leaving  this 
brother  to  be  his  heir.  All  these  conspiring  events  urged  the  colonists  to  desist  from  their 
undertaking,  and  were  effectual.  The  next  year  the  survivors  returned  to  England,  "  brand- 
ing the  country,"  remarks  PRINCE,  "  as  over  cold,  and  not  habitable  by  our  English  nation."  * 
This  attempt  embodied  "  a  hundred  emigrants,  besides  mariners." 

1613.  This  year  is  memorable  as  bringing  with  it  the  first  open  rupture  between  the  sub- 
jects of  England  and  France  residing  on  these  shores.  On  the  northern  bank  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  the  city  of  Quebec  had  been  founded  five  years  before,  and  the  country  to  the  west 
and  south-west  of  it  explored  by  the  French.  On  the  shores  of  Acadia  also  a  settlement  had 
been  made  at  Port  Royal,  now  Annapolis ;  and  two  Jesuits,  disagreeing  with  those  who 
formed  this  settlement,  had  seated  themselves  on  the  Island  of  Mount  Desert,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Penobscot,  and  were  engaged  in  labors  to  convert  the  natives  to  their  system  of  religion. 
But  the  circumstances  of  the  colonists  in  Virginia  requiring  aid,  vessels  had  been  despatched 
to  the  Bermuda  Islands  for  provisions,  and  to  the  fisheries  on  the  northern  coast.  The  latter 
service  was  assigned  to  Sir  SAMUEL  ARGAL,  who,  on  hearing  the  state  of  the  French  settle- 
ments, and  conceiving  that  they  had  encroached  on  the  English  patents,  attacked  and  destroyed 
them,  in  repeated  expeditions,  carrying  away  several  of  the  inhabitants.  Yet  this  act,  although 
in  time  of  peace,  was  not  followed  by  war  between  the  two  nations.f 

1615.  Passing  by  the  history  of  the  previous  voyages  of  SMITH,  the  hero  of  Virginia,  who 
visited  Monhegan,  the  preceding  year,  for  purposes  of  trade,  this  year  is  observable,  as  ex- 
hibiting the  first  attempt,  since  the  failure  of  1607,  to  colonize  under  his  command ;  but  it 
was  frustrated.! 

1620,  November  3.  Date  of  new  charter  to  the  Plymouth  Company,  under  which  MASON, 
GORGES,  Sir  W.  ALEXANDER  and  others  subsequently  claimed  lands,  lying  between  40°  and 
48°  of  north  latitude. 

1622,  August  10.    GORGES  and  MASON  obtain  a  patent  for  the  lands  between  the  Rivers 
Merrimac  and  Sagadehoc,  "  extending  from  the  Atlantic  unto  the  Rivers  Canada  and  Iroquois, 
and  including  the  savage  nations  towards  the  great  lakes."     This  was  called  "  the  Province  of 
Laconia."     To  give  effect  to  this  was  formed  "  the  Company  of  Laconia,"  for  fishing  and  the 
fur  trade,  discovery  also  and  settlement.     This  year  the  Island  of  Monhegan  is  supposed  to 
have  received  permanent  inhabitants. 

1623.  A  permanent  settlement  commenced  at  Saco.     The  coast  had  been  previously  recon- 
noitred by  VINES  and  others,  sent  out  by  GORGES  in  1609.     But  now,  settlers  having  been 
procured  for  the  locality  south  of  the  River  Piscataqua,  who  founded  the  colony  of  New 
Hampshire,  others  established  themselves  along  the  shore  eastward,  at  Arowsic  Island,  on 
the  main  land  at  Sagadehoc,  at  Sheepscot,  Damariscotta,  Pemaquid,  and  St.  George's  River. 

An  attempt  was  first  made,  this  year,  to  establish  a  general  governor  over  New  England, 
in  the  person  of  ROBERT  GORGES,  son  of  Sir  FERDINANDO,  but  the  project  happily  failed. 
Nevertheless,  it  became  a  favorite  measure  with  the  government,  and  in  subsequent  periods 
occasioned  no  little  alarm  and  trouble  to  the  colonies.  Agamenticus,  or  York,  settled. 

1627.    A  patent  is  granted  to  the  New  Plymouth  colonists   who  had  traded  to  Monhegan, 

*  See  Williamson,  vol.  i.  pp.  197-203,  and  Prince's  Annals. 

f  Holmes's  Annals,  A.  D.  1613.     Williamson's  Hist.  Maine,  vol.  i. 

J  Id.  ib.  p.  214. 


68  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

Damariscove,  and  the  Penobscot  previously,  and  now  asked  for  the  exclusive  trade  of  the 
Kennebec ;  on  whose  bank  they  established,  in  the  subsequent  year,  (during  which  the  im- 
portant patent  of  Massachusetts  Bay  was  issued,)  a  trading-house.* 

1629.  THOMAS  COMMOCK,  or  rather   CAMOCK,!  obtained  a  patent  for  land  between  the 
River  Spurwink  and  Black  Point,  in  Scarboro',  on  which  he  settled  subsequently,  and  died 
in  16434 

In  this  year  was  also  granted,  with  enlargements,  the  Kennebec  or  Plymouth  patent, 
intended  as  an  express  favor  to  New  Plymouth,  for  the  encouragement  of  trade  and  the 
fishery,  and  for  the  propagation  of  religion.  The  area  included  in  it  is  stated  to  have  been 
1,500,000  acres ;  but  long  disputes  grew  out  of  it,  not  settled  before  1789. 

1630.  Grants  were  made  by  the  Plymouth  Council  to  settlers  at  Saco  ;  and  another,  much 
more  extensive,  being  40  miles  square,  and  called  Lygonia,  in  which  GORGES  was  greatly  con- 
cerned, but  still  unsuccessful.     It  extended  from  Cape  Porpoise  to  Cape  Elizabeth.§ 

During  this  year  was  also  granted  the  Muscongus  patent,  known  at  an  after  period  as  that 
of  WALDO,  which  included  a  tract  of  about  30  miles  square.  It  was  not  intended  for  a 
separate  government,  but  only  for  purposes  of  trade  with  the  natives. 

1631.  This  year  the  Pemaquid  patent  was  granted,  and  seems  to  have  closed  the  series. 
Of  all  these  it  may  be  said,  probably,  as  of  many  if  not  most  of  the  early  grants,  their  boun- 
daries could  not  be  well  defined,  and  therefore  disputes  would  in  time  naturally  arise  concerning 
them.     Two  territories  soon  came  into  notice  —  the  Kennebec,  or  Maine,  and  the  Sagadehoc, 
the  eastern  part  of  which  was  Acadian,  and  claimed  by  the  French.     The  history  of  all  these 
claims  is  given  elaborately  by  WILLIAMSON,  to  whom  our  limits  compel  us  to  refer.     They 
were  not  settled  until  the  charter  given  by  King  WILLIAM  and  Queen  MARY,  in  1691,  united 
them  with  Massachusetts  under  the  same  government. 

That  state  had,  however,  in  the  year  1677,  purchased  the  entire  claim  of  the  GORGES 
family  to  Maine,  for  £1250  sterling,  and  established  a  government  over  it  It  had  also 
assumed,  in  1689,  the  government  of  Western  Sagadehoc,  and  in  1690,  Sir  W.  PHIPS  sub- 
dued the  remainder. 

From  this  period  the  history  of  Maine  is  blended  with  that  of  Massachusetts  ;  and  although, 
as  has  been  hinted,  her  sufferings  from  Canadian  Indians  had  been  peculiar,  and  so  continued 
until  the  conquest  of  Canada  by  the  British  and  provincial  arms,  and  peace  of  1763,  yet  the 
operation  of  the  laws,  customs,  pursuits,  and  fortunes  of  Massachusetts  was  of  the  same 
character  in  "  the  district,"  as  in  that  state. 

In  1820,  after  much  previous  discussion,  of  the  most  deliberate  and  prudent  kind,  however, 
a  separation  was  effected  by  mutual  arrangements,  and  a  new  state  formed,  taking  the  ven- 
erated name  of  MAINE.  The  Hon.  WILLIAM  KING,  one  of  its  most  distinguished  citizens, 
and  who  had  greatly  exerted  himself  to  benefit  the  country,  was,  with  great  unanimity, 
elected  their  first  governor.  For  the  succeeding  thirty  years,  the  affairs  of  the  state  have 
been  managed  with  the  regularity,  consideration,  and  fidelity  which  a  well-informed  commu- 
nity require  of  those  whom  their  free  suffrages  raise  to  office.  The  cause  of  education  has 

*   Williamson's  Hist.  Maine,  pp.  233,  234. 

t  He  was  nephew  of  Robert,  third  Baron  Rich,  and  first  Earl  of  "Warwick,  whose  son,  of  the  same  name, 
was  president  for  a  time  of  the  Plymouth  Company,  and  in  1644  admiral  of  England  under  the  com- 
monwealth. Camocks,  the  ancient  residence  of  the  family,  was  in  Essex  county,  England.  Captain 
Thomas  Camock,  a  widower,  father  of  the  patentee,  living  in  the  family  of  the  old  Baron  Rich,  became 
attached  to  his  daughter  Frances,  and,  in  consequence  of  the  father's  dislike  of  the  match,  carried  her 
off  on  horseback.  They  were  pursued,  were  compelled  to  swim  a  river  with  difficulty,  reached  Maldon, 
in  Essex,  and  were  there  married  —  the  old  nobleman  giving  at  length  his  blessing,  seeing  his  daughter 
"  had  ventured  her  life"  for  her  husband.  But  he  was  observed  to  take  it  to  heart  until  his  death,  in 
1581.  Two  sons  and  eleven  daughters  were  the  fruit  of  this  marriage.  Morant's  Hist,  of  Essex,  vol.  i. 
pp.  323,  408. 

J  Williamson,  Hist.  M.  vol.  i.  p.  236,  who  mistakes  the  relationship.  See  Burke's  Extinct  Peerage 
of  England,  and  Collim's  Peerage,  ed.  of  1756. 

$  Williamson,  ut  supra,  p.  238.  „ 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  MARYLAND. 


69 


been  cherished  -with  a  wise  care ;  and  that  of  religious  instruction  has  encountered  no  impedi- 
ment in  an  officious  legislation,  but  has  been  left  to  its  own  native  energy,  and  the  operation 
of  the  general  laws  of  the  land.  It  has,  therefore,  by  the  blessing  of  God,  been  in  a  flourish- 
ing state,  under  the  management  of  different  denominations.  Of  these,  Congregationalists, 
Baptists,  and  Methodists  are  the  principal ;  and  there  are  Episcopalians,  and  a  few  churches 
of  Romanists.  They  enjoy  equal  liberty  and  equal  protection. 

Under  a  separate  head  in  this  work  will  be  found  an  account  of  the  colleges,  theological 
seminaries,  academies,  and  schools ;  as  also  the  statistics  of  the  agriculture,  commerce,  manu- 
factures, roads,  canals,  rivers,  bays,  harbors,  cities,  towns,  and  settlements  of  the  state,  which 
has  commenced,  and  is  pursuing,  under  the  divine  blessing,  its  high  career  of  well-earned 
prosperity. 

ESTO  PERPETUA! 


MARYLAND  is  one  of  the  thirteen  American  states,  which,  after  the  close  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  became  parties  to  the  compact  whereby  they  were  united  into  one  great  national 
family.  It  is  usually  designated  as  the  southernmost  of  the  Middle  States,  lying  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast;  it  extends  from  38°  to  39°  44'  north  latitude,  and  between  75°  10'  and  79°  20'  west 
longitude  ;  and  its  superficial  area,  of  which  about  one  fifth  is  water,  is  estimated  as  being 
9,356  square  miles.  The  present  boundaries  of  the  state  are  as  follows :  north  by  Pennsyl- 
vania, east  by  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south  and  west  by  Virginia,  from  which  it  is 
divided  by  the  River  Potomac.  Its  form  is  extremely  irregular.  Chesapeake  Bay,  passing 
through  the  state  from  north  to  south,  near  its  centre,  separates  it  into  two  sections,  which  are 
known  respectively  as  the  Eastern  Shore  and  the  Western  Shore. 

It  is  generally  understood  that  Maryland  was  comprised  in  the  sweeping  grant  to  the  Vir- 
ginia Company,  prior  to  the  year  1632 ;  but  in  June  of  that  year,  the  whole  tract  now  consti- 
tuting the  state  was  conveyed  by  patent  from  Charles  I.  to  George  Calvert,  Lord  Baltimore  ; 
when,  out  of  compliment  to  the  then  queen,  Henrietta  Maria,  the  colony  was  named  Maryland. 
The  earliest  settlement  was  effected  by  some  200  Catholics  of  high  respectability,  under 
Leonard  Calvert  son  of  the  original  grantee,  at  a  spot  occupied  as  an  Indian  village,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Potomac.  The  generous  offer,  by  the  proprietor,  of  50  acres  of  land  in  fee 
to  every  permanent  settler,  and  the  adoption  of  a  form  of  government  upon  liberal  and  humane 
principles,  similar  to  those  contained  in  the  wise  model  furnished  by  Roger  Williams,  and 


70  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

afterwards  enlarged  upon  by  William  Penn,  soon  attracted  large  numbers  of  valuable  emigrants. 
Under  this  judicious  policy,  freely  admitting  associates  from  all  countries,  and  assuring  the 
enjoyment  of  equal  privileges,  including  the  utmost  toleration  of  all  Christian  denominations, 
the  colony  rapidly  increased  in  population,  and  continued  to  flourish,  with  some  few  interrup- 
tions, until  the  year  1652.  Parliament  then  took  forcible  possession,  and  undertook  to  admin- 
ister the  affairs  of  the  province  through  the  agency  of  commissioners.  But  within  ten  years 
thereafter,  the  government  reverted  to  the  successors  of  Lord  Baltimore.  The  first  regularly 
arranged  constitution  was  framed  in  1650,  two  years  prior  to  the  act  of  Parliament  above 
mentioned ;  its  provisions  contemplated  a  partition  of  the  legislature,  then  composed  of  one 
body,  into  two  branches,  and  a  division  of  the  territory  into  three  distinct  counties.  At  the 
outbreak,  and  during  the  continuance,  of  the  war  of  the  revolution,  the  men  of  Maryland  were 
not  behind  their  fellow-countrymen  in  patriotic  efforts  to  secure  the  independence  of  the 
nation.  In  1776,  their  first  republican  constitution  was  established,  and  the  state  formally 
joined  the  confederation  in  1781.  It  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  at  a  con- 
vention held  in  April,  1788,  by  a  vote  of  63  to  12.  A  new  state  constitution  was  formed 
in  1851. 

Government.  —  By  the  state  constitution  in  force  at  the  date  of  this  article,  the  governor  is 
elected  triennially  by  a  plurality  of  the  popular  vote,  and  is  ineligible  for  the  next  succeeding 
term.  He  is  selected  in  turn  from  each  of  the  three  gubernatorial  districts  into  which  the 
state  is  divided.  The  legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Delegates ;  the  former, 
21  in  number,  chosen  (one  third  every  second  year)  by  the  counties  and  by  the  city  of  Balti- 
more, to  serve  six  years.  Members  of  the  House  of  Delegates  are  elected  for  two  years,  from 
the  counties,  in  proportion  to  population,  the  city  of  Baltimore  being  entitled  to  a  number 
equal  to  that  chosen  by  the  largest  county.  This  body  may  act  as  a  grand  jury.  In  case  of 
vacancy  in  the  office  of  governor,  the  executive  functions  are  exercised,  first,  by  the  secretary 
of  state ;  next,  by  the  president  of  the  Senate ;  and,  lastly,  by  the  speaker  of  the  house  ;  or, 
if  in  session,  the  General  Assembly  may  forthwith  fill  the  vacancy  by  joint  ballot ;  and  in  like 
manner  at  the  next  session,  should  the  vacancy  occur  during  a  recess.  Any  bill  to  abolish 
slavery  must  unanimously  pass  both  houses,  be  published  three  months  prior  to  the  ensuing 
election  of  delegates,  and,  at  the  following  session,  again  pass  unanimously :  it  shall  also  pro- 
vide for  a  full  compensation  of  the  slave  owners.  No  gift  or  devise  of  property  to  clergymen 
is  valid  without  consent  of  the  legislature,  excepting  land  for  a  church  or  cemetery,  not  to 
exceed  two  acres.  All  civil  officers  must  declare  their  belief  in  the  Christian  religion.  The 
right  of  suffrage  is  extended  to  all  free  white  males,  after  twelve  months'  residence  in  the  state, 
and  six  months  in  the  county  wherein  they  vote. 

Judiciary.  —  There  are  six  judicial  districts  in  the  state,  composed  respectively  of  two,  three, 
or  four  counties.  Each  has  a  chief  judge  and  two  assistants.  The  city  and  county  of  Balti- 
more constitute  one  of  these  districts.  The  justices  of  each  district  preside  over  the  several 
County  Courts,  which  are  the  common  courts  of  original  jurisdiction  in  the  state.  There  is  a 
State  Court  of  Appeals,  including  the  chief  judges  of  the  six  districts ;  and  a  Court  of  Chan- 
cery, comprising  chancellor,  register,  and  auditor. 

Education.  —  The  common  school  system,  so  deeply  cherished  in  the  Northern  and  Eastern 
States,  has  not  yet  attained  a  very  great  measure  of  public  favor  in  Maryland.  The  schools, 
throughout  the  state,  supported  at  public  cost,  do  not,  in  the  aggregate,  contain  so  large  a 
number  of  pupils  as  are  contained  in  the  common  schools  of  the  single  city  of  Boston ;  and  the 
whole  state  expenditure  for  educational  purposes,  including  all  that  is  applied  for  the  support 
of  colleges  and  academies,  as  well  as  for  that  of  grammar  and  primary  schools,  does  not  ex- 
ceed one  half  the  amount  expended  by  the  same  city  upon  the  two  latter  grades  of  seminaries 
alone.  Yet  there  are  numerous  private  institutions  of  learning,  some  of  great  merit,  and 
generally  well  sustained :  among  them  are  several  Catholic  colleges,  and  similar  exclusive 
establishments.  The  number  of  white  persons  upwards  of  20  years  of  age,  in  this  state,  at  the 
census  of  1850,  who  could  neither  read  nor  write,  was  upwards  of  ten  thousand. 

Finances.  —  The  net  amount  of  the  public  debt  in  December,  1849,  was  somewhat  over 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — MARYLAND.  71 

$10,500,000,  the  interest  on  which  is  annually  met  by  means  of  taxation.  Provision  has  fteen 
made  for  the  gradual  reduction  of  this  debt,  through  the  operation  of  a  sinking  fund,  and  other 
resources.  The  nominal  liabilities  of  the  state,  at  the  above  date,  reached  nearly  $16,000,000 ; 
to  meet  which  it  had  prpductive  assets  valued  at  about  $5,300,000,  and  unproductive  property- 
estimated  at  near  $15,500,000.  The  expenditures  for  the  year  ending  December  1,  1849, 
were  $1,146,492-16 ;  and  the  income,  from  all  sources,  including  the  direct  tax,  amounted  to 
$1,315,439-80. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  The  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland  presents,  in  general,  a  low  and  flat 
surface,  with  frequent  marshy  tracts  and  stagnant  ponds.  The  soil  in  this  region,  though  not 
remarkably  fertile,  produces  wheat  of  peculiar  whiteness  and  excellence ;  also  Indian  corn, 
tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  and  most  of  the  ordinary  descriptions  of  vegetables.  The  western 
section  of  the  state  is  more  elevated  and  protuberant,  gradually  rising  towards  the  north-west, 
and  becoming  at  that  point  quite  mountainous,  being  crossed  by  a  part  of  the  Allcghany  chain, 
reaching  from  Pennsylvania  to  Virginia.  The  land  in  the  valleys  between  these  eminences  is 
of  superior  quality  ;  and  that  of  the  entire  section,  indeed,  is  highly  productive.  The  soil  is  com- 
posed mostly  of  a  heavy  red  loam.  The  staple  products  are  tobacco  and  wheat ;  but  cotton,  hemp, 
and  flax  are  also  raised  in  large  quantities.  Fruits  of  the  finest  kinds  are  abundant,  particu- 
larly apples,  pears,  and  the  choicest  varieties  of  stone  fruit.  The  woodlands  contain  much 
valuable  timber,  and  abound  with  nut-trees,  the  fruit  of  which  affords  subsistence  to  multitudes 
of  swine.  There  are  many  tracts  which  furnish  fine  pasturage'for  cattle  and  sheep ;  and  in 
addition  to  beef,  mutton,  wool,  and  the  products  of  the  dairy,  vast  quantities  of  poultry  are 
raised  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Rivers.  —  The  Potomac,  forming  the  boundary  between  this  state  and  Virginia  ;  the  Susque- 
hanna,  flowing  through  Pennsylvania,  and  emptying  into  the  northerly  extremity  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  ;  the  Patapsco,  and  Patuxent,  both  navigable,  and  affording  good  water  power,  are  among 
the  principal  streams  immediately  connected  with  the  trade  and  commerce  of  Maryland. 
There  are  also  several  smaller  rivers  running  into  the  eastern  margin  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Among  the  most  important  public  works  in  the  country  are  two 
whicli  owe  their  origin  to  Maryland,  viz.,  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  and  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad.  They  were  both  commenced  in  1828 ;  and  by  their  aid  the  markets  of 
the  world  may  be  readily  supplied  with  the  treasures  of  the  immense  coal  regions  in  the  west. 
A  part  of  the  chain  of  railroads,  extending  through  most  of  the  Atlantic  states,  crosses  Mary- 
land, taking  Baltimore  in  its  course.  Other  railroads,  of  considerable  extent,  diverge  from 
Baltimore,  Frenchtown,  &c.  A  commodious  canal,  connecting  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Bays,  42  miles  in  length,  was  completed  in  1829,  at  a  cost  of  $2,750,000. 

Minerals.  —  Copperas  and  chrome  ores,  red  and  yellow  ochres,  sulphuret  of  copper,  alum 
earth,  and  porcelain  clay  are  found  in  considerable  quantities,  chiefly  in  the  eastern  and  north- 
eastern parts  of  the  state.  Iron  ore  abounds  in  various  localities  ;  and  the  bog  ore  obtained 
in  the  southern  quarter  of  the  Eastern  Shore  is  wrought  to  much  advantage.  But  by  far  the 
most  valuable  mineral  product  of  Maryland  is  the  bituminous  coal,  of  which  there  are  exhaust- 
less  beds  in  the  mountainous  region  near  the  western  border  of  the  state.  One  tract,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cumberland,  Alleghany  county,  is  said  to  comprise  an  area  of  400  square  miles, 
the  veins  measuring  from  5  to  15  feet  in  thickness ;  another,  lying  west  of  the  Alleghany  ridge, 
contains  beds  some  20  feet  in  depth. 

Manufactures.  — Wool,  cotton,  hemp,  and  iron  are  manufactured  in  many  parts  of  the  state. 
There  are  also  numerous  tanneries,  chandleries,  breweries,  distilleries,  potteries,  paper  mills, 
powder  mills,  &c. ;  and  a  very  large  amount  of  capital  is  invested  in  the  business  of  manu- 
facturing wheat  flour. 

Indians.  —  There  are  no  organized  tribes  of  the  red  races  now  extant  in  Maryland. 

Population.  —  During  the  last  sixty  years,  the  average  increase  of  population  in  this  state 
does  not  seem  to  have  exceeded  one  per  cent,  per  annum.  Nearly  one  fifth  of  the  inhabitants 
are  slaves. 

Climate.  —  The  elevated  country  of  the  Western  Shore   is  blest  with  a  delightful  and 


72 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEEE. 


salubrious  climate  ;  but  in  the  low  and  moist  lands  of  the  opposite  section,  especially  in  summer 
and  autumn,  where  the  atmosphere  is  so  often  loaded  with  deleterious  vapors  exhaled  from 
stagnant  pools  and  unreclaimed  marshes,  the  climate  is  decidedly  unhealthy.  This  may  be 
inferred  even  from  the  personal  appearance  of  the  people,  who  are  subject,  periodically,  to 
severe  agues,  intermittent  fevers,  &c. 

Religion.  —  The  descendants  of  the  original  settlers,  like  their  progenitors,  are  Roman 
Catholics,  and  probably  constitute  the  most  numerous  of  the  several  Christian  denominations 
within  the  state.  The  next  in  numerical  order  are  the  Episcopalians ;  then  follow  Method- 
ists, Presbyterians,  Baptists,  German  Reformers,  and  Lutherans;  also  a  small  number  of 
Quakers  and  Unitarians. 


MASSACHUSETTS.  The  rank  sustained  among  nations  by  the  United  States  of 
America,  as  a  consolidated,  political  body,  is  high.  The  second  power  in  commerce  on  the 
earth,  it  compares  well,  at  length,  if  not  with  the  greatest,  at  least  with  the  great,  in  popula- 
tion also.  China,  Great  Britain,  Russia,  Austria,  and  France,  with,  probably,  Japan,  which 
still  refrains  from  intercommunity  with  the  rest  of  mankind,  exceed  it  in  numbers.  Yet  the 
general  character  of  its  inhabitants  for  intelligence,  enterprise,  and  vigor  excites  inquiry. 
The  rapid  growth  of  the  country  increases  curiosity,  and  prompts  to  further  investigations. 
For  it  is  found  that,  so  far  as  we  can  be  warranted  by  the  extent  of  the  period  of  proof,  that 
growth  is  of  a  durable  character. 

Republican  principles  are  not  new  to  the  world.  The  effort  to  maintain  them  has  been 
made  in  various  ages  and  countries,  from  the  period  of  the  free  states  of  Greece,  and  the  early 
years  of  republican  Rome,  to  the  centuries  of  Venetian,  Swiss,  and  Dutch  liberty. 

But  the  constituent  elements  of  their  liberty  seem  to  have  been  of  a  character  different  from 
that  of  the  government  of  the  United  States.  Hereditary  aristocracies  existed  in  most  of 
them,  as  they  do  still  in  the  only  European  republic  that  survives.  In  ours,  this  principle  is 
unacknowledged ;  and  the  people  are,  by  constitution  and  actually,  the  originators  of  execu- 
tive and  legislative  power.  And  the  singular  phenomenon  is  beheld,  of  a  sovereign  ruler, 
vested  for  a  time  with  the  exercise  of  supreme  but  constitutional  power,  and  descending  from 
that  height  to  the  level  of  private  life  —  then  called  to  and  accepting  grades  of  inferior  influ- 
ence, without  the  effort  to  seize,  in  any  one  instance,  on  a  superior  station.  Such  has  been 
the  uniform  experience  of  more  than  half  a  century. 

Here,  then,  a  problem  important  to  the  welfare  of  the  world  is  in  process  of  solution :  Cm 
communities  be  trusted  to  govern  themselves  ?  Thus  far,  the  system  adopted  by  the  United 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— MASSACHUSETTS.  73 

States  succeeds  admirably,  even  beyond  the  expectation  of  many  wise  and  good  men.  And 
while  the  ever-varying  phases  of  government,  in  those  provinces  of  this  western  continent 
which  shook  off  the  yoke  of  Spain,  exhibit  an  instability  of  condition  *  and  character  that 
still  portends  increase  of  evils,  the  march  of  our  Union  has  been  onward ;  and  its  citizens 
have  exhibited  the  cheering  spectacle  of  a  nation  enjoying  the  widest  desirable  range  of 
human  liberty  regulated  and  rendered  stable  by  law. 

It  is  true,  that,  to  a  foreigner,  it  would  appear  impracticable  to  adjust  the  jarring  interests 
of  a  multitude  of  sovereign  states  composing  a  federal  whole.  And  great  difficulty  is,  in 
fact,  occasionally  found.  Yet  it  is  not  insuperable,  nor  of  necessity  fatal. 

This  truth  results,  in  great  measure,  from  the  character,  history  and  circumstances  of  the 
members  which  projected  and  which  compose  the  Union  itself.  It  becomes,  therefore,  a 
matter  of  curious  research  to  investigate  these,  and  it  should  be  done  with  care.  Especially 
is  it  of  consequence  to  examine  the  condition,  character  and  progress  of  those  members  of 
the  great  political  community,  which,  in  the  providence  of  GOD,  have  exercised,  in  their 
respective  individualities,  any  considerable  or  peculiar  influence  in  forming  the  general 
character  of  the  whole  body. 

And  in  this  view  MASSACHUSETTS  shines.  She  was  one  of  the  earliest  formed  states. 
Her  history,  compared  with  that  of  almost  any  other  political  community,  has  features  of  dis- 
tinct peculiarity,  more  especially  in  reference  to  the  origin  of  her  colonial  existence.  Nor 
has  the  influence  she  has  since  exerted,  as  regards  the  rest  of  the  states,  been  inconsiderable. 
Far  otherwise,  indeed ;  and  there  is  reason  to  believe,  notwithstanding  a  variety  of  counterac- 
tions, that  it  increases.  For  she  is  vigorous  and  powerful  —  not,  it  is  confessed,  in  extent  of 
territory,  or  in  the  number  of  citizens  subjected  to  her  immediate  control,  and  enjoying  her 
maternal  solicitude  and  care ;  but  from  the  character  of  her  cherished  sons  and  daughters. 

To  understand  as  well  as  to  substantiate  this,  it  is  necessary  to  contemplate  the  causes 
which,  in  the  course  of  divine  Providence,  contributed  to  produce  this  character.  And  these 
causes  are  to  be  sought,  not  in  the  prompt  resolution,  or  wise  management,  or  prudent  fore- 
sight merely,  attendant  on  the  conduct  of  the  great  enterprise  itself;  we  must  look  beyond 
the  period  of  the  actual  settlement  of  the  country,  courageous  and  well  considered  as  the  bold 
project  itself  was,  to  a  source  higher  and  more  remote. 

What,  then,  was  it  which  formed  the  leading  actors,  such  as  they  were,  and  nerved  them 
with  uncommon  vigor  to  undertake,  and  prosecute,  and,  with  the  blessing  of  GOD,  to  accom- 
plish, the  establishment  of  an  energetic  civil  community,  three  thousand  miles  from  their 
native  home,  and  on  the  shores  of  a  savage,  inhospitable  country  ?  It  is  fearlessly  replied, 
RELIGION,  the  religion  of  the  Bible.  To  this  their  ancestors  had  been  introduced  by  the 
glorious  reformation  from  Popery,  under  LUTHER,  ZUINGLIUS,  MELANCTHON,  CALVIN,  and 
their  associates.  And  the  sincerity  of  attachment  to  the  truth  of  GOD,  which  they  professed, 
had,  in  the  case  of  many  of  them,  been  tested  by  much  trial  and  suffering.  This  endeared 
to  them  that  truth,  and  rendered  it  precious.  They  learnt  to  glory  in  the  possession  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  were  earnest  in  their  efforts  to  carry  out  into  life,  and  fully  to  enjoy,  improve, 
and  transmit  their  sacred  injunctions  and  counsels. 

Add  to  this  the  history  of  public  policy  in  Great  Britain  for  preceding  ages  ;  the  contests 
of  the  nobles  with  the  crown,  producing  at  length  the  concession  of  the  Magna  Charta,  A.  D. 
1215 ;  the  establishment  of  the  popular  branch  of  the  English  Parliament,  commencing  half  a 
century  after,  in  the  ambitious  shrewdness  of  SIMON  DE  MONFORT  ;  the  rise  of  new  interests 
by  the  gradual  progress  of  trade  and  manufacturing  industry,  and  the  consequent  opening  of 
new  avenues  to  political  power,  and  new  channels  of  political  influence,  —  all  these  eventuat- 
ing in  the  examination  of  the  first  principles  of  government,  and  tending  to  establish  the  rights  of 
subjects,  and  to  limit  the  prerogative  power  of  kings  ;  —  let  these  be  considered,  as  developing 
popular  influence,  and  tending  to  establish  a  reciprocity  between  ruler  and  subject,  which  had 

*  Reminding  one  of  Milton's  remark  on  the  Saxon  heptarchy,  that  "  the  flight  of  kites  and  crows 
might  as  well  be  traced  as  their  history." 
10 


74  UNITED   STATES    GAZETTEER. 

been  indeed  discernible  at  a  very  early  period  in  the  original  Saxon  character,  and  previously  in 
the  ancient  British,  and  no  one  can  be  at  a  loss  to  determine,  that  such  successive  training, 
in  combination  with  the  deeper  excitement  of  religious  conviction  and  zeal,  would  produce  in 
the  seventeenth  century  men  of  moral  hardihood,  wary,  bold,  energetic,  and  effective. 

Sprung  from  an  ancestry  thus  disciplined,  and  possessing  the  advantages  which  accrued  to 
England  from  the  light  of  the  reformation,  the  diffusion  of  books  by  printing,  and  the  access 
enjoyed  especially  to  the  Sacred  Scriptures,  with  the  deepest  reverence  for  them,  the  fathers 
of  the  colony  of  New  Plymouth  and  that  of  Massachusetts  Bay  commenced  their  important 
work.  It  was  of  GOD,  unquestionably.  And  His  providential  leading  they  were  accustomed 
to  observe  and  acknowledge  in  all  their  concerns.  This  was  their  habit  and  delight. 

Equally  attentive  do  they  appear  to  the  condition  of  their  children  after  them.  Hence, 
although,  by  fleeing  to  Holland,  the  persecuted  Puritans  *  were  allowed  to  enjoy  freedom  from 
the  annoyance  and  pursuit  of  officers  of  the  Star  Chamber  commission,  such  freedom  for 
themselves  lost  no  small  part  of  its  charm,  when  they  found  the  morals  of  their  offspring  en- 
dangered, and  the  good  habits  inculcated  on  them  liable  to  abandonment  under  the  example 
and  influence  of  the  Dutch.f  In  1617,  therefore,  their  excellent  pastor,  the  truly  reverend 
JOHN  ROBINSON,  countenanced  the  project  of  removing  to  America. 

That  such  a  motive  should  be  allowed  so  great  influence  on  the  judgment,  feelings,  and 
conduct  of  those  much-enduring  men,  and  that  they  followed  its  leading  with  so  much  con- 
scientiousness, lays  their  posterity  and  countrymen  under  great  obligations.  We  should  be 
grateful  to  GOD,  and  to  them.  We  should  gird  ourselves  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  object 
they  had  in  view,  and  labor  to  fulfil  what  appears  to  be  emphatically  their  "  mission,"  and 
that  indeed  of  our  nation  —  to  fix  and  stamp  the  worth  of  individual  man,  and  develop  his 
power  of  self-government,  in  establishing  a  system  of  liberty  guarded  by  law. 

Massachusetts  may  be  viewed,  — 

I.  In  the  establishment  and  form  of  its  government.  Both  these  seem  to  have  been,  very 
providentially,  forced,  as  it  were,  upon  the  earliest  undertakers.  For,  after  the  repeated  dis- 
appointments they  had  suffered,  in  applications  for  aid  and  authority  from  the  crown,  during 
their  stay  in  Holland,  and  after  the  resolution  they  had  taken  to  remove  to  America,  the  Pu  - 
ritans  of  Leyden  were  left  to  unite,  as  a  civil  community,  after  their  own  choice.  Had  they 
landed,  as  they  aimed  to  do,  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  colony  planted  in  Virginia,  they 
must,  of  course,  have  submitted  themselves  to  its  government.  But  being  driven  back  in  their 
attempts  to  go  south,  after  they  had  discovered  land,  they  agreed,  November  11,  1020,  before 
leaving  their  ship,  on  a  few  simple  but  distinguishing  articles,!  arid  chose  JOHN  CARVER,  one 
of  their  company,  and  a  beloved  and  respected  member  of  their  church,  to  be  their  governor 
for  the  ensuing  year. 

The  state  of  Governor  BRADFORD'S  health  rendered  it  expedient  to  give  him  an  assistant, 
and  a  deputy  governor  was  elected  by  the  people ;  then  a  court  of  assistants  was  chosen,  aa 

*  Neale,  Hist.  Puritans.  f  Prince,  and  the  other  historians. 

J  The  agreement,  on  board  the  Mayflower,  in  Cape  Cod  Harbor  :  — 

"In  the  name  of  GOD,  Amen.  We,  whose  names  are  here  underwritten,  the  legal  subjects  of  our 
dread  sovereign  lord,  King  JAMES,  by  the  grace  of  GOD,  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ireland.  King, 
Defender  of  the  Faith,  having  undertaken  for  the  glory  of  GOD,  and  the  advancement  of  the  Christian 
faith,  and  to  the  honor  of  our  king  and  country,  a  voyage  to  plant  the  first  colony  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Virginia,  do  by  these  presents  solemnly  and  mutually,  in  the  presence  of  GOD  and  one  another, 
covenant  and  combine  ourselves  together  in  a  civil  body  politic,  for  our  own  better  ordering  and  preser- 
vation, and  furtherance  of  the  ends  aforesaid,  and  by  virtue  hereof  to  enact,  constitute,  and  frame  such 
just  and  equal  laws,  ordinances,  acts,  constitutions,  and  offices,  from  time  to  time,  as  shall  be  thought 
most  convenient  for  the  general  good  of  the  colony,  to  which  we  promise  all  due  submission  and  obe- 
dience. In  witness  whereof,"  &c. 

Then  follow  the  names  of  forty-one  who  thus  covenanted,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  edition  of  Morton's 
Memorial,  published  by  Judge  Davis ;  the  whole  number  of  souls  being  101,  including  all  members  of 
the  several  families.  See  Prince's  Annals,  and  Young's  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrims.  The  names  will  be 
found  at  the  end  of  this  article. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — MASSACHUSETTS.  75 

the  growing  population  increased  the  business  of  the  government.  But  it  was  not  until  near 
twenty  years  after  the  first  settlement  that  deputies  were  chosen  by  the  towns,  to  form  what 
is  now  termed  a  House  of  Representatives.  No  important  alterations  were  made  in  this  system 
of  government,  while  the  old  colony  of  Plymouth  retained  its  separate  establishment ;  that  is, 
until  the  union  with  the  government  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  1692,  except  during  the  inter- 
ruptions occasioned  by  the  assumptions  of  ANDROS. 

Governor  WINTHROP,*  on  the  other  hand,  had  been  appointed  to  the  direction  of  the  colony 
of  the  Bay,  and  which  took  more  appropriately  the  name  of  Massachusetts,  by  the  Plymouth 
Company  in  England,  instead  of  Governor  CRADOCK,  who  never  came  over.  THOMAS  DUD- 
LEY was  also  appointed  deputy  governor.  Yet,  previously  to  their  leaving  England,  the 
principal  members  of  the  company  entered  into  a  solemn  agreement,  providing  that  "the 
whole  government,  together  with  the  patent  [obtained  about  five  months  before]  for  the  said 
plantation,  be  first  by  an  order  of  court  legally  transferred  and  established  to  remain  with  us 
and  others  which  shall  inhabit  upon  the  same  plantation."  f  This  compaiiy  landed,  with  their 
charter  or  patent,  at  Salem,:);  (a  settlement  formed  but  a  few  years  before,  and  then  under  the 
government  of  JOHN  ENDICOTT,)  July  12,  1630.  From  Salem  they  went  first  to  Charles- 
town,  and  then  settled  at  Boston,  which  became,  from  nearly  that  period,  excepting  only  a  few 
meetings  at  Newtown,  or  Cambridge,  the  seat  of  government  down  to  the  present  day. 

The  instrument  which  vested  the  executive  power  in  a  governor,  deputy  governor,  and 
eighteen  assistants,  constituted  a  General  Court,  consisting  of  these  officers  and  the  freemen 
of  the  colony.  But  alterations  were  soon  made ;  for,  in  1631,  the  General  Court  enacted  that 
the  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  assistants  should  be  chosen  by  the  freemen  alone  ;  and, 
in  1634,  they  erected  a  representative  body,  which,  ten  years  after,  when  the  court  was 
divided  into  two  houses,  took  the  name  of  deputies,  as  the  other  house  took  that  of  magis- 
trates. Trial  by  jury  was  early  introduced  ;  yet  not  until  the  Court  of  Assistants  had  often 
judged  and  punished  in  a  summary  way. 

Thus  it  was,  that,  while  a  respectful  acknowledgment  of  subjection  to  the  mother  country 
and  dependence  on  her  was  frequently  made,  and  the  colonists  boasted  the  name  and  privileges 
of  Englishmen,  they  still  retained  the  right  of  popular  elections,  and  formed  a  government 
representative,  yet  dignified,  and  in  all  respects  paternal. 

II.   In  its  literary  institutions. 

If  in  Holland  the  Puritans  exhibited  an  anxious  apprehension  of  injury  to  the  youth  from 
the  irreligious  influences  surrounding  them,  the  considerate,  religious  colonists  of  Massachu- 
setts manifested,  with  much  consistency,  a  wakeful  care  to  instil  instruction  into  their  minds, 
when  removed  to  the  wildernesses  of  America.  As  early  as  1636,  the  General  Court  appro- 
priated £400  to  the  erection  of  a  public  school  at  Newtown,  afterwards  called  Cambridge. 
"Scarcely,"  says  the  Rev.  Dr.  HOLMES,§  "had  the  venerable  founders  of  New  England 
felled  the  trees  of  the  forest,  when  they  began  to  provide  means  to  insure  the  stability  of 
their  colony.  Learning  and  religion  they  wisely  judged  to  be  the  firmest  pillars  of  the  church 
and  commonwealth."  What  the  General  Court  had  contemplated  and  partially  provided  for, 
the  liberality  of  JOHN  HARVARD,  the  worthy  minister  of  Charlestown,  who  died  in  1638, 
aided  to  accomplish.  To  the  public  school  at  Newtown  he  left  by  will  £779  17s.  2d. ;  and  by 
order  of  court,  and  in  honor  of  its  earliest  benefactor,  the  school  was  named  Harvard  College, 
and  the  town  called  Cambridge,  in  memory  of  the  place  in  England,  at  whose  university  sev- 
eral of  the  influential  "planters"  had  received  their  own  education. 

The  establishment  of  this  college,  consecrated  "  to  CHRIST  and  the  church,"  has  been 
generally  regarded  as  a  striking  proof  of  the  far-seeing  wisdom  of  the  fathers  of  Massachusetts. 

*  — Cui  pudor,  et  justitiae  soror, 

Incorrupt,!  fides,  nudaque  veritas, 
Quando  ullum  invenient  parem? 

f  American  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  247-    Also  President  Quincy's  elaborate  History  of  Harvard  College. 

I  Hutchinson,  Coll.  Papers,  pp.  25,  26. 

$  See  Winthrop's  History  of  New  England,  edited  by  Hon.  J.  Savage. 


76  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

It  shared  the  prayers  and  best  wishes  of  ministers  and  churches,  and  proved  a  nursery  of  many 
"  plants  of  renown,"  distinguished  not  in  the  walks  of  sacred  labor  alone,  but  in  council,  at  the 
bar,  upon  the  bench,  and  even  in  the  field.  For  more  than  half  a  century  it  was  the  only  col- 
lege in  North  America,  and  is  now  the  best  endowed  of  all  our  literary  institutions.  Within 
the  present  bounds  of  the  commonwealth,  two  other  institutions,  Williamstown  and  Amherst 
Colleges,  have  since  been  incorporated,  and  have  enjoyed  a  very  considerable  share  of  legis- 
lative patronage,  besides  the  results  of  private  liberality.  In  addition  to  these  is  the  important 
Theological  Seminary  at  Andover,  whose  graduates  are  found,  not  officiating  as  pastors  of 
our  own  churches  only,  but  laboring  in  the  missionary  stations,  from  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in 
the  east,  to  the  regions  assigned  our  own  Indians  in  the  west ;  also  a  similar  institution  of 
the  Baptist  denomination  at  Newton,  emulating  its  elder  sister,  and  the  "  Wesleyan  Academy  " 
of  the  Methodists  at  Wilbraham.* 

Equal  attention  was  at  an  early  period  paid  to  the  establishment  of  common  schools  in  the 
several  townships ;  and  academies  have  been  founded  in  not  a  few  of  the  counties  of  the  state, 
as  at  Andover  in  Essex  county,  Leicester  in  Worcester  county,  &c.  Thus  it  has  resulted 
that  the  inhabitants  are  found  capable  of  reading,  writing,  and  casting  accounts,  with  very 
rare  exceptions  among  male  and  female  adults,  to  an  extent  as  great,  probably,  as  in  any  state 
of  the  Union,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  Connecticut,  and  comparing  with  any  the  most 
favored  population  in  the  world.  Indeed,  the  schools  of  Massachusetts  have  been  and  are  the 
just  cause  of  gratulation  and  pleasure  with  every  intelligent  friend  to  the  permanent  prosperity 
of  its  citizens. 

III.  In  its  churches. 

These  were  esteemed  by  their  founders  the  glory  of  the  community.  For  the  enjoyment 
and  transmission  of  religious  liberty,  mainly,  the  country  had  been  settled.  As  is  specified  in 
their  patent,  and  as  they  profess  in  the  articles  of  their  association,  it  was  to  advance  the 
kingdom  of  CHRIST  by  the  conversion  of  the  savages  of  America,  as  well  as  to  escape  the 
pains  and  penalties  of  unrighteous  orders  in  council  against  liberty  of  conscience  in  religion, 
that  they  were  willing  to  encounter  the  perils  of  the  sea,  or  the  equally  threatening  perils  of 
the  land.  "  O  that  I  might  have  heard  you  had  converted  some,  before  you  had  killed  any," 
exclaimed  the  pious  ROBINSON  in  Holland,  when,  in  1623,  he  heard  of  the  bold  energy  of 
the  warrior  STANDISH^  who  had  stifled  a  threatening  insurrection  of  Indians  against  the 
feeble  colony,  by  killing  with  his  own  hand  its  fomenter  and  leader.  And  this  was  the  feeling 
which  prompted  the  missionary  labors  of  "the  apostle"  ELIOT,  as  that  early,  consistent,  and 
attached  friend  of  the  Indians,  and  who  translated  the  whole  Bible  into  their  language,  has 
not  unaptly  been  named.  Nay,  it  was  chiefly  through  the  efforts  of  Governor  WINSLOW, 
when  visiting  England  on  the  affairs  of  the  colony,  that  in  1649  was  founded  the  Society  for 
propagating  the  Gospel,  having  principally  in  view  America  as  its  field  of  labor.  GOOKIK, 
the  MAYHEWS,  and  other  worthies  exerted  themselves  nobly  in  this  cause ;  and  several  Indian 
churches  were  gathered,  and  sustained  as  long  as  subjects  for  such  attention  continued  among  us. 

Harvard  College  was  soon  in  a  capacity  to  supply  no  small  number  of  those  worthy  men, 
who  formed  an  efficient  ministry  for  the  multiplied  religious  communities  that  grew  up  with 
the  respective  settlements  or  towns.  These  churches  were  gathered,  served,  and  maintained, 
with  direct  reference  to  the  authority  of  the  Holy  Scriptures.  Their  first  supply  came,  of  course, 
from  abroad,  for  not  a  class  received  the  honors  of  the  college  till  more  than  twenty  years  after 
the  settlement  at  Plymouth ;  and  even  afterwards,  especially  on  the  disgraceful  persecutions 
that  so  soon  followed  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  in  the  person  of  CHARLES  II.,  several 
excellent  ministers  accrued  to  our  commonwealth,  and  shone  as  lights  in  the  churches,  aiding  to 
maintain  in  them  a  primitive  faith  and  a  holy  practice. 
IV.  In  the  industrial  pursuits  of  its  inhabitants. 

The  evidence  of  thrift,  in  an  application  to  all  those  arts  and  employments  by  which  human 
life  is  sustained,  rendered  comfortable,  or  adorned,  is  in  few  communities  more  rife,  percep- 

*  See  State  Institutions.  f  See  Allen's  Biog.  Diet.,  &c. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  MASSACHUSETTS.  77 

tible,  and  tangible,  than  in  the  industrious  communities  of  the  citizens  of  Massachusetts.  For 
the  special  statistics  which  exhibit  this  evidence,  reference  is  made  in  this  work.  But,  although 
the  present  notices  must  be  rapid  and  brief,  it  will  be  of  benefit  to  classify  a  few  of  the  par- 
ticulars that  deserve  attention  in  the  general  estimate. 

The  soil  of  the  state,  when  compared  with  portions  of  the  Union,  is  not  considered  as  the 
most  inviting  from  its  fertility,  being  hard  and  unyielding,  generally,  and  often  rocky.  But 
the  climate  is  wholesome,  the  air  bracing ;  and  patient,  skilful  cultivation  brings  its  reward. 

Yet  at  a  very  early  period  the  whale,  cod,  and  other  fisheries  attracted  many.  The  coasts 
of  New  England  had  been  visited  successfully  before  any  European  settlements  of  a  perma- 
nent nature  were  made.  And,  since  that  period,  the  fisheries  have  been  pursued  Avith  highly 
important  results  —  not  merely  as  relates  to  the  supply  of  food  and  increase  of  wealth,  out  the 
training  also  of  a  hardy,  and  skilful,  and  adventurous  race  of  mariners.  These  pursue  the 
whale  in  every  ocean,  and  return  richly  laden  with  the  spoil.  That  perilous  employment  has 
found  no  men  more  energetic  and  able  than  the  whalemen  of  Massachusetts. 

Manufactures  of  almost  every  kind  have  flourished,  and  still  flourish,  in  this  state.  Those 
of  cotton  fabric  are  detailed  in  the  account  given  of  Lowell,  Waltham,  &c.,  exhibiting  not 
merely  a  large  and  judicious  investment  of  capital,  and  the  application  of  ingenuity  and  skill 
to  the  several  facilities  for  rendering  the  labor  easy  and  profitable,  but,  more  especially, 
delighting  the  philanthropist  with  the  appearance  of  health,  sound  morals,  and  a  cheerful 
devotion  to  labor,  joined  with  self-cultivation,  particularly  in  the  female  operatives,  hardly,  if 
at  all,  paralleled  in  any  other  portion  of  the  civilized  world. 

In  regard  to  commerce,  it  has  often  been  said  of  New  England,  that  "  her  canvas  whitens 
every  sea ; "  and  Massachusetts  is  the  most  commercial  of  this  family  of  states.  Salem  engaged 
among  the  first  in  the  trade  to  the  East  Indies,  and  derived  immense  wealth  from  the  skill, 
hardihood,  and  faithfulness  of  her  intelligent  seamen.  But  Boston  has  been  a  noted  mart  from 
its  very  settlement.  Its  commerce  has  literally  extended  to  every  sea,  and  the  first  American 
vessel  that  circumnavigated  the  globe  sailed  in  1787  from  her  port. 

The  manufacture  of  iron  was  commenced  as  early  as  1643 ;  but  the  minerals  of  the  common- 
wealth are  not  abundant,  and  its  furnaces  and  forges  are  supplied  chiefly  from  other  states. 
In  carpentry  of  every  kind  much  is  annually  effected,  and  furniture  of  all  sorts  is  extensively 
exported  to  the  West  Indies,  along  with  the  produce  of  the  dairy,  the  orchard,  and  the 
meadow. 

Passing  from  this  view  of  the  commonwealth,  its  history  demands  attention,  and  may  be 
considered  advantageously  in  several  periods. 

1.  From  the  settlement,  respectively,  of  the  Plymouth  colony,  in  1620,  and  that  of  the  Bay 
in  1626,  or  '8,  and  1630,  to  the  union  of  both  in  one  government,  1692.*  These  two  colonies 
alone  are  mentioned,  as  space  cannot  here  be  afforded  to  a  labored  survey  of  the  variations  in 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  state  at  different  times.  Thus,  at  one  period,  Maine  and  Nova  Scotia 
were  attached  to  the  Plymouth  colony,  and  included  in  its  government.  At  another,  New 
Hampshire  formed  a  part  of  Massachusetts,  and  shared  the  cares  of  its  rulers.  Maine,  too, 
was  an  important  portion  of  the  state  for  many  years,  until  it  became  itself  a  sovereignty 
in  1820. 

The  period  above  stated  includes,  then,  the  emigrations  from  England,  which  lasted  without 
intermission  to  the  times  of  the  commonwealth  under  CROMWELL,  when  the  friends  of  a  repub- 
lic could  enjoy  at  home  what  had  been  sought  before  in  America.  It  includes,  likewise,  the 
bloody  struggles  with  hostile,  marauding  savages,  stung  by  want,  by  envy  and  criminal  neglect, 
as  well  as  corrupted  by  the  evil  examples  of  worthless  men,  such  as  in  every  period  since  have 
abounded  on  Indian  borders.  And  it  embraces  particularly  that  critical  season  in  which,  under 
the  brave  and  cunning  PHILIP,  son  of  MASSASOIT,  and  sachem  or  king  of  the  Wampanoags, 

*  Plymouth  colony  embraced  the  territory  of  the  present  counties  of  Plymouth,  Bristol,  Barnstable, 
Dukes,  and  Nantucket,  with  the  exception  of  the  town  of  Hingham,  —  and  that  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
the  residue  of  the  state.  See  Borden's  Map  of  Massachusetts 


78  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

a  most  deadly  warfare  had  well  nigh  depopulated  several  of  their  rising  settlements,  although 
it  terminated  fatally  for  the  Indians.* 

Yet  this  period,  as  we  have  seen,  though  it  be' one  that  includes  such  a  calamitous  contest 
with  the  natives  of  the  country,  extensively  leagued  together,  and  ably  led  on,  was  not  barren 
of  Christian  effort  to  civilize  and  convert  them.  The  history  of  these  exertions  is  no  small  part 
of  the  true  glory  of  the  state. 

This  period,  too,  embraces  the  trials  of  leading  men  with  the  arbitrary  councils  and  exactions 
of  a  corrupt  and  licentious  court,  under  the  brother  STUARTS,  CHARLES  and  JAMES,  until,  in 
the  memorable  case  of  ANDROS,  the  faithful  representative  of  the  latter  king,  a  weak,  yet 
tyrannical  despot,  the  abuse  of  power  met  not  only  a  firm  resistance,  but  personal  violence,  in 
actual  seizure  and  imprisonment. 

The  revolution  of  1689  could  in  no  part  of  the  British  dominions  give  greater  joy  than  in 
Massachusetts.  For  it  quelled  the  fear  of  a  retribution  for  certain  convenient  assumptions  of 
power,  which  might,  for  very  many  years,  have  well  been  anticipated.  And  it  prepared  the  way 
ror  a  government,  which,  although  it  abridged  subsequently,  and  for  a  long  period,  the  exercise 
of  a  popular  voice  in  elections,  commenced  with  a  chief  magistrate  named  by  a  clergyman  of 
Massachusetts^  one  of  the  agents  of  the  colony. 

2.  The  next  period  may  extend  to  the  taking  of  Louisburg  from  the  French  in  1745.  It 
oegins  with  the  operation  of  the  new  charter,  which  was  soon  effected,  and  the  government 
organized ;  and  it  develops  a  series  of  contentions  between  the  provincial  assembly,  or 
magistrates  and  deputies,  and  the  crown  officers,  beginning  with  the  successor  of  Sir  WIL- 
LIAM PHIPS,  and  lasting  for  near  a  quarter  of  a  century.  These  disputes  tended  to  discipline 
the  minds  of  those  who  engaged  in  them,  and  to  extend  their  views,  rendering  political  sub- 
jects familiar;  while,  at  the  same  time,  the  extent  of  territory  subjected  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  crown  governors,  embracing,  not  the  colonies  of  Plymouth  and  the  Bay  alone,  (as  before 
observed,)  but  also  Maine,  Nova  Scotia,  the  territory  of  New  Brunswick,  and  the  islands  J 
along  the  coast,  and  also  New  Hampshire  occasionally,  increased  the  connection  by  sea,  at 
least,  with  a  broad  country,  and  familiarized  the  colonists  to  enlarged  calculations  and  ex- 
tended enterprise. 

Much,  however,  of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  old  and  rigid  Puritans  had  now  been 
softened.  Other  views  in  theology  were  occasionally  broached.  The  discipline  of  the 
churches  began,  with  the  increase  of  trade  and  commerce,  to  decline ;  and  although,  in  the 
main,  a  spirit  of  religion  continued  to  distinguish  the  community,  when  compared  with  other 
portions  of  the  British  dominions,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  "  the  gold  had  become  dim,  and  the 
most  fine  gold  changed." 

Near  the  end  of  the  period,  nevertheless,  a  revival  of  religion  was  witnessed,  of  great  power. 
It  commenced  at  Northampton,  under  the  searching  ministry  of  the  eminent  JONATHAN  ED- 
WARDS,§  and  extended  widely ;  for  in  the  midst  of  it  WHITEFIELD  visited  America,  and  fanned, 
though  he  did  not  produce,  the  flame. 

But  the  sagacity  and  energy  of  Governor  SHIRLEY,  in  planning  the  expedition  to  Cape 
Breton,  engrossed  soon  the  cares  and  efforts  of  the  colonists,  and  prepared  the  way  for  the  suc- 
ceeding period  of  their  history,  the  opening  and  presentation  of  a  drama  in  which  the  world  is 
concerned.  The  complete  success  of  the  expedition  drew  the  attention  of  the  mother  country 
towards  its  colonies,  which  it  had  previously  underrated ;  the  pay,  in  ready  money,  added 
greatly  to  the  colonial  aggrandizement,  and  encouraged  an  active  industry,  while  it  empowered 
the  hitherto  straitened  inhabitants  to  avail  themselves  of  the  resources  of  their  country,  and, 
in  various  ways,  aided  the  advance  of  the  approaching  revolution.  Still  they  were  among  the 
most  loyal  subjects  of  the  crown,  and  gloried,  as  yet,  in  the  privileges  as  well  as  name  of 
Englishmen. 

*  See  Holmes's  Annals,  Drake,  and  their  authorities. 

f  Increase  Mather,  when  desired  by  King  William  III.,  nominated  Sir  W.  Phips. 

J  Holmes's  Annals,  sub  1692,  and  Allen. 

$  See  Tracy's  Great  Awakening. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — MASSACHUSETTS.  79 

3.  From  1745  to  the  revolution,  the  history  of  Massachusetts  is  familiar  to  every  politician 
of  the  day.     In  the  war  for  subduing  Canada  provincialists  took  a  deep  interest,  and  were 
extensively  and  warmly  engaged.     And  it  proved  a  school  for  not  a  few  of  those  whose 
courage  was  soon  to  be  tested  in  the  scenes  of  Lexington,  Concord,  Bunker  Hill,  and  Boston. 
And  as  the  difficulties  with  Great  Britain  originated  in  Massachusetts,  her  people  were  at  no 
time  backward  to  discharge  their  full  share  of  duty,  in  council  and  in  action,  when  the  flames 
of  war  spread  widely,  and  the  whole  series  of  English  colonies  along  the  coast  were  roused, 
as  by  the  community  of  one  spirit,  to  draw  the  sword  in  defence  of  their  injured  rights. 

But  the  history  of  the  American  revolution,  its  causes,  progress,  accomplishment,  and  results, 
forms  a  theme  too  vast  to  be  comprised  in  limits  such  as  are  assigned  to  this  brief  and  rapid 
sketch.  Men  were  in  long  preparation  for  the  opening  contest.  The  British  ministry  are 
encroaching  and  arbitrary.  A  decided  stand  is  taken  and  maintained  ;  and  Massachusetts  and 
her  sister  colonies  become,  at  length,  an  independent  nation. 

4.  The  formation  of  a  constitution  for  the  state,  which  was  effected  in  1780,  marks  an  im- 
portant era  in  its  history.    A  sublime  spectacle  indeed  was  presented,  when  the  delegates  were 
engaged  in  fixing  the  boundaries  of  civil  rights  and  claims,  and  establishing  the  foundations 
of  social  order  and  prosperity.     Yet  not  a  less  sublime  spectacle  appeared,  when,  in  1820, 
after  a  lapse  of  forty  years,  a  revision  of  the  same  constitution  was  publicly  effected,  under 
the  presiding  auspices  of  that  distinguished  son  of  Massachusetts,  who  succeeded  WASHING- 
TON as  President  of  the  United  States,  and  had  been  a  principal  framer  of  the  civil  constitu 
tion  of  his  own  state. 

That  must  be  a  people  of  peculiar  character,  among  whom  it  is  possible,  without  war, 
or  contentious  turbulence,  or  violence  of  any  kind,  or  tendency  to  abandonment  or  licentious- 
ness, to  take  apart  the  constituent  portions  of  a  civic  system,  and  readjust  them  as  quietly  and 
orderly  as  if  they  formed  but  the  mechanism  of  a  watch.  Yet  several  of  our  states  have  suc- 
cessfully followed  the  example.  How  nearly  impracticable  has  it  been  in  South  America  ! 

In  1786,  the  strength  of  attachment  to  "  law  and  order  "  was  tested  by  the  rebellion.  Yet 
this  served,  probably,  to  convince  the  majority,  that,  in  order  to  maintain  their  freedom,  that 
freedom  must  be  guarded  sedulously  by  wise  provisions,  to  which  men  must  submit.  The 
quelling  of  that  rebellion  seems  to  have  destroyed  the  very  seeds  of  anarchy  and  confusion. 
Still,  the  sympathy  excited  by  the  French  revolution  threatened  for  a  time  no  little  disturbance 
of  the  political  quiet,  until  the  extravagances  of  the  miserable  leaders  alienated  from  them  all 
sober  men. 

5.  The  actual  adoption  of  the  federal  constitution  forms  another  era.     The  state  had  just 
experienced  the  necessity  of  resorting  to  arms  to  preserve  its  own  domestic  government.     And 
it  was  but  right  to  expect  that  its  leading  men  should  prove  warm  advocates  for  a  system  of 
rule  that  should  fulfil  the  legitimate  end  of  such  an  establishment,  and  be  "  a  terror  to  the  evil, 
and  a  praise  and  encouragement  to  them  that  do  well." 

Under  the  subsequent  operation  of  this  government,  Massachusetts  has  partaken  both  of  the 
weal  and  woe  of  the  United  States.  She  has  furnished  from  the  beginning  her  quota  of  able 
men  in  the  councils  of  the  nation,  and  twice  has  a  citizen  of  her  own  been  promoted  to  the 
presidential  chair.  Her  orators  and  statesmen  from  AMES  to  WEBSTER  have  distinguished 
themselves,  and  honored  and  gratified  their  constituents,  while  they  have  contributed  to  advance 
the  welfare  and  fame  of  their  country. 

In  the  mean  while,  that  is,  in  1820,  Maine,  ripe  for  self-government,  was  disconnected,  and 
became  a  separate  and  independent  state.  The  measure,  it  was  apprehended,  would  greatly 
diminish  the  weight  and  influence  of  Massachusetts  in  the  national  councils,  by  the  withdraw- 
ment  of  so  large  a  constituency  in  respect  to  representation.  Yet  has  the  increase  of  popu- 
lation since  been  such,  that  at  the  present  time  it  is  nearly  as  great  within  the  actual  bounds 
of  Massachusetts  proper,  as  it  was  in  both  territories  during  the  last  year  of  the  union  of 
Maine  with  the  state. 

The  deliberate  adjustment  of  the  various  civil  and  political  rights  and  privileges  of  a  people, 
as  asserted  and  maintained  on  this  side  the  Atlantic,  published  in  regular  codes  of  law ;  the 
enrolment  of  citizens  authorized  to  vote,  whereby  the  violences  attending  some  elections 


80 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


elsewhere  are  avoided  —  violences,  in  the  detail  of  which  the  enemies  of  republican  institu- 
tions greatly  delight  and  triumph ;  the  deeply-engraven  spirit  of  their  forefathers,  which  can 
with  difficulty  be  erased  ;  the  strong  love  of  home  and  its  enjoyments,  ruling  in  the  hearts  of 
absentees,*  and  exerting  an  attractive  influence  in  every  climate ;  the  general  respect  for  re- 
ligion and  its  ministers,  which  yet  lingers  in  the  population,  and  is  sustained  by  the  ordinary  worth 
of  those  who  bear  the  character  of  pastors  and  sacred  guides ;  the  introduction  and  general  ex- 
tension of  instruction  by  schools  on  the  Sabbath  as  well  as  the  week  days  ;  the  ample  provision 
made  for  education,  and  the  distinction  and  influence  gained  by  real  science  and  moral  worth 
in  heads  of  colleges  and  eminent  professors  ;  the  improvements  made  in  agriculture,  rendering 
the  farmer  desirous  and  capable  of  raising  much  from  a  few  acres,  rather  than  superficially  to 
run  over  a  large  extent  but  half  cultivated ;  the  improved  character  of  seamen ;  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  temperance  reform,  and  establishment  of  literary  and  benevolent  associations,  —  all 
conspire  to  augur  well  for  the  future  prosperity  of  the  state. 

In  the  catalogue  of  governors  will  be  seen  the  names  of  several  whom  the  people 
"delighted  to  honor,"  and  whose  memory  will  be  dear  to  the  intelligent,  sober,  religious 
patriot.  The  names  of  CARVER,  WINSLOW,  BRADFORD,  WINTHROP,  HAYNES,  among  the 
early  chief  magistrates,  and  STRONG  f  among  those  of  recent  years,  can  hardly  be  named 
without  emotion.  The  fame  of  POWNALL  and  HUTCHINSON,  as  faithful  recorders,  and  of 
HANCOCK  and  ADAMS  in  the  list  of  patriots,  is  spread  as  widely  as  the  history  of  the  state  ; 
and  FRANKLIN,  BOWDOIN,  ADAMS,  both  the  father  and  son,  can  never  be  forgotten.  Among 
judges  and  counsellors,  ministers  of  the  gospel,  authors  and  teachers,  physicians,  merchants, 
farmers,  and  mechanics,  in  short,  in  every  department  of  life  will  be  found  those  who  have 
honored  themselves  by  their  talents,  integrity,  and  usefulness,  and  proved  worthy  sons  of  a 
distinguished  mother.  All  such  will  join  in  the  devout  aspiration  with  which  the  public 
document  for  her  annual  fasts  and  thanksgivings  closes,  — 

"GOD    SAVE    THE    COMMONWEALTH    OF    MASSACHUSETTS!" 


See  Pittsfield. 


Heu  pietas,  heuprisca  fides  ! 


NOTE    REFERRED    TO    ON    PAGE    74. 

1.  Those  with  this  mark  (*)  brought  their  wives  with  them  ;  those  with  this  (f),  for  the  present,  left 
them  either  in  Holland  or  England. 

2.  Some  left  behind  them  part,  and  others  all  their  children,  who  afterwards  came  over. 

3.  Those  with  this  mark  (§)  deceased  before  the  end  of  March. 

Names.  No.  in  Family.  Names.  No.  in  Family. 

1.  Mr.  John  Carver,*  8 

2.  William  Bradford,*  2 

3.  Mr.  Edward  Winslow,*     5 

4.  Mr.  William  Brewster,* 

5.  Mr.  Isaac  Allerton,* 

6.  Captain  Miles  Standish,* 

7.  John  Alden, 

8.  Mr.  Samuel  Fullor.f 

9.  Mr.  Christopher  Martin,*5  4 

10.  Mr.  William  Mullins,*$ 

11.  Mr.  William  White,*§ 

12.  Mr.  Richard  Warren,t 

13.  John  Rowland,  c 

14.  Mr.  Stephen  Hopkins,* 


Names. 

15.  Edward  Tilly,*$ 

16.  John  Tilly,*$ 

17.  Francis  Cook,f 

18.  Thomas  Rogers 

19.  Thomas  Tinker,* 

20.  John  Ridgdale,* 

21.  Edward  Fuller,* 

22.  John  Turner,^ 

23.  Francis  Eaton,* 

24.  James  Chilton,*$ 

25.  John  Crackston,$e 

26.  John  Billington,* 

27.  Moses  Fletcher, $/ 

28.  John  Goodman,^ 


iy. 

4 
3 

2 

i*aniea.                       no*  111  r  < 

29.  Degory  Priest,6  g 
30.  Thomas  Williams,^ 
31.  Gilbert  Winslow, 

iiuuy 
1 

1 
1 

2 

32.  Edmund  Margeson,§ 

1 

3 

33.  Peter  Brown, 

1 

2 
3 

34.  Richard  Britterige,§  h 
35.  George  Soule,  i 

1 

3 

36.  Richard  Clarke,§ 

1 

3 

37.  Richard  Gardner, 

1 

3 

2 

38.  John  Allerton,  § 
39.  Thomas  English,  § 

1 
1 

4 

40.  Edward  Dotey.j  )  ^ 

1 

41.  Edward  Leister,  j 

1 

101 

So  there  were  just  101  who  sailed  from  Plymouth  in  England,  and  just  as  many  arrived  in  Cape  Cod 
harbor.  And  this  is  the  solitary  number  who,  for  an  undented  conscience,  and  the  love  of  pure  Chris- 
tianity, first  left  their  native  and  pleasant  land,  and  encountered  all  the  toils  and  hazards  of  the  tumul- 
tuous ocean,  in  search  of  some  uncultivated  region  in  North  Virginia,  where  they  might  quietly  enjoy 
their  religious  liberties,  and  transmit  them  to  posterity,  in  hopes  that  none  would  follow  to  disturb  or 
vex  them.  Prince's  Annals. 

a  One  of  these  was  the  servant  who  died  before  their 
arrival. 

b  Besides  the  son  born  in  Cape  Cod  harbor,  named  Per- 
egrine. 

c  He  was  of  Governor  Carver's  family. 

d  One  of  these  was  a  son  born  at  sea,  and  therefore 
named  Oceanus. 


e  Mr.  Morton  calls  him  Craxton. 

/  Mr.  Morton  seems  to  mistake  in  calling  him  Jose. 

fMr.  Morton  calls  him  Digery. 
Mr.  Morton  calls  him  Bitteridge. 
i    He  was  of  Governor  Winslow's  family. 
j    Mr.  Morton  seems  to  mistake  in  calling  him  Doten. 
/.  They  were  of  Mr.  Hopkins's  family. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — MICHIGAN. 


81 


MICHIGAN.  This  is  one  of  those  members  of  the  American  Union  which  were  for- 
merly comprised  in  the  "  North-west  Territory."  In  the  year  1640,  it  was  partially  explored 
by  a  few  French  traders  from  Canada ;  and  the  first  settlement  was  formed  at  Detroit,  in  1670. 
By  the  peace  between  France  and  England,  in  1763,  the  latter  obtained  possession  of  the 
territory,  and,  at  the  termination  of  the  revolutionary  war,  ceded  it  to  the  United  States  — 
retaining  control  of  Detroit,  however,  until  1796.  It  was  organized  as  a  territory  of  the 
United  States  in  1805 ;  but,  in  the  course  of  the  war  of  1812,  again  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
British,  from  whom  it  was  recovered,  in  a  short  period,  by  the  American  forces  under  General 
Harrison.  In  1836,  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  Bordered  on  the  northern  and  eastern  fronts  by  two  of  the  great 
lakes,  and  parted  near  its  centre  by  another,  the  land  surface  exhibits  two  distinct  peninsulas 
—  the  base  of  one  lying  adjacent  to  Ohio  and  Indiana  on  the  south,  and  that  of  the  other  com- 
mencing at  the  boundary  of  Wisconsin  on  the  south-west.  The  main  peninsula,  known  as 
Michigan  proper,  is  bounded  north  by  the  waters  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan ;  east  by 
Lakes  Huron  and  St.  Clan*,  and  by  a  portion  of  Lake  Erie,  with  the  intermediate  straits  or 
rivers ;  south  by  the  states  of  Ohio  and  Indiana ;  and  west  by  Lake  Michigan.  The  northern 
or  upper  peninsula  is  bounded  north  by  Lake  Superior ;  east  and  south-east  by  Lake  Huron 
and  the  waters  therewith  connected ;  south  by  Lake  Michigan ;  and  south-west  by  the  Me- 
nonomee  and  Montreal  Rivers,  which  separate  it  from  Wisconsin.  The  southern  peninsula  is 
282  miles  long,  with  an  average  breadth  of  140  ;  the  length  of  the  northern  is  324  miles,  and 
its  mean  width  60.  The  whole  area  of  the  state,  including  some  36,300  square  miles  of 
water  surface,  comprises  about  92,500  square  miles.  Its  geographical  position  is  between 
41°  30'  and  47°  2(X  north  latitude,  and  extends  from  82°  25'  to  90°  30'  west  longitude. 

Government.  —  The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  and  senators  are  elected  biennially,  and 
the  representatives  annually  —  the  latter  numbering  54,  and  the  Senate  consisting  of  18. 
These  elections  are  by  the  people,  who,  by  a  late  amendment  of  the  constitution,  elect  also 
the  judges  and  cabinet  officers.  The  sessions  of  the  legislature  commence  annually  on  the 
first  Monday  of  January ;  and  the  present  seat  of  government  is  established  at  Lansing, 
Ingham  county.  A  residence  of  only  six  months  in  the  state,  immediately  preceding  an  elec- 
tion, confers  the  right  of  voting  on  all  white  males  who  have  attained  their  majority. 

Judiciary.  —  Until  the  recent  modification  of  the  constitution,  the  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  were  appointed  by  the  governor  and  Senate  for  seven  years.  The  Supreme  Court 
comprises  a  chief  justice  and  four  associate  justices,  one  being  assigned  to  each  of  the 
11 


82  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

five  judicial  circuits  into  which  the  state  is  divided.  These  courts  hold  one  or  two  terms  an 
nually  in  each  county  ;  and  there  are  also  County  Courts,  having  general  common  law  juris- 
diction, both  civil  and  criminal.  Persons  charged  with  offences  punishable  by  confinement  in 
the  State  Prison  may  demand  trial  before  the  circuit  judge,  who  in  such  case  is  to  preside  in  the 
County  Court.  The  county  judges  hold  office  four  years.  Probate  Courts  are  held  in  each 
county,  the  judges  of  which,  as  well  as  those  of  the  county  courts,  are  elected  by  the  people. 

.Education.  —  The  subject  of  education  has  received  a  just  share  of  public  attention.  The 
common  school  system  is  generously  supported,  and  many  literary  institutions  of  a  higher 
order  have  also  been  established  and  liberally  endowed.  At  Ann  Arbor  is  located  Michigan 
University,  which  has  academic  branches  in  various  other  parts  of  the  state.  There  are 
sundry  colleges,  maintained  by  different  religious  denominations,  and  generally  in  a  flourishing 
condition.  In  ]  849,  the  number  of  scholars  in  the  state,  which  derived  benefit  from  the  public 
funds  appropriated  for  purposes  of  education,  was  upwards  of  125,000.  There  is  a  Board 
of  Education,  consisting  of  eight  members,  chosen  by  the  legislature,  which  has  charge  of  a 
well-endowed  state  Normal  School,  at  Ypsilanti.  Munificent  appropriations  have  also  been 
made  for  the  erection  and  maintenance  of  asylums  for  the  deaf,  dumb,  blind,  and  insane. 

Finances.  —  At  the  opening  of  the  year  1850,  the  state  debt  exceeded  the  immediate 
available  means  of  payment  by  somewhat  more  than  $2,000,000.  During  the  year  ending 
November  30,  1850,  the  receipts  into  the  treasury  amounted  to  $429,268,  and  the  expendi- 
tures to  $449,355.  The  revenue  is  derived  not  only  from  direct  state  taxes,  but  from  specific 
taxes,  charges  on  sales  of  public  lands,  and  other  sources.  It  was  estimated  by  the  governor, 
in  a  late  annual  message,  that  the  assessment  of  property  for  purposes  of  taxation,  instead  of 
being  based,  as  heretofore,  on  a  valuation  of  only  about  $30,000,000,  would  be  more  equitably 
made  if  based  upon  a  cash  valuation ;  in  which  case  the  value  of  taxable  property,  it  is  sup- 
posed, must  exceed  $100,000,000. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  Michigan  proper  presents  a  diversity  of  surface.  It  is  mostly  either 
level  or  slightly  swelling,  but  is  occasionally  rough  and  hilly ;  and  towards  ths  central  points, 
between  the  eastern  and  western  shores,  is  elevated  to  a  height  of  some  six  to  seven  hundred 
feet,  forming  rugged  and  irregular  ridges.  On  the  western  side  of  this  range  of  eminences, 
the  land  slopes  gently  and  smoothly  towards  the  lake,  but  again  rises  on  the  coast  into  steep 
and  broken  sand  banks  and  bluffs.  The  northern  half  of  this  peninsula  is  as  yet  but  sparsely 
peopled  ;  and  its  soil  is  regarded  as  inferior  to  that  of  the  southern  portion,  although  most  of 
the  lands  in  the  interior  are  said  to  be,  in  general,  well  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes.  In 
the  settled  parts,  the  soil  is  quite  productive  ;  and  flax,  hemp,  all  the  varieties  of  grains, 
garden  vegetables,  &c.,  are  raised  in  abundance.  The  forests  yield  excellent  timber,  of  almost 
every  description  known  in  this  climate  ;  as,  the  oak,  walnut,  hickory,  elm,  ash,  maple,  syca- 
more, white  wood,  hackberry,  cotton  wood,  poplar,  butternut,  cherry,  &c.  There  are  also  large 
tracts  of  pine,  spruce,  and  hemlock-trees  in  the  northerly  parts  of  the  state.  Of  the  upper  or 
northern  peninsula,  no  very  great  amount  of  knowledge  has  yet  been  obtained,  beyond  what 
is,  in  some  degree,  connected  with  the  recent  geological  survey  of  this  region.  It  is  but 
thinly  inhabited  by  permanent  residents,  its  soil  promising  but  poor  remuneration  to  the  culti- 
vator. Mountains,  valleys,  hills,  plains,  forests,  and  rivers  variegate  the  surface.  The  most 
lofty  of  the  elevations  ascend  to  a  height  of  2000  feet ;  some  of  the  forests  embrace  millions 
of  acres  of  pines  and  other  evergreens ;  and  a  hundred  rivers,  large  and  small,  affording 
valuable  mill  sites,  flow  from  the  uplands  into  the  lakes,  on  either  side  of  the  Porcupine 
Mountains,  the  grand  ridge  which  towers  as  a  sort  of  dividing  barrier  between  Lakes  Superior 
and  Michigan. 

Rivers.  —  The  high  lands  in  the  central  parts  of  Michigan  proper  give  rise  to  several  large 
streams,  which  generally  run  into  the  lakes  on  either  side.  The  principal  of  these  are  Raisin 
and  Huron,  flowing  into  Lake  Erie ;  the  Rouge,  Clinton,  Black,  Saginaw,  Thunder-Bay,  and 
Cheborgan,  emptying  into  sundry  straits  and  bays  on  the  east ;  and  the  still  larger  rivers,  St. 
Joseph,  Kalamazoo,  Monistic,  Maskegon,  and  Grand,  which  connect  with  Lake  Michigan  on 
the  west,  and  are  partly  navigable.  Small  lakes,  yielding  plenty  of  fine  fish,  abound  in  the 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  MICHIGAN.  83 

southern  counties  of  this  peninsula.  Excepting  the  Montreal  and  Menonomee,  which 
form  a  part  of.  the  boundary,  the  rivers  of  the  northern  peninsula,  though  numerous,  are  com- 
paratively inconsiderable,  so  far  as  they  have  yet  been  explored.  The  most  important  appears 
to  be  the  Ontonagon  River,  which  flows  into  Lake  Superior. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  Central  Railroad,  extending  from  Detroit  to  Lake  Michigan, 
and  the  Southern  Railroad,  finished  as  far  as  Hillsdale,  are  the  principal  public  works 
of  this  class  within  the  state.  They  were  both  originally  projected,  and  partially  com- 
pleted, under  the  authority  of  the  state,  whose  property  they  were  until  1846,  when  they 
were  sold  to  certain  incorporated  companies.  The  Central  was  disposed  of  for  $2,000,000, 
and  the  Southern  for  $500,000.  Several  branches  extend  in  different  directions  from  the 
above  roads,  embracing  an  aggregate  length  of  some  70  miles.  Other  works  have  been 
projected,  and  will  doubtless  be  prosecuted. 

Minerals.  —  The  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  known  to  be  peculiarly  rich  in  mineral 
treasures.  In  Ontonagon  River,  about  the  centre  of  the  region,  immense  masses  of  native 
copper  have  been  found ;  and  there  are  doubtless  vast  beds  of  that  and  other  minerals  that 
yet  remain  to  be  developed.  Iron  and  lead  are  known  to  exist  in  abundance. 

Manufactures.  —  Several  millions  of  capital  are  employed  in  various  descriptions  of  manu- 
factures ;  but  the  articles  produced  are  such,  in  general,  as  are  only  required  for  domestic 
use,  or  home  consumption.  Wheat  flour  is,  perhaps,  the  only  manufactured  commodity  which 
is  exported  to  any  considerable  amount  from  the  state.  In  1849,  there  were  228  flouring  mills 
in  the  state,  which  manufactured  719,478  barrels  of  flour.  There  are  some  hundreds  of  saw 
mills  scattered  throughout  the  several  counties,  which  prepare  for  market  large  quantities  of 
lumber,  and  some  portions  of  this  product  are  also  sent  abroad. 

Indians.  —  There  are  several  tribes,  or  parts  of  tribes,  of  the  red  races,  dispersed  in  dif- 
ferent quarters  of  the  state,  the  most  numerous  of  which  are  the  Chippewas,  which  compose 
upwards  of  one  half  of  the  Indian  population,  and  reside  mostly  in  the  upper  peninsula.  The 
Ottawas  are  next  in  numerical  order ;  then  follow  the  Monomonies  and  Pottawatamies,  with  a 
few  Wyandots.  These,  altogether,  number  nearly  8000.  They  occupy  various  localities, 
dwelling  for  the  most  part  on  tracts  specially  reserved  for  their  use. 

Population.  — Michigan,  like  the  other  North-western  States,  is  peopled  by  the  representa- 
tives of  divers  lands  and  races.  The  natives  consist  of  the  descendants  of  the  aborigines, 
of  the  first  French  settlers,  and  mestizoes,  or  the  offspring  of  white  and  Indian  progenitors. 
Among  the  foreign  population  are  immigrants  from  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  other  Euro- 
pean countries ;  and  there  are  multitudes  of  settlers  from  New  England,  New  York,  New 
Jersey  >  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  Canada.  Very  few  of  the  African  race  are  found  in 
the  state. 

Climate.  —  There  is  a  marked  dissimilarity  between  the  climates  of  the  upper  and  lower 
peninsulas  of  Michigan,  arising  from  their  different  geographical  positions.  The  former  is 
subject  to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  to  sudden  and  severe  changes,  while  the  latter 
enjoys  a  comparatively  mild  and  uniform  temperature.  Long  and  cold  winters,  followed  by 
short  and  hot  summers,  are  the  principal  seasons  in  the  upper  peninsula^  for  the  transitions 
are  so  rapid  as  to  afford  but  a  brief  interval  of  spring  or  autumn.  The  contrast  between  the 
two  portions  of  the  state,  in  this  respect,  is  owing,  doubtless,  to  the  varied  influences  of  the 
winds  from  the  lakes.  The  general  adaptation  of  the  climate  to  human  health  may  be  said 
to  equal  that  of  the  central  portions  of  Indiana  and  Illinois.  Among  the  diseases  most  common 
are  fever  and  ague,  and  other  maladies  originating  in  malaria.  In  some  seasons,  affections 
of  the  lungs,  of  the  bowels,  the  limbs,  &c.,  prevail  to  greater  or  less  extent,  depending  upon 
atmospheric  agencies.  The  goitre,  or  swelled  neck,  is  a  disease  peculiar  to  the  inhabitants 
residing  on  the  lake  shores. 

Religion.  —  Of  the  religious  denominations  the  Methodists  are  the  most  numerous.  Pres- 
byterians, Baptists,  Episcopalians,  and  Roman  Catholics  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  remainder. 
There  are,  however,  a  few  congregations  of  Lutherans,  Dutch  Reformed,  Unitarians,  Uni- 
versalists,  &c. 


84  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

Curiosities.  —  Among  these  may  be  classed  the  ancient  forts  or  mounds,  the  relics  of  former 
races,  many  of  which  are  found  in  this  and  the  neighboring  states,  varying  in  form  and  dimen- 
sions, and  containing  remains  of  human  bodies,  arrows,  medals,  ornaments,  strangely-shaped 
vessels,  &c.,  but  as  yet  yielding  no  clew  to  the  development  of  their  mysterious  origin.  Cer- 
tain "  garden  beds,"  so  called,  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  state,  evidently  of  very  ancient 
Indian  origin.  In  many  instances  they  cover  hundreds  of  acres,  exhibiting  traces  of  the  most 
careful  labor  in  the  regularity  of  their  outlines  and  compartments,  and  the  fineness  of  their 
soil,  as  compared  with  the  surrounding  land. 


MINNESOTA  (TERRITORY.)  This  was  formerly  a  part  of  the  vast  country  belonging 
to  the  United  States  which  was  acquired  by  the  Louisiana  purchase  in  1803.  It  was  then, 
with  the  surrounding  regions,  a  rugged  and  unmeasured  wilderness  peopled  only  by  savages, 
and  had  never  been  systematically  explored  by  civilized  man  until  about  the  period  of  its 
transfer.  The  tract  now  embraced  within  the  limits  of  the  territory  was  duly  organized,  and 
its  boundaries  defined,  by  an  act  of  Congress,  passed  March  3,  1849,  "  to  establish  the  terri- 
torial government  of  Minnesota." 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  Bounded  on  the  north  by  the  boundary  line  between  the  posses- 
sions of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain ;  east  and  south  of  east  by  said  boundary  line  to 
Lake  Superior,  and  by  a  straight  line  thence  to  the  northernmost  point  of  Wisconsin  in  said 
lake  ;  also  along  the  western  boundary  of  Wisconsin  to  the  Mississippi  River,  and  down  the 
main  channel  of  said  river  to  the  point  where  the  line  of  43£°  north  latitude  crosses  the  same  ; 
south  on  said  line,  being  the  northern  boundary  of  Iowa,  to  the  north-west  corner  of  that  state, 
whence  the  boundary  proceeds  southerly  along  the  western  limit  of  Iowa,  until  it  strikes  the 
Missouri  River ;  and  west  by  the  main  channel  of  said  river,  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  White- 
earth  River,  and  by  the  main  channel  of  the  latter  until  it  strikes  the  boundary  of  the  British 
possessions.  The  territory,  at  its  northern  extremity,  reaches  from  east  to  west  between  the 
90th  and  103d  degrees  of  west  longitude,  and  comprehends  an  area  of  83,000  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  government  is,  of  course,  temporary,  subject  to  such  alterations,  and  to 
such  further  division  of  the  territory,  as  may  be  determined  by  act  of  Congress.  All  free  white 
inhabitants,  21  years  of  age,  are  voters,  and  were  eligible  for  any  territorial'onice  at  the  first 
election.  A  Council  and  House  of  Representatives  compose  the  legislative  assembly ;  the 
former  consisting  of  9  members,  chosen  for  two  years,  the  latter  comprising  18  members, 
elected  annually.  The  legislature  may  increase  the  Council  to  15  members,  and  the  rep- 
resentatives to  39.  The  governor  is  appointed  for  four  years,  by  the  President  and  Senate  of 
the  United  States.  ^The  secretary  of  state,  in  like  manner  appointed,  is  acting  governor  in 
the  absence  of  the  executive  magistrate. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Supreme  Court  is  composed  of  a  chief  justice  and  two  associates,  appointed 
for  four  years  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  Two  of  these  constitute  a  quorum.  This 
tribunal  holds  an  annual  session  at  the  seat  of  government.  There  are  three  judicial  districts, 
in  each  of  which  one  of  the  justices  must  reside,  and  hold  a  District  Court,  having  the  juris- 
diction of  the  United  States  District  and  Circuit  Courts.  Both  courts  possess  chancery  powers. 
The  laws  of  Wisconsin,  until  repealed  or  modified,  are  valid  in  this  territory. 

Education.  —  To  this  subject  all  due  regard  is  given.  Two  sections  in  each  township  are 
set  apart  for  the  support  of  schools.  In  all  the  settled  places,  school-houses  are  among  the 
first  edifices  erected.  In  some  towns  public  libraries  are  established,  and  courses  of  instruc- 
tive lectures  maintained. 

Finances.  —  By  returns  from  five  counties  in  the  territory,  made  in  January,  1851,  it  appears 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — MINNESOTA    TERRITORY.  85 

that  the  assessed  value  of  property  in  those  counties  amounts  to  somewhat  over  $800,000 ;  and 
measures  are  in  progress  for  completing  the  valuation  of  the  residue.  The  salaries  of  the 
territorial  officers,  as  n>  other  and  like  cases,  are  provided  for  by  the  general  government. 
By  the  act  of  organization,  $20,000  were  appropriated  for  the  erection  of  public  buildings  at 
the  capital,  and  $5000  for  the  purchase  of  a  territorial  library. 

Surface,  Soil,  fy-c.  —  The  face  of  the  country,  in  the  central  parts  of  the  territory,  is  gently 
undulating  in  its  general  character,  and  exhibits  about  equal  proportions  of  prairie  and  timber 
land,  intersected  in  every  direction  by  clear  and  .beautiful  streams,  tributary  to  the  Mississippi 
and  Minnesota  or  St.  Peter's  Rivers,  and  navigable  always  in  the  spring  for  flat  boats.  This 
region  also  abounds  in  lakes  of  pure  water ;  and  its  soil  is  represented  as  being  unrivalled  in 
fertility.  With  some  modification,  the  same  remarks  may  apply  to  the  other  sections  of  the 
territory.  The  valley  of  the  Red  River  of  the  north,  extending  south  some  300  miles,  from 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  territory  into  the  centre,  is  about  150  miles  wide,  and  perfectly 
level,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  tracts  of  wet  prairie,  and  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  culture 
of  wheat  and  other  grains.  The  soil,  for  the  most  part,  throughout  the  territory,  consists  of  a 
mixture  of  sand  and  black  loam,  and,  being  loose  and  porous,  is  peculiarly  favorable  to  the 
rapid  growth  of  bulbous  and  other  roots.  Potatoes  have  been  known  to  yield  450  bushels  to 
the  acre.  Vegetable  crops  of  all  kinds,  and  in  luxuriant  profusion,  are  brought  earlier  to  matu- 
rity than  in  many  regions  farther  south.  In  the  valley  of  Minnesota  River,  the  strawberry 
vine  commonly  attains  a  height  of  twelve  inches.  A  large  part  of  the  territory  is  overspread 
with  vast  forests  of  excellent  pine  and  other  trees  of  great  value  for  building. 

Rivers,  fyc.  —  Almost  the  entire  eastern  boundary,  by  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Croix  Rivers, 
is  navigable  water :  steamboats  ply  upon  the  former,  within  the  territory,  for  upwards  of  300 
miles.  At  the  north-east,  the  territory  is  bounded  by  that  immense  expanse  of  waters,  Lake 
Superior.  The  Minnesota  winds  through  a  delightful  valley,  in  a  south  and  easterly  direction, 
and  has  been  ascended  more  than  200  miles.  The  Big  Sioux,  and  other  tributaries  of  the 
Missouri,  flow  southerly  and  westwardly.  The  Red  River  of  the  north,  taking  its  rise  near 
the  centre  of  the  territoiy,  flows  northerly,  and  is  navigable  for  some  400  miles  before  passing 
into  the  British  possessions.  The  Missouri,  which  constitutes  a  great  portion  of  the  western 
boundary,  affords  navigation  during  nearly  its  whole  course  along  the  territory.  There  are 
many  other  fine  streams,  and  numerous  large  lakes,  all  presenting  facilities  for  inland  com- 
merce, such  as  are  possessed  by  no  one  state  or  other  territory  in  the  Union. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  A  canal,  to  connect  Lake  Superior  with  Lake  Huron,  has  been 
much  talked  of,  and  probably  at  no  distant  day  will  be  constructed  ;  as  such  a  work  will  secure 
uninterrupted  water  communication  down  the  great  chain  of  lakes  to  the  Atlantic  coast.  The 
removal  of  obstructions  in  the  Mississippi  and  other  rivers  —  surveys  for  which  purpose  have 
been  authorized  by  Congress  —  will  add  many  hundred  miles  to  the  already  immense  extent 
of  navigable  waters  lying  within  and  around  this  territory.  The  aid  of  railroads  will  of  course 
soon  be  called  in,  to  complete  that  system  of  internal  improvements  which  Nature  herself 
seems  to  have  suggested. 

Minerals.  —  In  this  newly-settled  country  no  explorations  on  any  considerable  scale,  for  the 
purpose  of  developing  its  mineral  resources,  have  as  yet  been  undertaken.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  this  territory  possesses  its  full  share  of  geological  treasures,  which  in  due  time 
will  excite  the  attention  and  repay  the  industry  of  its  hardy  and  enterprising  people. 

Manufactures.  —  The  only  manufacturing  branches  now  carried  on  to  any  great  extent  are 
those  which  are  connected  with  the  business  of  house-building,  especially  the  manufacture  of 
lumber.  Of  this  article,  although  the  work  was  begun  so  recently,  a  sufficiency  is  produced, 
not  only  to  supply  the  home  demand,  but  to  furnish  .annually  some  20,000,000  feet  of  boards, 
logs,  &c.,  for  exportation  to  the  markets  below,  on  the  Mississippi.  A  number  of  steam  and 
saw  mills  have  already  been  erected ;  and  so  numerous  are  the  mill  sites,  and  so  immense  the 
water  power  within  the  territory,  that  this  pursuit,  together  with  others  to  which  these  advan- 
tages will  apply,  especially  the  manufacture  of  flour,  must  naturally  add  greatly  to  the  public 
prosperity. 


86 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


Indians. — There  are  several  tribes,  or  parts  of  tribes,  still  inhabiting  certain  tracts  at  the 
northern  and  western  parts  of  the  territory.  To  some  of  these,  the  Chippewas  and  others, 
lands  had  formerly  been  ceded  ;  but  negotiations  for  the  removal  of  the  former  have  been  en- 
tered into,  and  treaties  for  the  extinction  of  the  Indian  title  to  other  tracts  have  been  provided 
for  by  Congress.  Many  of  the  most  civilized  are  solicitous  to  become  subjects  of  the  laws  of 
the  territory,  and  to  participate  in  its  free  institutions. 

Climate.  —  Considering  its  high  northern  latitude,  Minnesota  enjoys  a  climate  quite  mild,  in 
comparison  with  that  of  the  more  eastern  states  on  the  same  parallel.  The  winters  are  less 
severe,  except  at  some  points  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  great  lake ;  but  the  weather  is  uni- 
form, regular,  and  subject  to  few  or  no  sudden  changes.  The  summers  are  temperate,  and 
of  sufficient  length  to  bring  forth  and  perfect  the  numerous  agricultural  products  for  which 
the  soil  is  so  well  adapted.  With  abundance  of  pure  water,  and  a  salubrious  atmosphere 
throughout  the  year,  the  people  cannot  but  be  favored  with  an  uncommon  measure  of  health. 

Religion.  —  There  are  four  beautiful  church  edifices  in  St.  Paul,  the  capital,  and  several 
others  in  the  towns  of  St.  Anthony  Falls  and  Stillwater.  The  several  denominations  of 
Christians  consist  of  such  as  are  usually  found  in  the  New  England  States. 

Population.  —  The  inhabitants  of  this  territory,  at  the  census  of  1850,  numbered  but 
6038,  exclusive  of  Indians.  But  so  desirable  a  country  must  soon  attract  towards  it  large 
reinforcements  from  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States.  The  tide  of  emigration,  in  fact,  is 
already  turned,  and  is  moving  with  so  strong  an  impulse  in  that  direction,  that  long  before  the 
next  decennial  enumeration,  Minnesota  will  no  doubt  have  acquired  the  complement  of  inhab- 
itants necessary  to  her  admission  as  an  independent  state. 


MISSISSIPPI,  one  of  the  most  southern  states  of  the  American  Union,  was  formerly 
included  in  the  country  claimed  by  France  as  a  part  of  Louisiana.  As  early  as  1716,  a  French 
colony  settled  on  the  spot  now  occupied  by  the  city  of  Natchez,  where  they  erected  a  fort ; 
but  in  1729,  the  inhabitants,  together  with  those  of  two  other  settlements  in  the  vicinity,  were 
exterminated  by  the  neighboring  Indian  tribes,  only  three  or  four  persons,  out  of  700,  escaping 
the  general  massacre.  The  territory,  for  many  years  thereafter,  remained  exclusively  in 
possession  of  the  savages.  In  1763,  France  ceded  the  whole  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River  to  Great  Britain,  the  subjects  of  which  power  soon  afterwards  occupied  and  strength- 
ened the  various  posts,  and  began  to  settle  around  them.  After  several  changes  of  proprie- 
torship, and  much  negotiation,  during  some  15  years  prior  to  1798,  between  England.  Spain, 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — MISSISSIPPI.  87 

and  the  United  States,  the  country  lying  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  west  of  the  boundary  of 
Georgia,  was,  in  1800,  erected  into  a  distinct  territorial  government.  It  then  comprehended 
both  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  under  the  name  of  the  latter.  In  1817,  a  separation  took  place, 
and  Mississippi,  having  formed  a  constitution,  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  inde- 
pendent state. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  This  state  is  bounded  north  by  Tennessee,  east  by  Alabama, 
south  by  Louisiana  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  west  by  Mississippi  and  Pearl  Rivers,  dividing 
it  from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana.  It  extends  from  30°  10'  to  35°  north  latitude,  and  from  88° 
KX  to  91°  35'  west  longitude,  and  contains  47,156  square  miles,  its  extreme  length  being 
atfout  338  miles,  and  its  breadth  averaging  135. 

Government.  —  The  governor  is  chosen  every  two  years  by  the  people,  and  is  eligible  only 
for  four  in  any  period  of  six  years.  The  Senate  consists  of  30  members,  one  half  elected 
every  two  years;  the  term  of  service  of  each  is  four  years.  The  representatives,  91  in 
number,  are  chosen  biennially.  The  people  also  elect  judges,  state  secretary  and  treasurer, 
chancellor,  and  sheriffs.  White  male  residents  in  the  state  for  one  year,  being  21  years  of 
age,  enjoy  the  right  of  suffrage.  The  legislature  meets  at  Jackson,  in  the  month  of  January, 
every  other  year. 

Judiciary.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  three  judicial  districts,  in  one  of  which,  every  two 
years,  a  judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals  is  chosen  for  six  years.  Circuit 
Courts  are  held  in  seven  different  districts,  by  judges  resident  and  chosen  therein,  and  have 
original  jurisdiction  of  all  criminal  cases,  and  in  civil  cases  inv^Lying  more  than  50  dollars. 
The  Court  of  Chancery  has  full  equity  powers. 

Education.  —  There  are  several  colleges  in  the  state,  which  are  generously  endowed  and 
in  flourishing  condition.  Academies  and  other  literary  institutions  are  numerous  and  well 
sustained.  Common  schools  are  also  established  throughout  the  state.  In  1840,  there  were 
8360  white  inhabitants  above  the  age  of  20  years  who  could  neither  read  nor  write. 

Finances. — The  receipts  into  the  state  treasury  for  the  year  ending  30th  April,  1850, 
amounted  to  $379,402*63,  and  the  expenditures  during  the  same  period  to  $284,999-58.  The 
sources  whence  the  revenue  is  derived  are,  a  state  tax,  internal  improvement,  sinking  and 
other  funds.  The  chief  items  of  expenditure  are  for  judicial  and  legislative  purposes. 
Among  the  enumerated  items  per  last  returns  is  one  of  17  cents,  as  the  contribution  of  the 
state  for  common  schools  —  the  support  of  these  institutions  being  confided,  under  special 
laws,  to  the  several  counties.  The  state  debt,  incurred  for  banking  purposes,  amounted,  in 
1840,  to  $7,000,000. 

Surface,  Soil,  &fc. —  For  about  100  miles  inland,  from  the  junction  of  the  southern  border 
of  the  state  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  surface  is  low  and  generally  level,  presenting  a 
series  of  swamps  and  woodlands,  overgrown  with  cypress  and  pines,  with  occasional  open 
prairies,  a'nd  flooded  marshes.  The  land  then  becomes  more  elevated  and  uneven,  and  so  con- 
tinues to  the  northern  extremity  of  the  state,  but  nowhere  rises  to  a  height  sufficiently  lofty 
to  deserve  the  name  of  a  mountain.  A  vast  tract  of  table  land  extends  over  much  of  the 
state,  terminating  in  the  low  coasts  of  the  Mississippi  River.  This  produces,  in  its  natural  state, 
an  immense  growth  of  oak,  maple,  ash,  and  other  timber,  together  with  an  undergrowth  of 
grape-vines,  spicewood,  papaw,  and  other  plants.  The  soil  throughout  is  naturally  very 
fertile,  especially  those  alluvial  lands  on  the  river  banks,  which  are  not  liable  to  inundation. 
The  staple  product  of  the  state  is  cotton,  which  is  raised  in  great  abundance ;  and,  by  slight 
cultivation,  the  soil  yields  profusely  Indian  corn,  rice,  wheat,  rye,  and  other  grains,  sweet 
potatoes,  indigo,  tobacco,  melons,  grapes,  figs,  apples,  plums,  peaches,  lemons,  oranges,  &c. 

Rivers.  —  Besides  the  Mississippi,  which  washes  the  western  margin  of  the  state  by  its 
windings  through  a  space  of  530  miles,  the  Yazoo  is  the  most  considerable  stream  which  flows 
wholly  within  the  state  ;  this  is  200  miles  in  length,  passing  through  a  healthy  region,  affording 
navigation  for  large  boats  some  50  miles,  and  emptying  into  the  Mississippi  near  Vicksburg. 
Big  Black  River  is  of  the  same  length,  is  alike  navigable,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  near 
Grand  Gulf.  Pearl  River  rises  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  and  in  part  divides  it  from 


88  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

Louisiana.  There  are  several  other  rivers  of  considerable  magnitude ;  as,  the  Tombig- 
bee,  Homochitto,  Pascagoula,  &c.  The  state  has  a  sea-coast  of  70  miles,  but  no  harbor 
sufficient  for  the  admission  of  large  vessels.  Pascagoula  Bay,  65  miles  long  by  7  wide, 
affords  some  inland  navigation ;  but  its  entrances  admit  no  craft  drawing  more  than  8  feet 
of  water. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Several  railroads  have  been  completed,  or  partially  finished,  within 
the  state,  and  others  have  been  projected.  The  most  extensive  work  of  this  kind  commences 
at  Vicksburg,  and  proceeds  in  an  easterly  direction,  partly  across  the  state.  Another  extends 
from  Natchez,  and  either  intersects  or  is  intended  to  intersect  the  former.  The  state  presents 
numerous  opportunities  for  advantageous  public  improvements,  which  in  due  time  will  doubt- 
less be  prosecuted. 

Minerals.  —  Mississippi  is  probably  not  rich  in  mineral  products;  at  least  no  extensive 
investigations  of  her  resources  in  this  respect  have  yet  been  made.  Clay,  of  good  quality, 
suited  to  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  bricks,  abounds  in  various  localities ;  and  sundry 
descriptions  of  pigments  have  also  been  found.  It  is  not  known  whether  any  coal  formations, 
or  any  indications  of  metallic  deposits,  have  yet  been  discovered. 

Manufactures.  —  There  are  in  the  state  a  number  of  cotton  factories,  on  a  small  scale, 
several  mills  of  considerable  importance  for  the  manufacture  of  flour,  and  numerous  other 
establishments,  producing  most  of  the  articles  required  for  domestic  consumption  or  family 
use.  The  amount  of  capital  employed  for  manufacturing  purposes,  in  1840,  was  less  than 
$2,000,000. 

Indians. — Large  portions  of  the  northern  and  eastern  sections  of  the  state  are  still  held 
by  the  Choctaw  and  Chickasaw  Indians.  These  tracts  include  some  of  the  best  lands  in  the 
state,  abounding  in  broad  and  fertile  prairies,  which  are  well  cultivated  by  their  owners,  who 
possess  also  large  numbers  of  cattle,  horses,  swine,  and  sheep.  These  Indians  are  intelligent 
and  industrious,  many -of  them  being  good  mechanics.  The  females,  also,  are  expert  at 
spinning  and  weaving. 

Population.  —  Between  the  years  1820  and  1830,  the  population  of  Mississippi  increased 
more  than  80  per  cent. ;  and  between  the  latter  year  and  1840,  the  increase  was  more  than 
175  per  cent.  Of  a  population  of  175,000,  upwards  of  one  half  were  slaves.  The  people 
are  almost  exclusively  engaged  in  agricultural  employments.  Population  in  1850,  606,555. 

Climate.  —  For  the  most  part  the  climate  is  decidedly  healthy.  The  low  country  is  of 
course  subject  to  the  ordinary  diseases  which  prevail  throughout  all  similar  regions  in  the 
Southern  States.  But  in  the  upper  districts,  the  atmosphere  is  pure,  and  the  climate,  though 
variable,  is  temperate  and  salubrious. 

Religion.  —  The  most  numerous  of  the  religious  denominations  are  the  Methodists  and 
Baptists  —  the  former,  compared  with  the  latter,  numbering  as  3  to  1.  The  Presbyterians 
are  next  in  numerical  order  :  and  the  Episcopalians  have  several  flourishing  parishes. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.—  MISSOURI. 


MISSOURI  is  one  of  the  Western  —  or,  at  present,  more  properly,  one  of  the  Central  — 
states  of  the  American  Union.  It  formerly  composed  a  part  of  the  extensive  tract,  which, 
under  the  name  of  Louisiana,  was  purchased  of  France  by  the  United  States  in  the  year  1803. 
In  the  following  year,  that  portion  of  the  country  which  now  forms  the  State  of  Louisiana  was 
set  off  from  the  residue,  and  denominated  the  Territory  of  Orleans  ;  the  remainder  being 
styled  the  District  of  Louisiana,  until  1812,  when  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Territory  of 
Missouri.  Another  division  took  place  about  eight  years  afterwards,  and  in  1821  the  state  was 
formed  out  of  a  section  of  that  territory,  and  duly  admitted  into  the  Union.  Some  of  the 
places  within  the  present  limits  of  Missouri  were  settled  as  early  as  the  year  1764,  by  hunters 
and  traders  generally  from  the  north  and  east.  In  that  year  the  city  of  St.  Louis  was  founded, 
now  the  largest  commercial  place  on  the  Mississippi,  excepting  New  Orleans.  St.  Charles,  on 
the  Missouri,  was  established  in  1780,  and  New  Madrid  on  the  Mississippi,  in  1787. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  Missouri  is  bounded  north  by  the  State  of  Iowa ;  east  by  the 
Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  the  States  of  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  part  of  Ten- 
nessee ;  south  by  the  State  of  Arkansas ;  and  west  by  the  Indian  Territory,  and  by  the  River 
Missouri,  dividing  it  from  the  Deserts  of  Nebraska.  It  extends  from  36°  to  40°- 36'  north  lati- 
tude, and  lies  between  89°  and  95°  45'  west  longitude.  Its  area  is  estimated  at  67,380  square 
miles,  being  about  278  miles  in  length  by  235  in  breadth. 

Government.  —  The  governor  and  lieutenant  governor  are  chosen,  by  a  plurality  of  the  pop- 
ular votes,  for  four  years,  and  are  not  eligible  for  two  terms  in  succession.  The  lieutenant 
governor  is  ex  officio  president  of  the  Senate.  The  legislature  consists  of  a  Senate,  in  number 
not  less  than  14  nor  more  than  33 ;  and  a  House  of  Representatives,  not  to  exceed  100  in  num- 
ber. The  former  are  chosen  for  four  years  —  one  half  every  second  year ;  and  the  latter  every 
second  year,  in  counties,  to  serve  two  years.  The  legislature  meets  biennially,  on  the  last 
Monday  in  December,  and  the  members  receive  three  dollars  per  diem  for  sixty  days  of  the 
session,  after  which  their  pay  is  reduced  to  one  dollar  —  a  feature  that  might  be  profitably 
adopted  in  other  states. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Supreme  Court,  having  appellate  jurisdiction  only,  is  composed  of  three 
judges,  who  hold  office  for  twelve  years.  It  holds  two  sessions  annually.  There  are  fourteen 
judicial  circuits,  with  a  like  number  of  judges,  who  hold  office  for  eight  years.  Circuit  Courts 
are  held  twice  a  year  in  each  county.  These  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  criminal  matters, 
with  power  to  correct  the  proceedings  of  County  Courts  and  justices  of  the  peace,  subject  to 
appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The  supreme  and  circuit  judges  are  appointed  by  the  governor 
12 


90  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

and  Senate.  County  Courts  are  established  for  each  county,  and  are  composed  of  three  jus- 
tices elected  by  the  people  for  four  years.  Their  jurisdiction  is  limited  to  matters  of  probate 
and  to  county  affairs.  There  are,  also,  at  St.  Louis  and  some  other  cities,  local  tribunals, 
with  the  ordinary  powers  of  Municipal  or  Police  Courts. 

Education.  —  Several  colleges  flourish  in  different  quarters  of  the  state,  most  of  them  under 
the  special  auspices  of  some  religious  denomination.  A  good  number  of  academies  and  other 
literary  institutions  have  also  been  established.  The  common  and  primary  schools  are  tolera- 
bly numerous ;  but  in  1850  there  were  over  20,000  white  persons  above  the  age  of  20  years 
Avho  could  neither  read  nor  write. 

Finances.  — The  amount  of  ths  state  debt  is  about  $685,000 ;  the  interest  whereon  is  some 
$73,000  annually.  In  1843,  the  public  debt  was  less  than  one  half  the  above  sum. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.—  The  surface  and  soil  are  much  varied  throughout  the  state.  In  some 
quarters,  the  lands  are  undulating  and  hilly,  not  rising,  however,  to  a  height  that  can  be  de- 
scribed as  mountainous.  Other  portions  are  swampy,  and  subject  to  inundations,  though  heavily 
timbered,  and  having  an  alluvial  soil  of  great  fertility.  The  soil  upon  the  uplands  is  in  gen- 
eral very  productive,  consisting  both  of  prairies  and  extensive  tracts  of  woodland ;  but  these 
are  interspersed  with  rocky  ridges  and  elevated  barrens.  The  low  lands,  bordering  on  the 
rivers,  are  extremely  rich.  Indian  corn  and  other  grains,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  and  sweet 
potatoes,  are  among  the  products  of  the  field.  Cotton  is  raised  in  the  southern  section  of  the 
state.  Among  the  forest-trees  are  various  species  of  oak,  walnut,  locust,  ash,  cedar,  &c. 
Yellow  and  white  pine  abound  in  some  localities.  Grapes  are  found  in  profusion  among  the 
underwood  of  the  forests ;  and  most  of  the  fruits  common  to  the  latitude  of  the  state  may  be 
successfully  cultivated. 

Rivers.  —  This  state  is  watered  by  numerous  large  streams,  besides  the  great  Rivers  Missis- 
sippi and  Missouri,  the  former  of  which  flows  along  the  eastern  margin  of  the  state,  a  distance, 
including  indentations,  of  550  miles ;  while  the  latter  strikes  its  south-west  angle,  passes 
southward  along  its  western  boundary,  and,  crossing  its  centre,  after  having  traversed  the 
territory  384  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  near  St.  Louis.  The  Osage,  affording  boat  naviga- 
tion for  660  miles,  the  Grand,  Salt,  Gasconade,  Chariton,  Maramec,  and  St.  Francis,  are 
rivers  of  considerable  magnitude. 

Internal  Improvements. — The  people  of  Missouri  are  favored  with  extraordinary  facilities 
for  internal  intercourse,  especially  by  water  communication.  These  advantages  are  prosecuted 
to  an  incredible  extent  between  St.  Louis  and  all  the  great  commercial  marts  of  the  south  and 
west,  and  intermediate  places,  by  means  of  steamboats  and  other  craft,  which  navigate  the 
principal  rivers  for  hundreds  and  even  thousands  of  miles.  Such  facilities  naturally  suggest 
numerous  projects  of  improvement;  and  a  system  of  railroads  and  canals,  in  all  probability, 
will  ere  long  be  superadded.  At  the  session  of  the  legislature  in  1851,  bills  were  passed, 
appropriating  $2,000,000  for  expediting  the  construction  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  and  $1,500,000 
towards  completing  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad.  This  measure  caused  an  immediate 
flow  of  emigration  into  the  counties  contiguous  to  the  proposed  routes.  The  city  of  Hannibal, 
in  particular,  one  of  the  termini,  received  greater  additions  to  its  population  within  the  spring 
of  1851  than  it  had  acquired  during  the  whole  of  the  three  preceding  years. 

Minerals.  —  Missouri  is  remarkably  rich  in  mineral  treasures,  especially  in  the  value  of  its 
lead  mines.  These  are  known  to  occupy  an  area  of  over  3000  square  miles.  They  are  sit- 
uated within  an  average  distance  of  70  miles  from  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  The  ore  is  of  that 
description  denominated  "  galena,"  and  is  found,  not  in  veins,  but  in  separate  masses.  It  yields 
from  80  to  85  per  cent.  5,000,000  or  6,000,000  pounds  are  produced  annually.  Iron  ore,  of 
excellent  quality,  also  abounds.  In  Washington  county,  there  is  a  hill  some  400  feet  in 
height,  three  miles  in  length,  and  one  mile  wide  at  its  base,  known  as  the  "  iron  mountain," 
which  appears  to  be  entirely  composed  of  iron  ore,  yielding  some  80  per  cent,  of  the  pure 
metal.  There  is  also  another  eminence,  about  300  feet  high,  one  and  a  half  mile  wide  at  the 
base,  consisting  wholly  of  the  species  of  iron  ore  called  "  pilot  knob,"  and  which  is  equally 
valuable.  Copper,  zinc,  calamine,  antimony,  cobalt,  nitre,  plumbago,  salt,  &c.,  are  among  the 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — NEBRASKA.  91 

mineral  products  of  the  same  county  and  the  contiguous  region.  Bituminous  coal  is  abundant 
in  various  localities  near  the  Mississippi. 

Manufactures.  —  Iron,  lead,  and  lumber  are  among  the  chief  articles  manufactured.  There 
are  also  large  numbers  of  grist  mills,  distilleries,  potteries,  brick,  stone  and  marble  yards,  salt 
works,  breweries,  carriage  and  machine  factories,  and  other  establishments  for  the  production  of 
commodities  requisite  for  home  use,  the  whole  employing  a  capital  of  several  millions  of  dollars. 

Indians.  —  There  are  no  organized  or  distinct  bands  of  Indians  permanently  settled  within 
the  state,  most  of  the  indigenous  tribes  having  withdrawn  to  their  allotted  country  beyond  the 
western  boundary  of  the  state. 

Population.  —  In  1810,  the  population  was  less  than  20,000.  During  the  following  ten 
years,  it  had  increased  to  upwards  of  66,000.  In  1830,  it  numbered  140,000 ;  and  in  1840, 
383,000,  including  58,000  slaves.  Population  in  1850,  684,132. 

Climate.  —  The  central  and  inland  position  of  the  state  assures  to  its  inhabitants  extraordi- 
nary freedom  from  the  sudden  and  trying  changes  which  are  felt  by  residents  nearer  tho  sea- 
coast  in  the  same  latitudes.  The  difference  of  temperature  between  the  cold  of  winter  and 
the  heat  of  summer  is  great  —  the  extreme  range  of  the  thermometer  being  from  8°  below 
zero  to  100°  above.  But  the  seasons,  in  their  progress,  are  gradual  and  uniform,  subject  to 
few  or  no  abrupt  and  violent  transitions.  The  air  is  pure  and  salubrious,  and  the  climate  may 
be  classed  among  those  most  favorable  to  health. 

Religion.  —  The  Methodists  are  the  most  numerous  of  the  vanous  religious  denominations 
within  the  state.  Next  in  numbers  are  the  Baptists ;  then  the  Presbyterians,  Roman  Catholics, 
and  Episcopalians.  There  are,  besides,  several  congregations  of  "Cumberland"  and  "Asso- 
ciate Reform  "  Presbyterians,  and  a  few  Unitarian  societies. 


NEBRASKA  is  the  name  by  which  an  immense  wilderness,  lying  among  the  north-western 
possessions  of  the  United  States,  is  now  designated.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  British 
possessions ;  on  the  east  by  Minnesota  Territory  and  the  State  of  Iowa ;  on  the  south  by  the 
Indian  Territory,  (proper,)  the  State  of  Texas,  and  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico ;  "and  on  the 
west  by  the  Territory  of  Utah  and  Oregon  Territory.  The  Missouri  flows  along  its  entire 
eastern  frontier,  and  the  Platte  and  Arkansas  Rivers  water  its  southern  borders,  while  its  western 
limits  are  formed  by  the  Rocky  Mountains.  With  a  vast  sweep  from  the  north-west  towards 
the  central  part  of  the  country,  and  thence  curving  to  the  north,  a  portion  of  this  lofty  chain 
encloses,  as  it  were,  in  an  amphitheatre  nearly  one  half  of  the  whole  region.  It  reaches  from 
the  38th  to  the  49th  degree  of  north  latitude ;  its  extreme  south-eastern  point  lies  in  95°,  and 
its  extreme  north-western  in  114°  west  longitude.  It  is  between  600  and  700  miles  in  length, 
and  from  400  to  500  miles  in  breadth,  and  contains  an  area  of  some  300,000  square  miles. 

All  this  broad  expanse  is  yet  to  be  subdivided,  and  gradually  furnished  with  distinct  forms 
of  civil  government,  or  remain  as  the  barren  heritage  of  the  untamed  races  for  whose  behoof 
it  seems  naturally  designed.  At  present,  it  is  almost  exclusively  the  abode  of  savages  and 
wild  beasts,  and  is  traversed  by  civilized  man  only  througli  the  like  necessity  which  impels 
him  to  cross  the  pathless  ocean  on  his  way  to  countries  beyond.  Its  natural  resources  have 
never  yet  been  developed,  and  little  more  is  known  of  its  topography,  its  waters,  forests, 
plants,  minerals,  &c.,  than  what  has  been  gathered  by  dint  of  a  few  partial  explorations,  or  by 
travellers  in  their  hurried  journeys  towards  Oregon  and  California. 

From  its  geographical  position  it  must  be  inferred  that  its., soil,  climate,  natural  products, 
and  capacities  for  improvement  do  not  differ  essentially  from  tnose  of  the  states  and  territories 
by  which  it  is  encompassed.  But  there  are  no  authentic  data  from  which  may  be  compiled 
any  satisfactory  amount  of  statistical  information  in  the  premises. 


92  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

Maps,  exhibiting  the  outlines  of  its  principal  features,  have  from  time  to  tune  been  con- 
structed and  published,  wherefrom  the  names  and  localities  of  the  most  prominent  and  striking 
objects  —  such  as  mountains,  rivers,  and  lakes  —  may  in  some  partial  degree  be  ascertained. 
Reliable  and  accurate  surveys  are  yet  to  be  undertaken  and  accomplished  by  authority ;  until 
when  the  inquirer  who  would  obtain  exact  details  must  be  content  with  the  meagre  accounts 
of  casual  tourists,  or  the  unauthenticated  reports  of  adventurous  visitors  from  the  neighbor- 
ing regions.  • 

The  manifold  nations  or  independent  tribes  of  aboriginal  inhabitants  sustain  different 
relations  to  the  people  of  the  United  States.  Some  of  them,  with  whom  treaties  have  been 
made,  or  negotiations  held,  are  professedly  friendly ;  while  others  are  treacherously  hostile, 
and  almost  irreclaimable.  They  are  frequently  at  war  with  each  other,  and  in  all  the  arts  of 
civilization  are  generally  behind  the  Indians  who  reside  farther  south.  The  number  of 
Indians  occupying  the  country  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  may  be 
estimated  at  not  far  from  250,000,  including  those  who  have  emigrated  from  the  eastern  side 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  settled  in  the  Indian  Territory  proper. 

A  view  of  the  map  of  the  country  presents  some  striking  lineaments,  especially  in  the 
north-western  quarter.  The  great  basin,  circumscribed  as  with  a  massive  wall  by  the  bold 
curvature  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  sends  forth  countless  streams  of  varied  extent,  forming 
the  sources  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  supplying  the  tract  throughout  with  an  abundance  of 
watercourses,  at  remarkably  regular  distances.  These  streams  are  mostly  dignified  with 
names  upon  the  maps ;  but  whether  their  positions,  dimensions,  and  tendencies  are  correctly 
delineated,  is  a  question  to  be  determined  by  future  and  more  exact  inspection.  '  The  southerly 
and  easterly  portions  of  the  country  are  also  amply  furnished  with  those  aquatic  arteries  and 
veins  so  necessary  to  the  existence  of  a  nation.  The  rivers  already  mentioned,  as  washing 
the  eastern  and  southern  boundaries,  also  receive  innumerable  branches ;  and  there  are  some 
important  streams  which  extend  quite  across  from  the  very  bases  of  the  great  mountain  ridge 
on  the  west  to  the  points  of  their  junction  with  the  Missouri,  &c.  Among  the  principal  of 
these  are  the  Platte,  the  Ni-obrarah,  the  Whiteearth,  &c.,  with  their  numerous  forks,  all  of 
which  flow  in  an  easterly  direction. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  It  is  generally  conceded  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  New  England 
States,  as  a  body,  exhibit  some  peculiar  characteristics,  when  compared  with  those  who  dwell 
in  other  sections  of  our  widely-extended  and  diversified  Union.  And  it  is  known  that  the 
varied  face  of  the  country,  and  hence  the  local  facilities  for  different  occupations,  together 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — NEW    HAMPSHIRE.  93 

with  the  history  of  different  settlements,  have  all  tended  to  produce  diversities  of  character, 
habits,  and  employments. 

To  these  considerations  must  be  added  the  different  views  and  pursuits  of  the  original 
settlers,  the  object  of  settlement  being  by  no  means  the  same  in  all  the  colonies. 

Now,  it  is  not  pretended  that  the  first  Europeans  who  colonized  within  the  bounds  of  New 
Hampshire  were,  like  those  at  Plymouth,  seeking  an  asylum  from  persecution  for  their  religion. 
We  know  that  expeditions  for  fishing  along  the  coast,  and  the  trade  in  furs,  occupied  the 
attention  of  the  earliest  visitors,  and  that  a  considerable  time  elapsed,  after  the  discovery  and 
partial  colonizing  of  the  shores,  before  a  regular  government  could  be  formed ;  whereas,  at 
the  settlement  of  Plymouth,  the  principles  on  which  the  power  of  rule  was  to  be  based,  and 
even  those  who  were  to  exercise  that  power,  were  designated  and  resolved  on  before  the  land- 
ing of  the  company. 

Very  different  was  the  condition  of  those  who  commenced  the  efforts  which  resulted  in 
establishing  the  State  of  New  Hampshire.  Their  arrangements,  therefore,  consisted  more  in 
the  regulations  of  a  mercantile  company  than  in  a  civil  legislation,  wi^i  its  provisions  for 
insuring  a  permanent,  dignified  administration  of  well-adapted  laws,  the  result  of  deliberate 
consideration.  By  the  necessity  of  the  case,  however,  this  became  their  condition,  in  pro- 
cess of  time. 

No  proof  is  found  of  actual  settlement  before  1623.  The  precise  date  of  the  settlement,  it 
has  been  candidly  acknowledged,  "  cannot  probably  be  ascertained."  *  This  acknowledgment, 
however,  relates  only  to  some  overt  act,  connected  with  settling;  since  both  the  year  and 
season  of  the  year  are  ascertainable. 

But  the  settlements  were,  for  many  years,  greatly  troubled  by  the  conflicting  claims  of 
patentees.  These  claims  were  derived,  originally,  from  the  council  of  Plymouth,  in  the  mother 
country.  And  of  them  it  is  remarked  by  Chalmers,  that,  "  during  the  fifteen  years  of  the 
existence  of  that  company,  it  adopted  the  policy  of  conferring  on  various  men  several  inter- 
fering parcels  of  New  England ;  which  has  thrown  the  greatest  obscurity  over  its  earliest 
history ;  which  long  occasioned  perplexing  embarrassments  to  the  different  claimants,  to  the 
different  colonies,  and  to  England."  f  These  transactions  have,  notwithstanding,  been  placed 
in  as  clear  a  light  as  the  subject  admits,  by  Dr.  Belknap,  the  accomplished  historian  of  New 
Hampshire,  at  a  cost  of  much  research.  And  we  learn  that  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  and 
Captain  John  Mason,  as  joint  partners,  obtaining  a  title  to  a  territory  they  called  Laconia, 
extending  from  Merrimac  River  to  Sagadehock,  (or  the  Kennebec,)  and  far  inland,  Mason 
having  previously  acquired  the  grant  of  another,  reaching  from  the  River  Naumkeag  to  that  of 
Piscataqua,  and  back  to  their  sources,  employed  men  to  settle  the  country.  Accordingly, 
successive  establishments  were  made  at  Little  Harbor  and  Dover,  to  which,  from  other  causes, 
were  added  those  of  Exeter  and  Hampton,  forming  for  themselves  severally,  in  a  few  years, 
separate  jurisdictions. 

Without  entering  into  an  account  of  these  various  governments,  which  of  themselves  were 
only  of  short  duration,  it  is  sufficient  for  our  purpose  to  state  in  this  place,  that,  by  the  year 
1642,  they  were  all  absorbed  in  the  general  government  of  Massachusetts.  This  absorption 
was  not,  however,  an  arbitrary  or  violent  act  on  the  part  of  that  state.  In  each  instance  of 
its  occurrence,  it  was,  from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  solicited  by  the  settlements.  Their 
feeble  condition,  exposed  as  they  were  to  the  attacks  of  the  savages  of  the  wilderness,  who, 
especially  about  the  year  1637,  appear  to  have  plotted  the  destruction  of  all  European 
settlers  along  the  coast ;  the  want  of  some  superior  authority,  to  act  as  an  umpire  in  the 
disputes  and  difficulties  which  arose  among  themselves ;  and,  added  to  this,  a  desire  to  hold 
their  lands  not  as  tenants,  but  in  simple  fee,  —  these  were  sufficient  reasons  for  wishing  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  matured  authority,  experience,  and  prosperity  of  Massachusetts. 

The  three  governments,  therefore,  of  Dover,  Exeter,  and  Piscataqua,  or  Portsmouth,  after 
struggling  for  years  with  difficulties  of  a  civil  and  ecclesiastical  nature,  were  united  to  the 

*  Farmer  and  Moore's  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  32.  f  Polit.  Annals,  vol.  i.  ch   xvii.  p.  472. 


94  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

settlements  in  their  vicinity  to  the  south ;  Exeter  being  first  joined,  by  the  authority  of  the 
court,  to  Essex  county ;  and  afterwards,  with  the  others,  forming,  for  a  time,  the  county  of 
Norfolk ;  *  their  history  being  blended,  for  the  next  forty  years,  with  that  of  their  neighbors. 
Hampton  had,  in  the  mean  time,  been  settled  from  Massachusetts,  and  was,  therefore,  ac- 
counted as  naturally  belonging  to  that  government,  although  within  the  present  bounds  of 
New  Hampshire.! 

This  latter  name  was  assumed  as  early  as  1629 ;  when,  after  Gorges  and  Mason  had  been 
for  several  years  united  in  the  possession  of  a  patent  from  the  Plymouth  council,  embracing 
"  all  the  lands  between  the  Rivers  Merrimac  and  Sagadehock,"  before  cited,  "  and  extending 
back  to  the  great  lakes  and  River  of  Canada,  J  and  called  Laconia"  and  under  which  patent 
their  settlements  had  been  made,  as  we  have  seen,  Mason  obtained  for  himself  a  new  patent. 
The  extent  is  thus  described :  "  From  the  middle  of  Pascataqua  River,  and  up  the  same  to  the 
furthest  head  thereof,  and  from  thence  north-westward,  until  sixty  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
harbor  were  finished;  also,  through  Merrimac  River,  to  the  furthest  head  thereof,  and  so 
forward  up  into  the  land  westward,  until  sixty  miles  were  finished ;  and  from  thence  to  cross 
overland  to  the  end  of  the  sixty  miles  accounted  from  Pascataqua  River ;  together  with  all 
islands  within  five  miles  of  the  coast."  The  territory  included  within  these  limits  received 
the  name  which  the  state  at  present  bears. 

The  same  council  which  issued  the  patent  above  cited  had  given  to  Gorges,  in  1621,  "a 
grant  of  all  the  land  from  the  River  of  Naumkeag,  now  Salem,  round  Cape  Anne  to  the  River 
Merrimac ;  and  up  each  of  those  rivers  to  the  furthest  head  thereof;  then  to  cross  over  from 
the  head  of  the  one  to  the  head  of  the  other ;  with  all  the  islands  lying  within  three  miles  of 
the  coast."  §  It  had  also,  after  giving  several  other  discordant  grants,  sold  to  a  company  of 
gentlemen,  named  by  Hutchinson,  ||  "  all  that  part  of  New  England  three  miles  to  the  south 
of  Charles  River,  and  three  miles  to  the  north  of  Merrimac  River,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
South  Sea."  The  date  of  the  last  patent  was  March  19,  1627. 

It  could  hardly  be  expected  that  grantees  of  property  so  indefinite,  or,  if  defined,  so  incon- 
sistently done,  should  mutually  agree.  We  are  not,  therefore,  surprised  to  find  that  the 
people  of  Massachusetts  regarded  Gorges's  and  Mason's  claims  with  jealousy,  and  considered 
them  in  a  hostile  light ;  nor  that  the  death  of  Mason,  who  had  been  for  some  time  using  all 
his  influence  to  procure  a  royal  order  for  a  general  governor  to  be  appointed  for  all  New  Eng- 
land, and  thus  to  supersede  those  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts,  should  be  recorded  by 
Governor  Winthrop  as  a  "  mercy."  11  The  conflicting  claims  we  have  alluded  to  must,  almost 
necessarily,  have  originated  hostile  feelings,  however  we  regret  and  disapprove  them. 

Gorges,  in  his  History  of  New  England,  declares,  "that  he  could  hardly  get  any,  for 
money,  to  reside  "  in  the  country  he  claimed ;  but  the  change  of  times  and  interests  soon  made 
it  a  place  of  refuge  for  persecuted  religionists,  and  the  settlements  then  advanced  rapidly, 
until,  attracting  the  attention  of  the  royal  government,  "  it  was  especially  ordered,  by  the 
king's  command,  that  none  should  be  suffered  to, go  without  license."  Yet,  though  destitute 
of  royal  patronage,  the  settlements  nevertheless  "  grew,"  as  Colonel  Barre,  in  the  period  of  the 
American  revolution,  declared  of  them  before  the  British  Parliament,  "by  the  neglect  of 
them,"  chargeable  on  their  mother  country  —  a  neglect  which  rendered  their  own  most  stren- 
uous exertions  necessary,  and  finally  successful. 

*  Including  Salisbury,  Haverhill,  Hampton,  Exeter,  Portsmouth,  and  Dover. 

f  See  Belknap's  History  of  New  Hampshire,  chaps,  i.  ii.  iii.  iv. 

+  Wood,  in  1634,  says,  "  The  place  whereon  the  English  have  built  their  colonies  is  judged,  by  those 
who  have  the  best  skill  in  discovery,  either  to  be  an  iland,  surrounded  on  the  north  side  with  the  spa- 
cious River  Cannada,  and  on  the  south  with  Hudson's  River,  or  else  a  Peninsula,  these  two  rivers  over- 
lapping  one  another,  having  their  rise  from  the  great  lakes,  which  are  not  farre  off  one  another,  as  the 
Indians  doe  certainly  informe  us."  Such,  at  that  time,  was  their  geography  of  the  country.  N.  E. 
Prospect,  pp.  1,  2. 

§  Belknap,  ut  supra.  ||  History  Massach.  vol.  i.  p.  16. 

11   Winthrop'9  Journal,  vol.  i.  187,  and  Dr.  Savage's  note  there. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — NEW    HAMPSHIRE.  95 

In  fact,  to  this  principle  we  must  refer  the  difference  between  the  success  that  attended  on 
the  settlers  of  the  B.ay  State  and  that  of  the  people  employed  by  Gorges  and  Mason.  This 
i£  sensibly  and  strikingly  described  by  the  judicious  Belknap.  "  The  difference  between  a 
man's  doing  business  by,,  himself,  and  by  his  substitutes,"  observes  the  doctor,  "  was  never 
more  finely  exemplified  than/in  the  conduct  of  the  Massachusetts  planters,  compared  with  that 
of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges ;  what  the  one.  had  been  laboring  for  above  twenty  years,  without 
any  success,  was  realized  by  the  others  in  two  or  three  years  ;  in  five  they  were  so  far  advanced 
as  to  be  able  to  send  out  a  colony  from  themselves,  to  begin  another  at  Connecticut ;  and,  in 
less  than  ten,  they  founded  a  university,  which  has  ever  since  produced  an  uninterrupted 
succession  of  serviceable  men  in  church  and  state."  * 

The  history  of  New  Hampshire  may,  with  convenience,  be  divided  into  four  distinct 
periods.  The  first  will  be  the  period  we  have  just  been  reviewing  —  that  from  the  earliest 
settlements  by  the  English  to  the  union  with  Massachusetts.  The  time  of  that  union  will 
form  another,  consisting  of  nearly  40  years.  The  third  embraces  the  royal  government  of  the 
province,  and  down  to  the  American  revolution,  and  the  fourth  what  has  transpired  since. 

I.  Not  mjich  of  interest,  except  that  which  is  purely  local,  attaches  to  the  history  of  the 
inconsiderable  communities  which  were  first  formed.     And  yet  it  is  no  trifling  subject  for  the 
contemplation  of  humanity.     Courage  and  fortitude  were  needed,  to  face  and  endure  the  dis- 
tresses of  an  American  wilderness,  3000  miles  from  home.     The  names,  therefore,  of  Hilton, 
Waldron,   Williams,   Neale,  Wiggin,  Chadbourne,    and    others,    their    associates,    will    be 
cherished  not  merely  by  their  posterity,  but  by  a  grateful  community  of  free,  prosperous  men, 
who  inherit  the  result  of  their  sacrifices  and  labors.     Nor  less  in  the  church  of  Christ  will 
the  recollections  of  piety  and  faith  dwell  on  the  founders  of  the  sacred  institutions  under  the 
gospel,  by  which  light  was  communicated  to  the  ignorant,  and  consolation  to  the  afflicted,  and 
benefit  to  all.     This  will   perpetuate   the   names   of    Dalton,  Dudley,   Leveridge,   Gibson, 
Parker,   and   even    Wheelwright,   notwithstanding  his    occasional    deviations   and    errors ; 
nor,  in  the  lustre  of  a  succeeding  period,  will  their  "  less  light "  be  overlooked,  or  "  shorn  of 
its  beams." 

It  must  not  also  be  forgotten,  that  the  original  proprietors,  especially  Gorges  and  Mason, 
to  whom  others,  discouraged  by  the  multiplied  and  long-enduring  difficulties  they  met,  sold 
their  respective  shares,  were  themselves  great  losers  by  the  enterprise.  Neither  of  them  lived 
to  see  the  success  of  his  expenditures,  large  and  liberal  as  they  were,  and  reckoned  at  £20,000 
sterling  for  each  of  them  ;  but  they  transmitted  to  disappointed  heirs  a  succession  of  lawsuits, 
crushed  hopes,  and  mortifications.  Yet  they  seem  to  have  cherished  to  the  last  an  approbation 
of  their  unrewarded  efforts,  and  to  have  encouraged  themselves  in  the  hope  that  posterity 
would  still  reap  important  benefits  from  them.  Let  their  names,  then,  be  had  in  honor,  and 
their  example  commend  to  their  successors  the  exercise  of  that  public  spirit,  which  "  seeketh 
not  its  own  ; "  but,  in  the  overruling  providence  of  God,  secures,  though  perhaps  undesign- 
edly,  in  many  instances,  the  welfare  of  coming  thousands. 

II.  A  new  scene  opens  in  the  next  period.     It  presents,  indeed,  not  a  species  of  inde- 
pendent sovereignty,  with  which,  apparently,  some  had  flattered  themselves,  but  —  what  is  of 
higher  moment  in  the  scale  of  human  enjoyment  and  progress  —  safety,  encouragment,  and  aid. 
All  that  Massachusetts  had  realized  she  was  ready  to  share ;  and  perhaps  there  is  hardly  to 
be  found  in  history  an  instance  wherein  political  power  was  exercised  in  a  more  paternal 
manner ;  nor,  a  few  instances  only  excepted,  its  exercise  met  with  more  of  grateful  recog- 
nition and  willing  subjection.     Often  did  it  occur,  say  the  faithful  recorders   of  the  time, 
that,  while  the  people  had  the  acknowledged  right  to  elect  into  office  in  their  several  towns 
such  of  their  fellow-citizens,  or,  rather,  fellow-subjects,  as  they  might  prefer,  they  yet  requested 
the  court  to  nominate  and  appoint  them  —  a  course  of  conduct  which  very  few  of  the  sturdy 
republicans  of  succeeding  times  would  be  disposed  to  adopt. 

In  proof  of  the  exercise  of  the  disposition  now  alluded  to,  and  such  a  proof  as  is  peculiarly 

*  Life  of  Gorges,  in  Amer.  Biogr.  vol.  i.  p.  381. 


96  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

attractive,  when  the  important  and  cherished  seat  of  learning  at  Cambridge  needed  a  substi- 
tute for  its  old  and  humble  building  of  wood,  contributions  for  reedifying,  the  structure  with 
brick  were  liberally  bestowed.  "  Portsmouth,  which  was  now  become  the  richest "  of  the 
New  Hampshire  towns,  charged  itself  with  "  £60  per  annum  for  seven  years ;  Dover  gave 
£32,  and  Exeter  £10  for  the  same  laudable  purpose."  *  At  a  subsequent  period,  we  shall  find 
this  example  of  a  wise  liberality  to  the  cause  of  good  learning  followed  by  the  government 
of  the  province  in  a  highly  valuable  donation  to  the  library  of  Harvard  College,  notwithstand- 
ing its  location  in  a  rieighboring  community. 

These  instances  it  is  delightful  to  record ;  for  they  tended  to  prepare  the  way  for  that 
wider  union  of  interests  which  was,  in  process  of  time,  to  be  developed  in  all  its  vast  and 
important  bearings.  Indeed,  at  the  commencement  of  the  period  we  are  now  reviewing,  a 
measure  fraught  with  consequences  inappreciable,  perhaps,  by  those  who  engaged  in  it,  was 
adopted  in  the  confederacy  of  colonies  effected  in  1643.  New  Hampshire  shared  in  the 
benefits  of  this  judicious  and  necessary  arrangement,  being  included  in  Massachusetts.  The 
other  parties  were  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New  Haven.  And  it  cannot  escape  the  notice 
of  any  who  attentively  observe  "  the  leadings  of  divine  Providence,"  that,  in  thjs  manner, 
while  the  present  perils  of  their  great  enterprise  prompted  these  governments  to  counsels  of 
fraternal  union,  they  were  preparing  gradually  the  way  for  the  final  INDEPENDENCE  or  THEIR 
COUNTRY.!  Probably,  without  a  similar  course,  they  could  hardly  have  sustained  the  horrors 
of  the  Indian  war  of  1675,  and  triumphed  over  Philip  and  his  widely-extended  confederates. 

It  deserves  mention  here,  that,  although  the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  had  formed  for 
themselves  what  may  be  termed  a  "  test  act,"  and  admitted  none  to  "  the  freedom  of  their 
company,"  and  thus  to  the  bearing  of  office  among  them,  but  such  as  had  been  received  into 
some  one  of  the  churches,  —  a  regulation  made,  as  Hutchinson  informs  us,  by  the  freemen 
themselves,  in  1631,  and  "  continuing  in  force  until  the  dissolution  of  the  government ; "  that 
is,  while  they  were  under  their  original  charter,  —  yet,  on  the  admission  of  the  New  Hamp- 
shire towns,  no  such  order  was  extended  to  them ;  and  they  elected  their  officers  without 
the  restriction.  A  similar  course  was  held  subsequently  with  regard  to  Maine.  Thus  the 
way  was  preparing  for  a  wider  toleration,  the  principles  of  which  were  in  that  age  but  little 
understood  or  felt.  |  It  is  not  improbable,  also,  that  the  application  of  this  measure  to  the 
New  Hampshire  towns  was  of  influence  in  forming  their  temper  to  a  remoteness  from  the 
strict  Puritan  features  which  characterized  the  Old  Colony  and  the  Bay  State  in  their  earliest 
times.  And,  indeed,  it  was  not  until  1671  that  a  Congregational  church  was  gathered  in 
Portsmouth,  their  capital ;  there  having  previously  been  only  an  Episcopal  church  in  the  town, 
which  was  formed  in  1638. 

III.  The  way  had  been  gradually  preparing  for  a  change  of  government.  The  enemies 
of  that  system  of  rule  which  prevailed  in  Massachusetts  had  been,  from  the  very  first,  busy 
in  their  complaints  to  the  crown,  and  had  been  often  on  the  point  of  succeeding,  but  were 
remarkably  prevented.  Thus,  in  1635,  an  effort  had  been  made  to  cause  the  surrender  of  their 
much-cherished  charter.  And  at  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  these  were  renewed,  after 
a  comparative  quiet,  on  that  subject  at  least,  of  near  20  years.  But,  in  the  course  of  a  short 
period,  complaints  having  been  made  by  the  heirs  of  Gorges  and  Mason,  a  commission  was 
given  by  Charles  II.  tg  Colonel  Nichols,  Sir  Robert  Carr,  and  two  others,  to  investigate  the 
state  of  the  colonies,  particularly  in  regard  to  the  grievance  complained  of,  apply  all  proper 
remedies  in  their  power,  and  make  report.  This  report,  although  it  failed  of  effecting  all  that 
was  intended  against  the  government  of  Massachusetts,  prepared  the  way  for  the  mission  of 


*  Belknap,  vol.  i.  p.  64,  F.  and  M's  ed. ;  also  Hutchinson,  &c. 

f  See  this  confederacy  exhibited  in  an  Address  of  the  late  Ex-President  /.  Q.  Adams.  Mass.  Hist. 
Coll.  III.  vol.  ix. 

J  In  1665,  Dr.  J.  Mather,  in  a  private  letter,  charges  on  the  commissioners  of  the  New  England  colo- 
nies the  declaration,  "  that  they  would  have  liberty  given  to  all  sorts  and  sects  of  men."  —  See  Hutch- 
inson,  vol.  i.  p.  208. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— NEW    HAMPSHIRE.  97 

Randolph,  which  resulted  in  his  advice  to  separate  New  Hampshire  from  that  government, 
and  to  erect  it  into  a  province  by  itself. 

This  arrangement  was  at  length  effected ;  and  in  1680,  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  John 
Cutt,  Esq.,  an  aged  and;  worthy  citizen  of  Portsmouth,  was  appointed,  by  royal  authority, 
president.  A  council  was  assigned  him,  a  portion  of  the  members  being  specially  named, 
with  permission  to  fill  up  the  prescribed  number  at  their  pleasure ;  to  which  was  added  a 
House  of  Representatives,  to  be  chosen  by  the  people  —  a  form  of  government  which,  in  itself 
considered,  Belknap  characterizes  as  being  "  of  as  simple  a  kind  as  the  nature  of  a  subor- 
dinate government  and  the  liberty  of  the  subject  can  admit."*  The  new  president  died, 
however,  before  the  expiration  of  his  year  of  office,  and  was  greatly  lamented,  as  a  gentleman 
of  high  moral  worth  and  unblemished  reputation.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  deputy,  Major 
Waldron,  who  had  long  been  distinguished  by  his  public  spirit  and  many  services,  and  was 
therefore  greatly  esteemed. 

The  alteration  of  the  form  of  government  was  not,  however,  allowed  to  pass  off  without 
another  trait  of  genuine  feeling,  which  does  the  parties  great  honor.  With  consent  of  his 
council  and  of  the  General  Assembly,  President  Cutt  communicated,  as  early  as  March  25, 
1680,  to  the  governor  and  council  of  Massachusetts,  to  be  made  known  at  their  next  session 
to  the  General  Court  of  the  province,  a  very  grateful  letter  ;  "  first  to  acknowledge,"  says  he, 
"  your  great  care  of  us,  and  kindness  towards  us,  while  we  d\velt  under  your  shadow ;  owning 
ourselves  deeply  obliged,  that  you  were  pleased,  upon  our  earnest  request  and  supplication, 
to  take  us  under  your  government,  and  ruled  us  well,  while  we  so  remained  ;  so  that  we  cannot 
give  the  least  countenance  to  those  reflections  that  have  been  cast  upon  you,  as  if  you  had 
dealt  injuriously  'with  us."  They  then  profess  as  follows :  "  no  dissatisfaction  with  your 
government,  but  merely  our  submission  to  divine  Providence,  to  his  majesty's  commands,  to 
whom  we  owe  our  allegiance,  without  any  seeking  of  our  own,  or  desires  of  change,  was  the 
only  cause  of  our  complying  with  that  present  separation  from  you  that  we  are  now  under ; 
but  should  have  heartily  rejoiced,  if  it  had  seemed  good  to  the  Lord  and  his  majesty  to  have 
settled  us  in  the  same  capacity  as  formerly."  They  add,  "  We  hold  ourselves  bound  to  sig- 
nify, that  it  is  our  most  unfeigned  desire,  that  such  a  mutual  correspondence  betwixt  us  may 
be  settled,  as  may  tend  to  the  glory  of  God,  the  honor  of  his  majesty,  whose  subjects  we  all 
are,  and  the  promoting  of  the  common  interest,  and  defence  against  the  common  enemy,  that 
thereby  our  hands  may  be  strengthened,  being  of  ourselves  weak,  and  few  in  number ;  and 
that,  if  there  be  opportunity  to  be  any  ways  serviceable  unto  you,  we  may  show  how  ready 
we  are  thankfully  to  embrace  the  same."  They  close  with  saying,  "  We  subscribe,  wishing 
the  presence  of  God  to  be  with  you,  and  craving  the  benefit  of  your  prayers  and  endeavors 
for  a  blessing  upon  the  heads  and  hearts  of  us  who  are  separated  from  our  brethren."  f 

A  document  like  this  is  well  worthy  of  transmission  to  posterity.  But,  after  the  year's  ser- 
vice of  Walter  Barefoote,  who  was  one  of  Randolph's  friends  and  abetters,  the  next  ad- 
ministration, that  of  Cranfield,  was  unpleasant  in  the  extreme.  His  self-seeking  spirit, 
his  contempt  for  the  inhabitants,  whom  he  found  to  be  not  more  than  four  thousand  in  number, 
his  tyrannical  exactions,  and  his  persecution  and  oppression  of  the  respected  minister  of 
Portsmouth,  the  Rev.  Joshua  Moody,  whose  name  will  ever  be  held  in  affectionate  respect, 
alienated  from  him  the  minds  of  the  people,  and  caused  them  to  rejoice  when,  chagrined 
and  disappointed,  he  left  them  for  Barbadoes. 

We  have  not  room,  in  this  department  of  the  present  work,  to  enter  into  particulars  of  the 
history  of  so  many  changes  as  occurred  in  the  administration  of  government,  further  than  to 
say,  that  New  Hampshire  was  again  united  with  Massachusetts,  under  the  presidency  of 
Joseph  Dudley,  in  1686 ;  also  under  that  of  Andros  in  1687,  and  of  Bradstreet  in  1689.  From 
1692,  however,  the  separate  government  obtained  again,  under  Usher,  Partridge,  and  Allen, 
for  ten  years ;  when  Dudley  was  once  more  appointed  governor,  having  Massachusetts  also 

«c 

*  Hist,  of  N.  H.  p.  89,  F.  and  M.'s  edition, 
f  See  the  whole  paper  in  Hutchinson,  vol.  i.  295,  296. 
13 


98  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

under  his  charge.  The  two  governments  were  thus  again  united,  and  so  continued  from  1702 
to  1741,  sharing  in  each  other's  sympathies,  and  in  weal  or  woe.  In  the  last-named  year, 
Benning  Wentworth,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  was  appointed  governor,  and  succeeded 
in  that  office  by  his  nephew,  John  Wentworth,  in  1767,  whose  term  of  service  closed  but  with 
the  revolution. 

IV.  The  revolution  produced,  of  course,  its  own  heroes,  as  every  period  of  such  excite- 
ment must.  But  there  had  been  a  long  training  of  them,  unknowingly,  as  throughout  our 
country.  New  Hampshire  furnished  her  full  quota  of  these,  several  of  them  reared  in  the 
hardships  of  Indian  warfare,  or  in  the  laborious  occupations  of  husbandry  ;  and  not  a  few  were 
experienced  in  those  scenes  of  conflict  between  Britain  and  France  which  ended  in  the 
reduction  of  Canada.  A  few  years  only  after  that  event,  the  discussion  of  stirring  questions 
between  the  colonies  and  the  mother  country  called  forth  the  best  talents.  The  right  of  Par- 
liament to  tax,  without  the  privilege  of  representation  vested  in  the  subject,  and  thence  without 
his  consent,  was  boldly  denied.  The  stamp  act  excited  alarm,  and  was  resisted.  Feudal 
institutions  were  reviewed,  in  an  essay  by  the  elder  Adams,  in  1765,  and  the  canon  law  inves- 
tigated ;  and,  in  short,  the  doctrines  of  civil  freedom  began  to  engage  the  public  mind  long 
before  the  actual  INDEPENDENCE  of  the  country  was  seriously  contemplated. 

The  country,  too,  had  gained  strength  and  wealth.  Of  both  these  New  Hampshire  partook. 
Ship-building,  from  the  facility  of  obtaining  every  kind  of  lumber,  flourished  on  hor  scanty 
seaboard.  Vessels  of  war  had  been  for  many  years  constructed  within  the  waters  of  Piscat- 
aqua,  which  form  almost  her  only  harbors  from  the  sea ;  and  her  merchants  were  known  abroad, 
and  their  connections  extensive  and  profitable  at  home. 

Besides  this,  the  increase  of  population  in  the  country  towns  became  observable.  They  had 
been  gradually  settling,  after  the  disputes  with  the  heirs  of  Mason  were  in  good  degree 
adjusted,  and  more  especially  after  the  purchase  made  of  their  claim  by  a  company  of  NCAV 
Hampshire  gentlemen,  in  1746,  which  had  introduced  an  increase  of  agricultural  products,  by 
encouraging  a  more  general  acquisition  of  farms,  the  cultivation  of  which  had  been  found  the 
true  source  of  wealth  and  general  prosperity. 

In  addition,  a  new  interest  was  given  to  the  great  subject  of  EDUCATION.  We  have  before 
alluded  to  the  regard  shown  to  Harvard  College.  At  the  destruction  by  fire  of  its  library,  in 
1764,  under  the  government  of  Benning  Wentworth,  a  generous  donation  was  made,  in  order 
to  replace  it*  But,  under  the  succeeding  administration  of  his  nephew,  a  magistrate  dis- 
tinguished for  learning,  good  judgment,  and  public  spirit,  and  therefore  deservedly  popular, 
the  foundation  was  effected  of  a  university  within  the  state  itself.  The  application  for  public 
aid  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Wheelock,  and  his  offer  of  locating  his  institution  where  the  greatest 
encouragement  might  be  had,  elicited  such  returns  abroad,  and  especially  such  grants  of  land 
from  the  General  Assembly,  as  fixed  Dartmouth  College  at  Hanover,  in  the  county  of  Grafton, 
by  royal  charter,  13th  December,  1769.  The  rank  of  this  institution  is  high  among  the  col- 
leges of  New  England  and  the  best  literary  establishments  of  the  Union. 

To  recount  the  catalogue  of  worthies,  whose  names  impart  a  lustre  to  their  native  state. 
and  give  the  history  of  their  lives,  pleasing  although  it  would  be,  cannot  within  the  limits  of 
this  introductory  sketch  be  admitted.  The  memories  of  Stark  and  Sullivan,  and  of  Pepperell 
at  an  earlier  period,  who  should  be  reckoned,  probably,  to  New  Hampshire,  though  locally  of 
Maine,  of  Dearborn,  and  other  military  men,  will  not  be  suffered  to  perish.  Those  of  Me- 
shech  Weare,  the  first  president  of  the  state,  after  the  commencement  of  hostilities  with 
Great  Britain;  and  the  governors,  Langdon,  Gilman,  Smith,  and  Pluiner,  not  to  mention 

*  "  The  province  of  New  Hampshire  not  having  as  yet  any  college  of  its  own  to  divert  its  interest  from 
Harvard  College,  hitherto  the  Alma  Mater  of  her  educated  men  as  well  as  those  of  Massachusetts,  the 
General  Assembly  of  that  province,  by  the  recommendation  of  Governor  Benning  Wentworth,  who  had 
been  applied  to  by  the  corporation  on  the  subject,  voted  £300  sterling  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing 
books  for  the  library.  A  cata'ogue  was  sent  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  East  Apthorp,  then  in  England  ;  and  by 
his  care  books  to  the  number  of  743  volumes,  enough  to  fill  three  quarters  of  an  alcove,  were  purchased 
•with  that  sum."  —  See  Peirce's  Hist,  of  Harvard  University,  edited  by  the  late  Hon.  J.  Pickering,  Esq. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— NEW    HAMPSHIRE.  99 

others  of  merit  who  have  honorably  filled  the  chair  of  state ;  of  Mason,  and  of  Webster,  the 
former  of  whom  has  recently  been  lamented  as  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the  first,  of  the  lawyers 
of  New  England,  and  the  latter  happily  living,  as  a  glory  of  his  birthplace,  the  able  and 
successful  expounder  anet  defender  of  the  constitution,  —  will  pass  down  to  posterity  with  still 
increasing  esteem,  and  do  honor  to  New  Hampshire.  They  will  excite  the  virtuous  emulation 
of  her  aspiring  youth,  and  tend  to  guide  their  steps  to  eminence. 

Nor  should  the  religious  interests  of  the  state  be  overlooked.  These  have  been  superin- 
tended by  a  ministry  consisting  of,  apparently,  as  sound  and  faithful  men  as  can  be  found 
laboring  together  in  any  state  of  our  Union,  among  an  equal  population.  A  recent  review  of 
their  history  has  been  taken ;  and  its  well-informed  author,  addressing  "  the  general  associa- 
tion," a  body  which  dates  its  origin  in  1747,  declares,  "  Of  686,  who  from  the  first  have  filled 
the  office  of  pastors  in  our  churches,  but  about  150  now  survive.  All  settled  previous  to  1780 
are  starred  on  the  register  of  their  names.  Of  those  settled  between  1780  and  1800,  we  can 
find  but  eight  among  the  living,  and  not  one  of  them  in  the  active  duties  of  the  ministry.  But 
though  dead,  they  yet  speak.  Some  of  them  experienced  great  trials  and  hardships  for  Christ's 
sake,  enduring  perils  in  the  wilderness  and  perils  among  savages.  But  they  were  strong  in 
faith,  constant  in  labors,  enduring  unto  the  end.  Never,  probably,  has  there  existed,"  he  adds, 
"  through  a  period  of  more  than  two  centuries,  a  succession  of  one  class  of  ministers  more 
united  in  sentiment,  more  harmonious  in  practice,  more  consistent  in  example,  more  free  from 
ambition  and  envy,  and  the  strife  of  controversy,  more  self-denying,  more  useful  as  citizens, 
and  more  respected  in  their  several  fields  of  labor,  than  the  Congregational  and  Presbyterian 
ministers  of  New  Hampshire.  A  few,  indeed,  though  very  few,  have  proved  themselves  un- 
worthy of  their  calling  and  office.  Some  have  renounced  their  first  faith,  but  the  great  body 
of  them  have  stood  firm  amid  changes,  and  were  found  faithful  unto  death."  * 

The  writer  then  notices  the  closing  scenes  of  the  lives  of  several  of  the  pastors,  as  evi- 
dences of  their  sincerity  and  faithfulness ;  and  especially  commemorates  Moody  of  Portsmouth, 
McGregor  of  Londonderry,  Dr.  McClintock  of  Greenland,  Hidden  of  Tamworth,  Dr.  Harris 
of  Dunbarton,  and  Dr.  Church  of  Pelham,  among  those  who  have  given  their  dying  testimonies 
to  "  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus."  Many  other  names  are  precious  to  the  churches  and  to  sur- 
viving friends ;  and  that  such  a  ministry,  still  more  and  more  enriched  with  divine  grace,  may 
be  perpetuated  through  the  coming  generations,  every  Christian  patriot  must  desire  ;  since  it 
is  only  through  the  prevalence  of  the  religion  of  the  gospel  that  any  community  can  truly 
prosper.  For  the  Christian  ministry  is  the  institution  of  God  for  human  welfare.  And  its 
usefulness  is  found  not  merely  in  reference  to  eternity,  but  the  present  life  also.  Says  the 
commissioner  of  common  schools,  in  his  last  Report  to  the  legislature  of  New  Hampshire, 
"  The  clergymen  of  the  various  towns  that  I  have  visited  deserve  especial  notice  for  the  lively 
interest  they  cherish  in  this  movement,  [to  improve  the  schools.]  for  the  valuable  assistance 
they  rendered  me  in  my  visits,  and  for  the  controlling  influence  which  they  exert  on  the  minds 
of  the  people  in  favor  of  general  intelligence  and  sound  learning."  f 

Although  allusion  has  thus  been  made  to  the  important  subject  of  training  the  youth  of  the 
state,  and  to  the  promotion  of  "  sound  learning,"  it  yet  seems  proper  to  insert  in  this  place  a 
general  view  of  it,  with  which  the  compiler  of  this  work  has  been  very  obligingly  favored  by 
the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Cogswell,  president  of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Gilmanton.  It  is  inserted 
entire,  under  the  head  of 

"  EDUCATION  IN  NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  The  common  school  system  of  education,"  observes 
the  doctor,  "  so  generally  prevalent  in  New  England,  was  very  early  adopted  by  the  inhabit- 
ants of  New  Hampshire.  In  this  respect,  the  state  was  probably  as  observant  of  duty  as 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut. 

"  The  first  law  -enacted  for  the  establishment  of  what  are  termed  *  town  schools,'  was  passed 
in  1647,  by  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts.  The  preamble  and  law  are  as  follows :  *  It 
being  one  chiefe  project  of  that  old  deluder,  Sathan,  to  keep  men  from  the  knowledge  of 

*  Rev.  Mr.  Boston's  Hist.  Discourse,  Aug.  22,  1848,  p.  24.  f  See  Report  for  1848,  p.  4. 


100  ITNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

Scriptures,  as  in  former  times,  keeping  them  in  an  unknowne  tongue,  so  in  these  latter  times, 
by  persuading  them  from  the  use  of  tongues,  so  that,  at  least,  the  true  sence  and  meaning  of 
the  original  might  be  clouded  with  false  glosses,  of  saint-seeming  deceivers,  and  that  learning 
may  not  bee  buried  in  the  grave  of  our  forefathers  in  church  and  commonwealth,  the  Lord 
assisting  our  endeavors :  — 

"  *  It  is  therefore  ordered  by  this  Courte  and  authority  thereof.  That  every  townshipp  within 
this  jurisdiction,  after  that  the  Lord  hath  increased  them  to  the  number  of  fifty  hows-holders, 
shall  then  forthwith  appoint  one  within  theire  towne,  to  teach  all  such  children  as  shall  resorte 
to  him,  to  write  and  read ;  whose  wages  shall  be  paid  either  by  the  parents  or  masters  of 
such  children,  or  by  the  inhabitants  in  generall,  by  way  of  supplye,  as  the  major  parte  of 
those  who  order  the  prudentials  of  the  towne  shall  appointe ;  provided  that  those  who  send 
theire  children  bee  not  oppressed  by  paying  much  more  than  they  can  have  them  taught  for 
in  other  townes.' 

"  This  law  extended  to  the  inhabitants  of  New  Hampshire,  as  the  union  between  this  state 
and  Massachusetts  took  place  in  1641.  The  ultimate  object  to  be  obtained  by  our  Puritan 
ancestors  in  these  schools  was,  that  their  children  might  be  enabled  to  read  and  understand 
for  themselves.  They  were  zealous  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Protestant  principle  of  private 
judgment  in  matters  of  religious  faith  and  practice. 

"  The  first  law  passed  by  New  Hampshire,  after  it  became  a  province,  was  enacted  in  1693, 
amid  the  terrors  and  distresses  of  the  sanguinary  war  with  the  Indians  and  the  French,  and 
shows  how  regardful  of  education  the  people  at  that  time  were.  The  law  runs  thus :  it  is 
1  enacted  and  ordained,  that  for  the  building  and  repairing  of  meeting-houses,  ministers' 
houses,  school-houses,  and  allowing  a  salary  to  a  schoolmaster  in  each  town  within  this  prov- 
ince, the  selectmen  in  the  respective  towns  shall  raise  money  by  an  equal  rate  and  assessment 
upon  the  inhabitants ;  and  every  town  within  this  province  (Dover  only  excepted  during  the 
war)  shall,  from  and  after  the  publication  hereof,  provide  a  schoolmaster  for  the  supply  of  the 
town,  on  penalty  of  ten  pounds ;  and  for  neglect  thereof,  to  be  paid,  one  half  to  their  majes- 
ties, and  the  other  half  to  the  poor  of  the  town.' 

"  In  1719,  a  law  was  passed  which  ordained  that  every  town  having  fifty  householders, 
or  upwards,  shall  be  constantly  provided  with  a  schoolmaster  to  teach  children  and  youth  to 
read  and  write. 

"  In  1783,  the  voice  of  New  Hampshire  on  the  subject  of  education  was  expressed  in  lan- 
guage worthy  of  a  free  and  sovereign  state,  and  contained  in  the  constitution  of  government 
then  voluntarily  adopted.  It  is  as  follows :  '  Knowledge  and  learning,  generally  diffused 
through  a  community,  being  essential  to  the  preservation  of  a  free  government,  and  spreading 
the  opportunities  and  advantages  of  education  through  the  various  parts  of  the  country  being 
highly  conducive  to  promote  this  end,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  legislators  and  magistrates, 
in  all  future  periods  of  this  government,  to  cherish  the  interests  of  literature  and  the  sciences, 
and  all  seminaries  and  public  schools,  to  encourage  private  and  public  institutions,  rewards 
and  immunities  for  the  promotion  of sciences  and  natural  history.' 

"  Since  the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  the  acts  of  the  government  in  favor  of  common 
schools  have  been  liberal.  They  are  now  by  law  established  throughout  the  state,  and  every 
child  and  youth  may  enjoy  the  benefits  of  education  proffered  by  them.  For  their  support,  by 
a  law  of  the  state,  about  $100,000  is  annually  raised  by  a  tax  upon  the  people.*  The  literary 
fund,  amounting  to  $64,000,  formed  by  a  tax  of  one  half  per  cent,  on  the  capital  of  the  banks, 
has  been  distributed  to  the  different  towns.  The  proceeds  of  this  fund,  and  also  an  annual 
income  of  about  $10,000,  derived  from  a  tax  on  banks,  are  appropriated  to  aid  in  support  of 
schools,  besides  what  is  raised  by  the  several  districts  themselves. 

"  There  are,  according  to  the  last  census  of  the  United  States,  2127  common  schools, 
and  83,632  scholars  attending  them,  being  1  in  every  3TV°(y  of  the  whole  population  of  the 
state,  and  being  a  greater  number,  in  proportion  to  the  inhabitants,  than  is  furnished  from 

*  Whole  amount  raised  in  1848,  #147,744-82.  —  See  Report,  cited  above,  p.  43 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  NEW    HAMPSHIRE.  101 

any  other  state  in  the  Union,  with  but  one  exception.  There  are  only  942  individuals  in  the 
state,  over  20  years  of  age,  who  can  neither  read  nor  write,  being  only  1  to  307  of  the  pop- 
ulation, and  being  a  less  number  than  in  any  other  state,  one  only  excepted. 

"  The  number  of  academies  and  high  schools  in  the  state  is  about  70,  being  1  to  every 
4000  inhabitants.  The  number  of  students  attending  them  is  5799,  being  on  an  average  more 
than  80  to  an  institution,  and  1  to  about  every  50  of  the  inhabitants.  This  intermediate 
class  of  institutions  between  common  schools  and  colleges  is  generally  in  a  flourishing  condi- 
tion. Most  of  them  are  private  corporations  for  public  purposes,  and  need  more  funds  for 
their  support,  that  they  may  accomplish  with  greater  energy  the  work  devolving  upon  them. 

"  Dartmouth  College,  named  after  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  an  early  benefactor,  is  one  of  the 
n.ost  flourishing  in  the  United  States,  and  is  situated  in  the  south-west  part  of  Hanover,  about 
half  a  mile  east  of  Connecticut  River,  on  a  beautiful  and  extensive  plain,  where  there  is  a 
handsome  village.  It  was  founded  by  the  Rev.  Eleazar  Wheelock,  D.  D.,  and  chartered  by 
royal  grant  in  1769.  The  funds,  which  are  respectable,  were  obtained  by  donations  from 
individuals,  and  by  grants  from  the  legislatures  of  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont.  The  build- 
ings are  good,  and  six  in  number  —  all  of  them  of  brick  except  one,  and  most  of  them  bearing 
names  of  benefactors." 

Boundaries.  —  This  state  is  bounded  north  by  Eastern  Canada,  east  by  Maine,  south-east 
by  the  Atlantic  and  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  south  by  Massachusetts,  and  west  and  north- 
west by  Vermont.  Situated  between  42°  40'  and  45°  16'  north  latitude,  and  70°  35'  and  72° 
27'  west  longitude.  Its  length  is  168,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  90  miles,  and  it  com- 
prises an  area  of  about  7987  square  miles. 

First  Settlers.  —  The  first  discovery  of  New  Hampshire  was  in  1614,  and  the  first  settle- 
ments made  by  Europeans  were  at  Dover  and  Portsmouth,  in  1623 ;  only  three  years  after  the 
landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth. 

Government.  —  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  governor  and  five  councillors,  chosen 
annually  by  the  people.  The  legislature  consists  of  the  Senate,  comprising  12  members, 
chosen  in  12  districts,  and  the  House  of  Representatives,  chosen  annually  in  the  month  of 
March,  every  town  having  150  ratable  polls  being  entitled  to  send  one,  and  an  additional 
representative  for  every  300  additional  polls.  The  legislature  assembles  annually  at  Concord, 
on  the  first  Wednesday  of  June. 

All  male  citizens,  of  21  years  and  upwards,  except  paupers  and  persons  excused  from  taxes, 
have  a  right  to  vote  for  state  officers  —  a  residence  of  at  least  three  months  within  the  town 
being  required  to  entitle  the  person  to  vote. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Superior  Court  of  Judicature  consists  of  a  chief  justice  and  two  associate 
justices,  who  hold  one  term  annually  in  each  of  the  ten  counties  of  the  state,  for  the  hearing 
and  determining  of  questions  of  law,  and  petitions  for  divorce.  This  court  is  also  vested  with 
chancery  powers. 

The  judges  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Judicature  are,  ex  officio,  judges^of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  This  court,  before  whom  all  actions  for  the  recovery  of  debts  and  the  en- 
forcement of  contracts,  and  all  jury  trials,  are  brought,  consists  of  one  of  the  justices  of  the 
Superior  Court,  or  one  of  the  justices  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  of  two  county 
judges,  who  are  generally  appointed  from  among  the  yeomanry,  whose  principal  duty  it  is  to 
attend  to  the  ordinary  business  of  the  county,  its  roads,  expenses,  &c.  Terms  are  held  semi- 
annually,  in  each  of  the  counties. 

Most  of  the  religious  denominations,  which  are  found  in  the  country  at  large,  appear  in  New 
Hampshire,  as  might  be  anticipated  from  the  freedom  of  religious  inquiry  and  profession.  In 
numbers,  the  Baptist  denomination  ranks  next  to  the  Congregationalists  and  Presbyterians. 
But  the  Episcopal  branch  of  the  church  of  Christ  was  early  founded  in  the  colony,  and 
was  greatly  encouraged  by  several  of  the  royal  governors.  The  Methodists  are  numerous, 
and  there  are  communities  of  Friends,  or  Quakers.  But  it  is  believed  that  the  many  important 
interests  of  society,  in  which  good  citizens  may  unite  without  infringing  on  a  good  conscience, 
are  tending  to  soften  the  asperities  of  religious  controversy,  and  to  bring  the  community  more 


102  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

and  more  into  a  state  of  mutual  forbearance,  if  not  of  mutual  esteem.  Thus  Bible  societies, 
and  societies  for  the  promotion  of  temperance,  the  associations  which  spring  out  of  the  great 
cause  of  education,  and  those  which  relate  to  agriculture,  mechanic  arts,  general  science,  arid 
mutual  improvement  in  knowledge,  especially  by  lectures  and  the  founding  and  use  of  social 
libraries,  all  tend  to  occupy  healthily  the  powers  of  the  mind,  and  produce  or  promote  that 
condition  of  civilization  which  becomes  a  free,  vigorous,  moral,  and  Christian  state. 

That  such  advances  are  really  making  is  evident  to  the  observer.  They  have,  indeed,  been 
gradual,  but  actual.  The  early  colonists  were  often  almost  disheartened  at  the  prospect  before 
them,  and  complained  of  the  difficulty  of  procuring  a  subsistence.  It  is  well  remarked  by  Dr. 
Belknap,  that  they  too  much  neglected  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  whose  productiveness  they 
had  not  properly  tested,  while  their  chief  attention  was  given  to  the  fishery,  the  lumber  trade, 
and  the  procuring  of  furs.  Many  temptations,  too,  were  thrown  in  their  way,  as  occurred  to 
other  settlers  in  New  England,  by  invitations  to  settle  elsewhere.  Lord  Saye  and  Sele  urged 
the  colonists  to  people  Barbadoes,  where  he  possessed  an  interest.  Cromwell,  at  a  subsequent 
period,  invited  the  tried  and  faithful  Puritans  to  settle  in  Ireland,  where  the  province  of  Ulster 
had  long  been  devastated,  and  stood  in  need  of  inhabitants  ;  or  to  enter  on  his  new  conquest 
of  Jamaica,  and  become  West  India  planters.  Few,  comparatively,  however,  were  prevailed 
on  to  go ;  and  those  who  staid  became  more  and  more  accustomed  to  the  country,  and 
attached  to  it. 

And  now,  what  is  the  result  ?  A  healthy,  active,  intelligent,  and  industrious  population  is 
found,  even  among  the  mountain  fastnesses  of  "  the  Granite  State,"  not  unaptly  characterized 
as  the  Switzerland  of  America.  They  subdue  the  soil,  and  it  yields  its  treasures ;  and  if  not 
in  so  great  abundance  of  cereal  grains,  at  least  in  valuable  pasture  —  the  grazing  interest 
being  very  considerable  throughout  the  state.  Yet  the  improvements  of  modern  agriculture 
are  noticed  and  adopted.  In  islands  of  the  beautiful  Winnipiseogee  —  a  favorable  location,  it 
must  be  confessed  — 136  bushels  of  Indian  corn  have  been  raised  on  the  acre !  *  One  would 
suppose  that  the  fertility  of  the  western  prairie  could  offer  little  temptation  to  the  farmer  who 
might  produce  such  a  crop,  and  remain  among  his  own  paternal  fields ;  especially  when  the 
contrast  is  made  between  the  healthiness  of  a  northern  climate,  in  a  high,  hilly  region,  pure 
water  flowing  plentifully,  all  facilities  for  happily  training  a  family ;  and  a  country  where, 
indeed,  labor  is  comparatively  light,  land  cheap,  and  winters  lose  much  of  then-  rigor  and 
length ;  but  fever  and  ague  sap  the  constitution,  and  send  back  the  adventurer  a  lean,  sallow 
invalid  for  life,  or  lay  him  prematurely  in  the  grave. 

Of  recent  years,  the  legislature  has,  in  its  wisdom,  encouraged  the  investigation  of  the 
mineral  treasures  of  New  Hampshire.  The  employment  of  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  for  this  pur- 
pose has  resulted  in  the  discovery  that  this  state  is  richer  in  this  respect  than  any  of  its  sisters. 
We  do  not  say  that  it  has  the  gold  of  California,  —  as,  happily  for  its  inhabitants,  it  has  not,  — 
nor  that  of  North  Carolina  or  Georgia ;  but  the  variety  of  its  minerals  is  great,  and  the  de- 
posits of  several'of  the  most  useful,  if  not  most  costly  ores,  are  not  infrequent.  Grant  that  it 
abounds  in  granite  and  in  ice.  It  has  also  a  hardy  and  sagacious  population,  which  can  make 
that  ice  and  granite  articles  of  profitable  commerce. 

The  increase  of  manufacturing  establishments,  in  which  scientific  skill  is  tasked  to  mould 
the  raw  material  into  useful  fabrics  and  forms,  renders  the  possession  of  water  power  a 
great  desideratum.  In  few  spaces  of  equal  extent,  it  is  believed,  does  there  exist  a  greater 
water  power  than  in  this  state.  And  human  ingenuity  will  not  be  backward  in  turning  this 
encouraging  circumstance  to  profit.  Statistics  of  several  establishments  will  be  found  in  the 
following  work,  under  the  heads  of  their  respective  localities. 

Of  all  the  features  of  the  state,  the  White  Mountains  must  be  regarded  as  not  only  the 
most  prominent,  but  the  most  interesting.  Forming  the  highest  land  in  North  America  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Andes,  they  have  become  a  favorite  resort  of  the  tourist, 
who  is  in  search  either  of  health  or  pleasure.  Dr.  Belknap  supposed  that  the  highest  peak 

*  See  Dr.  Jackson's  Agricultural  Report. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  NEW    HAMPSHIRE.  103 

would  be  found  to  be,  when  accurately  measured,  —  which  in  his  day  it  had  not  been,  —  over 
10,000  feet  high.  But  since  that  period  it  has  been  satisfactorily  ascertained  that  it  falls  short 
of  7000.  The  ascent,  perilous  as  it  has  been  accounted,  is  often  effected,  and  generally  repays 
the  task.  But  the  remembrance  of  those  dreadful  avalanches,  which,  in  one  melancholy  in- 
stance at  least,*  produced  havoc,  and  ruin,  and  loss  of  life,  will  long  impress  the  imagination 
seriously,  and  give  solemnity  to  the  wild  solitudes  of  the  mountains. 

The  engineer  will  think  and  calculate  otherwise.  And  his  is,  in  fact,  the  prevailing  view 
now  taken  of  heights  of  land  and  bodies  of  water.  The  latter,  which  abound  in  the  region  of 
the  White  Mountains,  not  only  give  animation  to  a  landscape,  and  irrigate  for  the  agriculturist 
or  cattle-breeder  the  lands  in  their  vicinage,  but,  directed  by  the  hand  of  Science,  and  duly 
restrained  and  managed,  facilitate  human  labor,  and  lay  a  foundation  for  national  wealth.  For 
if,  as  one  of  this  profession  f  argued,  "  rivers  were  made  to  feed  navigable  canals,"  the  eleva- 
tions where  are  found  the  sources  of  the  Androscoggin,  Saco,  Merrimac,  Connecticut,  and 
many  other  streams,  on  whose  banks  and  by  whose  waterfalls  villages  of  manufacturers  must 
rise,  will  not  be  contemplated  by  the  practical  improver  without  deep  interest. 

It  is  a  great  happiness,  as  well  as  honor,  for  the  state,  that  its  history  has  been  so  ably  and 
respectably  written,  and  at  so  early  a  period  in  the  development  of  its  resources.  Dr.  Belknap 
was  eminently  calculated  to  accomplish  the  work  he  undertook.  It  required  research  and 
patient  labor ;  but  he  could  labor  and  persevere,  though  under  great  embarrassment  and  diffi- 
culty, unknown,  probably,  by  his  successors  in  the  ministry,  but  requiring  in  his  day  all  forti- 
tude and  faith.  His  education  had  providentially  fitted  him  for  his  task.  Brought  up  under 
the  eye  of  the  New  England  historian,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Prince,  whose  spirit  of  accurate  and 
industrious  inquiry  is  celebrated,  he  had  the  advantage  of  consulting  his  collections,  and  im- 
bibed a  taste  for  the  employment.  Prince  followed  Mather,  and  Mather  drew  from  Hubbard, 
and  he  from  Winthrop  and  Winslow.  Belknap  completes  the  chain  to  our  own  times ;  and  his 
history  is  quoted  with  that  respect  and  confidence  which  honor  his  name,  still  further  honored 
by  the  state  in  being  attached  to  a  lately  constituted  county. 

Deficiencies  in  his  work  are,  indeed,  noticed,  particularly  in  articles  of  natural  history  and 
natural  philosophy.  But,  with  the  progress  in  science  that  has  since  been  made,  and  the 
facilities  for  observation  which  have  since  been  secured,  the  supply  of  these  deficiencies  will 
be  easy.  Nor  can  it  be  so  difficult  as  it  was  originally  to  secure  the  evanescent  tradition  of 
events.  The  late  and  lamented  John  Farmer,  Esq.,  and  his  living  associate,!  as  well  as  other 
members  of  the  Historical  Society,  have  done  much  to  perpetuate  New  Hampshire  history, 
whether  of  the  state  or  of  smaller  communities,  or  of  individual  men. 

The  state  is  restricted  on  the  sea-coast,  and  has  but  one  avenue  to  the  ocean.  The  Piscat- 
aqua  presents  for  future  improvement  advantages  that  a  perspicacious  and  thriving  people 
will  not  be  long  in  ascertaining  and  employing.  The  railroad  from  Portsmouth  to  Concord, 
opening  an  easy  access  to  the  great  north  and  west,  will  give  to  the  beautiful  harbor  of  Ports- 
mouth a  foreign  and  domestic  commerce  hitherto  unknown. 

Though  restricted  on  the  sea-coast,  and  in  this  view  not  to  be  compared  with  her  sister 
states  of  New  England,  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  is  yet  second  among  them  in  extent  of 
territory.  That  it  may  be  filled  with  a  prosperous,  happy,  exemplary  population,  who  shall 
enjoy  and  improve  the  rich  privileges  of  Christian  freemen,  which,  in  the  good  providence  of 
God,  now  form  their  favored  lot,  and  transmit  them  unimpaired  to  the  latest  posterity,  is  the 
writer's  fervent  wish  and  prayer. 

*  The  destruction  of  Mr.  Willey's  abode  and  family, 
t  Brinley,  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater's  surveyor. 
J  /.  B.  Moore,  now  librarian  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc. 
\ 


104 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


NEW  JERSEY  is  one  of  the  central  states  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  country  comprising 
the  original  thirteen  United  States.  The  earliest  settlement  was  made  in  the  county  of 
Bergen,  between  the  years  1620  and  1630,  by  some  Dutch  people  from  New  York.  They 
were  joined  by  parties  of  Danes  and  Norwegians,  who,  in  1638,  were  followed  by  a  body  of 
Swqdes  and  Fins,  which  formed  a  colony  on  the  Delaware  River,  arid  purchased  of  the 
aborigines  the  lands  on  both  sides  of  that  stream,  as  far  as  the  river  was  navigable.  In  1664, 
the  territory  between  the  Connecticut  and  Delaware  Rivers  was  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York, 
brother  to  Charles  II.  The  charter  included  New  Jersey,  of  which  the  Dutch  were  forthwith 
dispossessed  by  the  English ;  and  it  was  then  conveyed  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George 
Carteret.  These  latter  proprietors  drew  up  a  form  of  government,  and  sent  over  Philip  Car- 
teret  as  governor,  who  fixed  upon  Elizabethtown  as  his  seat  of  government,  in  1665.  Sundry 
political  changes  ensued,  and  in  1676  the  province  was  divided,  the  western  part  annexed  to 
New  York,  and  the  eastern  remaining  as  a  separate  colony,  under  the  direct  dominion  of  the 
crown.  Six  years  afterwards,  the  latter  section  was  assigned  to  William  Penn  and  his 
associates.  Twenty  years  subsequently,  it  was  surrendered  to  Queen  Anne,  and  incorporated 
with  New  York,  under  the  government  of  which  both  provinces  continued  until  1738,  when 
they  were  again  placed  under  the  immediate  jurisdiction  of  the  British  sovereign,  and  so  re- 
mained until  the  royal  authority  was  abrogated  by  the  revolution  of  1776.  The  republican 
constitution  of  the  state  is  dated  July  2d  of  that  year.  During  the  war  with  Great  Britain, 
New  Jersey  suffered  more  than  her  proportion  of  the  hardships,  and  rendered  her  full  measure 
of  the  services,  incident  to  that  eventful  struggle. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  New  Jersey  is  bounded  north  by  New  York  State,  east  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  south  by  Delaware  Bay,  and  west  by  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  It  lies  be- 
tween 38°  58'  and  41°  21'  north  latitude,  and  extends  from  73°  58'  to  75°  29'  west  longitude. 
Its  extreme  length,  from  north  to  south,  is  about  160  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  not  far 
from  50  miles.  Its  area,  by  official  report,  is  8320  miles. 

Government.  —  The  government  is  vested  in  a  governor,  Council,  and  House  of  Assembly,  all 
of  whom  are  elected  annually,  the  former  by  the  legislative  branches  in  joint  ballot,  the  latter  by 
the  people.  The  Council  consists  of  18  members,  the  president  of  which  is,  ex  ojficio,  lieutenant 
governor,  and  the  Assembly  comprises  58  members.  No  persons  are  eligible  for  either  of 
these  offices  without  a  previous  residence  of  one  year,  and  the  possession  of  property  valued 
at  £1000  in  the  case  of  councillors,  or  at  £500  in  the  case  of  assembly  men.  Voters  must 
also  have  resided  within  the  state  one  year,  and  possess  property  worth  £50  "  proclamation 
money." 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — NEW   JERSEY.  105 

Judiciary.  —  The  judicial  tribunals  consist  of  a  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals,  a  Court  of 
Chancery,  a  Supreme  Court,  and  Courts  of  Common  Pleas.  The  Court  of  Errors  comprises 
the  chancellor,  the  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  six  other  judges  appointed  for  six  years 
by  the  executive,  one  of  the  latter  vacating  his  seat  in  rotation  each  year.  This  court  holds 
four  stated  terms  every  year.  The  chancellor  and  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  appointed 
by  the  governor  and  council  for  seven  years ;  the  Court  of  Chancery  holds  four  regular  terms 
per  annum,  and  the  Supreme  Court  the  same,  the  judges  of  which  also  hold  Circuit  Courts 
quarterly  in  each  county.  Judges  of  the  Common  Pleas  Courts,  five  in  each  county,  are 
chosen  for  five  years  by  the  legislature,  and  hold  courts  four  times  a  year. 

Education.  —  The  state  holds  an  available  school  fund  amounting  to  $377,413-01.  There 
are  some  1600  school  districts  in  the  state  ;  but  the  system  of  free  school  education,  judging 
from  the  latest  returns,  does  not  seem  to  have  met  with  that  favor  from  the  legislature,  or  that 
solicitude  on  the  part  of  the  people,  which  its  great  importance  demands  ;  for  it  appears  that, 
out  of  119,000  children,  between  the  ages  of  5  and  16  years,  only  70,000  receive  instruction ; 
that  the  average  length  of  time  within  the  year,  for  which  schools  are  kept,  is  but  nine  months, 
and  that  the  average  cost  of  tuition  is  $2*06  per  quarter  for  each  pupil.  New  Jersey,  how- 
ever, has  long  sustained  a  large  number  of  literary  institutions  of  a  respectable  order.  At 
Princeton,  there  are  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  an  ancient  and  distinguished  establishment, 
and  the  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary,  of  like  eminence.  At  New  Brunswick  is  Rut- 
gers, formerly  Queen's  College,  founded  in  1770,  with  which  also  is  connected  the  Theological 
Seminary  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church.  There  are  likewise  numerous  academies,  «^c.,  in 
all  parts  of  the  state.  The  Friends  have  several  respectable  schools  under  their  partic- 
ular charge. 

Finances.  —  The  absolute  debt  of  the  state,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1850,  was  $67,595-82, 
the  annual  interest  upon  which  amounted  to  $4075-84.  The  productive  property  of  the  state 
was  valued  at  $262,397-53,  and  the  unproductive  at  $764,670-60 ;  the  latter  consisting  of  the 
"  surplus  fund  "  received  from  the  United  States,  which  has  been  loaned  without  interest  to 
the  respective  counties.  The  revenues  are  derived  mainly  from  transit  duties  on  railroads 
and  canals,  dividends  on  stocks  of  ditto,  taxes  on  railroad  stock,  interest  on  railroad  bonds, 
special  loans,  &c.  The  aggregate  receipts  from  these  sources,  for  the  year  ending  on  the 
above-mentioned  date,  amounted  to  $125,690-82,  and  the  public  expenditures  for  the  same  period 
were  $126,552-75.  There  are  between  20  and  30  banks  in  the  state,  with  an  aggregate  cap- 
ital of  from  three  to  four  millions  of  dollars. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  The  face  of  the  country  at  the  north  is  rather  mountainous  and  broken, 
being  crossed  by  portions  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  other  elevated  ranges.  From  this  point  to 
the  central  part  of  the  state  the  land  is  gradually  depressed,  and  becomes  undulating.  At  the 
south  it  is  still  lower  and  more  level.  The  soil  in  the  hilly  region  furnishes  many  excellent 
tracts  for  grazing ;  in  the  centre  it  is  quite  fertile ;  while  towards  the  Atlantic  coast  it  is  sandy 
and  naturally  sterile.  The  latter  district,  however,  by  manual  toil,  has  been  made  uncommonly 
productive,  the  proximity  of  two  great  markets  having  stimulated  the  industry  and  the  agricul- 
tural skill  of  the  inhabitants.  Wheat  and  all  the  grains  peculiar  to  the  Middle  States, 
potatoes,  all  descriptions  of  garden  vegetables,  and  fruits  of  the  finest  sorts,  as  peaches,  apples, 
pears,  plums,  cherries,  strawberries,  &c.,  are  raised  in  great  profusion,  wherever  due  regard 
has  been  given  to  the  improvement  of  the  soil. 

Rivers.  —  Several  navigable  streams  intersect  the  state  or  flow  along  its  borders,  furnish- 
ing fine  mill  sites  and  abundance  of  water  power  for  all  needed  manufacturing  purposes. 
Besides  the  Hudson  and  the  Delaware,  which  wash  the  eastern  and  western  shores,  the  chief 
rivers  are  the  Raritan,  navigable  for  15  miles,  with  important  waterfalls  beyond ;  the  Hacken- 
sack,  of  about  the  same  navigable  extent,  though  supplying  water  power  for  about  20  miles 
farther  ;  the  Passaic,  Salem,  Cohanzey,  and  others,  all  more  or  less  convertible  to  the  purposes 
of  commerce  or  manufactures. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Among  the  most  important  works  of  internal  improvement  are  the 
Morris  Canal,  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal ;  the  Camden  and  Amboy,  the  Paterson  and 
14 


106  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

Hudson,  the  New  Jersey,  the  New  Brunswick  and  Trenton,  the  Morris  and  Essex,  and  other 
railroads,  with  divers  branches.  These  pass  through  various  quarters  of  the  state  in  almost 
every  direction,  and  afford  great  facilities  for  internal  and  external  commerce.  Most  of  the 
trade  of  the  state  is  carried  on  or  benefited  by  means  of  these  valuable  public  works.  They 
afford  convenient  egress  to  the  vast  quantities  of  agricultural  produce,  cattle,  domestic  animals, 
poultry,  manufactured  articles,  &c.,  which  are  annually  exported  from  the  state. 

Minerals.  —  Valuable  iron,  zinc,  and  copper  ores  are  found  in  the  state,  and  have  been 
extensively  worked,  the  smelting  establishments  and  numerous  furnaces  being  well  supplied 
with  fuel  from  the  great  sandy  tracts  which  are  covered  with  forests  of  pine  timber. 

Manufactures.  —  The  manufacturing  branches  principally  pursued  in  New  Jersey  are  those 
of  iron,  glass,  cotton,  and  woollen.  There  are  also  large  numbers  of  paper  mills,  tanneries  and 
other  manufactories  of  leather,  potteries,  hat,  cap,  and  bonnet  factories,  distilleries,  machine 
shops,  flouring  mills,  ropewalks,  &c. ;  besides  which,  great  quantities  of  home-made  or  family 
articles  are  annually  produced. 

Indians.  —  Few,  if  any,  of  the  descendants  of  the  aboriginal  tribes  are  found  within  the  limits 
of  the  state. 

Population.  —  The  character  of  the  people  has  undoubtedly  been  essentially  modified 
during  the  lapse  of  the  several  generations  that  have  successively  followed  in  the  train  of  time, 
since  the  date  of  the  earliest  settlements.  But  few  of  the  characteristics  of  the  original  emi- 
grants from  the  north  of  Europe  are  now  discoverable.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  probably  are 
of  English  extraction.  The  last  census  (1850)  shows  a  population  of  near  500,000,  including 
about  22,000  free  colored  persons. 

Climate.  —  New  Jersey  enjoys  a  mild  and  healthful  climate.  Towards  the  sea-coast,  the 
air  is  pure,  and  the  temperature  varies  less  between  the  seasons  than  in  the  high  regions  at  the 
north,  the  thermometer  seldom  indicating  a  greater  heat  in  summer  than  87°,  or  less  than  13° 
in  winter.  In  the  mountainous  districts,  the  weather  in  winter  is  quite  severe. 

Religion.  —  The  Presbyterians  are  the  most  numerous ;  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  Dutch 
Reformed,  Episcopalians,  and  Quakers  nearly  equally  divide  the  remainder  of  the  population. 
There  are,  however,  some  Roman  Catholics,  Congregationalists,  Universalists,  &c. 


NEW  MEXICO  (TERRITORY.)  The  region  now  comprehended  within  the  limits  estab- 
lished by  Congress  as  the  United  States  Territory  of  New  Mexico  formerly  constituted  a 
portion  or  portions  of  a  Mexican  province.  During  the  war  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,  (1846,)  General  Kearney  took  peaceable  possession  of  Santa  Fe,  the  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince, and  established  a  temporary  government  therein.  In  the  early  part  of  the  following  year,  a 
revolt  against  the  American  authorities  took  place,  and  six  of  the  civil  officers,  including  the 
governor,  were  barbarously  murdered.  Several  battles  were  subsequently  fought  in  different 
parts  of  New  Mexico,  in  all  which  the  combined  forces  of  the  Mexicans  and  Indians  were 
repulsed.  By  the  treaty  of  peace  in  1848,  the  Mexican  title  was  cancelled,  and  the  immense 
country,  of  which  this  territory  forms  a  part,  became  an  adjunct  of  the  United  States.  By  the 
act  of  Congress,  passed  September  9,  1850,  for  defining  the  northern  and  western  boundaries 
of  Texas,  &c.,  a  territorial  government  for  New  Mexico  was  also  established. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  New  Mexico  is  bounded  north  by  the  Territory  of  Utah,  and  by 
a  part  of  the  scarcely  explored  wilderness  called  Nebraska ;  east  by  the  State  of  Texas ; 
south  by  a  portion  of  Texas,  and  principally  by  the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States 
and  the  Mexican  possessions ;  and  west  by  the  State  of  California.  Its  eastern  quarter  ex- 
tends from  the  32d  to  the  38th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  the  residue  of  the  territory  from 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— NEW    MEXICO.  107 

the  33d  to  the  37th.  It  lies  between  103°  and  116°  west  longitude,  reaching  from  east  to 
west  about  600  miles,  is  from  240  to  360  miles  in  width,  and  comprises  an  area  of  some 
200,000  square  miles. 

Government.  —  By  the*  act  establishing  the  territory,  the  governor  is  appointed  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States  for  four  years,  who  must  reside  in  the  territory,  and  is  also 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs.  A  secretary  of  state  is  appointed  in  like  manner  for  the 
same  term,  who  is  acting  governor  in  the  absence  of  that  magistrate.  The  legislature  is  com- 
posed of  a  Council,  to  consist  of  13  members,  chosen  for  two  years,  and  a  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, consisting  of  26,  who  serve  one  year.  The  legislature  is  elected  by  a  plurality  of  the 
popular  votes.  Its  session  cannot  exceed  40  days.  All  laws  must  be  submitted  to  Congress 
for  approval.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  held  by  all  free  citizens  of  the  United  States,  resident 
for  a  prescribed  period  within  the  territory.  By  the  same  act  it  was  required  that  a  census 
should  be  forthwith  taken,  in  order  to  apportion  the  members  of  the  legislature,  according  to 
the  number  of  inhabitants.  This  was  done  in  the  spring  of  1851,  and  the  result  showed  a 
population  of  56,984,  exclusive  of  Indians.  The  ratio  of  representation  has  thereupon  been 
fixed,  for  members  of  the  Council  at  4384,  and  for  those  of  the  House  at  half  that  number.  The 
Legislative  Assembly  convened  for  the  first  time  on  the  2d  day  of  June,  1851. 

Education.  —  After  the  lands  shall  be  surveyed  under  the  direction  of  the  general  govern- 
ment, for  the  purpose  of  bringing  them  into  market,  two  sections  in  eacli  township  are  to  be 
set  off  for  the  support  of  schools. 

Judicially.  —  The  judicial  power  of  the  territory  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  District 
Courts,  Probate  Courts,  and  justices  of  the  peace.  The  former  is  composed  of  a  chief  justice 
and  two  associates,  either  two  of  whom  form  a  quorum.  An  annual  term  of  the  court  is  held 
at  the  seat  of  government.  The  judges  hold  office  four  years.  Three  judicial  districts  are 
established,  in  each  of  which  a  District  Court  is  held  by  the  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  above  tribunals  possess  chancery  as  well  as  common  law  jurisdiction.  Appeals  are 
allowed  to  the  Supreme  from  the  District  Courts,  but  in  such  cases  there  is  to  be  no  trial  by 
jury.  Appeals  are  also  allowed  from  the  final  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  territory 
to  that  of  the  United  States,  in  cases  involving  a  sum  in  controversy  of  $1000  and  upwards, 
and  also  in  cases  affecting  the  title  to  slaves. 

Finances.  —  The  sources  from  which  to  meet  the  public  expenditures,  excepting  those  pro- 
vided by  Congress,  will  ordinarily  consist  of  direct  taxes,  and  the  income  arising  from  land 
sales,  as  is  the  case  generally  in  all  the  new  states  and  territories. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  The  face  of  the  country  presents  much  variety.  Stupendous  ranges  of 
mountains — portions  of  the  great  vertebra?  of  the  continent  —  traverse  the  eastern  half  of  the 
territory  from  north  to  south,  pierced  occasionally  by  rugged  and  precipitous  gaps,  and  some- 
times by  tracts  of  prairie,  affording  passage  to  travellers.  This  region  includes  the  former 
provincial  limits  of  New  Mexico,  and  the  oldest  and  most  populous  settlements.  The  country 
on  the  west  of  these  elevations  exhibits  immense  plains  or  plateaus,  over  which  are  scattered 
numerous  isolated  mountains  and  broken  ridges  of  volcanic  origin,  the  peaks  of  some  of  which 
rise  to  a  great  height.  The  valleys  and  slopes  between  the  eminences  in  the  eastern  section 
consist  generally  of  very  productive  land  ;  and  the  river  bottoms,  especially  near  the  southern 
boundary,  comprise  broad  tracts  of  exceedingly  rich  soil,  adapted  to  the  culture  of  sugar, 
and  of  most  of  the  products  of  that  latitude.  The  portion  of  country  lying  on  the  Gila  and 
Colorado  Rivers,  where  these  advantages  are  very  apparent,  will  doubtless  attract  the  early 
attention  of  settlers.  The  interior  of  the  western  half  of  the  territory,  so  far  as  it  has  yet 
been  topographically  examined,  is,  for  the  most  part,  an  arid  and  sterile  desert,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  some  fertile  spots  and  stunted  forests  along  the  margin  of  streams,  or  among  the 
nooks  of  the  high  lands.  The  soil  in  this  region  seems  to  be  either  sandy  or  to  consist  of  a 
light,  porous  clay,  bearing  a  species  of  coarse  grass,  said  to  be  good  winter  fodder  for  cattle. 
The  country  does  not  abound  in  timber,  but  in  some  locations  is  overgrown  for  miles  with 
almost  impenetrable  thickets  of  mezquite  and  other  thorny  shrubbery.  Corn,  wheat,  grapes, 
peaches,  and  other  grains  and  fruits,  are  cultivated  in  a  small  way  near  the  villages,  and  by 
some  tribes  of  Indians  in  different  parts  of  the  territory ;  but  it  is  only  in  the  immediate 


108  UNITED   STATES    GAZETTEER. 

vicinity  of  streams  that  the  land  may  be  considered  productive,  or  even  inhabitable  by  civilized 
beings. 

Rivers.  —  The  Rio  Grande  takes  its  rise  many  miles  above  the  northern  boundary  of  New 
Mexico,  flows  entirely  across  the  territory,  and,  after  passing  for  several  hundreds  of  miles 
between  Texas  and  the  Mexican  states  on  the  west,  discharges  itself  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
It  is  navigable  during  a  great  part  of  its  course.  The  Gila  and  Colorado  are  also  among  the 
principal  streams  ;  the  latter  a  fine  river,  flowing  from  the  north  in  a  westerly  direction,  until 
it  strikes  the  eastern  boundary  of  California,  from  which  point  it  proceeds  southerly  between 
that  state  and  New  Mexico,  passes  beyond  their  southern  limits,  and  finally  empties  into 
the  Gulf  of  California,  affording  steamboat  navigation  for  350  miles.  There  are  numerous 
other  streams,  some  of  them  very  extensive,  and  most  of  them  tributaries  to  the  rivers  already 
mentioned.  The  country,  as  a  whole,  is  poorly  watered,  either  for  purposes  of  internal  com- 
munication, for  the  propulsion  of  machinery,  or  for  appeasing  the  thirst  of  men  and  animals. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  There  are  no  public  works  of  the  character  understood  by  this 
caption  now  existing  in  this  territory,  neither  is  it  known  that  any  are  in  contemplation,  beyond 
that  of  constructing  a  road  through  it,  from  east  to  west,  to  facilitate  the  progress  of  emigrants 
into  California.  Surveys  have  been  made  with  this  view  by  military  men  under  the  authority 
of  the  United  States,  but  the  question  of  the  construction  of  such  a  work  remains  undetermined ; 
and  it  is  further  problematical  whether,  if  a  highway  be  decided  on,  it  will  ever  assume  the 
costly  and  important  shape  of  a  railroad.  The  enervating  effect  of  the  climate  upon  the  inhab- 
itants will  probably  tend  to  prevent  for  a  long  time  any  attempt  at  internal  improvement  by 
means  of  works  of  art. 

Minerals.  —  Evidences  of  volcanic  action  abound  upon  the  surface  of  all  parts  of  the  territory ; 
and  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron  deposits  exist  in  many  places.  Mines  of  the  three  former 
metals  have  been  worked  in  past  years  to  some  extent,  but  discontinued  within  a  short  period. 
All  the  ordinary  geological  features  peculiar  to  such  a  region  are  discoverable  here.  The 
character  and  composition,  and  the  combinations  of  the  masses  which  form  the  mountainous 
ridges,  and  other  enormous  protuberances  scattered  confusedly  over  the  face  of  the  country, 
refer  to  the  fires  below  for  the  origin  of  their  present  appearance,  at  least,  if  not  for  the  cause 
of  the  general  barrenness  of  the  earth  around  them. 

Manufactures.  —  Nothing  can  yet  be  said  of  the  manufacturing  genius  or  industry  of  those 
who  now  constitute  the  people  of  New  Mexico.  Their  ancestors,  and  those  of  the  savages 
in  the  same  region,  were  noted  for  little  more  in  this  line  than  the  fabrication  of  a  rude 
kind  of  pottery,  and  some  few  other  sorts  of  household  articles.  The  territory,  or  state,  —  as 
it  may  be  hereafter,  —  will  probably  never  become  either  a  manufacturing  or  agricultural 
country  for  any  important  commercial  purposes. 

Indians.  —  The  vast  wilderness,  of  which  the  western  half  of  the  territory  consists,  is  peopled 
by  numerous  tribes  of  Indians.  Some  of  these  are  mild,  peaceably  disposed,  honest,  indus- 
trious, and  hospitable,  living  in  villages  and  permanent  settlements,  and  obtaining  their 
subsistence  mainly  by  hunting,  fishing,  and  tillage.  Others  wander  about  in  hordes,  living  by 
plunder,  and  constantly  engaged  in  thievish  depredations  and  bloody  warfare.  With  one  of 
the  most  formidable  tribes  of  the  latter,  the  Apaches,  Governor  Calhoun,  of  this  territory,  has 
recently  concluded  a  treaty,  whereby  they  are  restricted  to  such  limits  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  the  United  States  government,  and  to  form  permanent  settlements,  the  United  States  stipu- 
lating to  furnish  all  necessary  facilities  for  tilling  the  soil. 

Population.  —  The  census  taken  by  the  civil  authorities  of  the  territory  showed  a  population 
of  56,984;  but  that  of  the  United  States,  taken  at  nearly  the  same  period,  (1850-1,)  gives  a 
population  of  61,547,  exclusive  of  Indians,  of  whom,  perhaps,  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  a  correct 
enumeration. 

Climate.  —  In  those  mountainous  parts  where  water  is  easily  accessible,  the  residents  may 
be  said  to  enjoy  a  good  share  of  health  throughout  the  year ;  but  in  other  localities,  at  certain 
seasons,  the  heat  is  extremely  oppressive,  and  the  climate  decidedly  insalubrious.  The  winters 
are  not  uncomfortably  cold  for  any  great  length  of  time ;  but,  even  at  the  extreme  south 
snow  is  by  no  means  uncommon,  although  the  streams  rarely  freeze.  During  the  march  of 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — NEW    YORK. 


109 


Lieutenant  Colonel  Cooke  from  Santa  Fe  to  San  Diego,  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  1846, 
snow  fell,  and  his  party  suffered  for  about  two  weeks  with  cold,  though  then  at  the  southerly 
border  of  the  territory.  In  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Fe,  about  latitude  36°  north,  on  the  31st  of 
December,  1846,  the  snow  was  five  inches  deep. 

Religion.  —  The  Roman  Catholic,  having  formerly  been  the  established  religion  throughout 
all  Mexico,  still  maintains  its  ascendency  in  this  territory.  Other  denominations,  however,  are 
now  tolerated,  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

Curiosities.  —  Among  these,  the  most  remarkable,  perhaps,  are  the  ruins  of  singularly  con- 
structed religious  temples,  and  other  large  edifices,  which  are  occasionally  met  with  upon  the 
sites  of  ancient  Indian  or  Mexican  villages,  the  inhabitants  of  which  have  long  since  passed 
beyond  the  reach  of  historical  research,  and  left  scarcely  any  traces  even  of  legendary  remem- 
brance. The  village  of  Pecos,  not  far  from  Santa  Fe,  furnishes  one  illustration  among  many 
of  these  extraordinary  remains.  In  various  quarters  are  found  vestiges  of  mounds  and  other 
monuments,  of  strange  forms  and  divers  dimensions,  the  uses  of  which  baffle  inquiry  or  con- 
jecture. Among  the  extraordinary  natural  phenomena  may  be  enumerated  the  high  volcanic 
peaks  in  the  mountainous  district  near  the  centre  of  the  territory,  and  the  character  of  some  of 
the  sandstone  rocks  composing  the  walls  of  many  chasms  and  bluffs  in  the  same  region.  From 
one  of  these,  which  had  broken  so  as  to  leave  a  perpendicular  face  180  feet  in  height,  Lieu- 
tenant Abert,  in  the  course  of  his  topographical  exploration  in  1846,  gathered  a  number  of 
shark's  teeth,  shells,  and  bones  of  fish.  The  ruins  of  the  singular  structures  left  by  the  Aztecs, 
an  ancient  race,  of  common  origin  with  the  New  Mexicans,  once  inhabiting  several  large  dis- 
tricts in  this  territory,  are  also  among  the  striking  curiosities  of  the  country.  In  their  wander- 
ings from  a  point  near  the  centre  of  the  present  northern  boundary,  they  left  at  different  spots 
many  ponderous  memorials  of  their  laborious  skill,  in  the  shape  of  immense  edifices,  designed 
to  serve,  it  is  supposed,  as  fortified  habitations.  Near  the  River  Gila,  in  November,  1846, 
Captain  Johnson,  U.  S.  A.,  visited  one  of  these  ruins,  called  the  "  Casa  de  Montezuma,"  pre- 
sumed to  be  many  centuries  old,  an  account  of  which  is  given  in  his  journal,  communicated 
to  the  war  department  by  General  Kearney,  in  1847. 


NEW  YORK  is  the  northernmost  of  what  were  considered  the  Middle  States  at  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  American  republic.  The  first  approach  to  a  settlement  within  its  present 
limits,  by  civilized  Europeans,  was  made  in  1610,  by  a  party  under  the  auspices  of  a  company 
of  Dutch  merchants,  who  constructed  a  small  fort  on  an  island  in  the  Hudson  River,  not  far 
distant  from  the  site  now  occupied  by  the  city  of  Albany.  Another  fort  was  erected  by  the 
Dutch,  in  1612,  on  York  Island,  the  spot  on  which  the  city  of  New  York  is  built.  The  whole 


HO  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

territory  was  then  denominated  New  Amsterdam.  In  1614,  a  body  of  English  from  Virginia 
look  possession  of  it,  which  they  soon  after  relinquished  ;  and  the  Dutch  continued  to  hold  it 
thenceforward  for  about  50  years.  During  this  period,  their  relations  with  the  settlers  in 
neighboring  territories  were  not  uniformly  amicable,  especially  with  those  in  New  England.  In 
1629  it  was.  erected  into  a  regular  colony,  with  a  chief  magistrate  appointed  by  the  Dutch  govern- 
ment. He  and  his  successors  maintained  jurisdiction  until  the  year  1664,  when  the  colony  was 
captured  by  an  English  force,  under  authority  of  a  royal  patent,  conveying  it  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  from  whom  its  present  name  is  derived.  In  1673,  the  chief  settlement  was  retaken  by 
the  Dutch,  but  restored  in  the  course  of  the  following  year;  from  which  time  it  remained  a 
dependency  of  Great  Britain  for  upwards  of  a  century,  until,  through  the  results  of  the 
American  revolution,  it  became  an  independent  member  of  the  federal  Union.  The  first 
republican  constitution  was  formed  in  1777 :  this  continued  in  force  until  1822,  when  it  was 
remodelled.  In  1846  it  was  again  revised  ;  and,  in  the  shape  then  given  it,  still  remains  the 
supreme  law  of  the  state. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  The  state  is  bounded  north  by  the  British  province  of  Canada; 
east  by  the  States  of  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut ;  south-east  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ;  south  by  the  States  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania ;  west  and  south-west  by  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario,  and  by  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  It  extends  from  40°  30'  north  latitude  to 
45°,  and  lies  between  71°  56'  and  79°  56'  west  longitude.  Its  extreme  length  from  east  to 
west,  measuring  from  the  Atlantic  shore  of  Long  Island,  is  408  miles ;  exclusive  of  that 
island,  340;  and  its  breadth  from  north  to  south  is  310  miles.  Its  area  is  estimated  at 
46,000  square  miles. 

Government.  —  By  the  constitution  adopted  as  amended  in  October,  1846,  a  plurality  of 
the  popular  vote  elects  the  governor  and  lieutenant  governor,  who  are  chosen  for  two  years. 
The  people  also  choose  in  like  manner,  and  for  the  same  term  of  service,  a  secretary  of  state, 
treasurer,  comptroller,  attorney  general,  state  engineer,  and  surveyor.  Three  canal  commis- 
sioners and  three  inspectors  of  prisons  are  also  elected  by  the  people,  to  serve  for  three  years 
each,  one  to  retire  every  year,  upon  the  principle  of  rotation.  The  legislature  comprises  a 
Senate  and  House  of  Assembly.  There  are  32  senatorial  districts,  each  entitled  to  one  senator, 
who  serves,  two  years.  The  House  of  Assembly  consists  of  128  members,  apportioned  among 
the  several  counties  according  to  population,  and  elected  annually.  Every  white  male  citizen, 
21  years  of  age,  a  resident  for  one  year  next  preceding  an  election,  ten  days  a  citizen  of  the 
state,  four  months  a  resident  of  the  county,  and  thirty  days  of  the  district,  is  entitled  to  the  right 
of  suffrage,  without  other  qualification.  Colored  persons,  to  be  entitled  to  that  right,  must 
have  resided  three  years  within  the  state,  and  have  owned  and  paid  taxes  on  a  freehold  worth 
$250  for  one  year  next  preceding  an  election. 

Judiciary.  —  All  judicial  officers,  except  justices  of  the  peace,  are  appointed  by  the  exec- 
utive, and  hold  office  during  good  behavior,  or  until  60  years  of  age.  The  judicial  power  is 
vested,  1.  In  a  Court  for  the  Trial  of  Impeachments,  which  is  composed  of  the  members  of 
the  Senate,  or  a  majority  of  them,  with  their  president  at  the  head  of  the  court,  —  or,  in  his 
absence,  the  chief  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  — together  with  a  major  part  of  the  judges 
of  the  latter  court.  This  tribunal  is  a  court  of  record,  and  its  officers  and  clerk  are  those  of 
the  Senate.  A  party  impeached  cannot  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds 
of  the  members  present ;  nor  punished  by  this  court  farther  than  by  sentence  of  removal  from 
or  disqualification  for  office,  though  still  liable  to  indictment.  2.  The  Court  of  Appeals,  which 
consists  of  eight  judges,  four  of  whom  are  elected  by  the  people,  (one  every  second  year,) 
and  hold  office  eight  years  ;  and  the  other  four  are  selected  each  year  from  those  justices  of 
the  Supreme  Court  whose  terms  are  soonest  to  expire.  Six  judges  constitute  a  quorum ;  and 
the  court  holds  four  terms  in  each  year.  There  must  be  one  term  in  each  judicial  district 
every  two  years.  3.  The  Supreme  and  Circuit  Courts,  composed  of  justices  elected  by  the 
people,  —  four  in  each  of  the  eight  judicial  districts  into  which  the  state  is  divided,  —  one  jus- 
tice in  each  to  retire  from  office  every  two  years.  One  general  term  of  the  Supreme  Court 
must  be  held  annually  in  every  county  containing  40,000  inhabitants  ;  and  in  other  counties, 
one  in  two  years.  Two  special  terms  each  year  are  held  in  every  county  ;  also  two  Circuit 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— NEW    YORK.  Ill 

Courts :  of  the  latter,  the  city  and  county  of  New  York  has  four.  The  Supreme  Court  has 
general  jurisdiction  in  law  and  equity,  and  power  to  review  judgments  of  the  County  Courts. 
At  the  general  and  special  terms  are  heard  all  equity  cases  ;  and  the  Circuit  Courts  are  held 
exclusively  for  the  trial  ofc  issues  of  fact  4.  County  or  Surrogates'  Courts,  with  the  ordinary 
jurisdiction  of  Probate  Courts ;  and  extending  also  to  actions  of  debt,  &c.,  involving  not  more 
than  $2000,  to  actions  for  damages  not  above  $500,  for  trespass  or  personal  injury,  and  to 
replevin  suits  wherein  not  more  than  $1000  are  claimed.  They  have  likewise  equity  jurisdic- 
tion for  the  foreclosure  of  mortgages ;  for  the  sale  of  the  real  estate  of  infants ;  for  the 
partition  of  lands ;  for  the  admeasurement  of  dower ;  for  the  custody  of  lunatics  and  inebri- 
ates ;  and  for  the  satisfaction  of  judgments  where  upwards  of  $75  are  due  on  an  unsatisfied 
execution.  5.  Criminal  Courts ;  viz.,  Courts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  and  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sions. The  former,  which  are  held  in  each  county,  except  that  of  New  York,  at  the  same 
time  and  place  at  which  the  Circuit  Courts  are  held,  consist  each  of  a  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  the  county  judge,  and  the  two  justices  of  the  peace  who  are  members  of  the  Court  of 
Sessions.  In  the  city  and  county  of  New  York  these  tribunals  are  composed  of  a  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  and  any  two  of  the  following  magistrates :  judges  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  for  that  county,  mayor,  recorder,  and  aldermen.  Courts  of  Sessions  are  held 
by  the  county  judge,  and  the  two  justices  of  the  peace  chosen  as  members  of  said  courts. 

Besides  the  foregoing,  there  are  in  the  city  and  county  of  New  York  a  Superior  Court  and 
a  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  each  having  three  judges. 

Education.  —  This  important  subject  commands  a  full  share  of  public  solicitude  in  this 
state.  Colleges  and  other  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  of  a  high  order,  are  established 
and  well  sustained  in  various  quarters.  Some  of  these  are  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by 
different  religious  associations.  The  oldest,  —  Columbia,  formerly  King's  College,  —  founded 
nearly  a  century  since,  is  chiefly  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians,  who  also  maintain 
another  college,  and  an  eminent  theological  institute.  The  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  Lutherans, 
and  Associate  Reformed  church  have  also  their  respective  theological  seminaries.  A  very 
large  number  of  academies  and  high  schools,  generally  sustained  by  individual  subscriptions, 
are  to  be  found  in  every  part  of  the  state.  The  common  school  system  is  honorably  cherished 
by  the  bounty  of  the  legislature  ;  and  consequently  the  blessings  of  free  instruction  are 
diffused  among  children  of  all  classes,  through  thousands  of  grammar  and  primary  schools, 
under  positive  requisitions  of  law.  For  purposes  of  general  education,  the  most  liberal  funds 
have  been  provided,  amounting  to  $1,900,000  annually,  of  which  $800,000  are  raised  by  a 
state  tax.  The  school  fund  produces  $300,000.  The  deaf  and  dumb,  and  the  blind,  likewise 
participate  amply  in  these  appropriations.  There  are  in  the  state,  probably,  upwards  of  50,000 
persons,  of  adult  age,  who  can  neither  read  nor  write  ;  most  of  whom,  without  doubt,  are  of 
foreign  extraction. 

Finances.  —  The  aggregate  debt  of  the  state,  at  the  beginning  of  1851,  was  $23,463,838. 
About  two  thirds  of  this  liability  arises  from  the  canal  debt,  and  the  residue  from  debts 
contracted  on  account  of  railroads,  the  general  fund,  &c.  It  is  estimated  that,  by  the 
operation  of  the  canal  and  other  sinking  funds,  the  public  debt  can  be  liquidated  in  the 
course  of  some  18  years  from  the  above  date.  The  annual  revenues  are  derived  from  state 
taxes,  auction  and  salt  duties,  canal  fund,  &c.,  which,  in  general,  largely  exceed  the  amount 
of  expenditures  for  the  support  of  government  and  of  state  institutions,  for  interest  on  the 
state  debt,  &c. 

Surface,  Soil,  8fc. —  The  state  exhibits  much  variety  of  surface.  The  eastern  part  is 
crossed  by  two  chains  of  lofty  hills,  rising  to  an  elevation  of  1200  to  1700  feet.  One  of  these 
ridges,  entering  from  New  Jersey  on  the  south-west,  strikes  the  Hudson  River  at  West  Point, 
is  there  divided  by  the  stream,  and  resumes  its  prominence  on  the  opposite  shore,  showing 
almost  perpendicular  walls  on  either  side,  as  though  cut  in  sunder  by  some  sudden  convulsion. 
These  remarkable  heights  are  known  as  the  "  Highlands."  Their  bases  comprehend  a  breadth 
of  some  15  to  20  miles.  From  the  eastern  margin  of  the  river  they  take  a  northerly  course, 
in  detached  masses,  dividing  the  waters  of  the  Hudson  from  those  of  the  Connecticut,  and 


112  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

finally  mingling  with  the  mountain  ridges  which  bend  to  the  north-east  and  spread  towards 
the  coast  of  Labrador.  A  second  range  enters  the  state  from  the  north-western  side  of  New 
Jersey,  and  passes  northward,  forming  the  Shawangunk  Mountains.  A  third,  from  the  northerly 
part  of  Pennsylvania,  proceeds  in  the  same  direction  through  a  great  portion  of  the  state,  with 
varied  elevations,  sometimes  rising  to  a  height  of  3800  feet,  and  are  known  as  the  Catskill 
Mountains.  The  Adirondack  Mountains,  in  the  north-east  part  of  the  state,  are  still  loftier, 
one  of  the  peaks  reaching  to  an  altitude  of  6460  feet.  In  the  eastern  quarter,  as  well  as  the 
southern,  the  surface  is  hilly,  and  occasionally  much  broken,  though  abounding  in  excellent 
grazing  lands  ;  but  the  western  section  is  generally  level,  and  the  soil  admirably  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  grain.  Indeed,  the  soil  throughout  is  of  good  quality  ;  and  in  some  parts  ex- 
tremely rich  and  productive.  Wheat,  corn,  rye,  oats,  buckwheat,  barley,  &c.,  together  with 
potatoes,  and  every  description  of  garden  vegetables,  are  raised  in  profusion.  Fruits  of  all 
kinds  known  to  the  climate,  as  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  &c.,  are  cultivated  with  great 
success.  The  forests  yield  excellent  timber,  in  great  variety  and  abundance. 

Rivers,  fyc.  —  A  number  of  noble  streams  pass  through  the  state,  or  along  its  borders,  in 
different  directions ;  the  chief  of  which  are  the  Hudson,  324  miles  in  length,  and  navigable  to 
Troy,  151  miles  from  its  mouth ;  the  Mohawk,  which  falls  into  the  Hudson,  near  Troy,  and  is 
135  miles  long ;  the  Genesee,  which,  after  flowing  125  miles,  occasionally  over  immense  falls, 
affording  prodigious  water  power,  discharges  itself  into  Lake  Ontario,  into  which  also  flows 
Black  River,  a  stream  of  120  miles  in  length ;  the  Saranac,  falling  into  Lake  Champlain,  after  a 
course  of  65  miles ;  the  Ausable,  75  miles  in  length,  entering  the  same  lake ;  the  Oswegatchie, 
100  miles  long,  emptying  into  the  St.  Lawrence ;  the  Oswego,  reaching  between  Oneida  Lake  and 
Lake  Ontario,  40  miles ;  the  St.  Lawrence,  forming  a  part  of  the  north-western  boundary ;  the 
Delaware,  after  a  course  of  50  to  60  miles,  crossing  the  south-western  border ;  the  Susque- 
hanna,  flowing  through  a  considerable  portion  of  the  southern  margin  ;  the  Alleghany,  coming 
from  Pennsylvania,  and  returning  thither,  after  a  sweep  of  45  miles  in  Cattaraugus  county ; 
and  the  Niagara,  with  its  far-famed  magnificent  cataract.  Numerous  tributaries,  of  various 
extent,  are  connected  with  all  these  principal  rivers.  Portions  of  the  great  inland  seas,  Lakes 
Erie,  Ontario,  and  Champlain,  lie  within  the  limits  of  the  state.  Numerous  others  are  wholly 
imbosomed  therein,  most  of  which  may  be  considered  as  arms  of  Lake  Ontario.  Several  of 
these  minor  sheets  of  water  are  of  considerable  magnitude,  and  many  of  them  are  celebrated 
for  their  romantic  beauty.  The  facilities  for  commercial  and  manufacturing  purposes,  which 
are  supplied  by  these  various  bodies  of  water,  are  of  incalculable  value  to  the  people  of  New 
York.  They  form  one  of  the  bases  of  that  grand  series  of  internal  improvements,  of  which 
the  enlightened  patriots  of  that  state,  in  years  not  long  past,  were  the  memorable  pioneers. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  To  New  York  belongs  the  honor  of  having  given  the  earliest  and 
strongest  impulse,  on  the  American  continent,  to  a  system  of  public  works,  on  a  great  scale, 
designed  for  the  promotion,  unitedly,  of"  the  important  interests  of  agriculture,  commerce,  and 
manufactures.  The  first  of  these  noble  enterprises  was  the  Erie  Canal,  which,  at  its  inception, 
was  denounced,  by  a  portion  of  the  people,  as  an  extravagantly  bold  and  visionary  undertaking. 
It  was  commenced  in  1817,  and  finished  in  1825,  at  a  cost  of  upwards  of  $7,000,000.  It 
unites  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  with  those  of  the  Hudson  River,  extending  from  Buffalo  to 
Albany,  a  distance  of  363  miles.  Operations  for  enlarging  it  in  breadth  were  not  long  since 
commenced,  and,  after  having  progressed  considerably,  were  suspended,  but  will,  in  all  proba- 
bility, be  shortly  resumed.  Some  six  or  seven  other  important  works  of  this  kind  are  also 
completed ;  several  more  are  in  course  of  construction ;  and  a  further  number  have  been  pro- 
jected. Those  already  finished  are  the  Champlain  Canal,  connected  with  the  Erie  at  Water- 
ford,  and  proceeding  64  miles  to  Whitehall,  on  Lake  Champlain ;  the  Oswego  Canal,  also 
united  with  the  Erie,  and  extending  from  Syracuse,  38  miles,  to  OsAvego,  on  Lake  Ontario ;  the 
Cayuga  and  Seneca,  from  Geneva  to  Montezuma,  21  miles ;  the  Chemung,  from  the  head  of 
Seneca  Lake  to  Elmira,  39  miles ;  Crooked  Lake,  between  Penn  Yan  and  Dresden,  8  miles ; 
Chenango,  another  branch  of  the  Erie,  extending  97  miles  from  its  junction  at  Utica,  to  Bing- 
hampton,  on  the  Susquehanna,  The  aggregate  cost  of  the  six  last-named  canals  is  stated  at 
nearly  $5,000,000. 


STATES   AND    TERRITORIES.—  NEW   YORK.  113 

i 

Besides  the  foregoing,  large  portions  of  the  following  have  been  completed :  the  Genesee 
Valley  Canal,  to  extend  from  Rochester,  108£  miles,  to  Olean,  on  the  Alleghany ;  and  the  Black 
River,  from  the  Erie  at  Rome,  35  miles,  to  the  High  Falls.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal, 
from  Rondout,  Ulster  county,  84  miles,  to  Delaware  River,  whence  it  extends  25  miles  to 
Honesdale,  Pa.,  where  it  connects  with  a  railroad  of  16£  miles  to  the  coal  mines  at  Carbondale, 
is  the  work  of  a  private  corporation,  though  assisted  by  a  state  loan,  and  partly  lying  in  Penn- 
sylvania. It  was  completed  at  a  cost  of  $1,875,000. 

In  addition  to  these  artificial  watercourses,  New  York  has  further  provided  for  her  own 
prosperity  by  the  establishment  of  numerous  extensive  and  costly  railroads.  A  series  of  these 
commodious  highways,  with  a  large  number  of  branches  under  divers  names,  and  owned  by 
various  bodies  of  proprietors,  extends  from  New  York  to  Buffalo.  A  railroad  from  the  latter 
place,  via,  Niagara  Falls,  extends  to  Lewiston,  and  is  there  connected  with  a  steamboat  line 
to  Oswego.  A  branch  of  this  road  runs  to  Lockport.  There  are  also  railroads  between 
Schenectady,  Ballston  Spa,  and  Troy.  A  railroad  of  50  miles  (24  of  which  are  in  Pennsylva- 
nia) extends  from  Steuben  county  to  the  Blossburg  coal  mines,  Pa.  The  Hudson  and  Erie 
Railroad,  from  Newburg  and  Piermont,  on  the  Hudson,  to  Dunkirk,  on  Lake  Erie,  is  between 
400  and  500  miles  in  length,  and  has  numerous  extensive  branches.  There  are  many  others, 
either  partially  completed  or  in  contemplation ;  so  that  at  some  not  very  remote  day  the  entire 
state  will  be  intersected  by  these  important  public  works. 

Minerals.  —  The  mountainous  region  at  the  north-east  part  of  the  state,  south-west  of  Lake 
Champlain,  is  exceedingly  rich  in  iron  ore.  This  mineral  is  also  abundant  in  several  other 
localities,  and  is  extensively  wrought  into  pigs  and  various  castings.  In  Clinton  county,  the 
ore  is  of  extraordinarily  fine  quality,  great  quantities  of  which,  in  a  manufactured  state,  are 
annually  exported.  Vast  beds  of  lead  ore  are  found  in  St.  Lawrence  county.  At  Ticon- 
deroga,  and  at  some  other  spots,  abundance  of  excellent  plumbago,  or  black  lead,  is  found,  and 
forms  a  valuable  article  of  commerce.  Indications  of  copper  have  been  discovered  in  a  few 
places.  Salt  and  gypsum  are  obtained  plentifully  in  several  of  the  central  counties  eastward 
of  Lake  Ontario ;  and  the  former  article  is  manufactured  in  such  quantities  as  to  supply  a 
very  extensive  market ;  the  latter  is  quarried  largely,  and  sent  by  canals  and  railways  to  dis- 
tant markets  in  all  directions.  Quarries  of  excellent  marble  are  being  worked  in  Westchester 
county  and  the  region  contiguous.  Few  indications  of  coal  have  yet  been  found.  Limestone, 
sandstone,  and  granite  are  abundant  in  several  parts  of  the  state. 

Manufactures.  —  New  York  is  a  large  manufacturing  as  well  as  agricultural  and  commer- 
cial state.  Countless  establishments  for  the  transformation  of  all  her  natural  products  into 
articles  of  trade  are  maintained  every  where.  Millions  of  capital  are  invested  in  woollen  and 
cotton  factories ;  in  the  manufacture  of  salt,  iron,  and  lead ;  in  the  fabrication  of  articles 
of  leather,  straw,  glass,  clay,  marble,  &c. ;  in  distilleries,  breweries,  machine  shops,  flouring 
mills,  and  other  mechanical  agencies  for  the  conversion  of  raw  material  into  shapes  fitted  for 
the  use  and  comfort  of  man. 

Indians.  —  The  numerous  aboriginal  tribes  by  which  the  entire  state  was  formerly  overrun 
have  left  comparatively  but  few  living  representatives  within  the  state.  The  causes  which 
have  contributed  to  their  annihilation,  or  dispersion,  are  those  which  have  ordinarily  produced 
the  same  results  in  all  other  parts  of  the  United  States.  The  hostile  have  been  subdued  by 
superior  force ;  the  friendly  have  been  treated  with  liberality ;  and  all  who  remained  at  the 
close  of  the  American  revolution  have  either  been  provided  with,  or  allowed  to  possess  them- 
selves of,  appropriate  and  comfortable  homes  elsewhere. 

Population.  —  The  population  of  New  York,  especially  of  the  metropolis,  and  of  the  cities 
generally,  exhibits  more  diversity  of  character,  probably  arising  from  their  great  variety  of 
origin,  than  that  of  any  other  state  of  the  Union,  or,  possibly,  that  of  any  other  country  on  the 
earth.  The  ancient  Dutch  and  English  characteristics,  so  distinctly  marked  and  preserved 
through  many  successive  ages,  are  no  longer  discernible,  except  in  sundry  secluded  local- 
ities, or  within  the  circle  of  certain  exclusive  neighborhoods.  The  present  generation  is  com- 
posed of  new  and  multiform  materials.  People  who  can  trace  their  ancestry  to  every  nation, 
15 


114  .  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

and  kindred,  and  tongue,  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  are  now  among  the  moving  masses  of  this 
most  populous  state  in  the  western  hemisphere.  New  York  city,  the  commercial  capital, 
in  an  especial  manner  exhibits  an  example  of  this  aggregation  of  "  all  sorts  and  conditions  of 
men."  And  the  interior  is  also  receiving  daily  its  contributions  of  settlers  or  wanderers  from 
every  quarter  of  the  old  world.  Among  these,  the  most  impoverished  districts  of  Ireland  pre- 
sent, perhaps,  the  largest  number  of  representatives.  Every  other  European  country  has 
furnished  also  a  sufficient  quota.  Asia  and  Africa,  even,  are  not  without  their  delegates ;  nor 
are  the  two  Indies,  nor  the  foreign  provinces  both  north  and  south  of  the  boundaries  of  the 
republic.  The  ease  with  which  emigrants  may  attain  to  all  the  privileges  of  citizenship, 
the  facilities  afforded  for  trade  of  every  description,  and  the  rewards  procurable  by  the 
exercise  cf  every  species  of  active  industry,  are  the  chief  causes  and  provocatives  of  this  vast 
influx  from  abroad.  Within  the  ten  years  ending  with  the  census  of  1850,  the  population  of 
New  York  has  increased  from  2,428,921  to  3,097,394. 

Climate.  —  There  is,  in  this  state,  a  considerable  variety  of  climate.  In  the  southern  sec- 
tion, it  is  mild,  but  mutable,  both  in  winter  and  summer.  In  the  northern,  the  winters  are  more 
severe,  but  uniform,  and  the  summers  are  pleasant.  Westward  of  the  mountainous  ridges, 
the  climate  is  more  equable  and  salubrious  than  in  like  latitudes  on  the  eastern  side.  At 
Albany,  the  temperature  varies  between  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  generally  more  than 
100° ;  that  is,  from  15°  below  zero  to  90°  above.  At  Canandaigua,  there  is  nearly  the  same 
difference,  the  mercury  sinking  lower  in  winter,  and  rising  to  a  less  height  in  summer.  On 
Long  Island,  near  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  thermometer  indicates  a  difference  between  the 
two  extremes  of  about  90° ;  namely,  from  4°  below  zero  to  87°  above.  But,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  occasional  epidemics,  not  imputable,  however,  in  general,  to  local  causes,  the  climate 
of  New  York  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the  most  healthy  hi  the  world. 

Religion.  —  Every  variety  of  religious  doctrine  prevalent  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States 
has  its  disciples  in  this  state.  The  different  Christian  denominations  may  be  classed,  accord- 
ing to  numbers,  as  follows :  Presbyterians,  Baptists,  Methodists,  Dutch  Reformed,  Episcopa- 
lians, Associate  Reformed,  Roman  Catholics,  Lutherans',  Universalists,  and  Unitarians.  There 
are  also  sundry  congregations  of  Jews,  Quakers,  Shakers,  &c. 

Curiosities.  —  Among  several  remarkable  phenomena,  in  various  departments  of  nature, 
existing  within  the  State  of  New  York,  the  cataract  of  Niagara  stands  most  prominent.  A 
detailed  description  of  this  world-renowned  prodigy  would  require  an  amount  of  space  incon- 
sistent with  the  general  object  of  the  present  work.  But  the  subjoined  extract  from  an 
account  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  written  by  Father  Hennepin,  who  visited  them  in  1678,  and 
published  in  London  twenty  years  thereafter,  presents  a  picture,  the  fidelity  of  which,  notwith- 
standing its  antiquity,  will  be  recognized  by  all  who  have  viewed  the  wonderful  original  in 
more  modern  times.  The  accuracy  of  the  statistical  facts  therein  presented  is,  of  course,  not 
assured ;  but  the  delineation  is  expressive  of  the  impressions  of  almost  every  one  who  beholds 
this  awfully  grand  object  for  the  first  time,  and  would  undertake  to  describe  it  without  actual 
admeasurement. 

"  Betwixt  the  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,"  says  Father  H.,  "  there  is  a  vast  and  prodigious 
cadence  of  water,  which  falls  down  after  a  surprising  and  astonishing  manner,  insomuch  that 
the  universe  does  not  afford  its  parallel.  'Tis  true,  Italy  and  Swedeland  boast  of  some  such 
things ;  but  we  may  well  say  that  they  are  but  sorry  patterns,  when  compared  with  this  of 
which  we  speak.  At  the  foot  of  this  horrible  precipice  we  meet  with  the  River  Niagara, 
which  is  not  above  a  league  broad,  but  is  wonderfully  deep  in  some  places.  It  is  so  rapid 
above  this  descent,  that  it  violently  hurries  down  the  wild  beasts,  while  endeavoring  to  pass  it 
to  feed  on  the  other  side,  they  not  being  able  to  withstand  the  force  of  its  current,  which 
inevitably  casts  them  headlong  above  600  feet  high. 

"  This  wonderful  downfall  is  composed  of  two  great  streams  of  water,  and  two  falls,  with  an 
isle  sloping  along  the  middle  of  it.  The  waters  which  fall  from  this  horrible  precipice  do  foam 
and  boil  after  the  most  hideous  manner  imaginable,  making  an  outrageous  noise,  more  terrible 
than  that  of  thunder ;  for  when  the  wind  blows  out  of  the  south,  their  dismal  roaring  may  be 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES.  — NORTH  CAROLINA. 


115 


heard  more  than  15  leagues  off.  The  River  Niagara,  having  thrown  itself  down  this  in- 
credible precipice,  continues  its  impetuous  course,  for  two  leagues  together,  to  the  great  rock 
above  mentioned,  with  a*n  'inexpressible  rapidity ;  but,  having  passed  that,  its  impetuosity 
relents,  gliding  along  more  gently,  for  other  two  leagues,  till  it  arrives  at  the  Lake  Ontario. 
From  the  Great  Fall  unto  this  rock,  which  is  to  the  west  of  the  river,  the  two  brinks  of  it  are 
so  prodigious  high,  that  it  would  make  one  tremble  to  look  steadily  upon  the  water,  rolling 
along  with  a  rapidity  not  to  be  imagined.  Were  it  not  for  this  vast  cataract,  which  interrupts 
navigation,  they  might  sail  with  barks,  or  greater  vessels,  more  than  450  leagues,  crossing  the 
Lake  of  Hurons,  and  reaching  even  to  the  farther  end  of  Lake  Illinois ;  which  two  lakes,  we 
may  easily  say,  are  little  seas  of  fresh  water." 


NORTH  CAROLINA  is  one  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  American  republic,  and  one  of 
the  thirteen  which  originally  adopted  the  federal  constitution.  It  was  included  in  the  exten- 
sive region  granted,  in  1584,  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  under  the  general 
name  of  Virginia.  Its  earliest  permanent  settlement  was  commenced  about  the  year  1650,  by  a 
company  of  fugitives  from  religious  persecution  in  the  more  northern  part  of  Virginia,  who  estab- 
lished themselves  at  a  spot  near  Albemarle  Sound.  In  1661,  another  body  of  English  emigrants, 
from  Massachusetts,  settled  on  the  shores  of  Cape  Fear  River.  The  colonists  suffered  many 
hardships  and  much  trouble  for  want  of  a  recognized  independent  representative  at  the  court 
of  the  parent  country.  This  they  obtained  in  1667 ;  but,  not  far  from  this  date,  the  province 
comprehending  the  country  now  forming  both  North  and  South  Carolina  had  been  granted  to 
Lord  Clarendon  and  others,  who  undertook  to  introduce  a  grotesque  form  of  government,  pre- 
pared for  the  grantees  by  the  celebrated  John  Locke.  Among  the  singular  features  embodied 
in  this  constitution  were  provisions  for  establishing  an  hereditary  nobility,  for  vesting  the 
legislative  power  in  a  "  Parliament,"  and  for  the  exercise  of  executive  authority  by  a  chief 
magistrate,  to  be  styled  the  "  Palatine."  After  trial  of  this  system  for  a  few  years,  its  practical 
defects  became  palpable,  and  it  was  abandoned  in  1693.  The  colony,  however,  made  but 
slow  progress,  having  to  contend  with  numerous  vexations,  not  the  least  of  which  was  the 
sanguinary  hostility  of  the  neighboring  savages,  by  whom,  in  1712,  a  murderous  and  destruc- 
tive war  was  carried  on,  rendered  sadly  memorable  by  the  horrible  atrocities  with  which  it  was 
attended.  In  1729,  both  the  Carolinas  were  ceded  to  the  king  for  the  sum  of  £17,500,  and 
by  him  formed  into  two  distinct  colonies,  which  have  ever  since  remained  thus  separated,  and 
which  now  constitute  the  States  of  North  and  South  Carolina. 


116  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

The  people  of  this  state,  in  the  early  stages  of  the  American  revolution,  were  distinguished 
for  their  patriotic  devotion  to  the  cause  of  national  independence.  They  opposed  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  crown,  in  1769,  with  success,  and  were  among  the.  foremost  of  the  colonists  to 
declare  themselves  free  from  all  foreign  control.  In  May,  1775,  a  military  convention  was 
held  in  the  county  of  Mecklenburg,  which  passed  a  series  of  resolutions,  displaying  the  spirit, 
and  even  embodying  some  of  the  language,  of  the  great  Declaration  of  Independence  issued  to 
the  world  on  the  4th  of  July  of  the  next  year.  A  state  constitution  was  formed  in  1776,  which, 
with  some  amendments,  still  remains  in  force.  Several  severe  battles  were  fought  upon  the 
^aoil  of  North  Carolina  in  the  course  of  the  revolutionary  war.  The  state  adopted  the  federal 
constitution  November  27,  1789,  by  a  majority  in  convention  of  118. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  North  Carolina  is  bounded  north  by  the  State  of  Virginia,  east 
and  south-east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  west  by  the 
State  of  Tennessee.  It  extends  from  latitude  33°  50'  to  36°  3(X  north,  and  lies  between  75°  4S7 
and  84°  west  longitude  ;  is  430  miles  in  length,  and  varies  in  breadth  from  20  to  180  miles,  and 
contains  about  45,000  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  executive  and  legislative  officers  are  elected  by  the  people,  once  in  two 
years.  The  governor  cannot  serve  more  than  four  out  of  six  years.  He  is  assisted  by  a 
council  of  seven  members,  appointed  by  the  General  Assembly.  The  Senate  is  limited  to 
50,  and  the  House  of  Commons  to  120  members.  The  required  qualifications  of  voters  for  the 
latter,  besides  having  arrived  at  the  age  of  21,  are,  a  residence  in  the  county  one  year  prior  to 
an  election,  and  the  payment  of  taxes  :  to  be  entitled  to  vote  for  senator,  the  possession  of  50 
acres  of  land  is  required  in  addition.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  denied  to  all  persons  of  negro 
blood. 

Judiciary.  —  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Courts  of  law  and  equity,  judges  of  admiralty,  and 
attorney  general,  are  chosen  by  the  General  Assembly  in  joint  ballot.  The  latter  holds  office 
four  years,  and  the  judges  during  good  behavior.  The  Supreme  Court  holds  three  sessions 
per  annum,  two  at  Raleigh,  and  one  at  Morgantown,  the  latter  for  the  western  part  of  the 
state.  The  sessions  continue  until  all  the  cases  on  the  docket  are  either  decided  or  deferred 
for  good  cause  shown.  It  has  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  of  law  and  equity  brought  by  appeal  or 
by  the  parties.  The  superior  courts  of  law,  and  the  courts  of  equity,  which  have  complete 
equity  jurisdiction,  hold  one  session  semiannually  in  every  county  of  the  state.  About  ten 
counties  compose  a  circuit,  of  which  the  state  is  divided  into  seven.  These  are  visited  alter- 
nately by  the>  judges,  so  as  not  to  preside  in  the  same  circuit  twice  in  succession. 

Education.  —  The  free  school  system  in  North  Carolina  has  not  yet  attained  a  very  near 
approximation  to  that  of  the  New  England,  Middle,  and  some  of  the  Western  States.  In  1840, 
there  were  but  632  common  schools  in  the  state,  and  these  contained  less  than  15,000  scholars, 
while  there  were  more  than  56,000  adult  white  persons  unable  either  to  read  or  write. 
The  census  of  1850  shows  no  better  result.  There  are  two  colleges,  and  about  150 
minor  literary  seminaries  :  the  oldest  of  the  former  was  founded  in  1791.  Provision 
for  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  asylums  for  the  insane,  and  for  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
has  recently  been  made  by  the  legislature. 

Finances.  —  The  net  amount  of  the  state  debt,  arising  from  the  loan  of  its  credit  to  certain 
railroad  companies,  is  somewhat  short  of  $1,000,000.  The  receipts  into  the  treasury,  for  some 
few  years  past,  have  very  considerably  exceeded  the  expenditures. 

Surface,  Soil,  &fc.  —  Along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  state,  through  a  space  of  from  50  to  75 
miles  in  breadth,  the  land  is  low,  level,  and  swampy,  intersected  by  many  streams,  which, 
from  the  nature  of  the  surface,  are  neither  rapid  nor  clear.  Westwardly,  beyond  this  tract,  for 
a  distance  of  some  40  miles,  the  land  is  more  hilly  and  broken,  and  the  soil  sandy.  Farther 
on,  above  the  falls  of  the  rivers,  the  country  becomes  elevated,  and,  in  some  places,  mountainous. 
The  highest  mountain  peak  in  the  United  States,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  said  to  be 
Black  Mountain,  in  Yancey  county,  which  rises  to  a  height  of  6476  feet.  There  are  other 
prominences,  reaching  to  nearly  as  great  an  elevation.  The  soil  in  the  district  bordering  on 
the  sea-coast  is  generally  poor,  producing  naturally  no  other  timber  than  the  pitch  pine,  from 


STATES   AND    TERRITORIES.  — NORTH    CAROLINA.  117 

which  are  procured  large  quantities  of  tar,  pitch,  and  turpentine,  constituting  the  chief  articles 
of  export  from  the  state.  The  contiguous  and  more  elevated  region  is  somewhat  more  produc- 
tive, though  the  soil  is  thjin  and  sandy.  The  swampy  spots  are  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of 
rice.  In  the  uplands,  and  beyond  the  mountain  ranges,  the  land  is  exceedingly  fertile.  Indian 
corn  grows  well  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  and  cotton  is  successfully  cultivated  in  many  places. 
The  low  country,  especially  on  the  river  borders,  produces  spontaneously  plums,  grapes,  straw- 
berries, and  other  fine  fruits ;  it  is  also  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  rice,  the  sugar-cane,  &c. 
The  table  lands  at  the  west  yield  a  fine  natural  growth  of  walnut,  oak,  lime,  cherry,  and  other 
timber.  The  pitch  pine,  of  which  the  low  lands  produce  such  large  quantities,  is  generally  of 
a  prodigious  size,  far  exceeding  the  dimensions  of  this  description  of  timber  found  in  the  more 
northern  states.  The  celebrated  Dismal  Swamp,  30  miles  in  length  by  10  in  width,  lies  in  the 
northern  part  of  this  state,  and  reaches  into  Virginia.  This  tract  is  covered  with  a  thick 
growth  of  pine,  cypress,  juniper,  and  oak-trees.  There  are  within  the  state  upwards  of  two 
million  acres  of  swampy  land,  which  may  be  reclaimed  and  made  to  produce  abundant  crops 
of  rice,  corn,  cotton,  and  tobacco. 

Rivers.  —  The  Chowan  and  Roanoke,  taking  their  rise  in  Virginia,  flow  through  a  portion 
of  the  state  into  Albemarle  Sound.  Cape  Fear  River  is  the  longest  which  runs  entirely  within 
the  state,  being  280  miles  in  length,  and  is  navigable,  for  vessels  drawing  11  feet  of  water,  to 
Wilmington,  40  miles  from  the  sea.  The  Yadkin  is  also  another  considerable  stream.  They 
are  all,  however,  subject  to  obstructions  by  sand  bars  at  their  mouths,  owing  to  their  sluggish 
course  through  a  long  distance  of  low  and  level  country. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  There  are  several  railroads  and  canals  in  this  state,  most  of  which 
are  connected  with  those  of  Virginia.  One  of  the  railroads  extends  from  Wilmington,  161 
miles,  to  Weldon,  on  the  River  Roanoke ;  another  reaches  from  Raleigh,  85  miles,  to  Gaston, 
on  the  same  river.  The  Dismal  Swamp  Canal,  which  commences  in  Virginia,  is  extended  into 
North  Carolina.  A  canal  of  five  miles  passes  round  the  falls  of  the  Roanoke. 

Minerals.  —  The  state  contains  gold,  iron,  and  other  valuable  minerals ;  but  the  public  atten- 
tion is  chiefly  directed  to  the  former.  The  region  which  is  most  prolific  in  gold  occupies  both 
sides  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  The  mines  have  been  extensively 
wrought ;  and,  for  some  years,  thousands  of  persons  have  been  engaged,  with  varied  success, 
in  the  business.  The  ore  is  found  occasionally  in  veins,  sometimes  in  small  lumps,  but  more 
frequently  in  grains  or  dust.  The  amount  annually  obtained  has  been  estimated  at  some 
$5,000,000.  Only  a  comparatively  small  part  of  this,  however,  finds  its  way  to  the  United 
States  mint,  or  is  retained  in  this  country,  a  considerable  portion  being  transmitted  to  Europe. 

Manufactures.  —  Coarse  fabrics  of  cotton  and  of  wool  are  manufactured  to  some  extent, 
principally  for  home  use.  There  are  numerous  furnaces,  forges,  and  smelting  houses,  for  the 
conversion  of  the  native  mineral  ores,  iron,  lead,  and  gold,  into  marketable  shape.  The 
manufacture  of  flour  is  carried  on  somewhat  largely  ;  and  among  the  remaining  commodities 
manufactured  in  the  state  are  hats  and  bonnets,  hardware  and  cutlery,  soap  and  candles,  fur- 
niture and  carriages,  leather  and  saddlery,  distilled  and  fermented  liquors,  &,c. 

Indians.  —  No  distinct  tribes,  and  but  few  scattered  families,  of  the  Indian  race  remain 
within  the  limits  of  North  Carolina.  As  in  most  of  the  early  settled  states,  the  aboriginal  pro- 
prietors of  the  soil  have  gradually  given  place  to  the  advancing  influences  of  civilization,  and 
either  become  extinct,  or  sought  out  new  hunting-grounds  in  remote  and  still  unsubdued 
regions.  At  the  last  census,  the  inhabitants  of  Indian  blood  numbered  only  710. 

Population.  —  During  the  40  years  ending  in  1830,  the  population  of  this  state  increased 
very  steadily,  though  showing  at  each  decennial  census  some  differences  in  the  ratio  of  aug- 
mentation. Between  the  above  date  and  1840,  it  remained  comparatively  stationary;  but 
between  the  latter  year  and  1850,  had  increased  from  753,419  to  868,903,  about  one  third  of 
whom  are  slaves. 

Climate.  —  In  some  parts  of  the  state,  especially  in  the  elevated  country  at  the  west,  the 
climate  is  delightful,  and  quite  healthy.  In  the  low  lands,  towards  the  sea- coast,  however,  it 
is  mostly  otherwise,  excepting  in  the  winter  season.  The  low  and  marshy  surface  engenders 


118 


UNITED  STATES    GAZETTEER. 


unwholesome  vapors  in  the  summer  and  autumn,  and,  consequently,  fevers,  agues,  and  other 
diseases  incident  to  such  localities,  frequently  prevail. 

Religion.  —  The  most  numerous  religious  denominations  are  the  Methodists  and  Baptists 
These  generally  reside  in  the  low  country.  At  the  west,  there  are  many  Presbyterians 
The  Episcopalians  and  Lutherans  have  a  number  of  congregations  in  various  parts  of  the 
state ;  and  there  are  also  several  bodies  of  Roman  Catholics,  Moravians,  and  Quakers. 


OHIO.  This  state  has  heretofore  been  classed  among  the  North-west  States  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union ;  but  the  vast  accumulation  of  territory  lying  still  farther  west  and  north  has  left 
Ohio  more  properly  among  the  Middle  States,  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent :  indeed, 
her  relative  position,  considered  in  regard  to  the  present  north-western  possessions  of  the 
United  States,  is  actually  that  of  one  of  the  Eastern  States  of  this  republic.  Marietta,  the 
oldest  town  in  the  state,  was  settled,  in  1788,  by  the  "  New  England  Ohio  Company."  The  next 
permanent  settlement  was  at  Columbia,  in  the  following  year.  In  1791,  a  company  of  French 
emigrants  founded  the  town  of  Gallipolis.  Large  bodies  of  New  England  people,  in  1796, 
settled  several  towns  on  Lake  Erie.  Before  the  above  settlements  were  undertaken,  several 
of  the  neighboring  states,  which,  by  charter  or  otherwise,  were  proprietors  of  various  tracts 
of  unappropriated  western  lands  lying  within  this  territory,  had,  from  time  to  time,  relinquished 
then*  claims  ;  and  numerous  Indian  titles  were  also  extinguished  by  treaty.  A  territorial  gov- 
ernment was  formed  in  1799,  in  which  year  the  legislature  convened  for  the  first  time,  at 
Cincinnati,  and  elected  General  William  H.  Harrison  as  delegate  to  Congress.  A  state  con- 
stitution was  formed  in  1802,  by  virtue  of  which,  and  under  authority  of  Congress,  Ohio 
became  an  independent  member  of  the  federal  Union. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  Bounded  north  by  the  State  of  Michigan  and  Lake  Erie  ;  east  by 
the  States  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  being  separated  from  the  latter  by  the  Ohio  River ; 
south  by  said  river,  which  divides  it  from  Kentucky  ;  and  west  by  the  State  of  Indiana.  The 
Ohio  River  washes  the  border  of  the  state,  through  its  numerous  meanderings,  for  a  distance 
of  over  430  miles.  The  state  contains  40,000  square  miles,  and  measures  200  miles  from  north 
to  south,  by  220  miles  from  east  to  west.  It  lies  between  38°  30'  and  42°  north  latitude,  and 
between  80°  3&  and  84°  42'  west  longitude. 

Government.  —  The  constitution  provides  for  the  election  of  a  governor  biennially ;  but  he 
cannot  be  elected  for  more  than  three  terms  in  succession.  Members  of  the  Senate,  36  in 
number,  are  elected  for  two  years,  one  half  chosen  annually.  The  House  of  Representatives 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — OHIO.  119 

is  composed  of  72  members,  elected  for  one  year.  All  these  elections  are  by  the  people. 
The  state  secretary,  treasurer,  and  auditor  are  chosen  by  the  legislature,  in  joint  ballot,  for 
three  years.  The  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly  commence  annually  on  the  first  Monday 
in  December,  at  Colpmbui,  the  capital  of  the  state.  White  males,  21  years  of  age,  residents 
for  one  year  in  the  state,  and  tax-payers,  are  entitled  to  the  right  of  suffrage.  The  constitu- 
tion has  been  recently  revised  and  modified  ;  but  its  new  features  do  not  seem  to  be  essential 
improvements  in  principle  upon  its  former  provisions.* 

Judiciary.  —  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  of  the  Common  Pleas  Courts,  and  of  the  city 
courts,  are  appointed,  by  concurrent  vote  of  the  two  houses  of  the  legislature,  for  seven  years. 
The  oldest  Supreme  Court  judge  in  commission  officiates  as  chief  justice.  There  are  four  of 
these  judges,  two  of  whom  hold  a  court  in  each  county  once  a  year.  The  Common  Pleas 
Courts  are  held  in  some  counties  three  times  in  each  year,  in  others  only  twice,  by  a  president 
judge  and  three  associates.  There  are  Superior  Courts  established  in  Cincinnati  and  in  Cleve- 
land ;  also  a  commercial  court  in  the  former  city. 

Education.  —  On  the  admission  of  this  state  into  the  Union,  it  was  stipulated,  for  certain 
considerations,  that  one  thirty-sixth  part  of  all  the  territory  should  be  set  apart  for  the  main- 
tenance of  common  schools.  This  liberal  reservation  makes  ample  provision  for  securing  to 
coming  generations  the  advantages  of  early  instruction ;  and,  thus  far,  the  compact,  on  the 
part  of  the  state,  lias  been  faithfully  carried  out  Good  schools  are  diffused  all  over  the 
land ;  and  all  needful  attention  and  aid  are  given  by  the  people  to  their  support  and  improve- 
ment. There  are  many  thousands  of  public  grammar  and  primary  schools  in  the  state,  some 
hundreds  of  academies  or  similar  seminaries,  and  about  twenty  universities,  colleges,  and 
other  institutions  of  a  high  order.  The  amount  of  the  school  fund  owned  by  the  state  is 
above  $1,700,000 ;  and  nearly  $300,000  is  annually  apportioned  to  the  several  counties  for 
school  purposes.  The  number  of  persons  over  20  years  of  age,  who  can  neither  read 
nor  write,  is  about  35,000. 

Finances.  —  The  state  revenues  are  chiefly  derived  from  taxes  of  various  descriptions,  viz., 
on  real  and  personal  property,  professions,  pedlers,  foreign  insurance  agencies,  auctioneers, 
brokers,  banks,  joint  stock  companies,  &c,  also  from  land  sales,  canal  tolls,  dividends  on 
state  property,  interest  on  surplus  revenue  and  other  investments,  &c.  The  expenditures 
include  appropriations  for  state  government  purposes,  interest  on  foreign  debt,  common  schools, 
repairs  on  public  works,  &c.  The  total  amount  of  the  state  debt,  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal 
year  of  1849,  including  nearly  $17,000,000  foreign  debt,  was  somewhat  over  $19,000,000. 
The  difference  between  the  receipts  and  disbursements  for  the  same  year  showed  a  balance 
in  the  treasury  of  $554,000.  Upwards  of  $3,000,000  worth  of  stock  in  various  public  works 
is  owned  by  the  state,  which  yields  liberal  dividends.  The  gross  income  of  these  works,  in 
1849,  was  over  $740,000.  The  total  value  of  taxable  property  was  about  $430,000,000,  and 
the  revenue  from  taxes  on  real  and  personal  estates  amounted  to  $1,260,000. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  Near  the  borders  of  Lake  Erie,  and  for  some  distance  in  the  interior 
of  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  the  surface  is  generally  level,  and  occasionally  somewhat 
marshy.  The  section  of  country  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Ohio  River,  in  the  eastern  and  south- 
eastern quarters,  is  elevated  and  broken,  although  there  are  no  lofty'mountains  in  the  state. 
But  the  entire  region  is  a  table  land,  reaching  to  a  height  of  600  to  1000  feet  above  the  ocean 
level.  The  most  level  and  fertile  lands  are  situated  in  the  interior,  through  which  flows  the 
River  Scioto.  Vast  prairies  lie  near  the  head  waters  of  that  river,  of  the  Muskingum,  and 

*  Among  the  amendments  introduced  are  the  following :  The  House  of  Representatives  to  consist 
of  100  members  —  both  branches  to  be  chosen  for  two  years;  the  legislature  to  hold  its  sessions  once 
in  two  years  ;  the  lieutenant  governor  to  be  acting  president  of  the  Senate,  with  only  a  casting  vote;  on 
the  passage  of  every  bill,  the  yeas  and  nays  to  be  required,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  members  elected, 
of  each  house,  to  be  necessary  to  the  passage  of  any  law;  all  judicial  officers  to  be  elected  by  the 
people — the  judges  of  the  Supreme  and  Common  Pleas  Courts  for  five  years;  no  state  debts  to  be 
contracted  to  an  amount  of  over  $750,000,  except  in  certain  emergencies,  nor  the  state  credit  to  be 
loaned,  nor  the  state,  nor  any  county,  city,  or  town  to  hold  stock  in  corporations. 


120  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

the  two  Miami  Rivers,  upon  which  there  is  no  growth  of  timber,  but  which  yield  abundance 
of  coarse  grass.  The  forests,  in  other  parts,  produce  oaks,  walnut,  hickory,  beech,  birch, 
maple,  poplar,  sycamore,  papaw,  cherry,  buckeye,  and  whitewood,  in  all  their  varieties.  Pines 
are  uncommon,  and  the  whitewood  is  generally  substituted.  The  staple  agricultural  product 
of  the  state  is  wheat,  of  which  enormous  quantities  are  annually  exported.  Rye,  oats,  buck- 
wheat, Indian  corn,  and  other  grains,  are  raised  in  great  profusion ;  and  nearly  every  species 
of  garden  vegetable  is  cultivated  successfully.  It  is  estimated  that  nine  tenths  of  the  land  is 
adapted  to  purposes  of  agriculture,  and  that  three  fourths  of  it  is  extraordinarily  fertile. 
Fruits  of  all  descriptions  known  in  the  same  latitude  grow  luxuriantly  in  all  parts  of 
the  state. 

Rivers. — Besides  the  noble  Ohio,  which  washes  the  south  and  south-east  borders  of  the 
state,  there  are  its  numerous  tributaries,  some  of  which  are  streams  of  considerable  magni- 
tude, and  extensively  navigable.  The  Muskingum,  which  enters  the  Ohio  at  Marietta,  affords 
navigation  for  boats  through  an  extent  of  100  miles.  The  Scioto,  navigable  for  130  miles, 
discharges  itself  into  the  Ohio  at  Portsmouth.  The  Great  Miami,  a  rapid  stream,  after  a 
course  of  100  miles,  joins  the  Ohio  in  the  south-west  corner  of  the  state.  The  Little  Miami, 
70  miles  in  length,  falls  into  the  Ohio  near  Cincinnati.  These  rivers  have  many  branches  and 
forks,  extending  in  various  directions.  A  number  of  large  streams  flow  northwardly  into 
Lake  Erie ;  as  the  Maumee,  Huron,  Sandusky,  Cuyahoga,  Vermilion,  Ashtabula,  Grand,  and 
Black  Rivers.  These  also  have  many  branches. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Many  important  public  works  have  been  undertaken  and  accom- 
plished in  this  state.  The  Ohio  Canal,  307  miles  in  length,  extends  from  Cleveland,  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Erie,  to  Portsmouth,  on  the  Ohio  River ;  and  there  are  connected  with  it  sundry 
branches,  one  of  which  reaches  50  miles.  This  work,  commenced  in  1825  and  completed  in 
1832,  cost  $5,000,000.  The  Miami  Canal,  178  miles  long,  extends  from  Cincinnati,  and  con- 
nects with  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  at  Defiance.  This  is  also  intersected  by  several 
branches.  The  Mahoning,  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  commences  at  Akron,  and  extends 
88  miles,  to  Beaver  River.  Two  continuous  lines  of  railroad  extend  across  the  state, 
from  north  to  south  —  one  from  Cincinnati  to  Sandusky,  the  other  from  Cincinnati  to  Cleve- 
land, which  is  also  connected  by  railroad  with  Pittsburg,  Buffalo,  Sandusky,  and  Toledo. 
There  are  numerous  important  lines  in  progress,  extending  east  and  west,  and,  indeed,  in 
almost  every  direction. 

Minerals.  —  Ohio  does  not  present  so  great  a  variety  of  geological  formations  as  are  found 
in  most  other  states.  It  is  found  that  there  are  five  distinct  divisions  of  rocks,  viz.,  blue  lime- 
stone, the  thickness  of  which  is  estimated  at  from  700  to  1000  feet ;  black  shale,  250  feet ; 
fine-grained  sandstone,  350  feet ;  conglomerate,  200  feet ;  and  coal  series,  2000  feet.  Indica- 
tions of  all  these  several  formations  are  found  in  some  counties ;  while  in  others  those  of  only 
one  or  two  of  them  are  discoverable.  The  great  coal  region  lies  on  the  western  bank  of  the 
River  Ohio,  and  occupies  not  far  from  one  fourth  part  of  the  whole  state.  The  strata,  as  usual 
elsewhere,  are  interspersed  with  beds  of  iron  ore ;  and  immense  quantities  of  both  these  mate- 
rials are  obtained  from  this  quarter  of  the  state.  It  is  affirmed,  in  a  Cleveland  journal  of 
March,  1851,  that  1200  square  miles  in  Ohio  are  underlaid  with  iron ;  and  that  a  tract  ex- 
plored in  1838  was  found  adequate  to  furnish  iron  throughout  an  extent  of  61  miles  long  by 
60  wide,  one  square  mile  of  which  would  yield  3,000,000  tons  of  pig  iron  —  so  that  this  dis- 
trict would  contain  1,000,000,000  tons.  If  400,000  tons  were  taken  from  it  annually,  it  would 
require  2500  years  to  remove  the  whole. 

Manufactures.  —  The  manufactures  of  this  state  are  confined  principally  to  articles  the 
raw  materials  of  which  are  of  home  growth,  as  wool,  iron,  leather,  tobacco,  flour,  sugar,  wax, 
lard,  silk,  potash,  &c.  All  the  usual  collateral  branches  are  also  carried  on  to  any  required 
extent.  Though  not  strictly  connected  with  this  item,  it  may  be  proper  here  to  remark  that 
millions  of  horses,  mules,  neat  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  are  raised  within  the  state,  and  that 
great  numbers  of  living  animals,  as  well  as  vast  quantities  of  packed  beef  and  pork,  are 
annually  sent  to  eastern  markets. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES.—  OREGON. 


121 


Population.  —  The  people  of  Ohio  ar*e  remarkable  for  industry,  enterprise,  and  public  spirit 
They  have  "  increased  and  multiplied,"  through  accessions'  from  the  older  states,  and  from 
Europe,  in  an  almost  incredible  ratio.  The  growth  of  the  population  has  been  without  paral- 
lel, until,  perhaps,  the  recent  thronging  towards  the  golden  land  in  the  farthest  west.  From 
the  time  when  the  first  census  was  taken,  a  period  of  only  60  years,  the  number  of  inhabitants 
has  been  augmented  from  3000  to  nearly  2,000,000. 

Climate.  —  In  general,  the  climate  throughout  the  state  is  highly  favorable  to  human  health. 
The  summer  season,  though  warm,  is  regular,  with  the  occasional  and  somewhat  rare  excep- 
tion of  a  whirlwind  or  hurricane.  The  winters  are  not  severely  cold,  nor  subject  to  violent 
storms  ;  and  the  intermediate  seasons  are  delightfully  pleasant.  It  is  true  that  in  some  of  the 
marshy  localities,  giving  rise  to  unwholesome  vapors,  the  inhabitants  are  subject  to  those 
peculiar  distempers  always  prevalent  in  such  districts  ;  but  even  there,  the  range  of  disorders 
scarcely  extends  beyond  fevers  and  agues. 

Curiosities.  —  The  remains  of  ancient  Indian  villages,  mounds,  and  fortifications,  discov- 
erable in  many  counties  of  the  state,  constitute  the  most  remarkable  subjects  of  curious 
interest.  Particular  descriptions  of  these  vestiges  may  be  found  in  Howe's  Historical  Col- 
lections of  Ohio,  a  work  of  600  pages,  octavo,  full  of  minute  detail,  published  at  Cincinnati, 
in  1850.  In  the  Scioto  valley,  within  a  compass  of  12  to  15  miles  around  the  city  of  Chili- 
cothe,  these  extraordinary  monuments  are  very  numerous.  A  map,  showing  their  respective 
positions,  and  an  ample  and  very  able  account  of  a  series  of  explorations  made  in  that  region, 
and  elsewhere  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  by  Messrs.  Squier  and  Davis  of  Ohio,  between 
1845  and  1847,  may  be  found  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Ethnological  Society, 
vol.  ii. 


OREGON  (TERRITORY.)  One  of  the  recently-organized  territories  of  the  United  States, 
embracing  a  vast  region,  extending  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  east  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean  on  the  west.  The  Columbia  River,  its  principal  stream,  was  discovered  in  1792,  and 
named  by  Captain  Gray,  of  ship  Columbia,  of  Boston.  Having  penetrated  the  river  for  some 
distance,  and  established  the  fact  of  its  existence,  the  title  by  discovery  belonged  to  the 
United  States.  Under  the  authority  of  this  government,  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke,  in  1804 
and  1805,  explored  the  country  from  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia, 
where  they  passed  the  following  winter,  thus  strengthening  the  claim  of  the  United  States  to 
16 


122  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

the  territory  ;  this  exploration  of  the  river  being  the  first  ever  made  by  civilized  adventurers. 
The  first  trading-house  established  in  that  region  was  erected  on  Lewis's  River,  a  branch  of 
the  Columbia,  in  1808,  by  the  Missouri  Fur  Company  ;  and  in  1811,  the  town  of  Astoria  was 
founded  by  the  Pacific  Fur  Company,  under  John  Jacob  Astor,  of  New  York.  This  post  was 
subsequently  transferred  to  the  British  "  Hudson's  Bay  Company,"  in  consequence  of  its  ex- 
posed situation  during  the  war  of  1812 ;  but  was  afterwards  restored,  according  to  a  stipula- 
tion in  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  The  British  government,  however,  claimed  certain  portions  of 
the  northern  part  of  the  country ;  and  the  question  of  boundary  between  the  English  and 
American  possessions  was  for  a  long  time  a  matter  of  controversy  and  negotiation.  The  sub- 
ject was  at  length,  adjusted  in  1847,  and  the  49th  parallel  of  north  latitude  agreed  upon  as  the 
line  of  demarcation.  Congress,  at  about  the  same  period,  passed  an  act  for  the  organization 
of  a  territorial  government.  The  provisions  of  this  act,  so  far  as  they  relate  to  civil  and 
judicial  magistrates,  to  the  Indians,  the  public  lands,  school  reservations,  &c.,  are  similar  to 
those  established  in  the  case  of  Minnesota  Territory.  (See  Minnesota.)  The  act  has  since  been 
amended  in  some  particulars ;  but  its  general  features  are  not  essentially  altered. 

The  Territory  of  Oregon  is  bounded  north  by  the  British  possessions,  from  which  it  is 
divided  at  the  parallel  of  49°  north  latitude ;  east  by  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
separating  it  from  the  waste  region  of  Nebraska ;  south  by  the  Territory  of  Utah,  and  the 
State  of  California ;  and  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  extends  from  latitude  42°  north  to  the 
above  parallel ;  and,  along  its  southern  boundary,  reaches  from  the  108th  to  the  124th  degree 
of  west  longitude.  Its  area  is  estimated  at  upwards  of  340,000  square  miles. 

The  surface  presents  three  distinct  sections  or  tracts  of  country,  formed  by  separate  and 
nearly  parallel  mountain  ranges,  two  of  which  extend  through  the  territory  from  north  to  south. 
The  Cascade  Mountains  form  the  eastern  limit  of  the  first  section,  its  western  boundary 
being  the  ocean ;  between  these  mountains  and  the  next  eastern  range,  called  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains, lies  the  middle  or  second  section ;  and  the  third  section,  still  farther  eastward,  reaches 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

These  divisions  diifer  considerably  in  most  of  their  physical  characteristics  —  in  soil,  climate, 
and  natural  products.  The  soil  of  the  western  or  coast  section,  for  the  space  of  100  to  150 
miles  east  of  the  ocean,  is  not  remarkably  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grains,  although 
many  kinds  of  vegetable  esculents'  may  be  successfully  cultivated.  The  land  is  well  tim- 
bered with  firs,  spruce,  pine,  oaks,  ash,  cedar,  poplar,  maple,  willow,  and  other  forest-trees. 
Fruit-trees  of  the  more  hardy  kinds,  shrubbery,  vines,  &c.,  are  found  to  thrive  in  all  unexposed 
places.  Towards  the  coast,  some  of  the  forest-trees  attain  a  prodigious  size  and  height. 
Near  Astoria,  eight  miles  from  the  sea,  there  is,  or  recently  was,  a  fir-tree  46  feet  in  girth, 
and  300  feet  high ;  the  trunk  rising  to  a  height  of  153  feet  before  giving  off  a  single  branch. 
On  the  banks  of  the  River  Umpqua  is  a  still  more  enormous  specimen  of  the  fir,  being  57  feet 
in  circumference,  and  216  feet  high  below  the  branches.  Pines  reaching  an  altitude  of  200 
to  300  feet,  and  20  to  40  feet  round,  are  quite  common.  Good  grazing  tracts,  and  lands 
suited  to  the  culture  of  many  kinds  of  grain,  and  to  the  growth  of  pears,  apples,  and  similar 
fruits,  are  found  in  the  interior  of  this  section,  and  at  the  base  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 
The  climate  in  this  quarter  is  mild,  though  affected  unfavorably  at  times  by  the  raw  sea  fogs. 
It  is  not,  however,  unhealthy.  The  winters  continue  only  from  two  to  three  months,  com- 
mencing in  December,  though  the  rainy  season  lasts  from  November  to  March.  Snow  is  not 
common,  except  upon  the  summits  of  the  mountains.  The  middle  section  of  the  territory 
possesses  a  fair  soil,  consisting  in  part  of  a  light,  sandy  loam,  with  many  tracts  of  rich  allu- 
vion in  the  valleys.  It  is  peculiarly  suited  to  the  production  of  wheat,  and  is  fruitful  in 
almost  every  description  of  vegetation.  The  climate  here,  especially  towards  the  south,  is 
uniformly  pleasant  and  salubrious.  The  third  division,  lying  between  the  Blue  and  Rocky 
Mountains,  is  extremely  rough,  and  generally  barren,  with  a  correspondingly  uncongenial 
climate.  It  is  traversed  by  gigantic  and  lofty  mountain  ridges  in  various  directions,  and  so 
broken  into  rocky  masses  as  to  present  few  level  or  productive  spots.  It  is  covered,  in  the 
elevated  parts,  with  snow,  to  a  greater  or  less  depth,  during  almost  the  entire  year  Rain 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  OKEGON.  123 

seldom  falls,  nor  are  there  any  dews.  The  temperature  often  varies  40°  between  sunrise  and 
noon.  Much  less  is  known  of  the  two  last-mentioned  sections  of  country  than  of  that  which 
lies  on  the  shore  of  the  Pacific,  the  chief  seat,  at  present,  of  all  the  commercial  or  trading 
operations  of  the  country.  * 

A  number  of  extensive  and  capacious  rivers  flow  through  the  territory,  generally  taking 
their  rise  in  the  mountains,  and  their  course  towards  the  Pacific.  The  chief  among  these  is 
the  Columbia,  (sometimes  called  the  Oregon,)  which  originates  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and, 
after  a  devious  track  of  many  hundred  miles,  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  the  east,  in  lati- 
tude 46°  19'  north.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  12  feet  draught  for  120  miles,  and  for  boats 
some  40  miles  beyond,  to  the  falls  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  Some  travellers  describe  it 
as  excelling  most  of  the  celebrated  rivers  of  North  America  in  beauty  and  magnificence. 
At  its  mouth  lies  a  large  and  commodious  estuary,  the  entrance  to  which,  from  the  ocean,  is 
somewhat  intricate,  but  which  affords  shelter  and  good  anchorage  to  vessels  of  the  largest 
tonnage.  The  Columbia,  in  its  long  and  tortuous  course,  receives  the  waters  of  numerous 
tributaries,  flowing  from  the  north,  the  east,  and  the  south.  Some  of  these  are  of  great  vol- 
ume and  extent,  and  are  also  supplied  by  countless  smaller  branches  and  forks,  stretching 
from  every  point,  and  presenting  thousands  of  admirable  mill  sites.  The  other  rivers  which 
communicate  directly  with  the  Pacific  are  the  Klamath  and  the  Umpqua,  both  south  of  the 
Columbia,  and  extending  inland  only  to  the  first  or  coast  range  of  mountains.  The  principal 
rivers  which  empty  into  the  Columbia,  at  various  points,  are  the  Canoe,  Kootanie,  Clark's,  Spo- 
kan,  Okanagan,  Lewis,  Kooskooske,  Salmon,  Umatilla,  Q,uisnel's,  John  Day's,  Chute,  Cathla- 
tate's,  Cowelitz,  and  Willamette.  The  last  named  is  a  very  important  stream,  flowing  through 
a  spacious  and  fertile  valley,  and  uniting  with  the  Columbia  at  a  point  not  many  miles  from 
the  ocean. 

A  number  of  settlements  have  been  made  upon  the  shores  of  the  Columbia ;  and  on  the  banks 
of  the  Willamette  are  situated  some  of  the  largest  villages  and  towns  in  the  territory.  Among 
the  former  are  Fort  Vancouver,  Astoria,  St.  Helen's,  and  Milton,  the  first  two  of  which  are 
places  of  considerable  trade ;  and  among  the  latter  are  Portland,  already  containing  15,000 
inhabitants,  several  mills,  churches,  school-houses,  &c.,  Milwaukie,  Oregon  city,  Linn  city, 
Champoeg,  Salem,  and  many  others,  all  possessing  ample  water  privileges,  surrounded  by  a 
fine  agricultural  country,  and  inhabited  by  an  industrious,  intelligent,  moral,  and  thriving 
people.  Farther  in  the  interior  are  Hillsborough  and  Lafayette,  the  latter  having  a  population 
of  800.  A  railroad  from  Milton,  on  the  Columbia,  to  Bafayette,  and  thence  into  the  interior, 
is  in  contemplation,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $500,000. 

The  mountains  of  Oregon  frequently  shoot  up  into  conical  peaks  of  astonishing  height,  pre- 
senting objects  of  grand  and  awful  sublimity.  The  summits  of  many  of  these  towering 
eminences,  in  the  coast  range,  reach  an  elevation  of  from  12,000  to  14,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  ascending  to  twice  the  altitude  of  the  region  of  perpetual  snow,  and  bidding 
defiance  to  the  approach  of  human  footsteps.  The  Rocky  Mountains,  that  immense  natural 
barrier  on  the  east,  rise  in  many  places  to  a  still  greater  elevation.  They  form  a  continuous 
chain,  often  ascending  to  a  height  of  16,000  feet,  but  occasionally  offering  to  the  hardy  trav- 
eller some  convenient  depression  or  gap,  whereby  he  may  pass  from  side  to  side.  In  the 
northern  part  of  this  range  are  the  sources  of  Frazer's  River,  which  finds  its  outlet  at  the 
north-west  corner  of  the  territory,  after  a  course  of  350  miles  through  the  British  possessions. 
The  northern  branch  of  the  Columbia  rises  in  these  mountains,  in  latitude  50°  north,  and,  after 
having  traversed  this  elevated  region  some  220  miles,  and  having  fallen  550  feet,  is  still  found, 
at  Fort  Colville,  half  way  across  the  territory,  to  be  over  2000  feet  above  the  ocean  level. 

The  lands  around  Puget's  Sound,  in  the  north-west  part  of  Oregon,  are  among  the  most 
valuable  in  the  territory  for  agricultural  purposes,  as  well  as  for  commercial  pursuits.  They 
consist  of  extensive  prairies,  which  furnish  food  for  great  numbers  of  horses,  cattle,  swine,  &c. 
Several  flourishing  settlements  are  established  in  this  vicinity,  and  a  large  amount  of  trade  is 
carried  on.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  inhabitants  are  French  and  English  emigrants  from 
Canada.  Much  excellent  timber  is  found  in  this  region ;  and  mills  have  been  erected  upon 


124  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

the  adjacent  streams,  where  there  are  many  valuable  waterfalls.  The  waters  of  this  sound 
abound  in  shell  and  other  fish.  The  tide  regularly  flows  and  ebbs  from  fifteen  to  eighteen 
feet,  and  the  navigation  is  unobstructed  and  safe. 

Oregon  is  extremely  rich  in  mineral  resources,  especially  in  the  southern  quarter,  contiguous 
to  the  State  of  California.  Large  quantities  of  gold  are  dug  in  the  fertile  and  pleasant  valleys 
of  the  Klamath  and  the  Umpqua.  It  is  found  even  among  the  roots  of  the  prairie  grass.  A 
lump  valued  at  $230  was  recently  taken  from  a  sod ;  and  those  who  are  in  search  of  the  pre- 
cious metal  in  this  section  -—  of  whom  there  are  thousands  —  seldom  dig  to  a  depth  of  more 
than  three  feet.  Iron  ore  abounds  on  the  Columbia ;  and  among  the  other  minerals  already 
found  in  different  parts  of  the  territory  are  copper,  lead,  platina,  plumbago,  sulphur,  salt,  and 
coal.  The  latter  is  very  abundant  on  the  Cowelitz  River,  and  at  Puget's  Sound. 

There  are  many  populous  tribes  of  Indians  within  the  territory,  whose  views  and  feelings 
are  dissimilar  in  regard  to  the  encroachments  of  the  white  man,  and  the  advancement  of  civil- 
ization around  them.  The  most  powerful  tribe  are  the  Shoshonoes,  or  Snake  Indians,  who 
are  said  to  number  15,000.  The  other  principal  tribes  are  the  Flatheads,  Flatbows,  Pointed 
Hearts,  and  Pierced  Noses.  There  are,  besides,  numerous  smaller  tribes.  The  governor  of 
the  territory,  in  his  message  to  the  legislature,  in  the  spring  of  1851,  advocates  the  passage  of 
a  law  by  Congress  for  the  protection  of  the  Indian  tribes. 

The  population  of  this  territory  has  multiplied  prodigiously  within  a  very  few  years.  In 
1840,  the  number  was  estimated  at  only  700  or  800.  At  this  time,  exclusive  of  Indians,  it  is 
probably  not  less  than  25,000.  The  new  towns  are  generally  peopled  by  emigrants  from  the 
old  states,  who  appear  to  be  sufficiently  aware  of  the  value  of  orderly  and  liberal  institutions. 
and  have  made  due  provision  for  their  establishment  and  maintenance.  They  acknowledge 
the  necessity  of  the  immediate  construction  of  roads  and  other  improvements,  at  the  public 
expense ;  the  establishment  of  a  generous  system  of  common  education ;  and  the  enactment 
of  laws  founded  on  those  principles  of  justice  and  benevolence  which  distinguish  the  general 
codes  of  the  several  members  of  the  federal  Union. 

At  a  late  session  of  the  territorial  legislature,  the  capital  of  the  state  was  located  at 
Salem,  on  the  River  Willamette.  Acts  also  were  passed  for  the  establishment  of  a  peniten- 
tiary at  Portland,  and  a  university  at  Marysville. 

The  time  cannot  be  very  remote,  when  Oregon  will  be  united,  by  a  direct  chain  of  inter- 
communication, with  all  the  states  and  territories  lying  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
the  equally  rocky  strand  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Already,  in  fact,  the  work  may  be  said  to 
have  advanced  half  way  towards  completion.  The  Great  Northern  Route,  so  called,  embraces 
a  cordon  of  railroads,  to  extend  from  Boston  and  New  York  to  Dubuque,  in  Iowa ;  a  great 
portion  of  the  line  being  finished  and  in  travelling  order,  and  the  residue  in  a  state  of  forward- 
ness. This  line  runs  directly  west  upon,  or  very  near,  the  parallel  of  42°  north  latitude,  scarcely 
varying  a  whole  degree  in  its  entire  course,  thus  far,  of  over  1100  miles.  From  Boston  and 
New  York  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  this  route  has  long  been  in  active  operation.  Some 
few  curves  between  Syracuse  and  Buffalo  are  to  be  overcome  by  a  rectilinear  section,  which 
will  be  continued  beyond  the  Falls,  through  the  southern  portion  of  Canada  West,  to  Detroit, 
in  Michigan.  From  the  latter  point,  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad  now  extends  across  that 
state,  and  around  the  southern  margin  of  Lake  Michigan,  to  Chicago ;  thence  the  line  is  to 
proceed  to  Dubuque,  traversing  the  northern  boundary  of  Illinois,  and  crossing  to  the  western 
shore  o.f  the  Mississippi.  Here,  however,  it  cannot  be  stayed.  The  Iowa  Central  Railroad 
will  take  up  the  work,  and  carry  it  to  the  borders  of  Nebraska.  At  this  last  terminus,  only,  is 
any  obstacle  to  be  apprehended  that  cannot  be  quickly  removed  by  the  enterprise  of  the  sur- 
rounding population.  It  becomes  a  national  duty,  then,  to  extend  the  work  through  that  deso- 
late wilderness,  until  it  shall  touch  the  southern  boundary  of  Oregon,  in  the  same  latitude  of 
42°.  California  and  Oregon  will  then  consummate  the  enterprise;  thus  securing  a  direct 
and  uninterrupted  connection  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans,  across  the  body  of 
the  continent ;  and  interjoim'ng,  by  an  imperishable  belt  of  union,  the  inhabitants  and  the 
interests  of  the  eastern  and  western  extremes  of  this  vast  confederacy. 


STATES   AND    TERRITORIES.  — PENNSYLVANIA. 


125 


PENNSYLVANIA.  This  state  is  one  of  the  most  important  members  of  the  American  Union. 
Its  history  is  peculiar,  and  differs,  in  many  respects,  not  only  in  regard  to  the  original  establish- 
ment of  the  colony,  but  in  respect  also  to  its  early  career,  from  that  of  almost  every  other  state 
in  the  republic.  The  benevolent  and  tolerant  character  of  its  great  founder  impressed  itself 
upon  his  associates  and  followers  ;  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  wisest  and  most  liberal  institu- 
tions that  could  be  devised  in  an  age  when  the  true  principles  of  human  government  were  but 
obscurely  understood,  were  fixed  upon  in  the  outset,  were  perseveringly  adhered  to,  and  have 
ever  since  been  cherished,  with  the  happiest  results.  William  Penn  and  his  2000  comrades, 
mostly  of  the  persecuted  Quaker  denomination,  left  England  for  this  country  in  a  spirit  of 
peaceful.philanthropy,  and  landed  at  Newcastle,  on  the  Delaware,  in  1682.  He  was  fortunately 
received  in  a  like  amicable  spirit  by  the  natives,  and  forthwith  proceeded  without  molestation 
in  the  execution  of  his  preconceived  plans.  Passing  up  the  river,  he  selected  the  spot  upon 
which  Philadelphia  now  stands,  and  there  laid  the  foundation  of  that  noble  and  unique  city. 
Some  forty  years  previous,  a  few  settlements  had  been  made,  by  a  party  of  Swedes,  along  the 
western  bank  of  the  Delaware,  within  the  present  boundary  of  the  state ;  but  the  honor  of 
planting  the  commonwealth  itself  belongs  exclusively  to  the  high-minded  and  distinguished 
man  whose  name  it  perpetuates.  The  whole  tract  now  comprehended  within  its  limits  was 
granted  to  him,  in  1681,  by  King  Charles  II.,  in  compensation  for  services  rendered  to  the 
crown  by  the  father  of  the  grantee,  Sir  William  Penn,  who  had  been  an  admiral  in  the  English 
navy.  After  a  residence  of  about  two  years  among  the  colonists,  he  repaired  to  England,  in 
1684,  where  he  appointed  a  provisional  government,  consisting  of  a  president  and  five  commis- 
sioners, to  whom  was  intrusted  the  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the  new  settlement  during  his 
absence.  Having  obtained  full  confirmation  of  his  proprietary  rights,  he  revisited  the  colony 
in  1699,  and  subsequently  again  returned  to  his  native  country,  where  he  died  in  1718,  at  the 
age  of  74,  bequeathing  his  property  as  an  inheritance  to  his  children.  His  descendants  con- 
tinued in  possession  until  the  war  of  the  revolution,  when  their  interest  was  purchased  by  the 
commonwealth  for  the  sum  of  $580,000. 

A  state  constitution  was  formed  in  1776,  which  was  superseded  by  another  in  1790.  This 
continued  in  force  until  1838,  when  the  existing  constitution  was  established.  The  constitution 
of  the  United  States  was  adopted  in  convention  December  13, 1787.  The  city  of  Philadelphia, 
renowned  as  the  spot  whence  issued  the  immortal  Declaration  of  American  Independence,  was 
the  seat  of  government  of  the  United  States,  until  it  was  transferred,  in  1800,  to  the  city  of 
Washington.  During  the  revolutionary  war,  Pennsylvania  sustained  heroically  her  part  in 
that  eventful  drama.  Several  severe  battles  were  fought  upon  her  soil ;  and  the  efforts  and 


126  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

sacrifices  of  her  sons  in  the  cause  of  civil  liberty  were  not  outdone  by  any  of  her  patriotic 
confederates. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  — Bounded  by  the  State  of  New  York  and  Lake  Erie  on  the  north ; 
by  Delaware  River,  separating  it  from  New  Jersey,  on  the  east ;  by  the  States  of  Delaware, 
Maryland,  and  Virginia  on  the  south ;  and  by  the  State  of  Ohio,  with  a  part  of  Virginia,  on 
the  west.  It  lies  between  39°  42'  and  42°  15'  north  latitude,  and  reaches  from  74°  44'  to 
80°  34'  west  longitude.  Its  dimensions  are  about  310  miles  from  east  to  west,  by  160  miles 
in  width,  comprising  an  area  of  46,000  square  miles. 

Government.  —  The  present  constitution  provides  for  the  election  of  governor  triennially  by 
the  people ;  not  to  hold  office  longer  than  six  years  in  nine :  the  Senate,  consisting  of  33 
members,  one  third  chosen  each  year,  are  elected  for  three  years  :  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives contains  100  members,  chosen  annually.  The  judicial  officers  are  appointed  by  the 
executive,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Senate.  The  secretary  of  state  is  exclusively  an 
executive  appointment ;  and  the  treasurer  is  chosen  annually  by  the  legislature  in  joint  ballot. 
All  white  males  21  years  of  age,  tax  payers,  residents  for  one  year  in  the  state,  and  for  ten 
days  in  the  district,  are  qualified  voters. 

Judiciary.  —  The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  four  District  Courts,  and 
Courts  of  Common  Pleas  for  24  districts,  into  which  the  state  is  divided.  The  former  is 
composed  of  a  chief  and  four  associate  justices,  who  retain  their  offices  for  15  years.  They 
hold  a  court  in  bank  once  a  year  in  four  several  districts.  The  District  Courts  are  invested 
with  the  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  their  respective  districts,  in  all  cases  ex- 
ceeding a  certain  amount  involved :  the  judges  of  these  courts  are  appointed  for  10  years. 
Judges  of  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  hold  office  for  5  years ;  and  any  two  of  them  may 
hold  a  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  in  any  county.  Sheriffs,  coroners,  clerks  of  courts,  registers 
of  wills,  and  recorders  of  deeds  are  elected  by  the  people  for  3  years,  and  justices  of  the 
peace  for  5  years. 

Education.  —  Pennsylvania  has  recently  done  much  for  the  advancement  of  free  education. 
There  are  in  the  state,  independent  of  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  about  1500  school 
districts,  and  near  10,000  common  schools,  containing  over  400,000  scholars.  For  the  support 
of  these  institutions,  some  $700,000  to  $800,000  are  annually  raised,  partly  by  taxation  in  the 
several  districts,  and  partly  through  state  appropriations.  There  are  also  a  large  number  of 
academies,  and  other  literary  or  scientific  institutions  of  a  high  grade,  together  with  five  or 
six  theological  seminaries  maintained  by  various  Christian  denominations.  The  Girard  Col- 
lege, near  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  endowed  by  Stephen  Girard  with  a  fund  of  $2,000,000,  and 
devoted  to  the  support  of  destitute  orphans,  is  perhaps  the  greatest  charity  of  the  kind  in  the 
country.  There  are  two  flourishing  universities,  —  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  founded  in 
1755  at  Philadelphia,  and  the  Western  University  at  Pittsburg,  —  together  with  the  following 
colleges,  founded  between  the  years  1783  and  1836:  Dickinson,  Jefferson,  Washington, 
Alleghany,  Pennsylvania,  Lafayette,  and  Marshall,  besides  sundry  medical  colleges. 

Finances.  —  The  public  debt  of  the  state  is  not  far  from  $40,000,000 ;  and  the  value  of  its 
productive  property  is  somewhat  over  $32,000,000.  The  annual  income  of  the  state,  from  all 
sources,  is  about  $5,000,000,  and  the  expenditures  exceed  $4,000,000.  The  interest  on  the 
public  debt  amounts  to  over  $2,000,000  per  annum. 

Surface,  Soil,  fy-c.  The  state  presents  a  great  variety  of  surface.  Much  of  it  is  undulating 
and  hilly,  and,  in  some  localities,  mountainous.  There  are  also  numerous  level  tracts,  but  few 
of  which,  however,  are  of  any  considerable  extent.  South  Mountain  reaches  across  one  corner 
of  the  state,  in  a  south-westerly  course,  from  the  River  Delaware,  through  an  uneven  country, 
to  near  the  centre  of  the  northern  line  of  Maryland.  Blue  Mountain,  extending  in  the  same 
direction,  from  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Delaware,  is  a  continuous  elevation  of  700  to 
1200  feet  above  the  base,  and  terminates  in  a  lofty  peak,  called  Pilot's  Knob,  near  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  state.  A  broken  and  hilly  region  lies  northward  of  this  range,  bordered  by 
the  Susquehanna  and  Lehigh  Rivers,  and  celebrated  for  its  vast  deposits  of  anthracite  coal 
Several  distinct  mountains  rise  in  this  region,  the  summits  of  some  of  which  consist  of  tracts 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — PENNSYLVANIA.  127 

of  unproductive  table  land.  Other  mountainous  eminences  lie  around  the  valley  of  Wyoming, 
in  the  north-east  part  of  the  state ;  and  there  are  several  ridges  eastward  of  the  Susquehanna 
River,  bearing  various  names.  The  lofty  chain  called  the  Great  Alleghany,  or  Appalachian 
Mountains,  traverses  the  slate,  almost  uninterruptedly,  from  New  York  to  Virginia.  West- 
ward of,  and  parallel  with,  the  Alleghanies  are  Laurel  and  Chestnut  Mountains,  and  other  high 
ridges,  in  the  direct  vicinity  of  which  the  surface  is  rough  and  broken ;  but  in  the  intermediate 
valleys,  and  farther  towards  the  western  part  of  the  state,  the  soil  is  very  rich  and  fertile.  The 
land,  indeed,  throughout  Pennsylvania,  is  generally  of  good  quality.  The  grazing  districts 
furnish  large  numbers  of  fine  horses,  neat  cattle,  and  other  domestic  animals.  Extensive 
tracts,  lying  along  the  margins  of  rivers,  are  peculiarly  excellent,  and  under  fine  cultivation. 
Fruits  of  the  best  descriptions,  and  in  great  variety,  are  very  abundant ;  vast  quantities  of 
wheat  and  other  grains  are  raised  in  all  quarters ;  and  every  species  of  vegetable  product 
common  to  the  Middle  States  is  found  in  plenty  and  perfection  within  this  flourishing  agricul- 
tural commonwealth. 

Rivers.  —  Among  the  principal  streams  are  the  Delaware,  on  the  eastern  border,  which  is 
navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  to  Philadelphia,  6  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Schuylkill, 
a  distance  of  120  miles  from  the  ocean ;  the  Schuylkill,  about  130  miles  in  length,  and  the 
Lehigh,  about  75  miles,  are  both  tributaries  of  the  Delaware,  the  union  of  the  two  latter  being 
formed  at  Easton,  some  60  miles  north  of  Philadelphia.  The  Susquehanna  passes  through 
the  state,  from  its  sources  in  New  York  to  its  mouth  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Boats  and  rafts 
may  pass  down  this  stream,  but  the  upward  navigation  is  impeded  by  numerous  rapids.  The 
Juniata  enters  the  Susquehanna  near  Harrisburg,  after  flowing  180  miles  from  its  rise  in  the 
Alleghany  Mountains.  The  Alleghany  and  Monongahela  Rivers,  the  former  after  a  course 
of  400,  and  the  latter  of  300  miles,  meet  at  Pittsburg,  and,  by  their  confluence,  form  the  Ohio, 
which  runs  but  a  short  distance  within  the  state. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  position,  extent,  and  resources  of  Pennsylvania  have  natu- 
rally stimulated  her  people  to  the  establishment  of  all  needful  facilities  for  the  promotion  of 
her  great  agricultural,  manufacturing,  and  commercial  interests.  Accordingly  her  revenues 
and  credit,  and  the  means  of  her  wealthiest  citizens,  have  been  liberally  devoted  to  the  con- 
struction of  various  descriptions  of  public  works,  some  of  which  are  on  a  scale  of  great  mag- 
nitude. Railroads  and  canals  intersect  the  country  in  all  directions,  connecting  the  tide  waters 
on  the  eastern  boundary  with  those  of  the  Ohio,  and  between  all  the  principal  points  of  trade 
throughout  the  state.  These  great  enterprises  are  so  many  in  number,  and  so  variously  dis- 
tributed, that,  for  a  particular  account  of  them,  reference  must  be  had  to  that  portion  of  this 
work  which  treats  of  Railroads  and  Canals. 

Minerals.  —  The  grand  mineral  product  of  this  state  is  anthracite  coal,  various  qualities  of 
which  are  mined  in  the  different  districts  of  the  vast  coal  region,  extending  in  length  over 
60  miles  north-easterly  from  the  north  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  with  a  breadth  of  16  to  18 
miles.  This  region  is  divided  into  three  distinct  coal  fields,, which  again  are  subdivided  each 
into  several  mining  districts.  These  great  deposits  are  estimated  to  occupy  an  area  of  nearly 
1000  square  miles,  and  in  many  spots  to  be  from  50  to  60  feet  in  depth.  As  it  is  calculated 
that  each  cubic  yard  will  yield  a  ton  of  coal,  some  conception  may  be  formed  of  the  immen- 
sity of  the  aggregate.  In  1820,  less  than  400  tons  of  coal  were  sent  to  market  from  this 
region ;  but  in  1842,  the  supply  had  increased  to  upwards  of  1,112,000  tons,  and  the  product 
has  since  been  annually  increasing.  West  of  the  Alleghanies  lies  a  still  more  extensive 
tract,  embracing  an  area  of  about  21,000,  square  miles,  in  which  are  embedded  exhaustless 
quantities  of  bituminous  coal.  About  300,000  tons  of  this  description  of  fuel  are  annually 
consumed  in  Pittsburg  alone.  The  state  also  abounds  in  iron  ore,  salt,  &c. 

Manufactures.  —  The  people  of  Pennsylvania  are  largely  engaged  in  this  department  of 
home  industry,  the  products  of  which  are  probably  greater  in  quantity  and  value  than  those  of  any 
other  state  in  the  Union.  The  most  important  manufactures  are  cast  and  wrought  iron  in  all 
varieties,  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics,  paper,  furniture,  machinery,  hats,  articles  of  leather,  porce- 
lain, glass,  pottery,  marble,  flour,  chandlery,  distilled  and  fermented  liquors,  &c. 
Indians.  —  The  aboriginal  tribes  which  once  peopled  the  territory  now  constituting  the 


128 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


State  of  Pennsylvania  have  all  disappeared,  so  far  as  regards  any  distinct  social  organization. 
Their  hunting-grounds  were  yielded  to  the  first  white  settlers  with  much  less  repugnance 
than  has  been  manifested  in  almost  every  other  part  of  the  continent ;  and  their  successors, 
by  constantly  pursuing  towards  the  natives  a  humane  and  liberal  policy,  have  enjoyed  exemp- 
tion from  those  depredations  and  wars  which  have  so  sorely  afflicted  most  of  the  new  settle- 
ments in  tliis  country. 

Population.  —  From  the  date  of  the  first  enumeration  of  the  inhabitants,  150  years  ago, 
when  the  colony  contained  but  20,000  souls,  the  population  of  Pennsylvania  has  continued  to 
"  increase  and  multiply,"  in  steady  and  regular  progression.  At  the  present  time  its  population 
numbers  over  2,300,000.  It  is  composed  of  the  best  possible  materials  for  the  formation  and 
preservation  of  a  free  state.  Industry,  frugality,  order,  and  patriotism  are  among  the  distinguish- 
ing traits  of  the  people.  Their  enterprise  and  foresight  have  been  remarkably  exemplified  in 
their  magnificent  system  of  public  works,  in  their  extensive  agricultural  and  mechanical  opera- 
tions, and  in  their  flourishing  literary  institutions.  The  establishment  and  support  of  all  these 
important  interests  have  been  marked  by  unsurpassed  earnestness  and  munificence. 

Climate.  —  Although  the  climate  of  Pennsylvania  is  subject  to  much  fluctuation  at  all 
seasons,  and  the  extremes  of  temperature  are  some  120°  asunder,  ranging  from  20°  below 
zero,  in  winter,  to  98°  above,  in  summer,  still  there  are  few  or  no  states  in  the  Union  which 
are  blessed  with  a  purer  atmosphere  or  a  more  healthful  climate.  The  spring  and  autumn, 
in  all  parts  of  the  state,  are  delightfully  pleasant ;  and  notwithstanding  the  occasional  violent 
changes,  which,  however,  are  not  of  long  duration,  the  weather  is  for  the  most  part  equable  and 
mild,  according  to  the  several  seasons.  The  mean  temperature,  for  the  whole  year,  is  between 
44°  and  52°.  July  is  usually  the  hottest  month,  and  January  the  coldest.  In  the  southern 
quarters,  winter  commences  late  in  December,  and  continues  until  March  ;  but  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  state,  the  cold  season  sets  in  a  month  earlier,  and  snow  does  not  generally  dis- 
appear until  late  in  March.  Frosts  appear  in  some  localities  as  early  as  September. 

Religion.  —  The  Friends  or  Quakers,  successors  of  the  first  settlers,  are  probably  more 
numerous  in  Pennsylvania  than  in  any  other  state,  having  some  150  to  200  congregations. 
The  Presbyterians,  however,  outnumber  all  the  other  denominations ;  then  follow  in  order  the 
Methodists,  Baptists,  German  Reformed,  and  Episcopalians,  all  of  whom  are  numerous.  There 
is  also  the  usual  variety  of  minor  sects. 


RHODE  ISLAND  ANDc  PROVIDENCE  PLANTATIONS.  This,  in  territorial  extent, 
is  the  smallest  state  in  the  Union.  It  lies  between  42°  and  43°  north  latitude,  and  71°  and  72° 
west  longitude  from  London,  and  comprises  an  area  of  about  1306  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
north  and  east  by  Massachusetts,  south  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  west  by  Connecticut  The 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  RHODE    ISLAND.  129 

natural  features  of  the  state  are  somewhat  peculiar.  About  one  tenth  part  of  it  is  water,  and 
of  the  residue,  a  very  considerable  portion  is  made  up  of  islands.  The  interior,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  intervales  along  the  streams,  is  generally  rough  and  hilly ,,better  adapted  to  grazing 
than  to  the  raising  of  grain.  Most  of  the  islands,  together  with  that  part  adjoining  salt  water, 
are  very  fertile.  The  most  considerable  hills  in  the  state  are  Mount  Hope  in  Bristol,  Pine  in 
Exeter,  Easchaheague  and  Hopkins  in  West  Greenwich,  Chopmist  in  Scituate,  Neutaconkanet 
in  Johnston,  Woonsocket  in  Smithfield,  and  Diamond  in  Cumberland.  The  state  abounds  in 
streams  of  water,  the  banks  of  which  are  lined  with  manufacturing  establishments  of  various 
kinds.  Narragansett  Bay  extends  from  the  sea,  more  than  30  miles  into  the  state,  afford- 
ing commodious  and  safe  harbors  along  its  whole  length.  The  harbor  of  Newport,  at  its 
mouth,  is  not  excelled  by  any  in  the  United  States.  The  harbors  of  Bristol  and  Wickford 
are  easy  of  access  at  all  seasons  for  vessels  of  heavy  burden.  That  of  Providence  has  less 
water  than  either  of  these,  nor  can  it  be  safely  entered  by  any  vessel  of  any  considerable  size 
without  a  pilot. 

In  1839,  Dr.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  under  appointment  of  the  legislature,  made  an  agricultural 
and  geological  survey  of  the  state.  The  mineral  resources  brought  to  light  by  this  survey  are 
not  extensive  or  peculiarly  valuable.  Iron  ore  abounds  in  many  localities.  Anthracite  coal 
is  found  in  large  quantities  on  the  Island  of  Rhode  Island,  and  also  in  Cumberland,  and  is  fast 
coming  into  use.  Limestone  abounds  in  several  towns,  and  is  extensively  and  profitably 
wrought  for  use. 

The  state  is  divided  into  5  counties,  —  Newport,  Providence,  Washington,  Kent,  and  Bris- 
tol,—  which  are  subdivided  into  31  townships. 

The  settlement  of  the  state  by  Europeans  was  commenced  by  Roger  Williams  and  his 
associates  at  Providence,  in  the  year  1636.  The  settlers  came  from  Massachusetts,  from 
which  colony  their  leader  had  been  banished  for  alleged  political  and  religious  heresies.  In 
1638,  some  of  the  religious  followers  of  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson  removed  from  Massachusetts 
to  the  Island  of  Rhode  Island,  in  consequence  of  the  proceedings  had  against  them  for  their 
religious  opinions.  Samuel  Gorton  and  his  company  commenced  a  third  settlement  at  War- 
wick, in  1642.  Neither  of  these  companies  had  any  charter  from  the  English  government 
They  were  voluntary  associations.  Each  company  purchased  its  location  of  the  Narragan- 
sett Indians  inhabiting  there.  Neither  of  them  had  any  patent  from  the  English  company, 
which  claimed  them  by  grant  from  the  crown  of  England.  They  were  separate,  distinct  col- 
onies, independent  of  each  other,  and  having  no  common  bond  of  union,  except  what  arose 
from  their  common  origin,  design,  and  dangers.  In  1643,  the  Parliament  of  England  granted 
a  charter  of  civil  government,  under  the  name  of  "  Providence  Plantations,  in  New  England,  in 
America."  This,  with  a  slight  interruption,  constituted  the  fundamental  law  of  the  plantations 
until  1663,  when  Charles  II.,  upon  the  petition  of  the  inhabitants,  granted  them  another  charter, 
under  the  name  of  "  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the  English  Colony  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  Plantations,  in  New  England,  in  America."  This  conferred  on  the  colonists  the 
right  to  elect  all  their  officers,  and  to  pass  laws  for  their  government,  without  the  intervention, 
positive  or  negative,  of  either  king  or  Parliament.  It  also  guarantied  to  them  liberty  of  con- 
science, in  the  most  unlimited  meaning  of  the  term.  This  charter  continued  in  force,  with 
the  exception  of  the  few  years  when  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  the  general  governor  of  New 
England,  until  the  American  revolution.  The  people  of  this  colony  entered  that  struggle  with 
great  zeal.  In  May,  1776,  the  colony  repealed  the  law,  before  that  time  in  force,  securing  to 
his  majesty  the  allegiance  of  his  subjects.  They  abolished  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king, 
struck  his  name  from  all  legal  process,  and  directed  all  proceedings  to  be  in  the  name  of  the 
colony,  thus  anticipating  the  Congress  of  the  United  Colonies  on  the  question  of  independence. 

The  colony  united  with  her  sister  colonies  in  holding  the  old  Continental  Congress,  and  was 
among  the  first  to  direct  her  delegates  to  sign  the  Articles  of  Confederation.  To  those  articles 
this  state  adhered  with  great  pertinacity,  until  after  all  the  others  had  deserted  them,  refusing 
to  adopt  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  until  May  29,  1790.  It  has  been  said  of  Rhode 
Island  with  truth,  that  though  "  she  was  first  at  the.  fight,  she  was  last  to  the  feast." 
17 


130  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

As  the  charter  of  1663  vested  the  right  to  elect  all  officers  in  the  people  of  the  colony,  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  required  no  change  in  the  form  of  government.  Elections  were 
held  after  as  well  as  before  that  event  by  force  of  laws  passed  pursuant  to  its  provisions.  It  lost 
its  binding  force  as  an  instrument  emanating  from  the  King  of  England,  at  the  passage  of  the 
act  of  May,  1776,  but  it  continued  to  be  referred  to  as  written  evidence  of  the  unwritten  con- 
stitution of  the  state  until  very  recently.  With  this  explanation,  it  may  be  said,  with  truth, 
that  this  charter,  with  the  usages  which  grew  up  under  it,  modified  from  time  to  time  by  the 
action  of  the  legislature,  continued  to  be  the  constitution  of  the  state  until  the  present  written 
constitution  went  into  operation,  on  the  2d  day  of  May,  1843. 

Under  the  charter,  the  right  of  suffrage  was  regulated  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
state,  the  charter  being  silent  on  the  subject.  In  1665,  the  General  Assembly,  in  reply  to  a 
query  on  the  subject  proposed  to  them  by  the  king's  commissioners,  declared,  "  that  all  men 
of  competent  estate,  civil  conversation,  and  obedient  to  the  civil  magistrate,"  were  admitted 
freemen  of  the  colony,  on  asking  to  be  so  admitted.  There  was  no  law  declaring  what  should 
be  considered  as  a  "  competent  estate "  until  1723,  when  the  General  Assembly  by  law 
enacted  that  no  man  should  be  admitted  a  freeman  of  any  town,  unless  he  owned  lands  in 
such  town  of  the  value  of  £100,  or  of  the  yearly  value  of  40s.,  or  were  the  eldest  son  of  such 
a  freeholder.  In  1729,  the  freehold  qualification  was  raised  to  £200,  or  £10  yearly  value ; 
and  in  1746,  to  £400,  or  £20  yearly  value.  Subsequently  it  was  reduced  to  £40,  or  40  s.  yearly 
value,  and  thus  it  stood  in  1776.  Some  of  these  changes  undoubtedly  arose  out  of  changes 
in  the  value  of  the  pound.  In  1798,  the  freehold  qualification  was  fixed  at  $134,  or  yearly 
value  of  $7.  Thus  it  continued  until  the  constitution  of  1843. 

By  that  instrument,  the  right  of  suffrage  is  conferred  on  every  male  citizen  of  the  United 
States  of  the  age  of  21  years,  who  has  his  home  and  residence  in  this  state  for  one  year,  and 
in  the  town  where  he  claims  to  vote  six  months  preceding  his  claim ;  who  owns  a  freehold 
estate  in  lands  or  real  estate  of  the  value  of  $134  above  all  encumbrances,  or  which  rents 
for  $7  per  annum.  Every  native  citizen  of  the  United  States,  of  the  above  age  and  residence, 
who  is  assessed  and  has  paid  a  tax  of  $1,  or  who  has  been  enrolled  and  done  military  duty 
for  one  day  at  least,  has  the  right  to  vote  in  the  election  of  all  civil  officers,  and  on  all  ques- 
tions, excepting  only  that  unless  he  has  been  assessed  and  has  paid  a  tax  on  property,  valued 
at  least  at  $134,  he  is  not  allowed  to  vote  for  the  election  of  city  council  of  Providence,  or 
on  any  proposition  to  impose  a  tax,  or  for  the  expenditure  of  money  in  any  town. 

The  legislative  power,  under  that  constitution,  is  vested  in  the  Senate  and  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. The  Senate  consists  of  the  lieutenant  governor  and  one  senator  from  each  town. 
The  governor  presides  over  the  deliberations  of  the  Senate,  and  has  the  casting  vote.  The 
House  of  Representatives  can  never  exceed  72  in  number.  Each  town  is  entitled  at  least  to 
one,  and  no  town  can  have  more  than  one  sixth  of  the  whole  number.  The  ratio  of  representa- 
tion, with  these  exceptions,  is  based  on  population.  The  present  ratio  is  one  representative 
for  every  1875  inhabitants. 

The  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  are  styled  the  General  Assembly.  They  hold 
two  stated  sessions  annually,  one  at  Newport  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  May,  and  the  other  on 
the  last  Monday  in  October  at  South  Kingston,  once  in  two  years,  and  in  the  intermediate 
years  alternately  at  Bristol  and  East  Greenwich.  In  addition  to  these,  there  are  generally  two 
adjourned  sessions  in  each  year,  one  of  which  is  held  in  the  summer  at  Newport,  and  the  other 
at  Providence  in  January. 

The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  senators,  representatives,  secretary  of  state,  attorney 
general,  and  general  treasurer  are  elected  annually  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  April,  their  official 
term  commencing  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  May.  All  the  other  state  officers,  except  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  are  elected  annually  by  the  General  Assembly  in  joint  ballot  of  both 
houses,  the  governor  presiding. 

The  judicial  power  in  the  state  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  which  holds  two  terms  annu- 
ally in  each  county,  and  in  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  for  each  county,  which  also  hold  two 
terms  in  each  year.  The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  one  chief  and  three  associate  justices, 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.— RHODE    ISLAND.  131 

any  IWD  of  whor  i  make  a  quorum.  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  are  held  by  one  of  the  associate 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The  judges  of  these  courts  are  elected,  like  other  state  offi- 
cers, by  the  General  Assembly,  but  they  hold  their  offices  until  they  are  declared  vacant  by  a 
majority  of  all  the  members  elected  in  each  house  at  the  May  session. 

In  all  the  towns  except  Providence  and  Newport,  the  town  courts  are,  ex  officio,  courts  of 
probate,  and  the  town  clerks  registrars  of  probate  and  of  deeds.  The  Municipal  Court  of 
Providence  exercises  probate  jurisdiction.  The  city  clerk  is  register  of  deeds. 

The  industry  and  capital  of  the  state  were  formerly  devoted  to  agriculture  and  commerce. 
The  latter  was  the  favorite  pursuit,  as  it  led  to  greater  wealth,  and  involved  less  personal  labor. 
The  peculiar  situation  of  the  state,  and  the  commodiousness  of  its  harbors,  naturally  turned 
the  attention  of  its  citizens  to  commercial  pursuits.  Rhode  Island  ships  then  visited  all  parts 
of  the  globe.  They  were  the  second,  if  not  the  first,  to  unfurl  the  stars  and  stripes  in  the 
Celestial  Empire.  For  the  last  forty  years,  commerce  has  been  gradually  declining,  until,  at 
the  present  time,  foreign  trade  is  almost  entirely  confined  to  a  few  square-rigged  vessels  in  the 
West  India  business.  The  number  and  tonnage  of  coasting  vessels  has  increased  during  the 
same  period.  But  capital  and  industry  are  pursuing  new  sources  of  wealth  in  manufactures 
and  the  mechanic  arts.  Calico  printing  was  commenced  here  as  early  as  1794,  on  cotton 
cloth  imported  from  the  East  Indies.  Samuel  Slater,  the  father  of  cotton  manufactures  in 
this  country,  set  up  his  first  cotton  mill  in  the  spring  of  1796,  in  this  state.  Now,  more  per- 
sons are  engaged  in  the  various  manufactures  of  cotton  than  in  any  other  pursuit.  The  cen- 
sus of  1850  shows  a  great  increase  in  the  manufacturing  interest,  requiring  vast  expenditures. 

Public  provision  was  first  made  by  law  for  the  establishment  of  public  schools  in  this  state 
in  the  year  1800.  It  soon  became  very  unpopular,  and  was  repealed  in  1803.  In  1828,  the 
General  Assembly  passed  a  new  law  on  the  subject,  which,  with  various  amendments,  is  still  in 
force.  At  the  passage  of  this  act,  the  legislature  made  an  appropriation  of  $10,000  per  year 
for  the  support  of  public  schools,  but  for  several  years  past  the  appropriation  has  been  in- 
creased to  $35,000.  The  number  of  scholars  registered  in  the  state,  during  the  last  year,  in 
the  public  schools,  was  24,733 ;  in  the  instruction  of  which  239  male  and  270  female  teachers 
were  employed.  The  amount  expended  for  instruction,  repairs  of  school-houses,  &c.,  during 
the  same  period,  was  about  $97,000. 

Those  who  are  ready  to  brand  this  state  with  infamy  for  neglecting  the  cause  of  public 
education  would  do  well  to  recollect  that  Rhode  Island  never  had  any  resources  for  such  an 
object,  or  even  for  the  support  of  its  government,  except  by  taxation  on  its  citizens.  The 
small  tracts  of  land  which  belonged  to  the  state  were  disposed  of  at  almost  nominal  prices, 
because  the  title  to  and  jurisdiction  over  them  were  claimed  by  the  adjoining  colonies  and 
others.  Beyond  the  present  boundaries  the  state  never  owned  any  land. 

There  is  but  one  university  in  the  state.  That  is  located  at  Providence.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1764,  under  the  name  of  Rhode  Island  College.  The  name  was  changed  to  Brown 
University  in  1804,  in  honor  of  the  late  Hon.  Nicholas  Brown,  who  was  its  most  munificent 
benefactor. 

The  Butler  Hospital  for  the  Insane  was  incorporated  in  January,  1844,  under  the  name  of 
the  Rhode  Island  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  It  received  its  present  name  from  the  late  Cyrus 
Butler,  Esq.,  the  generous  donor  of  $40,000  to  its  funds  in  his  lifetime.  The  institution  is 
located  at  Providence,  on  the  banks  of  the  Seekonk  River.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1851, 
there  were  113  patients  within  its  walls,  — 50  males  and  63  females. 

Owing  to  the  utmost  liberty  of  conscience,  which  has  ever  prevailed  in  this  state,  there  are 
congregations  of  almost  every  denomination  of  Christians  within  its  limits.  Roger  Williams 
became  a  Baptist  soon  after  the  settlement  of  Providence,  and  founded  a  church  of  that  de- 
nomination there.  The  church  remained,  though  he  left  it  in  a  few  months,  and  became  a 
Seeker.  The  first  church  established  on  the  Island  of  Rhode  Island  was  also  a  Baptist  one. 
The  Friends  soon  established  themselves  there.  The  leader  of  the  settlers  at  Warwick, 
Samuel  Gorton,  was  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  Gortonists  or  Gortoneans,  now  extinct.  In  some 
parts  of  the  state,  Sabbatarian  principles  prevail  to  a  great  extent,  the  consequence  of  which 


132 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


is  a  disregard  of  the  Christian  Sabbath.  This  circumstance  has  contributed  to  give  the  state 
that  character  for  irreligion  which  some  writers  attribute  to  it.  Notwithstanding  this,  and  the 
jeers  which  have  been  indulged  in  by  writers  who  should  have  known  better,  it  is  a  fact,  that 
there  are  as  many  religious  societies,  churches,  and  meeting-houses  in  this  state,  in  proportion 
to  its  population,  as  in  any  other  state  in  the  Union. 

The  only  railroads  erected  in  whole  or  in  part  in  this  state  are  the  Boston  and  Providence, 
leading  from  Providence  to  Boston ;  the  New  York,  Providence,  and  Boston,  leading  from 
Providence  to  Stonington;  the  Providence  and  Worcester,  leading  from  Providence  to 
Worcester.  Besides  these,  several  others  have  been  recently  incorporated,  and  will  probably 
soon  be  built.  The  Providence  and  Worcester  Canal  will  long  be  remembered,  having  proved 
a  complete  failure. 

The  banking  capital  of  the  state  has  for  many  years  been  enormously  disproportioned  to  the 
population.  It  exceeds  $12,000,000.  Being,  however,  divided  among  nearly  70  banking 
institutions,  it  has  generally  been  managed  with  safety  to  the  public,  and  to  the  advantage  of 
the  stockholders. 

In  January,  1838,  the  legislature  abrogated  the  use  of  capital  punishment  in  all  cases  ex- 
cept for  murder  and  arson.  At  the  same  time,  they  substituted  imprisonment  and  fine  for  all 
kinds  of  corporal  punishments  before  that  time  in  use  in  the  state.  During  that  year,  the 
state  prison  at  Providence  was  completed.  The  buildings  consist  of  a  keeper's  house,  and  a 
range  of  forty  cells,  two  stories  high,  adapted  to  the  Pennsylvania  system  of  discipline  — 
separate  confinement  at  labor,  with  instruction.  After  a  few  years'  experience,  this  system  was 
abandoned,  and  the  Auburn  system  substituted  in  its  place.  Since  its  establishment,  127 
prisoners  have  been  confined  in  it,  of  which  number  37  remained  its  inmates  in  October,  1850. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA  is  one  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  American  republic.  It  was 
originally  included  in  the  grant  by  Charles  II.  to  Lord  Clarendon  and  others,  in  1662,  which 
embraced  both  the  Carolinas.  The  coast,  however,  had  been  discovered  nearly  two  centuries 
anterior  to  the  first  attempt  at  a  settlement  thereon.  In  1670,  a  few  English  emigrants  laid 
the  foundation  of  a  colony  at  Port  Royal,  under  William  Sayle,  who  acted  as  their  governor. 
In  the  following  year,  the  colonists  took  what  they  deemed  a  more  favorable  position,  on  the 
western  bank  of  Ashley  River.  Hence  they  again  remaved,  shortly  afterwards,  to  the  con- 
fluence of  that  and  Cooper  Rivers,  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Charleston.  But  little 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  SOUTH    CAROLINA.  133 

progress  was  made  by  the  settlers  in  this  region,  until  the  Carolinas  were  divided,  in  1720. 
From  this  period,  notwithstanding  frequent  hostile  incursions  and  sanguinary  cruelties  on  the 
part  of  the  neighboring  Indians,  the  affairs  of  the  province  continued  steadily  to  advance, 
until  the  revolutionary  war.  During  that  struggle,  the  state  performed  her  full  share  of  duty, 
and  encountered  many  and  great  sacrifices,  arising  from  her  exposed  position.  A  military 
force,  for  the  defence  of  the  colony  against  the  British,  was  organized  at  a  very  early  period 
of  the  contest ;  in  1776,  an  attack  was  made  on  Fort  Moultrie,  at  the  entrance  of  Charleston 
Harbor,  in  which  the  invaders  were  defeated  ;  but  in  1780,  the  city  itself  was  captured  by  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  after  a  siege  of  six  weeks,  who  held  possession  until  1782.  A  number  of 
battles  were  fought  upon  the  soil  of  South  Carolina  in  the  course  of  the  war,  one  of  which, 
that  of  Eutaw  Springs,  in  1781,  had  the  effect  of  closing  the  war  in  that  state.  The  consti- 
tution of  the  United  States  was  adopted  by  this  state,  in  convention,  in  May,  1788,  by  a  vote 
of  149  to  73.  The  first  state  constitution,  being  the  earliest  in  the  Union,  was  formed  in  1775 ; 
the  present  one  was  adopted  in  1790. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  Bounded  on  the  north  and  north-east  by  the  State  of  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  east  and  south-east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  south-west  by  the  State  of 
Georgia,  the  Savannah  River  forming  the  line  of  division.  The  state  contains  about  25,000 
square  miles,  being  about  200  miles  in  length,  with  an  average  breadth  of  160  miles.  Lati- 
tude from  32°  2'  to  35°  10'  north ;  longitude  from  78°  24'  to  83i°  west. 

Government.  —  The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  state  secretary,  treasurer,  and  surveyor 
general  are  elected  by  both  branches  of  the  legislature  in  joint  ballot,  each  for  the  term  of 
two  years.  The  chief  magistrate  can  only  serve  one  term  in  any  six  years.  The  Senate  is 
composed  of  45  members,  who  are  elected  by  the  people  for  four  years,  one  half  the  number 
being  elected  every  two  years.  The  House  of  Representatives  contains  125  members,  chosen 
by  popular  vote  biennially.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  enjoyed  by  citizens  who  have  resided  in 
the  county  six  months  previous  to  the  election,  and  paid  taxes  in  the  state  for  the  year 
preceding. 

Judiciary.  —  Judges  and  chancellors  are  chosen  by  the  legislature,  and  hold  office  during 
good  behavior.  They  may  order  special  courts,  and  a  chancellor  may  hear  cases,  by  consent, 
at  chambers.  There  are  four  chancellors  in  equity,  and  six  judges  of  the  General  Sessions 
and  Common  Pleas  ;  the  latter  courts  have  original  jurisdiction  in  all  civil  cases  where  legal 
rights  are  involved,  (excepting  in  small  matters  of  contract,)  and  in  all  criminal  cases  affecting 
free  white  men,  &c.  There  are  also  Courts  of  Equity,  held  annually  in  each  district;  Ordi- 
nary's Courts  in  each  district,  having  probate  powers ;  Magistrate's  Courts,  &c. 

Education.  —  The  free  school  system  prevalent  in  most  of  the  Northern  and  Western  States 
is  not  yet  fully  incorporated  with  the  institutions  of  South  Carolina.  Charity  schools,  how- 
ever, for  the  elementary  instruction  of  poor  white  children,  are  supported  through  both  public 
and  private  means,  in  many  parts  of  the  state.  And  yet  the  state  contains  upwards  of 
20,000  free  white  adults  who  could  neither  read  nor  write.  A  number  of  respectable  acade- 
mies or  high  schools,  and  many  primary  schools,  are  well  sustained  by  the  wealthy  classes. 
There  are  three  colleges  of  some  note,  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  College  of  South 
Carolina,  founded  in  1804  at  Columbia,  the  state  capital,  and  handsomely  endowed  by  the 
state  government.  Connected  with  this  is  a  Presbyterian  theological  seminary.  Charleston 
College,  founded  in  1795,  is  an  institution  of  less  distinction,  containing  about  70  students. 
Another  has  been  recently  established  in  Abbeville  district,  called  Erskine  College,  in  which, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  present  year,  were  some  90  students.  There  is  a  state  medical 
college,  of  high  character,  in  the  city  of  Charleston ;  a  Baptist  theological  seminary  at  the 
High  Hills,  and  another,  supported  by  the  Lutherans,  at  Lexington. 

Finances.  —  The  income  of  the  state,  from  all  sources,  during  the  year  ending  September 
30,  1849,  amounted  to  some  $481,000,  and  the  expenditures  to  $418,000,  leaving  an  excess 
of  $63,000.  The  state  debt  somewhat  exceeds  $2,250,000,  and  the  property  of  the  state  is 
estimated  at  $5,000,000.  The  state  taxes,  in  1849,  reached  nearly  $300,000. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  There  is  a  broad  belt  of  land,  extending  from  50  to  60  miles  into  the 


134  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

interior,  called  the  low  country,  which  is  flat,  abounding  in  immense  morasses  and  pine  forests, 
and  interspersed  with  fertile  tracts,  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  rice,  of  which  large  quan- 
tities are  here  annually  raised.  Along  the  sea-coast  there  is  a  chain  of  valuable  islands,  the 
soil  of  which  is  admirably  suited  to  the  growth  of  the  best  descriptions  of  cotton.  Near  the 
centre  of  the  state  lies  an  arid  and  sterile  region,  presenting,  for  some  50  or  60  miles  in  width, 
and  reaching  nearly  through  the  state,  a  succession  of  sand  hills,  in  shape  like  motionless  ocean 
waves,  though  containing,  at  intervals,  spots  of  great  fertility.  Beyond  this,  by  an  abrupt 
acclivity,  commences  the  upper  country,  which  consists  of  an  elevated  table  land,  the  soil 
being  highly  productive,  and  under  excellent  cultivation.  Beyond  this  quarter,  the  surface 
becomes  mountainous,  occasionally  exhibiting  protuberances  of  considerable  height.  Table 
Mountain,  the  most  lofty  of  these  peaks,  is  about  4000  feet  above  the  sea  level.  The  peculiar 
staple  product  of  the  low  country  is  rice,  of  which  vast  quantities  are  exported,  amounting  in 
value  to  some  $3,000,000  annually.  Of  the  two  sorts  of  cotton  raised  in  the  state,  (the  short 
and  the  long  staple,)  the  aggregate  annual  crop  is  estimated  at  some  70,000,000  of  pounds, 
nearly  all  of  which  is  exported  to  the  Northern  States  and  to  Europe.  Among  the  other  vegeta- 
ble products  are  grains  of  nearly  every  variety ;  fruits  of  the  best  kinds,  as  figs,  pomegranates, 
apricots,  nectarines,  cherries,  pears,  peaches,  melons,  &c.  Oranges,  grown  in  the  open  air, 
are  less  sweet  than  those  rafsed  farther  south.  The  sweet  potatoes  of  South  Carolina  are 
renowned  for  the  fineness  of  their  flavor.  Tobacco  and  indigo  are  raised  in  large  quantities. 
Tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  and  vegetable  oils  are  among  the  important  natural  products  of 
the  state. 

Rivers.  —  The  state  is  well  supplied  with  watercourses.  Some  of  the  streams  are  of  great 
extent,  and  afford  navigation  for  steamers  and  small  craft  for  considerable  distances.  The 
Great  Pedee,  which  is  450  miles  in  length,  passes  from  North  Carolina  through  the  easteni 
part  of  the  state.  The  Santee,  from  the  same  quarter,  is  navigable  200  miles  for  steamers. 
The  Saluda,  Edisto,  Cooper,  Ashley,  and  Combahee,  &c.,  are  more  or  less  navigable  for  sloops 
and  flatboats.  The  Savannah,  flowing  between  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  affords  steamboat 
navigation  for  a  distance  of  250  miles,  and  for  smaller  boats  to  a  further  extent  of  150  miles. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  There  are  three  railroads  in  this  state,  embracing  an  aggregate 
length  of  over  400  miles,  of  which  nearly  300  are  in  travelling  condition.  One  line,  of  135 
miles,  connects  Charleston  with  Hamburg,  opposite  Augusta,  Georgia,  on  the  Savannah  River. 
Another  is  in  progress  from  Charleston  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  a  distance  of  600  miles.  Several 
canals  have  been  constructed,  which,  though  of  inconsiderable  extent,  are  of  great  utility. 

Minerals.  —  Gold  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  state,  but  mining  operations  are  carried  on 
with  less  spirit  than  in  North  Carolina.  Iron,  lead,  plumbago,  and  various  ochres  are  ob- 
tained in  considerable  quantities  ;  also  marble,  limestone,  fine  clay,  fuller's  earth,  asbestos, 
soapstone,  &c. 

Manufactures.  —  South  Carolina  is  not  a  large  manufacturing  state,  although  many  articles 
for  home  use  are  fabricated  in  her  workshops  and  upon  her  plantations.  Some  attempts  to 
introduce  the  spinning  and  weaving  of  cotton  have  been  made  within  a  few  years,  but  with 
indifferent  success.  Agriculture  and  commerce  are  the  chief  supports  of  the  state.  The 
abundance  of  her  products  from  the  former  pursuit  necessarily  creates  a  large  trade ;  and 
her  exports  of  raw  material,  including  cotton,  rice,  lumber,  pitch,  tar,  &c.,  are  annually  of 
great  magnitude. 

Indians.  —  No  organized  tribes,  or  large  bands  of  native  Indians,  are  at  present  residing 
within  the  state. 

Population.  — For  the  last  50  years,  the  white  population  of  the  state  has  but  slowly 
advanced  in  numbers,  compared  with  the  increase  of  the  slave  population.  Of  668,507  in- 
habitants at  the  date  of  the  last  census,  384,948  were  slaves.  In  the  low  country,  the  blacks 
outnumber  the  whites  in  the  proportion  of  more  than  three  to  one ;  in  the  central  parts  of 
the  state,  the  whites  are  rather  the  most  numerous ;  and  in  the  upper  country,  the  numerical 
difference  between  the  two  races  is  nearly  reversed  from  that  which  exists  in  the  lowland 
districts. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES.  —  TENNESSEE. 


135 


Climate.  —  A  very  healthy  climate  characterizes  the  elevated  portions  of  the  state,  which 
diminishes  in  salubrity  as  the  surface  descends  towards  the  coast.  The  swampy  rice  fields, 
stagnant  marshes,  and  sluggish  atmosphere,  generate  fevers  and  all  the  pestilential  maladies 
peculiar  to  low  and  moist  locations,  not  watered  by  running  streams,  nor  swept  by  pure 
breezes.  The  winters  are  short,  mild,  and  rarely  accompanied  by  snow  or  ice.  Vegetation 
starts  very  early  in  spring.  The  heat  of  the  long  summers  is  intolerable  to  persons  unaccli- 
mated;  but  the  autumn  is  generally  a  very  pleasant,  though  at  its  commencement  an  un- 
healthy season. 

Religion.  —  Of  the  religious  denominations,  the  most  numerous  are  Methodists,  Baptists, 
and  Presbyterians.  There  are  also  large  numbers  of  Episcopalians  and  Lutherans,  besides 
many  congregations  of  Roman  Catholics  and  Jews,  and  several  societies  of  Universalists, 
Unitarians,  and  Quakers. 


TENNESSEE,  formerly 'considered  and  denominated  one  of  the  "Western  States,"  may 
now  more  properly  be  said  to  belong  to  the  easterly  geographical  division  of  the  American 
republic,  since  there  is  but  one  state  lying  between  Tennessee  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  there  are  five  large  states  and  territories  between  its  westerly  boundary  and 
the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  The  original  charter  of  North  Carolina,  granted  in  1664  by  King 
Charles  II.,  embraced  the  area  now  included  within  the  limits  of  this  state.  This  region  con- 
tinued to  be  occupied  by  various  large  tribes  of  natives  for  more  than  a  century  after  the  above 
date,  during  the  latter  part  of  which  period  the  early  attempts  of  the  whites  to  form  settlements 
gave  rise  to  frequent  and  sanguinary  conflicts.  In  1751,  the  Indians  having  offered  donations 
of  land  as  inducements  for  mechanics  and  farmers  to  establish  their  residences  among  them,  a 
fort  was  erected  and  garrisoned  near  the  centre  of  the  tract  held  by  the  Cherokees.  In  the 
course  of  a  few  years,  viz.,  in  1760,  the  latter  commenced  war  upon  the  garrison,  which  they 
besieged  and  forced  to  capitulate.  But  the  conquerors,  in  perfidious  violation  of  their 
agreement,  that  the  defeated  party,  some  300  in  number,  should  be  allowed  to  retire 
beyond  the  Blue  Ridge,  fell  upon  them  when  advanced  about  20  miles  on  their  way,  and  bar- 
barously murdered  every  individual,  excepting  only  9  persons.  In  the  following  year,  an 
expedition  under  Colonel  Grant  inflicted  retributive  chastisement  upon  the  savages,  and  com- 
pelled them  submissively  to  beg  for  peace.  All  the  settlements  hitherto  made  had  been 
abandoned ;  but,  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  many  persons  from  North  Carolina  and 
Virginia  made  renewed  efforts  to  colonize  this  part  of  the  country.  In  1768-9,  a  body  of 


136  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

settlers  planted  themselves  in  the  eastern  quarter  of  Tennessee,  and,  their  numbers  continuing 
to  increase,  a  large  tract  of  land  was  purchased,  though  with  much  difficulty,  in  1775.  In 
the  succeeding  year,  however,  a  warfare  again  occurred,  which  terminated  in  an  arrangement 
with  the  two  colonies  above  mentioned,  whereby  the  boundaries  of  Tennessee  were  determined. 
The  settlers  continued  to  proceed  westward,  and,  in  1779,  having  crossed  the  Cumberland 
Mountains,  penetrated  as  far  as  the  site  on  which  Nashville  now  stands.  The  war  of  the 
revolution  raged  at  this  period  throughout  the  land,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Tennessee 
suffered  greatly  from  the  combined  assaults  of  the  British  and  Indians.  In  1780,  a  memora- 
ble battle  was  fought  at  King's  Mountain,  in  which  the  hardy  backwoodsmen  signally  defeated 
the  enemy ;  and  in  1781,  the  Cherokee  and  Chickasaw  tribes  were  glad  to  negotiate  for  peace. 
Up  to  the  year  1790,  North  Carolina  had  exercised  jurisdiction  over  this  portion  of  the  western 
territory ;  although,  in  the  mean  time,  numerous  controversies  had  taken  place  among  the 
people,  in  regard  to  their  political  position,  together  with  some  contradictory  legislation  on 
the  same  subject.  In  that  year,  the  territory  was  duly  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  North 
Carolina,  and  Congress  forthwith  placed  the  "country  south-west  of  the  Ohio"  under  an 
appropriate  form  of  government.  The  territory  was  repeatedly  harassed  by  the  Creeks  and 
Cherokees,  whose  object  was  to  prevent  the  further  progress  of  the  whites,  until  the  year  1794, 
when  a  final  and  permanent  treaty  was  concluded  between  those  tribes  and  the  United  States. 
In  1795,  the  territory  having  acquired  the  requisite  amount  of  population  to  become  an  inde- 
pendent state,  a  constitution  was  framed ;  and,  in  1796,  Tennessee  was  admitted  as  a  member 
of  the  Union. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  This  state  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  States  of  Kentucky  and 
Virginia,  on  the  east  by  North  Carolina,  on  the  south  by  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi, 
and  on  the  west  by  the  States  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
River  Mississippi.  It  lies  between  35°  and  36°  407  north  latitude,  and  81°  40'  and  90°  15' 
west  longitude ;  having  an  average  length,  from  east  to  west,  of  some  430  miles,  with  a 
breadth  of  somewhat  over  100  miles,  and  containing  an  area  of  45,600  square  miles. 

Government.  —  By  the  constitution,  as  revised  in  1835,  the  governor  is  elected  every  two 
years  by  a  plurality  vote  of  the  people,  and  can  serve  only  three  terms  in  any  four.  The 
Senate  is  composed  of  25  members,  who  are  elected  also  biennially.  The  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives consists  of  75  members,  chosen  in  like  manner  for  the  same  period ;  and  the 
legislature  convenes  only  once  in  two  years.  All  free  white  citizens,  resident  in  the  county 
where  voting  for  six  months  previous  to  an  election,  are  qualified  electors.  The  right  of 
suffrage  is  not  denied  to  colored  persons,  who  are  by  law  competent  witnesses  in  courts  of 
justice. 

Judiciary.  —  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  elected,  by  joint  vote  of  the  legislature,  for 
terms  of  twelve  years,  and  judges  of  the  inferior  courts  for  eight  years.  There  are  three  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  (one  for  each  of  the  judicial  divisions  of  the  state,)  four  chancellors,  and 
fourteen  judges  of  the  Circuit  Courts.  There  is  also  a  Criminal  Court  for  Davidson  county,  and 
a  Common  Law  and  Chancery  Court  for  the  city  of  Memphis.  Justices  of  the  peace  ard 
elected  in  districts  for  six  years  ;  sheriffs  are  chosen  in  counties  for  two  years,  and  are  ineligi- 
ble for  more  than  three  terms  in  succession ;  registers  hold  office  four  years. 

Education.  —  The  school  fund  of  Tennessee  amounts  to  nearly  $1,500,000.  The  interest 
of  this  fund  is  annually  apportioned  to  all  the  districts  wherein  a  school-house  has  been  pro- 
vided ;  but  the  system  of  free  education,  which  is  the  glory  of  many  other  members  of  the 
Union,  seems  not  yet  to  be  fully  understood  or  appreciated  by  the  people  of  this  state.  Still, 
the  inhabitants  support  somewhat  over  1000  common  or  primary  schools,  —  perhaps  a  tithe  of 
what  are  needed,  —  200  or  300  academies,  some  of  which  are  of  respectable  rank ;  and 
six  or  eight  collegiate  institutions,  of  varied  character  and  standing.  The  two  oldest  of 
these  latter  are  Greenville  College,  in  East  Tennessee,  and  Washington  College,  Washington 
county,  both  founded  in  1794 ;  but  the  most  prominent  is  the  University  of  Nashville,  founded 
in  1806.  And,  after  all,  the  number  of  white  adults  within  the  state  who  can  neither  read 
nor  write  may  be  estimated  at  about  60,000. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  TENNESSEE.  137 

Finances.  —  The  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  state,  for  a  few  years  past,  have  nearly 
balanced  each  other.  From  the  returns  for  the  biennial  term  ending  October,  1849,  the  ex- 
penditures had  amounted  to  some  $800,000 ;  to  meet  which  the  revenues  had  fallen  short  less 
than  $12,000.  The  state*  holds  productive  property  valued  at  near  $5,000,000,  and  owes  a 
debt  of  nearly  $3,500,000.  Its  ordinary  annual  expenditure,  independently  of  the  school 
appropriations  and  interest  on  the  public  debt,  is  somewhat  less  than  $300,000. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  The  state  is  usually  considered  as  being  divided  into  three  nominal 
sections,  severally  known  as  West,  Middle,  and  East  Tennessee.  The  former,  situated  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  Tennessee  Rivers,  presents  an  undulating  surface  generally,  though 
.n  some  parts  nearly  level,  with  a  light  but  productive  soil,  finely  suited  to  the  cultivation  of 
cotton,  the  chief  staple  in  this  quarter.  The  middle  section  is  more  uneven  and  hilly,  though 
not  mountainous ;  and  the  lands  are  of  somewhat  better  quality.  East  Tennessee,  bordering 
on  North  Carolina,  is  an  elevated  region,  containing  numerous  lofty  and  picturesque  mountains, 
mostly  covered  to  their  summits  with  noble  forests.  Here  are  the  Cumberland  and  Laurel 
Mountains,  and  other  conspicuous  branches  of  the  Alleghany  range.  The  soil  throughout  the 
state,  with  the  occasional  exception  of  rough  and  broken  tracts  among  the  high  lands,  is  very 
fertile,  yielding  generous  crops  of  agricultural  products.  Timber  of  every  variety  common  to 
tne  adjacent  states  is  found  in  great  plenty.  In  addition  to  the  trees  ordinarily  composing  the 
western  forests,  there  are  upon  the  mountains  vast  groves  of  magnificent  pines,  furnishing, 
material  for  the  extensive  manufacture  of  tar,  rosin,  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  lampblack ;  the 
juniper  and  red  cedar. also  abound;  and  the  mulberry  is  so  plentiful  and  thrifty,  that  the  silk 
culture  might  be  pursued,  with  great  profit,  to  an  unlimited  extent.  Peach  and  other  fruit- 
trees,  the  vine,  &c.,  are  cultivated  with  ample  success ;  and,  besides  cotton,  excellent  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  tobacco,  potatoes  of  every  kind,  and  all  the  usual  varieties  of  vegetables,  are 
raised  in  large  quantities.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  cotton  raised  in  this  state  is  sent  into 
contiguous  states  in  the  interior,  for  home  manufacturing. 

Rivers.  —  Tennessee  is  watered  in  various  directions  by  many  important  streams.  The 
great  Mississippi  flows  by,  and  constitutes  its  entire  western  boundary.  The  Tennessee  River 
crosses  the  state  between  the  divisions  called  Western  and  Middle  Tennessee.  The  Cumber- 
land, a  tributary  of  the  Ohio,  though  taking  its  rise  in,  and  returning  to,  the  State  of  Kentucky, 
has  its  course  principally  in  Tennessee.  There  are  many  other  large  navigable  streams ;  and 
East  Tennessee,  particularly,  possesses  a  vast  amount  of  water  power,  admirably  fitting  it  for 
a  manufacturing  country. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  There  are  five  railroads,  including  branches,  now  being  constructed 
within  the  state,  embracing  an  extent  of  600  miles,  of  which  only  about  30  miles  are  yet  in 
operation.  The  estimated  cost  of  these  works  is  $600,000.  The  principal  of  these  are  pro- 
jected continuations  of  various  routes  from  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Louisiana,  &c. 

Minerals.  —  Gold,  iron,  coal,  and  salt  are  the  most  valuable  among  the  divers  mineral  prod- 
ucts of  Tennessee.  The  former  exists  in  the  south-eastern  quarter  of  the  state,  but  to  what 
extent  is  not  wholly  developed,  no  systematic  explorations  on  a  large  scale  having  yet  taken 
place.  In  the  eastern  and  middle  sections,  iron  ore  is  found  in  great  quantities,  and  of  superior 
quality.  In  the  same  quarters,  also,  there  are  immense  beds  of  excellent  coal.  Salt  springs  are 
numerous,  and  there  is  an  abundance  of  marble,  gypsum,  various  pigments,  nitrous  earths,  &c. 

Manufactures.  —  These  consist  chiefly  of  goods  for  domestic  consumption ;  although  manu- 
factured articles  to  some  considerable  amount  are  exported.  There  are  cotton  and  woollen 
factories,  iron  works,  machine  shops,  ropewalks,  mechanics'  establishments  of  all  descriptions, 
potteries,  distilleries,  breweries,  a  great  number  of  flour  mills,  grist  mills,  &c. ;  the  whole 
employing  a  capital  of  some  $6,000,000. 

Indians.  —  Most  of  the  tribes  which  heretofore  occupied  the  territory  have  passed  across 
the  great  dividing  stream,  and  taken  up  their  residence  upon  lands  in  the  Indian  Territory,  in 
accordance  with  treaty  stipulations.  No  bands  of  native  Indians  exist,  as  such,  within  the 
limits  of  the  state. 

Population.  —  There  were,  in  1800,  somewhat  over  100,000  inhabitants  in  this  state.     Since 
18 


138 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


that  period,  the  population  has  been  found,  at  every  decennial  census,  to  have  increased  prodi- 
giously. It  has  now  reached  an  aggregate  of  1,002,625  of  which  nearly  a  fourth  part 
are  slaves. 

Climate.  —  Tennessee  is  favored  with  a  very  mild  and  generally  salubrious  climate.  In  the 
eastern  part,  it  is  particularly  so ;  and  is  not  surpassed,  in  all  the  desirable  attributes  of  a 
genial  temperature,  by  any  other  region  of  North  America.  It  is,  of  course,  varied,  in  some 
measure,  throughout  the  state.  But,  from  its  geographical  position,  it  may  be  pronounced 
healthy  in  every  section,  and  almost  entirely  exempt  from  those  destructive  epidemics  by 
which  some  of  the  neighboring  states  are  frequently  afflicted. 

Religion.  —  Methodists  and  Baptists  constitute  the  larger  portion  of  the  religious  denomina- 
tions within  this  state.  There  are  likewise  large  bodies  of  Presbyterians  and  Episcopalians, 
together  with  several  congregations  of  Lutherans,  Romanists,  Friends,  &c. 


I  ; 


TEXAS  was  formerly  one  of  the  Mexican  possessions,  though  a  distant  province ;  being, 
as  was  generally  admitted,  one  of  the  many  conquests  of  Fernando  Cortes,  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  At  the  period  of  its  subjugation,  it  was  inhabited  by  savages  of  the  worst  descrip- 
tion. Prior  to  the  year  1690,  a  French  colony  occupied  a  small  district;  but  they  were  sub- 
sequently driven  out  by  the  Spaniards,  under  whose  jurisdiction  the  country  remained,  with 
few  or  no  intervals  of  agitation,  sunk  in  the  obscurity  and  lethargy  of  despotism,  until  the 
abdication  of  Charles  VI.  of  Spain,  in  18C8.  At  this  time,  the  people  of  Mexico  began  to 
assert  their  claim  to  the  privilege  of  self-government ;  and  in  1810,  an  open  rebellion  against 
the  European  authorities  ensued.  In  1813,  a  national  Congress  issued  a  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence ;  but  a  civil  war  raged  for  several  years  among  various  parties,  upon  the  question  as 
to  what  form  of  government  should  be  established.  At  one  time,  the  imperial  party  pre- 
vailed, and  Mexico  became  an  empire.  This  continued  but  for  a  brief  period  :  a  new  system, 
organized  like  that  of  the  United  States,  was  adopted,  and  Mexico  became  a  federal  republic, 
Texas  constituting  an  integral  member.  A  series  of  revolutions  succeeded,  during  which 
Texas  separated  itself  from  the  confederation,  achieved  its  independence  by  the  battle  of  San 
Jacinto,  in  1836,  and  erected  itself  into  a  distinct  republic.  A  constitution  was  formed  in  the 
same  year,  and  the  first  elections  under  the  same  were  held  forthwith.  In  1845,  after  a  pro- 
longed controversy,  Texas  was  annexed  to  the  United  States,  and  admitted  into  union  there- 
with, by  a  joint  resolution  of  both  houses  of  Congress,  ratified  by  the  Texan  people. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  TEXAS.  139 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  This  state  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  portions  of  New  Mexico, 
Nebraska,  and  the  Indian  Territory  ;  on  the  east  by  the  Indian  Territory,  and  by  the  State  of 
.Louisiana,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  is  partially  separated  by  the  River  Sabine  ;  on  the  south- 
east and  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  on  the  south-west  by  the  River  Bravo  del  Norte, 
dividing  it  from  the  Mexican  possessions ;  and  on  the  west  by  the  same,  and  by  New  Mexico. 
It  lies  between  26°  and  36°  30'  north  latitude,  and  extends  from  94°  to  105°  west  longitude. 
It  is  of  very  irregular  form,  and  is  computed  to  contain  about  237,320  square  miles ;  a  portion 
of  the  original  area  claimed  by  Texas,  when  a  republic,  having  been  set  off  by  Congress,  at 
the  time  of  its  admission  as  a  state,  in  the  formation  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico. 

Government.  —  The  existing  constitution  of  the  state  guaranties  the  right  of  suffrage  to 
every  free  white  male,  21  years  of  age,  after  a  residence  of  one  year  in  the  state,  and  six 
months  in  the  district  where  voting.  The  executive  officers,  who  can  serve  but  four  out  of 
any  six  years,  are  elected  for  terms  of  two  years  by  a  plurality  of  the  popular  vote.  The 
secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  and  comptroller  are  chosen  also  for  two  years,  by  the  legislature 
in  joint  ballot.  Senators  are  chosen  for  four  years,  one  half  the  number  retiring  from 
office  every  two  years ;  the  whole  number  not  to  be  less  than  19,  nor  more  than  33.  Repre- 
sentatives, not  to  exceed  90  nor  fall  short  of  45  in  number,  are  elected  biennially ;  and  the 
sessions  of  the  legislature  are  held  at  like  intervals.  Persons  concerned  in  duels  are  disqual- 
ified from  holding  office.  Grants  of  money  for  internal  improvements,  &c.,  cannot  be  made 
without  the  sanction  of  two  thirds  of  both  houses.  The  laws  are  to  be  revised  once  in  every 
ten  years.  Homesteads  are  exempted  from  forced  sales  for  debt.  The  real  and  personal 
property  of  a  wife  is  protected  from  seizure  for  the  payment  of  the  husband's  debts.  Corpora- 
tions are  not  to  be  created  with  banking  powers.  The  state  cannot  subscribe  for  stock  in 
private  corporations,  nor  borrow  money,  nor  contract  debts  in  time  of  peace  to  an  amount  ex- 
ceeding $100,000,  unless  by  a  two  thirds  vote  of  the  legislature.  No  law  for  the  emancipation 
of  slaves  can  be  passed,  without  consent  of  owners,  and  the  payment  of  full  compensation. 
The  introduction  of  slaves  as  merchandise  may  be  prohibited.  Owners  of  slaves  may  be  com- 
pelled by  law  to  treat  them  with  care  and  kindness ;  and  in  cases  of  refusal  or  neglect,  the 
slaves  may  be  taken  and  sold  for  account  of  the  owners.  Slaves  may  have  a  trial  by  jury 
when  charged  with  crimes  greater  than  petit  larceny,  and  are  protected  against  abuse  or 
loss  of  life  equally  with  the  whites,  excepting  when  engaged  in  a  revolt. 

Judiciary.  —  The  Supreme  Court  comprises  a  chief  justice  and  two  associates,  appointed  for 
six  years,  who  hold  sessions  annually,  between  June  and  October,  in  not  more  than  three  places 
within  the  state.  It  has  appellate  jurisdiction,  but  is  under  legislative  control  in  criminal 
cases  and  appeals  from  interlocutory  judgments.  The  District  Courts  are  eleven  in  number, 
each  having  its  local  judge,  appointed  for  six  years,  and  holding  sessions  semiannually.  They 
have  original  jurisdiction  in  criminal  cases,  and  in  suits  involving  $100  and  upwards.  If 
punishments  in  cases  of  crime  be  not  specifically  defined  by  law,  they  are  to  be  determined 
by  the  jury.  In  equity  causes,  each  party  has  a  right  to  demand  a  jury.  Judges  are  nominated 
by  the  executive,  and  confirmed  by  a  two  thirds  vote  of  the  Senate. 

Education.  —  The  nucleus  of  a  school  fund  has  been  formed,  by  a  constitutional  provision, 
requiring  the  reservation  of  ten  per  cent,  of  the  annual  state  revenue  derived  from  taxation, 
as  a  permanent  fund  for  the  maintenance  of  free  public  schools.  Public  lands  granted  for 
school  purposes  cannot  be  leased  for  longer  terms  than  20  years,  nor  alienated  in  fee.  The 
important  subject  of  education  has,  however,  as  yet,  occupied  no  great  share  of  the  public 
mind.  Some  schools,  of  tolerable  repute,  are  supported  in  the  most  populous  settlements ;  and 
a  late  writer  asserts  that  there  are,  also,  some  colleges  in  the  state  ;  but  this  report  is  scarcely 
sanctioned  by  any  collateral  authority.  It  is  supposed,  nevertheless,  that  the  state  contains 
fewer  free  persons  over  20  years  of  age,  who  can  neither  read  nor  write,  in  proportion  to  the 
whole  population,  than  any  other  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  Union. 

Finances.  —  Texas  is  burdened  with  a  heavy  public  debt,  partly  entailed  upon  the  state  by 
the  late  republic.  The  ostensible  amount  of  its  liabilities,  in  December,  1849,  as  reported  by 
the  auditor  and  comptroller,  was  upwards  of  $11,000,000,  the  par  value  of  which  is  rated  at 


140  UNITED   STATES    GAZETTEER. 

about  one  half  that  sum.  The  revenues  of  the  state  were  estimated  at  $110,000,  consisting 
of  a  tax  of  $92,000  upon  real  and  personal  property,  valued  at  $46,000,000,  and  a  poll  tax 
amounting  to  $18,000.  The  average  annual  expenditures  of  the  state  may  be  set  down  at 
$100,000. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  The  appearance  of  the  surface  of  the  country  is  described  as  that  of  a 
vast  inclined  plane,  gradually  sloping  from  the  mountainous  elevations  in  the  west,  towards 
the  sea-coast  on  the  south-east,  and  intersected  by  multitudes  of  streams,  flowing  in  a  south- 
easterly direction.  It  may  be  considered  as  comprehending  three  several  divisions,  each 
differing  in  some  respects  from  the  others.  The  first,  commencing  at  the  sea-coast,  and 
extending  inland  from  50  to  100  miles,  is  a  level  and  exceedingly  fertile  region,  with  a  rich 
alluvial  soil,  exempt  from  those  stagnant  quagmires  and  lagoons  which  usually  characterize  the 
shores  of  the  Southern  States,  beautifully  wooded  on  the  river  borders,  and  abounding  with 
extensive  pasture  lands,  covered  with  an  exuberant  growth  of  native  grasses  and  herbage. 
The  next  is  a  region  of  greater  extent,  presenting  an  undulating  surface,  composed  chiefly  of 
grassy  prairies,  interspersed  with  compactly  timbered  forests.  The  soil  here  rests  upon  a 
substratum  of  limestone  and  sandstone,  and  is  of  excellent  quality.  The  third  and  loftiest 
region,  situated  among  or  near  the  great  chain  known  as  the  Mexican  Alps,  consists  partly  of 
tracts  of  productive  table  land  ;  but  the  mountain  sides  are  also  prolific  in  almost  every  variety 
of  trees  and  shrubbery,  while  the  intervening  valleys,  enclosing  rich  bottom  lands,  are  extraor- 
dinarily fruitful,  capable  of  repaying  the  toil  of  the  husbandman  a  hundred  fold.  Indeed,  the 
entire  area  of  this  immense  state  may  be  said  to  present,  naturally,  one  of  the  most  admirable 
countries  on  earth  for  agricultural  purposes.  The  state  is  well  wooded  throughout.  Among 
the  trees  most  common  are  live  oak  of  superior  quality,  other  descriptions  of  oak,  hickory,  elm, 
walnut,  sycamore,  many  varieties  of  acacia,  cypress,  caoutchouc,  &c.  The  uplands  also  pro- 
duce ample  supplies  of  cedar,  pine,  and  similar  forest-trees.  Fruits  and  garden  vegetables, 
of  every  desirable  sort,  are  cultivated  with  great  ease  and  success.  Peaches,  melons,  grapes, 
and  other  fruits  known  in  temperate  climates,  are  raised  in  profusion ;  and  figs,  oranges, 
lemons,  dates,  pineapples,  olives,  and  other  tropical  fruits  abound  in  the  southern  parts  of  the 
state.  The  products  of  the  field  consist  of  cotton,  (the  great  staple,)  maize,  wheat,  rye,  barley, 
and  other  grains,  the  sugar-cane,  potatoes  of  each  kind,  &c.  Rice  and  tobacco  are  grown  to 
some  extent  in  different  quarters  ;  and  among  the  indigenous  plants  are  indigo,  vanilla,  sarsa- 
parilla,  and  many  medicinal  shrubs.  As  a  grazing  country,  Texas  is  exceeded  by  few  or  none 
of  her  sister  states.  Vast  numbers  of  cattle,  horses,  mules,  sheep,  and  swine  are  raised  upon 
the  prairie  lands,  receiving  or  requiring  but  little  human  care.  Buffaloes  and  wild  horses 
range  the  prairies  in  immense  droves ;  and  the  deer,  the  bear,  and  other  game,  are  every 
where  abundant. 

Rivers.  —  In  addition  to  the  rivers  which  form  portions  of  the  state  boundary,  the  chief 
streams  are  the  Neches,  Trinity,  Brazos,  Colorado,  San  Antonio,  Guadaloupe,  and  Nueces, 
with  their  countless  tributaries,  all  flowing  towards,  and  ultimately  emptying  into,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  after  passing  generally  through  the  estuaries  so  numerous  along  that  coast.  These 
bays,  being  commonly  obstructed  by  sand  bars  or  narrow  strips  of  land,  do  not  afford  con- 
venient harbors,  except  for  vessels  of  small  draught.  Steamboats  drawing  12  feet  of  water  can 
enter  and  ascend  the  Sabine ;  and  the  Rivers  Neches,  Trinidad,  and  Brazos  are  navigable, 
for  similar  craft,  from  50  to  300  miles.  The  San  Antonio  and  Nueces  afford  no  navigation 
of  importance  ;  and  the  Colorado,  though  a  fine  stream,  is  obstructed  near  its  mouth  by  a  large 
raft,  which  in  course  of  time  will  probably  be  removed,  when  vessels  may  pass  up  to  Austin, 
the  state  capital,  220  miles  from  the  gulf.  The  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  on  the  south-western 
border,  is  a  noble  stream  of  some  1800  miles  in  length,  and  is  already  becoming  a  great  com- 
mercial channel,  though  occasionally  impeded  by  shoals  and  rapids. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Although  admitting  of  unbounded  improvements  in  facilities  for 
internal  intercourse,  Texas  can  as  yet  boast  of  very  few  such  advantages  in  the  shape  of  rail- 
roads or  canals.  A  railway,  to  connect  Galveston  Bay  with  the  River  Brazos,  through  Hous- 
ton and  Harrisburg,  is  in  progress,  and  the  iron  for  30  miles  of  the  route  is  already  provided. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES.  — TEXAS.  141 

Another  is  in  contemplation,  to  extend  from  San  Antonio  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  A  canal 
from  Galveston  Bay  to  Brazos  is  also  in  course  of  construction. 

Minerals.  —  Silver  mines  formerly  existed  in  the  north-west  part  of  the  possessions  of  the 
late  republic,  but  no  deposits  of  that  metal  have  been  discovered  within  the  limits  of  the 
present  state.  Excellent  coal,  and  iron  ore,  abound  in  most  of  the  inland  districts.  There 
are  great  quantities  of  nitre  in  the  eastern  quarter ;  there  are  multitudes  of  salt  springs  and 
lakes,  from  which  large  supplies  of  salt  are  procured  ;  and  bitumen  is  found  in  various  locali- 
ties. In  all  parts  of  the  state  except  the  low  alluvial  region,  there  is  plenty  of  granite,  lime- 
stone, gypsum,  &c. 

Manufactures.  —  Nothing  of  great  public  importance  has  yet  been  effected  in  this  branch 
of  industry.  Thus  far  the  labors  of  the  inhabitants  have  been  principally  confined  to  pur- 
suits connected  with  agriculture,  and  to  the  preparation  of  their  products  for  market  as  raw 
»  material.  Few  or  no  articles  for  exportation  have  as  yet  been  fabricated  in  the  state. 

Indians.  —  The  territory  and  its  neighborhood  is  still  infested  by  hordes  or  remnants  of 
tribes  of  savages,  most  of  whom  subsist  by  predatory  incursions,  often  of  the  most  destructive 
and  sanguinary  character.  Efforts  are  in  constant  progress  to  reduce  these  marauders,  by 
various  methods,  to  a  state  of  comparative  peace  and  amity  ;  but  until  the  country  shall  have 
become  more  densely  peopled,  this  desirable  result  will  not  probably  be  effected. 

Population.  —  The  civilized  inhabitants  of  Texas  comprise  emigrants  from  all  the  other 
states  of  the  Union,  besides  the  descendants  of  the  original  Spanish  settlers,  and  persons  in 
whom  Mexican  and  Indian  blood  is  blended.  The  former  class,  in  all  probability,  compose  a 
majority  of  the  present  population,  which,  by  the  census  of  1850,  was  as  follows :  Whites, 
154,100  ;  free  colored,  331 ;  slaves,  58,161 ;  —  total,  212,592. 

Climate.  —  Texas  is  represented  usually,  by  those  who  have  travelled  or  resided  in  it,  as 
possessing  a  delightful  climate  ;  and  as  being  remarkably  healthy  in  every  part,  with  few  excep- 
tions at  particular  seasons.  The  wet  and  dry  seasons,  as  in  California,  constitute  the  winter 
and  summer.  The  former  commences  in  December,  and  continues  until  March ;  the  residue 
of  the  year,  which  is  the  dry  season,  comprehends  spring,  summer,  and  autumn.  Severe  cold 
weather  never  marks  the  winter  season,  and  snow  is  very  uncommon,  except  upon  the  moun- 
tain peaks.  The  heat  of  summer,  although  intense,  is  greatly  modified  by  the  regular  and 
brisk  breezes  which  prevail  daily  from  sunrise  until  about  3  o'clock,  P.  M. ;  and  throughout 
the  year,  the  nights  are  said  to  be  invariably  cool.  Between  April  and  September,  the  tem- 
perature varies  from  63°  to  100°  Fahrenheit,  the  average  range  at  noon  being  about  83°.  In 
summer,  intermittent  fevers  are  commonly  prevalent  in  the  low  lands  upon  the  Gulf  cpast, 
though  rarely  assuming  an  epidemic  character. 

Religion.  —  Among  the  descendants  of  the  earliest  settlers,  the  Roman  Catholic  is  of  course 
the  prevailing  religion,  as  in  New  Mexico.  But  since  the  revolution,  which  resulted  in  the 
severance  of  Texas  from  Mexican  sway,  other  Christian  denominations,  of  almost  every  class 
and  name  known  in  the  older  states  of  the  Union,  have  multiplied  and  flourished ;  and  the 
cathedrals  erected  by  the  devotees  of  the  pope  are  now  vastly  outnumbered  by  the  churches 
and  other  houses  of  worship  occupied  by  Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  Baptists,  Method- 
ists, &c. 


142  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


UTAH  is  a  newly-organized  territory  among  the  distant  western  possessions  of  the  United 
States,  deriving  its  name  from  that  of  the  Pah-Utahs,  a  numerous  tribe  of  native  Indians, 
heretofore  and  still,  with  other  tribes,  occupying  large  portions  of  the  country.  It  formerly 
composed  a  very  considerable  share  of  the  wide-spread  wilderness  known  as  Upper  or  New 
California,  and  was  consequently  considered  a  Mexican  dependency.  Very  few  settlements 
have  ever  been  made  or  attempted  within  the  present  limits  of  this  region ;  in  fact,  it  has 
scarcely  been  deemed  habitable  by  civilized  beings.  The  territory,  together  with  that  of 
New  Mexico,  and  of  the  lately-formed  State  of  California,  fell  to  the  United  States  by  right 
of  conquest,  during  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  was  duly  transferred  by  the  latter,  under  the, 
treaty  of  1848.  For  further  information  as  to  the  general  history  of  the  country,  see  the  arti- 
cles California  and  New  Mexico. 

By  the  act  of  Congress  passed  September  9,  1850,  establishing  a  territorial  government  for 
Utah,  the  limits  of  the  territory  are  defined  as  follows :  Bounded  on  the  west  by  the  State  of 
California ;  on  the  north  by  the  Territory  of  Oregon ;  on  the  east  by  the  summit  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains ;  and  on  the  south  by  the  parallel  of  37°  north  latitude,  which  forms  the  dividing 
line  between  this  territory  and  that  of  New  Mexico.  It  extends  from  the  37th  to  the  42d 
degrees  of  north  latitude,  and  lies  between  the  107th  and  120th  degrees  of  west  longitude ; 
having  a  breadth  of  300,  and  an  average  length  from  east  to  west  of  some  600  miles,  con- 
taining an  area  of  about  180,000  square  miles. 

It  is  provided  by  the  same  act,  that  this  territory,  when  admitted  as  a  state  into  the  Union,  shall 
be  received  with  or  without  the  toleration  of  slavery,  as  may  be  prescribed  by  its  own  constitu- 
tion. All  free  white  males,  residents  in  the  territory  at  the  date  of  said  act,  were  empowered 
to  vote  at  the  first  elections,  and  made  eligible  to  any  office  in  the  territory ;  after  which  the 
legislative  assembly  shall  fix  the  qualifications  of  electors.  The  governor  holds  office  for 
four  yeirs,  and  receives  his  appointment  from  the  executive  of  the  United  States.  He  must 
reside  -  ithin  the  territory,  act  as  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  and  commission  all  territo- 
rial officers.  He  may  pardon  crimes  against  the  laws  of  the  territory,  and  reprieve  offenders 
against  the  United  States  laws,  until  the  president's  will  be  known.  The  President  of  the 
United  States  also  appoints  a  territorial  secretary  for  a  like  term,  who  administers  the  govern- 
ment in  case  of  the  governor's  disability.  A  Council  of  13  members,  and  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, 26  in  number,  compose  the  legislative  assembly.  The  former  serve  two  years,  the 
latter  one  year,  and  are  elected  by  plurality  of  the  popular  votes.  They  are  to  be  chosen  in 
appropriate  districts,  and  a  due  apportionment  thereof  is  to  be  made  by  law.  Legislative 
sessions  are  not  to  continue  beyond  40  days.  No  laws  interfering  with  the  primary  disposal 
of  the  soil,  imposing  taxes  on  United  States  property,  or  requiring  extra  taxes  on  property  of 
non-residents,  can  be  passed  by  the  legislature.  No  law  is  valid  until  approved  by  Congress. 

A  Supreme  Court,  District  and  Probate  Courts,  and  justices  of  the  peace,  constitute  the 
judicial  power  of  the  territory.  The  former  comprises  a  chief  and  two  associate  justices,  to 
sit  annually  at  the  seat  of  government,  and  to  hold  office  four  years.  A  District  Court  is  held 
by  one  of  the  supreme  judges,  at  times  provided  by  law,  in  each  of  the  three  judicial  districts 
of  the  territory.  Justices  of  peace  cannot  try  cases  involving  land  titles,  or  debts  exceeding 
$100.  Both  the  Supreme  and  District  Courts  have  chancery  powers,  and  common  law  juris- 
diction. Appeals  from  a  District  to  the  Supreme  Court  cannot  have  trials  by  jury.  An 
attorney  and  marshal  are  appointed  by  the  United  States  government  for  a  term  of  four  years. 

After  a  survey  of  the  lands  under  authority  of  the  general  government,  two  sections  in  each 
township,  equivalent  to  one  eighteenth  part  of  the  whole  territory,  are  to  be  set  apart  for  the 
support  of  public  education.  It  is  trusted  that  the  sinister  disposal,  in  some  of  the  new  state* 
and  territories,  of  similar  liberal  provisions  for  this  object,  will  in  due  time  be  guarded  against, 
in  this  territory,  by  the  friends  of  common  schools. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — UTAH.  143 

Regarding  the  finances  of  this  newly-formed  territory,  there  are  as  yet  no  authentic  reports. 

Those  who  have  explored  the  northern  part  of  the  country,  the  number  of  whom  is  not 
jTreat,  describe  it  as  mountainous,  rugged,  and  generally  barren,  without  forests,  and  destitute 
of  valuable  indigenous  vegetation.  Spots  occasionally  are  presented  which  yield  good  grass 
for  pasturage ;  and  here  and  there  may  be  found  valleys  of  small  extent,  which  are  tolerably 
fertile.  Towards  the  western  boundary,  near  the  bases  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  soil  is 
generally  good.  Numerous  lakes,  emitting  streams  of  moderate  size,  lie  along  this  region, 
affording  convenient  means  for  irrigation.  But  the  central  portion  of  the  country,  judging 
from  the  imperfect  accounts  which  are  at  present  accessible,  is  a  wide  sandy  waste,  producing, 
it  is  true,  for  a  short  season  after  the  winter  rains,  a  profusion  of  grasses  and  beautiful  flowers, 
all  which  the  succeeding  summer  heat  reduces  to  an  ashy  desert.  In  other  quarters,  the 
country  exhibits  a  rolling  surface,  with  tracts  of  considerable  fertility,  often  well  wooded  and 
watered,  with  frequent  and  extensive  openings  of  prairie  lands,  and  tracts  of  low  grounds 
composed  of  a  rich  and  loamy  soil.  Upon  the  whole,  although  a  very  large  portion  of  the 
territory  has  never  been  subjected  to  cultivation,  and  still  seems  unfit  for  the  permanent 
abode  of  civilized  human  beings,  it  is  nevertheless  susceptible  of  unlimited  improvement;  and 
the  efforts  of  industry  and  science  may  yet  convert  it  into  "a  land  flowing  with  milk 
and  honey." 

The  principal  rivers  within  the  territory,  so  far  as  they  have  yet  been  traced  or  partially 
examined,  are  named  Rio  de  los  Animas,  Grand,  White,  Tampa,  Vermilion,  St.  Mary's,  Vin- 
tan,  and  Duchesne  Rivers,  most  of  which,  with  their  smaller  branches,  flow  from  the  north- 
east, and  ultimately  unite  with  the  Great  Colorado  of  the  West.  The  latter  appears  to  take 
its  rise  in  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  the  north-east  angle  of  the  terri- 
tory, and,  taking  a  south-western  direction,  passes  through  New  Mexico,  forming  part  of  the 
boundary  between  that  territory  and  the  State  of  California,  and  finally  discharges  itself  into 
the  Gulf  of  California.  Great  Salt  Lake,  a  vast  body  of  water  lying  near  the  centre  of  the 
northern  boundary,  is  the  sourcq  of  numerous  watercourses  flowing  north  and  east.  Hum- 
boldt's  River  flows  in  a  north-east  direction,  from  a  lake  of  that  name  near  the  mountains  on 
the  west.  A  river  of  some  extent  is  connected  with  Nicollet's  Lake,  a  large  sheet,  lying  in 
the  central  part  of  the  territory.  A  chain  of  lakes  extends  northerly  from  Humboldt's  Lake, 
the  principal  of  which  are  Carson's  and  Walker's  Lakes.  Pyramid  Lake,  which  is  of  consid- 
erable magnitude,  and  several  smaller  collections  of  water,  lie  at  the  foot  of  the  great  moun- 
tain range  which  separates  Utah  from  California.  From  each  of  these,  several  rivers  stretch 
out  in  various  directions,  and  are  finally  lost  in  the  sands  of  the  desert.  . 

No  regular  mineralogical  survey  of  this  region  has  yet  been  undertaken,  and  its  mineral 
resources,  which  are  doubtless  great,  remain  of  course  undeveloped.  Coal,  alum,  and  salt, 
are  said  to  have  been  found  in  some  localities.  Excellent  clay  for  the  manufacture  of  pottery 
abounds  in  the  central  and  northern  parts ;  and  satisfactory  indications  of  iron  ore  have  been 
discovered. 

Besides  the  rude  utensils  and  habiliments  fabricated  by  the  natives,  there  are  no  manufac- 
tured articles,  of  any  note,  produced  within  the  territory;  unless,  indeed,  the  operations 
of  the  Mormons 'be  considered  an  exception.  This  unique  and  erratic  people,  at  their  large 
settlement  on  Salt  Lake,  have  erected  various  manufacturing  establishments,  including  grain 
and  lumber  mills,  woollen  factories,  potteries,  &c.  and  are  able  to  construct  most  of  the  farm- 
ing or  domestic  implements,  including  fine  cutlery,  required  for  their  own  use.  This  settle- 
ment, prior  to  the  organization  of  the  territory,  was  called  by  the  colonists  "  the  State  of  Des- 
eret."  The  only  railroad  yet  projected  in  that  country  is  to  be  forthwith  commenced  here,  to 
extend  from  Mormon  city  eastward,  to  the  base  of  a  mountain,  where  are  extensive  stone 
quarries.  The  chief  purpose  of  the  road  is  to  convey  stone  and  other  materials  into  the  city, 
for  building. 

But  little  is  known  of  the  present  condition  and  numbers  of  the  native  tribes  that  are  con- 
stantly roaming  through  this  and  the  neighboring  regions.  The  character  of  these  wanderers, 
generally,  is  no  better  than  that  of  the  wildest  Arabs  or  Hottentots.  Attempts  are  in 


144 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


progress  to  treat  with  some  of  the  more  approachable  among  them ;  and,  where  they  can  be 
reduced  to  a  state  less  inconsistent  with  the  true  objects  of  human  existence  by  no  other 
means,  large  bounties  in  lands,  or  "  tribute  money,"  will  doubtless  be  resorted  to  by  the  gen- 
eral government. 

Excepting  the  colony  composing  the  Mormon  settlement,  and  the  occupants  of  the  few 
armed  stations  established  by  the  United  States,  with  perhaps  an  occasional  ranche.ro  occupied 
by  Roman  Catholic  missionaries,  there  are  no  white  or  civilized  inhabitants  among  the  popu- 
lation of  Utah.  At  all  events,  the  enumeration  is  not  yet  completed ;  for  Congress,  by  a  sup- 
plement to  the  act  for  taking  the  seventh  census,  foreseeing  the  difficulty  of  completing  the 
same  within  the  State  of  California,  and  the  Territories  of  Oregon,  New  Mexico,  and  Utah,  by 
the  originally  specified  time,  has  authorized  an  extension  of  the  period,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
secretary  of  the  interior.  Years  may  therefore  elapse  before  the  completion  of  this  work. 

The  climate  of  Utah  is  in  general  more  mild  than  that  of  the  states  on  the  east  included  within 
the  same  latitudes.  Upon  the  sterile  deserts  in  the  central  and  southern  parts,  the  summer 
heats  are  intense,  and  the  climate  sickly.  Nearer  the  more  fertile  districts  on  the  west,  the 
temperature  is  equable,  with  less  difference  between  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  than  is 
usually  the  case  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  The  elevated  lands,  to  a  certain  height,  are  consid- 
ered very  healthy  ;  but  travellers  upon  the  mountain  summits  have  frequently  been  attacked 
by  fatal  fevers  and  other  alarming  maladies.  In  the  north,  the  winters  are  sufficiently  mod- 
erate to  admit  of  hydraulic  operations  throughout  most  of  the  season. 

The  only  religious  organization,  if  it  can  be  so  called,  which  is  now  maintained  in  the  terri- 
tory, is  that  of  the  Mormons,  or  "  Latter  Day  Saints."  Besides  their  establishment  at  Salt 
Lake,  they  have  formed  a  colony  in  Iron  county,  about  250  miles  south,  among  the  high  lands 
near  the  boundary  of  New  Mexico ;  a  position,  around  which  the  country  is  well  wooded  and 
watered,  abounding  in  iron  ore,  and  promising  plenty  of  coal.  See  Salt  Lake  City,  Appen- 
dix, No.  2. 


VERMONT.  The  territory  which  is  now  included  in  the  State  of  Vermont,  and  which  lies 
between  Lower  Canada,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  and  New  York,  was,  for  a  long  time 
after  the  surrounding  settlements  were  made,  in  great  measure  unexplored  by  Europeans.  In 
its  vicinity,  Canada  was  the  first  known  and  peopled  by  them,  and  a  settlement  was  then  made 
by  the  Dutch  at  Aurania,  now  Albany,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson.  Then  followed  the 
settlements  along  the  New  England  shores ;  but  a  considerable  period  elapsed  before  they 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — VERMONT.  145 

penetrated  the  interior,  and,  consequently,  that  interior  was  hardly  marked  but  by  marauding 
parties  of  Indians,  and  the  footsteps  of  their  unfortunate  captives. 

It  is  not  found  that  any  large  body  of  the  natives  was  cantoned  within  the  present  limits  of 
the  state.  There  was,  indeed,  a  tribe  bearing  the  name  of  Coossucks  in  the  north-east  part 
of  it ;  *  but  these  were  inconsiderable  in  number,  and  hardly  known  in  the  records  of  warfare, 
being  surrounded,  although  at  no  little  distance,  by  larger  tribes.  These  tribes  consisted,  in 
the  first  place,  of  the  Five  or  Six  Confederated  Nations,  at  the  head  of  whom  figured  the 
Mohawks.  Among  the  French  they  bore  the  name  of  Iroquois,  and  had  at  an  early  period 
become  their  enemies,  connecting  themselves  successively  with  the  Dutch  and  English  of 
New  York,  and  adhering  to  their  interests  with  great  fidelity  for  more  than  a  century  and  a 
half.  The  territory  occupied  by  them,  although  denominated  Canadian  by  Golden,  in  1747, 
was  included  within  the  present  boundaries  of  New  York,  being  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  the  lakes,  although  their  conquests  extended  far  to  the  north  and  north-west.  They 
were  the  terror  of  other  tribes,  yet  seem  never  to  have  settled  to  the  eastward  of  the  Hudson, 
and  the  beautiful  lake  which  was  once  denominated  from  them,  but  now  has  the  name  of 
ChamplainJ 

The  Indians  who  were  in  alliance  with  the  French  of  Canada  were  principally  the  Algonkins, 
otherwise  called  Jldirondacks,  a  tribe  between  whom  and  the  Iroquois  there  were  frequent 
wars,  the  result  of  hostilities  previous  to  the  arrival  of  Europeans.!  Whether  or  not  the  tribe 
denominated  of  St.  Francis,  as  residing  on  the  banks  of  that  river,  were  of  Algonkin  or  more 
eastern  derivation,  or  whether  connected  with  the  Coossucks  or  not,  is  not  clear.  Charlevoix 
describes  them  as  Abenakis,  who  had  left  their  brethren  of  the  east,  and  migrated  to  Canada 
for  the  benefit  of  an  alliance  with  the  French. 

On  the  south-east  and  south,  the  Indians  of  the  other  New  England  States,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut,  inhabited  mostly  the  sea-coast,  and 
appear  to  have  greatly  dreaded  the  warlike  character  and  prowess  of  the  Mohawks.  On  the 
east  were  the  Abenakis,  Etechemins,  and  Micmacs,  attracted  also  to  the  sea-shore,  doubtless 
by  the  facility  of  procuring  thence  a  portion  of  their  provisions. 

Thus  it  would  seem  that  the  interior  country  which  now  forms  Vermont  was,  as  it  were,  a 
thoroughfare  between  powerful  contending  Indian  nations  or  tribes,  without  being  conspicuous 
as  the  seat  of  any  considerable  body  of  natives.  It  was  traversed,  rather  than  settled  by  them ; 
its  water  conveyances  north  and  south  admitting  also  an  easy  navigation  by  their  canoes ;  and 
hence,  in  the  remote  periods  of  native  history,  has  little  that  requires  or  can  repay  research. 
This  is  an  observable  peculiarity. 

Another  circumstance,  which  still  more  strikingly  characterizes  the  country,  is  the  history 
of  the  claims  made  on  its  territory  by  the  states  with  which  it  is  environed.  To  enter  minutely 
into  this  history  is  no  aim  of  the  present  work.  But  without  adverting  to  it,  our  account 
would  be  exceedingly  incomplete,  as  it  tended  not  a  little  to  mould  the  character  of  the  inhab- 
itants. For,  in  the  process  of  settling  the  country,  the  lamentable  conflicting  of  claims,  as 
will  be  seen,  imposed  severe  hardships  on  the  enterprising  men  who  ventured  to  leave  the 
older  settlements,  and  form  in  the  wilderness  homes  for  their  growing  families.  Many  a  town 
contains  in  its  rural  bury  ing-place  the  remains  of 

"  Some  village  Hampden,  who,  with  dauntless  breast, 
The  little  tyrant  of  his  fields  withstood ;  " 

since,  as  successive  claimants  pressed  their  demands,  the  inhabitants  were  compelled  to 

*  See  a  description  of  this  tribe  of  Indians  in  Mr.  Thompson's  very  valuable  "  History  of  Vermont, 
Natural,  Civil,  and  Statistical." 

f  Holmes^  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  141.  This  name  was  given  in  1611,  three  years  after  Champlain  had 
founded  Quebec.  See  also  Dunlap's  Hist,  of  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  19. 

*  See  Colden,  Hist,  of  the  Five  Nations,  Part  I.,  and  the  excellent  "  Synopsis  of  the  Indian  Tribes," 
by  the  Hon.  Mr.  Gallatin,  published  in  the  Coll.  of  the  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc.  vol.  ii.,  where  the  Adirondacks 
are  characterized  as  of  the  "  family  "  of  Algonkm-Lenape. 

19 


146  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

repurchase  their  farms  or  leave  them,  suffering  over  again  the  grievances  which  disgraced  the 
government  of  Andros,  and  ended  in  his  seizure  and  confinement  by  the  injured  and  enraged 
people.*  His  arbitrary  cupidity,  in  which  he  but  too  faithfully  imitated  his  worthless  master, 
the  bigoted  and  tyrannical  James  II.,  set  an  unhappy  example,  which  yet  was  followed,  and 
produced  a  hardihood  of  opposition  that  nerved  the  men  of  Vermont  to  daring  actions. 

When  the  country  which  forms  the  sea-coast  of  New  England  began  to  be  settled  from 
Europe,  the  claim  of  Massachusetts  to  territory  was  extended  to  "  three  miles  north  of  the 
River  Merrimac."  Casting  one's  eye  on  the  map,  it  is  easy  to  perceive,  that  a  line  drawn  due 
west  from  this  northern  boundary,  as  it  is  fonned  by  the  bend  of  the  river  towards  the  north, 
not  far  from  its  mouth,  would  cut  off  a  considerable  portion  of  the  southern  part  of  what  now 
constitutes  Vermont.  The  Massachusetts  government,  therefore,  when  it  extended  its  cares 
to  the  security  of  the  northern  frontiers  against  the  Indians  of  Canada,  without  any  hesitation 
or  doubt,  as  it  seerns,  formed,  in  1723,  a  lodgment  in  what  is  now  Brattleborough,  on  the 
western  bank  of  Connecticut  River.  There,  during  the  distressing  war  with  the  natives,  aided 
by  the  French,  then:  instigators,  which  spread  such  terror  and  desolation  along  the  borders  of 
the  settlements  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  as  well  as  Massachusetts,  a  fort  was  constructed 
by  Lieutenant  Governor  Dummer,  of  the  latter  state,  which  received  his  name,  and  the  next 
year  a  settlement  followed.  This  was  the  first  English  settlement  within  the  limits  of 
Vermont.f 

But  although  the  frontier  towards  Canada  was  thus  extended,  and,  under  the  shelter  of  a 
fort,  the  labors  of  clearing  and  cultivating  the  land  appeared  practicable,  yet  the  country  was 
by  no  means  in  a  state  of  security.  We  must  never  forget  that  American  colonists  were  from 
different  nations.  Spaniards,  we  know,  peopled  the  southern  part  of  the  continent,  or  overran 
it  with  their  merciless  troops,  at  an  early  period  after  its  discovery  by  Columbus.  And,  jeal- 
ous as  they  ever  were  of  any  encroachment  on  their  power,  wealth,  or  influence,  they  would 
not  have  left  "  the  bleak,  inhospitable  north  "  to  France  or  England,  each  of  which  nations  took 
a  portion  of  it,  had  they  discovered  in  it  any  gold,  which,  as  the  commodity  most  available  for 
immediate  use,  and  soonest  adapted  to  the  gratification  of  eager  avarice,  they  chiefly  sought, 
By  Papal  permission  and  decree,  they  claimed  all  America.  But  France  resisted  this  claim, 
and  labored  to  form  there  an  empire  of  her  own ;  and  Charlevoix,  the  historian  of  it,  boasts  its 
extent  as  "  greater  than  all  Europe,"  }  although  the  proud  Spaniard  termed  it  "  of  nothing 
worth."  §  This  empire  she  exerted  herself  to  establish  and  enlarge  by  all  practicable  means. 
Among  these  was  the  employment  of  a  religious  influence  over  the  minds  of  the  natives. 
Hence,  in  no  inconsiderable  degree,  the  efforts  of  her  able,  sagacious,  indefatigable  mission- 
aries, most  if  not  all  of  whom  were  Jesuits,  bound  to  an  implicit  obedience  to  their  head,  eager 
to  extend  to  heathen  nations  the  papal  sway,  which  had  suffered  so  much  from  Luther  and  the 
reformation,  and  expecting  to  merit  everlasting  life  by  their  exertions  and  sacrifices  in  spread- 
ing the  triumphs  of  their  faith ;  at  the  same  time  looking  on  the  English  as  heretics,  beyond 
the  pale  of  the  church,  and  so  doomed  to  everlasting  perdition.  Religious  bigotry,  and  hatred, 
and  contempt  were  all  combined,  in  their  almost  unmitigated  hostility ;  the  full  spirit  of  which 
seemed  imparted  to  their  native  converts,  in  addition  to  their  own  savage  propensities  and 
habits.  Can  we  wonder,  then,  at  the  dread  of  Indian  warfare  that  pervaded  the  frontier  settle- 
ments of  New  England  on  the  north  ? 

It  must,  however,  be  observed,  that  if  treachery  and  cunning  marked  the  Indian,  as  sensible 
of  his  disadvantages  in  open  warfare  with  his  foes  of  European  origin ;  and  breach  of  promise, 
and  cruelty,  and  revenge,  too  often  distinguished  the  Romanist,  and  led  him  also  to  Connive 
at  and  permit  in  his  Indian  subjects  and  allies  atrocities  at  which  Christian  civilization  shud- 
ders ;  there  was  yet  no  disposition  in  the  Puritans  of  New  England  to  view  with  favor  the 
character  or  conduct  of  a  Papist.  The  very  name  was  odious. 

Vermont,  then,  as  a  "thoroughfare"  between  nations  of  different  origin,  pursuits,  and 

*  See  Hutchinson's  Hist.  Mass.,  &c.  f  Holmes's  Amer.  Annals,  I.  p.  531. 

J  Hist,  de  la  Nouv.  France,  1. 1.  p.  1.  $  The  import  of  the  name  "  Canada." 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  VERMONT.  147 

interests,  attractive  as  it  was  from  its  fertility  and  adaptedness  to  the  purposes  of  agriculture 
and  grazing,  could  not  be  occupied  by  peaceful  farmers  while  the  surrounding  populations 
were  struggling  for  mastery.  Nor  did  the  impediments  end  even  here. 

The  French,  in  ITSl^erected  a  fort  on  the  eastern  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  towards  its 
southern  extremity ;  but  they  soon  demolished  it,  and  chose  a  position  on  the  western  side,  where 
they  built  the  celebrated  fortress  generally  called  Crown  Point,  although  named  by  themselves 
Fort  St.  Frederic.  Their  object  was,  to  facilitate  their  way  to  the  Six  Nations,  whether  for 
war  or  proselytism,  and  to  their  own  possessions  on  the  Mississippi  beyond  them,  in  order  to 
environ  ultimately  the  English  colonists,  and  confine  them  to  the  Atlantic  coast.  The  lake 
and  its  water  communications  were  familiar  to  them,  therefore,  and  highly  valued.  But  on  the 
land,  it  would  seem,  they  had  not  leisure  to  make  permanent  settlements ;  nor,  perhaps,  any 
present  inducement,  at  such  distance  from  their  capital,  and  under  other  circumstances  of  the 
case.  Meanwhile,  as  the  lands  of  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  became  occupied  by  the 
posterity  of  the  first  settlers,  new  fields  of  labor  were  sought.  Applications  were  therefore 
made  to  the  government  of  the  latter  state,  by  several  of  its  inhabitants,  who  associated  for  the 
purpose,  and  a  grant  was  made  them  to  the  northward  of  Fort  Duinmer,  and  on  the  eastern 
side  of  Connecticut  River.  This  was  in  1735,  and  the  settlement  took  the  name  of  No.  4, 
afterwards  called  Charlestown.  But  not  ten  years  elapsed  before  war  was  again  rife  between 
England  and  France ;  and  in  1746  this  settlement  was  attacked  by  Canadian  Indians,*  and, 
for  the  time,  ruined.  Nevertheless,  the  spirit  of  the  early  settlers  was  unbroken.  They  re- 
turned, built  again,  cultivated  their  lands  afresh,  although  with  their  Aveapons  beside  them : 
were  again  and  again  attacked,  waylaid,  several  of  them  made  captives  and  sold  in  Canada ; 
and  thus  persevered,  with  unabated  zeal  and  bravery,  through  all  their  severe  trials,  until  their 
efforts  were,  in  the  good  providence  of  the  God  of  their  fathers,  crowned  with  success. 

It  is  almost  impracticable,  in  these  times  of  ease  and  security,  to  appreciate  justly  the  hard- 
ships undergone  by  those  who  "  made  the  wilderness  to  smile  and  blossom."  Especially  may 
this  remark  be  made  in  reference  to  Vermont,  although  applicable  far  more  extensively. 

But,  added  to  the  hardships  attending  the  subduing  of  the  soil,  and  to  "  the  sword  of  the 
wilderness,"  in  the  "  peril "  of  which  they  often  "  gat  their  bread,"  the  disputes  concerning 
titles  to  the  land  itself,  to  which  we  have  before  alluded,  occasioned  peculiar  trouble.  The 
boundarjr  line  between  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire  was  not  settled  until  March  5, 
1740,  when  it  was  established  by  George  II.,  to  whom  applications  had  been  made  for  that 
purpose,  in  the  manner  in  which  it  has  since  been  preserved,  and  n<4w  exists.f  On  the  estab- 
lishment of  this  line,  it  appeared  but  reasonable  to  all  parties  that  New  Hampshire  should 
extend  on  the  west  as  Massachusetts  extended  in  that  quarter ;  and  hence  her  claim  to  the 
lands  west  of  the  Connecticut,  and  north  of  the  Massachusetts  line.  Grants  were  therefore 
made  by  the  governor  of  New  Hampshire  without  scruple,  and  as  the  courage  or  necessities 
of  settlers  might  prompt  their  applications.  In  this  manner  the  territory  of  Bennington  was 
granted,  in  1749,  and  other  grants  followed. 

Again,  however,  war  intervened ;  and,  from  1754  until  the  final  conquest  of  Canada  by  the 
British  arms,  in  1760,  it  raged  with  various  success,  but  with  great  sacrifices  and  sufferings  on 
the  part  of  frontier  settlers,  exposed  as  they  necessarily  were,  and  furnishing  no  small  number 
of  the  provincial  troops. 

The  return  of  peace  brought  with  its  blessing  still  another  trouble,  in  the  claims  that  arose 
from  a  new  quarter.  The  State  of  New  York,  settled,  as  we  have  seen,  by  the  Dutch,  a  few 
years  after  |  the  French  had  planted  themselves  in  Canada,  had  indeed  long  since  passed  under 
the  dominion  of  England,  being  finally  subdued  in  1664.  But  the  Dutch  had  made  a  small 

*  See  its  interesting  history  in  the  Collections  made  by  Farmer  and  Moore,  &c. 

t  See  Belknap's  N.  H.,  Hutchinson's  Mass.,  and  Williams's  Hist.  Vermont,  2d  ed. 

J  That  is,  in  1609,  at  the  commencement  of  their  twelve  years',  truce  with  Spain,  which  opened  again 
the  way  to  foreign  enterprise.  The  year  1604  is  fixed,  by  Ckarlevoix  and  others,  as  the  time  when  the 
Sieur  de  Monts  and  Samuel  Champlain  completed  the  discovery  of  Canada,  and  took  possession  of  the 
country  for  Henry  IV.  of  France,  almost  a  century  after  the  first  knowledge  of  it  claimed  by  the  French. 


148  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

settlement  for  trading  with  the  nations  on  the  Connecticut,  and,  for  a  considerable  period, 
stoutly  disputed  the  possession  with  the  settlers  from  the  jurisdictions  of  both  Plymouth  and 
Massachusetts^  Indeed,  they  seem  to  have  honestly  purchased  from  the  natives  a  right  to 
the  soil,  with  as  much  scrupulousness  as  the  very  Puritans  at  the  east  of  them.  Their  claim, 
of  a  nature  like  that  of  the  English,  was  made  to  extend,  says  Dunlap,f  "  from  Cape  Cod  to 
Delaware  Bay,  on  the  Atlantic,  including  the  islands  of  the  sea-coast ;  the  River  St.  Law- 
rence seems  to  have  bounded  it  on  the  north;  on  the  south,  some  undefined  line  beyond 
Delaware  Bay  ;  and  west,  it  was  boundless."  Afterwards,  however,  it  was  narrowed  down  to 
the  territory  west  of  the  Fresh  River,  as  they  termed  the  Connecticut.  Mention  is  made  of 
their  purchasing  of  the  Indians  the  territory  between  this  and  the  North  River,  and  "  twenty- 
one  miles  inland ; "  and  De  Laet,  one  of  their  early  historians,  J  dwells  on  the  pleasantness 
and  fertility  of  the  country,  visited  after  Hudson,  by  Adrian  Block,  in  1614.  Until  recently, 
however,  we  have  had  little  knowledge  concerning  the  voyages  of  the  Dutch  navigators. 
Honor  is  at  length  given,  and  justice  done  them,  in  the  Collections  of  the  New  York  Histori- 
cal Society. 

Without  entering  too  minutely  into  details,  in  this  place,  it  may  be  sufficient  to  remark 
that,  notwithstanding  it  has  been  asserted  by  some,  that  as  early  as  1623  the  Dutch  built  a 
fortress  at  the  present  site  of  Hartford,  yet  Trumbull  §  states  it  to  have  been  as  late  as  1633, 
only  three  years  before  Governor  Haynes  and  Mr.  Hooker  led  their  little  colony  thither. 
Disputes  there  were,  sharp  and  long  continued,  with  respect  to  boundaries.  The  English 
confided  in  their  royal  charter,  and  the  ability  of  their  king  to  sustain  it ;  the  Dutch  in  the 
liberty  granted  them  by  their  high  mightinesses  the  States  General  of  Holland  ;  and  nothing 
but  the  superiority  of  British  power,  which  effected  the  conquest  of  New  York,  and  gave  to 
the  "  colony  of  New  Netherlands  "  a  character,  laws,  alliances,  and  interests  wholly  English, 
prevented  the  establishment  of  a  Dutch  republic  on  these  western  shores.  And  it  admits  of 
question,  whether  true  candor  has,  in  this  country,  been  shown  to  the  claims  of  the  noble- 
spirited  people  who  authorized  and  forwarded  the  founding  of  New  Amsterdam,  "  at  a  time," 
said  a  worthy  descendant  from  them,  "  when  that  nation  [Holland]  had  just  sprung  into  political 
existence,  after  a  long,  bloody,  and  most  glorious  struggle  against  civil  and  religious  tyranny, 
during  which  all  the  energies  of  patriotism,  courage,  and  talents  had  been  suddenly  and 
splendidly  developed."  || 

To  be  brief  in  this  rapid  review,  a  long  period  of  silence  on  the  subject  of  the  Dutch 
claims,  or  the  claims  of  New  York,  in  reference  to  territory  north  of  Massachusetts  and  west 
of  Connecticut  River,  seems  to  have  been  maintained.  This,  perhaps,  was  owing  to  two 
considerations  ;  the  one,  that  already  more  land  was  claimed  and  possessed  than  the  inhabit- 
ants could  occupy  and  cultivate ;  and  the  other,  that  the  northern  frontier  beyond  Massachu- 
setts, open  as  it  was  to  the  invasion  of  the  French  and  their  Indian  allies  or  subjects,  presented 
no  attractions  to  settlers. 

When,  however,  the  establishment  of  peace  removed  the  fears  of  savage  outrage,  and 
rendered  the  subduing  of  the  wilderness  no  longer  a  perilous  enterprise,  "  the  unsettled  lands 
of  the  country  acquired  a  new  value,  and  were  every  where  explored  and  sought  after  by 
speculators  and  adventurers.  None  appeared  more  inviting  than  the  tract  between  Lake 
Champlain  and  Connecticut  River.  The  soil  was  rich  and  fertile,  favorable  in  many  places  to 
the  production  of  grain,  and  in  all  to  grazing  and  the  raising  of  cattle.  It  was  plentifully 
watered  by  streams  and  rivers,  and  abounded  with  necessary  and  useful  timber.  In  such  a 
soil  and  situation,  the  labor  and  hardships  of  a  few  years  could  scarcely  fail  of  producing 
rich  and  valuable  farms,  with  all  the  ease  and  independence  naturally  annexed  to  industry  in 
the  rural  economy  of  life."  H 

Application  being  made,  as  we  have  seen  above,  to  the  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  within 

*  See  Trumbull' s  Connecticut,  and  Dunlap's  Hist.  N.  Y.  f  Hist,  of  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  9. 

J  See  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  pp.  92,  295.  §  Hist,  of  Connecticut,  vol.  i.  p.  21. 

||  See  Verplanck's  Anniversary  Discourse  before  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.,  1818. 

f  Dr.  Williams,  from  whose  account  much  of  what  immediately  follows  is  abridged. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  VERMONT.  149 

whose  territory  this  region  was  supposed  to  lie,  he  proceeded  so  far  to  issue  grants,  that  in  1761 
not  less  than  sixty  townships,  of  six  miles  square,  were  granted  on  the  west  of  Connecticut 
River.  In  one  or  two  years  more,  they  amounted  to  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight ;  keeping 
twenty  miles  east  of  the  Hudson,  so  far  as  that  extended  northward,  and  then  advancing  to 
the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Champlain ;  thus  enriching  the  governor,  who,  besides  the  fees  and 
donations  attending  the  business,  reserved  five  hundred  acres  in  each  township  for  himself. 
This  aroused  New  York.  On  the  28th  of  December,  1763,  the  lieutenant  governor,  Golden, 
issued  a  proclamation,  in  which  he  recited  the  grants  made  to  the  Duke  of  York  by  his  brother, 
Charles  II.,  asserted  their  validity,  claimed  the  jurisdiction  as  far  east  as  Connecticut  River, 
and  commanded  the  sheriff  of  Albany  county  to  return  the  names  of  all  persons  who,  under 
color  of  the  New  Hampshire  grants,  had  taken  possession  of  any  lands  west  of  the  river. 

This  proclamation  Governor  Wentworth  met  by  another,  dated  March  13,  1764,  in  which 
he  declared  the  grant  to  the  Duke  of  York  to  be  obsolete,  and  asserted  that  New  Hampshire 
extended  as  far  west  as  did  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  and  that  the  grants  made  by  New 
Hampshire  would  be  confirmed,  even  should  the  jurisdiction  be  altered.  He  exhorted  the 
settlers  not  to  be  intimidated,  but  to  cultivate  their  lands  with  diligence ;  and  required  the 
civil  officers  to  exercise  jurisdiction  as  far  westward  as  grants  had  been  made,  and  to  punish 
all  disturbers  of  the  peace. 

Two  authorities  were  now  up,  and  a  contest  between  them  might  be  anticipated.  The 
assurances  of  the  New  Hampshire  governor  tended  to  quiet  the  minds  of  the  settlers  ;  but, 
on  the  part  of  New  York,  an  express  application  was  made  to  the  crown.  This  stated  —  on 
\diat  authority  is,  however,  disputed  —  that  the  people  were  desirous  to  be  included  in  that  gov- 
ernment, and  that,  as  the  course  of  business  must  ever  lie  towards  New  York,  it  would  be 
for  the  convenience  and  advantage  of  the  people,  who,  however,  publicly  disowned  the  appli- 
cation afterwards,  to  be  united  to  that  province.  Nevertheless,  it  prevailed  ;  and  the  king,  on 
the  20th  of  July, .1764,  ordered  and  declared  "the  western  banks  of  the  River  Connecticut, 
from  where  it  enters  the  province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay,  as  far  north  as  the  forty-fifth 
degree  of  northern  latitude,  to  be  the  boundary  line  between  the  said  two  provinces  of  New 
Hampshire  and  New  York." 

Nothing  appeared  in  this  decision  to  alarm  the  people.  Concluding  that  their  title  to  the 
lands  they  had  settled  would  be  but  confirmed  by  it,  they  had  no  idea  of  disputing  the  juris- 
diction of  New  York,  or  opposing  its  government.  They  supposed  the  words  "  to  be  "  were 
designed  to  express  the  future,  and  not  to  refer  to  the  past.  But  not  so  did  the  New  York 
government.  "  They  construed  it,"  says  the  historian,  "  as  a  declaration  not  only  of  what  was 
to  be  for  the  time  to  come,  but  of  what  was,  and  always  had  been,  the  eastern  limit  of  New 
York ;  and,  of  consequence,  that  the  grants  which  had  been  made  by  the  governor  of  New 
Hampshire  were  grants  of  what  had  always  belonged  to  New  York,  and  were  therefore 
illegal,  and  of  no  authority."  Letters  had  indeed  passed  between  the  governors  of  New 
Hampshire  and  New  York,  Wentworth  and  Clinton,  concerning  their  respective  boundaries, 
as  early  as  1750,*  notwithstanding  which  the  grants  had  still  been  issued ;  and  it  is  surprising 
to  see  the  confidence  with  which,  on  both  sides,  the  claims  were  pressed.  The  late  eminent 
Chancellor  Kent,f  writing  of  the  dispute,  as  it  was  in  1777,  says,  "  The  inhabitants  of  the  north- 
east part  of  the  state,  (now  Vermont,)  which  had  been  represented  in  the  convention  under  the 
names  of  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Gloucester,  renounced  their  allegiance,  and  set  up 
for  an  independent  state.  On  the  30th  of  June,  in  that  year,  they  were  knocking  at  the  door 
of  Congress  for  a  recognition  of  their  independence,  and  an  admission  into  the  Union."  On 
the  other  hand,  Dr.  Williams,  speaking  of  the  New  York  claim  under  the  grant  to  King 
James,  says,  "  There  were  no  principles,  which  apply  to  human  affairs,  by  which  this  grant 
would  bear  a  strict  examination."  He  terms  it  "  a  blundering  transaction,"  and  says  that  the 
geographical  "  bounds  of  it  were  contradictory,  indefinite,  and  impossible." 

*  Belknap's  Hist.  New  Hampshire,  p.  323,  F.  and  M.'s  ed. 

f  Address  to  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.,  1828.    See  also  Ditnlap,  Hist.  New  York. 


150  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

The  time,  however,  came  for  enforcing  authority;  and  the  government  of  New  York 
required  the  settlers  to  surrender  the  charters  they  had  received  from  New  Hampshire,  and 
take  out  new  grants  from  New  York,  attended  with  great  fees  and  expense.  Some  settlers 
complied,  and  bought  their  lands  a  second  time ;  while  others  absolutely  refused.  Actions 
of  ejectment  followed,  commenced  in  the  courts  of  the  new  counties  which  had  been  formed , 
and  these  were  decided  there  in  favor  of  New  York.  Great  profits  accrued  to  its  rulers  from 
these  measures,  for  the  amount  of  them  was  far  higher  than  the  original  cost  of  the  titles  from 
New  Hampshire. 

But  opposition  was  made  in  cases  where  ejectment  by  official  authority  was  attempted ;  and 
the  settlers,  "  instead  of  being  depressed  into  submission,  seemed  to  derive  new  powers  from 
oppression;  and  the  people,"  says  Dr.  Williams,  "soon  began  to  associate,  to  defend  one 
another  in  their  opposition  to  the  courts  and  officers  of  ]Jew  York."  Ten  years  of  litigation 
and  of  occasional  violence  followed,  of  which  it  is  remarked  by  Belknap,  "  that  although  [the 
dispute]  was  carried  on  with  a  degree  of  virulence  unfriendly  to  the  progress  of  civilization 
and  humanity,  within  the  disputed  territory,  yet  it  called  into  action  a  spirit  of  vigorous  self- 
defence,  and  hardy  enterprise,  which  prepared  the  nerves  of  that  people  for  encountering  the 
dangers  of  a  revolution  more  extensive  and  beneficial." 

Among  the  hardy,  resolute,  and  brave  men  whom  these  difficulties  were  now  nurturing,  few 
became  more  distinguished  than  Seth  Warner  and  Ethan  Allen.  Scenes  of  the  revolutionary 
struggle  were  fast  developing  the  character  of  our  countrymen.  One  and  another  aggression 
of  the  British  ministry,  intent  on  carrying  their  favorite  point,  the  civil  subjection  of  the  colo- 
nies, was  provoking  the  opposition,  not  of  the  New  England  colonies  alone,  but  others  along 
the  Atlantic  border.  The  successful  resistance  to  the  stamp  act  of  1765,  and  which  pro- 
duced its  welcome  repeal,  became  an  encouragement  to  the  friends  of  liberty,  who,  in  various 
ways,  evinced  their  determination  to  m|ke  their  value  and  consequence  known  and  felt  by  the 
mother  country.  Of  these  a  better  appreciation  was  indeed  made  in  that  quarter  than  had 
heretofore  been  entertained.  But  still  the  progress  of  events  conducted  to  an  open  rupture, 
on  the  special  history  of  which  it  is  not  our  object  here  to  enlarge.  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  the 
territory  now  included  in  Vermont  was  very  peculiarly  exposed,  and  the  situation  of  its  inhabit- 
ants in  many  respects  very  singular. 

It  would,  in  fact,  be  difficult  to  produce  a  parallel  to  the  anomalous  state  of  these  settlers 
Their  improvements,  made  on  the  lands  they  had  purchased,  were  effected  at  imminent  peril 
Their  titles  to  the  lands  themselves  had  been  honestly  acquired  on  their  part,  but  were  dis- 
puted by  contending  governments,  which  yet  exercised  over  them  no  effectual  authority,*  and 
the  total  loss  of  them  hazarded.  To  neither  of  these  governments  could  they  appeal  without 
slighting  the  other ;  nor,  consistently  with  their  own  interest,  and  duty  to  their  families,  sub- 
mit to  either.  They  felt,  therefore,  constrained  to  temporize  ;  and  while,  with  the  rest  of  their 
brethren,  they  entered,  as  individually  called  by  an  imperious  sense  of  duty,  into  the  scenes 
of  the  revolution,  they  were  nevertheless  not  unmindful  of  the  peculiarities  of  their  own  case. 

But  it  is  not  to  be  supposed,  as  it  surely  will  not  be  by  any  true  "  Green  Mountain  Boy,"  or 
New  Englander,  that  frontier  settlers,  coming  out  from  such  a  state  of  society  as  had  been 
constituted  originally  by  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  and  handed  down  from  them,  could  consent  to 
live  without  law,  order,  or  those  social  institutions  on  which  order  and  law  depend.  No !  The 
towns,  small  and  exposed  as  they  might  be,  and  struggling,  as  inevitably  they  must,  with  the 
hardships  incident  to  settlements  in  the  wilderness,  cannot  thrive  without  government ;  and 
they  who  are,  at  least  for  a  season,  beyond  reach  of  the  laws  that  govern  the  larger  commu- 
nities, from  which  they  are  providentially  separated,  become  "  a  law  unto  themselves."  They 
have  their  town  meetings  ;  they  decide  on  the  qualifications  of  voters  in  them ;  they  choose 
their  moderator,  their  town  clerk,  their  selectmen,  to  manage  the  affairs  of  their  little,  but,  to 
themselves  and  their  families,  all-important  community.  The  school  and  the  school  committee, 

*  Although  four  counties  had  been  nominally  organized  by  New  York,  two  on  each  side  of  the 
Green  Mountains. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — VERMONT.  151 

the  church  and  its  pastor,  the  constable  and  the  justice  of  the  peace,  must  all  be  included.* 
The  citizen  of  New  England,  place  him  where  you  will,  whether  in  the  Old  Colony  or  Califor- 
nia, in  Vermont  or  Iowa,  cannot  feel  contented  or  happy  until  these  are  all  provided  for  the 
civic  association  of  which  God,  m  his  providence,  has  made  him  a  member ;  and  thanks  be  to 
God  that  a  clear,  sober  view  of  the  real  wants  and  true  interest  of  society  forces  this  just  appre- 
ciation on  so  many  energetic  minds ! 

Still  there  were  many,  doubtless,  who  entered  the  wilderness  of  Vermont,  as  they  have 
other  regions  of  frontier  exposure  and  peril,  without  having  previously  imbibed  a  "  love  of 
things  that  are  excellent "  —  men  of  rude  passions,  uneasy  temperaments,  reckless  of  rule  or 
resolved  to  resist  it,  lawless,  selfish,  and  overbearing.  Such  are  found  in  all  ages  and 
countries.  But  the  progress  to  social  order  either  shakes  them  off,  or  humanizes  them,  or 
neutralizes,  in  time,  their  baleful  influence. 

The  state  of  society  and  the  emergency  of  their  times  have  often  in  our  country  produced 
individuals  of  that  class  which  we  are  early  led  to  admire  in  the  histories  of  ancient  Greece  and 
Rome  —  men  who  become  eminent,  not  for  the  possession  and  cultivation  of  a  single  talent, 
only,  but  for  the  development  of  the  various  powers  bestowed  on  human  nature,  in  their  several 
fair  proportions,  as  the  necessities  of  their  condition  may  demand.  Such,  in  New  Hampshire, 
was  Meshech  Weare  ;  in  Massachusetts,  Elisha  Williams,  characterized  so  justly  and  beau- 
tifully by  Doddridge ;  f  Ashmun  also,  of  whom  one  of  the  "  favored  of  the  Muses  "  J  writes 
that  he  was 

"  A  leader  when  the  blast  of  ruthless  war  swept  by, 
A  teacher  when  the  storm  was  past,  and  guide  to  worlds  on  high." 

And  the  circumstances  which  called  forth  the  vigor  and  courage  of  Warner  and  Allen, 
whose "  names  only  have  been  mentioned  here,  but  on  whose  history  we  cannot  dwell,  brought 
into  active  and  beneficial  exercise  the  talents  and  virtues  of  Thomas  Chittenden,  who,  though 
enjoying  in  early  life  but  few  advantages  of  education,  shone,  nevertheless,  under  the  require- 
ments of  his  trying  times  and  high  office,  and  has  left  a  name  which  posterity  cannot  but  honor, 
as  his  contemporaries  revered  and  loved  it. 

The  anomalous  condition  of  the  settlers,  to  which  allusion  has  been  made,  requires  a  further 
description.  They  had  represented  their  case  to  the  throne  as  early  as  1764 ;  and,  in  1767, 
an  inhibition  was  issued  to  the  governor  of  New  York,  who  was  required  to  desist  from  making 
any  further  grants  until  the  royal  will  should  be  made  known,  "  upon  pain  of  his  majesty's 
highest  displeasure."  This  notwithstanding,  grants  were  made,  and  resisted ;  and  a  series  of 
altercations  excited  so  greatly  the  animosity  of  the  opposite  parties,  that  a  civil  war  must  have 
been  the  issue,  had  not  the  events  which  occurred  at  Lexington  and  Concord,  in  1775,  arrested 
the  attention  of  all,  and  fixed  it  on  the  interests  of  the  whole  country. 

The  seizure  of  Ticonderoga  by  Colonel  Allen  and  his  associates,  of  Crown  Point  by  Colo- 
nel Warner,  and  of  Fort  St.  John  by  Arnold,  soon  gave  to  the  American  forces  the  command 
of  Lake  Champlain  in  its  whole  extent ;  while  the  subsequent  capture  of  Burgoyne,  after  the 
partial  engagements  of  Hubbardton  and  Bennington,  prevented  any  further  fears,  at  least  for  a 
season,  respecting  the  northern  frontier. 

In  the  mean  time,  great  want  was  felt  of  some  well-defined  government  over  the  population 
formed  on  the  "  Grants."  A  Congress  had  been  constituted  of  delegates  from  the  greater 
part  of  the  colonies,  and  held  its  first  session  in  1774.  At  its  second  meeting,  the  next  year, 
a  committee  was  sent  on  to  Philadelphia  to  consult  with  its  members.  On  their  return,  this 
committee,  by  issuing  circulars  and  reporting  the  result  of  their  mission,  prepared  the  way 
for  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the  several  towns,  which  had  now  become  accustomed  for 
some  time  to  act  together  for  mutual  defence.  This  convention  met  on  the  16th  of  January, 

*  These  were,  in  fact,  the  principles  on  which  the  original  grants  from  the  New  Hampshire  govern- 
ment were  constructed.    See  the  copy  of  one  in  Thompson's  Hist,  of  Vermont,  2d  part,  p.  224. 
f  Quoted  by  Dr.  Allen,  in  his  Am.  Biogr.  and  Hist.  Diet. 
J  Mrs.  Sigourney,  id. 


152  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

1776,  and  presented  its  petition  to  Congress ;  but  this  was  subsequently  withdrawn,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  recommendation  to  submit  for  the  present  to  New  York ;  and  finally,  after  other 
preparatory  steps,  the  territory  was  declared,  January  15,  1777,  a  free  and  independent  state, 
assuming  the  picturesque  name  of  Vermont. 

This  important  measure  was  taken  with  great  firmness,  moderation,  and  unanimity.  Yet  it 
was  followed,  as  under  existing  circumstances  might  have  been  anticipated,  by  opposition  on 
the  part  of  New  York,  petitioning  the  Congress  not  to  acknowledge  the  act ;  and  on  the  part 
of  New  Hampshire,  claiming  several  of  the  towns  which  had  embodied  themselves  in  the  new 
state.  Nor  was  it  until  after  a  variety  of  changes,  and  much  negotiation,  of  which  the  details 
might  fill  a  volume,*  that  these  external  concerns  were  adjusted,  and  Vermont  became  an 
integral  part  of  the  new  American  Union.  That  happy  event  took  place,  after  a  satisfactory 
settlement  of  all  disputes  with  the  states  both  of  New  Hampshire  and  New  York,  March  4, 
1791.  The  general  history  of  the  state  since  is  blended  with  that  of  the  nation. 

Under  all  their  difficulties  and  embarrassments,  in  the  adjustment  of  land  titles,  the  subduing 
of  the  wilderness,  the  arrangement  of  their  political  concerns,  and  the  horrors  of  warfare,  the 
inhabitants  had  not  neglected  the  claims  of  religion  and  good  learning.  The  settlement  of 
the  ministry  in  the  small  towns,  as  they  were  successively  formed  and  grew  able  to  sustain  it, 
was  followed  up  with  a  good  degree  of  zeal  and  perseverance.  The  condition  of  society 
seemed  to  require,  and  effectually  obtained,  a  free  toleration  of  religious  sentiments,  with  no 
distinction  in  the  claims  of  sect  or  denomination.  An  entire  sundering  of  bonds  between  the 
church  and  the  state  was  accomplished,  and  the  result  has  seemed  to  show  that  then  the 
religion  of  the  gospel  flourished  best,  when  left  to  its  own  heavenly  resources,  and  the  zealous 
love  and  efforts  of  its  sincere  friends ;  human  laws  being  only  then  appealed  to,  when  infrac- 
tions of  special  civil  compacts  rendered  such  appeal  needful.  Hence  absolute  contracts  for 
the  support  of  the  ministry  can  be  exacted  by  law,  but  the  law  does  not  compel  any  to  form 
such  contracts.!  Revivals  of  the  power  of  religion  have  not  been  unusual.  Nearly  20,000 
communicants  were  found  in  June,  1848,  connected  with  the  189  churches  embodied  in  the 
"  General  Convention  of  Congregational  Ministers  and  Churches,"  which  then  held  its  session 
at  Brandon4  And  the  statistics  of  other  denominations,  which  are  found  in  this  state,  as  in 
the  rest  of  New  England,  bear  comparison  with  this  result. 

For  the  cause  of  education  Vermont  has  done  nobly ;  and  she  deserves  the  high  honor 
of  being  ranked  among  the  few  governments  that  have  wisely  discerned  and  followed  out  with 
energy  the  permanent  welfare  of  those  who  sustain  them.  The  school  system  of  the  other 
New  England  states  has  been  introduced  into  Vermont,  where  upwards  of  2400  district 
schools  are  maintained  by  a  local  tax  levied  by  the  inhabitants  on  themselves,  and  attended 
by  upwards  of  50,000  pupils  —  being  a  sixth  part  of  the  whole  number  of  inhabitants  ;  and 
besides  these  schools,  the  state  has  from  time  to  time'  chartered  a  large  number  of 
academies  ;  several  of  which,  however,  have  since  ceased  to  exist,  while  several 
among  them  are  sustained  by  different  religious  denominations  and  private  bene- 
factions. 

To  crown  this  system,  Vermont  has  a  "  State  University  "  at  Burlington,  now  in  a  flourishing 
condition,  and  a  college  at  Middlebury,  possessing  at  least  equal  advantages.  Both  are  high 
in  public  favor ;  the  latter  being  attended  by  about  100  pupils,  the  former  by  70.  There  is 
also  a  medical  college. 

Medical  societies,  and  societies  for  benevolent  purposes,  have  been  greatly  multiplied  in  the 
state.  Its  agriculture,  manufactures,  and,  by  means  of  Lake  Champlain,  its  navigation  also, 
have  been  encouraged,  developed,  and  become  greatly  successful.  As  yet,  no  state  survey 

*  See,  however,  for  the  particulars,  either  Dr.  Williams' s  History,  or  the  clear  though  brief  exhibition 
of  all  these  transactions,  consecutively,  in  Thompson's  Vermont,  Part  II. 

f  See  Graham's  Sketches. 

J  See  the  Minutes  of  that  Convention,  printed  at  "Windsor,  where  is  established  ils  Religious  Journal. 
The  first  newspaper  in  the  state  was  published  in 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  VIRGINIA.  153 

of  its  geology  has  been  completed ;  but  the  progress  of  its  railroads,  so  vigorously  prosecuted, 
and  promising  such  advantages  in  bringing  the  riches  of  the  west  to  the  sea-coast,  will  doubt- 
less make  apparent  also,  at  an  early  period,  the  worth  of  such  a  measure. 

In  1842  began  the  celeBVation  of  Forefathers'  Day  ;*  and  that  whatever  was  commendable 
in  their  character  and  spirit  may,  under  the  blessing  of  their  and  our  God,  flourish  in  this 
now  thriving  state,  is  our  hearty  wish  and  prayer. 


VIRGINIA  is  the  northernmost,  save  one,  of  that  division  of  the  United  States  usually 
denominated  the  Southern  States.  It  lies  between  lat.  36°  33'  and  40°  43'  north,  and  extends 
from  75°  25'  to  83°  40'  of  west  longitude.  Its  length,  from  east  to  west,  is  370*miles  ;  its 
greatest  breadth  200 ;  and  its  exact  area  is  officially  stated  at  61,352  square  miles,  f  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Pennsylvania  ;  on  the  north-east  by  the  River  Potomac,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Maryland ;  on  the  east  by  the  waters  of  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean : 
on  the  south  by  North  Carolina  and  a  part  of  Tennessee  ;  on  the  west  by  Kentucky ;  and  on 
the  north-west  by  Ohio. 

Having  been  the  seat  of  the  earliest  English  settlement  permanently  established  in  North 
America,  Virginia  ranks  as  the  eldest,  of  the  thirteen  colonies  originally  compacted  into  the 
republic  of  the  United  States ;  and  is  therefore  worthy  of  the  frequently-bestowed  appellation 
of  "the  Old  Dominion."  The  present  name  of  the  state  was  conferred  by  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  in  compliment  to  the  maiden  queen,  by  whom,  in  1584,  he  had  been  empowered  "  to 
search  for  remote  heathen  lands,  not  inhabited  by  Christian  people,"  and  to  have  and  hold,  in 
fee  simple,  all  the  soil  within  200  leagues  of  any  places  which  should  become,  within  six 
years,  the  fixed  residences  of  his  companions,  the  crown  reserving  to  itself  one  fifth  part  of 
all  the  precious  metals  that  might  be  obtained.  Under  this  authority,  between  the  years  1584 
and  1588,  Sir  Walter  fitted  out  several  vessels,  the  first  two  of  which  touched  at  an  island  on 
the  coast  of  what  is  now  North  Carolina ;  but  of  the  number  or  fate  of  the  adventurers  there 


*  Boston  Recorder  of  January  12,  1849. 

t  Some  geographers  give  220  miles  as  its  extent  from  north  to  south,  and  estimate  the  area  at 
70,000  square  miles.  At  the  close  of  the  American  revolution,  according  to  Mr.  Jefferson,  the  bounda- 
ries of  Virginia,  commencing  at  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  reaching  758  miles  to  the  River  Mississippi, 
with  an  average  breadth  of  about  223  miles,  included  an  area  of  no  less  than  121,525  square  miles, 
being  "  one  third  larger  than  the  Islands  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland." 
20 


154  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

supposed  to  have  been  left,  no  satisfactory  account  has  since  appeared.    The  second  fleet, 
consisting  of  seven  "  ships,"  landed  107  men  upon  the  Island  of  Roanoke,  in  1585. 

In  the  two  following  years,  further  supplies,  amounting,  respectively,  to  50  and  150  men,  were 
sent  by  Raleigh,  accompanied  by  a  governor  and  12  assistants,  with  a  charter  of  incorpora- 
tion. Though  instructed  to  settle  on  Chesapeake  Bay,  they  disembarked  at  a  more  southerly 
point ;  and  their  subsequent  destiny,  like  that  of  their  predecessors,  is  involved  in  mystery. 

These  attempts  of  Raleigh  and  his  coadjutors  to  obtain  a  secure  and  solid  foothold  among 
the  then  hostile  natives  having  successively  failed,  and  the  funds  of  the  projector  having 
suffered  to  the  extent  of  £40,000  sterling,  resort  was  had  to  the  assistance  of  other  capitalists. 
Accordingly,  in  1589,  Sir  Walter  transferred  a  portion  of  his  interest  in  the  grant  from  Queen 
Elizabeth  to  an  association  of  merchants  in  London.  A  few  additional  adventurers  were  sent 
in  the  course  of  the  two  or  three  succeeding  years.  But  in  1603,  the  attainder  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  terminated  his  efforts  and  his  anxieties  in  behalf  of  his  favorite  plan.  In  1607,  Sir 
Thomas  Gates  and  others  obtained  a  new  grant  from  King  James  I. ;  *  which  grant,  in  1609, 
was  superseded  by  letters  patent  of  the  same  king,  incorporating  the  Earl  of  Salisbury  and 
his  associates  as  "  the  Treasurer  and  Company  of  Adventurers  and  Planters  of  the  City  of 
London,  for  the  first  Colony  of  Virginia."  The  most  ample  powers  in  the  premises  were 
hereby  conferred,  and  were  even,  three  years  afterwards,  enlarged,  by  an  additional  grant  of 
all  the  islands  lying  between  the  30th  and  41st  degrees  of  north  latitude,  and  within  300 
leagues  of  the  parts  before  granted. 

The  fact  of  the  merging  of  all  former  grants  in  that  to  the  Earl  of  Salisbury  is  derived 
from  statements  of  Mr.  Jefferson.  Other  authorities  make  mention  of  two  chartered  compa- 
nies, to  each  of  which  was  assigned  an  immense  tract,  called,  respectively,  South  and  North 
Virginia ;  the  former  reaching  from  latitude  34°  to  38°  north,  including  the  present  compara- 
tively contracted  area  of  the  state;  the  latter  f  comprising  the  territory  lying  between  the  paral- 
lels of  41°  and  45°  north.  Sir  Francis  Drake  and  Sir  Richard  Grenville  appear  to  have  been 
among  those  engaged  in  the  unfortunate  adventures  under  Raleigh's  charter,  prior  to  the 
commencement  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  little  band  of  107  persons,  who  were  ulti- 
mately successful  in  the  attempt  to  colonize  the  new  world,  embarked  from  England  in  three 
small  vessels,  early  in  the  year  1607.  This  expedition  was  commanded  by  Captain  Christo- 
pher Newport,  with  whom  were  also  associated  the  celebrated  Captains  John  Smith  and  Bar- 
tholomew Gosnold.  Their  destination  was  the  Island  of  Roanoke,  previously  visited  by 
Raleigh's  men,  as  above  related ;  but  adverse  weather  drove  them  into  Chesapeake  Bay, 
whence  they  ascended  James  River  some  50  miles  to  an  eligible  spot,  where  they  took  up 
their  abode,  naming  it  Jamestown,  in  honor  of  their  reigning  sovereign.  This  place,  there- 
fore, though  still  of  inconsiderable  magnitude  or  importance,  and  greatly  dilapidated,  is 
entitled  to  the  reputation  of  being  the  most  ancient  of  the  Anglo-American  settlements  ;  and 
may  be  regarded,  in  a  great  degree,  as  the  germ  of  that  vast  empire,  which,  after  a  lapse  of 
less  than  two  and  a  half  centuries,  has  spread  itself  over,  and  brought  within  the  pale  of 
civilization,  nearly  a  tithe  of  the  habitable  globe. 

It  cannot  be  disguised  that  the  first  settlers  of  Virginia  were  actuated  by  motives  of  a 
nature  somewhat  more  worldly  than  those  which  influenced  their  fellow-colonists  of  New 
England.  The  reported  natural  wonders  of  these  new  and  strange  regions,  and  the  anticipated 
acquisition  of  immense  treasures  of  gold  and  silver,  were  the  predominant  stimuli  to  their 
curiosity  and  their  zeal.  It  seems  not  to  have  entered  into  their  calculations,  that  they  might 
be  doomed  to  encounter  innumerable  trials,  privations,  and  dangers ;  or  that  their  sufferings  in 
the  midst  of  an  unmeasured  wilderness,  surrounded  and  beset  by  pitiless  barbarians,  would 
constitute  the  miserable  and  almost  sole  fruits  of  their  too  sanguine  hopes.  The  early  history 
of  Virginia  is  replete  with  affecting  and  interesting  events,  embracing  many  remarkable  and 
romantic  incidents.  The  frequent  collisions  of  the  emigrants  with  the  treacherous  and  preda- 

*  It  was  under  this  grant  that  the  first  effectual  settlement,  at  Jamestown,  was  made, 
f  Subsequently  named  New  England,  by  Prince  Charles,  (afterwards  Charles  I.,)  1614. 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  — VIRGINIA.  155 

tory  hordes  around  them,  gave  rise  to  numerous  memorable  deeds  of  heroism  and  magnanim- 
ity, as  well  as  to  no  less  a  number  of  acts  of  cruel  oppression  and  sanguinary  atrocity.  On 
the  one  hand,  although  pillage,  assassination,  and  every  species  of  outrage  signalized  the 
course  of  the  lawless  savage,  the  conduct  of  the  civilized  settlers  themselves  towards  their 
untamed  neighbors  was  not  always  the  most  just,  humane,  or  politic.  After  a  few  years  of 
perseverance  and  endurance,  however,  the  latter  succeeded  in  establishing  themselves  as  a 
permanent  community,  through  the  aid  of  several  fortunate  circumstances  which  occurred  in 
the  lifetime  of  Powhatan,  the  celebrated  and  powerful  Indian  chief.  To  his  singularly 
acquired  friendship,  the  colony  was  at  one  time  mainly  indebted  for  its  exemption  from  total 
extermination.  His  daughter,  Pocahontas,  after  her  generous  rescue  of  Captain  Smith  from 
imminent  death,  married  a  Mr.  Rolfe,  a  respectable  planter,  subsequently  went  to  England 
with  her  husband,  where  she  was  honored  with  marks  of  the  highest  consideration ;  and  thus  a 
foundation  was  laid  for  the  restoration  of  amity  between  the  contending  parties,  which  con- 
tinued, with  a  few  sad  interruptions,  for  a  long  period.* 

The  curse  of  slavery,  so  lamentably  entailed  upon  this  otherwise  favored  region,  and  which, 
at  the  present  remote  date,  is  a  source  of  bitter  controversy,  if  not  of  incalculable  danger  to 
the  whole  American  nation,  originated  with  the  landing  of  some  twenty  negroes  from  a  Dutch 
vessel,  and  the  selling  of  them  into  perpetual  bondage,  at  about  the  time  of  the  advent  of  the 
Plymouth  "  Pilgrims."  This  evil,  which  has  since  grown  in  magnitude  and  enormity  to  an 
extent  scarcely  reducible  by  human  power,  is  a  source  of  regret  to  the  best  portion  of  the 
people  of  Virginia,  as  well  as  one  of  angry  remonstrance  and  censure  on  the  part  of  many 
other  members  of  the  Union.f 

The  original  limits  of  Virginia  nave,  at  various  periods,  and  under  divers  circumstances, 
been  materially  circumscribed.  In  the  early  period  of  its  colonial  existence,  its  boundaries 
had  never  been  accurately  defined.  It  was  an  immense  unexplored  wilderness,  to  all  appear- 
ance illimitable,  especially  on  the  north  and  west,  and  confined  by  no  natural  barrier  then 
known  to  its  new  residents.  As  the  population  multiplied,  and  spread  itself  into  the  interior, 
and  along  the  coast,  to  points  remote  from  the  seat  of  government,  legislation  upon  local 
affairs  became  difficult,  and  the  management  of  the  general  interests  grew  unwieldy.  With 
this  advance  of  civilization  in  every  direction  arose  the  necessity  of  forming  new  and  distinct 
communities.  Thus,  from  time  to  time,  large  portions  of  territory,  with  their  inhabitants,  were 
set  off  from  the  parent  commonwealth,  made  independent  of  the  latter,  and  endowed  with  the 
prerogative  of  establishing  then*  own  constitutions  and  laws.  Most  of  the  circumjacent 
regions,  since  erected  into  states,  were  meant,  in  all  probability,  to  be  included  in  the  patents 
primarily  granted  to  the  London  Companies  by  James  I.  His  successors,  however,  at  different 
periods,  subdivided  the  country,  and  established  distinct  colonies  within  its  supposed  origi- 
nal borders. 

The  incipient  principles  of  national  freedom,  the  diffusion  of  which  resulted  in  the  American 
revolution,  were  as  early  recognized  and  inculcated  in  Virginia  as  in  any  of  her  sister  colonies. 

*  The  massacre,  in  1622,  of  347  colonists, — men,  women,  and  children,  —  through  a  stratagem  of 
the  cruel  successor  of  Powhatan,  was  one  of  the  most  severe  afflictions  ever  experienced  by 
the  colony. 

t  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  his  "Notes  on  Virginia,"  (1781,)  laments  in  strong  terms  the  existence  and  in- 
crease of  this  "blot  on  our  country,"  and  ardently  advocates  a  system  of  gradual  emancipation. 
"During  the  regal  government,"  he  says,  "  we  had  at  one  time  obtained  a  law  which  imposed  such  a 
duty  on  the  importation  of  slaves  as  amounted  nearly  to  a  prohibition  ;  when  one  inconsiderate  Assem- 
bly, placed  under  a  peculiarity  of  circumstances,  repealed  the  law.  This  repeal  met  a  joyful  sanction 
from  the  then  sovereign,  and  no  device,  no  expedient,  which  could  ever  afterwards  be  attempted  by 
subsequent  Assemblies,  —  and  they  seldom  met  without  attempting  them,  —  could  succeed  in  getting 
the  royal  sanction  to  a  renewal  of  the  duty.  In  the  very  first  session  held  under  the  republican  govern- 
ment, the  Assembly  passed  a  law  for  the  perpetual  prohibition  of  the  importation  of  slaves.  This,"  he 
continues,  "  will  in  some  measure  stop  the  increase  of  this  great  political  and  moral  evil,  while  the  minds 
•  of  our  citizens  may  be  ripening  for  a  complete  emancipation  of  human  nature."  —  Notes,  Boston 
ed.,  1832,  p.  93. 


156  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

When  that  momentous  event  took  place,  she  furnished  her  full  complement  of  patriots  and 
warriors,  participated  largely  in  the  toils,  and  conflicts,  and  sacrifices  of  "the  time  that 
tried  men's  souls,"  and  in  the  consummation  of  the  high  purposes  of  that  struggle,  merited 
and  received  an  ample  share  of  its  glorious  fruits.  Among  the  illustrious  names  that  adorned 
her  annals  at  this  epoch,  it  may  be  sufficient  to  point  to  those  of  George  Washington,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  Patrick  Henry,  James  Madison,  and  John  Marshall.  The  names  of  these  distin- 
guished men  and  their  compatriots  not  only  shine  prominently  upon  the  records  of  their 
renowned  day  and  generation,  but  their  effulgence  will  irradiate  the  nations  of  the  earth,  as  a 
constellation  of  political  light,  commanding  the  homage  of  every  friend  of  rational  liberty 
in  all  coming  time. 

The  first  constitution  of  Virginia,  in  which  her  people  took  part,  was  formed  in  1776.  The 
previous  dismemberments  of  the  state,  under  various  British  monarchs,  whereby  Maryland, 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  Carolinas  had  been  gradually  detached,  were  never  formally  confirmed 
by  the  people  of  Virginia  until  the  adoption  of  this  civil  compact.  Although  those  acts  of 
the  royal  government  had  frequently  been  subjects  of  remonstrance,  it  was  deemed  advisable 
now  to  acknowledge  them,  that  there  should  arise  in  future  no  cause  of  dissension  among  the 
members  of  the  new  confederacy.  The  constitution  thus  framed,  in  a  season  of  critical  emer- 
gency, without  the  advantages  of  leisure,  deliberation,  and  of  experience,  (being  the  first  in 
the  whole  United  States,)  was  naturally  imperfect.  It  was  soon  found  to  be  unequal  in  its 
operations ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  war,  much  discussion  arose  upon  divers  projects  for  its 
improvement.  It  was  not,  however,  essentially  amended  until  1830,  when  it  underwent  im- 
portant modifications.  Its  principal  features  are  as  follow :  the  governor  is  elected  by  joint 
vote  of  the  two  branches  of  the  General  Assembly ;  his  official  term  is  three  years,  and  he 
cannot  be  reflected  for  the  next  succeeding  term ;  he  is  assisted  in  his  executive  duties  by 
three  counsellors  of  state,  the  senior  of  whom,  in  office,  acts  as  lieutenant  governor ;  the  legis- 
lature comprises  a  Senate,  consisting  of  32  members,  chosen  for  four  years,  (one  fourth  of 
whom  are  to  retire  each  year,)  and  a  House  of  Delegates,  134  in  number,  chosen  annually  by 
the  people  ;  clergymen  are  excluded  from  participation  in  the  civil  government ;  the  judges 
are  chosen  by  the  legislature.  The  Assembly  convenes  at  Richmond,  the  capital,  annually, 
on  the  first  Monday  of  December.  Every  white  male,  21  years  of  age,  and  possessed  of  a 
freehold  valued  at  $25,  or  being  a  housekeeper,  or  head  of  a  family,  and  having  paid  taxes, 
is  qualified  to  vote  for  state  or  other  officers ;  but  subordinate  officers,  soldiers,  marines,  or 
seamen,  in  the  national  service,  as  well  as  paupers,  and  men  convicted  of  infamous  crimes, 
cannot  exercise  the  right  of  suffrage.  The  manner  of  voting  at  all  elections  is  the  open  or 
viva  voce  mode. 

Virginia  is  now  divided  into  119  counties.  Its  seat  of  government  is  the  city  of  Richmond, 
and  its  greatest  commercial  port  is  Norfolk.  There  are  many  other  cities  and  pouplous  towns 
in  the  state,  more  particular  descriptions  of  which  will  be  found  in  their  proper  order  in  this 
rolume.  Within  even  its  present  boundaries  flow  some  of  the  finest  rivers  in  America,  the 
most  important  of  which  are  the  Potomac,  Rappahannock,  James,  and  Kanawha  Rivers.  It 
is  also  watered  by  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries  on  the  west.  (See  Rivers.)  The  surface  of 
the  state  is  greatly  diversified ;  insomuch  that  those  familiar  with  its  topography  have  consid- 
ered its  soil  and  climate  under  several  distinct  zones  or  divisions.  The  eastern  section  is 
generally  a  low  country,  with  a  soil  partly  sandy  and  partly  alluvial,  abounding  in  swamps 
and  unproductive  tracts,  and  for  the  most  part,  especially  towards  the  sea-coast  and  along 
the  margins  of  rivers,  noted  for  the  prevalence  of  fatal  epidemics  during  the  season  extending 
from  August  to  October.  From  the  head  of  the  tide  waters,  the  mountainous  district  com- 
mences. Here  the  soil  becomes  more  fertile,  and  the  climate  more  genial.  Across  this 
portion  of  the  state  stretch  the  widest  bases  of  the  stupendous  Alleghanies  —  "the  spine  of 
the  country."  Between  the  numerous  ridges,  into  which  this  vast  chain  is  riven,  there  lie 
extensive  and  beautiful  valleys,  presenting  a  soil  of  the  richest  quality,  a  salubrious  and 
delightful  climate,  and  the  most  picturesque  and  magnificent  natural  scenery.  Beyond  these 
lofty  eminences  lies  a  third  section,  extending  to  the  Ohio  River  in  one  direction,  and  to  the 


STATES    AND    TERRITOKIES.  — VIRGINIA.  157 

Cumberland  Mountains  in  another,  commonly  distinguished  as  West  Virginia.  This,  too,  is 
an  elevated  and  broken  region,  less  productive  in  general  than  the  middle  section,  and  less 
populous,  but  enjoying  an  atmosphere  quite  as  healthy,  and  waters  equally  pure. 

The  chief  agricultural  products  of  Virginia  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  tobacco.  Cotton 
is  also  cultivated  considerably  in  the  alluvial  district  contiguous  to  North  Carolina ;  and  in 
other  quarters,  hemp  and  wool  are  among  the  chief  staples.  All  the  varieties  of  grain,  vege- 
tables, and  fruit,  peculiar  to  the  climate,  are  also  raised ;  and  these  in  great  abundance  where 
due  attention  is  paid  to  their  culture.  In  mineral  wealth,  Virginia  is  sufficiently  rich  to  divert 
much  capital  from  employment  upon  the  surface  to  the  development  of  actual  or  supposed 
treasures  lying  beneath.  Iron,  lead,  copper,  gypsum,  salt,  anthracite  and  bituminous  coals 
are  among  the  most  plentiful  and  profitable  of  the  rewards  of  these  efforts  and  researches ; 
although,  in  some  localities,  the  more  precious  metals  have  become  objects  of  inquiry ;  and 
numerous  explorations,  particularly  in  pursuit  of  gold,  have  been  undertaken,  (some  of  them 
quite  recently,)  with  different  degrees  of  success.  The  manufactures  of  the  state  are  confined 
principally,  with  some  exceptions,  to  the  preparation  of  its  staples  for  market,  or  for  domestic 
consumption.  The  capital  invested  in  all  the  branches  of  this  department  of  home  industry 
amounts  to  several  millions.  For  all  its  purposes  of  trade,  the  commercial  facilities  of  Vir- 
ginia are  ample.  Its  sea-coast  and  principal  rivers  afford  many  excellent  harbors  ;  and  its 
means  of  intercommunication,  both  natural  and  artificial,  extending  through  all  parts  of  the 
state,  are  well  adapted  to  the  convenience  and  requirements  of  the  people.  Much  attention 
has  latterly  been  paid  to  the  improvement  of  river  navigation,  the  construction  of  canals, 
railroads,  &c. 

Among  the  remarkable  natural  phenomena  existing  in  Virginia,  besides  its  mountainous 
ridges,  in  some  places  singularly  penetrated  by  noble  rivers,  are  a  number  of  mineral  springs, 
cascades,  caverns,  and,  above  all,  the  celebrated  structure  in  the  county  of  Rockbridge,  between 
the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  North  Mountain,  called  the  Natural  Bridge,  and  described  by  Mr. 
Jefferson,  as  "  the  most  sublime  of  nature's  works."  *  Many  of  the  springs  are  so  highly 
impregnated  with  salt,  as  to  induce  numbers  of  capitalists  to  enter  into  the  manufacture  of  this 
article,  and  to  erect  salt  works  in  various  places  ;  at  one  of  which,  near  Charleston,  on  the  Great 
Kanawha  River,  about  3,000,000  bushels  of  salt  are  made  annually.  The  medicinal  springs 
of  Virginia,  to  the  waters  of  which  many  virtues  have  been  ascribed,  are  much  frequented 
by  invalids.  The  extraordinary  cascade  in  the  county  of  Augusta,  called  the  Fatting  Spring, 
where  the  water  descends  perpendicularly,  though  in  a  comparatively  small  volume,  from  a 
height  said  to  be  60  or  70  feet  greater  than  that  of  the  cataract  of  Niagara,  is  to  the  curious 
traveller  an  object  of  great  interest  and  wonder.  The  sheet  of  water,  only  some  15  feet 
broad  at  the  top,  is  divided  in  two  or  three  places,  at  the  commencement  of  the  fall,  by  the 
rock  over  which  it  passes,  but  is  nowhere  else  interrupted  until  it  reaches  the  valley  imme- 
diately below.  So  directly  does  the  stream  descend,  that  a  person  may  pass  dry-shod  between 
the  base  of  the  rock  and  the  bottom  of  the  fall.  Another  extraordinary  specimen  of  nature's 

*  "  It  is  on  the  ascent  of  a  hill,"  says  the  author  of  the  Notes  on  Virginia,  "  which  seems  to  have 
been  cloven  through  its  length  by  some  great  convulsion.  The  fissure,  just  at  the  bridge,  is  by  some 
admeasurements  270  feet  deep,  by  others  only  205.  It  is  about  45  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  90  feet 
at  the  top ;  this  of  course  determines  the  length  of  the  bridge,  and  its  height  from  the  water ;  its 
breadth  in  the  middle  is  about  60  feet,  but  more  at  the  ends  ;  and  the  thickness  of  the  mass,  at  the 
summit  of  the  arch,  about  40  feet.  A  part  of  this  thickness  is  constituted  by  a  coat  of  earth,  which 
gives  growth  to  many  large  trees.  The  residue,  with  the  hill,  on  both  sides,  is  one  solid  rock  of  lime- 
stone. The  arch  approaches  the  semi-elliptical  form ;  but  the  larger  axis  of  the  ellipsis,  which  would 
be  the  chord  of  the  arch,  is  many  times  longer  than  the  transverse.  Though  the  sides  of  this  bridge  are 
provided  in  some  parts  with  a  parapet  of  fixed  rocks,  yet  few  men  have  resolution  to  walk  to  them,  and 
look  over  into  the  abyss.  You  involuntarily  fall  on  your  hands  and  feet,  creep  to  them,  and  peep  over- 
If  the  view  from  the  top  be  painful  and  intolerable,  that  from  below  is  delightful  in  an  equal  extreme. 
It  is  impossible  for  the  emotions  arising  from  the  sublime  to  be  felt  beyond  what  they  are  here ;  so 
beautiful  an  arch,  so  elevated,  so  light,  and  springing,  as  it  were,  up  to  heaven  !  The  rapture  of  the 
spectator  is  really  indescribable  !  "  —  p.  21. 


158  UNITED  STATES    GAZETTEER. 

handiwork  is  the  wild  and  magnificent  torrent  at  Harper's  Ferry,  formed  by  the  tumultuous 
rushing  of  the  waters  of  the  Potomac  and  Shenandoah  through  a  gorge  in  the  Blue  Ridge, 
where  they  meet,  and  after  momentarily  beating  with  tremendous  power  against  the  rugged 
and  rocky  sides  of  the  mountain,  pass  rapidly  away  together  on  their  journey  to  the  oceaa 
Several  very  curious  caverns  are  found  in  the  hilly  regions,  the  most  noted  of  which  are 
Madison's  Cave,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Blue  Ridge ;  another  in  Frederic  county,  near  the 
North  Mountain ;  and  the  "  Blowing  Cave  "  in  one  of  the  ridges  of  the  Cumberland  Moun- 
tains. The  former  of  these  has  been  a  subject  of  much  speculation  with  all  philosophical 
visitors.  A  hill,  200  feet  in  height,  rises  perpendicularly  from  the  margin  of  a  branch  of  the 
Shenandoah  River ;  one  third  of  the  way  down  from  the  summit,  the  cave  opens,  branches  off 
in  diverse  directions,  penetrates  some  300  feet  into  the  earth,  and  at  two  different  points  ter- 
minates in  subterranean  lakes  of  unmeasured  dimensions.  The  roof  is  of  solid  limestone, 
25  to  50  feet  in  height ;  and,  being  in  a  constant  state  of  exudation,  the  ceaseless  dropping 
of  its  calculous  tears  forms,  upon  the  floor  and  sides,  a  profusion  of  grotesque  incrustations 
resembling  pyramids  and  columns,  gradually  growing  and  changing  in  size  and  shape. 

Not  the  least  interesting  spots  in  Virginia  are  Mount  Vernon,  on  the  Potomac,  and  Monti- 
cello,  in  Albemarle  county ;  the  former  memorable  as  the  long-loved  home  in  life,  and  the 
chosen  place  of  rest  in  death,  of  the  illustrious  Washington,  and  the  latter  as  the  splendid 
country  seat  of  President  Jefferson.  No  ostentatious  memorials  of  those  giant  minds  mark 
the  abodes  of  their  mortal  remains.  The  tomb  of  the  "  father  of  his  country "  stands  in  a 
secluded  copse  at  a  short  distance  from  the  family  mansion,  in  all  the  mournful  and  affecting 
dignity  of  unadorned  simplicity.  The  spot  of  his  nativity  is  designated  in  a  like  humble 
manner ;  it  is  in  a  retired  part  of  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  on  a  plantation  now  in  ruins, 
where  may  be  seen,  inscribed  upon  a  modest  stone,  this  brief  memento :  "  Here,  on  the  llth  of 
February,  1732,  George  Washington  was  born"  Over  the  grave  of  Jefferson  stands  a  simple 
granite  obelisk,  bearing,  by  his  own  direction,  this  concise  epitaph :  "  Thomas  Jefferson,  author 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  Founder  of  the  University  of  Virginia" 

The  subject  of  internal  improvements  has  occupied  a  large  share  of  the  public  attention. 
The  state  has  a  fund  of  $3,000,000,  the  income  of  which,  exceeding  $280,000,  is  applied, 
under  direction  of  a  board  of  public  works,  to  the  advancement  of  useful  projects  for  facili- 
tating intercourse  throughout  the  commonwealth.  Among  the  most  important  of  these  under- 
takings is  the  construction  of  a  series  of  canals  and  dams  for  the  improvement  and  extension 
of  the  navigation  of  James,  Kanawha,  and  New  Rivers.  Another  great  work  is  the  Dismal 
Swamp  Canal,  23  miles  in  length,  whereby  the  waters  of  Chesapeake  Bay  are  connected  with 
those  of  Albemarle  Sound.  Sundry  railroads,  particularly  in  the  eastern  quarter  of  the  state, 
"have  recently  been  opened,  the  whole  comprehending  an  extent  of  over  300  miles ;  and  others 
have  been  projected,  or  are  already  in  course  of  construction.  One  line  connects  the  Potomac 
with  the  Roanoke,  passing  through  Petersburg,  Richmond,  and  Fredericsburg ;  and  another, 
commencing  at  Portsmouth,  near  Norfolk,  secures  an  easy  inland  communication  between  the 
same  rivers,  at  a  lower;  point.  There  is  also  a  railroad  from  Winchester  to  Harper's  Ferry, 
where  it  meets  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Considerations  of  state  policy  alone,  perhaps,  have  prevented  the  organization  of  a  system 
of  universal  education  in  Virginia.  The  subject,  however,  at  the  close  of  the  revolution, 
engaged  the  earnest  attention  of  some  of  the  most  sagacious  minds.  At  that  period,  a  revision 
of  the  civil  code  was  in  contemplation ;  and,  among  others,  Mr.  Jefferson  projected  and  advo- 
cated a  plan  for  the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  all  classes  of  people,  not,  of  course, 
including  slaves.  The  system  proposed  was  progressive,  embracing  instruction  of  every  grade, 
from  the  simplest  elementary  up  to  the  highest  stage  of  classical  and  scientific  acquirement. 
The  poor  were  to  be  supplied,  at  the  public  charge,  with  all  the  advantages  of  the  grammar 
schools ;  and  from  these  a  certain  number  were  to  be  annually  selected,  according  to  merit, 
for  advancement  to  the  collegiate  institutions,  supported  also  by  the  state.  It  would  appear 
that  this  project,  partial  and  limited  though  it  was,  as  compared  with  the  course  pursued  in 
New  England,  did  not  meet  with  the  requisite  amount  of  popular  favor.  Education  had  seldom. 


STATES    AND    TEKRITOKIES.  —  VIRGINIA.  159 

if  ever,  been  made  a  subject  of  legislation  or  discussion  under  the  colonial  government.  The 
plan  of  establishing  free  schools,  common  to  all,  was  therefore  novel,  and  in  some  degree 
incomprehensible,  as  well  as  repugnant  to  the  greater  portion  of  men  of  wealth.  As  a  whole,  it 
was  deemed  too  liberal  and  Extensive.  But,  in  1796,  that  part  of  it  which  provided  for  elementary 
schools  received  the  legislative  sanction,  although  no  measures  were  taken  for  carrying  it  into 
execution.  In  1809,  a  fund  "  for  the  encouragement  of  learning"  was  established  by  law,  to  be 
derived  from  all  fines,  escheats,  and  forfeitures ;  and  this  fund  was  augmented,  in  1816,  by  the 
addition  of  a  very  large  share  of  the  claim  on  the  general  government  for  military  services 
during  the  then  recent  war.  In  1818,  the  income  of  this  fund  amounted  to  upwards  of 
$50,000,*  when  the  General  Assembly  set  apart,  as  permanent  annual  appropriations,  $15,000 
for  the  maintenance  of  a  university,  and  $45,000  for  the  education  of  the  poor.  Under  this 
latter  provision,  the  benefits  of  common  schools  were  bestowed,  with  various  degrees  of  suc- 
cess, upon  large  numbers  of  indigent  children,  who  would  otherwise,  in  all  probability,  have 
grown  up  in  deplorable  ignorance,  vice,  and  misery .f 

A  further  extension  of  the  system  of  primary  schools  wus  authorized  in  1820,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  school  commissioners,  founded,  however,  on  the  cooperation  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  several  school  districts,  who  are  required  to  defray  some  three  fifths  of  the  additional 
cost,  on  condition  of  receiving  the  residue  from  the  state  fund.  There  are  numerous  academies, 
or  rather  private  schools,  throughout  the  commonwealth ;  some  of  these  are  of  a  respectable 
rank,  but  they  are  designed  chiefly  for  the  children  of  those  who  can  afford  to  dispense  with 
the  public  bounty.  Little  or  no  attention  was  given  to  the  education  of  females  prior  to  the 
revolution ;  but  there  have  been  established  since  that  event  a  large  number  of  academies  and 
high  schools,  devoted  exclusively  to  the  instruction  of  that  sex.  Of  the  still  higher  orders  of 
educational  seminaries,  the  most  eminent  are  the  University  of  Virginia,  founded  by  Mr.  Jeffer- 
son, near  Charlottesville ;  the  College  of  William  and  Mary,  chartered  by  the  English  sovereigns 
of  that  name,  in  1691,"  and  erected  by  order  of  the  Assembly  at  Williamsburg ;  Washington 
College,  at  Lexington,  incorporated  in  1782,  and  largely  endowed  by  General  Washington : 
and  Hampden  Sidney  College,  in  Prince  Edward  county,  founded  in  1774.  There  are  also 
several  theological  institutions,  of  comparatively  recent  date,  under  the  patronage,  severally, 
of  Episcopalians,  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  and  Baptists. 

The  prevailing  views  upon  the  subject  of  religion  are  those  held  by  almost  every  denomination 
of  Christians  in  all  other  parts  of  the  United  States.  In  the  early  days  of  the  colony,  and  during 
much  of  the  subsequent  time  of  its  subjection  to  the  sovereigns  of  Great  Britain,  the  doctrines 
and  discipline  of  the  English  church  were  those  which  generally  predominated.  But  at  the 
commencement  of  the  American  revolution,  it  was  estimated  that  two  thirds  of  the  people  had 
become  dissenters ;  and  the  operation  of  the  previously  severe  laws  on  the  subject  of  religions 
faith  and  forms  of  worship  was  chiefly  repealed  or  suspended  by  acts  of  the  General  Assembly, 
in  1776.  The  utmost  toleration  has  since  been  recognized  and  affirmed  by  the  legislative 
adoption  of  a  bill  drawn  by  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  1785,  "  for  establishing  religious  freedom."  At 
the  present  time,  the  most  numerous  sects  are  the  Baptists  and  Methodists ;  next  follow,  in 
numerical  order,  the  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  Lutherans,  and  Roman  Catholics.  There 
are  also  a  few  Unitarians,  Friends,  and  Jews. 

The  actual  outstanding  public  debt  of  Virginia,  in  February,  1850,  was  $7,924,994-11,  ex- 
ceeding by  $545,539'!!  the  amount  of  productive  property  owned  by  the  state  ;  but  the  total 
value  of  funds  of  all  descriptions,  held  by  the  state,  is  estimated  at  $11,854,814.  There  were,  in 
1 848,  six  banks,  with  twenty-one  branches,  employing  a  capital  of  $10,283,633.  Details  of  the 
value  of  exports  and  imports,  with  other  statistics  of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the  state,  may 
be  found  in  this  work,  under  the  appropriate  heads. 

*  It  now  amounts  to  nearly  $90,000. 

f  An  able  writer  in  the  "  London  Quarterly  Journal  of  Education,"  speaking  of  the  operation  of  thjf 
law,  as  ascertained  up  to  the  year  1834,  remarks  thus :  "  It  has  already  imparted  the  knowledge  of 
reading  and  writing,  with  all  their  moral  tendencies,  probably  to  50,000  human  beings ;  and,  before  many 
years,  it  will  have  conferred  the  same  inestimable  blessings  on  twice  that  number." 


160   ' 


UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 


In  conclusion,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  no  state  of  the  American  Union  enjoys  a  more  liberal 
share  of  natural  advantages  than  has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  this  favored  commonwealth.  Her 
central  position,  productive  soil,  vast  mineral  treasures,  forests  of  valuable  timber,  navigable 
rivers,  secure  harbors,  commodious  ports,  and  a  climate  averaging  a  medium  temperature,  are 
among  those  signal  blessings  of  its  inhabitants  that  demand  a  corresponding  return  of  gratitude 
to  the  Supreme  Giver,  and  the  widest  diffusion  of  his  bounties  among  such  of  his  rational 
creatures  as  are  entitled  to  "  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness." 


WISCONSIN  (or  OUISCOKSIN)  was  admitted  by  act  of  Congress,  February  9, 1847,  as  an  in- 
dependent state  of  the  American  Union.  Portions  of  its  original  territory  were  settled  by  the 
French  as  early  as  1670.  It  passed  from  French  to  British  jurisdiction  in  1763,  and  so 
remained  until  1794.  After  being  connected  with,  and  successively  disconnected  from,  the 
respective  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Michigan,  it  was  organized  as  a  distinct  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States  in  1836.  In  1838,  it  was  further  diminished  in  size  by  the  separation 
from  its  present  south-western  border  of  what  now  forms  the  State  of  Iowa;  and,  in  1849,  still 
further  lessened,  by  setting  off  the  remainder  of  the  region  lying  west  of  the  Mississippi,  now 
known  as  Minesota  Territory. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  —  The  state,  as  now  established,  extends  from  the  Illinois  line,  in 
latitude  42°  3(X  north,  to  latitude  45°  2(X,  and  reaches  from  Lake  Michigan  on  the  east  to  the 
Mississippi  River  on  the  west.  Its  extreme  length,  measured  angularly,  from  north-east  to 
south-west,  is  about  380  miles ;  its  breadth,  from  east  to  west,  varies  from  150  to  200  miles ; 
and  its  estimated  area,  as  officially  returned,  is  53,924  square  miles. 

Government.  —  Wisconsin  is  at  present  subdivided  into  29  counties.  The  state  government 
is  vested  in  a  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  Senate,  and  House  of  Representatives,  the  latter 
to  consist  of  not  less  than  60,  nor  more  than  120  members ;  the  number  of  senators  not  to  ex- 
ceed one  third,  nor  be  less  than  one  fourth,  of  the  number  of  representatives.  The  latter  arc 
elected  by  the  people,  annually ;  the  senators  and  executive  officers  biennially.  The  annual 
sessions  of  the  legislature  commence  on  the  second  Thursday  of  January.  All  white  male 
citizens,  Indians  recognized  as  citizens  by  any  United  States  law,  and  civilized  persons  of 
Indian  blood,  not  members  of  any  tribe,  are  legal  voters  after  a  residence  of  one  year  within 
the  state. 

Judiciary.  —  The  judiciary  power  ie  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  Circuit  Court,  County  Courts, 


STATES    AND    TERRITORIES.  —  WISCONSIN.  161 

and  justices  of  the  peace.  The  Supreme  Court  is  composed  of  at  least  four  of  the  six  judges 
of  the  Circuit  Courts.  Prior  to  the  formation  of  the  state  government,  the  Supreme  Court  con- 
sisted of  a  chief  justice  and  two  associate  justices.  There  are  now  five  of  the  latter.  During 
the  continuance  of  the  territorial  organization,  (some  fourteen  years,)  Charles  Dunn,  of  Elk 
Grove,  held  the  office  of  chief  justice :  under  the  present  state  government,  this  office  is  held 
by  Alexander  H.  Stow,  of  Taycheedah.  The  judges  are  elected  by  the  people,  each  for  the 
term  of  six  years. 

Education.  —  The  subject  of  education  has  received,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  charac- 
ter and  origin  of  the  settlers,  a  due  measure  of  attention.  Ample  provision  has  been  made  by 
law  for  the  establishment  of  a  college ;  and  corresponding  means  have  been  set  aside  in  every 
township  for  the  support  of  common  schools,  all  by  dint  of  bountiful  grants  of  land.  The  value 
of  the  school  fund  thus  created  is  estimated  at  $2,780,912.  Annual  proceeds  $60,000. 

Finances.  —  The  state  has  as  yet  incurred  no  public  debt. 

Surface,  Soil,  fyc.  —  In  its  external  features,  this  state  exhibits  considerable  variety.  The 
northern  part  having  never  been  fully  explored,  excepting  by  traders  and  trappers,  is  conse- 
quently but  little  known.  It  is,  however,  represented  as  a  rugged  and  mountainous  wilderness, 
though  frequently  presenting  large  tracts  of  extraordinary  fertility,  and  watered  by  numerous 
broad  and  rapid  streams.  The  surface,  in  the  southern  part,  consists  mostly  of  prairie  land, 
well  timbered  along  the  river  sides  ;  in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  the  face  of  the  country  is 
more  diversified.  The  rough  and  hilly  tracts  at  the  north  produce  the  white  pine  in  great 
abundance.  The  entire  region  is  bountifully  supplied  with  navigable  streams,  by  which  it  is 
penetrated  in  all  directions ;  and  although  on  its  eastern  border  it  has  a  lake  coast  of  some 
200  miles,  very  few  safe  or  commodious  harbors  exist  in  that  quarter.  The  soil  is  generally 
of  an  exceLent  quality,  and  varies  from  one  to  ten  feet  in  depth.  It  is  especially  productive 
on  the  margins  of  the  Mississippi  and  Wisconsin  Rivers,  where  also  are  found  extensive  forests 
of  ponderous  timber ;  and  the  land  throughout  the  state,  so  far  as  it  has  been  surveyed,  proves 
to  be  admirably  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes,  particularly  to  the  growth  of  corn  and  wheat 
Indeed,  every  species  of  vegetable  suited  to  the  climate  can  be  cultivated  with  perfect  suc- 
cess ;  and  multitudes  of  cattle  may  find  ample  pasturage  upon  the  rich  and  almost  boundless 
prairies. 

Rivers.  — Its  principal  rivers,  besides  the  great  Mississippi,  which  flows  along  the  western 
limits  of  the  state,  are  the  Wisconsin,  a  branch  of  the  former,  500  miles  in  length ;  the  Chip- 
peway,  a  noble  stream,  emptying  into  the  Mississippi  north  of  the  Wisconsin :  Rock  River, 
taking  its  rise  within,  and  running  partly  through,  the  state ;  and  Fox  River,  the  proximity  of 
which  to  the  Wisconsin  often  causes  an  inundation  of  the  intervening  lands.  There  are  like- 
wise numerous  lakes  and  ponds,  some  of  great  magnitude,  in  the  northern  section.  Lake 
Winnebago,  which  connects  with  Green  Bay,  a  branch  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  24  miles  in  length 
by  10  in  width. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Numerous  internal  improvements  are  in  progress.  The  most  im- 
portant yet  undertaken  is  that  for  improving  the  navigation  of  Wisconsin  and  Fox  Rivera. 
This  work  is  prosecuted  by  authority  of  Congress,  half  a  million  acres  of  the  public  lands 
having  been  appropriated  for  the  purpose.  Steamboat  navigation  between  Lake  Michigan, 
via  Green  Bay  and  the  Mississippi,  is  secured  by  the  improvement  of  Fox  River,  and  the  com- 
pletion of  a  canal  to  Lake  Winnebago.  A  railroad  connects  Milwaukie  with  the  Mississippi ; 
and  convenient  plank  roads  run  into  the  interior  from  many  places  on  the  lake. 

By  reason  of  its  contact  with  Lake  Michigan  and  the  waters  thereto  adjacent,  together  with 
its  extensive  means  of  inland  navigation,  Wisconsin  enjoys  great  commercial  facilities.  On 
the  margin  of  the  above  lake  lies  Milwaukie,  the  most  thriving  and  populous  town  in  the  state, 
which  has  sprung  into  being  and  importance,  almost  magically,  within  a  very  few  years,  and 
has  rapidly  become  the  centre  of  a  vast  amount  of  trade.  Possessing  the  best  harbor  between 
Green  Bay  and  Chicago,  it  is  the  chosen  resort  of  most  of  the  steamers  from  Buffalo  and  other 
ports  on  Lake  Erie,  thus  commanding  a  controlling  interest  in  the  entire  business  of  the  state. 
Madison,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  elevation,  midway  between  Lake  Michigan  and 
21 


162  UNITED    STATES    GAZETTEER. 

the  Mississippi,  with  both  of  which  it  has  direct  communication  by  means  of  a  series  of 
streams  on  either  side. 

Minerals.  —In  mineral  resources  Wisconsin  is  peculiarly  opulent.  The  south-western  por- 
tion abounds  with  lead  and  copper  ores.  The  lead  mines,  in  particular,  are  noted  for  being 
the  most  productive  in  the  United  States ;  and  many  millions  of  pounds  of  this  metal  are 
annually  extracted,  wrought  into  proper  form,  and  exported.  Vast  quantities  of  copper,  also, 
are  being  constantly  exhumed  and  sent  to  market ;  and  in  iron  ore  the  country  is  not  less  pro- 
lific. Much  interest  in  the  mineral  products  of  this  state  has  for  some  time  been  manifested, 
and  is  still  actively  exercised  among  enterprising  capitalists  in  the  neighboring  states. 

Manufactures.  —  Besides  the  smelting  of  ores,  the  business  of  manufacturing,  in  Wisconsin, 
is  as  yet  inconsiderable  ;  the  greatest  amount  of  capital  invested  in  any  one  branch  of  public 
industry  has  been  employed  in  the  mining  of  lead,  and  preparing  it  for  exportation. 

Climate.  —  In  the  upper  or  northern  part  of  the  state,  the  winters  are  frequently  severe, 
occasioned  probably  by  the  proximity  of  Lake  Superior,  which  lies  on  the  north  and  north- 
west. The  summers,  however,  are  temperate  and  pleasant.  The  winter  is  much  more  mild 
in  the  southern  quarter,  where  the  climate  throughout  the  year  is  salubrious,  and  not  unlike 
that  of  the  northern  portion  of  Missouri. 

Indians.  —  A  large  portion  of  the  northern  section  of  the  state  is  still  peopled  by  various 
Indian  tribes,  several  of  which  are  in  a  state  of  semi-civilization.  Some  of  the  tribes,  espe- 
cially the  Winnebagoes,  have  long  refused  to  recognize  the  treaty  ceding  their  lands  to  the 
United  States,  and  continue  to  resist  all  attempts  to  remove  them  to  their  allotted  country 
beyond  the  Mississippi. 

Population.  —  The  population  of  Wisconsin  has  multiplied  prodigiously  since  the  year 
1830,  when  it  numbered  but  about  4000.  In  1847,  it  had  reached  over  200,000 ;  and  the  cen- 
sus of  1850  states  it  at  305,191,  including  626  free  colored  persons. 


UNITED   STATES   GAZETTEER.  —  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


163 


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DESCRIPTIONS 


MOUNTAINS,  VALLEYS,  RIVERS,  CREEKS,  LAKES,  CAPES,  BAYS, 
HARBORS,  ISLANDS,  SOUNDS,  &c. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

As  no  uniform  system  of  abbreviations  for  the  names  of  the  states  and  territories  in  the  United 
States  has  hitherto  been  followed  by  any  geographical  writers,  for  the  purpose  of  attaining  greater  ease 
and  brevity  of  notation,  we  have  in  this  work  adopted  the  following,  as  best  suited  to  this  object ;  and 
would  respectfully  recommend  them  as  intelligible  and  convenient  for  general  use.  We  use,  in  all 
cases,  the  first  and  last  letters  of  the  name,  excepting  where  two  are  alike  in  this  respect,  as  in  Indiana 
and  Iowa,  and  in  the  compound  names,  as  in  New  York,  South  Carolina,  &c. 


ALABAMA, 

AA. 

LOUISIANA, 

ARKANSAS, 

As. 

MAINE, 

CALIFORNIA, 

CA. 

MARYLAND, 

CONNECTICUT, 

CT. 

MASSACHUSETTS, 

DELAWARE, 

DE. 

MICHIGAN, 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA, 

D.  C. 

MINNESOTA, 

FLORIDA, 

FA. 

MISSISSIPPI, 

GEORGIA, 

GA. 

MISSOURI, 

ILLINOIS, 

Is. 

NEBRASKA, 

INDIANA, 

IA. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE, 

INDIAN  TERRITORY, 

IN.  TY. 

NEW  JERSEY, 

IOWA, 

10. 

NEW  MEXICO, 

KENTUCKY, 

KY. 

NEW  YORK, 

LA. 
ME. 
MD. 

Ms. 
MN. 
MA. 
Mi. 
Mo. 
NA. 
N.  H. 
N.  J. 
N.  M. 
N.  Y. 


NORTH  CAROLINA, 

OHIO, 

OREGON, 

PENNSYLVANIA, 

RHODE  ISLAND, 

SOUTH  CAROLINA, 

TENNESSEE, 

TEXAS, 

UTAH, 

VERMONT, 

VIRGINIA, 

WISCONSIN, 


N.C. 

O. 

ON. 

PA. 

R.  I. 

s.c. 

TE. 

Ts. 

UH. 

VT. 

VA. 

WN. 


Abbaye,  Point,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.,  extends  into 
Lake  Superior,  between  Huron  and  Keewaiwona 
Bays. 

Abraham,  Mount,  Franklin  co.,  Me.,  lies  mostly 
in  the  town  of  Salem. 

Adams,  Cape,  is  on  the  Pacific,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Columbia  River.  A  sand  bar,  5  miles 
across,  extends  from  it  to  within  a  mile  of  Cape 
Disappointment,  which  is  7  miles  distant  in  a 
N.  W.  direction.  When  the  wind  blows  from 
the  W.,  this  sand  bar  is  covered  with  dangerous 
breakers.  The  cape  is  low,  and  thinly  wooded. 
July  18,  1841,  the  U.  S.  sloop  of  war  Peacock, 
belonging  to  the  exploring  expedition,  was 
stranded  and  lost  within  Cape  Disappointment. 

Adams  Creek,  N.  C.,  falls  into  Pamlico  Sound, 
in  Ion.  76°  53'  W.,  and  lat.  34°  55'  N. 

Adams  Point,  Presque  Isle  co.,  Mn.,  projects 
into  Lake  Huron. 

Adams  Point,  On.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of 
Columbia  River,  opposite  Cape  Disappointment. 

Adirondack  Mountains,  N.  Y.,  lying  S.  W.  of 


Lake  Champlain.  Some  of  the  peaks  of  this 
group  are  nearly  as  high  as  the  White  Mountains 
in  New  Hampshire.  Mount  Marcy,  the  highest 
summit,  is  5464  feet  above  tide  water  in  the  Hud- 
son. In  these  mountains  this  noble  river  takes 
its  rise.  There  are  five  or  six  ranges  of  these 
mountains  lying  between  Lake  Champlain  and 
Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of 
Ontario,  north  of  the  Mohawk  River.  The 
chain  which  traverses  Warren  and  Essex  coun- 
ties seems  to  be  the  most  elevated.  Some  of 
the  ridges  of  this  group  have  received  local 
names,  as  the  Kayaderosseras,  on  the  W.  of  Lake 
George;  the  Highlands  of  Black  River;  the 
Hassencleaver  Mountains,  of  Oneida  co. ;  and 
the  central  chain  has  been  called  Macomb's 
Mountains.  From  the  early  French  inhabitants, 
they  received  the  name  of  the  Peruvian  Mountains , 
in  consequence  of  a  belief  then  entertained  that 
they  possessed  great  mineral  treasures.  Little  is 
known  of  the  more  northern  portions  of  theso 
mountains. 


168 


MOUNTAINS,   RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c. 


Adirondack  River,  N.  Y.,  one  of  the  head 
branches  of  the  Hudson,  rises  in  the  Adirondack 
Mountains,  in  Essex  co.  It  is  about  20  miles  in 
length,  and  passes  through  Lakes  Henderson  and 
Sanford,  two  small  sheets  of  water  surrounded  by 
picturesque  scenery,  and  immense  beds  of  iron 
ore,  and  elevated  1900  feet  above  the  Atlantic. 

Admiralty  Inlet,  On.  An  irregular  body  of 
water,  extending  S.  from  the  Straits  of  Juan  de 
Fuca, 

Agamenticns  Mountain,  Me.,  consists  of  three 
elevations,  situated  in  the  town  of  York,  about  4 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  is  a  noted  landmark  for 
seamen.  The  highest  summit  is  673  feet  above 
the  ocean.  It  is  said  that  St.  Aspinquid  died  on 
this  mountain  in  1682,  and  that  the  Indians  sac- 
rificed 6711  wild  animals  at  his  funeral. 

Agate  Harbor,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  Situated  on 
the  N.  coast  of  Keewaiwona  Point,  W.  from 
Copper  Harbor. 

Agnew  River,  As.,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Pulas- 
ki  co.,  and  flowing  S.  E.,  enters  White  River  in 
Arkansas  co. 

Aguila  Creek,  Ts.,  flows  S-,  and  empties  into 
Brazos  River,  between  Nolands  and  Big  Creeks. 

Ahmie  River,  Dodge  co.,  Wn.  A  head  branch 
of  the  W.  fork  of  Rock  River. 

Ahneepee  River,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  A  small 
stream  flowing  S.  E.  into  Lake  Michigan. 

Aitkin  JLafavMa.  A  small  sheet  of  water  ly- 
ing N.  from  Sandy  Lake,  with  which  it  is  connect- 
ed by  an  outlet. 

Akkik  or  Kettle  River,  Ma.  and  Wn.  It  rises 
in  the  W.  part  of  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.,  flows  S. 
S.  W.  into  Ma.,  and  empties  into  the  St.  Louis 
River. 

Alabama  River.  This  river  is  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  Coosa  and  the  Tallapoosa,  and 
flowing  S.  S.  W.,  unites  with  the  Tombigbee,  48 
miles  above  Mobile  Bay,  and  after  the  junction 
has  the  name  of  Mobile  River.  It  is  navigable  at 
all  seasons  for  vessels  requiring  6  feet  of  water, 
from  the  junction,  60  miles,  to  Claiborne.  From 
Claiborne,  150  miles,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cahaw- 
ba,  the  river  has  4  or  5  feet  of  water.  From  the 
mouth  of  the  Cahawba  to  the  junction  of  the 
Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  its  head  branches,  the 
river  affords,  in  all  places,  3  feet  of  water.  The 
river  is  subject  to  great  changes  by  rising  and 
falling. 

Alachua  Savanna,  Alachua  co..  Fa.,  is  a  marshy 
plain,  which  is  supposed  to  discharge  its  waters 
by  an  underground  passage  into  Lake  Orange. 

Alatamaha  River  and  Sound,  Ga.  The  river  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Ockmulgee  and  the 
Oconee.  After  the  junction,  the  Alatamaha  be- 
comes a  large  river,  flowing  with  a  gentle  current 
upwards  of  100  miles,  and  enters  by  several  out- 
lets into  Alatamaha  Sound,  60  miles  S.  W.  of 
Savannah,  through  which  it  passes  into  the  At- 
lantic. This  sound  contains  a  number  of  beau- 
tiful islands.  The  Alatamaha  is  navigable  on  the 
Oconee  branch,  300  miles  from  the  ocean,  for 
Doats  of  300  tons,  and  for  steamboats  to  Milledge- 
ville,  and  to  an  equal  distance  on  the  Ockmulgee 
branch.  The  bar  at  the  mouth  has  19  feet  at  low 
water.  The  whole  length  of  the  river  to  its  source 
is  about  500  miles. 

Albemarle  Sound,  N.  C.,  is  a  large  inlet  from  the 
sea,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  state.  It  extends  60 
miles  from  E.  to  W.,  and  is  from  4  to  1 5  miles 
wide.  It  receives  the  Chowan,  Roanoke,  and  sev- 
eral smaller  rivers.  It  communicates  with  Pam- 


lico  Sound  and  the  ocean  by  several  narrow 
inlets,  and  with  Chesapeake  Bay  by  a  canal 
through  the  Dismal  Swamp. 

Albert  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  near  the  Sioux 
River,  and  W.  from  Lake  Poinsett. 

Albert  Lake.,  On.,  lies  S.  E.  from  Summer  Lak* 

Albert  Lea  Lake,  Iowa.  This  lake  is  situated 
on  the  N.  border  of  the  state,  and  is  the  source 
of  Shell  Rock  Creek. 

Alden's  Hill,  Ms.  Situated  in  the  town  of  Mid- 
dleborough. 

Allegham/  or  Appalachian  Mountains  reach  from 
the  Catskill  Mountains,  in  the  state  of  N.  Y.,  their 
most  elevated  part,  to  Ga.,  forming  a  range  of 
great  length,  and  from  50  to  200  miles  in  breadth. 
The  course  of  this  great  chain  is  nearly  parallel 
with  the  Atlantic,  and  from  50  to  130  miles  dis- 
tant from  it,  and  consists  of  a  number  of  parallel 
ridges,  denominated  the  Blue  Ridge,  North 
Mountain,  Jackson's  Mountain,  Laurel  Moun- 
tain, Cumberland  Mountains,  &c.  These  moun- 
tains, for  the  most  parr,  are  not  over  2500  feet 
high,  and  they  divide  the  waters  which  flow  into 
the  Atlantic  on  the  E.  from  those  which  flow  into 
the  Mississippi  and  the  lakes  to  the  N.  and  W. 
These  ridges  are  generally  wooded  to  the  top,  and 
between  the  ridges  are  often  valleys  of  fertile  land, 
though  the  country  among  them  is  generally  rocky 
and  rough.  They  are  composed  of  granite,  gneiss, 
mica  and  clay  slate,  primitive  limestone,  &c. 

Alleqhany  River.  The  head  branches  of  this 
river  water  Potter  co.,  Pa.  It  then  enters  N.  Y. 
in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  through 
which  it  runs  45  miles  in  a  circuitous  course,  after 
which  it  ree'nters  Pa.,  and  unites  with  the  Monon- 
gahela  to  form  the  Ohio,  at  Pittsburg.  The  river 
is  navigable,  for  boats  of  small  draught  of  water, 
from  the  village  of  Olean,  Cattaraugus  co.,  to  its 
entrance  into  the  Ohio,  a  distance  of  230  miles. 
Its  entire  length  is  300  miles. 

Allemande,  Lake,  La.,  lies  S.  from  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  and  N.  W.  from  Lake  Washa,  into 
Hvhich  it  discharges  its  waters. 

Allen's  Creek,  an  important  mill  stream,  rises 
in  Wyoming  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  through  the  E.  part 
of  Genesee  into  Monroe  co.,  in  the  S.  part  of 
which  it  enters  Genesee  River. 

Allen's  Point,  Vt,  is  the  southern  extremity  of 
Grand  Isle,  in  the  township  of  South  Hero,  and 
takes  its  name  from  one  of  the  early  settlers. 

Alliguash  River,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  is  fed  by 
a  great  number  of  small  ponds,  flows  in  a  N.  direc- 
tion, and  empties  into  the  St.  John's  River. 

Alligator  River,  N.  C.  This  river  rises  in  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  in  Hyde,  flows  N.  N.  E.,  and 
empties  into  Albemarle  Sound. 

Alloway's  Creek  rises  in  Salem  co.,  N.  J.,  and 
falls  into  the  Delaware  River,  6  miles  S.  of 
Salem.  It  is  20  miles  long,  and  navigable  12 
miles  for  boats. 

Alluvial  Way,  or  Ridge  Road,  N.  Y.  This  cu- 
rious formation  of  nature  extends  from  the  Gen- 
esee River,  near  Rochester,  to  the  Niagara  River, 
near  Lewiston,  —  a  distance  of  about  80  miles, — 
is  of  considerable  height,  and  about  8  rods  in 
width.  It  is  composed  of  sand  and  gravel  stones, 
and  is  supposed  by  many  to  have  once  been  the 
shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  from  which  it  is  now  dis- 
tant about  10  miles. 

Almirante  River,  Fa.,  falls  into  Pensacola  Bay. 

Altoyac  Creek,  Ts.,  flows  in  a  southerly  direc- 
tion, and  empties  into  Angelina  River. 

Alum  Creek,  O.,  is  the  W.  branch  of  the  Big 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


169 


"Walnut  River,  which  it  enters  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Franklin  co.,  after  a  course  of  about  35  miles. 

A  him  Pond  Hill,  Ms.  Situated  in  the  town  of 
Douglas.  Height  778  feet. 

Amelia  Island.  Nassau  CO.,  Fa.,  is  situated  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  state.  It  is  15  miles  long  and 
4  wide.  Fernandina,  a  town  at  the  N.  W.  end, 
was  once  the  capital  of  the  county,  and  a  flourish- 
ing place.  The  land  is  fertile. 

Amite  River  rises  in  Mi.,  and,  flowing  S.  into 
La.,  unites  with  the  Ibberville  at  Galveston,  to 
which  it  is  navigable,  and  after  a  course  of  100 
miles,  falls  into  Lake  Maurepas. 

Amonoosuck  Rivers,  Upper  and  Loiver,  N.  H. 
The  upper  river  rises  N.  of  the  White  Mountains, 
and  passing  N.  E.  into  Dummer,  approaches  to 
within  a  few  miles  of  the  Androscoggin ;  thence  it 
turns  to  the  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Connecti- 
cut, at  Northumberland,  after  a  course  of  about  50 
miles.  Its  valley,  which  is  of  great  beauty,  extends 
more  than  20  miles  in  length,  and  7  or  8  miles  in 
breadth.  The  lower  river  rises  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  White  Mountains,  and  falls  into  the  Connecti- 
cut, just  above  Haverhill,  after  a  course  of  50  miles. 
Two  miles  from  its  mouth  it  receives  the  Wild  Am- 
onoosuck, a  swift,  rapid  stream  about  40  yards  in 
width.  The  waters  of  the  Amonoosuck  are  pure, 
and  its  current  quick.  The  valley  of  the  lower  river 
is  about  half  a  mile  in  width,  and  was  probably 
once  the  bed  of  a  lake.  About  6£  miles  from  the 
Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  the  river  falls  50 
feet  over  a  mass  of  stratified  granite. 

Anastasia  Island,  Fa.,  is  situated  on  the  E.  coast. 
It  is  18  miles  long  and  about  1^  broad.  A  signal 
tower  on  its  N.  end  is  in  29°  50'  N.  lat..  4°  29'  W. 
Ion.  from  Washington. 

Andote  Keys,  Fa.  These  islands  lie  off  the 
coast  of  Benton  co.,  S.  from  Helley's  Keys. 

Ancram,  or  Roelojf  Jansen's  Creek,  N.  Y.  This 
small  mill  stream  rises  in  Hillsdale,  Columbia  co., 
and  after  a  circuitous  course  enters  the  Hudson  8 
miles  below  the  city  of  Hudson. 

Anderson's  River,  Ky.  It  falls  into  the  Ohio, 
52  miles  above  Green  River. 

Anderson's  Creek,  la.,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
Crawford  co.,  flows  S.  S.  W.,  separating  Spen- 
cer and  Perry  counties,  and  falls  into  the  Ohio 
River. 

Androscoggin  or  Ameriscoggin  River,  Me.  The 
Margallavay,  its  N.  branch,  receives  Dead  and 
Diamond  Rivers,  in  N.  H.,  and  unites  with  the 
stream  flowing  from  Umbagog  Lake,  about  a  mile 
from  its  outlet.  The  river  then  pursues  a  S. 
course  until  it  approaches  the  White  Mountains, 
and  receiving  several  considerable  tributaries,  it 
passes  into  Me.  N.  of  Mount  Moriah.  It  then 
flows  E.  and  S.  E.  through  a  fertile  country,  nearly 
to  the  sea-coast,  and  turning  N.,  flows  over  the 
falls  at  Brunswick,  near  Bowdoin  College,  into 
Merrymeeting  Bay,  uniting  with  the  Kennebec,  20 
miles  from  the  sea. 

Angelica  Creek,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in 
the  town  of  West  Almond,  flows  W.  through  the 
town  of  Angelica,  where  it  enters  the  Genesee. 

Angelina  River,  Ts.,  flows  in  a  S.  S.  E.  direction, 
and  empties  into  Neches  River. 

Ann,  Cape,  Ms.     See  Gloucester. 

Annemesic  River,  Somerset  co.,  Md.,  rises  in  the 
E.  part  of  the  county,  and  flows  a  little  S.  of  W. 
into  Tangier  Sound. 

Anno  Nuevo  Point,  Co..,  extends  into  the  Pacific 
at  the  town  of  Santa  Crux,  and  N.  from  Point 
Pinos. 

22 


Antelope  Creek,  Ca.  A  small  E.  branch  of  the 
Rio  Sacramento. 

Antelope  Island,  Uh.  A  large  island  lying  in  the 
S.  part  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Anthony's  Nose,  or,  as  more  commonly  called, 
the  NOSE,  is  situated  in  the  W.  part  of  Mont- 
gomery co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  N.  branch  of  Mohawk 
River,  and  is  on  the  extremity  of  the  hill  or  moun- 
tain called  the  "  Klips."  It  slopes  towards  the 
river  from  an  elevation  of  about  500  feet,  bearing 
a  great  resemblance  to  a  nose  some  300  or  400 
feet  long. 

Anthony's  or  St.  Anthony's  Nose,  N.  Y.,  projects 
from  the  S.  side  of  Breakneck  Hill,  in  the  town 
of  Phillipstown,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson. 
It  derives  its  name  from  a  resemblance  to  a  huge 
human  face,  as  seen  from  the  river,  at  the  N.  en- 
trance of  the  Highlands.  There  is  another  pro- 
jection of  the  same  name,  but  less  remarkable, 
opposite  the  site  of  old  Fort  Montgomery,  near  the 
S.  entrance  of  the  Highlands,  below  West  Point. 

Antietam  Creek  rises  in  Washington  co.,  Md., 
and  empties  into  the  Potomac. 

Antoine  Creek,  As.,  one  of  the  head  branches 
of  the  Little  Missouri  River,  and  the  boundary  line 
between. Clark  and  Pike  counties. 

Apostles'  Islands,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  Situated 
in  the  W.  part  of  Lake  Superior,  N.  from  Chego- 
wawegon  Bay. 

Appalachee  Bay  is  a  large  bay  on  the  coast  of 
Fa.,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Through  this  bay  is 
a  passage  10  feet  deep,  which  is  gradually  re- 
duced to  8,  by  which  St.  Marks  is  reached.  It 
furnishes  the  best  anchorage  ground  along  the 
coast  for  the  distance  of  230  miles. 

Appalachian  Mountains.  See  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains. 

Appalachicola  River,  Bay,  and  St.  George's 
Sound.  The  river  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
Chattahoochee  and  Flint  Rivers,  which  unite  in 
the  state  of  Ga.  in  lat.  30°  42'  N.,  from  which  K 
proceeds  S.  70  miles,  to  St.  George's  Sound,  and 
thence  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Near  the  mouth 
of  the  river  it  forms  a  broad  estuary,  denomi- 
nated Appalachicola  Bay,  which  connects  with  St. 
George's  Sound.  The  latter  is  partly  enclosed 
by  three  islands,  and  is  50  miles  in  length,  and 
from  4  to  9  wide.  Between  the  islands  are  three 
passages  into  the  sound,  which  have  a  depth  of 
about  1 5  feet  of  water  at  low  tide.  The  river  is 
navigable  for  small  vessels  to  the  junction  of  the 
Chattahoochee  and  Flint  Rivers.  The  Chatta- 
hoochee, the  largest  branch,  is  navigable  for 
boats  nearly  400  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  whole  surface  drained  by  the  Appalachicola 
and  its  branches  is  estimated  at  a  little  less  than 
20,000  square  miles. 

Apple  River,  Is.,  crosses  the  N.  W.  part  of  the 
state,  passes  through  Jo  Daviess  co.,  and  after  a 
course  of  45  miles,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  20 
miles  below  Galena.  It  is  50  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth.  It  is  a  rocky  and  rapid  stream,  furnish- 
ing many  good  mill  seats. 

Apple  Creek,  Mo.,  runs  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween Perry  and  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  and  falls 
into  the  Mississippi  at  Birmingham. 

Apple  River,  St.  Croix  co.,  Wn.  It  flows  S.  W. 
into  the  St.  Croix  River. 

Appletree  River,  S.  C.  A  small  branch  of  the 
Keowe. 

Appomattox  River,  Va.  It  rises  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward co.,  and  after  flowing  E.  120  miles,  unites 
with  James  River  at  City  Point.  It  is  navigable 


170 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


for  vessels  of  100  tons  to  the  falls  at  Petersburg, 
the  head  of  tide  water.  There  is  a  canal  around 
these  falls,  and  the  river  is  boatable  80  miles  above. 

Appoquininunk  Creek,  New  Castle  co.,  De., 
rises  in  the  W.  part  of  the  county,  and  flows 
N.  E.  into  Delaware  Bay. 

Aransas  River,  Ts.,  flows  in  a  S.  of  E.  course, 
and  empties  into  Espiritu  Santo  Bay,  a  little  be- 
low the  town  of  Eefugio. 

Ararat  Mountain,  Pa.,  lies  in  Luzerne  and 
Wayne  counties.  Length  15  miles. 

Ararat,  or  Pilot  Mountain,  N.  C.,  lies  9  miles 
N.  W.  from  Bethania,  between  Yadkin  River  on 
the  S.  and  Ararat  River  on  the  "W.  It  is  about 
1  mile  in  height,  of  a  pyramidal  form,  with  an 
area  of  an  acre  at  the  top,  which  supports  a  rock 
300  feet  high. 

Arguello  Point,  Ca.  Situated  N.  W.  from  Point 
Conception. 

Argyle  Fort,  Bryan  co.,  Ga.,  situated  on  the 
IV.  bank  of  Ogechee  River,  6  miles  above  Oge- 
chee  Bridge,  was  built  in  1733,  to  protect  the 
early  settlers  against  the  Spaniards.  It  is  now 
in  ruins. 

Arkansas  Pass,  Ts.  A  passage  between  two 
islands  leading  into  Espiritu  Santo  Bay. 

Arkansas  River,  As.  This  river  rises  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  about  lat.  42°  N.,  near  the 
sources  of  the  Del  Norte,  and  near  the  boundary 
between  Nebraska  and  New-Mexico,  and  for  some 
distance  forms  a  part  of  that  boundary.  It  flows 
through  the  central  part  of  Arkansas,  and  after 
a  course  of  2170  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi 
in  lat.  33°  40'  N.  Its  general  course  is  E.  S.  E. 
The  navigation  is  not  obstructed  by  rocks,  shoals, 
or  rapids,  and  it  is  navigable  for  boats  at  some 
seasons  1980  miles.  The  country  watered  by 
the  Arkansas,  in  its  upper  parts,  is  sterile ;  but 
in  the  lower  parts  it  is  tolerably  fertile,  and  on 
its  alluvial  borders  it  is  rich.  The  whole  surface 
watered  by  this  river  and  its  tributaries  is  esti- 
mated at  178,000  square  miles. 

Armstrong  Fort.  Situated  on  the  S.  extremity 
of  Rock  Island,  Is. 

Aroostook  River,  Me.  This  river  rises  in  the  inte- 
rior of  Piscataquis  co.,  flows  more  than  100  miles 
in  a  circuitous  course,  receiving  many  important 
tributaries,  and  enters  St.  John's  River  in  New 
Brunswick.  The  land  on  its  borders  is  very  fer- 
tile, and  said  to  equal  the  celebrated  Genesee 
land  for  the  raising  of  wheat. 

Ascutney  Mountain,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.  This 
mountain  lies  in  the  towns  of  Windsor  and 
Weathersfield,  and  is  a  huge  mass  of  granite,  pro- 
ducing but  little  vegetation  of  any  kind.  Its 
name  is  undoubtedly  of  Indian  origin,  but  writers 
are  not  agreed  as  to  its  signification.  From  the 
summit  of  this  mountain  the  prospect  is  extensive 
and  very  beautiful.  The  Connecticut,  which  is 
easily  seen  winding  its  way  through  fertile  and 
highly  cultivated  meadows,  adds  much  to  the 
charm  of  the  scenery. 

Ash  Point,  Chippewa  co.,  Mn.,  extends  into  the 
Straits  of  St.  Mary,  opposite  St.  Joseph's  Island. 

Ashepoo  River,  Colleton  district,  S.  C.  This 
river  rises  in  the  W.  interior  of  the  district,  flows 
S.  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  St.  Helena  Sound. 

Ashley  Fork,  Ca.  A  W.  branch  of  Green  River, 
which  it  enters  below  Brush  Creek. 

Ashley  River,  S.  C.  This  river  rises  in  the  W. 
part  of  Charleston  district,  flows  S.  E.,  through 
Colleton  district,  and  enters  Charleston  Harbor 
opposite  the  city  of  Charleston. 


Ashley  River,  Fa.,  waters  the  W.  part  of  the 
state,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Ashtabula  River,  Ashtabula  co.,  0.  It  rises  in 
the  E.  part  of  the  county,  flows  about  30  miles 
in  a  N.  W.  direction,  and  empties  into  Lake  Erie. 

Ashudot  or  Ashwillit  River,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H. 
This  stream  rises  in  a  pond  in  the  town  of  Wash- 
ington, flows  in  a  southerly  direction,  through  Mar- 
low  and  Gilsum,  to  Keene,  where  it  receives  a  con- 
siderable branch  supplied  from  ponds  in  Stoddard. 
From  Keene  it  proceeds  to  Swanzey,  where  it  re- 
ceives another  branch,  and  thence  pursues  a  south- 
erly and  westerly  course,  through  Winchester  into 
Hinsdale,  where  it  empties  into  the  Connecticut, 
about  3  miles  from  the  S.  boundary  of  the  state. 

Assabet  River,  Ms.  It  rises  in  the  vicinity  of 
Westborough,  flows  through  Marlborough,  North- 
borough,  and  Stow,  and  unites  with  Sudbury 
River  at  Concord. 

Assemoqua  River,  Mn.,  rises  in  the  S.  W.  corner 
of  Clare  co.,  flows  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Titti- 
bawasee  on  the  S.  border  of  Gladwin  co. 

Attamva  River,  St.  Croix  co.,  Wn.,  flows  S.  W. 
into  the  St.  Croix  River. 

Attonowining  River,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  A 
small  stream  flowing  S.  into  the  St.  Croix  River. 

Attwater's  Falls,  in  Norfolk  village,  St.  Law- 
rence co.,  N.  Y.,  are  formed  by  the  descent  of 
Racket  River  from  a  height  of  50  feet. 

Au  Barque,  Point,  Mn.,  extends  into  the  N.  W. 
part  of  Lake  Huron,  E.  from  the  Big  Bay  de 
Noquet. 

Au  Barques  Point,  Huron  co.,  Mn.,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  Willow  River. 

Au  Bay  Point,  Mn.,  situated  between  Big  and 
Little  de  Noquet  Bays. 

Au  Chapeau  Point,  Huron  co.,  Mn.,  extends  into 
Lake  Huron,  at  the  mouth  of  Pinebog  River. 

Au  Cuivre  River,  Mo.  This  river  is  formed  by 
three  principal  branches,  called  Indian  Creek, 
Middle,  and  Eagle  Forks.  After  the  junction  of 
these  large  streams,  the  river  flows  in  an  easterly 
direction,  forming  the  boundary  between  St. 
Charles  and  Lincoln  counties,  and  empties  into 
the  Mississippi. 

Auglaize  River,  0.,  rises  in  Allen  co.,  receives 
numerous  branches,  and  forms  a  large  branch  of 
the  Maumee  River,  entering  it  on  the  S.  side,  at 
Defiance.  It  is  boatable,  at  high  water,  50  or  60  m. 

Au  Haut  Island,  Me.  This  island  lies  off  Han- 
cock co.,  E.  from  the  Vinalhaven  Islands. 

Au  Pain  de  Sucre  Point,  Huron  co.,  Mn.  Situ- 
ated E.  from  Point  au  Chapeau. 

Au  Sable,  Point,  Schoolcraft  co.,  Mn.  Situated 
E.  from  the  mouth  of  Hurricane  River. 

Au  Sable  Point,  Brown  co.  Wn.,  extends  into 
Green  Bay,  N.  E.  from  the  town  of  Green  Bay, 
and  opposite  Grass  Point. 

Au  Sable  River,  N.  Y.,  sometimes  called  the 
Great  Au  Sable,  rises  in  the  Mohegan  Mountains, 
Essex  co.,  near  the  sources  of  Hudson  River. 
flows  N.  E.,  and  enters  Lake  Champlain  in  the  S. 
part  of  Clinton  co.  Its  two  main  branches  unite 
at  the  village  of  Au  Sable  Forks ;  the  river  then 
passes  through  the  manufacturing  villages  of 
Clintonville,  Keesville,  and  Birmingham,  afford- 
ing extensive  water  power.  There  is  a  succes- 
sion of  falls,  in  all  of  about  150  feet  descent,  at 
Birmingham,  2  miles  below  Keesville.  The  river 
enters  a  deep  ravine,  of  singular  and  romantic 
beauty,  immediately  below  the  falls.  The  rocks 
rise  on  either  side  of  this  chasm,  which  is  formed 
by  the  wearing  of  the  waters,  or  by  some  convul- 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


171 


sion  of  nature,  to  an  almost  perpendicular  height 
of  from  75  to  150  feet,  for  a  distance  of  about  2 
miles,  and  an  average  width  of  about  50  feet, 
forming  a  great  natural  curiosity.  There  are 
other  ravines  of  singular  formation  in  this  vi- 
cinity. 

Au  Sable  River,  Little,  rises  in  Clinton  co.,  N. 
Y.,  and  enters  Lake  Champlain  a  few  miles  N.  of 
the  Great  Au  Sable. 

Au  Sable  River,  Is.  A  small  branch  of  the  Illi- 
nois Eiver,  which  it  enters  from  theN.  in  Gundy  co. 

Austin's  Creek,  Ga.  It  falls  into  Savannah 
River,  about  12  miles  N.  W.  from  Savannah. 

Aux  Grais  River,  Mn.,  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Ogemaw  co.,  flows  S.  E.  into  Arenac  co.,  where 
it  falls  into  Rifle  River. 

Avalanche  Lake,  Newcomb,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y. 
This  small  lake  is  situated  between  Mounts  Mc- 
Intyre  and  McMartin.  It  is  much  the  highest 
body  of  water  in  the  state,  large  enough  to  be 
called  a  lake  ;  being  elevated  2900  feet  above  the 
tide  waters  of  the  Hudson,  of  which  it  is  a  tribu- 
tary. It  derives  its  name  from  an  avalanche  that 
must  have  occurred  on  the  W.  side  of  Mount  Mc- 
Martin many  years  since. 

Avon  Springs.     See  Mineral  Springs,  &c. 

Ayer's  Hill,  Haverhill,  Ms.     Height  339  feet. 

Back  Creek,  Va.,  drains  Frederick  co.,  and 
flows  N.  E.,  through  Berkley  co.,  into  the  Poto- 
mac River. 

Back  River,  N.  H.  The  head  stream  of  this 
River,  called  Bellamy  Bank,  is  formed  by  two 
branches,  which  unite  in  Madbury.  The  stream 
then  falls  into  the  Piscataqua,  on  the  W.  side  of 
Dover  Neck,  and  is  called  Back  River. 

Back  River,  Va.,  forms  the  boundary  between 
York  and  Elizabeth  City  counties,  and  empties 
into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Bad  River,  Mn.,  rises  in  Saginaw  co.,  and 
empties  into  Saginaw  River. 

Bad  River,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  This  stream 
has  many  large  branches,  which  drain,  the  E.  part 
of  the  county.  They  unite  to  form  the  main 
stream  near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Superior. 

Bagaduce  Point,  Me.  A  cape  extending  into 
Penobscot  Bay. 

Bahama  Channel,  or  Gulf  of  Florida,  the  nar- 
row sea  between  the  coast  of  America  and  the 
Bahama  Islands,  is  135  miles  long,  and  46  wide. 
The  currents  here,  formed  by  an  inflection  of  the 
Gulf  Stream,  are  very  violent,  passing  at  the  rate 
of  from  2  to  5  miles  an  hour  among  islands,  and 
vessels  are  frequently  wrecked  in  passing  through 
this  dangerous  strait. 

Baker's  Island,  Me.,  lies  S.  E.  of  Mount  De- 
sert Island,  off  Hancock  co. 

Baker  Mount,  On.  This  is  an  elevated  peak  of 
the  Cascade  Mts.,  situated  on  the  N.  border  of  the 
state. 

Baker  Pond,  Me.  Situated  in  the  N.  part 
of  Somerset  co.  The  S.  branch  of  St.  John's 
River  passes  through  it. 

Baker's  River,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  This  is 
a  considerable  stream,  formed  by  two  branches. 
The  N.  branch  rises  near  Moosehillock  Moun- 
tain in  Benton,  flows  in  a  southerly  direc- 
tion through  Warren  into  Wentworth,  where  it 
unites  with  the  S.  branch.  The  river  then  flows 
in  a  S.  E.  and  S.  course  through  Rumney  and 
Plymouth,  where  it  unites  with  the  Pemige- 
wasset,  just  above  Plymouth  Village.  It  was  on 
this  river,  in  the  township  of  Rumney  that 


General  Stark  was  captured  by  the  Indians,  on 
the  28th  of  April,  1752. 

Bald  Eagle  Mountains  and  Valley,  Pa.,  are  situ- 
ated N.  E.  of  Juniata  River,  on  the  confines  of 
Huntington  and  Centre  counties.  Bald  Eagle 
Valley  lies  on  the  E.  side,  and  is  5  miles  wide, 
having  beneath  it  a  bed  of  limestone.  It  has 
also  a  place  where  caverns  in  the  rocks  absorb 
the  principal  streams  of  the  valley,  which  run 
several  miles  under  ground  before  they  emerge. 

Bald  Eagle  River,  Pa.,  runs  in  a  N.  E.  direction 
44  miles,  through  Centre  and  Clinton  counties, 
and  falls  into  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna, 
after  a  course  of  50  miles. 

Bald  Face  Mountain,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  lies  in 
the  town  of  Bartlett,  between  Ellis  River  and  the 
Rocky  branch  of  the  Saco. 

Bald  Hill,  Douglas,  Ms.     Height  714  feet. 

Bald  Mount,  Somerset  co..  Me.,  lies  W.  of  Pe- 
nobscot River. 

Bald  Mountain  Hills,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  a 
high  range  extending  from  the  town  of  Hoosick, 
through  Petersburg  into  Berlin. 

Bald  Mountain  Ridge,  Me.  Situated  in  the  N. 
W.  part  of  Somerset  co.,  near  the  source  of  the 
W.  branch  of  Penobscot  River. — Bald  Mountain. 
An  isolated  peak,  situated  in  the  same  county,  S. 
from  the  Ridge. 

Bald  Peak,  Mt. Washington,  Ms.  Height  2624  ft. 

Baldwin's  Creek  rises  in  Erin,  Chemung  co., 
N.  Y.,  and  flows  S.  into  Chemung  River. 

Balize,  La.  This  is  the  principal  entrance  into 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  and  is  100  miles  be- 
low New  Orleans.  It  is  about  20  miles  long,  and 
has  16  feet  of  water  on  the  bar. 

Ballston  Springs,     See  Mineral  Springs,  &c. 

Baloxi,  Bay  of,  Mi.  This  bay  lies  between 
Harrison  co.  on  the  N.  and  Ship  Island  Sound 
on  the  S. 

Baloxi  River,  Harrison  co.,  Mi.,  is  a  small 
stream  emptying  into  Baloxi  Bay. 

Bamonegemook  Lake,  Me.,  lies  in  the  N.  part  of 
Piscataquis  co. 

Bank  Creek,  Pa.  The  head  branches  of  this 
stream  rise  in  the  W.  part  of  Clearfield  co.  It 
flows  in  a  S.  W.  direction,  separating  Clarion  and 
Armstrong  counties,  and  empties  into  the  Alle- 
ghany  River. 

Bannister  River,  Va.,  runs  through  Pittsylvania 
and  Halifax  counties,  and  falls  into  Dan  River,  10 
miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Roanoke. 

Baptism  River,  Ma.  A  small  stream  flowing 
S.  E.  into  Lake  Superior. 

Baraboo  River,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Sauk  co.,  flows  S.  of  E.,  and  empties  into  Wis- 
consin River,  in  Columbia  co.,  just  above  the  town 
of  De  Korra. 

Barataria  Bay,  La.  This  bay  sets  up  from  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  receives  the  waters  of  a  chain 
of  lakes  lying  between  it  and  the  Mississippi  River. 

Barataria  Island,  La.  A  strong  military  post  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  the  entrance 
of  Barataria  Bay,  55  miles  N.  W.  from  the  Balize. 
It  is  a  healthy  island,  and  has  a  safe  and  commo- 
dious harbor. 

Barataria  River,  La.,  runs  S.  into  a  bay  of  the 
same  name. 

Bare  Mountain,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.  This  is  one 
of  the  W.  peaks  of  the  Highlands,  lying  in  the 
towns  of  Cornwall  and  Monroe. 

Barnharfs  Island,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies 
in  St.  Lawrence  River,  being  the  most  N.  island 
in  this  river  belonging  to  the  U.  S. 


172 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Barn  Island,  Great,  New  York  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies 
in  East  River,  on  the  N.  side  of  Hell  Gate,  7  miles 
from  the  City  Hall.  It  is  about  2  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. 

Barn  Island,  Little,  N.  Y.,  lies  at  the  junction 
of  Harlem  and  East  Rivers,  and  N.  E.  of  Great 
Barn  Island,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  nar- 
row channel  called  "  Little  Hell  Gate." 

Barnes  Sound,  Fa.  A  large  expanse  of  water, 
situated  between  Dade  co.  on  the  N.  and  the 
Florida  Keys  on  the  S.  and  E. 

Barnegat  Bay,  N.  J.  This  bay  is  separated 
from  the  ocean  by  Island  and  Squam  Beaches, 
extends  from  Barnegat  Inlet,  20  miles,  to  Mete- 
cunk  River,  and  is  from  1  to  4  miles  wide. 

Barques  River,  Mo.,  enters  the  Missouri  at  Ion. 
93°  14'  W.  and  lat.  38°  43'  N. 

Barren  Island,  King's  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  at  the 
mouth  of  Jamaica  Bay,  between  Plumb  and  Rock- 
away  Inlets. 

Barren  Rivers,  Ky.,  two  small  rivers,  called  the 
Big  and  Little  Barren,  are  tributaries  of  Green 
River.  The  former  falls  into  it  in  the  N.  W.  cor- 
ner of  Warren  co.,  the  latter  W.  of  Green  sburg. 

Barrell  Creek,  Iowa,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  Mis- 
souri River  in  Mills  co. 

Barrier  River,  On.,  flows  in  an  E.  direction,  and 
falls  into  Clark's  fork  of  Columbia  River,  a  little 
below  Fort  Okonagan. 

Barrington  Fort,  Ga.,  14  miles  above  Darien, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Alatamaha,  was  erected  in 
1720  by  the  Carolinians,  to  prevent  the  escape  of 
the  negroes  to  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine. 

Barron's  Island,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  A  small 
.island  in  the  Connecticut  River,  attached  to  the 
town  of  Piermont. 

Bartletfs  Island,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  Situated 
in  Lake  Superior,  N.E.  from  the  Apostles'  Islands. 

Barton  River,  Vt.,  is  formed  in  the  township  of 
Barton,  by  the  junction  of  two  head  branches,  one 
of  which  rises  in  Glover,  and  the  other  on  the 
boundary  between  Sheffield  and  Sutton.  The 
main  stream  flows  N.  and  N.  E.,  receiving  Wil- 
loughby's  River  near  its  head,  and  passing  through 
parts  of  Irasburg  and  Orleans,  empties  into  Mem- 
phremagog  Lake.  It  waters  about  160  square 
miles. 

Basin  Harbor,  Addison  co.,  Vt.    See  Ferrisburg. 

Baskahegan  River,  Me.,  rises  in  Baskahegan 
Lake,  Washington  co.,  near  New  Brunswick  line ; 
it  then  flows  15  or  20  miles  in  a  W.  direction,  and 
empties  into  the  Matawamkeag,  a  tributary  of  the 
Penobscot. 

Bass  Islands,  0.  Situated  in  Lake  Erie,  N.  W. 
from  Cunningham's  Island  and  N.  from  the  town 
of  Port  Clinton. 

Bastien  Bay,  Plaquemine  parish,  La.  A  long, 
narrow  body  of  water  extending  from  the  Missis- 
sippi River  S.  W.  into  Barataria  Bay. 

Basture  Island.  A  small  island  lying  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  near  the  coast  of  Mi. 

Batache  Bayou,  La.  A  small  branch  of  the 
Dorcheat  Bayou. 

Battahatchee  River  rises  in  A  a.,  and  after  a 
course  of  70  miles  in  a  S.  W.  direction,  enters  the 
Tombigbee,  in  Monroe  co.,  Mi. 

Batten  Kill  rises  in  Vt.,  flows  W.  through  Wash- 
ington co.,  N.  Y.,  and  enters  the  Hudson  l£  miles 
below  Fort  Miller  bridge.  It  is  a  good  mill 
stream. 

Battle  Creek,  Mn.,  is  the  largest  branch  of  the 
Kalamazoo.  It  has  a  winding  course  of  40  miles, 
and  furnishes  good  mill  seats. 


Battle  River,  Aroostook  co.,  Me.  A  small 
stream  flowing  in  a  S.  E.  direction  into  the  Mat- 
awamkeag River. 

Bay  Creek,  Is.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Pike 
co.,  flows  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi  in 
Calhoun  co. 

Bay  River,  Craven  co.,  N.  C.,  empties  into  Pam- 
lico  Sound,  N.  from  Neuse  River. 

Bay  Ronde,  La.  This  small  bay  lies  off  Pla- 
quemine parish,  just  above  the  Delta  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Bayou  des  Arcs,  As.  This  stream  flows  in  a 
S.  E.  direction,  forming  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween White  and  Pulaski  counties,  and  empties 
into  White  River. 

Bayou  Meter,  As.  This  river  rises  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  Pulaski  co.,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  its  tributaries 
draining  a  large  extent  of  land,  and  falls  into  the 
Arkansas  River,  in  Arkansas  co. 

Beach  Island,  Ms.  This  island  lies  off  the  town 
of  Wellfleet,  enclosing  Wellfleet  Bay. 

Beacon  Hill,  or  the.  Old  Beacon,  N.  Y.,  one  of 
the  highest  peaks  of  the  Highlands  of  the  Hud- 
son, is  situated  in  the  S.  part  of  the  town  of  Fish- 
kill,  close  on  the  borders  of  the  Hudson,  above 
which  it  is  elevated  1471  feet. 

Beacon,  New,  or  Grand  Sachem,  N.  Y.,  situ- 
ated half  a  mile  S.  of  the  former,  is  the  high- 
est peak  of  the  Highlands,  or  Matteawan  Moun- 
tains, being  elevated  1685  feet  above  the  tide 
waters  of  the  Hudson.  The  view  from  the 
summit  of  this  mountain  is  extremely  beautiful. 
The  river  is  visible  from  West  Point  to  Tappan 
Bay  on  the  S.,  and  for  an  extent  of  50  miles  on 
the  N.  The  surrounding  rich  and  highly  culti- 
vated country,  dotted  with  villages,  and  wanting 
in  nothing  that  renders  so  extensive  a  landscape 
lovely,  lies  as  a  picture  before  the  observer. 

Bean  Hill,  Merrimac  co.,  N.  H.     See  Northfield. 

Beans  Creek,  Franklin  co.,  Te.  A  small  branch 
of  Elk  River. 

Bearen  Island,  N.  Y.,  lying  in  the  Hudson, 
opposite  the  town  of  Coeymans,  Albany  co.,  was 
on  the  S.  boundary  of  the  old  Rensselaerwyck 
colony,  and  was  fortified  and  garrisoned  by  one 
of  the  early  patroons,  in  1 644.  All  foreign  traders 
were  obliged  to  come  here  and  learn  the  terms  on 
which  the  port  of  the  colony  might  be  entered. 

Bear  Camp  River,  N.  H.  This  river  is  formed 
in  Ossipee,  by  the  junction  of  its  two  principal 
branches,  and  empties  into  the  W.  side  of  Ossipee 
Lake. 

Bear  Creek,  the  outlet  of  Bear  Lake,  rises  in 
Stockton,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  flowing  S. 
enters  Cassadaga  Creek. 

Bear's  or  Tiffin's  Creek  rises  in  Mn.,  and  enters 
the  Maumee  l£  miles  above  the  Auglaise.  It  is 
54  miles  long. 

Bear  Creek,  Is.,  rises  in  the  interior  of  Hancock 
co.,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  by 
two  mouths  in  Adams  co. 

Bear  Creek,  Iowa.  A  S.  branch  of  the  Maco- 
quetais  River,  which  it  enters  in  Jackson  co. 

Bear  Creek.  A  branch  of  Tennessee  River, 
rises  in  Aa.,  and  after  a  course  of  70  miles  enters 
the  Tennessee,  between  the  states  of  Aa.  and  Mi. 

Bear  Creek,  Ts.  A  small  W.  branch  of  Trinity 
River. 

Bear  Grass  River,  Ky.,  falls  into  the  Ohio,  at 
Louisville. 

Bear  Lake,  Chatauque  co..  N.  Y.,  is  a  small 
body  of  water  lying  partly  in  the  town  of  Pom 
fret  and  partly  in  Stockton. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


173 


Bear  Mountain,  Wendall,  Ms.     Height  1281  ft. 

Bear  River,  Me.  This  stream  rises  in  the  High- 
lands, near  Umbagog  Lake,  and  falls  into  the 
Androscoggin,  opposite  Bethel. 

Beasley's  Creek,  Ky.,  falls  into  Ohio  Kiver,  Ion. 
83°  55'  W.  and  lat.  38°  35'  N. 

Beaver,  Big,  River,  Pa.,  is  formed  by  the  Maho- 
ning  and  Shenango.  It  enters  the  Ohio  River 
near  the  town  of  Beaver,  Pa.  The  main  river  is 
about  20  miles  long,  and  to  its  sources  80  miles. 
The  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal  passes  along 
the  valley  of  this  river. 

Beaver  Dam  Creek,  Beaufort  district,  S.  C.  A 
small  branch  of  the  Savannah  River. 

Beaver  Dam  Lake,  Tunica  co.,  Mi.,  lies  a  little 
E.  from  the  Mississippi  River,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  an  outlet. 

Beaver  Brook,  Aroostook  co.,  Me.,  is  a  tributary 
of  Aroostook  River,  which  it  enters  on  the  N.  side. 

Beaver  Brooks,  N.  H.  There  are  several  streams 
of  this  name  in  the  state.  The  largest  rises  in  a 
small  pond  in  Unity,  and  flowing  W.  empties  into 
the  Connecticut  at  Charlestown.  Another  rises 
in  Mount  Vernon,  and  empties  into  the  Souhegan. 

Beaver  Creek,  Crawford  co.,  Wn.  A  tributary 
of  Black  River. 

Beaver  Islands,  Lake  Michigan.  These  islands 
are  5  or  6  in  number.  The  largest,  Big  Beaver, 
contains  40  square  miles. 

Beaver  Islands,  Great  and  Little,  Mn.  They  lie 
in  the  N.  part  of  Lake  Michigan,  Great  Beaver 
being  S.  and  Little  Beaver  S.  W.  from  Garden 
Island. 

BeaverkiH  rises  in  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
through  Sullivan  into  Delaware  co.,  and  falls  into 
the  Papacton,  a  branch  of  the  Delaware.  It  is  a 
good  mill  stream. 

Beaver  Lake,  Hamilton  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  a  small 
body  of  water  emptying  into  Moose  River. 

]3eaver  River,  N.  H.  and  Ms.,  rises  in  Beaver 
Pond,  in  Londonderry,  flows  S.  through  Pelham, 
and  falls  into  the  Merrimac,  in  Dracut,  Ms.,  nearly 
opposite  the  mouth  of  Concord  River. 

Beaver  River  rises  in  Hamilton  co.,  N.  Y.,  and 
flowing  W.  empties  into  Black  River,  in  Lewis  co. 

Becket  Station  Mountain,  Becket,  Ms.  Height 
2194  feet. 

Bedlow's  Island  is  situated  in  New  York  Bay, 
near  Ellis's  Island,  and  2946  yards  S.  W.  of  the 
Battery.  It  belongs  to  the  U.  S.  government,  and 
on  it  is  located  Fort  Wood,  a  strong  fortification, 
which,  with  the  works  on  Governor's  Island,  forms 
the  inner  defence  of  N.  Y.  harbor. 

Beech  River,  Te.  This  stream  rises  in  the  W. 
interior  of  Henderson  co.,  flows  E.,  receiving 
Piney,  Cane,  Mill,  and  other  small  creeks,  and  en- 
ters the  Tennessee  at  Perryville. 

Beerldll  rises  in  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  E., 
and  empties  into  Rondout  Creek,  in  Ulster  co. 

Belamaqueen  Bay,  Vt.  A  small  bay  jutting 
into  the  town  of  Ferrisburg,  from  Lake  Champlain. 

Belle  River,  Mn.,  passes  through  Lapeer  and  St. 
Clair  counties,  and  after  a  course  of  50  miles  en- 
ters St.  Clair  River.  It  is  navigable  for  bateaux 
a  short  distance  from  its  mouth. 

Belle  Pond,  or  Belle  Water  Pond,  Vt.,  lies  in  the 
S.  E.  part  of  Barton,  and  is  3  miles  long  and  1& 
miles  wide. 

Bell  Kedgwick  River,  Me.  A  branch  of  the  Kat- 
a\van  Kedgwick,  which  it  enters  on  the  W.  side. 

Belling/tarn  Bay,  On.  Situated  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  state,  between  the  Gulf  of  Georgia 
und  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 


Bellows  Falls,  Vt.     See  Rockingham. 

Bennett's  Creek  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Sj;euben 
co.,  N.  Y.,  and  flowing  N.  enters  Canisteo  River. 

Benton  Lakes,  Ma.  Situated  at  the  head  of 
Coteau  Percee  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Sioux  River. 

Bete  Gris  Bay,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  Situated  on 
the  N.  E.  part  of  Keewaiwona  Bay. 

Betsie  River,  Mn.  This  stream  rises  in  a  small 
lake  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Leelanau  co.,  makes  a 
curve  into  Manistee  co.,  then  flows  through  the 
S.  W.  part  of  Leelanau  co.  into  Lake  Michigan. 

Big  Bay  de  Noquet,  Mn.  This  is  a  large  bay 
extending  into  the  N.  part  of  the  peninsula,  N.  E. 
from  Green  Bay.  It  receives  the  waters  of  several 
rivers,  and  communicates  with  Lake  Michigan. 

Big  Bay  Creek,  Is.  This  stream  flows  S.  E., 
draining  Johnson  and  Pope  counties,  and  empties 
into  the  Kentucky  River. 

Big  Biwyah  Creek,  Choctaw  co.,  Mi.  One  of 
the  head  branches  of  the  Big  Black  River. 

Big  Black  River,  Mi.,  is  160  miles  long,  and 
empties  into  the  Mississippi. 

Big  Blue  River,  la.,  falls  into  the  Ohio,  2  miles 
W.  from  Leavenworth. 

Big  Blue  River  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  In.  ter. 
and  falls  into  the  Missouri  in  Jackson  co. 

Big  Bone  Creek,  Woodford  co.,  Ky.,  flows  W. 
into  the  Ohio  River. 

Big  Branch  Creek,  Ripley  co.,  Mo.  A  tributary 
of  Current  River,  which  it  enters  near  the  centre 
of  the  county. 

Big  Flat  Creek,  Bedford  co.,  Te.,  enters  Duck 
River  from  the  S.,  opposite  Shelby  ville. 

Big  Hatchy  River,  Te.,  falls  into  the  Mississippi 
in  Tipton  co.,  after  a  course  of  100  miles. 

Bighorn  River.  This  river  rises  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  flowing  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  about 
800  miles,  joins  the  Yellowstone  at  Manuel's 
Fort.  It  waters  a  fine,  fertile  country,  and  is 
navigable  for  canoes  to  a  great  distance. 

Big  Horse  Creek,  Edgefield  district,  S.  C.  A 
small  branch  of  the  Savannah,  which  it  enters  a 
little  below  Hamburg. 

Big  Indian  Creek,  la.,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
Johnson  co.,  flows  W.,  and  empties  into  the  "W. 
fork  of  White  River,  in  Morgan  county. 

Big  Lake  River,  On.  It  rises  in  a  lake  on  the 
N.  border  of  On.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into 
Clark's  Fork  of  Columbia  River,  a  little  W.  from 
Pend  Orcille's  Lake. 

Big  Laurel  River,  N.  C.,  rises  among  the  Blue 
Ridge  Mountains  in  Yancey  co.,  and  flows  S.  W. 
into  the  French  Broad  River. 

Big  and  Little  Sandy  Forks,  On.  and  Ca,  These 
streams  rise  in  the  Wind  River  Mts.,  unite,  and 
flowing  S.  W.  into  Ca.,  empty  into  Green  River. 

Big  Loutre  River,  Mo.  This  river  waters  the 
S.  E.  part  of  Audrain  co.,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  en- 
ters the  Missouri,  opposite  Loutre  Island. 

Big  Mill  Creek,  Jackson  co.,  Va.,  flows  in  a 
N.  W.  direction,  and  empties  into  the  Ohio  River. 

Big  Maddy  River,  Is.  This  river  rises  in  the 
N.  part  of  Jefferson  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  receiving 
numerous  tributaries,  and  enters  the  Mississippi 
in  the  N.  W.  corner  of  Union  co. 

Big  Pigeon  Creek,  la.  It  rises  near  the  centre 
of  Gibson  co.,  flows  in  a  winding  southerly  direc- 
tion, and  enters  the  Ohio  River  in  Vanderburg  co. 

Big  Pigeon  River.  This  stream  rises  in  the 
S.  E.  part  of  Haywood  co.,  N.  C.,  flows  N.  W. 
into  Te.,  and  enters  the  French  Broad  River  in 
the  N.  part  of  Cocke  co. 

Big  Sandy  River,  rises  in  Va.,  and  enters  the 


174 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c. 


Ohio  at  Catletsburg,  Ky.  It  is  formed  by  the 
junction  of  E.  and  W.  forks,  and  its  E.  fork  con- 
stitutes the  boundary  between  Va.  and  Ky.  for 
nearly  200  miles. 

Big  Stone  Lake,  Ma.  This  is  a  long,  narrow 
sheet  of  water,  lying  S.  E.  from  Lake  Travers. 
The  waters  of  Minesota  or  St.  Peter's  River  pass 
through  it. 

Big  Swamp  Creek,  Lowndes  co.,  Aa.,  flows 
N.  W.,  and  enters  the  Alabama  River  at  Benton. 

Big  Thibeau  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part 
of  Henry  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  enters  the  South 
Grand,  near  its  junction  with  Osage  River. 

Big  Whippoorwill  Creek,  Logan  co.,  Ky.,  flows 
S.  E.,  and  empties  into  Red,  a  branch  of  Cumber- 
land River. 

Big  Wills  Creek,  Aa.  This  stream  has  its 
source  among  the  Alleghanies,  flows  mostly  in  a 
S.  W.  course,  and  falls  into  the  Coosa  River. 

Big  Wood  River,  On.  It  rises  among  the 
Salmon  River  Mountains,  flows  S.  of  W.,  and 
falls  into,  Lewis's  fork  of  Columbia  River,  just 
below  Fort  Poisee. 

Big  Creek,  Posey  co.,  la.,  flows  S.  W.  into  the 
Wabash  River. 

Big  Creek,  As.    A  small  branch  of  White  River. 

Big  Creek,  Ts.  An  E.  tributary  of  Brazos  River. 

Bigelow  Mountains,  Me.,  lie  S.  of  Dead  River, 
in  Franklin  and  Somerset  counties. 

Billingsgate  Island,  Ms.  This  is  the  most 
southern  of  four  islands  enclosing  Wellfleet  Bay. 

Birch  Lake,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  One  of  a  chain 
of  small  lakes  supplying  the  head  waters  of  Red 
Cedar  River. 

Birch  Stream,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  enters  the 
Penobscot  River  just  above  Oldtown  Island. 

Bird  Island,  N.  Y.  Situated  in  the  E.  part  of 
Lake  Erie,  opposite  the  city  of  Buffalo,  is  a  small, 
rocky  island.  The  great  Black  Rock  Pier  com- 
mences here,  and  extends  to  Squaw  Island,  oppo- 
site Black  Rock,  a  distance  of  2  miles,  affording 
an  immense  hydraulic  power,  also  an  inexhaust- 
ible feeder  for  the  Erie  Canal. 

Bird  Song  Creek,  Benton  co.,  Te.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Bishop's  Brook,  N.  H.,  waters  Stewartstown,  and 
empties  into  the  Connecticut. 

Bistineau  Lake,  Claiborne  parish,  La.,  receives 
Dacheet  River,  and  connects  with  Red  River,  the 
waters  of  which  it  receives  in  the  wet  season,  and 
discharges  in  the  dry  season.  It  is  35  miles  long 
and  2  miles  wide. 

Biswdl's  Creek,  Livingston  co.,  Ky.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Cumberland  River. 

Black  Bay,  Va.  A  small  bay  in  the  Ches- 
apeake, at  Ion.  76°  21'  W.  and  lat.  37°  9'  N. 

Black  Bay,  Situated  in  the  N.  part  of  Lake 
Superior,  Ion.  88°  10'  W.  and  lat.  48°  36'  N. 

Black  Bay,  La.,  lies  off  St.  Bernard  and  Pla- 
quemine  parishes,  between  Chandeleur  Bay  on  the 
E.,  and  the  Bay  de  la  Riviere  au  Chenes  on  the  S. 

Black  Creek,  Vt.     See  Fairfield. 

Black  Creek  rises  in  New  Hudson,  Alleghany 
co.,  N.  Y.,  and  flows  N.  E.  into  Genesee  River. 

Black  Creek,  N.  Y.  This  stream,  which  affords 
good  water  power,  rises  in  Genesee  co.,  and  flows 
into  Genesee  River,  in  Monroe  co. 

Black  Creek,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  An  E.  branch 
of  Wolf  River. 

Black  Creek,  Fa.  A  tributary  of  St.  John's 
River,  which  it  enters  in  Duval  co. 

Black  Beard  Island,  Ga.,  belongs  to  the  U.  S. 
government,  and  contains  1600  acres. 


Black  Lake,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.  This  lake, 
which  lies  nearly  parallel  with  St.  Lawrence 
River,  is  about  20  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  2-i 
miles  in  width,  and  seems  a  mere  expansion  of 
Black  River,  which  enters  it  from  the  S.  Its  out- 
let, after  flowing  2  or  3  miles,  enters  Oswegatchie 
River. 

Black  River,  Me.  This  river  rises 'in  several 
ponds  near  the  Canada  line,  and  flows  S.  E.  into 
St.  John's  River. 

Black  River,  Little,  Me.,  rises  N.  E.  of  the  for- 
mer, and  flows  S.  E.  into  the  St.  John's. 

Black  River,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.  •  It  rises  in 
Plymouth,  flows  through  Ludlow,  Cavendish,  and 
Weathersfield,  affording  many  mill  sites,  and 
falls  into  the  Connecticut  at  Springfield.  Its 
length  is  35  miles. 

Black  River,  Orleans  co..  Vt.,  rises  in  some 
ponds  in  Craftsbury,  flows  through  Albany,  Iras- 
burg,  and  Coventry,  and  falls  into  Memphrema- 
gog  Lake  at  Salem.  Its  length  is  about  30 
miles. 

Black  River,  the  third  river  in  size  that  has 
its  course  entirely  in  N.  Y.,  derives  its  name 
from  the  color  of  its  waters.  It  rises  in  Herki- 
mer  and  Hamilton  counties,  flows  N.  W.  about 
120  miles,  and  empties  into  Black  River  Bay,  in 
the  E.  part  of  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  navigable  from 
the  High  Falls,  in  Leyden,  where  it  has  a  descent 
of  63  feet,  to  the  Long  Falls  at  Carthage,  a  dis- 
tance of  40  miles.  The  remainder  of  its  course 
is  circuitous,  being  a  succession  of  rapids  and 
falls.  It  is  mostly  a  deep,  sluggish  stream,  its 
falls,  however,  affording  fine  water  power.  Its 
lower  part  is  bordered  by  a  fertile  and  thickly 
settled  country. 

Black  River  Bay,  N.  Y.,  an  expansion  of  Black 
River  at  its  mouth,  is  situated  E.  of  Lake  Ontario, 
with  which  it  communicates.  It  is  5  miles  long, 
and  1  mile  wide. 

Black  River,  S.  C.  This  river  rises  in  the  E. 
part  of  Kershaw  district,  flows  S.  E.  across  Sump- 
ter  and  Williamsburg  districts,  and  empties  into 
Winyaw  Bay  at  Georgetown. 

Black  River,  Mn.  This  river  is  formed  by  3 
principal  branches,  which  unite  on  the  boundary 
between  Allegan  and  Van  Buren  counties,  and 
empties  into  Lake  Michigan. 

Black  River,  Mn.,  drains  the  W.  part  of  the 
upper  peninsula,  flowing  N.  into  Lake  Superior. 

Black  River  and  Lake.  Ottowa  and  Allegan 
counties,  Mn.  The  river  flows  mostly  in  Ottowa 
co.,  and  widens  into  a  lake  near  its  entrance  into 
Lake  Michigan. 

Black  River,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
Portage  co.,  and  flows  S.  S.  W.  into  the  Missis- 
sippi River.  This  river  has  many  tributaries,  and 
drains  a  large  extent  of  country. 

Black  Lake  Creek,  La.,  rises  in  Claiborne  parish, 
flows  S.,  receiving  numerous  tributaries,  and  unit- 
ing near  its  mouth  with  the  Grand  Bayou,  enters 
Black  Lake. 

Black  Fish  River,  Crittenden  co.,  As.  A  small 
tributary  of  the  St.  Francis. 

Black  Oak  Island,  Sumpter  district,  S.  C. 
Bounded  E.  and  S.  by  the  Santee  River,  and  W. 
and  N.  by  some  of  its  branches. 

Blackstone  River,  Ms.  The  most  inland  branch 
of  this  river  rises  between  Paxton  and  Holden. 
It  passes  Worcester,  receives  the  waters  of  the 
ponds  in  Shrewsbury,  passes  Auburn,  Grafton, 
Millbury,  Sutton,  Northbridge,  Uxbridge,  and 
Mendon,  and  entering  R.  I.  changes  its  name  to 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


175 


Pawtucket,  and  meets  the  tide  waters  in  Provi- 
dence River. 

Blackwater  River,  N.  H.,  derives  its  name  from 
the  color  of  its  water.  jjt  is  formed  in  the  W. 
part  of  Andover,  by  the  junction  of  two  small 
streams,  and  flowing  through  Salisbury  and  Bos- 
cawen,  enters  Contoocook  River  in  Hopkinton. 

Black  Water  River,  Mo.  This  stream,  with  its 
tributaries,  drains  Johnson  co.,  flows  N.  E.,  and 
enters  La  Mine  River,  in  Saline  co. 

BlackweWs  Island,  N.  Y.,  belonging  to  the  city 
of  New  York,  lies  in  East  River,  about  4  miles 
from  the  City  Hall.  It  is  1|  miles  long,  and 
quite  narrow.  On  it  are  situated  the  City  Peni- 
tentiary and  the  Lunatic  Asylum,  two  massive 
stone  buildings. 

Blanco  or  Orford  Cape,  On.  A  point  of  land 
extending  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  N.  from  the 
mouth  of  Tlamath  River. 

Block  Island,  R.  I.     See  New  ShoreJtam. 

Blood  River,  Te.  and  Ky.,  rises  in  Henry  co., 
Te.,  flows  N.  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Tennessee 
River  in  Galloway  co.,  Ky. 

Blue  Hill  and  Bay,  Me.    See  Towns. 

Blue  Bayou,  La.  This  stream  is  an  outlet  of 
the  Bayou  La  Fourche,  which  it  leaves  at  Thibo- 
deauville.  It  then  flows  in  a  S.  E.  direction,  sepa- 
rating La  Fourche  Interior  and  Terre  Bonne 
parishes,  and  enters  the  E.  part  of  Timbalier  Bay. 

Blue  Buck  Point,  La.  This  is  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Calcasieu  parish,  and  extends  into  Sa- 
bine  Lake. 

Blue  Hills,  N.  H.  This  is  the  name  generally 
given  to  the  range  commencing  in  Nottingham, 
and  extending  through  Stratford,  Farmington, 
and  Milton.  Teneriffe,  Saddleback,  and  Tuck- 
away  are  among  its  principal  peaks. 

Blue  Hill,  Milton,  Ms.    Height  635  feet. 

Blue  Mountains,  On.  A  range  extending 
through  the  interior  of  the  territory,  nearly  par- 
allel with  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Blue  Ridge,  or  South  Mountains,  branch  off  from 
the  E.  part  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  in  N.  C., 
cross  the  state  of  Va.,  and  extend  to  the  "  High- 
lands," N.  Y.  The  highest  summits,  called  "  the 
Peaks  of  Otter,"  are  in  Bedford  co.,  Va.  The 
E.  peak  measures  about  4000  feet  in  height. 

Blue  River,  Grant  co.,  Mn.,  drains  the  N.  E. 
part  of  the  county,  and  empties  into  Wisconsin 
River. 

Blue  Stone  River,  Va.  It  rises  in  the  E.  part  of 
Tazewcll  co.,  among  the  Great  Flat  Top  Moun- 
tains, flows  N.  E.  through  Mercer  co.,  and  falls 
into  New  River,  near  its  junction  with  the  Green- 
brier. 

Bluewater  River,  La.,  falls  into  the  Missouri,  9 
miles  E.  of  the  Kansas. 

Bluff"  Island,  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  attached 
to  the  town  of  Hammond,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y. 

Bluff"  Point,  N.  Y.     See  Crooked  Lake. 

Bluff  Point,  Va.  The  S.  extremity  of  North- 
umberland co.,  extending  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Bozakill  rises  in  Schenectady  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
E.,  and  enters  Norman's  Kill,  in  Albany  co. 

Bodeau  Bayou  rises  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  As., 
flows  S.  into  La.,  and  enters  Lake  Bodeau. 

Bodeau  Lake,  Bossier  parish,  La.  This  long 
and  narrow  sheet  of  water  receives  Bodeau  Bayou 
on  the  N.,  and  is  connected  by  outlets  on  the  S. 
with  Red  River  and  Lake  Bistineau. 

Bodkin's  Point,  Md.,  extends  into  Chesapeake 
Bay,  Ion.  76°  35'  W.  and  lat.  38°  10'  N. 

Baeuf  Bayou,  or  Creek,  La.,  rises  in   Rapide 


parish,  and  flows  through  a  fertile  country,  divid- 
ing into  two  channels,  one  of  which  connects  with 
Red  River,  and  the  other  with  Crocodile  River,  to 
form  the  Courtableau. 

Bog  Stream,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  rises  near 
Moosehead  Lake,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  empties  into 
Piscataquis  River. 

Bogue  Chito,  River,  rises  in  Mi.,  flows  90  miles, 
mostly  in  La.,  and  enters  Pearl  River  from  the  W. 

Bogue  Home  Creek,  Mi.  This  river  rises  in  Jas- 
per co.,  flows  S.,  and  enters  Leaf  River  a  little  E. 
from  Augusta. 

Bogue  Inlet,  N.  C.  Situated  between  Carteret 
and  Onslow  counties,  and  communicating  with 
Goose  Sound. 

Bohe  River,  Md.,  falls  into  the  Chesapeake  at 
Ion.  76°  8'  W.  and  lat.  39°  30'  N. 

Bohemia  Creek,  Md.,  enters  Elk  River  4  or  5 
miles  above  its  mouth. 

Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mn.  Situated  in  Detroit 
River,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Erie. 

Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mn.  A  large  island  situated 
in  Lake  Huron,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of 
Mackinaw. 

Bolivar  Point,  Ts.  A  point  of  land  enclosing 
Galveston  Bay  on  the  S.  E. 

Bombazine  Lake,  Vt.     See  Castleton. 

Bone  Hill  River,  Ma.  It  enters  the  Tehan 
Sansan,  or  River  a  Jaques  from  the  N.  W. 

Bon  Homme  Island,  Ma.  Situated  in  the  Mis- 
souri, a  little  E.  from  the  mouth  of  Wananri  River. 

Bonpas  Creek,  Is.  The  head  branches  of  this 
stream  rise  in  Richland  and  Lawrence  counties, 
and  it  flows  S.,  forming  the  boundary  between 
Edwards  and  Wabash  counties,  until  its  entrance 
into  the  Wabash. 

Bon  Secour  Bay,  Aa.  Situated  in  the  E.  part 
of  Mobile,  and  separated  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
on  the  S.  by  Mobile  Point. 

Boon  Island,  Me.  This  is  a  ledge  of  rocks  on 
which  is  a  light-house.  It  lies  about  9  miles  E. 
from  Kittery. 

Boone  Lake,  Iowa.  A  small  sheet  of  water 
lying  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  being  the  source 
of  Boone  River. 

Boone  River,  Iowa.  This  stream  rises  in  Lake 
Boone,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  flows  S.  S.  W., 
and  empties  into  the  Des  Moines,  a  little  N.  from 
Boone  county. 

Boquet  River,  N.  Y.  This  fine  mill  stream 
rises  in  Keene,  Essex  co.,  and  flows  E.  45  miles 
into  Lake  Champlain. 

Boreas  River,  N.  Y.  This  river  rises  in  Essex 
co.,  and  flows  S.  into  the  Hudson,  of  which  it  is 
a  head  branch. 

Boro  Isle,  Me.,  lies  in  Penobscot  Bay.  It  is  a 
long  island,  very  narrow  in  the  middle,  but  wider 
at  each  end. 

Boston  Harbor,  Ms.  This  harbor  extends  across 
Light-house  Channel  and  Broad  Sound,  from 
Point  Alderton,  on  Nantasket,  to  Point  Shirley,  in 
Chelsea,  a  distance  between  the  islands  of  about 
4  miles.  It  is  said  to  cover  an  area  of  75 
square  miles,  more  than  half  of  which  is  good 
anchorage  ground  for  ships  of  the  largest  class. 
The  whole  British  navy  might  moor  in  this  har- 
bor with  ease,  and  ride  in  safety.  This  harbor  is 
formed  by  the  sea,  and  is  entirely  free  from  sand 
bars  and  rnnning  ice,  which  often  obstruct  the 
passage  of  vessels  to  harbors  at  the  mouths  of 
large  rivers.  The  most  important  part  of  this 
harbor  is  entered  by  a  narrow  pass,  between  two 
and  three  miles  below  the  city  and  navy  yard, 


176 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c., 


and  is  well  protected  by  two  powerful  forts  —  In- 
dependence and  Warren.  The  outer  harbor,  be- 
low these  forts,  will  shortly  be  protected  by  a  very 
powerful  fortress,  now  nearly  completed,  on 
George's  Island,  at  a  great  expense,  by  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States.  This  harbor  is 
easy  of  access,  and  never  obstructed  by  ice,  except 
that  part  of  it  near  the  city ;  nor  is  that  part  en- 
tirely frozen  over  oftener  than  twice  or  three 
times  in  the  common  age  of  man.  Boston  Har- 
bor contains  many  islands  of  great  beauty,  and  is 
the  reservoir  of  the  Mystic,  Charles,  Neponset, 
Manatiquot,  and  other  small  rivers.  Its  bor- 
ders are  environed  by  the  towns  of  Hull,  Hing- 
ham,  Weymouth,  Braintree,  Quincy,  Dorchester, 
Roxbury,  Brookline.  Cambridge,  Charlestown, 
and  Chelsea;  and  the  numerous  small  bays,  coves, 
and  inlets  indenting  their  shores,  give  great  varie- 
ty, and  add  much  to  the  scenery  of  this  delight- 
ful harbor. 

Bottom  Creek,  Lapeer  co.,  Mn.  A  head  branch 
of  the  N.  fork  of  Flint  River. 

Bourbease  Creek,  Mo.  Its  head  branches  drain 
the  N.  W,  part  of  Crawford  co.  It  then  flows  N. 
E.,  and  enters  the  Maramec  River  in  Franklin  co. 

Bourne's  Hill,  Sandwich,  Ms.     Height  297  feet. 

Bowback  Mountain,  N.  H.     See  Stratford. 

Boioman's  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Schoharie  co., 
and  flowing  N.  enters  the  Mohawk  near  the  vil- 
lage of  Canajoharie. 

Beyer's  River,  Iowa.  It  rises  in  a  small  lake, 
which  is  also  the  source  of  one  of  the  head 
branches  of  Raccoon  River,  flows  S.  W.  and 
falls  into  the  Missouri. 

Bracken  Creek,  Ky..  falls  into  the  Ohio,  Ion.  84° 
8'  W.  and  lat.  38°  36'  N. 

Braddock's  Bay,  Monroe  co..  N.  Y.,  is  a  small 
body  of  water  communicating  with  Lake  Ontario. 

Brady  Fort,  Sault  St.  Marie,  Chippewa  co.,  Mn. 

Branch  Brook  rises  in  Smithtown,  Suffolk  co., 
N.  Y.,  flows  W.  4  or  5  miles,  then  turns  to  the 
N.,  and  falls  into  the  Nesaquake  River,  or  Smith- 
town  Harbor.  The  tide  flows  up  the  latter  stream 
several  miles. 

Brandywine  Creek,  Pa.  and  De.,  rises  in  Pa., 
flows  into  De.,  and  uniting  with  Christina  Creek, 
enters  the  Delaware  at  Wilmington.  It  furnishes 
excellent  water  power,  and  is  navigable  to  Bran- 
dywine village. 

Brant  Island,  N.  C.  Situated  in  Pamlico 
Sound,  between  Neuse  and  Pamlico  Rivers. 

Brant  Lake,  Horicon,  Warren  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  a 
small  body  of  water  emptying  into  the  Schroon, 
a  branch  of  the  Hudson.  The  scenery  on  its 
shores  is  wild  and  romantic.  It  is  surrounded  by 
a  heavy  growth  of  pine,  hemlock,  and  spruce,  in 
which  deer  and  other  wild  game  are  found.  Its 
waters  abound  in  fine  trout. 

Brassua  Pond,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  lies  W.  of 
Moosehead  Lake,  and  receives  several  rivers. 

'Brazos  River,  Ts.  It  rises  between  Red  and 
Colorado  Rivers,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Breach  Inlet,  Charleston  district,  S.  C.  The 
passage  between  Long  and  Sullivan's  Island. 

Breakfast  Hill,  N.  H.     See  Rye. 

Breakneck  Hill,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Hudson,  on  its  N.  entrance  into  the  High- 
lands. It  is  a  precipitous  eminence,  1187  feet 
high,  and  remarkable  for  containing  the  rock 
called  the  upper  Anthony's  Nose. 

Brier  Creek,  Ga.,  a  branch  of  the  Savannah,  is 
100  miles  long. 


I  Broad  Brook,  Vt.  This  small  mill  stream 
rises  in  Barnard,  crosses  the  S.  E.  corner  of 
Royalton,  and  falls  into  White  River  in  Sharon. 

Broad  Creek,  Prince  George's  co.,  Md.  A  small 
stream  emptying  into  the  Potomac  River,  just 
above  Piscataway  Creek. 

Broad  River,  S.  C.  This  river  rises  in  N.  C., 
receives  Pacolet  and  Tiger  Rivers  from  the  W., 
and  uniting  with  the  Salada  above  Columbus, 
forms  the  Congaree. 

Broad  River,  S.  C.,  is  an  arm  of  the  sea  be- 
tween the  main  land  and  Port  Royal  Island. 

Broad  River,  Ga.,  enters  the  Savannah,  of 
which  it  is  a  W.  branch,  at  Petersburg. 

Bronx  River  rises  in  Westchestcr  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  25  miles,  and  enters  East  River,  opposite 
Flushing  Bay. 

Brother  s  Islands.  North  and  South,  attached  to 
the  town  of  Newtown,  Queen's  co.,  N.  Y.,  are 
situated  in  East  River,  at  the  lower  end  of  Long 
Island  Sound. 

Brown's  Inlet,  Onslow  CO.,  N.  C.  Situated  N. 
E.  from  New  River  Inlet. 

Brown  Point,  On.,  encloses  Gray's  Harbor  on 
the  N.  v 

Brown's  River,  Vt.,  rises  among  the  Mansfield 
Mountains,  flows  westerly  through  Underbill  and 
Jericho  into  Essex,  and  thence  northerly  through 
Westford  into  Fairfax,  where  it  enters  the  La- 
moille.  Length  about  29  miles. 

Brule  Lake,  Mn.  A  small  sheet  of  water  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  Marquctte  co.,  arid  at  the  head 
of  Brul6  River. 

Brush  Creek,  S.  C.  A  small  branch  of  the  Sa- 
luda  River,  which  it  enters  in  Anderson  district. 

Brush  Creek,  Ca.  A  small  W.  branch  of  Green 
River,  which  it  enters  below  Yampah  or  Bear 
River. 

Buck  Creek,  Harrison  co.,  la.  A  small  branch 
of  the  Ohio  River. 

Buffalo  Creek  is  formed  in  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  by 
the  junction  of  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Creeks ;  it 
then  flows  in  a  N.  W.  direction,  until  it  enters 
Lake  Erie  at  Buffalo,  receiving  Cazenove  Creek, 
6  miles  above.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats 
and  the  largest  vessels  for  some  distance,  and 
forms  the  harbor  of  Buffalo,  which  is  rendered 
secure  by  means  of  a  pier  and  light-house,  and  is 
easily  approached  from  the  lake  at  all  seasons, 
except  in  the  winter,  when  closed  by  ice. 

Buffalo  Creek,  Ga.  A  branch  of  the  Oconee 
River,  which  it  enters  in  Washington  co. 

Buffalo  Fork,  of  the  White  River,  As.  This 
large  stream  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  Newton  co., 
flows  E.,  and  enters  White  River  in  Yard  co. 

Buffalo  Lake,  Marquette  co.,  Wn.  This  is  an 
enlargement  of  one  of  the  head  branches  of 
Necnah  or  Fox  River.  It  lies  W.  from  Pucka- 
Avay  Lake. 

Buffalo  River.  Te.  The  head  branches  of  this 
river  rise  in  the  N.  part  of  Lawrence  co.  It  flows 
W.  through  a  part  of  Lewis  and  Wayne  counties, 
then  turns  to  the  N.,  and  unites  with  Dutch 
River  in  Humphreys  co. 

Buffalo  River,  Wn.  It  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Chippewa  and  Crawford 
counties,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi. 

Buffalo  River,  Ma.  It  is  supplied  by  numer- 
ous chains  of  lakes,  and  flows  N.  W.  into  North 
Red  River. 

Bull's  Bay,  Charleston  district,  S.  C.  This 
bay  is  enclosed  by  the  Raccoon  Keys  on  the  N. 
E.,  and  Bull's  Island  on  the  S.  W. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


177 


Bull  Hill,  Phillipstown,  Putnam  co.,  N.  Y.,  a 
high  peak  of  the  Highlands,  is  situated  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Hudson. 

Bull's  Island,  Charleston  district,  S.  C.  Situ- 
ated S.  W.  from  Bull's  Bay.  * 

Bullock's  Creek,  York  district,  S.  C.  A  branch 
of  the  Broad  Biver,  which  it  enters  at  Pinckney- 
ville. 

Bulwagga  Bay,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  on  the  W. 
side  of  Lake  Champlain,  between  Cedar  Point 
and  Crown  Point. 

Burr.sket  Hill,  Paxton,  Ms.    Height  1407  feet. 

Bunkara  River,  Ca.  One  of  the  head  branches 
of  Grand  Eiver. 

Buried  Eagle  Lake,  Ma.  Situated*  N.  from 
Green  Lake,  and  connected  on  the  E.  with  St. 
Croix  River. 

Burlington  Bay,  Vt.  A  fine  open  bay,  lying 
W.  from  Burlington  village,  between  Appletree 
Point  on  the  N.  and  Pottier's  Point  on  the  S. 

Burnham's  River,  N.  H.     See  Lyman. 

Burnt  River,  On.  It  flows  in  a  winding,  east- 
erly direction,  and  enters  the  Lewis  Fork  of  Co- 
lumbia River,  above  Malheur  River. 

Burnt  Coat  Island,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  This 
large  island,  which  is  surrounded  by  other  smaller 
ones,  lies  off  Blue  Hill  Bay,  about  13  miles  E.  by 
S.  from  Deer  Island,  and  about  6  miles  S.  by  W. 
from  the  town  of  Mount  Desert.  It  has  a  light- 
house and  good  harbors. 

Burnt  Wood  Islands,  Mn.  Situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Big  Bay  de  Noquet. 

Bush  River,  Newberry  district,  S.  C.  A  branch 
of  the  Saluda. 

Busscron  Creek,  la.  This  stream  and  its 
branches  drain  Sullivan  co.,  and  flowing  S.  W., 
enter  the  Wabash  in  Knox  county. 

Butle  River,  Ca.  It  rises  among  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  the  Rio  Sacramento. 

Butter  Hill,  N.  Y.,  a  high,  steep  eminence,  is  sit- 
uated on  the  W.  side  of  the  Hudson,  opposite 
Breakneck  Hill.  These  are  the  N.  hills  of  this 
range  on  the  river,  and  in  ascending  the  Hudson 
the  villages  of  Cornwall,  New  Windsor,  New- 
burg,  and  Fishkill,  together  with  the  beautiful 
and  highly  improved  farms  in  view,  present  a 
charming  contrast  to  the  rude  and  romantic 
mountain  scenery  just  passed. 

Buttermilk  Channel,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  opposite 
the  city  of  Brooklyn,  between  Governor's  Island 
and  Long  Island. 

Butternut  Creek,  N.  Y.  This  is  a  good  mill 
stream,  rising  in  Burlington,  Otsego  co.,  and  flow- 
ing into  Unadilla  River. 

Buttermilk  Falls,  N.  Y.  A  beautiful  and  ro- 
mantic cascade,  2  miles  below  West  Point,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Hudson. 

Butternut  River,  Aroostook  co.,  Me.,  has  its 
source  in  a  small  pond,  and  flows  E.into  St.  John's 
River. 

Buzzard's  Bay,  Ms.  This  bay  is  formed  on  its 
S.  E.  side  by  the  Elizabeth  Islands,  and  contains 
the  important  harbors  of  New  Bedford,  Fair- 
haven,  Rochester,  Wareham,  &c.  It  juts  up 
from  the  sea  some  25  miles  ;  its  mean  width  is 
about  6  miles,  and  the  width  at  its  mouth  about 
7  miles. 

Byram  River  rises  in  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  S.  18  miles  into  Long  Island  Sound.  It 
forms  the  boundary  line  between  N.  Y.  and  Ct. 
for  a  short  distance. 

CabaUo  Pass,  Ts.,  is  situated  N.  E.  from  Es- 
23 


piritu  Santo  Pass,  at  the  mouth  of  San  Antonia 
River. 

Cabbage  Island,  Fa.,  lies  off  the  coast  of  Hills- 
boro'  co.,  a  little  above  Tampa  Bay. 

Cacapon  River,  Great,  Va.  This  river  has  its 
sources  in  the  E.  part  of  Hardy  co.,  floivs  N.  E., 
and  enters  the  Potomac  in  Morgan  co.,  W.  from 
the  Cacapon  Mts. 

Cacapon  River,  Little,  Hampshire  co.,  Va.,  flows 
N.  E.,  parallel  with  the  Great  Cacapon,  and  emp- 
ties into  the  Potomac. 

Cache  River,  As.  This  is  a  large  river,  rising  in 
the  N.  part  of  Greene  co.  It  flows  S.  S.  W.,  sep- 
arating Greene  and  Poinsett  from  Randolph, 
Lawrence,  and  Jackson  counties,  crosses  St.  Fran- 
cis and  Monroe  counties,  and  enters  the  White 
River  at  the  town  of  Clarendon. 

Cadose  Creek  rises  in  Tompkins,  Delaware  co., 
N.  Y.,  and  flows  S.  into  the  Papacton,  a  branch 
of  the  Delaware. 

Cahaba  River,  Aa.,  rises  in  St.  Clair  co.,  and 
flows  S.  into  the  Alabama,  195  miles  above  its 
junction  with  the  Tombigbee.  It  as  120  m.  long. 

Cahokia  Creek,  Is.  This  river  rises  in  Macou- 
pin,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi  2  miles  below 
the  ferry  at  St.  Louis.  Its  course  is  sluggish  near 
the  mouth,  and  a  mill  dam  backs  the  water  for 
15  miles.  It  formerly  passed  the  village  of  Ca- 
hokia, but  a  mischievous  Frenchman,  owing  to 
some  pique,  cut  a  channel  which  has  since  become 
its  outlet  from  the  creek  to  the  Mississippi.  Along 
its  borders  are  60  or  70  mounds. 

Calaberas  River,  Ca.,  rises  among  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and -flows  S.  W.  into  the  Rio  San 
Joaquin. 

Calcasieu  River,  La.  This  river  rises  S.  W.  of 
Red  River,  in  the  parish  of  Natchitoches ;  towards 
its  mouth  it  expands  into  a  lake  30  miles  in 
length,  and  from  1  to  10  in  width,  but  it  con- 
tracts again  to  a  river  before  it  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  tide  flows  above  the  head  of  the 
lake,  but  both  the  river  and  lake  are  too  shallow 
to  be  of  much  service  for  navigation. 

Caleebee  Creek,  Macon  co.,  Aa.x  This  stream 
flows  N.  W.  into  the  Tallapoosa  River. 

Calf-Killer  Creek,  White  co.,  Te.,  flows  S.  W. 
into  the  Caney  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Caliboge  Sound,  S.  C.,  is  on  the  shore  7  miles 
N.  E.  of  the  mouth  of  Savannah  River. 

Callicoon  Creek  rises  in  Liberty,  Sullivan  co.. 
N.  Y.,  passes  through  Coshocton,and  empties  into 
the  Delaware. 

Calliou  Lake,  La.,  lies  in  the  S.  part  of  Terre 
Bonne  parish. 

Cambahee  River,  S.  C.,  is  formed  by  two  branches, 
called  the  N.  and  S.  Saltketcher,  and  falls  into  St. 
Helena  Sound. 

Camel's  Hump,  Chittenden  co..  Vt.  This  moun- 
tain lies  in  the  E.  part  of  Huntington,  and  is  the 
most  elevated  summit  of  the  Green  Mts.,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Chin.  It  is  situated  17  miles  W. 
from  Montpelier,  25  N.  E.  from  Middlebu-y,  and 
20  S.  E.  from  Burlington.  The  summit  is  con- 
spicuous from  the  whole  valley  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  but  is  hardly  accessible  except  from  the  N. 
When  it  is  reached,  however,  the  prospect  which  it 
commands  is  hardly  surpassed  in  extent  and 
beauty.  It  is  usually  ascended  by  way  of  Dux- 
bury,  where  carriages  can  approach  to  within 
about  three  miles  from  the  summit.  The  rocks 
which  compose  the  mountain  are  wholly  of  mica 
slate,  and  the  Hump  is  nearly  destitute  of  soil  or 
vegetation. 


178 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Camperfs  Creek  rises  in  Wirt,  Alleghany  co., 
N.  Y.,  and  flows  N.  E.  into  Genesee  River. 

Campobello,  an  English  island,  off  Passama- 
quoddy  Bay,  and  near  the  town  of  Lubec,  Me. 

Canandaigua  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  beautiful  sheet 
of  water  lies  in  Ontario  and  Yates  counties,  mostly 
in  the  former.  It  is  14  miles  long,  and  from  1  to 
li  wide.  It  is  elevated  670  feet  above  the  At- 
lantic, and  is  surrounded  by  fertile  and  highly  cul- 
tivated lands,  and  the  most  beautiful  scenery.  Its 
waters  are  deep  and  clear,  and  abound  with  fish. 
Canandaigua  Outlet  flows  N.  E.  into  Flint  Creek, 
and  thence  into  Clyde  and  Seneca  River.  All 
these  -streams  afford  excellent  water  power. 

Canadawa  Creek,  N.  Y.  This  fine  mill  stream 
rises  in  Arkwright,  Chatauque  co.,  and  flows 
N.  E.  into  Lake  Erie.  On  its  banks  are  located 
several  thriving  villages  and  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments. 

Canadian  River,  As.,  flows  N.  E.  into  Arkansas 
River.  It  is  navigable  100  miles. 

Canadice  Lake,  Canadice,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  is 
3  miles  long,  and  half  a  mile  in  width. 

Canaderaga  or  Schuyler's  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  situ- 
ated in  the  N.  part  of  Otsego  co.,  and  surrounded 
by  hills.  Its  waters  abound  in  all  the  fish  com- 
mon in  this  part  of  the  state.  The  length  of  the 
lake  is  5  miles,  its  average  width  l£  miles. 

Canaderaga  Springs,  Richfield,  Otsego  CO., 
N.  Y.,  are  situated  about  1  mile  N.  of  Canaderaga 
Lake,  on  the  Cherry  Valley  turnpike.  They  are 
impregnated  with  sulphur,  and  are  much  visited 
by  invalids. 

Canasewacta  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  pretty  good  mill 
stream,  rises  in  Otselic,  Chenango  co.,  and  enters 
the  Chenango  River  at  the  village  of  Norwich. 
This  stream  is  noted  for  its  fine  trout,  which  are 
.abundant. 

Canaveral  Cape,  Orange  co.,  Fa.  This  is  a 
point  of  land  on  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  county,  jut- 
ting into  the  Atlantic. 

Cane  Creek,  N.  C.,  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  flows 
S.  W.  by  W.,  forming  the  boundary  between  Bun- 
combe and  Henderson  counties,  and  empties  into 
the  French  Broad  River. 

Cane  Creek,  Pickens  district,  S.  C.,  unites  with 
the  Keowee  to  form  Seneca  River. 

Caneadea  Creek  rises  in  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  E.,  receiving  several  tributaries,  most  of 
which  afford  good  water  power,  and  empties  into 
Genesee  River. 

Caney  Fork,  Ca.  A  small  "VV.  tributary  of 
Grand  River. 

Canisieo  River  rises  in  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.. 
flows  .E.,  and  enters  Tioga  River,  5  miles  above 
the  village  of  Painted  Post,  in  Steuben  co.  It  is 
a  good  mill  stream,  and  is  boatable  about  40  miles. 
Its  length  is  50  miles. 

Cannon  River,  Ma.  The  principal  head  branches 
of  this  river  rise  in  Wita  Sheda  and  Titanka 
Tinninan  Lakes.  It  flows  N.  E.,  and  empties 
into  the  Mississippi,  at  the  enlargement  called 
Lake  Pepin. 

Cannouchee  River,  Ga.  This  is  the  W.  and 
largest  confluent  of  the  Ogechee,  being  140  miles 
long,  and  navigable  50  miles,  to  Cedar  Creek. 

Canoe  Creek,  Henderson  co.,  Ky.,  flows  N.  W.,  and 
empties  into  the  Ohio  at  the  town  of  Henderson. 

Canoe  River,  On.  It  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  On. 
Ter.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  falls  into  Pend  Oreilles,  or 
Kulluspelm  Lake. 

Canseraga  Creek  rises  in  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  N.,  and  enters  the  Genesee  River  in  Living- 


ston co.  Several  thriving  villages  and  manufac- 
turing establishments  are  situated  on  this  stream. 

Cany  Creek,  Johnson  co.,  As.  A  small  branch 
of  the  Arkansas  River. 

Cape  Fear,  N.  C.,  is  on  the  S.  extremity  of 
Smith's  Island,  near  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear 
River,  in  lat  38°  48'  N.  and  Ion.  78°  9'  W. 

Cape  Fear  River,  N.  C.  Deep  and  Haw  Rivers 
unite  to  form  its  N.  W.  branch  ;  it  then,  after  flow- 
ing 100  miles,  receives  the  N.  E.  branch  of  Clar- 
endon River,  above  Wilmington,  and  34  miles 
below  it  enters  the  Atlantic  by  two  channels,  one 
on  each  side  of  Smith's  Island.  By  means  of  em- 
bankments the  channel  has  been  deepened,  and 
steamboats  now  proceed  90  miles,  to  Fayetteville. 
at  the  lowest  water.  It  affords  the  best  naviga- 
tion of  any  river  in  the  state. 

Cape  Horn  Mountain,  N.  H.  See  Northumberland. 

Cape  May,  N.  J.,  is  situated  1 8  miles  N.  of  Cape 
Henlopen,  on  the  N.  side  of  Delaware  Bay.  On 
it  is  a  light-house.  It  is  38°  57'  N.  lat.,  74°  52' 
W.  Ion.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Cape  Vincent,  N.  Y.,  formerly  called  Gravelly 
Point,  lies  in  the  town  of  Lyme,  Jefferson  co., 
between  St.  Lawrence  River  and  Chaumont  Bay. 
It  terminates  in  a  broad,  rounded  point,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Lake  Ontario,  opposite  Fox  and  Grena- 
dier Islands. 

Capers  Inlet,  Charleston  district,  S.  C.  A  nar- 
row passage  between  Capers  and  some  other 
small  islands. 

Captina  Creek,  0.  and  Va.,  falls  into  the  Ohio 
River,  23  mjles  below  Wheeling,  Va. 

Cardigan  Mountain,  N.  H.     See  Orange. 

Carleton  Island,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  lying  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  is  equidistant  between 
Grand  Island  and  the  American  shore,  and  is  at- 
tached to  the  town  of  Lyme.  It  contains  about 
1200  acres  of  good  land,  and  was  the  scene  of 
some  military  preparations  during  the  war  of 
1812. 

Caribou  Lake,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  lies  S.  W. 
from  Chesuncook  Lake,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  an  outlet. 

Carlos  Bay,  Fa.  Situated  in  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. Lon.  82°  20'  W.  and  lat.  26°  40'  N. 

Carp  River,  Mn..  rises  in  Chippewa  and  Mich- 
ilimackinac  counties,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties 
into  Lake  Huron. 

Carp  River,  Mn.,  waters  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Schoolcraft  co.,  and  empties  into  Lake  Superior. 

Carr's  Mountain,  N.  H.     See  Ellsworth. 

Carson  Lake,  Uh.,  lies  N.  from  Walker's  Lake, 
and  receives  Carson  River  from  the  W. 

Carson  River,  Ca.  and  Uh.  It  rises  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  Ca..  and  flowing  N.  E.,  empties 
into  Carson  Lake,  Uh. 

Carter's  Mountain,  Albemarle  co.,  Va.  It  lies 
2  miles  S.  from  Charlottesville,  and  is  elevated 
about  800  feet  above  the  Rivanna. 

Carter's  Mountain,  N.  H.,  lies  between  the 
towns  of  Adams  and  Chatham. 

Cascade  Creek,  Ma.  A  small  stream  emptying 
into  the  Mississippi  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

Cascade  Mountains,  On.  This  range  extends 
through  the  territory,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
Pacific  coast.  It  contains  many  high  peaks,  and 
is  crossed  near  the  middle  of  its  course  by  the 
Columbia  River. 

Cascadilla  Creek  rises  in  Dryden,  Tompkins  co., 
N.  Y.,  flows  W.  through  Ithaca,  into  the  S.  part 
of  Cayuga  Lake. 

Cascasalica  Creek,  Ga.,  rises  in  the  S.  W.  part 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


179 


of  Pulaski  co.,  and  flows  S.  E.  into  the  Ocmulgee 
River. 

Casco  Bay,  Me.,  situated  between  Capes  Eliz- 
abeth and  Small  Point,  is  o"fce  of  the  finest  bays 
on  the  American  coast.  It  is  20  miles  long,  and 
extends  inland  about  15  miles.  Within  it  are 
some  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  world.  It  con- 
tains numerous  islands,  some  of  which  are  very 
large,  fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  The  view  of 
the  bay  and  its  islands  from  the  high  grounds  in 
the  vicinity  is  one  of  great  beauty. 

Cash  River,  Is.  This  stream  drains  the  W.  part 
of  Johnson  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  separating  Pulaski 
from  Alexander  co.,  and  empties  into  the  Ken- 
tucky River. 

Cashaque  Creek  rises  in  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  N.,  and  enters  Genesee  Elver  in  Livingston 
co.,  near  Mount  Morris. 

Cashong  Creek  rises  in  Benton,  Yates  co.,  N.  Y., 
and  flows  E.  into  Lake  Seneca. 

Caspian  Lake,  Vt.     See  Greensborough. 

Cass  Bay,  Mn.  Situated  between  Grand  Island 
and  the  main  land  of  Schoolcraft  co. 

Cass  Lake,  Ma.  A  large,  irregularly-shaped 
body  of  water,  through  which  the  head  waters  of 
the  Mississippi  River  pass.  It  contains  one  or  two 
large  islands,  and  has  Pike's  and  Allen's  Bays  on 
the  S.  and  S.  W. 

Cass  River,  Mn.,  is  a  branch  of  the  Saginaw, 
which  it  enters  20  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  an 
excellent  mill  stream,  and  in  high  water  is  boata- 
ble  15  or  20  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Cassadaga  Creek,  N.  Y.  This  fine  mill  stream 
rises  in  Cassadaga  Lake,  Chatauque  co.,  flows 
S.,  receiving  several  tributaries,  most  of  which 
afford  water  power,  and  enters  Conewango  Creek. 

Cassadaga  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  a  small  sheet  of 
water,  lying  in  the  towns  of  Pomfret  and  Stoc- 
ton,  Chatauque  co. 

Castete  Creek,  Franklin  co.,  As.  A  branch  of 
the  Arkansas. 

Castle  Hill,  Saugus,  Ms.     Height  288  feet. 

Castleton  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  Pittsford,  and  flows 
S.  and  W.  through  Rutland,  Ira,  Castleton,  and 
Fair  Haven,  into  Poultney  River.  In  Castleton, 
it  receives  the  waters  of  Bombazine  Lake,  and  a 
considerable  mill  stream  from  the  N.  Length 
about  20  miles. 

Castor  Creek,  Mo.  The  head  branches  of  this 
stream  water  the  W.  part  of  Madison  co. ;  it  then 
flows  in  a  S.  direction,  and  empties  into  the  St. 
Francis. 

Cat  Island,  St.  Bernard  parish,  La.,  lies  in  Ship 
Island  Sound,  W.  from  Ship  Island. 

Cat  Point,  Franklin  co.,  Fa.  A  point  of  land 
extending  into  Appalachicola  Bay. 

Catahoola  Lake,  La.,  lies  in  "Catahoola  and 
Avoyelles  parishes,  receives  several  large  streams, 
and  flows  into  Red  and  Black  Rivers. 

Catahoola  River,  La.,  rises  in  Claiborne  parish, 
enters  a  lake  on  the  S.  part  of  Catahoola  parish, 
and  after  passing  through  it  enters  Wachita  River. 
The  lake,  which  is  of  considerable  dimensions,  is 
filled  at  high  water,  and  nearly  or  quite  dry  when 
the  river  is  low. 

Catamount  Mountains,  N.  H.  See  Pittsfield  and 
Allenstown, 

Catawba  River.     See  Santee  River. 

Catherine's  Creek  rises  in  Chemung  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  N.,  and  enters  Seneca  Lake,  of  which  it  is 
the  inlet,  at  the  village  of  Jefferson.  This  stream 
has  a  descent  of  400  feet,  in  a  distance  of  1 5  miles, 
affording  extensive  water  power. 


Cathlatates  River,  On.  It  rises  among  the  Cas- 
cade Mts.,  and  flows  S.  into  Columbia  River. 

Catistobole  River,  Fa.,  drains  the  W.  part  of  the 
state,  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Catskill  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  good  mill  stream,  rises 
in  Schoharie  co.,  flows  through  the  S.  W.  corner 
of  Albany  co.,  and  enters  the  Hudson  in  Greene 
co.  at  the  village  of  Catskill.  It  has  a  descent  of 
more  than  1000  feet  in  35  miles. 

Catskill  Mountains,  N.  Y.  A  spur  from  the  Sha- 
wangunk  ridge,  which  is  a  detached  portion  of 
the  great  Appalachian  chain.  They  extend  W.  of 
the  Hudson  River,  in  the  counties  of  Ulster, 
Greene,  Albany,  and  Schoharie,  and  constitute 
the  largest  and  most  extensive  range  of  moun- 
tains in  the  state.  Their  course  is  first  northerly, 
near  the  Hudson,  afterwards  bending  to  the  W. 
Their  general  elevation  is  about  3000  feet  above 
tide  water.  Round  Top  and  High  Peak,  two  of 
the  highest  summits,  as  measured  by  the  barom- 
eter, are,  the  former,  3804  feet,  and  the  latter  3718 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Catskill 
Mountain  House,  upon  a  terrace  of  rock  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  ridge,  2212  feet  above 
the  Hudson,  and  about  12  miles  from  the  place 
of  landing  on  the  river,  is  a  place  of  much  resort 
in  the  summer  season,  for  the  clear  and  bracing 
atmosphere,  and  the  extensive  and  beautiful  pros- 
pects there  to  be  enjoyed.  See  Pine  Orchard. 

Cattaraugus  Creek  rises  in  Cattaraugus  and 
Genesee  counties,  N.  Y.,  flows  W.,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Cattaraugus  and  Erie  counties, 
and  empties  into  Lake  Erie.  It  is  a  fine  large 
stream,  and  has  a  fall  of  800  feet  in  about  50  miles, 
affording  extensive  water  power. 

Cattotong  Creek  rises  in  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  S.,  and  enters  the  Owego,in  Tiogaco.,  a  little 
above  the  entrance  of  the  latter  stream  into  the 
Susquehanna. 

Caucomgomac  Lake,  Me.  Situated  in  the  W. 
part  of  Piscataquis  co.,  and  connected  by  outlets 
with  many  small  ponds. 

Cauquaga  Creek,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  W.  into 
Lake  Erie,  15  miles  S.  of  Buffalo. 

Cawenisque  River,  Pa.  A  branch  of  the  Tioga, 
which  it  enters  on  the  borders  of  New  York. 

Cayudutta  Creek  rises  in  Fulton  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
S.,  and  enters  the  Mohawk  near  the  village  of 
Fonda,  Montgomery  co. 

Cayuga  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Genesee  and  Wy- 
oming counties,  flows  in  a  W.  direction,  and  unites 
with  Seneca  Creek  to  form  Buffalo  Creek,  in 
Erie  co. 

Cayuga  Island,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  Niagara  River,  op- 
posite Grand  Island.  It  is  1  mile  long  and  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile  wide. 

Cayuga  Lake,  N.  Y.,  lies  between  Cayuga  and 
Seneca  counties,  and  extends  several  miles  S.  into 
Tompkins  co.  It  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
about  40  miles  long  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  1  t"o 
3i  miles  in  width.  The  outlet  flows  N.  into  Seneca 
River,  and  thence  through  the  Oswego  into  Lake 
Ontario,  about  35  miles  distant.  Its  shores,  in 
some  places,  are  precipitous,  but  generally  rise 
gradually  from  100  to  150  feet,  covered  with 
highly-cultivated  farms  and  thriving  villages. 
The  celebrated  "  Cayuga  bridge,"  a  mile  and 
eight  rods  in  length,  crosses  this  lake  at  Cayuga 
village,  near  its  northern  extremity ;  likewise,  the 
bridge  of  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad, 
which  is  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length.  Steamboats 
run  daily  between  this  point  and  Ithaca,  which  is 
beautifully  situated  at  the  southern  extremity  of 


180 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


the  lake,  touching  at  the  several  villages  and  land- 
ing-places on  the  eastern  and  western  shores, 
forming  a  connection  between  important  routes 
of  travel,  and  affording  one  of  the  most  agree- 
able pleasure  excursions.  The  lake  is  very  deep, 
in  some  places,  it  is  said,  exceeding  500  feet ;  its 
water  is  very  transparent,  and,  owing  to  its  depth, 
rarely  closed  by  ice,  even  in  the  severest  winters. 
It  abounds  with  the  choicest  fish,  such  as  the 
salmon  trout,  pickerel,  perch,  and  pike. 

Cayuta  Creek,  a  rapid  mill  stream,  rises  in  Ca- 
yuta  Lake,  Chemung  co.,  flows  in  a  8.  direction, 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  line  between  Che- 
mung and  Tioga  counties,  and  falls  into  the  Sus- 
quehanna  a  short  distance  below  the  state  line. 

Cayuta  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  small  body  of  water 
lies  in  the  N.  part  of  Chemung,  on  the  confines 
of  Tompkins  co.  Trout,  and  other  fish  of  a  fine 
flavor,  are  abundant  in  its  waters. 

Cazenove  Creek,  N.  Y.  A  large,  fine  mill 
Stream,  rises  in  Erie  co.,  and  enters  Buffalo  Creek 
a  few  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Cazenovia  Lake,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.  This 
beautiful  lake  is  situated  in  the  town  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  4  miles  in  length,  1  in  width,  and 
abounds  with  different  kinds  of  fish. 

Cedar  Creek,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.  A  small 
stream  emptying  into  the  Atlantic  opposite  Island 
Beach. 

Cedar  Creek,  la.,  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  De 
Kalb  co.,  flows  in  a  southerly  direction,  and  falls 
into  St.  Joseph's  River  of  the  Maumee. 

Cedar  Creek,  Mo.  This  stream  forms  the 
boundary  between  Callaway  and  Boone  coun- 
ties, and  empties  into  the  Missouri,  opposite  Jef- 
ferson City. 

Cedar  Creek,  lo.  It  rises  in  Monroe  and 
Lucas  counties,  and  flows  N.  E.  into  the  Des 
Moines  River. 

Cedar  Creek,  Ts.  The  principal  branch  of 
Navisoto  River. 

Cedar  Island,  Accomac  co.,  Va.,  lies  off  the 
Atlantic  coast,  opposite  the  town  of  Richmond. 

Cedar  Island,  Carteret  co.,  N.  C.  Situated  in 
the  S.  part  of  Pamlico  Sound,  and  washed  on  the 
N.  W.  by  Long  Bay. 

Cedar  Keys,  Fa.  A  small  group  of  islands 
lying  off  the  mouth  of  Suwannee  River. 

Cedar  Point,  St.  Mary's  co.,  Md.,  extends  into 
Chesapeake  Bay,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Pa- 
taxent  River. 

Cedar  River,  Mn.  It  drains  the  W.  part  of 
Livingston  co.,  flows  N.  of  W.,  and  empties  into 
Grand  River  at  the  city  of  Lansing. 

Cedar  River,  Mn.,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  empties 
into  Green  Bay. 

Cedar  River,  lo.  This  river  rises  in  the  neutral 
ground,  its  head  branches  draining  a  large  ex- 
tqnt  of  country.  It  flows  S.  E.  through  Black- 
hawk,  Benton,  Linn,  Johnson,  and  Cedar  counties, 
into  Muscatine  co.,  where  it  turns  to  the  S.  W., 
and  falls  into  Iowa  River  in  Louisa  co. 

Center's  River,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
Brown  co.,  and  flows  S.  E.  into  Manitowoc  co., 
where  it  empties  into  Manitowoc  River. 

Chagrine  River,  0.  It  rises  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  Geauga  co.,  flows  in  a  northerly  direction 
through  Cuyahoga  and  Lake  counties  into  Lake 
Brie. 

Champlain,  Lake,  N.  Y.  and  Vt.  This  delight- 
ful expanse  of  water  is  the  boundary  line  between 
New  York  and  Vermont.  Vermont  embraces 
about  two  thirds  of  its  surface.  New  York  is  on 


the  W.  side,  and  the  counties  of  Franklin.  Chit- 
tenden,  Addison,  and  a  part  of  Rutland,  in  the 
state  of  Vermont,  lie  on  the  E.  At  the  N.  it 
extends  a  few  miles  into  Canada,  and  receives  the 
waters  of  Pike  River.  It  discharges  into  the  St. 
Lawrence  by  the  Richelieu,  Sorel,  or  Chambly 
River.  Among  its  tributaries  from  Vermont  are 
the  Missisque,  Lamoille,  Winooski,  Otter,  and 
Pawlet  Rivers.  From  New  York  it  receives  the 
waters  of  the  Chazy,  Saranac,  Sable,  Boquet. 
and  "Wood  Rivers,  and  of  Lake  George.  Its 
length  is  about  130  miles :  its  breadth  varies 
from  1  to  12  miles :  average  breadth  about  3 
miles.  It  abounds  with  salmon,  trout,  pickerel, 
and  other  fish.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  90 
tons'  burden,  and  splendid  steamboats  are  con- 
tinually plying,  in  the  season  of  navigation,  from 
Whitehall,  along  its  beautiful  shores,  to  St.  John's, 
in  Canada.  This  lake  contains  about  60  islands, 
is  remarkable  for  its  splendid  scenery,  and  re- 
nowned in  ancient  and  modern  stories  for  its 
scenes  of  warlike  achievements.  Lake  Cham- 
plain  is  a  great  resort,  both  for  business  and 
pleasure.  It  is  supposed  that  Lake  Champlain 
once  covered  a  much  greater  extent  than  at  pres- 
ent, and  that  its  waters  were  capable  of  being 
navigated  by  large  vessels  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
both  by  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Hud- 
son River.  See  Charlotte,  Vt. 

Chandeleur  Bay,  La.  This  large  bay  lies  S. 
from  the  Chandeleur  Islands,  E.  from  Black  Bay, 
and  N.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Chandler's  Hill  Worcester,  Ms.    Height  778  ft. 

Changa  Creek,  Pickens  district,  S.  C.  A  branch 
of  the  Tugaloo. 

Chanjushka  River,  Ma.  A  large  W.  tributary 
of  the  Mankato. 

Chanpepenan  River,  Ma.,  rises  in  a  lake,  flows 
S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Missouri  River,  just 
above  Prospect  Island. 

Chaplain's  Fork,  Ky.,  joins  the  Rolling  Fork  at 
Ion.  86°  1'  W.  and  lat.  37°  34'  N. 

Chariton  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  Iowa,  and  after 
a  S.  course  of  130  miles,  it  empties  into  the 
Missouri  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Chariton  co.  It 
is  boajable  for  50  miles. 

Charity  Isles,  Mn.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of 
Saginaw  Bay. 

Charles  River,  Ms.  The  Indian  name  of  this 
river  is  Quinobequin.  It  rises  on  the  borders  of 
Hopkinton  and  Milford.  and  flowing  thrqugh  Bel- 
lingham,  Franklin.  Medway,  Medfield,  Sherburne, 
Dover,  Dedham,  Needham,  Natick,  Newton,  Wal- 
tham,  and  Watertown,  it  meets  the  tide  waters, 
and  forms  a  part  of  Boston  harbor.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  Watertown,  7  miles  W.  from  Boston. 

Charles  River,  Washington  co.,  R.  I.,  rises  in  a 
pond,  and  flows  in  a  westerly  direction  into  Paw- 
catuck  River. 

Charlotte  Harbor,  Fa.    See  Gasparilla  Sound. 

Charlotte  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  a  small  sheet  of  water 
lying  in  the  town  of  Gallatin,  Columbia  co. 

Charlotte  River,  N.  Y.,  drains  the  W.  part  of 
Schoharie  co.,  flows  W.  30  miles  through  a  part 
of  Delaware  into  Otsego  co.,  where  it  enters  the 
Susquehanna. 

Charlotte  River,  Fa.,  waters  the  E.  part  of  the 
state,  and  falls  into  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 

Chariton  River,  Mo.,  falls  into  the  Missouri, 
about  220  miles  from  the  Mississippi. 

Chartiers  Creek,  Pa.,  rises  in  Washington  co., 
and,  after  a  course  of  30  miles,  falls  into  the 
Ohio,  4  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  flows  through 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


161 


a  fertile  country,  abounding  with  bituminous 
coal. 

Chatauque  Creek,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
N.  through  a  deep  ravine  into  Lake  Erie.  It  af- 
fords good  water  power,  and  a  number  of  manu- 
facturing establishments  are  located  on  its  banks. 

Chatauque  Lake,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  a 
beautiful  sheet  of  water,  18  miles  in  length,  and 
from  1  to  3  miles  in  width,  except  near  the  middle, 
where  it  contracts  to  a  few  rods.  Steamboats  as- 
cend by  its  outlet  from  Conewango  Creek,  and 
thence  to  Mayville,  on  the  W.  extremity  of  the 
lake.  It  is  the  highest  body  of  water  in  the  U.  S. 
on  which  a  steamboat  floats,  being  726  feet  above 
Lake  Erie,  and  1291  feet  above  the  Atlantic. 

Chateaugay  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  in  Beekman- 
town,  Clinton  co.,  on  the  borders  of  Franklin  co. 
It  is  elevated  1400  feet  above  the  Hudson,  is  4 
miles  long  and  2  miles  wide.  Its  waters  abound 
in  fish. 

Chateaugay  Mountains,  N.  Y.  This  range  com- 
mences in  Canada,  and  extends  S.  through  the 
N.  W.  part  of  Clinton  into  Franklin  co.  Some 
of  the  highest  peaks  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Cha- 
teaugay Lake,  Franklin  co. 

Chateaugay  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Clinton  and 
Franklin  counties,  flows  N.,  and  enters  the  St. 
Lawrence  in  Canada. 

Chattahoochee  River  rises  in  the  Appalachian 
Mts.,  and  forms,  for  a  considerable  distance,  the 
boundary  between  Ga.  and  Aa.,  and  is  the  largest 
branch  of  Appalachicola  Kiver.  It  is  navigable 
for  steamboats  to  Columbus,  Ga. 

Chaumont  Bay,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  in  the  town 
of  Lyme,  Jefferson  co.,  E.  of  Lake  Ontario  ;  it  is 
about  7  miles  long,  2  miles  wide,  of  an  irregular 
shape,  and  abounding  in  fish.  Chaumont  River 
flows  into  it  from  the  N. 

Chaumont  River,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  15 
miles  in  a  S.  direction,  and  enters  Lake  Ontario 
through  Chaumont  Bay. 

Chazy  Lake,  Beekmantown,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y., 
is  4  miles  long,  and  averages  1  mile  in  width. 

Chazy  River,  N.  Y.,  waters  the  W.  part  of  Clin- 
ton co.,  and  flows  E.,  in  a  circuitous  course  of 
about  40  miles,  into  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  town 
of  Champlain.  It  affords  good  water  power. 

Chazy  River,  Little,  rises  in  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  in  an  E.  direction  about  20  miles,  through 
the  town  of  Chazy,  into  Lake  Champlain. 

Cheat  River,  Va.,  an  E.  branch  of  the  Monon- 
gahela,  is  navigable  for  boats,  except  in  dry  sea- 
sons. * 

Chedi  Hanska  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  S.  from 
Tewapa  Tankyan  Lake. 

Chegowawegon  Point,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.,  en- 
closes Chegowawegon  Bay  on  the  E. 

Chemquaassabamtook  Stream,  Piscataquis  co.t 
Me.,  is  the  outlet  of  a  series  of  ponds,  and  emp- 
ties into  Alliguash  River. 

Chemung  River,  N.  Y.,  the  main  feeder  of  Che- 
mung  Canal,  is  formed  in  Steuben  co.  by  the 
junction  of  Conhocton  and  Tioga  Rivers,  and 
flows  in  a  S.  E.  direction  through  the  county  of 
Chemung  into  Pa.,  where  it  enters  the  Sus'que- 
hanna  at  the  village  of  Athens.  It  is  a  good 
mill  stream. 

Chenango  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Madison  and 
Oneida  counties,  flows  through  Chenango  co.,  and 
enters  the  Susquehanna  at  the  village  of  Bing- 
hamton,  in  Broome  co.  It  runs  75  miles  in  a  S. 
direction  through  Chenango  valley,  and  on  its 
banks  are  several  pleasant  and  thriving  villages. 


It  is  used  to  a  considerable  extent  to  feed  the 
Chenango  Canal,  and  boats  and  rafts  ascend  it 
50  miles  from  the  mouth. 

Cheputnetecook  Lakes,  Me.     See  St.  Croix  River. 

Chera  River,  Cherokee  co.,  N.  C.,  enters  the 
Tennessee  on  the  N.  W.  border  of  the  county. 

Cheraw  Hills,  S.  C.,  lie  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Great  Pedee,  10  miles  N.  W.  from  Greenville. 

Cherry  Creek,  Samlac  co.,  Mn.  A  small  stream 
emptying  into  Lake  Huron. 

Cherry  Valley  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  town  of 
Cherry  Valley,  and  enters  the  Susquehanna  in 
Otsego  co. 

Chesapeake  Bay,  Md.,  the  largest  bay  in  the 
U.  S.,  is  about  200  miles  long,  from  7  to  20  broad, 
and  generally  9  fathoms  deep.  Its  entrance  is,  in 
the  state  of  Va.,  between  Cape  Charles  on  the  N. 
and  Cape  Henry  on  the  S.  But  the  bay  lies 
mostly  in  Md.,  dividing  the  state  into  two  parts, 
called  the  eastern  and  western  shores.  This  great 
bay  furnishes  many  fine  harbors,  and  a  safe  and 
convenient  navigation.  The  principal  rivers 
which  flow  into  it  are  the  Susquehanna  on  the 
N.,  the  Potomac  on  the  W.,  and  the  James  on 
the  W.,  near  its  mouth.  Besides,  there  are  the 
Rappahannock,  the  Patuxent,  the  Patapsco,  Ches- 
ter. Elk,  Choptank,  Nanticoke,  and  many  others. 
The  surface  drained  by  the  rivers  which  flow  into 
the  Chesapeake  has  been  estimated  at  70,000 
square  miles. 

Chester  River  rises  in  Kent  co.,  De.;  and  flowing 
through  Md.,  empties  into  a  large  estuary  01 
Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is  navigable  30  miles  to 
Chestertown. 

Chestnut  Ridge,  Pa.  A  branch  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  extending  through  Fayette  and  West- 
moreland counties. 

Chesuncook  Lake,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.  This 
lake,  through  which  Penobscot  River  passes,  also 
receives  Kakkoguamook  and  Umbazookskus 
Rivers.  It  is  about  25  miles  long  and  3  miles 
wide.  The  surrounding  country  is  very  fertile, 
and  well  adapted  to  the  growing  of  wool  and 
wheat.  Its  centre  is  about  130  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Augusta. 

Chetimaches  Lake,  La.,  is  situated  between  At- 
chafalaya  and  Teche  Rivers.  The  former  sup- 
plies its  waters  in  time  of  high  water,  and  receives 
them  again  at  all  seasons,  15  miles  above  its  en- 
trance into  the  sea.  The  lake  is  shallow,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  low,  marshy  country,  which  it  annu- 
ally overflows.  It  is  40  miles  long  and  from  1  to 
6  broad. 

Chew  Island,  Md.  Situated  in  Eastern  Bay, 
opposite  the  mouth  of  Wye  River. 

Chews  River,  Md.  A  small  tributary  of  the 
Chesapeake. 

Chicago  River,  Is.,  which  forms  the  harbor  of 
Chicago,  on  the  S.  W.  border  of  Lake  Michigan,  is 
composed  of  two  branches.  The  N.,  which  is  about 
40  miles  long,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  and 
unites  with  the  S.  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
from  its  entrance  into  the  lake.  The  S.  branch, 
which  is  about  6  miles  long,  is  sufficiently  deep 
to  afford  a  secure  harbor  for  any  vessels  which 
navigate  the  lake.  The  natural  portage  from 
Chicago  River  to  the  Des  Plaines,  a  branch  of 
the  Illinois,  is  only  6  miles,  and  is  so  low  that  at 
high  water  it  is  often  overflowed,  so  that  boats 
can  pass  from  one  river  to  the  other. 

Chicagua,  or  Skunk  River,  lo.  This  large 
river  rises  mostly  in  Boone  and  Story  counties, 
flows  S.  E.,  receiving  numerous  large  tributaries 


182 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,   LAKES,   &c., 


and  falls  into  the  Missouri  on  the'  boundary  be- 
tween Des  Moines  and  Lee  counties. 

Chickahominy  River,  Va.  This  river  rises 
about  25  miles  N.  W.  of  Richmond,  and  after  a 
course  of  60  miles,  forming  the  boundary  between 
several  counties,  falls  into  James  River,  37  miles 
above  Point  Comfort. 

Chickamanga  River  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Ga.,  and  enters  the  Tennessee,  in  the  state  of  Te., 
a  few  miles  above  Lookout  Mt. 

Chickasawha  River,  Mi.     See  Pascagould. 

Chickeeles  Point,  On.,  encloses  Gray's  Harbor 
on  the  S. 

Chickeeles  River,  On.  It  rises  S.  from  Puget 
Sound,  and  flowing  N.  of  W.  empties  into  Gray's 
Harbor. 

Chickopee  River,  Ms.  This  river  has  its 
sources  in  Spencer,  Leicester,  and  Paxton,  and 
receives  the  waters  of  Quaboag  Pond,  in  Brook- 
field.  It  crosses  Warren.  At  Palmer  it  receives 
Ware  and  Swift  Rivers,  and  falls  into  the  Con- 
necticut in  the  N.  part  of  Springfield. 

Chico  Creek,  Ca.,  rises  among  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, and  flows  S.  W.  into  the  Sacramento  River. 

Chimney  Point,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  lies  in  the 
town  of  Addison,  opposite  Crown  Point,  and  is 
the  most  western  land  in  Vt.  It  was  upon  this 
point  that  the  first  settlement  was  made  by  the 
French  in  1731,  and  here  they  erected  a  stone 
windmill,  which  was  garrisoned  during  the  colo- 
nial wars,  and  hence  it  has  sometimes  been  called 
Windmill  Point. 

Chingoleagul  Island,  Va.  A  small  island  lying 
in  the  Atlantic,  in  Ion.  75°  26'  E.  and  lat. 
37°  56'  N. 

Chingoteaque  Island,  Va.  A  small  island  lying 
in  the  Atlantic. 

Chipola  River.  This  river  rises  in  the  S.  E. 
part  of  Aa.,  takes  a  southerly  course  through 
Jackson  and  Calhoun  counties,  Fa.,  and  empties 
into  the  Appalachicola  River. 

Chipook  Creek,  Va.   A  tributary  of  James  River. 

Chippewa  Bay,  N.  Y..  in  which  are  situated  a 
portion  of  the  "  Thousand  Islands,"  is  on  the  E. 
side  of  St.  Lawrence  River,  opposite  the  town  of 
Hammond,  St.Lawrence\co. 

Chippewa  River,  Wn.,  rises  on  the  boundary 
line  between  Mn.  and  Wn.,  and  pursuing  a  S. 
course  receives  several  streams,  outlets  of  lakes, 
and  Red  Cedar  River,  when,  after  a  course  of  150 
miles,  it  falls  into  the  Mississippi  immediately 
below  Lake  Pepin. 

Chippewayan  Mountains,  or  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  great  spine  of  North  America,  extending 
from  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
That  portion  which  lies  within  the  U.  S.  is  gen- 
erally called  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  great 
western  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  flow  from 
these  mountains. 

Chittenango  Creek,  N.  Y.,  has  its  source  in  the 
town  of  Nelson,  Madison  co.,  and  flows  N.  into 
Oneida  Lake. 

Chockoloche  Creek,  Aa.  A  branch  of  the  Coosa 
River,  which  it  enters  in  Talladega  co. 

Chocolate  Creek,  Ts.  A  small  stream  emptying 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  opposite  Galveston  I. 

Choctawatchee  River  rises  in  Aa.,  and  falls  into 
a  bay  of  the  same  name  in  Fa.,  after  a  course  of 
130  miles. 

Choptank  River,  Md.,  E.  shore,  empties  into  a 
large  estuary  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is  navigable 
for  sloops  40  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Chowan  River,  N.  C.     This  river  is  formed  by 


the  Nottaway,  Meherrin,  and  Blackwater  Rivers, 
which  rise  in  Va.  It  flows  into  Albemarle  Sound, 
a  little  N.  of  the  Roanoke.  It  is  navigable,  on 
the  Meherrin  Branch,  for  large  vessels  to  Mur- 
freesboro',  near  the  line  of  Va. 

Chrysopylce,  or  Golden  Gate,  Ca.  A  narrow  strait 
connecting  San  Francisco  Bay  with  the  ocean. 

Christiana  River,  or  Creek,  De.,  has  its  head 
branches  in  Pa.  and  Md.,  and  flows  into  the 
Brandywine  at  Wilmington.  It  is  navigable  for 
vessels  drawing  9  feet  of  water  to  Newport,  and 
those  requiring  6  to  Christiana  bridge,  9  miles 
above  Wilmington. 

Chrystler's  Island,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is  attached  to  the 
town  of  Louisville. 

Chunctanunda  Creek  rises  in  Fulton  and  Sara- 
toga counties,  N.  Y.,  flows  S.,  and  enters  Mo- 
hawk River  at  the  village  of  Amsterdam,  Mont- 
gomery co. 

Church  Island,  N.  C.,  lies  in  Currituck  Sound. 

City  Island,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  East  River,  and  is 
attached  to  the  town  of  Pelham,  Westchester  co. 
It  is  2  miles  long,  and  1  mile  wide. 

Clam  River,  Wn.,  drains  the  N.  part  of  St. 
Croix  co.,  flowing  W.  into  St.  Croix  River. 

Clarion  River,  or  Great  Toby's  Creek,  Pa.,  rises 
in  McKean  co.,  and  after  a  S.  W.  course  of  70 
miles,  falls  into  Alleghany  River.  It  is  navigable 
55  miles  for  boais,  and  for  canoes  10  miles 
farther.  Vast  quantities  of  lumber  are  sent  down 
this  river  to  Pittsburg.  and  towns  on  the  Ohio. 

Claries  River,  Ky.,  rises  on  the  N.  border  of  Te.; 
flows  N.  N.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Ohio  at  its 
junction  with  the  Tennessee. 

Clarice,  or  Flathead  River,  On.  Ter.,  a  tributary 
of  the  Columbia,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Clarksburg  Mountain,  Clarksburg,  Ms.  Height 
2272  feet. 

Claverack  Creek,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
into  Kinderhook  Creek.  Several  factories  and 
mills  are  located  on  this  stream  and  its  tributaries. 

Clay  Lick  Creek,  Crittenden  co.,  Ky.,  a  small 
branch  of  the  Cumberland  River. 

Clear  Creek  rises  in  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  and 
flows  into  Conewango  Creek,  in  Cattaraugus  co. 

Clear  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  one  of  a  small  cluster, 
situated  in  the  town  of  Alexandria,  Jefferson  co. 

Clear  Lake,  Barry  co.,  Mn.  A  small  body  of 
water  lying  in  the  S.  interior  of  the  county. 

Clearfteld  Creek,  Pa.,  a  large  branch  of  the  W. 
fork  of  the  Susquehanna,  rises  in  Cambria  co. 

Clear  Stream  River,  N,.  H.,  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains in  the  town  of  Dixville,  and  passes  through 
the  centre  of  Erroll  into  the  Androscoggin,  about 
3  miles  W.  from  Umbagog  Lake. 

Cliffy  River,  Va.,  falls  into  Kanawha  in  Ion. 
81°  8'  W.  and  lat.  37°  52' N. 

Clifton  Springs,  Manchester,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y. 
These  sulphur  springs  are  situated  on  the  line  of 
the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad,  and  are 
considerably  resorted  to  for  medicinal  purposes. 

Clifty  Creek,  White  co.,  Te.  A  small  tributary 
of  the  Caney  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Clinch  River,  Va.  and  Te.,  rises  in  Va.,  and, 
after  a  course  of  200  miles,  unites  with  Holston 
River  at  Kingston,  and  forms  the  Tennessee.  It 
is  boatable  through  most  of  its  course. 

Clinton,  Fort,  N.  Y.     See  Montgomery,  Fort. 

Clinton  Mountains,  N.  Y.  The  N.  range  of 
mountains  in  this  state  is  sometimes  so  called 
See  Adirondack  Mountains. 

Clinton  River,  Mn.     This  stream  drains  Oak 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


183 


land  and  Macomb  counties,  and  falls  into  JLake 
St.  Glair. 

Cloquet  River,  Ma.  This  river  is  supplied  by  a 
series  of  small  lakes,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  St. 
Louis  River. 

Closter  Mountains,  or  Palisade  Range,  com- 
mences in  N.  J.,  enters  N.  Y.  in  Rockland  co., 
near  the  margin  of  the  Hudson,  and  extends  N. 
to  Verdrietje's  Hook,  in  Clarkstown.  The  ridge 
known  as  Nyack  Hills  affords  excellent  red  and 
brown  sandstone,  which  is  extensively  quarried. 
The  highest  peak  of  this  range  rises  about  1000 
feet  above  the  Hudson,  and  the  Palisades  are  re- 
markable for  their  picturesque  appearance,  being 
in  some  places  almost  perpendicular. 

Clove  Kill  rises  in  Union  Vale,  Dutchess  co., 
N.  Y.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  the  Fishkill,  of 
which  it  is  a  head  branch,  at  Beekman. 

Clyde  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  Pitkin's  and  Knowl- 
ton's  Ponds,  in  the  town  of  Brighton,  flows  N.  W. 
through  Charleston,  Salem,  and  Derby,  and  emp- 
ties into  Lake  Memphremagog.  This  is  a  slug- 
gish stream,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short 
rapids,  until  it  comes  within  3  miles  of  Lake 
Memphremagog.  It  runs  through  Round  Pond, 
in  Charleston,  and  through  Salem  Lake,  a  fine 
sheet  of  water  nearly  2  miles  in  length  and  1  mile 
in  width,  lying  in  the  towns  of  Salem  and  Derby. 

Clyde  River,  N.  Y.,  is  formed  in  Wayne  co.  by 
the  junction  of  Flint  and  Mud  Creeks,  and  enters 
Seneca  River  after  an  E.  course  of  20  miles. 

Coal  River,  Va.  A  fine  mill  stream  rising  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  Fayette  co.,  and  flowing  N.  W., 
partly  on  the  boundary  between  Kanawha  and 
Boone  counties,  into  the  Great  Kanawha  River. 

Coal  Fire  Creek,  Pickens  co.,  Aa.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Tombigbee  River. 

Coan  River,  Northumberland  co.,  Va.  A  small 
stream  emptying  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Cobbessecontee  Waters,  Me.  This  pond  is  a  fine 
sheet  of  water,  lying  W.  of  Hallowcll.  and  con- 
nected with  smaller  ponds,  situated  in  the  towns 
of  Monmouth,  Winthrop,  Readfield,  and  Mount 
Vernon.  The  outlet  of  the  pond,  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  after  passing  through  another  beau- 
tiful pond,  enters  the  Kennebec  River  at  Gardiner. 
These  waters  afford  charming  scenery,  great  water 
power,  and  abundance  of  fish. 

Cobscook  Bay.  Me.  This  large  bay,  situated  W. 
of  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  receives  as  its  tributaries 
a  number  of  large  poncls.  See  Eastport. 

Cocheco  River,  N.  II.     See  Dover. 

Cod,  Cape.     See  Barnstable  County. 

Goddess  Hill,  Marblehead,  Ms. 

Codorus  Creek,  Pa.,  after  a  course  of  30  miles, 
fails  into  the  Susquehanna,  near  New  Holland 
village. 

Coeymans  Creek  rises  in  New  Scotland,  Albany 
co.,  N.  Y.,  and  flows  into  the  Hudson  at  the  town 
of  Coeymans. 

Co/wa  Rivers,  Little  and  Great,  N.  C.  They 
drain  the  interior  of  Sampson  co.,  unite  in  the  S. 
part,  and  their  waters,  flowing  S.,  fall  into  South 
River,  in  New  Hanover  co. 

Cohoes  Falls,  N.  Y.,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  near 
Cohoes  village,  is  an  object  of  great  attraction  for 
visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  during  the 
summer.  Besides  a  rapid  descent  above  and  be- 
low, the  river  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  70  feet 
at  this  place.  Its  banks  present  a  grand  and  pic- 
turesque appearance,  rising  to  the  almost  perpen- 
dicular height  of  from  50  to  120  feet  for  the  dis- 
tance of  half  a  mile  below  the  falls,  where  is 


erected  a  substantial  bridge  across  the  stream,  800 
ft.  long,  presenting  a  beautiful  view  of  the  cataract 

Cohuttah  Spring,  Murray  co.,  Ga.,  one  of  the 
most  valuable  mineral  springs  in  this  part  of  the 
country,  is  situated  at  the  base  of  Cohuttah  Moun 
tain,  and  on  the  S.  side  of  a  beautiful  little  stream 
which  issues  from  the  mountain  and  enters  Con 
nesauga  Creek  6  miles  below. 

Cold  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  good  mill  stream,  rises  in 
Centreville,  Alleghany  co.,  and  flows  E.  into  Gen- 
eseo  River. 

Cold  River,  N.  H.     See  Acworth. 

Cold  Camp  Creek,  Benton  co.,  Mo.  A  branch 
of  Osage  River,  which  it  enters  from  the  N. 

Cold  Water  River,  Mi.  This  river  rises  in 
Marshall  co.,  flows  W.  through  De  Soto  co.  into 
Tunica  co.,  where  it  connects  with  the  Mississippi 
by  means  of  an  outlet ;  it  then  pursues  a  winding 
southerly  course  until  its  entrance  into  the  Talla- 
hatchee. 

Colleberg  Mountains,  or  Hills,  N.  Y.,  lie  S.  of 
the  "  Highlands,"  in  the  town  of  Cortland,  West- 
chester  co. 

Collins  River,  Grundy  co.  Te.  A  head  branch 
of  the  Caney  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Colonel's  Mountain,  Palmer,  Ms.     Ht.  1172  feet. 

Colorado  Hills,  Ts.  A  range  extending  along 
the  Colorado  River,  N.  from  the  city  of  Austin. 

Colorado  River,  Ts.  The  head  branches  of  this 
large  river  rise  in  the  mountains  in  the  W.  part 
of  the  state  ;  it  then  flows  S.  E.,  draining  a  large 
extent  of  country,  and  empties  into  Matagorda 

Columbia  River,  the  great  river  of  Oregon,  the 
territory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mts.  Its  sources  are 
among  the  most  elevated  valleys  in  those  moun- 
tain ranges,  interlocking  with  those  of  the  Missou- 
ri, the  Rio  Grande  delNorte  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
the  Colorado  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  the 
Buenaventura  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  composed 
of  two  great  constituent  branches,  the  Lewis  Rirer 
and  the  Clarke  River,  which  take  their  names  from 
their  discoverers,  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke,  who, 
in  1804-5.  under  the  direction  of  the  United  States 
government,  explored  the  country  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia. Clarke  River,  which  is  the  great  tributary 
of  the  Columbia  from  the  north,  is  likewise  con- 
stituted by  two  main  branches.  The  northern 
branch  takes  its  rise  in  about  50°  N.  lat.  and  116° 
"W".  Ion.,  and  pursues  a  northern  route  at  first,  to 
near  McGillivray's  Pass  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
where  it  receives  Canoe  River,  at  an  elevation  of 
3600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  then 
turns  S.,  and  receives  many  tributaries  in  Jits 
course,  among  which  are  the  Cootanie,  or  Flat 
Bow,  and  the  Flat  Head,  or  Clarke  River  proper. 
It  pursues  this  general  course  among  high 
mountains,  often  expanding  into  lakes,  until  it 
reaches  Fort  Colville,  a  distance  in  this  direction 
of  220  miles,  where  it  is  still  at  an  elevation  of 
2049  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Passing  this 
point,  it  tends  towards  the  W. ;  and  after  receiv- 
ing Spokan  River  from  the  E.,  it  pursues  a  still 
more  westerly  coui-se  for  60  miles ;  when,  bend- 
ing again  to  the  S.,  it  receives  Okanagan  River, 
which  is  the  outlet  of  a  line  of  lakes  extensively 
navigable  for  canoes.  Thence  it  passes  on  south- 
ward until  it  reaches  Wallawalla,  and  here,  in  45° 
N.  lat,  it  forms  a  junction  with  Lewis  River^ 
the  other  great  tributary,  coming  from  the  S.  E> 
The  entire  valley  of  Clarke  River  embraces  an 
area  of  75,000  square  miles ;  and  the  entire  com- 


184 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


parative  course  of  the  river  to  this  point  is  about 
800  miles.  Lewis  River  takes  its  rise  in  the  ele- 
vated regions  of  the  Chippewayan  system,  about 
10  degrees  of  latitude  S.  of  the  sources  of 
Clarke  River,  and  is,  perhaps,  of  the  two  rivers, 
the  main  constituent  of  the  Columbia.  It  pur- 
sues a  northwesterly  course,  receiving  large  tribu- 
taries from  both  sides,  particularly  from  the  E., 
until,  after  a  course  of  about  520  miles,  it  unites 
with  Clarke  River,  the  great  northern  tributary 
at  Wallawalla.  The  valley  of  Lewis  River  ex- 
ceeds an  area  of  100.000  square  miles.  Com- 
bining the  two  valleys  of  Lewis  and  Clarke 
Rivers,,  and  measuring  from  the  most  northern 
source  of  the  latter  to  the  most  southern  source 
of  the  former,  gives  an  entire  breadth,  for  the 
sources  of  the  Columbia,  along  the  sides  and 
summits  of  the  Chippewayan  range,  of  about 
1000  miles  from  N.  to  S.  After  the  confluence 
of  these  two  large  streams,  the  Columbia,  which 
now  carries  a  volume  of  water  3500  feet  wide, 
and  has  yet  to  traverse  a  distance  of  about  300 
miles,  and  make  a  descent  of  nearly  1300  feet, 
before  reaching  the  Pacific,  takes  its  final  direc- 
tion to  the  westward,  pursuing  a  rapid  course  for 
80  miles,  to  its  passage  through  the  range  of 
Cascade  Mountains,  so  called  from  the  series  of 
falls  and  rapids  over  which  the  waters  of  the 
river  are  carried,  at  this  point,  opposing  an  insur- 
mountable obstruction  to  boat  navigation.  From 
Wallawalla  to  this  pass,  the  Umatilla,  Quisnel's, 
John  Day's  and  Chute  Rivers  are  received  from 
the  S.,  and  Cathlatate's  River  from  the  N.  From 
these  falls  there  is  still  water  navigation  for  40 
miles,  when  it  is  again  interrupted  by  rapids. 
Thence  to  the  ocean,  a  distance  of  120  miles,  the 
river  is  navigable,  even  at  the  lowest  stages,  for 
vessels  requiring  12  feet  of  water,  though  ob- 
structed more  or  less  by  many  sand  bars.  In  this 
part  of  its  course,  it  receives  the  Willamette  from 
the  S.,  and  the  Cowelitz  from  the  N.  The  width 
of  the  Columbia  is  greatly  enlarged  within 
the  last  20  miles,  and  where  it,  enters  the  ocean, 
between  Point  Adams  and  Cape  Disappointment, 
it  is  about  7  miles  across.  There  are  flats  and 
sand  bars  which  extend  nearly  across  the  mouth 
between  these  points,  and  render  the  entrance  of 
ships  somewhat  dangerous  ;  though  it  would  ap- 
pear, from  surveys  and  soundings,  that  there  are 
about  20  feet  of  water  over  these  flats  at  low  tide  ; 
and  that,  in  the  channel,  which  lies  near  to  Cape 
Disappointment,  the  depth  of  water  is  not  less 
than  24  feet.  The  tide  from  the  ocean  flows  back 
into  the  river  nearly  the  whole  distance  to  the 
grand  rapids ;  and  the  reflux  at  Cape  Disap- 
pointment, where  the  rise  is  about  9  feet,  is  gen- 
erally, in  the  spring,  5  or  6  knots  an  hour.  On 
the  7th  of  May,  1792,  Captain  Robert  Gray,  in 
the  ship  Columbia,  of  Boston,  discovered  and 
entered  the  mouth  of  this  majestic  stream,  and, 
giving  it  the  name  of  the  vessel  in  which  he 
sailed,  called  it  the  Columbia  River.  He  was  the 
first  person  who  established  the  fact  of  its  exist- 
ence, and  gave  the  title,  from  discovery,  to  the 
United  States.  In  1 804-5,  Lewis  and  Clarke  made 
the  first  exploration  of  the  river  ever  made  by 
civilized  men,  and  passed  the  winter  of  1805-6  at 
its  mouth.  The  Missouri  Fur  Company,  in  1808, 
established  a  trading-house  on  Lewis  River,  the 
first  ever  formed  on  the  waters  of  the  Columbia ; 
and,  in  1811,  Astoria  was  founded,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  by  the  Pacific  Fur  Company,  under 
John  Jacob  Astor,  of  New  York. 


Columbus,  Fort,  N.  Y.     See  Governor's  Island. 

Comite  River,  Mi.  and  La.,  rises  in  Mi.,  and 
running  into  La.,  unites  with  the  Amite  12  miles 
E.  from  Baton  Rouge. 

Compadre  River,  Ca.  It  rises  in  two  widely- 
spread  forks,  which  unite  and  flow  N.  W.  into 
Eagle  River. 

Conception  Point,  or  Punta  Conception,  Ca.  Sit- 
uated on  the  Pacific  coast  W.  from  the  town  of 
Santa  Barbara. 

Concord  River,  Ms.,  is  formed  at  Concord  by 
the  junction  of  Assabet  and  Sudbury  Rivers : 
after  passing  through  the  towns  of  Bedford,  Bil- 
lerica,  and  Chelmsford,  it  falls  into  the  Merrimac, 
between  Lowell  and  Tewksbury. 

Concordia  Lake,  La.,  was  evidently,  in  former 
times,  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi,  and  in  seasons 
of  very  high  flood,  the  water  from  the  Mississippi 
flows  into  it,  through  a  small  bayou,  and  passes 
into  Bayou  Tensas. 

Conecuh  River  rises  in  Pike  co.,  Aa.,  and  flows 
through  Fa.  into  Pensacola  Bay.  Two  miles  below 
the  Fa.  line,  it  unites  with  the  Escambia,  a  river 
of  inferior  size,  the  name  of  which,  however,  it 
afterwards  assumes.  It  is  navigable  for  more  than 
100  miles,  but  the  country  is  sterile. 

Conedogwinit  Creek,  Pa.,  runsE.,  and  discharges 
its  waters  into  the  Susquehanna,  a  little  above 
Harrisburg. 

Conemaugh  River,  Pa,  It  rises  in  the  Alle- 
ghany  Mts.,  and  flows  W.  N.  W.  into  the  Alle- 
ghany,  29  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Pittsburg.  In  the 
lower  part  of  its  course  it  takes  the  name  of 
Kiskeminetas.s  Fifteen  miles  N.  E.  of  Greens- 
burg  it  has  salt  works  on  both  its  banks.  Its 
length  is  about  150  miles. 

Conequenessing  Creek,  Pa.,  falls  into  the  Mahon- 
ing,  12  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Conescheague  Creek  is  formed  by  two  branches, 
which  rise  in  Pa.,  and  unite  3  miles  N.  of  Md. 
line ;  it  then  passes  through  Md.,  and  empties  into 
the  Potomac,  at  Williamsport. 

Ooneseus  Lake,  Livingston  co.,  N.  Y.  This 
lake  is  9  miles  long,  1  mile  wide,  and  is  said  to 
exceed  300  feet  in  depth.  It  is  well  stocked  with 
fish,  and  its  waters  are  pure  and  cold. 

Conestoga  River,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  enters  the 
Susquehanna  10  miles  below  Columbia. 

Conewago  Creek,  or  River,  Pa.,  rises  in  Adams 
co.,  and  after  a  course  of  40  miles,  falls  into  the 
Susquehanna,  opposite  Bainbridge. 

Conewago  Creek,  Pa.  This  river  enters  the 
Susquehanua  5  miles  below  Middletown,  after  a 
W.  S.  W.  course  of  15  miles. 

Coney  Island,  King's  co.,  N.  Y.,  forms  a  part  of 
the  town  of  Gravesend.  It  is  much  resorted  toby 
visitors  for  sea  air  and  bathing,  as  it  directly 
faces  the  Atlantic,  being  divided  from  the  main 
land  by  a  narrow  channel,  over  which  is  a  toll 
bridge.  There  is  no  more  convenient  and  de- 
sirable watering-place  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York  than  this  island.  It  is  4£  miles  long,  and 
averages  half  a  mile  in  width. 

Congaree  Creek,  Lexington  district,  S.  C.  A 
branch  of  the  Congaree  River, -which  it  enters  a 
little  below  Columbia. 

Congaree  River,  S.  C.,  which  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Broad  and  Saluda  at  Columbia 
after  a  course  of  30  miles,  unites  with  the  Wa- 
teree  to  form  Santee  River. 

Conhocton  River  rises  in  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  and 
unites  with  the  Tioga  to  form  Chemung  River, 
near  the  village  of  Painted  Post.  There  are  a 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


185 


number  of  fine  mill  sites  on  this  river  and  its 
tributaries,  and  it  is  navigable  for  arks  and  rafts 
to  the  village  of  Bath,  during  high  water.  Its 
length  is  55  miles.  ^ 

Connanicut  Island,  Newport  co.,  R.  I.  Situated 
in  Narraganset  Bay,  S.  S.  W.  from  Prudence 
Island. 

Conneaut  Creek,  0.  and  Pa.,  has  its  sources  in 
Erie  and  Crawford  counties,  Pa.,  and  Ashtabula 
co.,  0.,  and  enters  Lake  Erie  in  the  latter  county. 

Connecticut  Creek,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  rises  in 
Brookhaven,  Suffolk  co.,  and  runs  S.,  into  Fire- 
place Bay. 

Connecticut,  Lake,  N.  H.  This  lake,  which  is 
the  source  of  one  of  the  principal  branches  of 
the  Connecticut,  lies  in  lat.  45°  2',  and  is  5i 
miles  in  length,  and  2^  in  width.  It  is  supplied 
by  several  small  streams  rising  in  the  highlands 
N.  from  the  lake.  Its  waters  are  remarkably 
clear,  containing  abundance  of  fish,  and  the 
scenery  on  its  banks  is  very  beautiful. 

Connecticut  River.  This  beautiful  river,  the 
Quonektacut  of  the  Indians,  and  the  pride  of  the 
Yankees,  has  its  sources  in  N.  H.,  and  the  moun- 
tainous tracts  in  Canada.  Its  name  in  the  In- 
dian language  is  said  to  signify  Long  River,  or,  as 
some.render  it,  River  of  Pines.  Its  general  course 
is  N.  and  S.  After  forming  the  boundary  line 
between  N.  H.  and  Vt.,  it  crosses  the  western  part 
of  Ms.,  passes  the  state  of  Ct.  nearly  in  its  cen- 
tre; and,  after  a  fall  of  1600  feet,  from  its  head, 
N.  of  lat.  45°,  it  falls  into  Long  Island  Sound,  in 
lat.  41°  16'.  The  breadth  of  this  river,  at  its  en- 
trance into  Vt.,  is  about  150  feet,  and  in  its  course 
of  60  miles,  it  increases  to  about  390  feet.  In 
Ms.  and  Ct.,  its  breadth  may  be  estimated  from 
450  to  1050  feet.  It  is  navigable  to  Hartford,  45 
miles,  for  vessels  of  considerable  burden,  and  to 
Middletown,  30  miles  from  the  sea,  for  vessels 
drawing  1 2  feet  of  water.  By  means  of  canals 
and  other  improvements,  it  has  been  made  navi- 
gable for  boats  to  Fifteen  Mile  Falls,  nearly  250 
miles  above  Hartford.  The  most  considerable 
rapids  in  this  river  are  Bellows  Falls ;  the  Falls 
of  Qucechy,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Water- 
queechy  River ;  the  White  River  Falls,  below 
Hanover ;  and  the  Fifteen  Mile  Falls,  in  N.  H. 
and  Vt. ;  the  Falls  at  Montague  and  Holyoke,  in 
Ms.,  and  the  Falls  at  Enfield,  in  Ct.,  where  it 
meets  the  tide  water.  The  perpendicular  height 
of  the  falls,  which  have  been  overcome  by  dams 
and  locks  between  Springfield,  in  Ms.,  and  Han- 
over, in  N.  H.,  a  distance  of  130  miles,  is  240  feet. 
Bars  of  sand  and  gravel  extend  across  this  river 
in  various  places,  over  which  boats  with  difficulty 
pass  in  low  water.  The  most  important  tributa- 
ries to  the  Connecticut,  in  N.  H.,  are  Upper  and 
Lower  Amonoosuck,  Israel's,  John's,  Mascomy, 
Sugar,  and  Ashuelot  Rivers  ;  in  Vt.,  Nulhegan, 
Passumpsic,  Wells,  Wait's,  Ompomponoosuck, 
White,  Waterqueechy,  Black,  Williams,  Saxton's, 
and  West  Rivers;  in  Ms.,  Miller's,  Deerfield, 
Agawam,  Chickopee,  and  Westfield  Rivers ;  and 
the  Farmington,  in  Ct.  The  intervales  are  gen- 
erally spread  upon  one  or  both  sides  of  the  river, 
nearly  on  a  level  with  its  banks,  and  extending 
from  half  a  mile  to  five  miles  in  breadth ;  but  its 
borders  are  in  some  places  high,  rocky,  and  pre- 
cipitous. In  the  spring  it  overflows  its  banks, 
and,  through  its  winding  course  of  nearly  400 
miles,  forms  and  fertilizes  a  vast  tract  of  rich 
meadow.  In  point  of  length,  utility,  and  beauty, 
this  river  forms  a  distinguished  feature  of  New 
24 


England.  Large  quantities  of  shad  are  taken  in 
this  river,  but  the  salmon,  which  formerly  were 
very  plenty,  have  entirely  disappeared.  Con- 
necticut River  passes  through  a  basin  or  valley  of 
about  12,000  square  miles;  it  is  decorated,  on 
each  side,  with  towns  and  villages  of  superior 
beauty,  and  presents  to  the  eye  a  wonderful 
variety  of  enchanting  scenery. 

Connesauga  River,  Ga.  This  river  has  its  sourctr 
in  Glimmer  co.,  Ga.,  flows  N.  W.,  making  a  curve 
into  Te.,  and  then  takes  a  winding  southerly 
course,  until  its  junction  with  the  Coosawattee,  to 
form  the  Oostenaula. 

Connewango  Creek  rises  in  Chatauque  and  Cat- 
taraugus  counties,  N.  Y.,  and  flows  W.  into  the 
Alleghany.  This  stream  is  boatable  during  high 
water,  and  numerous  rafts  also  descend  it  during 
certain  seasons  of  the  year.  Chatauque  Lake, 
and  a  number  of  other  tributaries,  flow  into  it. 

Conoloway  Creek,  Pa.,  falls  into  the  Potomac, 
near  Hancock's  Town,  Md. 

Constitution  Island,  N.  Y.,  on  which,  during  the 
revolution,  some  fortifications  were  erected,  lies 
in  the  Hudson  River,  opposite  West  Point. 

Contoocook  River,  N.  H.  This  is  a  stream  of 
considerable  length  and  importance,  originating 
in  several  ponds  in  Jeffrey  and  Rindge,  and  flow- 
ing N.  it  receives  tributaries  from  Dublin,  Peter- 
borough, Sharon,  Nelson,  Stoddard,  Washington, 
Antrim,  Deering,  and  Hillsborough.  In  Hillsbor- 
ough  it  takes  a  N.E.  and  E.  direction,  and  proceeds 
through  Henniker  to  Hopkinton,  where  it  receives 
Warner  and  Blackwater  Rivers.  From  Hopkin- 
ton it  pursues  a  winding  course  through  Concord, 
and  falls  into  the  Merrimack  between  Concord 
and  Boscawen.  Near  the  mouth  of  this  river  is 
Duston's  Island,  celebrated  as  the  spot  where  Mrs. 
Duston  destroyed  several  Indians,  in  1698. 

Conway  Peak,  or  Chocorua  Mountain,  N.  H. 
See  Albany. 

Cooper  River,  S.  C.,  together  with  Ashley  River, 
forms  Charleston  harbor,  entering  the  Ashley  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  city.  A  canal  21  miles  long 
unites  this  river  with  the  Santee. 

Coosa  River,  Aa.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Oa., 
runs  S.  W.  into  Aa.,  and  unites  with  the  Talla- 
poosa  to  form  Alabama  River,  8  miles  below  We- 
tumpka.  The  Coosa  is  navigable  for  steamboats 
8  miles  above  the  junction.  Its  whole  length  is 
about  240  miles. 

Coosaw  River,  Beaufort  district,  S.  C.  A  kind 
of  a  strait  connecting  Broad  River  with  St.  Helena 
Sound. 

Coosawhatchie  River,  S.  C.,  runs  S.  S.  E.,  and 
empties  into  Broad  River.  An  eastern  outlet, 
called  Whale  Branch,  and  also  Coosaw  River, 
forms  the  Island  of  Port  Royal. 

Coosawattee  River,  Ga.  Ellijay  and  Carticary 
Creeks  unite  to  form  this  river,  which  receives 
several  large  branches,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Talkey,  Rock,  and  Calico  Creeks,  and  flows  in  a 
winding  S.  W.  course  until  it  unites  with  the  Con- 
nesauga to  form  the  Oostenaula.  ' 

Copake  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  branch  of  Claverack 
stream,  rises  in  Columbia  co.  Several  factories 
and  mills  are  located  on  this  stream. 

Copake  Lake,  Copake,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y., 
covers  about  600  acres.  Its  shores  are  gently 
undulating  and  highly  cultivated,  and  its  waters 
pure  and  clear. 

Copecut  Mountain,  Fall  River,  Ms.  Height  355 
feet. 

Copper  Creek,  Va.,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Rus- 


186 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


sell  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  falls  into  Clinch  River, 
in  Scott  co. 

Copper  Harbor,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  Situated 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Keewaiwona  Point. 

Corbeau  Creek  rises  in  Chazy,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  N.  E.,  and  enters  the  Chazy  River  at  the 
village  of  Corbeau,  in  the  town  of  Champlain. 

Core  Sound,  N.  C.,  opens  on  the  N.  E.  into  Pam- 
lico  Sound.  It  is  40  miles  long.  The  island 
which  encloses  it  contains  Cape  Lookout  on  its  S. 
extremity. 

Corlcin's  Creek,  Pa.,  falls  into  the  Delaware 
River  in  Ion.  75°  10'  W.  and  lat.  41°  18'  N. 

Corpus  Christi  Pass,  Ts.  The  passage  between 
two  islands  which  lie  at  the  mouth  of  Nueces 
River,  and  opposite  the  town  of  Corpus  Christi. 

CortaUeau  River,  La.,  flows  into  the  Atcha- 
falaya.  It  is  35  miles  long. 

Coteau  Percee  Creek,  Ma.  It  vises  in  the  Benton 
Lakes,  flows  S.  W.,  and  falls  into  the  Sioux  River. 

Cote  Blanche  Bay,  La.  This  bay  sets  up  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  connects  on  the.N.  W. 
with  Vermilion  Bay. 

Cotentnea  River,  N.  C.  A  branch  of  the  Neuse 
River,  which  it  enters  on  the  boundary  between 
Pitt  and  Lenoir  counties. 

Cottonwood  Creek,  Ca.  It  rises  among  the  Coast 
Mts.,  flows  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Rio  Sacra- 
mento, of  which  it  is  a  head  branch. 

Cottonwood  Fork,  Ca.  A  small  W.  branch  of 
Grand  River. 

Coupe  River,  On.  An  E.  branch  of  the  Willa- 
mette River,  which  it  enters  below  the  Sandehan. 

Cove  Point,  Calvert  co.,  Md.  A  small  point  of 
land  projecting  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Cow  Bay,  North  Hempstead,  Queen's  co.,  N.  Y., 
an  arm  of  Long  Island  Sound,  extends  inland 
about  5  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats, 
and  is  partly  surrounded  by  highly  cultivated 
farms  and  country  seats. 

Cow  Neck,  North  Hempstead,  Queen's  co.,  N.  Y., 
a  point  of  land  about  6  miles  long  and  2i  miles 
wide,  lies  between  Hempstead  harbor  on  the  E. 
and  Cow  Bay  on  the  W.  Sands'  Point  is  on  the 
N.  part. 

Cowikee  Creek,  Aa.  This  stream  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  three  principal  forks,  and  enters 
the  Chattahoochee  in  Barbour  co. 

Coxsackie  Creek  rises  in  Greene  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
N.  E.,  and  enters  the  Hudson  in  the  town  of  New 
Baltimore. 

Crab,  or  Hospital  Island,  N.  Y.,  a  part  of  the 
town  of  Plattsburg,  Clinton  co.,  lies  in  Lake 
Champlain,  near  Cumberland  Head. 

Crab-Tree  Creek,  Wake  co.?  N.  C.,  rises  in  the 
S.  W.  part  of  Wake  co.,  takes  a  circuitous  easterly 
course,  and  falls  into  the  Neuse  River. 

Crabb  River,  Alleghany  co.,  Md.  A  small  trib- 
utary of  the'N.  fork  of  the"  Potomac  River. 

Craig's  Creek,  Bottetourt  co.,  Va.,  is  formed  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  the  county  by  the  junction  of 
two  branches,  flows  N.  E.,  and  empties  into  Cow 
Pasture  River. 

Cranberry  Islands,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  These 
islands  lie  a  few  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Mount  Desert, 
and  embrace  Great  and  Little  Cranberry,  Sutton's 
and  Baker's  Islands,  and  were  attached  to  the 
town  of  Mount  Desert  until  1830,  when  they 
were  incorporated.  They  afford  good  harbors, 
and  are  well  located  for  the  shore  fishery. 

Cranberry  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  small  sheet  of 
water  is  situated  in  the  S.  part  of  Parishville,  St. 
Lawrence  co. 


Crane  Island,  N.  C.,  lies  in  Hunting  Sound,  and 
is  about  6  miles  in  length. 

Crane  Island  lies  in  the  Potomac,  30  miles  S.  W 
from  Annapolis. 

Crane  Lake,  lo.  A  small  sheet  of  water  sit- 
uated near  the  head  of  Iowa  River. 

Crane  Neck,  in  the  town  of  Brookhaven,  Suf- 
folk co.,  N.  Y.,  is  a  broad  peninsula,  extending 
into  Long  Island  Sound. 

Craney  Island,  Va.,  lies  in  Hampton  Road,  at 
the  mouth  of  Elizabeth  River,  5  miles  S.  W. 
from  Fort  George.  A  strong  fort  on  this  island 
defends  the  entrance  of  James  and  Elizabeth 
Rivers. 

Crendrick  Lake,  N.  C.  Situated  in  Ion.  76°  55' 
W.,  lat.  35°  46'  N. 

Cripple  Creek,  Va.,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Smyth 
co.,  flows  N.  of  E.,  and  empties  into  New  River. 

Croatan  Sound,  N.  C.  Situated  between  Roan- 
oke  Island  and  the  main  land  of  Tyrel  co.  It 
contains  several  small  islands. 

Crockery  Creek,  Mn.,  rises  in  Kent  and  Neeway- 
go  counties,  and  flows  S.  W.  across  a  part  of 
Ottowa  co.  into  Grand  River. 

Crooked  Creek,  Is.  It  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  McDonough  co.,  flows  S.E.,  and  empties  into 
the  Illinois  River,  between  Schuyler  and  B.rown 
counties. 

Crooked  Creek,  As.  This  stream  rises  in  the 
S.  part  of  Carroll  co.,  pursues  a  very  winding 
course,  and  falls  into  White  River,  having  formed 
a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Marion  and 
Searcy  counties. 

Crooked  Lake,  N.  Y.,  lies  chiefly  in  Steuben  co., 
but  extends  N.  into  Yates  co.;  is  18  miles  long, 
and  \\  miles  wide.  Near  the  centre  it  separates 
into  two  forks,  running  northward,  one  1 2  miles 
and  the  other  8,  and  receding  from  each  other, 
until,  at  their  extremities,  they  are  5  miles  dis- 
tant. At  the  point  of  their  separation,  a  high 
promontory,  called  Bluff  Point,  rises  from  the 
water  800  feet.  The  outlet  is  at  the  north  end  of 
the  eastern  branch,  running  7  miles  E.  by  N., 
until  it  falls  into  Seneca  Lake,  at  Dresden.  This 
stream,  in  its  course,  has  a  fall  of  269  feet,  afford- 
ing an  excellent  water  power.  Upon  it,  about 
one  mile  below  the  outlet  of  the  lake,  stands  the 
village  of  Penn  Yan.  From  this  place  to  Seneca 
Lake,  a  canal,  called  "  Crooked  Lake  Canal,"  has 
been  constructed,  with  27  locks,  at  a  cost  of 
$137,000.  Through  Seneca  Lake,  this  navigable 
communication  is  continued  to  the  Erie  Canal. 
In  the  opposite  direction,  a  steamboat  plies  daily 
between  Penn  Yan  and  Hammond's  Port,  at  the 
S.  end  of  Crooked  Lake. 

Crooked  Lake,  Mn.  Situated  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Wyandot  co.  It  receives  the  waters  of  several 
streams,  and  connects  by  its  outlet  with  Cheboy- 
gan  River. 

Crooked  River,  Oxford  co.,  Me.  This  river 
joins  the  outlet  of  Long  Pond,  and  falls  into 
Sebago  Lake. 

Crooked  River,  Ky.  A  small  branch  of  the  E. 
fork  of  Salt  River,  forming  the  boundary  between 
Anderson  and  Spencer  counties. 

Cross  Island,  Me.  An  island  3  miles  long  and 
2  wide,  lying  off  Machias  Bay,  and  attached  to 
the  town  of  Cutler. 

Cross  Creek,  or  River,  rises  in  Westchester  co., 
N.  Y.,  and  flows  E.  into  Croton  River,  in  the  town 
of  Lewisborough. 

Cross  Lake,  N.  Y.,  through  which  flows  Seneca 
'  River,  lies  between  the  counties  of  Cayuga  and 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


187 


Onondaga ;  it  is  4  miles  long  and  half  a  mile  in 
width. 

Crotched  Lake,  N.  Y.,  lying  between  Racket 
and  Long  Lakes,  in  the  N.  part^of  Hamilton  co., 
is  an  irregular  body  of  water^as  the  name  im- 
plies. Pahmechinbaguck  —  water  right  across 
us  —  is  said  to  be  the  Indian  name. 

Croton  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  several  beautiful 
lakes  in  Dutchess  and  Putnam  counties,  flows  in 
a  S.  W.  direction,  and  enters  the  Hudson  in 
Westchester  co.,  about  two  miles  above  the  vil- 
lage of  Sing  Sing.  This  river  is  the  source  of 
the  Croton  Aqueduct. 

Crow  Creek,  Is.,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  Liv- 
ingston co.,  and  flows  W.  into  the  Illinois  River. 

Crow  Islands,  N.  Y.  This  cluster  of  small 
islands  is  situated  in  Huntington  Bay. 

Crow's  Nest,  N.  Y.,  a  high  peak  of  the  "  High- 
lauds,"  is  situated  in  the  town  of  Cornwall, 
Orange  co.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Hudson. 

Crow  River,  Ma.  This  river  rises  in  two  large 
forks,  flows  in  an  easterly  direction,  and  empties 
into  the  Mississippi  N.  W.  from  Rum  River. 

Crow  Wing  River,  Ma.  This  river  rises  among 
the  labyrinth  of  lakes  in  the  N.  part  of  the  terri- 
tory, flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi 
just  below  Gayashk  Lake. 

Crum  or  Crom  Elbow,  N.  Y.,  4  miles  above 
Poughkeepsie,  is  formed  by  a  sudden  turn  of  Hud- 
son River. 

Crum  Elbow  Creek,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in 
the  towns  of  Clinton  and  Rhinebeck,  and  flows 
S.  W.  through  Hydepark  into  the  Hudson.  It  is 
a  pretty  good  mill  stream. 

Crumhorn  Mountain,  N.  Y.,  situated  in  the  town 
of  Maryland,  Otsego  co.,  is  a  wild  and  barren 
eminence. 

CrydeSs  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  town  of  Inde- 
pendence, Alleghany  co.,  and  flowing  S.  W.  enters 
Genesee  River  in  the  state  of  Pa. 

Crystal  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  one  of  a  small  cluster 
lying  in  the  town  of  Alexandria,  Jefferson  co. 

Cub  Creek,  Te.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Hender- 
son co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  the  Tennessee 
River. 

Cubb  Creek,  Va.,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Appo- 
mattox  co.,  and  flows  S.  into  the  Roanoke  River. 

Cumberland  Bay,  N.  Y.,  situated  in  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  opposite  the  village  of  Plattsburg,  is  en- 
closed by  Cumberland  Head,  a  point  of  land  on 
the  W.  shore,  stretching  4  miles  into  the  lake. 
Macdonough  gained  his  famous  naval  victory 
over  the  British,  under  Com.  Downie,  in  this  bay, 
on  the  llth  September,  1814. 

Cumberland  Head,  N.  Y.,  projects  into  Lake 
Champlain,  N.  from  Plattsburg,  and  opposite 
South  Hero. 

Cumberland  Island,  Camden  co.,  Ga.  This  is 
quite  a  large  island,  lying  between  St.  Andrew's 
Sound  on  the  N.  and  St.  Mary's  Sound  on  the  S. 
The  N.  part  is  cut  off  by  a  small  river,  and  called 
Little  Cumberland  Island.  On  the  S.  part  is  the 
Dungeness  light-house. 

Cumberland  Mountains,  Te.  This  range  com- 
mences in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  takes  the  name 
of  Laurel  Mts.  in  Va.,  passes  through  the  S.  E. 
part  of  Ky.  and  Te.,  and  terminates  in  the  N. 
part  of  Aa. 

Cumberland  River,  a  large  river  of  Ky.  and  Te., 
rises  in  Ky.,  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Cumberland 
Mts.,  near  the  boundary  of  Va.,  and  pursues  a 
very  circuitous  course  to  the  Ohio,  which  it  enters 
about  12  miles  above  the  entrance  of  the  Ten- 


nessee. The  elevation  of  its  sources  above  its 
mouth  is  supposed  to  exceed  1000  feet.  Its  course 
is  first  W.  and  S.  W.  until  it  enters  Te.,  and, 
bearing  still  S.,  passes  round  with  an  extensive 
sweep  to  Nashville.  Its  course  is  then  north- 
westerly until  it  reenters  Ky.,  and  flows  in  this 
direction  about  50  miles  across  the  state  to  its 
junction  with  the  Ohio.  Its  comparative  length 
is  about  450  miles ;  although  from  the  great  tortu- 
ousness  of  its  channel,  its  entire  length,  following 
the  course  of  the  stream,  cannot  be  less  than  600 
miles.  Without  reference'  to  the  inflections  of 
the  river  itself,  the  valley  which  it  drains  is  350 
miles  long,  with  an  average  breadth  of  50  miles, 
comprehending  an  area  of  17,500  square  miles, 
which,  in  superficies,  is  the  third  in  rank  of  those 
of  the  tributaries  of  the  Ohio.  The  greatest  part 
of  this  valley  lies  between  lat.  36°  and  37°,  and 
Ion.  6°  and  12°  W.  from  Washington.  In  an  or- 
dinary stage  of  water,  the  river  is  navigable  for 
vessels  and  large  steamboats  to  Nashville,  200 
miles,  and  for  boats  of  15  tons  300  miles  farther. 
For  half  its  length  it  is  navigable  for  small  craft 
at  all  seasons.  The  Cumberland  is  the  second 
river  in  size  that  enters  the  Ohio,  being  inferior 
only  to  the  Tennessee. 

Cunningham's  Island,  O.  Situated  in  Lake 
Erie,  N.  from  the  mouth  of  Sandusky  Bay. 

Current  River,  Mo.  and  As.,  rises  in  the  Ozark 
Ridge,  Mo.,  and,  taking  a  course  of  about  150 
miles,  falls  into  Black  River. 

Currituck  Island,  Sound,  and  Inlet,  Currituck  co., 
N.  C.  The  island  which  encloses  the  sound  is  30 
miles  long  and  2  broad.  The  sound  is  50  miles 
long,  from  1  to  10  broad,  and  rather  shallow.  The 
inlet  is  a  narrow  entrance  into  the  sound  between 
two  islands. 

Cutfoot  Creek,  N.  C.  A  small  branch  of  Neuse 
River. 

Cuyatwga  River,  0.  This  river  rises  in  Geauga 
co.,  runs  southerly  through  Portage  co.,  then  pro- 
ceeds in  a  N.  N.  W.  direction  through  Summit 
and  Cuyahoga  counties  to  its  entrance  into  Lake 
Erie,  at  Cleveland.  It  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant rivers  in  Northern  0.,  its  length  being  over  60 
miles.  Its  falls,  which  are  numerous,  afford  fine 
mill  seats,  and  it  is  but  little  affected  by  drought. 

Cypress  Creek,  As.  It  rises  in  the  E.  part  of 
Van  Buren  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the 
Arkansas  at  Cadron. 

Cypress  Creek,  La.  A  head  branch  of  the  Mid- 
dle Fork  of  Bayou  d'Arbone. 

Dacheet  River,  rises  in  As.,  and  flowing  S.  into 
La.,  falls  into  Lake  Bistineau. 

Daddy's  Creek,  Te.,  rises  in  Bledsoe  co.,  flows  N. 
E.,  and  unites  with  Obed's  River  near  its  en- 
trance into  Emery's  River. 

Damariscotta  River,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.  This 
broad  arm  of  the  sea  has  its  source  in  several 
ponds  in  Jeffersqn  and  Nobleborough.  It  flows 
in  a  southerly  direction,  between  Newcastle, 
Edgecomb,  and  Boothbay  on  the  W.,  and  Bristol 
on  the  E.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  any  bur- 
den to  the  bridge,  which  crosses  it  between  New- 
castle and  Nobleborough,  a  distance  of  16  miles. 
Large  quantities  of  lumber  descend  this  stream, 
and  many  merchant  ships  are  built  on  its  borders. 

Damiscove  Island,  Me.,  lies  off  the  '  town  of 
Boothbay,  Lincoln  co. 

Dan  River,  N.  C.  and  Va.,  unites  with  Stanton 
River  in  Va.,  and  forms  the  Roanoke.  It  has 
f^lls  of  23  feet  at  Danville,  but  by  a  canal  con- 


188 


MOUNTAINS,   RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c., 


structed  around  them,  is  navigable  100  miles  from 
its  mouth. 

D'Arbone,  Bayou,  La.  This  stream  rises  in 
Claiborne  parish,  flows  in  a  S.  E.  direction,  and 
enters  the  Wachita  River  in  Wachita  parish. 

Darby  Creek,  O.,  rises  in  Union  co.,  and  after 
a  S.  E.  course  of  60  miles,  enters  the  Sciota, 
nearly  opposite  Circleville. 

Dartiga  Lake,  Nachitoches  and  Rapides  par- 
ishes. La.  This  lake  receives  a  river  of  the  same 
name  from  the  N.  W.,  and  connects  on  the  S. 
with  Red  River. 

Dauphin  Islands,  Great  and  Little.,  Aa.,  lie  at 
the  mouth  of  Mobile  Bay,  and  are  attached  to 
Mobile  co. 

Daivfuskey  Island,  S.  C.,  is  7  miles  long,  and  2<| 
miles  broad,  and  lies  3  miles  N.  E.  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Savannah. 

Dead  River,  Me.  This  important  tributary  of 
the  Kennebec  rises  on  the  border  of  Lower  Can- 
ada, in  Franklin  co.  It  flows  40  or  50  miles 
in  a  S.  E.  direction,  then  N.  about  10  miles  ;  it 
then  turns  to  the  E.,  and  flows  about  15  miles 
to  its  entrance  into  the  Kennebec,  about  20  miles 
below  Mooschead  Lake.  The  land  on  its  borders 
is  fertile  and  heavily  wooded. 

Dead  River,  N.  H.,  rises  in  the  N.  W.  corner  of 
the  state,  in  Coos  co.,  and  after  receiving  several 
tributaries,  empties  into  the  Margallaway. 

Dead  Stream,  Me.,  is  a  W.  tributary  of  the  Pe- 
nobscot,  which  it  enters  at  Orono,  opposite  Indian 
Village. 

Dead  Fish  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  N.  W.  from 
Seven  Beaver  Lake,  and  at  the  head  of  Second 
Embarras  River. 

Deadman's  Bay,  Fa.  A  curvature  of  the  coast 
in  Madison  co. 

De  Chute  River  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Aroos- 
took  co.,  Me.,  and  flows  E.  into  Canada,  where  it 
enters  the  St.  John's  River. 

Decker's  Creek,  Is.  A  small  branch  of  Bear 
Creek,  which  it  enters  in  Hancock  co. 

Deep  Creek,  lo.  A  S.  branch  of  the  Maco- 
quetais  River,  which  it  enters  in  Jackson  co. 

Deep  River,  N.  C.,  unites  with  the  Haw  to  form 
the  N.  W.  branch  of  Cape  Fear  River. 

Deer  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Lewis  co.,  and  flows 
N.  E.  into  Black  River. 

Deer  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Franklin  co.,  flows 
N.  W.,  and  enters  the  St.  Regis  in  St.  Lawrence 
co. 

Deer  Creek,  Hartford  co.,  Md.,  empties  into  the 
Susquehanna. 

Deer  Creek,  Perry  co.,  la.  A  small  branch  of 
Ohio  River. 

Deer  Creek,  Ca.,  rises  among  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
and  flows  S.  W.  into  the  Rio  Sacramento. 

Deer  Islands.  A  group  of  islands,  five  in  num- 
ber, lying  in  the  Connecticut  River,  between  the 
towns  of  Lyman  and  Barnet,  Vt.  The  largest  of 
these  islands  contains  38  acres  of  land. 

Deer  Island,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  lies  in  Penob- 
scot  Bay,  off  the  town  of  Sedgwick.  See  the 
town  of  Deer  Isle. 

Deerfield  River,  Vt.  and  Ms.  This  beautiful 
rapid  stream  rises  in  the  high  grounds  of  Wind- 
ham  co.,  near  Stratton,  Dover,  and  Somerset,  Vt., 
and,  proceeding  in  a  S.  E.  course,  it  passes  through 
Monroe,  Florida,  Rowe,  Charlemont,  Hawley, 
Buckland,  Shelburne,  and  Conway,  and  falls  into 
the  Connecticut  between  Greenfield  and  Deerneld. 
The  most  important  tributaries  to  this  river  are 
Cold  River;  a  river  from  Heath  and  Coleraine; 


one  from  Leyden,  and  one  from  Conway.  It  is 
very  rapid  in  some  places,  and  its  passage'through 
the  mountains  is  very  romantic.  Length  about 
50  miles. 

Delaware  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Riv- 
er, is  an  arm  of  the  sea.  stretching  up  in  a  N.  W. 
direction,  for  a  distance  of  75  miles.  The  en- 
trance to  the  bay  is  between  Cape  May  on  theN., 
and  Cape  Henlopen  on  the  S.,  distant  about  20 
miles  from  each  other.  The  width  of  the  bay  in 
the  middle  is  30  miles.  There  are  many  shoals, 
which  render  the  navigation  difficult  and  danger- 
ous ;  and  there  is  no  good  natural  hai'bor  within 
70  miles  of  the  ocean.  The  want  of  any  secure 
anchorage  on  this  coast,  for  several  hundred  miles 
from  New  York,  has  induced  the  government,  at 
a  heavy  expense,  to  ei'ect  a  breakwater,  forming 
an  artificial  harbor,  within  Cape  Henlopen.  The 
anchorage  ground  thus  provided  is  in  a  cove 
directly  W.  of  the  cape,  having  a  depth  of  water 
of  from  4  to  6  fathoms,  and  a  superficial  extent 
of  over  half  a  square  mile.  An  internal  commu- 
nication has  been  formed  between  this  bay  and 
the  Chesapeake  by  a  canal  14  miles  long,  run- 
ning between  Delaware  City,  at  a  point  42  miles 
below  Philadelphia,  and  Back  Creek,  which  com- 
municates through  Elk  Creek  with  the  Chesa- 
peake. This  canal  has  a  depth  of  8  feet,  a  width 
of  60  feet  at  the  surface,  and  36  feet  at  the  bottom, 
and  admits  of  the  passage  of  vessels  of  consid- 
erable size. 

Delaware  River  rises  among  the  Avestern 
spurs  of  the  Catskill  Mts.,  in  N.  Y.  The  two 
streams  which  constitute  its  principal  sources  are 
the  Mohawks  and  the  Popacton.  The  first  of 
these,  which  is  the  most  remote,  and  the  real 
source  of  the  Delaware,  rises  from  a  small  lake 
near  the  border  of  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  42°  45' 
N.  lat.,  at  an  elevation  of  1886  feet  above  tide 
water,  and  flows  S.  W.  about  50  miles,  to  within 
10  miles  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  where,  turn- 
ing suddenly  to  the  S.  E.,  it  flows  about  12  miles 
to  its  junction  with  the  Popacton.  This  branch 
rises  in  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  pursues  a  course 
nearly  parallel  to  that  of  the  main  branch,  for 
about  50  miles,  to  the  point  of  meeting.  After 
the  junction  of  these  two  branches,  the  Delaware 
flows  on  in  a  S.  E.  course,  forming  the  boundary 
between  Pa.  and  N.  Y.,  for  about  60  miles,  to  the 
N.  W.  corner  of  N.  J.  It  then  bends  to  the  S.  W. 
35  miles,  along  the  base  of  the  Kittaning  chain 
of  mountains,  until  it  finds  a  pass  through  this 
mountain  by  the  celebrated  "  Water  Gap,"  which 
is  considered  a  great  natural  curiosity.  The  view 
in  passing  through  this  chasm  is  highly  pictur- 
esque  and  impressive.  The  distance  is  about  two 
miles,  between  rugged  and  lofty  walls,  rising 
almost  from  the  water's  edge  to  the  height  of 
1600  feet,  and  often  overhanging  with  immense 
masses  of  the  rock.  Towards  the  N.  W.  the 
passage  widens  somewhat,  and  there  are  some 
beautiful  islands  in  the  river,  which  here  has  great 
depth.  Continuing  S.  about  21  miles,  it  reaches 
Easton,  Pa.,  where  it  receives  an  important  tribu- 
tary from  the  right  in  the  Lehigh.  About  two 
miles  below  Easton,  it  pierces  the  Blue  Ridge : 
and,  five  miles  still  lower,  the  South  Mountain ; 
having  obliquely  traversed,  in  its  course  thus  far, 
a  great  part  of  the  Appalachian  system.  From 
South  Mountain  its  course  is  S.  E.,  about  35 
miles,  to  the  falls  at  Trenton,  at  the  foot  of  which 
it  meets  the  tide  water.  The  distance  between 
Easton  and  Trenton  is  60  miles,  ( in  which  the 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


189 


river  passes  over  twenty-five  rapids,  with  an  aggre- 
gate fall  of  165  feet.  These  rapids  are  navigable  at 
high  water.  Below  Trenton  the  Delaware  turns 
to  the  S.  W.,  and,  passing  Philadelphia,  continues 
this  course  until  near  its  entrance,  into  the  bay. 
A  few  miles  below  Philadelphia  it  receives  the 
Schuylkill,  which  is  one  of  its  largest  tributaries, 
from  the  N.  W.  The  whole  course  of  the  river, 
from  its  remotest  source  to  its  entrance  into  the 
bay,  is  about  300  miles  ;  and  to  its  entrance  into 
the  Atlantic,  375  miles.  There  are  five  bridges 
crossing  the  Delaware,  the  lowest  of  which  is  at 
Trenton.  'It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  to 
Philadelphia,  125  miles  from  the  ocean  by  the 
course  of  the  river  and  bay,  and  45  miles  from 
the  head  of  the  bay.  For  sloops  it  is  navigable 
35  miles  farther,  to  Trenton.  The  Delaware  is 
connected  with  the  Hudson  by  two  canals,  the 
"  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,"  and  the  "  Morris 
Canal."  A  vast  amount  of  coal  is  transported 
on  these  canals ;  and,  aside  from  this  immense 
business,  the  Delaware  is  one  of  the  principal 
channels  of  internal  traffic  in  the  Eastern  States. 
The  basin  of  the  Dglaware  is  about  250  miles  in 
length,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  45  miles ;  com- 
prehending an  area  of  11,250  square  miles.  The 
surface  is  greatly  diversified,  with  much  difference 
of  relative  height. 

De  Loma  Point,  Ca.  A  point  of  land  on  which 
the  town  of  San  Diego  is  situated.  It  extends 
into  the  Pacific  just  above  the  boundary  between 
Upper  and  Lower  California. 

Denny's  River,  Me.  A  small  branch  of  the 
Schoodic. 

Dernier  Island,  Terre  Bonne  parish,  La.  This 
is  the  largest  of  a  chain  of  long,  narrow  islands. 

Des  Moines  River,  Io.,  rises  in  the  Coteau  des 
Prairies,  and  flowing  in  a  S.  E.  direction,  enters 
the  Mississippi  just  below  Des  Moines  Rapids, 
on  the  boundary  between  Io.  and  Mo.  In  high 
water  it  is  navigable  for  steamboats  100  miles, 
and  for  keel  boats  at  all  seasons. 

Des  Plaines  River  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Wisconsin,  and  after  flowing  through  a  fertile 
country,  mostly  over  a  bed  of  limestone  rock,  en- 
ters the  Illinois  River. 

Destruction  Island,  On.  Situated  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  N.  W.  from  Greenville  Point. 

Detroit  River  is  the  river  or  strait  through 
which  the  waters  of  the  upper  lakes,  Superior, 
Huron,  Michigan,  and  St.  Clair,  are  discharged 
into  Lake  Erie.  The  length  of  the  river,  from 
Lake  St.  Clair  to  Lake  Erie,  is  about  28  miles. 
At  its  outlet  from  Lake  St.  Clair,  it  is  over  a  mile 
wide.  Opposite  to  Detroit,  about  8  miles  below, 
it  is  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide.  Its  course  to 
Detroit  is  a  little  S.  of  W. ;  but  here  it  makes  a 
curve,  and  pursues  a  more  southerly  direction. 
About  5  miles  below  Detroit,  the  river  is  divided 
into  two  channels,  by  Grand  Turkey  Island,  and 
soon  widens  to  3  or  4  miles,  and  continues 
of  this  width  for  16  or  17  miles,  until  it  opens 
into  the  N.  W.  angle  of  Lake  Erie.  There  are 
many  islands  in  the  river,  rendering  the  naviga- 
tion somewhat  intricate ;  nevertheless,  vessels  of 
considerable  burden  can  be  carried  through  into 
Lake  St.  Clair.  The  principal  channel  is  on  the 
eastern  side,  between  Boisblanc  Island  and  the 
Canada  shore.  The  banks  of  the  river,  in  all 
its  narrower  parts  especially,  being  settled  and 
cultivated  on  both  sides,  present  a  beautiful  view, 
in  summer,  to  those  who  traverse  its  waters.  The 
principal  towns  on  its  banks  are  Detroit  and 


Brownstown  on  the  American  shore,  and  on  the 
Canada  shore  Sandwich  and  Amherstburg.  It 
receives  from  Michigan  the^River  Rouge,  about  a 
mile  above  Grand  Turkey  Island,  and  the  Huron, 
at  the  point  of  connection  with  Lake  Erie.  From 
Canada,  the  only  stream  worthy  of  notice  is  the 
Canard,  which  enters  the  Detroit  about  3k  miles 
above  Amherstburg. 

Devil's  Hole,  N.  Y.,  is  a  gulf  in  Niagara  River, 
about  1  \  miles  below  the  falls. 

Dial  Mountain,  Nipple  Top,  or  Noon  Mark,  N.  Y., 
a  peak  of  the  Adirondack  range,  is  situated  in  the 
town  of  Keene,  Essex  co.  It  is  elevated  4900 
feet  above  the  Hudson. 

Diamond  Island,  N.  Y.     See  Lake  George. 

Diamond  River,  N.  H.,  rises  principally  in  Dia- 
mond Pond,  in  Stewartstown ;  thence  it  passes 
through  Dixville,  and  after  receiving  several 
tributaries,  falls  into  Dead  River,  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Margallaway. 

Dick's  River,  Ky.  This  stream  waters  the  W. 
part  of  Rock  Castle  co.,  flows  N.  W.  through 
Lincoln  co.,  separates  Garrard  from  Boyle  and 
Mercer  counties,  and  empties  into  the  Kentucky 
River. 

Dickson  Creek,  Ts.  A  small  stream  emptying 
into  the  S.  W.  part  of  Galveston  Bay. 

Dike  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Steuben  co.,  flows 
W.,  and  enters  Genesee  River  in  Allegheny  co. 
The  N.  Y.  and  Erie  Railroad  extends  through 
the  valley  of  this  stream  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance. 

Disappointment,  Cape,  On.  Situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Columbia  River. 

Dismal  Swamp.  An  extensive  tract  of  marshy, 
wooded  land,  lying  partly  in  Virginia,  and  partly 
in  North  Carolina.  It  commences  a  little  S.  of 
Norfolk,  Va.,  and  extends  S.  30  miles,  with  an  ave- 
rage breadth  of  10  miles,  covering  150,000  acres. 
Some  of  the  trees  upon  this  tract  grow  to  an 
enormous  size,  and  the  brushwood  among  them 
is  so  thick,  as  in  some  parts  to  be  almost  imper- 
vious. In  the  midst  of  this  swamp  is  the  lake, 
called  Drummond  Lake,  15  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, which  supplies  the  main  trunk  of  the  Dis- 
mal Swamp  Canal,  by  a  navigable  feeder  5  miles 
in  length.  This  canal  is  23  miles  long,  uniting 
the  waters  of  Chesapeake  Bay  with  those  of  Pas- 
quotank  River,  flowing  into  Albemarle  Sound. 
In  the  Dismal  Swamp  the  following  rivers  take 
their  rise  :  the  Nansemond  and  Elizabeth  Rivers, 
flowing  N.  into  the  estuary  of  James  River ;  Pas- 
quotank  and  Perquiman's  Rivers,  flowing  into 
Albemarle  Sound ;  and  some  small  creeks,  run- 
ning S.  E.  into  Currituck  Sound. 

Dividing  Creek,  Va.,  separates  Lancaster  and 
Northumberland  counties,  and  falls  into  the 
Chesapeake. 

Doctor's  Bay,  Duval  co.,  Fa.  An  enlargement 
of  St.  John's  River  just  above  Black  Creek. 

Dog  River,  Vt.  It  is  formed  in  Northfield  by  the 
union  of  several  streams,  and  taking  a  northerly 
course  through  Berlin,  falls  into  Winooski  River, 
nearly  a  mile  below  the  village  of  Montpelier.  Its 
length  is  about  16  miles,  and  it  waters  about  80 
square  miles. 

Dorcheat  Bayou.  This  stream  rises  in  Hemp- 
stead  co.,  As.,  and  flows  S.  into  La.,  where  it 
enters  Lake  Bistineau. 

Dolores  River,  Ca.  A  small  stream  flowing  N. 
W.  into  the  River  St.  Michael. 

Drake's  Creek.  The  head  branches  of  this 
stream  rise  in  Sumner  co.,  Te.  It  flows  in  a 


190 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c., 


northerly  direction,  and  empties  into  the  Big 
Barren,  in  Warren  co.,  Ky. 

Drifting  Island  Lake,  Ma.  This  lake  is  the 
source  of  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Waton- 
wan  River. 

Drowned  Lands,  N.  Y.  A  name  given  to  a  large 
marsh,  through  which  the  Wallkill  flows.  It  is 
mostly  situated  in  the  town  of  Warwick,  Orange 
GO.,  and  contains  about  50,000  acres  of  land. 
The  stream  flows  sluggishly  through  this  swamp, 
which  is  used  for  the  pasturage  of  cattle,  on  the 
subsiding  of  the  spring  freshets  which  submerge 
it,  but  is  a  desolate  waste  during  the  rest  of  the 
year.  Although  there  are  some  fertile  islands  or 
elevated  spots,  all  efforts  to  wholly  drain  it  have 
been  unsuccessful. 

Du  Chesne  Fork,  Ca.  A  head  branch  of  Unita 
River. 

Duck  Creek,  De.  A  small  stream  separating 
New  Castle  and  Kent  counties,  and  emptying 
into  Delaware  Bay. 

Duck  Creek,  Scott  co.,  Io.,  drains  the  S.  part 
of  the  county,  flowing  W.  into  Mississippi  River. 

Duck  Islands,  Me.,  lie  S.  of  Mount  Desert  Island. 

Duck  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  small  sheet  of  water 
lies  in  the  town  of  Conquest,  Cayuga  co. 

Duck  River,  Brown  co.,  Wn.,  rises  in  the  S.  part 
of  the  county,  and  flowing  N.  E.,  falls  into  Green 
Bay.  N.  W.  'from  the  mouth  of  Fox  River. 

Dudley  Island,  Me.,  lies  in  Passamaquoddy 
Bay,  and  belongs  to  Eastport. 

Du  Fil  River,  Mn.,  rises  in  the  N.  interior  of 
Tuscola  co.,  flows  N.,  through  Huron  co.,  into 
Saginaw  Bay. 

Dug  Hill,  Blandford,  Ms.    Height  1622  feet. 

Dugdemona  River,  La.  This  large  stream  rises 
in  Bienville  and  Jackson  parishes,  flows  S.  E., 
receiving  numerous  tributaries,  and  empties  into 
Calatroola  Lake. 

Duncan's  Creek,  S.  C.,  rises  in  the  interior  of 
Laurens  district,  flows  E.  by  S.,  and  empties  into 
Ennoree  River. 

Duncan's  Rocks,  On.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  off  Cape  Flattery. 

Dunderberg  Mountains,  or  Hills,  Haverstraw, 
Rockland  co.,  N.  Y.,  constitute  the  S.  part  of  the 
Highlands. 

Dunmore  Lake,  Vt.,  sometimes  called  Trout 
Pond,  is  about  4  miles  long,  and  three  fourths  of 
a  mile  wide.  It  lies  in  Leicester  and  Salisbury, 
and  communicates  through  Leicester  River  with 
Otter  Creek.  Trout  weighing  25  pounds  have 
been  taken  out  of  this  lake. 

Dunn's  Lake,  St.  John's  co.,  Fa.  A  long,  nar- 
row sheet  of  water,  N.  E.  from  Lake  George,  and 
connected  on  the  N.  W.  with  St.  John's  River. 

Dustorfs  Island,  N.  H.  This  small  island  in  the 
Merrimack,  at  the  mouth  of  Contoocook  River, 
between  Concord  and  Boscawen,  is  celebrated  for 
the  heroic  defence  of  a  lady,  whose  name  it  bears, 
against  a  party  of  Indians,  on  the  night  of  the 
1 5th  of  March,  1 698.  See  Hay  ward's  Gazetteer  of 
New  Hampshire. 

Dutchers  Creek,  As.  A  small  stream  which 
enters  Petit  Jean  Creek  near  Danville. 

Dyer's  Bay,  Me.     See  Steuben. 

Eagle  Creek,  Ky.  This  stream  drains  the  N. 
interior  of  Scott  co.,  flows  N.  N.  W.  to  Gallatin 
co.,  where  it  turns  to  the  S.  W.,  separating  Owen 
from  Gallatin  and  Carroll  counties,  and  empties 
into  the  Kentucky  River. 

Eagle  Creek,  Wn.      A  small  branch  of  the 


Mississippi,  draining  the  N.  W.  part  of  Craw- 
ford co. 

Eagle  Harbor,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  Situated  on 
the  N.  W.  coast  of  Keewaiwona  Point,  W.  from 
Great  Marais  Harbor. 

Eagle  Lakes,  Aroostook  co.,  Me.,  lie  between 
the  Aroostook  and  St.  John's  Rivers,  and  are 
connected  with  several  smaller  lakes.  The  gen 
eral  outlet  is  Chipquedopshook  River,  which  flows 
about  14  miles  into  St.  John's  River. 

Eagle  Lake,  Kosciusco  co.,  la.  Situated  S.  E. 
from  the  town  of  Warsaw. 

Eagle  River,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.,  drains  the 
N.  W.  part  of  Keewaiwona  Point,  and  falls  into 
Lake  Superior. 

Eagle  Riuer,  Ca.  .  It  rises  on  the  E.  border  of 
the  state,  flows  W.,  and  empties  into  Grand  River. 

East  Bay,  N.  Y.,  is  the  E.  part  of  the  Great 
Bay,  S.  of  Long  Island. 

East  Bay,  La.  The  body  of  water  lying  be- 
tween the  S.  and  S.  W.  passes  of  the  Mississippi 
River. 

East  Canada  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Hamilton  co., 
flows  S.,  dividing  Fulton  an4  Montgomery  coun- 
ties on  the  E.  from  Herkimer  co.  on  the  W.,  and 
falls  into  the  Mohawk.  It  is  a  rapid  stream,  af- 
fording good  water  power. 

Eastern  Bay,  Md.  An  arm  of  Chesapeake 
Bay,  extending  between  Queen  Ann  and  Talbot 
counties. 

East  Koy  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  fine  mill  stream,  rises 
in  Genesee  co.,  flows  S.,  and  unites  with  the  W. 
Koy  in  Alleghany  co. ;  it  then  flows  in  an  E.  di- 
rection until  its  entrance  into  the  Genesee. 

East  River,  N.  Y.,  is  an  arm  of  Long  Island 
Sound,  dividing  Long  Island  on  the  E.  from  the 
Island  of  New  York  and  a  part  of  Westchestec 
co.  on  the  W.  It  communicates  with  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  through  the  "  Narrows,"  with  the  har- 
bor of  N.  Y.,  and  with  Hudson  River.  It  is  about 
15  miles  long,  contains  several  important  islands, 
and  is  navigable  for  large  vessels.  The  celebrated 
pass  called  "  Hell  Gate  "  is  opposite  Great  Barn 
Island,  7  miles  N.  E.  of  N.  Y.  city. 

East  Savannah  River,  Ma.,  flows  N.  E.  into  Em- 
barras  River. 

East  Swan  River,  Ma.  It  rises  near  Swan 
River,  in  a  series  of  small  lakes,  flows  S.  S.  E., 
and  empties  into  St.  Louis  River. 

Eaton's  Neck,  N.  Y.,  a  bold  promontory,  on 
which  there  is  a  light-house,  lies  in  the  town  of 
Huntington,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island. 

Ebeeme  Mount,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  lies  S.  E. 
of  Mt.  Baker. 

Ebeeme  River,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  consists  of 
two  branches,  which  rise  near  Mount  Ebeeme. 
and  unite  in  Brownville  to  form  Pleasant  River. 

Ebenezer  Creek,  Ga.,  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Scriven  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  the  Savan- 
nah River  in  Eifingham  co. 

Echeconno  River,  Ga.  This  stream  rises  in  the 
W.  part  of  Pike  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  separating  Bibh 
from  Crawford  and  Houston  counties,  and  falls 
into  the  Ockmulgee  River. 

Eckford  Chain  of  Lakes,  N.  Y.,  comprises  three 
beautiful  lakes,  of  which  Eckford  and  Genet  are 
the  principal,  lying  E.  of  Racket  Lake,  Hamil- 
ton co. 

Edisto  River  and  Island,  S.  C.  This  river,  the 
two  main  branches  of  which,  called  the  North  and 
South  Edisto,  rise  in  Edgefield  co.,  pursues  a 
S.  E.  course  into  Colleton  co.,  where  it  turns  to 
the  S.,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  by  two  mouths, 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


191 


which  form  Edisto  Island.  It  is  navigable  100 
miles  for  large  boats.  The  island  is  12  miles 
long  and  from  1  to  5  broad. 

Edward,  Fort,  Fort  Edward  village,  Washing- 
ton co.,  N.  Y. 

Edwards  River,  Is.  This  stream  drains  the  S. 
interior  of  Henry  co.,  flows  a  little  S.  of  W.  across 
Mercer  co.,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi. 

Eel  River,  la.,  rises  in  Hendricks  co.,  and,  after 
a  winding  course,  falls  into  the  W.  fork  of  White 
River,  at  Point  Commerce,  Greene  co. 

Egg  Harbor,  Great,  River  and  Bay,  N.  J.  The 
river  rises  in  Gloucester  co.,  and  flows  45  miles 
into  the  bay.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  over  25 
miles  above  May's  landing,  below  which  it  flows 
through  a  marsh.  The  harbor  is  5  miles  long, 
and  from  one  half  to  4  miles  broad. 

Egg  Harbor,  Little,  River  and  Bay,  N.  J.  This 
river  rises  in  Burlington  and  Gloucester  counties, 
and  flows  S.  E.  into  the  bay.  It  is  navigable  25 
miles,  and  is  approached  through  New  Inlet,  which 
is  from  15  to  18  feet  deep. 

Egmont  Island,  Hillsboro'  co.,  Fa.  Situated  at 
the  mouth  of  Tampico  Bay,  S.  from  Mullet  Island. 

Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Niagara  co., 
and  flows  N.  into  Lake  Ontario. 

Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  Putnam  co.,  Va.  An  E. 
branch  of  the  Great  Kanawha. 

Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  S.  C.  A  branch  of  Seneca 
River,  which  it  enters  in  Anderson  district. 

Elbow  Lake,  Ma.  This  lake,  which  receives  its 
name  from  its  shape,  is  the  principal  source  of 
the  head  branch  of  North  Red  River. 

Eleven  Mile  Branch,  Bamwell  district,  S.  C.  A 
small  tributary  of  the  Savannah  River. 

Eleven  Point  River,  Mo.  and  As.  This  river 
has  its  source  in  Oregon  co.,  Mo.,  flows  S.  E.  into 
As.,  and,  uniting  with  Spring  River,  empties  into 
the  Big  Black. 

Elizabeth  Bay,  Mn.  A  large  curvature_of  Lake 
Michigan,  extending  into  Michilimackinac  co. 

Elizabeth,  Cape,  Me.,  lies  in  the  town  of  Cape 
Elizabeth,  and  forms  the  W.  boundary  of  Casco 
Bay.  Near  the  extremity  of  the  cape  is  a  light- 
house, 50  feet  in  height,  in  N.  lat.  43°  33',  W. 
Ion.  70°  11'. 

Elizabeth  Islands,  Ms.     See  Chilmark. 

Elizabeth  River,  Va.  This  river  rises  in  Princess 
Ann  and  Norfolk  counties,  and,  flowing  N.  W. 
25  miles  into  a  large  estuary  at  the  mouth  of 
James  River,  forms  the  fine  harbor  of  Norfolk. 
It  forms,  in  conjunction  with  the  Dismal  Swamp 
Canal  and  Pasquatank  River,  a  communication 
from  Chesapeake  Bay  to  Albemarle  Sound. 

Elk  Creek,  Sanilac  co.,  Mn.,  flows  into  Lake 
Huron. 

Elk  River,  Md.,  rises  in  Pa.,  and  flows  into  a 
broad  estuary  on  the  N.  part  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 
It  is  navigable  to  Elkton,  15  miles. 

Elk  River,  Aa.,  rises  in  Te.,  and,  flowing  S.  W. 
into  Aa.,  enters  the  Tennessee  a  little  above 
Muscle  Shoals. 

Elkhart  River,  la.,  rises  in  Noble  and  Lagrange 
counties,  and  flows  N.  W.  into  St.  Joseph's  River, 
in  Elkhart  co. 

Elk  Head  River,  Ca.,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mts., 
and  flows  S.  W.  into  Yampah,  or  Bear  River. 

Elkhorn  River,  Ky.,  enters  the  Kentucky  on  the 
E.  side,  in  Franklin  co.,  after  a  course  of  30  miles. 
Elkhorn  River,  Is.,  rises  in  Washington  co.,  and 
fiows  N.  W.  into  the  Kaskaskia. 

Ellejay  River,  Ga.     A  branch  of  the  Coosa. 
Ellicott's  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Genesee  co.,  flows 


W.,  and  enters  Niagara  River  near  the  mouth  of 
Tonawanda  Creek,  in  Erie  co.  This  stream 
affords  a  number  of  good  mill  sites. 

Elligo  Pond,  Orleans  co.,  Vt.  This  pond  lies 
in  the  towns  of  Greensborough  and  Craftsbury, 
and  is  sometimes  called  Elligo  Scotland,  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  Indian  name  of  Elligo  Scootlan. 
It  is  about  2  miles  long  and  half  a  mile  wide,  and 
has  two  outlets,  one  to  the  N.  and  the  other  to 
the  S.  The  N.  outlet  constitutes  one  of  the  head 
branches  of  Black  River ;  the  S.,  after  passing 
through  Little  Elligo  Pond,  communicates  with 
the  River  Lamoille  in  Hardwick.  The  scenery  on 
the  borders  of  this  pond  is  very  fine,  and  near  its 
centre  are  two  small  islands.  The  waters  abound 
with  trout  of  excellent  quality.  This  was  for- 
merly a  favorite  hunting-ground  of  the  St.  Francis 
Indians,  to  whom  the  N.  part  of  the  state  once 
belonged. 

Ellis  Island,  N.  Y.,  sometimes  called  Gibbet 
Island,  from  the  executions  which  take  place  here, 
lies  at  the  mouth  of  Hudson  River,  opposite  the 
city  of  NCAV  York.  It  belongs  to  the  U.  S.  gov- 
ernment, and  Fort  Gibson  is  situated  on  it. 

Ellis  River,  Me.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Oxford 
co.,  flows  S.  through  the  town  of  Rumford  into 
the  Androscoggin. 

Ellis  River,  N.  H.,  rises  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
White  Mountains,  near  the  sources  of  Peabody 
River.  Its  two  main  branches  unite  in  the  town 
of  Jackson,  and  fall  into  the  Saco  River  at  Bart- 
lett. 

Elm  Creek,  Is.  It  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Clay 
co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Little  Wa- 
bash  River. 

Elm  River,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  A  small  stream 
rising  in  Juliet  Lake,  and  flowing  N.  W.  into  Lake 
Superior. 

Elm  River,  Ma.  A  W.  branch  of  North  Red 
River. 

Embarras  River,  Ma.  A  small  stream  flowing 
S.  E.  into  St.  Louis  River. 

Emenija  River,  Ma.  This  river  flows  S.  W. 
into  the  Sioux,  which  it  enters  at  the  N.  W.  cor- 
ner of  Iowa. 

Emery  River,  Te.,  is  a  branch  of  Clinch  River. 
English  Lake,  Stark  co.,  la.    A  sheet  of  water 
lying  near  the  centre  of  the  county,  and  through 
which  the  Kankakee  River  flows. 

English  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Clinton  co.,  flows 
N.  30  miles,  and  enters  Chateaugay  River  in 
Canada. 

Englishman's  Bay,  Washington  co.,  Me.,  is  sit- 
uated a  few  miles  W.  of  Machias  Bay.  Chan- 
dler's River,  a  considerable  stream,  flows  into  it, 
and  it  contains  many  islands  and  fine  harbors. 
Head  Harbor  Island  is  its  W.  boundary. 

Eninandigo  River,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.,  rises  in 
the  N.  W.  part  of  the  county,  and  flows  S.  into 
the  St.  Croix  River. 

Ennoree  River,  S.  C.    A  branch  of  Broad  River. 
E  no  River,  Orange  co.,  N.  C.     This  stream  rises 
in  the  interior  of  Orange  co.,  flows  E.,  and  empties 
into  the  Neuse,  of  which  it  is  a  head  branch. 

Enty  Catecome  River,  On.  It  flows  S.  E.,  and 
empties  into  Clark's  Fork  of  Columbia  River,  a 
little  below  Barrier  River. 

Erie,  Lake,  one  of  the  chain  of  great  lakes  lying 
between  the  United  States  and  the  British  pos- 
sessions in  North  America.  Its  waters  wash 
the  shores  of  four  of  the  states,  N.  Y,  Pa.,  0., 
and  Mn.,  and  of  a  large  section  of  Canada. 
The  greatest  length  of  the  lake,  from  the  mouth 


192 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


of  the  Maumee  on  the  W.  to  the  outlet  of  Niag- 
ara River  on  the  E.,  is  within  a  fraction  of  270 
miles.  The  width  varies  from  15  to  50  miles, 
the  widest  part  being  opposite  to  Ashtabula  co., 
O.  The  depth  is  much  less  than  that  of  either 
of  the  other  great  lakes,  not  exceeding  120  feet, 
or  20  fathoms,  on  an  average,  and  becoming  gen- 
erally very  shallow  towards  the  shores.  Its  surface, 
as  ascertained  by  the  engineers  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
is  555  feet  above  the  Hudson  River  at  Albany, 
and  334  feet  above  Lake  Ontario.  It  receives,  at 
its  extreme  N.  W.  angle,  through  the  Detroit 
River  or  Strait,  the  influx  of  the  waters  from  the 
great  upper  lakes,  and  discharges  them  at  the 
N.  E.  extremity,  through  the  Niagara  River,  into 
Lake  Ontario.  This  lake  is  the  only  one  of  the 
series  in  which  a  current  is  supposed  to  be  percep- 
tible. From  the  W.,  the  rivers  which  come  in  are 
the  Maumee,  the  Raisin  and  the  Huron ;  from 
the  N.,  the  Ouse,  or  Grand  River ;  and  from  the 
S.,  Portage,  Sandusky,  Huron,  Cuyahoga,  Grand 
Conneaut,  Cattaraugus,  and  Buffalo.  The  waters 
of  Lake  Erie  are  united  with  the  Hudson  River 
by  the  Erie  Canal,  with  the  Ohio  River  by  the 
Ohio  Canal,  and  with  the  Wabash,  at  Terre  Haute, 
la.,  by  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  The  Wei- 
land  Canal  opens  from  Lake  Erie  a  navigable 
channel  into  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Lines  of  railroad  communication,  also,  connect  it 
with  Boston,  with  New  York,  with  Cincinnati, 
and,  by  the  way  of  Detroit,  with  a  point  on  Lake 
Michigan,  near  to  Chicago.  This  central  position 
of  Lake  Erie  gives  it  a  greater  importance,  as  a 
medium  of  transportation  and  travel,  than  can 
ever  belong  to  either  of  the  other  great  lakes, 
notwithstanding  much  greater  impediments  to  its 
navigation,  from  the  shallowness  of  its  harbors, 
and  the  great  number  of  rocks  projecting  from 
its  northern  shore.  The  navigation  of  the  lake 
becomes  dangerous  as  the  stormy  season  ap- 
proaches, and  during  a  pai't  of  the  winter  is 
wholly  prevented  by  ice.  In  the  season  of  com- 
merce upon  its  waters,  between  300  and  400  ves- 
sels are  employed,  besides  a  great  number  of 
steamboats.  The  principal  ports  are  those  of 
Buffalo  and  Dunkirk,  N.  Y.,  Erie,  Pa.,  Cleveland, 
Sandusky,  and  Toledo,  0. 

Error  Mount,  Me.,  is  s-ituated  in  the  N.  E.  part 
of  Somerset  co. 

Escambia  River,  Fa.  and  Aa.,  receives  the  Co- 
necuh,  a  larger  river  than  itself,  and  flows  into 
Pensacola  Bay. 

Escatawpa  Creek,  Aa.  and  Mi.  This  stream 
rises  in  Washington  co.,  Aa.,  flows  in  a  S.  S.  W. 
direction,  and  enters  the  Pascagoula  River  near 
its  mouth,  in  Jackson  co.,  Mi. 

Esconawba  River,  Mn.  This  large  river  drains 
the  N.  E.  interior  of  Marquette  co.,  flows  S.  E., 
and  empties  into  the  Little  Bay  de  Noquet. 

Esopus  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  fine  mill  stream,  rises  in 
Ulster  co.,  flows  S.  E.  to  the  town  of  Marbletown, 
whence  it  flows  N.  E.  until  its  entrance  into  the 
Hudson,  at  the  village  of  Ulster. 

Espiritu  Santo  Bay,  Ts.  This  bay,  which  is 
enclosed  by  narrow  islands,  extends  from  Nueces 
River  on  the  S.  W.  to  Matagorda  Bay  on  the  N.  E. 

Espiritu  Santo  Pass,  Ts.  A  narrow  passage 
between  two  islands,  and  leading  into  Espiritu 
Santo  Bay. 

Establishment  Creek.  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Mo., 
flows  N.  E.  into  the  Mississippi  River. 

Etowah  River,  Ga.,  one  of  the  two  branches 
which  unite  in  Floyd  co.  to  form  the  Coosa. 


Eustis,  Lake,  Marion  co.,  Fa.  A  small  body  of 
water  lying  in  the  E.  part  of  the  county,  S.  from 
Lake  Griffin. 

Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C-,  a  small  S.  branch  of  San- 
tee  River,  is  famous  for  the  battle  fought  on  its 
borders,  Sept.  8,  1781,  between  Greene,  American 
general,  with  a  loss  of  555,  and  Stewart,  British 
general,  with  a  loss  of  1000. 

Fabius  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  lo.  and  Mo.,  and 
after  a  course  of  about  100  miles,  enters  the  Mis- 
sissippi in  Marion  co..  Mo. 

Fairlee  Lake,  Vt.     See  Fairlee. 

Falcon  Islands.  Two  or  three  small  islands  lying 
in  Long  Island  Sound,  off  the  coast  of  Ct. 

Fall  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Cayuga  co.,  and 
enters  Cayuga  Lake,  near  the  village  of  Ithaca, 
in  Tompkins  co.  This  stream  has  several  beau- 
tiful falls,  which  afford  excellent  water  power. 
Those  near  Ithaca  are  particularly  interesting. 
An  artificial  tunnel,  through  which  there  is  a 
passage  for  visitors,  has  been  constructed  here, 
affording  the  most  charming  views  imaginable. 

Fall  Creek,  la.,  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Henry 
co..  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  W.  fork  of 
White  River  at  Indianapolis,  Marion  co. 

Fall  Creek,  On.,  flows  N.  N.  W.  into  Lewis 
Fork,  of  Columbia  River. 

Fall  River,  On.  This  river  rises,  by  two  widely- 
spread  forks,  in  the  Blue  and  Cascade  Mts.,  flows 
in  a  northerly  direction,  and  empties  into  Colum- 
bia River. 

Fall  River  Hill,  Fall  River,  Ms.    Height  259  ft. 

Falling  Spring  Rivulet,  Va.  This  tributary  of 
Jackson's  River  rises  20  miles  S.  W.  from  Warm 
Spring.  It  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  200  feet, 
and  a  person  may  walk  between  the  water  and 
the  rock  without  being  wet. 

Falls  of  Niagara.     See  Fashionable  Resorts,  &c. 

Farm  River,  Ct.  It  rises  in  a  pond  on  the 
border  of  Middlesex  and  New  Haven  counties, 
flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  Long  Island  Sound. 

Farmington  River,  Ms.  and  Ct.  This  river  rises 
in  Hampden  and  Berkshire  counties,  Ms.,  flows  S. 
E.  and  N.  E.,  across  Litchfield  and  Hartford  coun- 
ties, Ct.,  and  empties  into  the  Connecticut  River. 

Fausse  Riviere,  Lake,  Mo.,  was  the  bed  of  the 
Mississippi  until  about  17 14,  when  the  river  took 
a  shorter  course,  and,  filling  up  the  old  channel 
near  its  junction  with  the  new,  left  the  remainder 
a  large  lake.  It  is  bordered  with  fine  farms  of  :i 
very  fertile  soil. 

Fay's  Mountain,  Westborough,  Ms.  Height 
707  feet. 

Federal  Point,  N.  C.  The  S.  extremity  of  New 
Hanover  co.,  jutting  into  Cape  Fear  River. 

Fenahollowa  River,  Madison  co.,  Fa.  This  is  a 
small  stream  flowing  in  a  south-westerly  direc- 
tion into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Ferrand  River,  Vt.  This  river  rises  in  Avery's 
and  Warner's  Gores,  waters  the  towns  of  Morgan 
and  Wenlock,  and  unites  with  Clyde  River  in 
Brighton. 

Fifteen  Mile  Falls,  Vt.     See  Lunenburg. 

Finky's  Lake,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  town  of  Mina, 
Chatauque  co. 

Fire  Islands,  N.  Y.  These  small  islands  lie 
opposite  the  town  of  Islip,  in  the  Great  S.  Bay 
of  Long  Island. 

Fireplace  Bay,  Brookhaven,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y., 
is  a  curvature  of  the  Great  S.  Bay  of  Long  Island. 

Fire  Steel  River,  Mn.,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
Houghton  co.,  and  flows  N.  W.  into  Lake  Superior. 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


193 


First  Lake,  Dane  co.,  Wn.  It  lies  S.  E.  from 
Second  Lake,  and  supplies  the  head  waters  of  the 
W.  branch  of  Eock  River. 

Fish  Creek.  N.  Y.,  an  important  mill  stream, 
rises  in  Lewis  co.,  and  enters  Wood  Creek,  in 
Oneida  co.  It  is  boatable  a  few  miles  above  its 
mouth. 

Fish  Creek,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  the  outlet  of 
Saratoga  Lake,  enters  the  Hudson  at  the  village 
of  Schuylerville. 

Fish  Creek,  Ma.  This  stream  waters  the  S.  W. 
part  of  the  territory  flowing  S.  into  the  Missouri 
River. 

Fish  Lake,  Fulton  co.,  N.  Y.  This  lake,  which 
is  surrounded  by  high  hills,  is  2  miles  long,  and  1 
mile  wide.  Its  waters  are  clear  and  deep,  abound- 
ing in  salmon  and  brook  trout  of  a  superior 
quality, 

Fish  Lake,  Oswego  co..  N.  Y.  This  beautiful 
little  sheet  of  water  lies  in  the  town  of  Granby, 
W.  of  Oswego  River.  It  is  2  miles  long,  and  1 
mile  wide. 

Fish  River,  Me.,  a  tributary  of  the  St.  John's, 
flows  in  the  N.  part  of  Penobscot  co. 

Fish  Hirer,  Baldwin  co.,  A  a.,  pursues  a  S. 
course,  and  falls  into  Bon  Secour  Bay. 

Fish  River,  Schoolcraft  co.,  Mn.  A  small 
stream  flowing  into  Lake  Superior. 

Fish  River,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.,  flows  N.  E. 
into  the  S.  extremity  of  Chegowawegon  Bay. 

Fisher's  Island,  Ct.  Situated  in  Long  Island 
Sound,  off  the  mouth  of  Mystic  River.  The 
beautiful  steamer  Atlantic,  with  many  valuable 
lives,  was  lost  at  this  island,  in  November,  1846. 

Fisher's  Island,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  near  the 
E.  end  of  Long  Island  Sound,  off  the  Ct.  shore. 
It  is  distant  14  miles  from  the  nearest  point  of 
Long  Island,  and  137  miles  from  the  city  of  N.  Y. 
It  is  8  miles  long,  1  wide,  owned  by  one  proprie- 
tor, and  sustains  a  very  fine  dairy. 

Fisherman's  Island,  Me.,  lies  "off  the  town  of 
Boothbay,  Lincoln  co. 

Fisherman's  Island,  Northampton  co.,  Va.,  lies 
off  Cape  Charles,  at  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Fishing  Creek,  Va.  It  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
Wetzel  co.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  empties  into  the 
Ohio  River  at  the  town  of  New  Martinsville. 

Fishing  Creek,  S.  C.,  rises  in  York  district,  flows 
S.  E.,  and  falls  into  the  Wateree  in  Chester  co. 

Fishkill  or  Matteawan  Creek,  N.  Y..  an  impor- 
tant mill  stream,  rises  in  Dutchess  co..  flows  S.  W., 
through  the  town  of  Fishkill,  and  enters  the  Hud- 
son opposite  the  village  of  Newburg.  The  impor- 
tant manufacturing  villages  of  Glenheim  and  Mat- 
teawan are  located  on  this  stream. 

Fishkill  or  Matteawan  Mountains,  N.  Y.,  in  the 
S.  part  of  Dutchess  co.,  are  a  continuation  of 
the  Highlands,  through  which  the  Hudson  River 
passes.  They  extend  N.,  under  different  names, 
to  the  Green  Mts.  of  Vt. 

Five  Mile  Run  Creek,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y., 
rises  in  Hinsdale,  and  flows  S.  into  the  Allegha- 
ny  River. 

Flambeau  Lake,  Portage  co.,  Wn.  Situated  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  county,  and  connected  by  an 
outlet  with  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Chippewa 
River. 

Flat  Head  L<ike,  On.  A  large  body  of  water 
in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  territory,  and  supplying 
one  of  the  head  branches  of  Clark's  Fork  of  Co- 
lumbia River. 

Flat  River,  N.  C.,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  Person 
25 


co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  enters  Neuse  River  just  be- 
low the  junction  of  the  Eno  and  Little. 

Flat  Rock  Creek,  la.  This  stream  waters  the 
W.  part  of  Henry  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties 
into  the  E.  fork  of  White  River,  at  the  town  of 
Columbus,  in  Bartholomew  co. 

Flat  Shoal  Creek,  Ga.,  rises  in  Merriwether  co., 
flows  S.  W.,  and  falls  into  the  Chattahoochee 
River. 

Flattery,  Cape,  On.  This  cape  is  the  N.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  the  territory,  being  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Flattery  Rocks,  On.  Situated  in  the  Pacific,  S. 
from  Cape  Flattery. 

Flint  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Yates  co.,  flows  S., 
and  enters  Canandaigua  Outlet  in  Ontario  co. 

Flint  River,  Ga.  The  two  head  branches  rise 
in  Campbell  and  De  Kalb  counties.  Its  length 
is  300  miles,  its  depth  6  feet,  and  its  width,  where 
it  enters  the  Chattahoochee,  150  yards.  It  is  nav- 
igable for  steamboats  to  Bainbridge,  50  miles 
above  its  confluence. 

Flint  River,  Mn.,  one  of  the  largest  branches  of 
the  Saginaw,  rises  in  Lapeer  and  Sanilac  coun- 
ties, and  enters  the  Saginaw  30  miles  from  its 
mouth,  in  Saginaw  co.  It  is  100  miles  in  length, 
and,  together  with  its  branches,  affords  extensive 
water  power.  It  is  boatable  20  miles  from  its 
mouth. 

Flint  Steel  River,  Mn.  A  small  stream  empty- 
ing into  Lake  Superior,  W.  from  Fire  Steel  River. 

Flintstone  Fork,  Ca.  One  of  the  head  branches 
of  Eagle  River. 

Florida,  Cape.  A  promontory  situated  on  an 
island  called  Key  Biscayune,  off  the  S.  E.  coast 
of  Fa.  A  light-house,  which  was  burnt  by  the 
Seminoles,  was  erected  here  to  mark  the  entrance 
of  Hawk's  Channel.  It  was  situated  in  28°  15' 
N.  lat.  and  3°  22'  W.  Ion.  from  Washington. 

Florida  Keys,  Fa.  This  is  a  long  chain  of 
islands  extending  in  a  south-westerly  direction 
from  Dade  co.  It  embraces  many  groups,  Key 
Largos  being  at  the  N.  E.  and  the  Tortugas  at 
the  S.  W.  extremity. 

Floyd's  River,  Io.,  drains  the  N.  W.  part  of 
the  state,  and  falls  into  the  Missouri  River,  near 
the  entrance  of  the  Sioux. 

Flushing  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lies  S.  of  East  River,  with 
which  it  communicates.  It  is  3  miles  long,  1  mile 
wide,  and  navigable  for  steamboats  to  the  village 
of  Flushing. 

Folly  Island,  Colleton  district,  S.  C.  A  long, 
narrow  island,  lying  S.  E.  from  James  Island. 

Fontaine  Creek,  Greenville  co.,  Va.  A  W. 
branch  of  the  Meherrin  River. 

Ford  River,  Mn.  It  rises  in  the  S.  interior  of 
Marquette  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  Green 
Bay,  just  at  the  mouth  of  Little  Bay  de  Noquet 

Forest  Creek,  S.  C.  This  is  the  E.  fork  of  Tyger 
River,  which  it  enters  in  Union  district. 

Forked  Deer  River,  Te.,  rises  in  Carroll  and 
Henderson  counties,  and,  after  a  course  of  about 
100  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  in  Tipton  co. 

Fort  Point,  Mn.  The  N.  extremity  of  She- 
boygan  co.,  extending  into  the  Straits  of  Mack- 
inaw. 

Foulweather  Cape,  On.  Situated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  small  river,  S.  from  Cape  Lookout. 

Fountain  Creek,  Monroe  co.,  Is.  A  small  stream 
flowing  in  a  semicircular  form,  and  emptying 
into  the  Mississippi  River. 

Fourche  Caddo,  As.  A  considerable  stream  of 
this  name  crosses  Montgomery  and  Clark  coua- 


194 


MOUNTAINS,  EIVEBS,  LAKES,  &C., 


ties,  and  enters  the  Wachita  a  little  above  Archi- 
delphia. 

Fourche  Dumas,  Mo.  and  As.  This  stream 
rises  in  Ripley  co.,  Mo.,  flows  S.,  and  enters  the 
Big  Black  in  Randolph  co.,  Mi. 

Fourth  Lake,  Dane  co.,  Wn.  Situated  near  the 
centre  of  the  county,  forming  the  N.  boundary 
of  the  city  of  Madison. 

Fox  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rfses  in  Albany  co.,  flows  W., 
and  enters  Schoharie  Creek  in  Schoharie  co. 

Fox  Creek,  Smyth  co.,  Va.  A  head  branch  of 
the  S.  fork  of  Holstqn  River. 

Fox  Islands,  Me.     See  Vinalhaven. 

Fox  Island,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  E. 
part  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  attached  to  the  town 
of  Lyme. 

Fox  Lake,  Dodge  co.,  Wn.  Situated  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  the  county,  at  the  head  of  Ahmie 
River. 

Fox  River,  Is.,  rises  in  Wn.,  passes  through  a 
number  of  small  lakes  near  the  boundary  of  the 
state,  and  enters  the  Illinois,  of  which  it  is  a  prin- 
cipal branch,  at  Ottawa. 

Fox  River,  Wn.,  is  composed  of  two  main 
streams  coming  from  the  S.  and  from  the  N.,  and 
forming  a  connection  a  few  miles  W.  of  Winnc- 
bago  Lake.  The  southern  stream  of  these  two, 
known  as  Fox  River  proper,  is  composed  of  two 
branches,  which  take  their  rise  in  the  level  table 
land  lying  E.  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  and  unite 
at  Fort  Winnebago,  leaving  a  portage  of  only 
about  two  miles  from  the  navigable  channel  of 
the  Wisconsin.  The  general  course  of  the  river 
from  this  point  is  N.  E.  It  passes  through,  or 
rather  itself  dilates  into,  several  small  lakes  in 
the  upper  part  of  its  course,  after  which  it  more 
distinctly  preserves  its  character  as  a  river  for 
about  60  miles,  to  its  junction  with  its  great 
northern  confluent,  as  before  mentioned.  This 
confluent,  formerly  known  as  Wolf  River,  but 
now  as  Fox  River,  northern  branch,  has  its 
sources  a  hundred  miles  or  more  to  the  N.,  among 
those  of  the  rivers  flowing  into  Lake  Superior, 
and  into  the  N.  W.  side  of  Green  Bay.  After 
the  confluence  of  these  two  great  branches,  the 
Fox  River  takes  a  S.  E.  direction,  and  falls  into 
the  W.  side  of  Lake  Winnebago.  It  emerges 
again  at  the  N.  W.  angle  of  this  lake,  and  pursues 
a  N.  E.  course  for  about  45  miles  to  the  head  of 
Green  Bay.  The  Fox  River  is  navigable,  through 
Fox  River  proper,  and  the  lakes  into  which  it 
spreads  itself  out,  for  a  distance  of  200  miles, 
and  forms,  with  Green  Bay,  or  is  destined  to  form, 
an  important  link  of  the  navigable  route  from 
Lake  Michigan  to  the  Mississippi  River,  through 
the  River  Wisconsin. 

Fox  River,  lo.  and  Mo.  This  stream  rises  in 
the  E.  part  of  Appanoose  co.,  lo.,  flows  S.  E.  into 
Mo.,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi  River  a  little 
below  the  Des  Moines. 

Fox  Springs,  Ky.,  which  consist  of  white  sul- 
phur and  chalybeate,  are  situated  10  miles  E.  from 
Flemingsburg,  between  two  mountains.  It  is  a 
pleasant  resort,  the  surrounding  country  abound- 
ing in  game. 

French  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  town  of  Sher- 
man, Chatauque  co.,  flows  100  miles  in  a  S.  di- 
rection, and  enters  the  Alleghany  River  in  the 
state  of  Pa.  It  is  boatable  more  than  50  miles. 
It  was  on  this  creek  that  the  French  built  one  of 
their  forts  designed  to  keep  up  a  communication 
between  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  at  Pittsburg, 
and  thence  its  name. 


French  Broad  River,  a  head  branch  of  the  Ten- 
nessee, rises  on  the  N.  side  of  Blue  Ridge,  Bun- 
combe co.,  N.  C.,  and  entering  Tennessee  through 
a  gap  in  the  mountains,  unites  with  Holston  Riv- 
er, 5  miles  above  Knoxville.  It  is  navigable  to 
Dandridge  for  boats  of  1 5  tons.  The  Nolachucky 
River  on  the  N.,  and  Great  and  Little  Pigeon 
Rivers  on  the  S.,  are  its  principal  branches. 

French's  Hill,  Peru,  Ms.     Height  2237  feet. 

French  River  rises  in  Leicester,  Ms.,  flows 
through  Auburn,  Oxford,  and  Dudley;  it  then 
enters  Ct.,  and  unites  with  the  Quinebaug  at 
Thompson.  Some  French  Protestants  settled  on 
this  river  in  1685. 

Frenchman's  Bay,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  This  im- 
portant bay  extends  from  the  Atlantic  about  20 
miles  inland,  and  contains  many  fine  harbors  and 
beautiful  islands.  It  is  bounded  W.  by  Baker's 
Island,  one  of  the  Cranberry  group,  and  on  the 
E.  by  a  peninsula  in  the  town  of  Goldsborough. 
The  width  of  this  bay,  from  Baker's  Island  to 
Goldsborough  point,  is  10  miles.  It  is  surround- 
ed by  the  towns  of  Eden,  Trenton,  Hancock, 
Franklin,  Sullivan,  and  Goldsborough,  and  re- 
ceives many  valuable  streams.  It  is  one  of  the 
best  retreats  in  a  storm  on  the  American  coast, 
being  easy  of  access,  and  never  obstructed  by  ice. 

Freshwater  Island,  S.  C.,  lies  in  the  Atlantic,  in 
Ion.  79°  15'  W.,  lat.  33°  5'  N. 

Friend's  Lake  lies  in  Chester,  Warren  co.,  N.  Y. 

Frog  Bayou,  As.,  falls,  in  to  the  Arkansas  River 
in  Crawford  co. 

Fulton  Chain  of  Lakes,  N.  Y.  This  chain  of 
eight  small  lakes  lies  in  Herkimer  and  Hamilton 
counties  ;  they  are  connected  by  navigable  outlets, 
forming  the  head  branches  of  Moose,  a  tributary 
of  Black  River. 

Fundy,  Bay  of.  This  bay  washes  a  part  of  the 
E.  shore  of  Me.,  and  is  an  important  channel  of 
commerce  between  the  U.  S.  and  the  British  prov- 
inces of  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia.  This 
large  and  important  bay  sets  up  N.  E.  round  Cape 
Sable,  the  most  southern  point  of  Nova  Scotia,  in 
N.  lat.  43°  24',  W.  Ion.  65°  39',  and  crosses  to  the 
shore  of  Me.  a  little  W.  of  Frenchman's  Bay. 
From  the  mouth  of  Frenchman's  Bay  to  Cape 
Sable  is  about  150  miles;  from  Eastport  to  St. 
John's,  N.  B.,  is  60  miles ;  from  St.  John's  to  An- 
napolis, in  a  bay  of  that  name,  on  the  Nova  Sco- 
tia side,  is  40  miles  ;  from  thence  to  Halifax,  by 
land,  is  80  miles.  From  Eastport  direct  to  An- 
napolis, across  the  bay,  is  about  70  miles.  The 
Bay  of  Fundy  is  divided  near  its  head  by  Cape 
Chignecto.  The  N.  W.  part  is  called  Chignecto 
Bay ;  the  S.  E.  part  the  Basin  of  Mines.  From 
Eastport  to  Cumberland,  at  the  head  of  Chignecto 
Bay,  is  about  170  miles;  to  Windsor,  at  the  head 
of  the  Basin  of  Mines,  is  about  150.  From 
Windsor  to  Halifax  is  45  miles.  The  commerce 
on  this  bay  with  our  friends  and  neighbors,  the 
English,  is  very  considerable.  While  they  re- 
ceive bread  stuffs  and  other  productions  of  our 
soil,  we  are  indebted  to  them  for  vast  quantities 
of  grindstones  and  gypsum.  The  gypsum  is 
principally  from  the  Basin  of  Mines :  it  lies  em- 
bedded in  elevated  masses  along  the  shores  of  the 
bay;  it  is  easily  quarried  and  taken  on  board  of 
vessels  by  the  sides  of  the  cliffs.  The  grindstones 
from  Cumberland,  or  Chignecto  bay,  are  every 
where  celebrated.  The  source  is  inexhaustible, 
and  the  manufacture  immense.  The  tides  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy  are  supposed  to  rise  to  a  greater 
height  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


195 


Their  elevation  increases  as  you  ascend  the  bay. 
At  Eastport  they  rise  25  feet ;  at  St.  John's,  30 ; 
at  Cape  Split,  55 ;  at  Windsor,  60  ;  and  at  Cum- 
berland, at  the  head  of  Chignecto  Bay,  they  rise 
to  the  enormous  height  of  71  feet.  These  tides 
announce  themselves,  some  time  before  their  ap- 
proach, bv  a  sound  resembling  that  of  a  rushing 
wind  in  a  forest;  they  dash  against  the  shore 
with  a  reddish  hue,  the  color  of  the  clay  bottom 
over  which  they  pass,  with  frightful  violence,  at 
first  to  the  height  of  from  8  to  10  feet,  overwhelm- 
ing all  within  their  reach.  There  are  but  few 
islands  within  this  bay.  Grand  Menan.  and  a 
cluster  of  small  islands  round  it,  off  West  Quoddy 
Head,  and  Campo  Bello,  near  Eastport,  are  the 
principal.  They  belong  to  the  British.  The  ra- 
pidity of  the  tides  within  this  bay,  the  fogs  which 
frequently  prevail,  and  the  absence  of  good  har- 
bors above  St.  John's,  render  the  navigation 
difficult  and  often  dangerous.  The  harbor  of  St. 
John's  is  easy  of  access,  safe,  and  of  sufficient 
expanse  for  a  large  fleet  of  any  draught  of  water. 

Gale's  Creek,  N.  C.,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in 
Ion.  77°  12'  W.  and  lat.  34°  44'  N. 

Galien  River,  Berrien  co.,  Mn.  A  small  stream 
watering  the  S.  part  of  the  county,  and  emptying 
into  Lake  Michigan. 

Gallatin's  River,  Mo.,  is  one  of  the  S.  W.  sources 
of  the  Missouri  River.  Flowing  N.  it  unites  with 
Madison  and  Jefferson  Rivers  to  form  the  Mis- 
souri. 

Gallivants  Bay,  Monroe  co.,  Fa.  The  Gulf  of 
Mexico  stretches  inland  at  this  place,  and  receives 
the  waters  of  Long  Creek. 

Gallop  Island,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  E. 
part  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  attached  to  the  town 
of  Henderson. 

Galveston  Bar,  Ts.  The  passage  leading  into 
Galveston  Bay,  between  Galveston  Island  and 
Point  Bolivar. 

Galveston  Island,  Ts.  Situated  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  S.  W.  from  Galveston  Bay. 

Garden  Island,  Mn.,  lies  in  the  N.  part  of  Lake 
Michigan,  N.  N.  E.  from  Great  Beaver  Island. 

Garden  Island  Bay  lies  E.  from  East  Bay,  be- 
tween the  S.  E.  and  S.  passes  of  the  Mississippi. 

Gardiner's  Bay,  N.  Y.,  is  a  somewhat  circular 
expanse  of  water,  8  miles  in  diameter,  lying  be- 
tween Gardiner's  Island  and  the  E.  extremity  of 
Long  Island. 

Gardiner's  Inland,  N.  Y.,  is  distant  3  or  4  miles 
from  the  E.  end  of  Long  Island.  It  is  4  miles 
long  and  2  miles  wide,  forming  the  E.  boundary 
of  Gardiner's  Bay.  The  island  was  settled  in 
1639  by  Lyon  Gardiner,  a  Scotchman,  formerly  a 
lieutenant  in  the  British  army.  His  descendants 
still  occupy  the  island,  which  is  under  a  high 
state  of  cultivation  ;  it  also  sustains  an  extensive 
dairy  and  large  flocks  of  fine  sheep.  Gardiner's 
Point  is  a  long  neck  of  land  extending  N. 

Garoga  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Bleecker,  Fulton 
co..  flows  S.,  and  falls  into  Mohawk  River  at  the 
village  of  Palatine,  Montgomery  co. 

Garoga  Lake,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  town  of  Bleecker, 
Fulton  co.,  and  is  surrounded  by  picturesque 
hills,  thickly  wooded  with  large  forest-trees.  It  is 
3  miles  long  and  half  a  mile  wide,  abounding  in 
salmon  and  brook  trout. 

Gasconade  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  Pulaski  co.,  and 
after  a  course  of  140  miles,  enters  the  S.  side  of 
the  Missouri,  100  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  Gas- 
conade co.  It  affords  extensive  water  power. 


Gasparilla  Island,  Hillsboro'  co.,  Fa.  This  is 
a  small  island  lying  at  the  mouth  of  Charlotte 
Harbor. 

Gasparilla  Sound,  Fa.  It  extends  6  miles  on 
the  W.  coast  of  Fa.,  from  Clini  Inlet  to  Char- 
lotte Bay,  and  is  about  2  miles  wide.  Clini  Inlet 
has  4  feet  of  water,  and  Gasparilla  Inlet  6  feet  on 
the  bar. 

Gaidey  River,  Va.,  rises  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Alleghany  Mts.,  in  Pocahontas  co.,  and  enters  the 
Great  Kanawha  River  on  the  N.  side,  just  above 
the  great  falls. 

Gauthier  Creek,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Chippewa,  which  it  enters  near  the 
mouth  of  Yellow  River. 

Gayared  River,  Clayton  co.,  Mn.,  enters  the 
Mississippi  a  little  above  the  Wisconsin. 

Gayashk  Lake,  Ma.  A  large  sheet  of  water 
lying  near  the  mouth  of  Crow  Wing  River,  with 
which  it  is  connected  on  the  S.  by  an  outlet. 

Geducy's  Channel.     See  N.  Y.  Lower  Bay. 

Geese  Islands,  N.  H.,  lying  in  the  Connecticut 
River,  are  five  in  number,  and  belong  to  the  town 
of  Haverhill.  The  largest  contains  about  49 
acres,  and  the  others  contain,  in  all,  about  15 
acres. 

Geneganslette  Creek,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises 
in  the  town  of  Pharsalia,  and  enters  Chenango 
River  near  the  village  of  Greene.  This  stream 
affords  many  good  mill  sites,  and  abounds  with 
fine  trout. 

Genesee  Falls,  N.  Y.     See  Genesee  River. 

Genesee  Port,  N.  Y.     See  Charlotte. 

Genesee  River,  N.  Y.,  takes  its  rise  in  the 
western  part  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
running  at  first  N.  W.,  enters  the  state  of 
New  York  near  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Alleghany 
co.  After  pursuing  this  course  diagonally  nearly 
across  the  county,  it  bends  to  the  N.  W.,  and  con- 
tinues in  this  direction,  through  Livingston  and 
Monroe  counties,  to  Lake  Ontario.  There  are 
falls  in  this  river,  near  its  mouth,  at  Car- 
thage, of  75  feet;  at  Rochester,  7  miles  from  its 
mouth,  of  268  feet  in  all ;  and  in  the  town  of 
Nunda,  at  the  northern  border  of  Alleghany  co., 
two  falls  of  60  and  of  90  feet.  By  the  falls  and 
rapids  at  Rochester,  a  vast  water  power  is  created 
on  which  are  many  extensive  flouring  mills 
and  other  hydraulic  works,  not  surpassed  by  any 
in  the  world.  The  river  is  navigable  for  vessels 
and  steamboats  from  the  lake  to  Carthage,  about 
2  miles  N.  of  Rochester,  to  which  point  there  is  a 
railroad  from  the  city.  S.  of  Rochester,  steam- 
boats of  light  burden  run  to  Avon,  about  20 
miles,  and  the  river  is  navigable  for  boats  to  the 
head  of  the  rapids,  a  distance  of  53  miles.  Some 
of  the  best  land  in  all  the  state  is  found  in  the 
valley  of  this  river,  in  an  alluvial  tract  of  about 
40  miles  in  breadth. 

Genet  Lake,  N.  Y,  one  of  the  Eckford  chain  of 
lakes,  lies  W.  of  Mount  Emmons,  in  Hamilton  co., 
and  is  surrounded  by  wild  and  romantic  scenery. 
It  contains  several  beautiful  little  islands. 

George,  Fort,  N.  Y.     See  Caldwell. 

George,  Lake,  or  Lake  Horicon,  N.  Y.,  a  beautiful 
body  of  water,  lying  principally  in  Washington 
and  Warren  counties,  about  36  miles  long,  from 
N.  to  S.,  and  from  2  to  3  miles  wide.  It  dis- 
charges its  waters  S.,  through  an  outlet  about  3 
miles  long,  into  Lake  Champlain.  This  outlet  has 
a  descent  of  about  160  feet.  The  lake  is  elevated 
243  feet  above  tide  water  in  the  Hudson.  It  is 
surrounded  by  hills,  rising  sometimes  to  moun- 


196 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c. 


tains,  and  presenting  a  most  picturesque  variety 
pf  bold  and  beautiful  forms,  and  dotted  with 
islands  of  every  shape  and  size,  said  to  equal  in 
number  the  days  of  the  year.  The  water  is  of 
such  extraordinary  clearness  and  transparency 
that  the  bottom,  of  yellow  sand,  may  be  seen  at 
depths  of  30  and  40  feet.  The  reflected  images 
from  the  shining  bosom  of  the  lake,  of  the  sur- 
rounding hills  and  mountains,  and  of  the  hun- 
dreds of  islands  all  bearing  upon  their  margins, 
or  their  summits,  clusters  of  graceful  trees  and 
shrubbery,  added  to  other  features  of  a  bolder  and 
more  striking  character,  render  this  one  of  the 
most  delightful  resorts  for  those  who  have  an  eye 
for  beautiful  scenery. 

The  village  of  Caldwell  is  pleasantly  situated 
at  the  S.  W.  end  of  the  lake,  and  contains 
between  7  and  800  inhabitants.  The  Lake 
House,  in  this  village,  is  a  spacious  and  con- 
venient hotel,  situated  within  a  few  rods  of  the 
steamboat  landing,  and  designed  especially  for 
the  convenience  of  travellers  and  parties  of 
pleasure,  who  find  this  a  most  grateful  resort,  at 
all  times,  during  the  summer  season.  From  this 
point  a  steamboat  runs  daily,  during  the  season 
of  travelling,  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
lake,  where  the  passengers  find  stages  to  convey 
them,  about  4  miles,  to  Ticonderoga,  on  the 
western  shore  of  Lake  Champlain.  There  are 
several  localities  on  the  shores  of  this  lake,  which 
are  interesting  from  their  historical  associations. 
The  position  of  the  lake,  as  forming  a  part  of  the 
most  feasible  route,  in  former  times,  between  the 
navigable  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the 
North  River,  gave  it  much  importance  as  a 
channel  of  communication  to  be  commanded 
and  defended  by  either  power,  which,  in  the 
changing  fortunes  of  war,  might  come  into 
possession  of  it.  Fort  William  Henry,  near  the 
S.  shore,  the  remains  of  which  are  still  visible, 
was  garrisoned  by  the  English,  in  1757,  with  a 
force  of  3000  men.  It  was  assaulted  by  the 
French  army,  of  10,000  men,  under  the  Marquis 
de  Montcalm,  and  compelled  to  capitulate.  It 
was  then  razed  to  the  ground  by  Montcalm,  and 
never  afterwards  rebuilt.  From  this  point  Gen- 
eral Abercrombie,  with  15,000  men,  embarked,  in 
1768,  to  attack  Fort  Ticonderoga.  Sabbath-day 
Point  is  a  projection  from  the  western  shore  of 
the  lake,  about  24  miles  from  Caldwell,  where  a 
party  of  the  English  landed,  during  the  French 
war,  and  were  all  killed  by  the  Indians.  Fort 
Ticonderoga,  at  the  outlet  of  the  lake,  commanded 
the  approach  to  it  from  the  N.,  and  was,  for  a  long 
time,  considered  as  almost  impregnable,  until  it 
was  taken  from  the  French,  by  General  Amherst, 
in  1759.  It  was  again  taken  by  surprise  from  the 
English,  in  1775,  by  a  small  party  of  Americans 
from  Vermont,  commanded  by  Ethan  Allen,  but 
was  retaken  two  years  afterwards  by  General 
Burgoyne,  who  bore  upon  it  with  his  cannon 
from  the  top  of  Mount  Defiance,  a  position 
hitherto  supposed  to  be  inaccessible  for  any 
such  effective  battery.  Since  the  close  of  the 
revolutionary  war  this  fortress  has  been  suffered 
to  go  to  decay.  Lake  George  abounds  with  the 
finest  fish,  such  as  the  delicious  salmon  trout, 
weighing  from  5  to  20  pounds,  the  silver  trout, 
brook  trout,  pickerel,  pike,  and  perch.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  extraordinary  purity  of  the  waters 
of  this  lake,  the  French  formerly  procured  it  for 
sacramental  uses,  on  which  account  it  was  by 
them  called  Lac  Sacrement. 


Giant  of  the  Valley.  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  one  of  the 
high  peaks  of  the  Adirondack  range. 

Gibbet  Island,  N.  Y.     See  Ellis  Island. 

Gibson,  Fort,  N.  Y.     See  Ellis  Island. 

Gilbolo  River,  Ts.  An  E.  branch  of  the  San 
Antonio. 

Goat  or  7ns  Island,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  Niagara 
River,  at  the  Great  Falls,  dividing  the  waters  into 
two  unequal  parts.  See  Niagara  Falls. 

Gogebic  Lake,  Mn.  This  sheet  of  water  lies  in 
the  W.  part  of  the  upper  peninsula,  and  is  the 
source  of  the  W.  branch  of  Ontonagon  River. 

Goodwin  Creek,  S.  C.,  a  branch  of  the  Great 
Pedee,  which  it  enters  about  half  a  mile  below 
Westfield  Creek. 

Goose  Creek,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the 
town  of  Harmony,  and  flows  N.  E.  into  Cha- 
tauque Lake. 

Goose  Creek,  Va.,  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  5 
miles  S.  W.  of  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  and  after  a 
course  of  30  miles,  enters  Staunton  River,  in 
Campbell  co. 

Goose  Creek,  On.,  flows  N.  N.  W.,  and  empties 
into  Lewis  Fork,  of  Columbia  River,  a  little 
above  Malade  River. 

Gooseberry  River,  Ma.  It  flows  S.  E.,  and 
empties  into  Lake  Superior. 

Goose  Neck  Island,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is  attached  to  the  town 
of  Louisville. 

Goose  River,  Ma.  A  W.  branch  of  North  Red 
River. 

Goose  Sound,  Carteret  co.,  N.  C.  Situated  be- 
tween Old  Topsail  and  Bogue  Inlets,  separating 
a  long,  narrow  island  from  the  main. 

Gopher  Creek,  lo.  A  small  stream  entering  the 
Missouri,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Boyers  River. 

Governor's  Island  lies  in  N.  Y.  harbor,  at  the 
junction  of  East  and  Hudson  Rivers,  and  belongs 
to  the  U.  S.  government.  It  is  finely  situated 
for  the  defence  of  the  city  of  N.  Y.,  should  an 
enemy  pass  the  fortifications  at  the  Narrows.  On 
it  are  erected  Fort  Columbus,  Castle  Williams, 
and  the  South  Battery,  commanding  altogether 
more  than  200  pieces  of  armament.  Fort  Colum- 
bus, in  the  centre  of  the  island,  is  the  most  im- 
portant. These  fortifications,  when  fully  garri- 
soned, require  800  men. 

Graham  Lake,  Ma.  It  lies  N.  W.  from  Oka- 
bina  Lake,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet. 

Grand  Bayou,  La.  This  stream  rises  in  Bien- 
ville  parish,  flows  S.  E.,  and  uniting  with  Black 
Lake  Creek,  enters  Black  Lake. 

Grand  Calliou,  Bayou,  Terre  Bonne  parish,  La., 
flows  in  a  S.  W.  direction,  and  enters  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  S.  from  Lake  Calliou. 

Grand  Island,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  Niag- 
ara River,  and  is  comprised  in  the  town  of  Tona- 
wanda.  It  commences  6  miles  below  Buffalo,  and 
extends  to  within  3  miles  of  the  falls,  being  9 
miles  in  length,  and  in  one  place  6  miles  in  width 
The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  well  wooded  with 
white  and  black  oak,  beech,  maple,  ash,  &c.  The 
navigation  along  its  shores  is  good,  and  the  sce- 
nery exceedingly  beautiful. 

Grand  Island,  Schoolcraft  co.,  Mn.  A  pretty 
large  island,  lying  in  Lake  Superior. 

Grand  Island,  La.  A  large  island  lying  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  Vermilion  and  Cote 
Blanche  Bays. 

Grand  Lake.  This  large  body  of  water  lies 
partly  in  Washington  co.,  Me.,  and  partly  in  New 
Brunswick,  and  is  90  miles  N.  E.  from  Bangor. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


197 


It  contains  many  islands,  receives  the  waters  of 
numerous  small  lakes  and  rivers,  and  is  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  the  River  St.  Croix.  There  are 
several  other  lakes  in  this  state  of  considerable 
magnitude  and  beauty  bearing  the  same  name. 

Grand  River,  Me.,  rises  in  New  Brunswick,  and 
flows  S.  S.  W.  into  St.  John's  River. 

Grand  River,  0.  It  rises  in  Portage  and 
Trumbull  counties,  flows  N.  through  the  W.  part 
of  Ashtabula  co.,  then  it  turns  to  the  W.,  and 
crossing  Lake  co.,  falls  into  Lake  Erie. 

Grand  River,  As.,  flows  S.  E.  into  the  Arkan- 
sas. Navigable  about  200  miles. 

Grand  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  Iowa  and,  flowing 
S.E.,  enters  the  Missouri  240  miles  from  its  mouth. 
It  is  boatable  100  miles. 

Grand  River,  Mn.,  is  the  largest  river  running 
wholly  in  the  state.  Its  two  principal  branches 
unite  "in  Jackson  co.,  and,  pursuing  a  winding 
N.  W.  course,  it  enters  Lake  Michigan  at  Grand 
Haven,  Ottawa  co.  It  is  270  miles  long,  and 
about  60  rods  wide  at  its  mouth,  admitting  ves- 
sels drawing  12  feet  of  water.  It  is  navigable 
for  steamboats  40  miles,  to  the  Grand  Rapids, 
and  240  miles  for  bateaux. 

Grand  River,  Ca.  It  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
Na.,  flows  S.  W.  into  Ca.,  and  unites  with  Green 
River  to  form  the  Rio  Colorado. 

Grand  Rond  River,  On.  It  rises  among  the 
Blue  Mts.,  flows  N.  E.  and  empties  into  the  Lewis 
Fork  of  Columbia  River,  just  above  Salmon  River. 

Grand  Sachem  of  the  Highlands,  N.  Y.  See 
Beacon,  New. 

Grand  Traverse  Bay,  Mn.  This  is  a  consid- 
erable inlet  from  Lake  Michigan,  towards  the  N. 
part  of  the  state. 

Grand  Traverse  River,  Mn.,  drains  Kaleasca 
and  Omena  counties,  and  empties  into  Grand 
Traverse  Bay. 

Granfs  Island,  N.  H.,  lies  in  Connecticut  River, 
opposite  the  town  of  Lyme,  and  contains  24  acres. 

Grant  River,  Grant  co.,  Wn.  It  flows  in  a  gen- 
eral southerly  direction,  and  empties  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi River. 

Grass  Luke  lies  in  the  town  of  Hammond,  St. 
Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y. 

Grass  Point,  Brown  co.,  Wn.,  extends  into  the 
S.  part  of  Green  Bay,  opposite  Point  au  Sable. 

Grass  River,  N.  Y!,  rises  at  the  S.  E.  part  of 
St.  Lawrence  co.,  flows  N.,  and  enters  St.  Law- 
rence River  at  the  N.  boundary  of  the  state,  op- 
posite Cornwall  Island,  Canada. 

GYassy  Brook,  Vt.     See  Brookline. 

Gratiot,  Fort.  St.  Clair  co.,  Mn.,  consists  of 
a  stockade,  including  a  magazine,  barracks,  &c., 
for  a  garrison  of  one  battalion,  and  was  erected 
in  1814. 

Grave  Creek,  Marshall  co.,  Va.,  rises  in  the  E. 
part  of  the  county,  flows  N.  W.,  and  empties  into 
the  Ohio  River  at  Elizabeth. 

Gravelly  Point,  Arenac  co.,  Mn.,  extends  into 
Saginaw  Bay,  S.  from  Whitestone  Point. 

Gravesend  Bay.  N.  Y.,  is  formed  by  a  curve  on 
the  W.  end  of  Long  Island,  and  enclosed  by 
Coney  Island.  On  this  bay  is  situated  the  well- 
known  Bath  House,  a  favorite  resort  during  the 
summer  months. 

Gray's  Harbor,  On.  A  small  bay  situated  be- 
tween Points  Brown  and  Chickeeles,  and  receiv- 
ing the  waters  of  Chickeeles  River. 

Great  Bay,  Belknap  co.,  N.  H.,  lies  between  the 
towns  of  Sanbornton  and  Meredith,  and  is  con- 
nected with  Winnipisiogce  Lake. 


Great  Barn  Island,  N.  Y.  See  Barn  Island, 
Great. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  N.  Y.  See  Egg  Harbor, 
Great. 

Great  Hog  Neck.  N.  Y.  This  peninsula  lies  in 
the  town  of  Southampton,  Suffolk  co.,  between 
Gardiner's  and  Great  Peconic  Bays.  It  is  con- 
nected to  Long  Island  by  a  narrow  isthmus. 

Great  Island,  N.  H.     See  New  Castle. 

Great  Island,  Ms.,  encloses  Wellfleet  Bay  on 
the  N.  W. 

Great  Island.  N.  Y.     See  Hempstead. 

Great  Kills,  N.  Y.,  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  Staten 
Island,  extend  some  distance  inland,  receiving 
several  small  streams. 

Great  Marais  Harbor.,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  Sit- 
uated on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  Keewaiwona  Point. 

Great  Meadow  Hill,  Rehoboth,  Ms.  Height 
266  feet, 

Great  Neck,  North  Hempstead,  Queen's  co., 
N.  Y.,  lies  between  Cow  and  Little  Neck  Bays. 
It  is  about  4  miles  long  and  2  wide.  Hewlett's 
Point  is  situated  on  the  N.  end. 

Great  Ohoopee  River,  Ga.  This  river  rises  in 
the  S.  E.  part  of  Washington  co.,  flows  S.,  re- 
ceiving many  large  branches,  and  empties  into 
the  Alatamaha  in  Tatnall  co. 

Great  Peconic  Bay,  N.  Y.     See  Peconic  Bay. 

Great  Pine  River,  As.,  has  its  rise  in  the  S.  part 
of  Newton  co..  and  flows  S.  into  the  Arkansas. 

Great  Rock  Hill,  Rehoboth,  Ms.     Height  248  ft 

Great  Salt  Lake,  Uh.  This  is  the  largest 
sheet  of  water  in  the  state,  lying  in  the  N.  E.  part, 
W.  from  the  Bear  River  Mts.  It  contains  several 
islands,  and  its  waters  are  salter  than  those  of 
the  ocean.  Bear  River  flows  into  it  from  the 
N.  E.,  and  Utah  River,  the  outlet  of  Utah  Lake, 
on  the  S.  E. 

Great  South  Bay,  N.  Y.,  commences  at  the  New 
Inlet,  25  miles  E.  of  the  city  of  N.  Y.,  and  ex- 
tends 50  miles  along  the  S.  coast  of  Long  Island. 
It  is  from  1  to  5  miles  wide,  and  affords  good 
navigation.  Its  waters  abound  in  fine  shell  and 
scale  fish,  and  different  kinds  of  wild  water  fowl 
are  found  here  in  great  numbers,  affording  pleas- 
ant and  profitable  employment  for  the  sportsmen, 
and  an  article  of  traffic  for  hundreds  of  people. 

Great  South  Beach,  N.  Y.,  encloses  Great  S. 
Bay.  It  is  40  miles  long  and  half  a  mile  wide. 
On"  the  W.  end,  near  the  Fire  Islands,  is  a  light- 
house called  the  Fire  Island  light. 

Great  Valley  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  tributary  of  the 
Alleghany  River,  rises  in  Cattaraugus  co. 

Great  Works  Stream,  Me.,  an  important  tribu- 
tary of  the  Penobscot,  which  it  enters  on  the  E. 
side,  opposite  the  Indian  settlement  at  Oldtown. 

Great  Works  Stream,  York  co.,  Me.,  rises  in 
North  Berwick,  and  enters  Salmon  Fall  River  at 
South  Berwick. 

Green  Bay,  Wn.,  runs  parallel  with  the  N.  W. 
part  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  connected  with 
it  by  a  broad  opening.  It  is  100  miles  long,  and 
from  15  to  30  broad.  It  receives  Fox  and  Meno- 
monee  Rivers,  and  is  navigable  to  its  head  for  ves- 
sels of  200  tons.  At  its  entrance  is  a  succession 
of  islands,  extending  30  miles. 

Green  Brier  River,  Va.,  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part 
of  Pocahontas  co.,  and  flowing  S.  W.  through 
Greenbrier  and  Monroe  counties,  enters  the  Ka- 
nawha  at  the  passage  through  Laurel  Ridge. 

Green  or  Tibbetfs  Island,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies 
in  the  Hudson,  opposite  the  city  of  Troy,  to 
which  it  is  connected  by  bridges,  and  is  attached 


198 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


to  the  town  of  Watervliet.  It  is  about  2  miles 
long,  half  a  mile  wide,  and  is  crossed  by  the  Rens- 
seluer  and  Saratoga  Railroads. 

Green  Lake,  N.  Y.,  an  extremely  beautiful  sheet 
of  water,  lies  in  the  town  of  Manlius,  Onondaga 
co.,  and  within  a  few  rods  of  the  Erie  Canal.  It 
is  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  long,  and  quarter 
of  a  mile  in  width.  It  affords  several  kinds  of 
excellent  fish,  and  the  water  is  so  clear  and  trans- 
parent they  can  be  plainly  seen  at  the  depth  of 
50  feet  with  the  naked  eye.  Its  depth  is  176  feet, 
and  in  several  places  the  water  is  60  feet  deep 
within  five  feet  of  the  shore.  A  small  circular 
lake,  whose  depth  has  never  been  ascertained, 
lies  about  20  rods  N.  of  this. 

Green  Lake,  Marquette  co.,  Wn.  It  lies  in  the 
E.  part  of  the  county,  and  communicates  on  the 
N.  with  Neenah  or  Fox  River. 

Green  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  near  St.  Croix  Riv- 
er, S.  from  Buried  Eagle  Lake. 

Green  Mountains,  Vt.  This  range  of  moun- 
tains rises  in  Lower  Canada.  They  pass  nearly 
through  the  centre  of  the  state  of  Vt.,  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  the  westerly  parts  of  the  states  of  Ms. 
and  Ct.,  and  terminate  near  New  Haven,  on  Long 
Island  Sound.  From  their  green  appearance 
they  give,  the  name  to  Vt.,  and  decrease  in  height 
as  they  approach  the  S.  The  north  peak,  in 
Mansfield,  is  the  greatest  elevation,  being  4279 
feet  above  the  surface  of  Lake  Champlain. 

Green  Mountains,  Ts.  A  branch  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  range,  lying  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the 
state,  between  Arkansas  River  and  Rio  Grande. 

Green  or  Quodotchquoik  River,  Penobscot  co., 
Me.,  is  an  important  branch  of  the  St.  John's, 
which  it  enters  about  24  miles  W.  from  the  New 
Brunswick  boundary. 

Green  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  the  town  of  Eden, 
and  falls  into  the  Lamoille  in  Wolcott. 

Green  River.  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Austerlitz,  Colum- 
bia co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  enters  the  Housatonic 
Itiver  in  Ms. 

Green  River,  Wayne  co.,  Te.,  flows  N.  N.  W. 
into  Buffalo  River. 

Green  River,  Ky.,  rises  in  Lincoln  co.,  and  pur- 
suing a  W.  N.  W.  course,  enters  the  Ohio  200 
miles  below  Louisville,  and  50  above  the  mouth 
of  Cumberland  River.  It  is  200  yards  wide  at 
its  mouth,  and  is  navigable  for  boats  nearly  200  m. 

Green  River,  Is.,  rises  in  Winnebago  Swamp. 
in  the  N.  part  of  Bureau  co.,  flows  W.  across 
Henry  co.,  and  empties  into  Rock  River. 

Green  River,  Ca.  This  large  river  rises  among 
the  Wind  River  Mts.,  flows  in  a  winding  S.  course, 
and  unites  with  Grand  River  to  form  the  Rio 
Colorado. 

Greenville  Point,  On.  Situated  N.  N.  W.  from 
Gray's  Harbor. 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  N.  Y.     See  Brooklyn. 

Gregory  Cape,  On.,  extends  into  the  Pacific  just 
below  the  mouth  of  Umpqua  River. 

Grenadier  Island,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
the  E.  part  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  attached  to 
the  town  of  Lyme. 

Grindstone  "island,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is  attached  to  the 
town  of  Clayton  ;  it  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
"  Thousand  Islands,1'  being  5  miles  long  and  2 
miles  wide. 

Grive  Cceur  Lake,  St.  Louis  co.,  Mo.  A  small 
sheet  of  water  lying  near  the  Missouri  River. 

Grosse  Point,  Cook  co.,  Is.,  juts  into  Lake 
Michigan  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Chicago. 


Grover's  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Ga.,  belongs  to 
the  U.  S.  government,  and  contains  between  300 
and  350  acres. 

Gnadaloupe  Mountains,  Ts.  A  range  running 
N.  W.  and  S.  E.  between  Colorado  and  Grand 
Rivers. 

Guadaloupe  River,  Ts.  A  large  stream  flowing 
S.  E.  into  San  Antonio  River,  which  it  enters 
near  its  mouth. 

Guests  River,  Va.,  rises  in  the  Cumberland 
Ridge,  flows  S.  E.,  forming  the  boundary  between 
Russell  and  Scott  counties,  and  empties  into 
Clinch  River. 

Gull  Island,  Great  and  Little,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y., 
are  attached  to  the  town  of  Southold  ;  they  are 
situated  in  what  is  called  the  Race,  from  the 
swiftness  of  the  current,  and,  had  they  not  been 
composed  of  solid  rock,  must  have  long  since 
disappeared. 

Gull  Islands,  Mn.  Situated  in  Lake  Michigan, 
at  the  entrance  of  Green  Bay. 

Gull  Inland,  Mn.  A  small  island  lying  in  the 
N.  part  of  Lake  Michigan,  W.  from  the  Beaver 
Islands. 

Gun  Lake,  Mn.  A  small  sheet  of  water  lying 
in  the  W.  part  of  Barry  co. 

Gunpowder  Falls  River,  Baltimore  co..  Md., 
rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the  county,  flows  S.  E.,  and 
uniting  with  the  Little  Gunpowder  Falls,  empties 
into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Guyandot  Big  River,  Va.,  flows  N.  W.,  entering 
the  Ohio  327  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  nav- 
igable for  canoes  60  miles. 

Guyandot  Little  River,  Va.,  falls  into  the  Ohio 
in  Ion.  81°  12'  W.,  and  lat.  38°  14'  N. 

Gwinn's  Island,  Va.  Situated  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  off  the  N.  E.  coast  of  Matthews  co. 

Gwinn's  River,  Baltimore  co.,  Md.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Patapsco  River,  which  it  enters  at 
Baltimore. 

Hackensack  River,  N.  J.,  rises  in  Rockland  Lake, 
Rockland  co..  N.  Y.,  and  after  a  S.  course  of  about 
40  miles,  enters  Newark  Bay.  The  upper  part 
of  its  course  affords  fine  mill  seats.  The  tide 
meets  it  at  the  town  of  Hnckensack,  after  which 
its  course  to  the  bay  is  through  a  marsh. 

Hadley-s  Falls,  N.  Y.,  are  in  the  Hudson,  just 
above  the  mouth  of  Sacandaga  River,  between 
the  towns  of  Hadley  and  Luzerne. 

Haivnakraus  Kill,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Albany  co., 
flows  E.,  and  enters  the  Hudson  near  the  village 
of  Coeymans. 

Hakah,  or  Root  River,  Ma.  It  rises  a  little 
above  the  sources  of  the  Upper  Iowa  River,  flows 
in  an  E.  direction,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi. 

Halifax  River,  Orange  co.,  Fa.  This  river  runs 
parallel  with  the  Atlantic  coast,  receives  several 
branches,  the  principal  of  which  is  Tomoco 
Creek,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  at  Musquito  Bar. 

Hailetts  Cove,  N.  Y.     See  Astoria. 

HaWs  Stream  forms  the  N.  W.  boundary  be- 
tween Canada  and  N.  H.,  from  its  source  to  its 
junction  with  the  Connecticut  at  Stewartstown, 
N.H. 

Ham  Fork,  Ca.  A  small  W.  branch  of  Green 
River. 

Hammonasset  River,  Ct.  This  stream  flows 
S.  E.,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  New 
Haven  and  Middlesex  counties,  and  empties  into 
Long  Island  Sound. 

Hammond's  Bay,  Mn.  A  curvature  of  Lake 
Huron  on  the  N.  border  of  Presque  Isle  co. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


199 


Hampton  Roads,  Va.  The  local  name  given  I 
to  a  portion  of  the  bay  at  the  mouth  of  James  I 
River,  opposite  the  entrance  of  Nansemond  and 
Elizabeth  Rivers.  A  line  drawn  across,  from 
Old  Point  Comfort  on  the  N.^to  Point  Willoughby 
on  the  S.,  may  define  the  limit  between  these 
Roads  and  Chesapeake  Bay.  Within  the  mouth 
of  James  River  the  limit  is  not  so  definite.  The 
water  is  sufficiently  deep  for  the  largest  ships  of 
war,  where,  by  the  erection  of  adequate  defences, 
which  have  been  reported  to  be  entirely  feasible, 
they  might  ride  in  safety  from  the  attack  of  an 
enemy's  fleet. 

Hannahatchee  Creek,  Stewart  co.,  Ga.,  unites 
with  Hicheto  Creek  at  its  entrance  into  the  Chat- 
tahoochee. 

Harbor  Hill  lies  in  the  town  of  North  Hemp- 
stead,  Queen's  co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  elevated  319  feet 
above  the  Atlantic,  and  is  visible  for  25  miles  at 
sea,  being  the  highest  point  of  land  on  Long 
Island. 

Harbor  of  New  York.     See  New  York  Bay. 

Hardiri's  Creek,  Te.,  is  formed  in  the  W.  part 
of  Wayne  co.,  by  the  junction  of  two  forks,  flows 
N.  W.,  and  falls  into  the  Tennessee  in  Hardin  co. 

Burger's  Creek,  O.  A  small  stream  that  falls 
into  Sciota  River  at  Circleville. 

Harlem  River,  N.  Y.,  a  creek  or  strait,  running 
from  East  River,  as  it  is  called,  to  North  River, 
and  forming  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Island 
of  Manhattan,  on  which  the  city  of  New  York  is 
built.  The  island  is  connected  with  the  main 
land  by  three  bridges,  Harlem  bridge,  Macomb's 
bridge,  and  King's  bridge.  There  is  also  the 
massive  and  beautiful  structure  of  stone  masonry, 
upon  which  the  Croton  aqueduct  is  carried  over 
the  Harlem  Valley  and  River,  a  little  more  than 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length.  The  width  of  the 
river  itself,  at  this  place,  is  620  feet.  The  west- 
ern part  of  this  river,  from  King's  bridge  to  the 
Hudson,  was  named  by  the  Dutch  Spuyten 
Duyvel  Creek.  The  whole  length  of  Harlem 
River  is  6  miles,  and  its  width  from  one  eighth  to 
one  fourth  of  a  mile. 

Harney  Lake,  Orange  co.,  Fa.,  lies  E.  from 
Lake  Jessup,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an 
outlet.  On  its  S.  W.  border  is  Fort  Lane. 

Harpeth  River,  Te.,  rises  in  Williamson  co., 
and  pursues  a  N.  W.  course  of  60  miles,  to  its 
entrance  into  Cumberland  River,  19  miles  N.  W. 
of  Nashville.  It  is  boatable  to  Franklin. 

Harsorfs  Island,  Mn.  Situated  in  the  N.  part 
of  Lake  St.  Clair. 

Harts  Island,  N.  H..  lies  in  Connecticut  River, 
in  the  town  of  Plainfield,  and  contains  19  acres. 

Hart's  Island,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  is  attached  to  the  town 
of  Pelham. 

Hassencleaver  Mountains,  N.  Y.  This  range  of 
hills  lies  N.  of  the  Mohawk  Valley,  extending 
through  part  of  Herkimer  and  Oneida  counties. 
They  are  from  1000  to  1200  feet  in  height. 

Hatchee  River,  Te.,  rises  in  McNairy  co.,  and 
pursuing  a  N.  W.,  W.,  and  S.  W.  direction  for 
100  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  at  Randolph. 

Hatchet  Creek,  Aa.  A  branch  of  the  Coosa 
River,  which  it  enters  in  Coosa  co. 

Hatchet  Hill,  Southbridge,  Ms.    Height  1016  ft. 

Hatteras,  Cape,  N.  C.  A  dangerous  cape,  in 
35°  15'  N.lat.,  and  75°  30'  W.  Ion.  It  is  on  the 
S.  W.  end  of  a  low,  sandy,  and  rocky  island,  which 
encloses  Pamlico  Sound.  The  sea,  in  this  place, 
is  generally  very  rough,  and  this  part  of  the 


American  coast  is  probably  more  dreaded  by 
sailors  than  any  other. 

Haver's  Island,  Albany  co.,  N  Y.,  lies  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mohawk  River,  and  is  attached  to 
the  town  of  Watervliet. 

Haverstraw  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lying  opposite  the  town 
of  Haverstraw,  Rockland  co.,  is  formed  by  an 
expansion  of  Hudson  River.  It  is  6  miles  long, 
and  from  2  to  3  miles  wide,  extending  from  Tel- 
ler's to  Verplank's  Point. 

Haw  River,  N.  C.,  rises  in  Rockingham  CO., 
and  flowing  S.  E.,  unites  with  Deep  River,  in 
Chatham  co.,  to  form  the  N.  W.  branch  of  Cape 
Fear  River. 

Hawpee  Creek,  Macon  co.,  Aa.  This  stream 
flows  in  a  general  westerly  direction,  and  falls 
into  the  Tallapoosa  River. 

Hawses  Hill,  Barre,  Ms.     Height  1285  feet. 

Hay  River,  Wn.  This  river  drains  the  E. 
interior  of  St.  Croix  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  enters 
Red  Cedar  River,  in  Chippewa  co. 

Hazen's  Notch,  Vt.  A  remarkable  passage 
through  the  mountain,  between  the  towns  of 
Lowell  and  Montgomery. 

Head  Harbor  Island,  Me.,  lies  off  Jones  Port, 
Washington  co. 

Helderberg  Hills,  or  Mountains,  N.  Y.,  stretch 
through  the  W.  part  of  Albany  co.,  into  Scho- 
harie  co.,  where  they  unite  with  the  Catskill 
range.  They  consist  of  a  series  of  limestones  of 
varied  mineralogical  character,  upon  a  foundation 
of  graywacke,  and  abound  in  fossil  remains, 
and  extensive  caverns  ornamented  with  stalac- 
tites and  stalagmites.  These  mountains  are  very 
precipitous,  and  are  from  400  to  500  feet  in 
height. 

Hell  Gate,  or  Hurl  Gate,  a  strait  in  the  East 
River,  8  miles  from  New  York  city,  between  the 
Islands  of  Manhattan  and  Parsell,  on  the  N.  W., 
and  Long  Island,  on  the  S.  E.  It  is  said  that  the 
proper  name  of  this  strait  is  Horll  Gatt,  a  Dutch 
term,  signifying  a  whirlpool.  Through  this  nar- 
row pass  the  tides  flow  in  and  out,  between  the 
harbor  of  New  York  and  Long  Island  Sound. 
At  certain  stages  of  the  tide,  the  waters  rush 
through  here  with  a  powerful  current,  and  pass- 
ing over  sunken  rocks,  are  made  to  whirl  and 
roar  with  fearful  violence.  There  is  no  great 
difficulty,  however,  in  navigating  the  strait  with 
safety,  under  the  guidance  of  a  skilful  pilot. 

Hell  Gate,  On.  An  E.  branch  of  Bitter  Root 
River,  rising  among  the  Rocky  Mts. 

Helley's  Keys,  Fa.  These  islands  separate  Taga- 
bona  Bay  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Hemlock  Island,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is  attached  to  the 
town  of  Clayton. 

Hemlock  Lake,  N.  Y.,  lies  partly  in  Livingston, 
and  partly  in  Ontario  co.  It  is  6  miles  long,  and 
1  mile  wide,  discharging  its  waters  into  the  outlet 
of  Honeoye  Lake. 

Hempstead  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  town  of 
Hempstead,  Queen's  co.,  is  6  miles  long,  from 
1  to  2  miles  wide,  and  abounds  with  shell  and 
scale  fish,  and  wild  water  fowl.  It  is  separated 
from  the  Atlantic  by  Long  Beach. 

Hempstead  Plains,  N.  Y.,  an  immense  heath  or 
barren,  of  more  than  15,000  acres,  is  used  merely 
as  a  common  pasturage  of  the  town  of  Hemp- 
stead,  on  which  several  thousands  of  cattle  and 
sheep  are  annually  fed,  and  is  the  site  of  the  old 
Newmarket  race  course,  where,  in  years  past, 
immense  sums  of  money  have  been  lost  and  won. 


200 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


The  soil  of  these  plains  is  good,  and  might  be 
made  fertile  by  cultivation. 

Henderson  Lake,  N.  Y.,  one  of  the  head  sources 
of  the  Hudson,  lies  in  the  town  of  Newcomb, 
Essex  co.,  near  the  Adirondack  Iron  Works.  It 
is  elevated  1 936  feet  above  the  tide  waters  of  the 
Hudson. 

Henderson's  River,  Is.  This  river  rises  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  Knox  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties 
into  the  Mississippi  in  Henderson  co. 

Henlopen,  Cape,  De.,  is  the  S.  W.  extremity,  at 
the  entrance  of  Delaware  Bay.  It  is  18  miles  S. 
W.  of  Cape  May.  the  opposite  point  in  N.  lat. 
36°  47',  and  W.  Ion.  75°  6'.  There  is  a  light- 
house on  it. 

Henry,  Cape,  Va.,  is  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  12  miles  S.  Cape 
Charles,  in  36°  58'  N.  lat.,  and  76°  21'  W.  Ion. 

Henry's  Fork,  On.  It  rises  among  the  Rocky 
Mts.,  flows  S.  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  Lewis  Fork 
of  Columbia  River. 

Henry's  River,  N.  C.,  rises  in  Burke  co.,  flows 
E.,  and  unites  with  Jacob's  River  to  form  the 
Little  Catawba, 

Herring  Bay,  Md.,  sets  up  from  Chesapeake 
Bay,  between  Ann  Arundel  and  Calvert  counties. 

Hickman  Creek,  Ky.,  rises  in  Fayette  co.,  and 
flows  S.  W.  through  Jessamine  co.,  into  the  Ken- 
tucky River. 

Hickory  Creek,  Will  co.,  Is.,  flows  W.,  and  emp- 
ties into  DCS  Plaines  River  a  little  below  Juliet. 

Hidden  Wood  River,  Ma.  An  E.  branch  of  the 
Inyan  Reakah,  or  River  of  the  Rock. 

Higgins's  Lake,  Roscommon  co.,  Mn.,  lies  N. 
from  Hough  ton's  Lake,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  an  outlet. 

High  Falls,  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.,  occur  in  the  Black 
River  just  before  it  is  entered  by  Black  River 
Canal.  They  are  so  called  in  distinction  from 
Long  Falls,  which  occur  in  the  same  river,  40 
miles  below,  in  Jefferson  co.  The  river  has  a 
descent  of  60  or  70  feet,  and  is  well  worthy  a 
visit  from  the  lovers  of  the  picturesque. 

Highlands,  Matteawan  or  Fishkill  Mts.,  N.  Y. 
These  mountains  lie  in  the  counties  of  Rockland, 
Orange,  Westchester,  Putnam,  and  Dutchess, 
and  are  probably  connected  with  the  Alleghanies, 
as  indicated  by  their  geological  formation.  They 
are  16  or  18  miles  in  breadth,  and  extend  in  a 
N.  E.  and  S.  W.  direction  about  25  miles.  They 
present  some  of  the  most  romantic  features  of 
the  scenery  upon  the  North  River,  which  is  here 
contracted  to  a  narrow  space,  by  its  passage 
through  the  mountain  pass.  Anthony's  No»e, 
one  of  their  lofty  elevations  on  the  eastern  shore, 
is  a  pile  of  rock  rising  to  the  height  of  1128  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  river  which  washes  its  base. 
Two  miles  above  is  the  Sugar  Loaf  Mountain, 
-wliich  rears  its  summit  to  the  height  of  860  feet. 
Crow's  Nest  and  Butter  Hill  are  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  river.  They  rise  abruptly  from  the  water's 
edge,  the  latler  1520  feet,  and  the  former  nearly 
as  high.  Beacon  Hill,  on  the  E.  side,  sometimes 
called  the  "  Grand  Sachem,"  is  the  highest  peak 
of  the  Highlands,  being  elevated  1685  feet  above 
the  Hudson.  Several  of  the  eminences  in  view 
from  the  river  are  celebrated  in  history  for  being 
the  scenes  of  stirring  events  during  the  struggle 
for  American  independence.  The  sites  of  Forts 
Clinton  and  Montgomery  are  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  river,  from  whence  chevaux-de-frise,  boom, 
and  chains,  were  stretched  across  to  the  base  of 
Anthony's  Nose,  in  1777.  These  forts,  which 


were  garrisoned  by  six  hundred  men,  were  at- 
tacked Oct.  6,  1777,"  by  a  British  force  three  thou- 
sand strong,  under  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  cap- 
tured during  the  night.  At  the  base  of  Sugar 
Loaf  Mountain,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river,  is 
seen  the  site  of  the  house  where  the  traitor  Arnold 
lived.  About  a  mile  farther  up,  the  garden  and 
monument  of  Kosciusko  are  distinctly  seen. 
The  historical  interest  associated  with  West  Point 
is  familiar  to  every  reader. 

Highland  Creek,  Ky.  This  stream  forms  the 
boundary  between  Union  and  Henderson  coun- 
ties, and  empties  into  the  Ohio  River. 

High  Ridye,  Williamsburg,  Ms.    Height  1480  ft 

Hilliards  Knob,  Rochester,  Ms.    Height  1 1 20  ft. 

Hillsboro1  Inlet,  Fa.  A  long,  narrow  inlet,  ex- 
tending from  the  mouth  of  Hillsboro'  River  some 
distance  into  St.  Lucie  co. 

Hillsboro*  River,  Fa.,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Or- 
ange co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  Tampa  Bay  at 
the  town  of  Tampa. 

Hitchcock's  Hill,  Wales,  Ms.    Height  1 1 90  feet 

IlockJiocking  River,  0.,  rises  in  Fairfield  co., 
winds  through  a  hilly  country  80  miles,  in  a  S.  E. 
direction,  and  enters  the  Ohio  at  Troy,  25  miles 
below  Marietta.  It  is  beatable  70  miles,  except 
the  lower  falls  and  some  mill  dams.  It  has  a  fall 
near  its  source  of  40  feet. 

Hog  Island,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  in  Hempstead 
Bav,  Long  Island. 

llog  Mand,  or  Neck,  in  Oyster  Bay,  Queen's 
co.,  N.  Y.,  is  connected  to  Long  Island  by  Oak 
Neck. 

Hog  Island,  Northampton  co.,  Va.,  lies  in  the 
Atlantic,  N.  E.  from  Prout's  Island. 

Hog  Island,  Surry  co.,  Va.  A  small  island  ly- 
ing in  James  River. 

Hog  Island,  Mn.  Situated  in  the  N.  part  of 
Lake  Michigan,  E.  from  Garden  Island. 

Hog  Neck,  N.  Y.     See  Great  Hog  Neck. 

Holeb  Pond,  Me.,  is  a  considerable  body  of  wa- 
ter lying  in  Franklin  and  Somerset  counties. 

Hollow  Creek,  Barnwell  district,  S.  C.,  enters 
the  Savannah  River  at  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Edge- 
field  district. 

Holland  Islands,  Md.,  lie  in  Chesapeake  Bay, 
N.  from  Smith  Island  and  W.  from  Fishing  Bay. 

Hollinger's  Creek,  Baldwin  co.,  Aa,  A  tributary 
of  Perdido  River. 

Holston  River,  Te.  This  river  unites  with  the 
Clinch,  in  Roane  co.,  to  form  the  Tennessee. 
With  the  exception  of  a  fall  of  7  feet,  it  is  navi- 
gable 70  miles.  There  are  valuable  salt  works 
near  its  source  ;  also  a  fall  of  water  of  40  feet. 

Holt's  Hill,  Andover,  Ms.     Height  423  feet. 

Homochitto  River,  Mi.  It  runs  S.  W.,  and  falls 
into  the  Mississippi  above  Fort  Adams,  between 
Adams  and  Wilkinson  counties. 

Honeoye  Creek,  N.  Y..  an  important  mill  stream, 
is  formed  by  the  outlets  of  Honeoye,  Canadice, 
and  Hemlock  Lakes.  It  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters 
Genesee  River  in  Monroe  co. 

Honeoye  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  beautiful  sheet  of 
water  lies  mostly  in  the  town  of  Richmond, 
Ontario  co.  It  is  5  miles  long  and  1  mile  wide, 
and  abounds  in  fine  fish. 

Honey  Creek,  Sauk  co.,  Wn.  A  small  tribu- 
tary of  Wisconsin  River. 

Honey  Island,  Holmes  co.,  Mi.  This  is  a  large 
island  formed  by  an  outlet  of  the  Yazoo  River. 

Hoosick  River,  N.  Y.,  a  large  and  important 
mill  stream,  rises  in  Ms.  and  Vt,  flows  E.,  and 
enters  the  Hudson  in  Rensselaer  co. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


201 


Hood's  Canal,  On.  A  long,  narrow  channel 
extending  S.  W.  from  Admiralty  Inlet. 

Hood  Mount,  On.  A  high  peak  of  the  Cascade 
range,  situated  S.  from  Columbia  River. 

Hooper's  Island,  Md.  Situated  in  Chesapeake 
Bav,  off  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Dorchester  co. 

Horicon  Lake,  N.  Y.     See  George,  Lake. 

Horn  Island,  Mi.,  lies  in  Pascagoula  Bay,  off 
the  coast  of  Jackson  co. 

Horn  Lake  Creek,  De  Soto  co.,  Mi.  A  small 
stream  which  flows  through  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  and  enters  the  Mississippi. 

Horse  Head  Creek,  Johnson  co.,  As.,  flows  S., 
and  empties  into  the  Arkansas  River. 

Horse  Island,  Barnstable  co.,  Ms.  This  island 
is  situated  in  Wellfleet  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of 
Blackish  Creek. 

Horse  Race,  N.  Y.  A  name  given  to  the  Hud- 
son, just  before  it  leaves  the  Highlands,  at  its 
lower  entrance.  The  river  here  takes  a  sudden 
turn  of  a  mile  to  the  E.,  and  resumes  its  S. 
course  at  Caldwell's  Landing. 

Hosmer's  Ponds,  Vt.     See  Craftsbury. 

Hot  Springs,  Hot  Spring  co.,  As.  There  are 
about  fifty  of  these  springs,  which  break  out  from 
the  W.  side  of  a  mountain,  and  flow  into  a  small 
creek,  which,  taking  a  S.  course  of  6  miles,  emp- 
ties into  the  Wachita  River.  Tli£  temperature 
of  the  springs  is  from  110°  to  150°  Fahren- 
heit. The  cold  Chalybeate  Springs,  situated  3 
miles  N.  E.  of  the  Hot  Springs,  are  much  fre- 
quented by  invalids.  There  are  Sulphur  Springs 
in  the  same  county,  30  miles  N.  W.  from  the 
Hot  Springs. 

Houghtorfs  Lake,  Roscommon  co.,  Mn.,  lies  in 
the  W.  interior  of  the  county,  and  is  one  of  the 
head  sources  of  Maskegon  River. 

Houyhton  Lake,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  Situated 
on  Keewaiwona  Point,  N.  E.  from  Portage  Lake, 
with  which  it  communicates. 

Housatonic  River,  Ms.  and  Ct.  The  sources 
of  this  river  are  in  the  towns  of  Lanesboro' 
and  Windsor,  Ms.  The  main  stream  is  formed 
at  Pittsfield,  and  thence  passes  S.  into  Ct.  After 
watering  the  county  of  Litchfield  in  that  state, 
it  separates  the  counties  of  New  Haven  and 
Fairfield,  and  meets  the  tide  water  at  Derby,  14 
miles  above  its  entrance  into  Long  Island  Sound. 
The  source  of  this  stream  is  more  than  1000  feet 
above  the  ocean,  and  in  its  course  of  nearly  150 
miles,  it  affords  numerous  mill  sites.  The  vol- 
ume of  water  is  not  very  large,  except  in  seasons 
of  freshet ;  but  the  scenery  on  the  borders  of  the 
river  is  exceedingly  beautiful ;  and  the  cataract 
at  Canaan,  Ct.,  where  the  water  falls  perpendicu- 
larly 60  feet,  is  well  worthy  the  notice  of  travel- 
lers. The  Indian  name  of  this  river  signifies 
over  the  mountains. 

Howland's  or  Superior  Island,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y., 
attached  to  the  town  of  Conquest,  is  formed  by 
the  dividing  branches  of  Seneca  River. 

Hubbardton  River,  Vt.  This  is  a  good  mill 
stream,  rising  from  several  small  ponds  in  Sud- 
bury.  It  runs  in  a  S.  W.  direction  through  Greg- 
ory's Pond,  in  Hubbardton,  through  Benson,  and 
falls  into  East  Bay  in  West  Haven,  after  a  course 
of  about  20  miles. 

Hudson  River,  N.  Y.,  has  its  sources  in  numerous 
small  streams  which  rise  among  the  Adirondack 
Mountains,  west  of  Lake  Champlain.  It  pursues 
a  straight  course,  almost  directly  south,  for  about 
300  miles,  until  it  enters  the  Atlantic  through  the 
harbor  of  New  York.  This  river  is  one  of  the 
26 


best  for  navigation,  in  proportion  to  its  length,  of 
any  in  the  United  States.  Notwithstanding  it 
flows  through  a  mountainous  region,  it  is  navigable 
for  small  sloops,  and  for  steamboats  of  large  size, 
to  Troy,  166  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  action 
of  the  tides  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  coming 
in  as  they  do  from  the  ocean  through  the  Narrows, 
and  from  the  Sound  through  the  East  River,  is 
such  as  to  carry  the  swell  of  the  river  upwards,  it 
is  said,  at  the  rate  of  15  to  25  miles  an  hour ;  so 
that  swift-sailing  vessels,  leaving  New  York  at 
new  tide,  with  all  things  favorable,  sometimes  run 
through  to  Albany  with  the  same  flood  tide.  The 
river  has  three  large  expansions,  or  bays,  as  they 
are  called  —  Tappan  Bay,  Haverstraw  Bay,  and  a 
third  between  Fishkill  and  New  Windsor.  Tap- 
pan  Bay,  or  Tappan  Sea,  as  it  was  formerly  called, 
commences  at  Piermont.  about  20  miles  from  New 
York,  and  extends  northward  to  Teller's  Point,  a 
distance  of  10  miles,  with  an  average  width  of  3 
miles.  In  some  places  the  width  is  full  5  miles. 
Haverstraw  Bay  is  also  from  2  to  3  miles  wide, 
and  6  miles  long,  terminating  on  the  north  at 
Verplank's  and  Stony  Points.  The  passage  of  the 
Hudson  through  the  Highlands  is  among  the  most 
romantic  and  sublime  to  be  found  any  where  upon 
our  navigable  rivers.  The  Mohawk  River,  which 
comes  in  from  the  west,  at  Waterford.  about  10 
miles  north  of  Albany,  is  almost  the  only  tributary 
of  the  Hudson  of  any  importance.  Through  ar- 
tificial channels,  however,  its  navigable  waters  are 
connected  with  the  great  lakes  at  the  west,  and 
with  the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  north.  The  great 
Erie  Canal  unites  the  Hudson,  at  Albany,  with 
Lake  Erie,  at  Buffalo,  364  miles  distantly  the 
route  of  the  canal.  The  Champlain  Canal  unites 
the  river  at  Albany  with  the  southern  extremity 
of  Lake  Champlain.  The  length  of  this  canal  is 
72  miles.  From  Albany  to  West  Troy,  8  miles, 
the  Champlain  and  Erie  Canals  are  in  conjunction 
with  each  other.  By  the  Delaware  and  Hudson 
Canal,  the  Hudson  is  also  united,  at  a  point  about 
90  miles  from  New  York,  with  the  Delaware, 
at  the  N.  W.  corner  of  New  Jersey.  Through 
this  communication  immense  quantities  of  coal 
from  the  Lackawana  district  in  Pennsylvania  are 
transported  to  New  York.  During  the  season  of 
navigation  on  the  Hudson,  numerous  steamboats 
leave  New  York  every  morning  and  evening  for 
the  different  places  upon  the  shores  of  the  river. 
From  about  the  20th  of  March  to  the  1st  of 
December  the  bosom  of  this  river  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  great  thoroughfare  of  travel. 
Steamboats  of  the  largest  class,  nowhere  excelled 
for  comfort,  elegance,  and  speed,  run  back  and 
forth  continually  between  New  York  and  Albany 
or  Troy;  making  the  trip  of  150  or  160  miles  in 
from  10  to  12  hours  running  time,  and  touching 
at  all  the  principal  places  on  the  route,  to  land 
and  receive  passengers.  One  of  the  most  striking 
and  peculiar  features  of  the  scenery  on  the  Hud- 
son is  that  of  the  Palisades,  a  designation  given 
to  a  majestic  range  of  columnar  rock,  varying  in 
height  from  50  feet  to  300  and  even  400  feet,  and 
walling  in  the  stream  for  about  20  miles  from 
Weehawken  to  Piermont.  For  a  great  part 
of  the  distance,  on  the  western  shore,  they  rise 
almost  perpendicularly  from  the  water's  edge. 
The  shores  of  the  Hudson  between  New  York 
and  Albany  are  studded  with  bustling  towns, 
and  beautiful  villas,  and  country  seats;  which, 
mingling  with  the  bold  and  picturesque  features 
of  the  natural  scenery,  render  the  passage  up  and 


202 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


down  upon  its  waters  one  of  the  most  inviting  any 
where  to  be  enjoyed. 

Humboldt  Lake,  Uh.,  lies  E.  from  Pyramid 
Lake  and  receives  the  waters  of  Humboldt  River. 

Humboldt  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  E.  from  North 
Red  Kiver. 

Humboldt  River.  It  rises  in  two  large  forks 
among  the  Humboldt  Mts,  flows  in  a  circuitous 
S.  W.  direction,  and  empties  into  Humboldt  Lake. 

Hnmboldt  River  Mountains,  Uh.,  lie  in  the  N. 
interior  of  the  state,  and  run  nearly  N.  and  S. 

Humphrey's  Creek,  Ballard  co..  Ky.,  flows  N.  W., 
and  empties  into  the  Ohio. 

Humquolques  River  and  Pond,  Me.,  are  situat- 
ed in  Aroostook  and  Penobscot  counties.  The 
river  is  a  branch  of  Aroostook  River. 

Hunger's  Creek,  Northampton  co.,  Va.  A  small 
inlet  from  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Hungry  Bay,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  a  large  ex- 
panse of  water  in  the  E.  part  of  Lake  Ontario. 
Black  and  Chaumont  Rivers  empty  into  it 
through  bays  of  the  same  name. 

Hunter's  Island,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  is  attached  to  the  town 
of  Pel  ham. 

Hunting  Islands,  Beaufort  district,  S.  C.  This 
group  lies  between  St.  Helena  Sound  and  Broad 
River,  and  S.  E.  from  St.  Helena  Island. 

Huntington  Bay  is  situated  in  the  town  of  Hunt- 
ington,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long 
Island,  between  Eaton's  and  Lloyd's  Necks.  It 
is  a  safe  harbor,  and  abounds  with  shell  and  scale 
fish  and  wild  fowl. 

Huntington  River.  Vt.,  waters  the  towns  of 
Lincoln,  Starksborough,  and  Huntington.  and 
joins  Winooski  River  in  Richmond.  Its  course 
is  very  rapid.  Length  about  20  miles. 

Huron  Bay,  Hough  ton  co.,  Mn.,  lies  E.  from 
Keewaiwona  Bay,  and  communicates  on  the  N. 
with  Lake  Superior. 

Huron  Islands,  Mn.  A  small  group  lying  in 
Lake  Superior,  at  the  mouth  of  Huron  Bay. 

Huron,  Lake.  One  of  the  five  great  lakes  of 
North  America,  and  the  third  of  the  chain,  pro- 
ceeding W.,  lying  between  Canada  West  and  the 
United  States.  This  extensive  sheet  of  water 
is  nearly  divided,  by  the  peninsula  of  Canada 
West  and  by  the  chain  of  Manitou  Islands  in 
the  N.  part,  forming,  with  this  peninsula,  almost 
a  continuous  land  barrier,  into  three  sections,  the 
largest  of  which,  lying  S.  of  the  islands,  may  be 
called  Lake  Huron  Proper,  while  that  directly  N. 
of  this  range  of  islands  has  been  denominated, 
by  Tanner,  Manitou  Bay,  and  that  which  is 
nearly  cut  off  by  the  peninsula  and  the  N.  pro- 
jection of  Great  Manitou  Island,  lying  to  the 
N.  E.,  has,  by  the  same  authority,  been  named 
Lake  Irpquois,  and,  by  others,  the  Georgian  Bay. 
A  considerable  arm  of  the  lake,  also,  on  the 
S.  W.,  stretching  into  the  state  of  Michigan,  has 
received  the  name  of  Saginaw  Bay.  Irrespec- 
tive of  these  different  sections,  Huron  Proper 
lies  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  stretching 
from  the  Straits  of  Michilimackinac  to  the  head 
of  the  River  St.  Clair,  a  distance,  upon  the  middle 
curve,  of  260  miles.  The  greatest  breadth,  inde- 
pendent of  the  bays,  is  about  70  miles,  and  the 
superficial  extent  about  20,000  square  miles. 
The  depth  of  this  portion  of  the  lake  is  very 
great,  being  at  least  1000  feet  deep  towards  the 
W.  shore,  which  is  its  deepest  part.  Like  all  the 
other  lakes,  however,  it  is  generally  shallow  near 
the  shores,  though  it  has  several  fine  harbors. 


It  receives  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior  through 
St.  Mary's  Strait,  and  those  of  Lake  Michigan 
through    the    Straits    of    Michilimackinac,    and 
discharges   its  own  waters,   through   the   River 
St.  Clair,  into  Lake  Erie.     The  waters  also  of 
several  small  lakes  are  received  from  the  N.  W., 
the  principal  of  which  are  Lake  Nipissing  and 
Lake  Simcoe,  which  empty  themselves,  by  rivers 
of  a  few  miles'  extent,  into  the  Georgian  Bay. 
This   bay,  or  lake,   as   it  might   be  separately 
regarded,  lies  nearly  in  the  form  of  an  ellipse, 
connected  with  the"  body  of  Lake  Huron,  and 
with  Manitou  Bay,  at  its  N.  W.  extremity.     It 
is  140  miles  long  by  70  miles  wide,  having  an 
area  of  about  7000  square  miles.    Manitou  Bay, 
which  is  that  section  of  the  lake  lying  directly 
N.  of  the  great  chain  of  islands,  is  in  length,  from 
E.  to  W.,  80  miles,  with  an  average  breadth  of 
20  miles.     Its  area  is  about  1600  square  miles. 
Taken  in  its  whole  extent,  as  including  the  sec- 
tions  here  described,  with  the  islands  between 
them,   Lake   Huron   covers   an   area   of  nearly 
29,000  square  miles.     The  number  of  islands  in 
Lake  Huron  is  very  great.    Among  them,  the 
chain  which  has  been  already  mentioned,  retain- 
ing their  Indian  name  of  Manitou  (Great  Spirit) 
Islands,  includes  all  which  are  worthy  of  special 
notice.     Theie  are  divided  into  the  Great  Mani- 
tou and  Little  Manitou  Islands,  besides  which, 
at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  chain,  is  one  which  is 
called  Drummond's  Island.     Great  Manitou  is 
much  the  largest  of  the  series,  being  in  length 
about  90  miles,  E.  and  W.,  and  in  breadth,  in 
the  widest  part,  about  30  miles.     The  boundary 
between  the  United  States  and  Canada  passes 
along   the   middle  of  Huron   Proper  from   the 
outlet  of  St.  Clair  River  225  miles,  and  thence, 
between  Drummond  and  Little  Manitou  Islands, 
and  over  the  W.  end  of  Manitou  Bay,  to  the  in- 
flux of  the  N.  branch  of  St.  Mary's  River.     This 
lake  holds  a  very  important  position  as  a  com- 
mercial link  in  the  chain  of  internal  navigation. 
The  main  lake  opens  a  spacious  communication 
from  Lake  Erie,  both  into  Lake  Superior  and 
Lake   Michigan ;   and  being   connected   with   a 
series  of  smaller  lakes  and  rivers,  extending  from 
the  S.  E.  angle  of  the  Georgian  Bay  almost  to 
the  N.  W.  angle  of  Lake  Ontario,  it  affords  great 
facilities   for  completing   a  separate  and   much 
shorter  channel   of  transportation   between  the 
ports  of  Lake  Ontario  and  those  of  Michigan 
and  Superior.     An  expenditure,  comparatively 
moderate  in  improvements  of  this  kind,  might 
reduce   the  distance  full  one   half  between  the 
head  of  the  River  St.  Lawrence  and  the  head  of 
Lake  Huron.     This  is  a  matter  which  has  long 
ago  attracted  attention,  and  which,  in  this  age 
of  commercial  enterprise,  may  not  improbably 
ere  long  be  acted  upon. 

Huron  River,  O.  This  river  rises  in  Richland 
co.,  flows  through  Huron  and  Erie  counties,  and 
falls  into  Lake  Erie  at  Huron.  It  is  navigable 
6  or  7  miles. 

Huron  River,  Mn.,  rises  in  Oakland  and  Liv- 
ingston counties,  and  flows  90  miles,  to  its 
entrance  into  Lake  Erie,  below  the  mouth  of  De- 
troit River.  This  river  and  its  branches  afford 


extensive  water  pnvi 

Huron  River,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  This  small 
stream  flows  N.,  and  empties  into  Lake  Superior 
E.  from  Huron  Bay. 

Hurricane  Creek,  Stewart  co.,  Te.,  empties  into 
the  Tennessee  River. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


203 


Hurricane  River,  Schoolcraft  co.,  Mn.  A 
small  stream  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  county,  and 
emptying  into  Lake  Superior. 

Hutchinson's  Island,  St.  Lucie  co.,  Fa.  A  large 
island  lying  between  St.  L'ucra  Sound  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

Ibberville  River,  La.  This  river  leaves  the  Mis- 
sissippi, of  which  it  is  an  outlet,  14  miles  below 
Baton  Rouge,  and  flows  20  miles  into  Amite 
River.  The  Mississippi  flows  into  it  at  high 
flood  only. 

Illinois  Creek,  As.  This  stream  rises  in  Van 
Buren  and  Pope  counties,  flows  S.  S.  W.,  and 
empties  into  the  Arkansas. 

Illinois  River.  The  Illinois  River  has  its  entire 
course  within  the  state  to  which  its  name  has  been 
given.  Its  upper  tributaries  take  their  rise  in  In- 
diana and  Wisconsin.  Those  coming  from  Indi- 
ana are  the  Kankakee  and  the  Iroquois ;  those 
from  Wisconsin  are  the  Des  Plaines  and  the  Fox 
Rivers.  The  two  former  unite,  after  flowing  W. 
in  a  curve  corresponding  with  the  S.  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan,  in  the  N.  part  of  Iroquois  coun- 
ty, Illinois ;  and  thence  their  waters  flow  still  W. 
until  they  unite  with  those  of  the  Des  Plaines 
corning  from  the  N.  After  the  confluence  of  the 
Kankakee  with  the  Des  Plaines,  the  river  takes 
the  name  of  Illinois.  From  this  point  it  flows 
nearly  W.  to  Hennepin,  in  Putnam  co.,  or  almost 
to  this  place,  receiving  Fox  River  from  the  N., 
at  Ottawa,  and  Vermilion  River  from  the  S.  E., 
near  the  foot  of  the  rapids.  Its  course  then  turns 
to  the  S.  and  S.  W.,  in  which  direction  mainly 
it  flows  as  far  as  Naples,  in  Morgan  co.,  receiving 
the  Spoon  River  from  the  W.,  and  the  Sangamon 
from  the  E.  From  Naples  it  flows  S.  until  it 
approaches  within  a  few  miles  of  the  Mississippi, 
when  it  curves  to  the  S.  E.,  and  afterwards  to  the 
E.,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Mississippi,  a  few 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri.  Its  length, 
exclusive  of  its  windings,  is  about  260  miles.  It  is 
navigable  210  miles,  to  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  and, 
in  high  water,  9  miles  farther,  to  Ottawa.  Below 
the  rapids  the  character  of  the  river  approaches 
to  that  of  a  tortuous  canal,  occasionally  widening 
into  swells  which  appear  similar  to  lakes.  Upon 
the  W.  shore  of  one  of  these  beautiful  expansions 
of  the  river  the  flourishing  town  of  Peoria  is  sit- 
uated. The  navigable  part  of  the  river  has  a 
gentle  current,  unbroken  by  rapids,  and  peculiarly 
favorable  to  a  safe  and  easy  commerce  by  steam- 
boats. From  its  relative  position  the  Illinois  is  a 
river  of  great  importance  as  a  connecting  link  in 
the  chain  of  internal  navigable  waters.  The  Il- 
linois Canal,  of  100  miles  in  length,  connects  its 
navigable  waters  Vith  those  of  Lake  Michigan  at 
Chicago ;  thus  opening  a  communication  for  com- 
merce between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  between  the  whole  country  bordering 
on  the  great  lakes  and  the  ports  of  New  Orleans 
and  the  Atlantic.  The  valley  of  the  Illinois  in 
its  widest  part,  from  the  sources  of  the  Sanga- 
mon River  on  the  E.,  to  the  sources  of  the  Spoon 
River  on  the  W.,  is  120  miles  in  breadth.  In  the 
N.  part,  however,  branching  into  two  long,  nar- 
row arms,  the  mean  breadth  does  not  exceed  60 
miles.  In  this  portion  it  encircles  the  S.  part  of 
Lake  Michigan  for  a  distance  of  about  200  miles. 
The  area  included  in  this  basin  is  about  24,000 
square  miles. 

Illinois  River,  In.  Ter.,  rising  in  Benton  and 
Washington  counties,  As.,  passes  into  the  In. 


Ter.,  and  flows  south  into  Arkansas  River,  4  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Canadian  River.  There  are 
salt  springs  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Independence  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Hamilton  co., 
flows  W.,  and  enters  Black  River  in  Lewis  co. 

Indian  Creek,  S.  C.  A  branch  of  the  Sunoree 
River,  which  it  enters  in  Newberry  district. 

Indian  Creek,  Te.,  formed  in  Wayne  co.,  by  the 
junction  of  Indian  River  and  Rutherford's  Creek,    ' 
flows  N.  W.,  and  enters  the  Tennessee  in  Har- 
din  co. 

Indian  Creek.  Is.  This  stream  rises  in  the  S. 
W.  part  of  Clark  co.,  and  flows  S.  W.,  across 
Floyd  and  Harrison  counties,  into  the  Ohio 
River. 

Indian  Fields,  N.  Y.,  are  a  part  of  the  peninsula 
of  Montauk,  on  the  E.  extremity  of  Long  Island. 
The  surface  is  very  rough,  yet  the  soil  is  gen- 
erally good,  affording  fine  pasturage.  A  rem- 
nant of  the  Montauk  tribe  of  Indians  still  resides 
here. 

Indian  Hut  Island,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  near  the  Thousand 
Islands,  and  is  attached  to  the  town  of  Hammond.  * 

Indian  River,  Me.,  is  a  small  stream,  watering 
the  town  of  Addison,  Washington  co. 

Indian  River,  N.  Y.  and  Vt.  This  small  stream 
rises  in  Rupert,  Vt.,  waters  the  corner  of  Pawlet, 
and  joins  Pawlet  River,  in  Granville,  N.  Y. — 
Another  small  stream  of  th.is  name  waters  the 
towns  of  Essex  and  Colchester,  Vt.,  and  empties 
into  Colchester  Bay. 

Indian  Lake,  Hamilton  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  mountainous  region  of  country, 
covered  with  deep  forests  of  pine,  spruce,  birch, 
and  poplar,  which,  contrasted  with  the  smooth 
waters  of  the  lake,  present  a  scene  of  remarkable 
beauty.  The  mountain  peaks  attain  an  eleva- 
tion of  from  1500  to  2000  feet  above  the  surround- 
ing country.  The  lake  is  4  miles  long,  1  mile 
wide,  and  abounds  in  various  kinds  of  fish. 

Indian  River,  N.  Y.,  the  outlet  of  Indian  Lake, 
flows  N.  E.,  and  enters  the  Hudson,  in  Essex  co. 

Indian  River,  N.  Y.  This  stream  rises  in  Lewis 
co.,  flows  N.  W.,  through  Jefferson,  and  enters 
Black  Lake,  in  St.  Lawrence  co.  The  outlet  of 
the  lake  flows  into  Oswegatchie  River,  which 
enters  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Ogdensburg  village. 

Indian  River,  Sussex  co.,  De.,  drains  the  E.  part 
of  the  co.,  and  empties  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Indian  Rivei;  Fa.  The  length  of  this  river, 
from  its  head  branches  to  Juniper  Narrows,  is 
about  100  miles.  Its  width  and  depth  are  ex- 
tremely variable.  In  some  places  it  is  4  miles 
wide;  in  others,  not  50  yards.  The  depth  of 
water  is  greatest  when  the  S.  inlets  are  closed. 
It  runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  E.  coast  of  the 
state,  its  course  being  a  little  E.  of  S. 

Indian  Stream,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  is  the  princi- 
pal and  most  N.  source  of  Connecticut  River.  It 
rises  in  the  Highlands,  near  the  N.  border  of  the 
state,  and  pursuing  a  S.  W.  course,  unites  with 
the  E.  branch  flowing  from  Connecticut  Lake. 

Inlet  of  Cayuga  Lake,  N.  Y.,  has  been  rendered 
navigable  for  1  mile  S.  of  the  lake,  by  the  canal 
commissioners.  There  is  now  a  toll  taken  for  all 
boats  passing  and  repassing  to  Ithaca  village. 

Inonque  River,  Ts.  A  head  branch  of  Brazos 
River. 

Inquest  Creek,  Io.,  rises  in  Appanoose  and 
Monroe  counties,  flows  E.  across  Davis  and  a 
corner  of  Van  Buren  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Des 
Moines  River  in  Wapello  co. 


204 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Intpah  River,  Ma.  A  W.  branch  of  the  Mine- 
sota,  or  St.  Peter's  River. 

Inyan  Reakah,  or  River  of  the  Rock.  It  rises  in 
Ma.,  flows  S.  W.  across  the  N.  W.  angle  of  Iowa, 
and  falls  into  the  Tchankasndata,  or  Sioux  River. 

Inyan  Yankey,  or  Little  Sioux  River,  lo.  This 
large  river  rises  in  a  number  of  lakes,  on  the  N. 
border  of  the  state,  flows  in  a  S.  direction,  re- 
ceiving numerous  large  tributaries,  and  empties 
into  the  Missouri. 

Iowa  River,  lo.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state, 
and  passes  between  200  and  300  miles  S.  E. 
to  the  River  Mississippi,  in  Louisa  co.  It  is 
navigable  from  the  Mississippi  to  Iowa  City  at 
all  seasons.  This  is  a  beautiful  stream,  and  its 
waters  are  exceedingly  clear. 

Ipswich  River,  Essex  co.,  Ms.     See  Ipswich. 

Iron  River,  Mn.  A  small  stream  draining  the 
W.  part  of  the  upper  peninsula,  and  falling  into 
Lake  Superior. 

Irondequoit  Bay,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  6  miles 
long,  1  mile  wide,  and  communicates  on  the  N. 
with  Lake  Ontario.  It  abounds  with  the  differ- 
ent kinds  of  fish  peculiar  to  the  lake. 

Irondequoit  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  good  mill  stream, 
rises  in  Ontario  and  Monroe  counties,  and  flows 
N.  into  Irondequoit  Bay. 

Iroquois  Point,  Chippewa  co.,  Mn.,  extends  into 
the  S.  part  of  Tahquamenaw  Bay. 

Irving  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  N.  E.  from  Cass 
Lake,  and  connected  on  the  S.  with  the  Missis- 
sippi River. 

Ischua  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Cattaraugus  co., 
flows  S.  into  Oil  Creek,  which  enters  the  Alle- 
ghany  River  at  Olean  village. 

Isinglass  River,  N.  H.,  rises  in  ponds  in  Bar- 
rington  and  Straffbrd,  and  joins  the  Cocheco 
in  Rochester. 

Islands  in  Boston  Harbor.     See  Boston. 

Isle  au  Chats.  N.  Y.,  are  two  islands  lying  in  the 
St.  Lawrence,  between  which  the  boundary  line 
dividing  the  U.  S.  from  Canada  passes.  The  E. 
one  belongs  to  the  town  of  Louisville,  St.  Law- 
rence co. 

Isle  au  Gallop,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is  attached  to  the  town 
of  Lisbon. 

Isle  au  Rapid,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is  attached  to  the 
town  of  Madrid. 

Isles  of  Shoals.  These  islands,  8  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  Portsmouth  harbor,  N.  H.,  are  seven 
in  number,  viz. :  Hog,  Smutty  Nose,  Star,  Duck, 
White,  Malaga,  and  Londoner  Islands.  Hog 
contains  350  acres  of  rock,  and  its  greatest  ele- 
vation is  57  feet  above  high  water  mark.  Smutty 
Nose  contains  about  250  acres  of  rock  and  soil  — 
greatest  elevation  45  feet.  Star  Island  contains 
about  180  acres  of  rock  and  soil,  and  its  height 
is  55  feet.  These  islands,  as  a  town,  are  called 
Gosport.  Star  and  Smutty  Nose  are  inhabited 
by  fishermen,  who  carry  on  considerable  business 
in  their  way,  supplying  Portsmouth  and  the 
neighboring  towns  with  fresh  fish,  and  sending 
large  quantities  of  cured  fish  to  Boston  and  other 
places.  The  celebrated  dun  fish  are  found  here, 
which  have  heretofore  been  considered  a  distinct 
species  of  the  cod.  They  differ,  however,  from 
the  common  cod  only  in  the  circumstance  of 
their  being  caught  and  cured  in  winter.  Star 
Island  and  Smutty  Nose  are  connected  by  a  sea 
wall,  built  at  the  expense  of  government,  for  the 
purpose  of  breaking  a  strong  S.  E.  current  pass- 


ing between  them,  and  forming  a  safe  anchorage 
on  the  N.  W.  side  of  it.  These  objects  have  been 
attained,  and  the  miniature  fleet  of  the  shoalers, 
riding  at  anchor  in  this  artificial  harbor,  is  no  un- 
pleasant sight.  Smutty  Nose  and  Malaga  are 
connected  by  a  sea  wall,  built  at  the  expense  of 
Mr.  Haley,  "the  King  of  the  Shoals."  This 
wall,  14  rods  in  length,  13  feet  in  height,  and  from 
20  to  30  feet  in  width,  effectually  secures  Haley's 
Inlet  and  Wharf  from  the  easterly  storms,  although 
the  waves  not  unfrequently  break  over  it  in  a 
severe  storm.  There  are  a  few  spots  of  dry  soil 
upon  them  under  cultivation.  The  Shoals  are  a 
pleasant  resort  for  water  parties,  and  their  de- 
lightful, bracing  air  cannot  be  otherwise  than 
advantageous  to  those  who  are  in  want  of  pure 
sea  breezes.  See  Hayward's  New  England  Gaz- 
etteer. 

Isle  Presque  River,  Me.,  has  its  source  in  a  pond 
near  the  centre  of  Aroostook  co..  and  flows  in  a 
N.  direction  into  Aroostook  River. 

Israel's  River,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  is  formed  by 
cataracts  which  descend  from  the  summits  of 
Mounts  Adams  and  Jefferson,  and  running  N.  W. 
it  passes  through  Randolph  and  Jefferson,  falling 
into  the  Connecticut  in  Lancaster.  This  beauti- 
ful stream  received  its  name  from  Israel  Glines, 
a  hunter,  who  frequented  these  regions  long  before 
the  settlement  of  the  country. 

Istopoga,  Lake,  St.  Lucie  co.,  Fa.,  lies  N.  W. 
from  Lake  Macaco,  and  connects  by  an  outlet 
with  Kissimee  River. 

Itasca  Lake,  Ma.  This  small  lake  is  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  the  head  branch  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  It  connects  with  other  smaller  lakes,  and 
contains  Schoolcraft  Island. 

lyanke  Lake,  lo.  A  small  sheet  of  water  situ- 
ated near  the  N.  border  of  the  state. 

lyedan  Lake,  or  Lac  qui  Parle,  Ma.  An  en- 
largement of  the  Minesota  or  St.  Peter's  River, 
just  above  Intpah  River. 

Izuzah  River,  Ma.  A  W.  tributary  of  Minesota 
or  St.  Peter's  River,  which  it  enters  just  below 
•Big  Stone  Lake. 

Jack's  Fork,  Mo.  A  tributary  of  Current  Riv- 
er, which  it  enters  from  the  W.  hear  Chilton. 

Jackson's  Hill,  Blandford,  Ms.    Height  1717ft 

Jackson's  Lake,  On.  It  lies  S.  E.  from  the 
Three  Tetons,  peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  is 
the  source  of  the  Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

Jackson's  River,  Va.  This  river  rises  in  Warm 
Spring  Mts.,  and  unites  with  Cowpasture  River 
to  form  James  River.  Falling  Springs,  one  of 
its  head  branches,  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  200 
feet. 

Jacob* sftiver,  N.  C.,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Burke 
co..  flows  N.  E.,  and  unites  with  Henry's  River  to 
form  the  Little  Catawba. 

Jamaica  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lies  on  the  S.  side  of  Long 
Island,  and  opens  into  the  Atlantic  by  several 
inlets.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  but 
little  water,  and  contains  several  low,  marshy 
islands.  Fish  and  wild  fowl  are  abundant. 

Jamany,  Lake,  Leon  co.,  Fa.,  lies  a  little  E.  of 
N.  from  Tallahassee. 

James  Island,  Colleton  district,  S.  C.  This 
island  extends  from  Charleston  harbor  on  the 
N.  E.  to  Stone  Inlet  on  the  S.  W. 

James  Island,  Fa.  This  island  lies  between 
Ocklockony  River  on  the  N.,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
on  the  E.,  St.  George's  Sound  on  the  S.,  and 
Crooked  River  on  the  W. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


205 


James  River,  Va.,  is  formed  by  the  conflu- 
ence of  Jackson  and  Cowpasture  Rivers,  which 
rise  in  the  Alleghany  Mts.,  and  run  in  S.  W. 
courses,  nearly  parallel  to  e^ch  other,  for  about 
50  miles,  until  they  form  a  junction  near  the 
N.  W.  angle  of  Bottetourt  co.  The  river  here 
assumes  a  S.  course  for  a  few  miles,  and  receives 
Craig's  Creek  from  the  S.  It  then  takes  a  more 
easterly  direction,  bearing  first  S.  E.,  then  N.  E., 
about  35  miles,  to  the  W.  base  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  where  it  receives  the  North  River  from 
Augusta  co.  Here  the  river  begins  to  break 
through  the  Blue  Ridge,  and,  being  now  a  fine 
navigable  stream,  it  traverses  a  gap  in  this  moun- 
tain range  about  15  miles  N.  E.  of  the  Peaks  of 
Otter.  Its  general  course  through  the  mountains 
is  S.  E.,  in  which  course  it  continues  for  30  miles 
farther,  forming  the  dividing  line  between  Am- 
hcrst  co.  on  the  N.  and  Bedford  and  Campbell 
counties  on  the  S.  Here,  traversing  another  lat- 
eral chain  of  mountains,  the  river  is  inflected  to 
the  N.  E.,  and  pursues  this  course  40  miles,  be- 
tween Amherst  and  Nelson  counties  on  the  N, 
and  Appomattox  and  Buckingham  on  the  S.  It 
then  assumes  a  course  a  little  S.  of  E.,  which  it 
pursues  in  general  about  70  miles,  to  the  head 
of  tide  water,  separating  Albemarle,  Fluvanna, 
Goochland,  and  Henrico  counties  on  the  left, 
from  Buckingham,  Cumberland.  Powhattan,  and 
Chesterfield  on  the  right.  It  receives  the  Appo- 
mattox River  from  the  S.  at  City  Point,  34  miles 
below  Richmond.  This  is  the  largest  tributary 
of  James  River,  being  about  150  miles  long,  and 
navigable  for  large  merchant  vessels  20  miles,  to 
Petersburg,  and  for  boats  through  nearly  its 
whole  course.  After  meeting  the  tide,  James 
River  increases  considerably  in  width,  and  con- 
tinues by  comparative  courses  about  100  miles 
in  a  S.  E.  course,  until  it  passes  through  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  and  merges  in  Chesapeake  Bay, 
between  Old  Point  Comfort  and  Point  Willough- 
by.  The  whole  distance  from  the  farthest  source 
of  James  River  in  the  Alleghany  Mts.,  to  its 
mouth,  following  all  the  windings  of  the  stream, 
is  about  500  miles.  Its  comparative  length 
through  the  centre  of  its  valley  is  about  370 
miles.  A  line  drawn  in  a  S.  S.  W.  direction  from 
Old  Point  Comfort  to  the  Alleghany  Mts.  225 
miles,  will  pass  very  nearly  through  the  centre 
of  that  portion  of  the  valley  of  James  River 
which  lies  E.  of  the  mountains.  Its  broadest 
part,  including  those  of  its  confluents,  is  W.  of 
the  mountains,  where  it  has  a  width  of  90  miles  ; 
but  the  mean  width  of  the  entire  valley  is  about 
45  miles,  and  its  area  something  over  10,100 
square  miles.  Lynchburg  on  the  S.  side,  and 
Richmond  on  the  N.,  are  the  principal  places 
on  James  River.  The  riveris  navigable  for  ships 
of  large  size  as  far  as  Jamestown.  Vessels  of 
200  tons  may  go  up  to  Warwick,  and  of  120  tons 
to  Rockets,  the  port  of  Richmond.  110  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Here  are  falls  which  entirely 
obstruct  ship  navigation.  A  canal,  however, 
connects  the  tide  waters  below  with  the  beatable 
waters  above  the  falls,  at  Richmond,  which  are 
thence  navigable  for  bateaux  220  miles.  The 
first  English  settlement  in  the  United  States  was 
made  on  this  river  in  1608.  It  was  on  a  point 
of  land  projecting  into  the  river  from  the  north 
side,  32  miles  from  its  mouth.  A  few  ruins  are 
all  that  now  remain  of  this  ancient  and  once 
important  place. 

James  River,  Mo.,  pursues  a  S.  S.  W.  course 


through  Greene  and  Taney  counties,  and  falls 
into  White  River. 

Jefferson  Mount,  On.  This  is  an  elevated  peak 
of  the  Cascade  range,  situated  S.  from  Mount 
Hood. 

Jeffrey's  Creek,  S.  C.,  falls  into  the  Great  Pedee 
River  in  Ion.  79°  29'  W.  and  lat.  34°  8'  N. 

Jessup,  Lake,  Orange  co.,  Fa.,  lies  S.  from  Lake 
Monroe,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet. 

Jessup's  or  Indian  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Hamil- 
ton co.,  and  flows  N.  E.  into  Indian  Lake. 

Jewell's  Island,  Me.,  lies  in  Casco  Bay,  off  the 
town  of  Cumberland,  Cumberland  co.,  and  about 
10  miles  E.  of  Portland.  « 

Jilico  Creek.  A  small  stream  rising  in  the  N. 
part  of  Campbell  co.,  Te.,  and  flowing  N.  into  the 
Cumberland  River,  which  it  enters  in  Whitely  co., 
Ky. 

Jocoe  Fork,  On.,  rises  among  the  Rocky  Mts., 
flows  W.,  and  empties  into  Clark's  Fork  of  the 
Columbia  River. 

Joe's  Pond,  Vt.     See  Danville. 

Joe's  Rock  Hill,  Wrentham,  Ms.  Height  486 
feet. 

Johns  River, N.  H.,  a  branch  of  the  Connecticut, 
has  its  principal  source  in  Pondicherry  Pond,  in 
the  town  of  Jefferson.  Its  other  branches  rise  in 
Carroll,  Whitefield,  Dalton,  and  Lancaster. 

John's  River,  N.  C.,  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge, 
Burke  co.,  and  empties  into  the  Catawba. 

John  Day's  River,  On.  A  large  stream  rising 
among  the  Blue  Mts.,  and  flowing  N.  W.  into 
Columbia  River. 

Johnson's  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Niagara  co.,  flows 
N.  E.,  and  empties  into  Lake  Ontario  in  Or- 
leans co. 

Jonathan's  Creek,  Ky.  A  small  branch  of  the 
Tennessee  River,  which  it  enters  in  Marshall  co. 

Jones  Creek,  Kent  co.,  De.  This  stream  rises 
in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  county,  and  flows  S.  E. 
into  Delaware  Bay. 

Jones  Creek,  Ware  co.,  Ga.  This  stream,  which 
is  one  of  the  head  branches  of  the  Suwanee,  flows 
through  the  W.  part  of  Okefinokee  Swamp,  and 
unites  with  the  Suwanuchee  near  Fort  Gilmer. 

Jones  Creek,  Mclntosh  co.,  Ga.  A  branch  of 
the  Alatamaha. 

Jones  Falls  Creek,  Baltimore  co.,  Md.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Patapsco  River,  which  it  enters  at 
Baltimore. 

Johnson's  Creek,  Ky.  A  branch  of  Licking 
River,  which  it  enters'from  the  E.  in  Nicholas  co. 

Judith,  Point,  R.  L,  is  situated  in  the  town  of 
South  Kingston,  1 1  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Newport, 
in  N.  lat.  41°  24',  W.  Ion.  71°  35'.  A  light-house, 
the  tower  of  which  is  35  feet  high,  was  erected 
here  in  1810.  The  Point  is  about  midway  be- 
tween Vineyard  and  Long  Island  Sounds,  Mon- 
tauk,  on  Long  Island,  being  about  30  miles  S.  W., 
and  Gay  Head,  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  E.  by  S. 
about  35  miles. 

Juliet  Lake,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  A  small  sheet 
of  water  lying  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  county. 

Juniala  River,  Pa.  This  river  is  formed  by  the 
Raystown  and  Franktowu  branches,  which  rise 
at  the  foot  of  the  Alleghany  Mts.  It  unites  with 
the  Susquehanna  15  miles  above  Harrisburg. 
Its  length  is  about  200  miles.  The  Pa.  Canal  runs 
parallel  with  the  Juniata  and  Franktown  Rivers 
to  Hollidaysburg. 

Jykill  Island  and  Sound,  Ga.  They  are  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Turtle  and  Scilla  Rivers,  on  the 
S.  E.  shore  of  Glynn  co. 


206 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


KaatersMl,  N.  Y.  This  river  rises  in  Hunter. 
Greene  co.,  among  the  Catskill  Mts.,  flows  N.  W., 
and  enters  Catskill  Creek  in  the  town  of  Catskill. 
It  is  formed  by  the  outlets  of  two  little  lakes 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumference.  At 
Pine  Orchard,  near  the  Mountain  House,  are  a 
series  of  beautiful  falls,  which  are  much  visited 
by  travellers.  The  water  falls  perpendicularly 
175  feet,  and,  after  resting  a  moment  on  a  ledge 
of  rock,  falls  85  feet  more,  making  a  total  descent 
of  260  feet.  It  then  rushes  through  a  dark  ravine 
into  the  valley  of  the  Catskill. 
Kaatsberq  Mountains.  See  Catskill  Mountains. 
Kabitawi  River,  Ma.  This  river  rises  in  two 
forks  S.  W.  from  the  source  of  Rum  River,  flows 
S.  W.  for  some  distance,  and  then  turning  to  the 
S.  E.,  empties  into  the  Mississippi. 

Kadikomeg  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  N.  E.  from 
Gayashk  Lake,  and  connected  through  Pine  River 
with  the  Mississippi. 

Kagino  Lake,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  Situated 
near  the  centre  of  the  county,  at  the  head  of  one 
of  the  main  branches  of  Bad  River. 

Kalamazoo  River,  Mn.  This  river  rises  in 
Hillsdale  co.,  and  after  a  winding  W.  N.  W.  course 
of  200  miles,  through  Calhoun,  Kalamazoo,  and 
Allegan  counties,  enters  Lake  Michigan  41  miles 
N.  of  St.  Joseph  River,  and  29  S.  of  Grand  River. 
Its  average  depth  for  8  miles  from  its  mouth  is 
1 2  feet.  At  low  water  the  bar  at  its  mouth  has 
but  6  or  7  feet.  It  is  navigable  38  miles,  to  Alle- 
gan, for  boats  of  50  tons.  The  water  power  of 
the  river  and  its  branches  is  extensive. 

Kandiotta  Lake,  Ma.  One  of  the  principal 
sources  of  the  Psihu  or  Wild  Rice  River. 

Kanhawa  River,  N.  C.  and  Va.  The  Great 
Kanhawa  River  has  its  most  remote  sources  in 
Ashe  co..  N.  C.,  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the 
main  Appalachian  chain,  there  denominated  the 
Iron  Mountain,  though  the  river  is  not  known  as 
the  Kanhawa  until  after  it  leaves  this  state  and 
traverses  several  counties  in  Virginia,  having  in 
its  course  broken  through  the  Iron  Mountain,  and 
also  the  Western  chain  of  the  Alleghanies,  and 
received  from  the  N.  E.  the  two  important  tribu- 
taries, the  Green  Brier  and  Gauley  Rivers.  Above 
the  Gauley,  which  enters  in  Nicholas  co.,  the  river 
is  known  as  New  River,  and  below  as  the  Great 
Kanhawa.  Its  course  in  N.  C.,  and,  so  long  as  it 
continues  to  traverse  the  region  of  the  mountains, 
in  Va.,  is,  in  the  main,  N.  and  N.  E.  In  Mont- 
gomery co.  it  turns  to  the  N.  W.,  and,  breaking 
through  the  western  chain  of  the  Alleghany 
Mts.,  continues  this  general  course  to  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Ohio.  Besides  the  tributaries  that 
have  been  mentioned  above,  it  receives  the  Elk 
River  from  the  N.  and  Coal  Biver  from  the  S., 
both  entering  it  in  Kanhawa  co.  It  falls  into  the 
Ohio  at  Point  Pleasant,  in  Mason  co.,  lat.  38°  52' 
N.  The  entire  length  of  the  valley  of  the  Great 
Kanhawa,  from  the  point  in  the  Alleghany  Mts. 
where  the  river  turns  towards  the  Ohio,  to  its 
mouth,  is  about  200  miles.  The  greatest  breadth 
from  the  sources  of  New  River  to  those  of  Green 
Brier  is  about  180  miles,  and  the  mean  breadth 
about  60,  giving  an  area  drained  by  this  river  of 
about  10.800  square  miles.  The  whole  length  of 
the  river  from  its  sources  in  Ashe  co.,  N.  C.,  by 
comparative  courses,  is  about  300  miles,  and  its 
width,  at  its  mouth,  500  yards.  Following  all  the 
windings  of  the  stream,  its  length,  of  course,  is 
considerably  greater  than  that  here  given.  The 
comparative  elevation  of  the  valley  of  the  Great 


Kanhawa,  as  a  physical  section  of  the  country, 
is  its  most  remarkable  feature,  having  an  altitude, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  of  525  feet  above  the 
tide  waters  of  the  Atlantic,  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountains  of  1585  feet,  and  at  the  sources  of 
New  River  of  about  2500  feet.  The  valley  of 
the  Great  Kanhawa,  proper,  below  the  confluence 
of  the  Gauley,  lies  between  that  of  the  Little 
Kanhawa  on  the  N.  E.  and  that  of  Guyandot  on 
the  S.  The  most  important  enterprise  of  inter- 
nal improvement  in  Va.  is  that  undertaken  by 
the  James  River  Navigation  Company,  first  char- 
tered in  1784,  on  the  line  of  the  James  and  Kan- 
hawa Rivers,  and  the  intervening  space,  with  a 
view  to  connect  the  commerce  of  the  Ohio  with 
the  Atlantic.  A  portion  of  their  outlay  has  been 
expended  upon  the  Kanhawa,  but  the  principal 
part  upon  the  more  eastern  sections  of  the  route, 
while  much  more  remains  to  be  done  to,  complete 
all  the  improvements  projected. 

Kankakee  River,  Is.  This  stream  rises  in  the 
N.  part  of  la.,  and,  entering  Is.  in  Will  co.,  it  re- 
ceives Iroquois  Creek  from  the  S.,  and  unites 
with  the  Des  Plaines  to  form  Illinois  River  at 
Dresden. 

Kanranzi  River  rises  in  Ma.,  flows  S.  of  W., 
and  empties  into  the  Inyan  Rekah,  or  River  of 
the  Rock. 

Kansas  River,  In.  Ter.,  has  its  source  between 
the  Platte  and  Arkansas  Rivers,  near  the  Rocky 
Mts.,  and,  receiving  several  large  branches  on  the 
N.  side,  it  enters  the  Missouri  at  the  W.  boundary 
of  the  state  of  Mo.  It  is  340  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth.  Its  whole  length  is  about  1200  miles,  and 
it  is  navigable  900. 

Kaskaskia  River,  Is.  This  large  branch  rises  in 
Champaign  co.,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  7  miles 
below  Kaskaskia  village,  after  a  S.  S.  W.  course 
of  300  miles.  It  is  navigable  to  Vandalia,  150 
miles  from  its  mouth,  at  high  water. 

Katahdin  Mountain,  Me.,  is  situated  in  the  E. 
part  of  Piscataquis  co. 

Kauwemin  River,  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wn.  A 
head  branch  of  Milwaukie  co. 

Kawakomik,  or  Clear  Water  River,  Ma.  A  W. 
tributary  of  the  Mississippi,  which  it  enters  above 
Crow  River. 

Kayaderosseras  Creelc,  N.  Y.,  an  important 
mill  stream,  rises  among  the  Kayaderosseras 
Mts.,  in  Saratoga  co.,  and  flows  S.  E.  into  Sara- 
toga Lake. 

Kayaderosseras  Mountains,  N.  Y.,  extend  60 
miles  in  a  S.  W.  direction,  through  Warren, 
Saratoga,  and  Fulton  counties.  The  height  of 
this  range  between  the  Schroon  branch  of  the 
Hudson  and  Lake  George  is  from  800  to  1200  feet, 
in  Saratoga  co.  from  500  to  800  feet,  and  as  it 
approaches  the  Mohawk,  it  gradually  diminishes. 

Kearsarge  Mountain,  Merrimack  co.,  N.  H.,  lies 
between  the  towns  of  Sutton  and  Salisbury, 
extending  into  both  towns.  It  is  elevated  2461 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  the  highest 
mountain  in  the  county.  Its  summits  are  a  bare 
mass  of  granite,  but  the  sides  are  thickly  wooded. 
The  prospect  from  this  mountain  is.  in  a  clear 
sky,  very  extensive  and  beautiful. 

Keewaiwona  Bay,  Mn.  This  is  a  long,  pointed 
bay,  extending  nearly  to  the  S.  border  of  Hough- 
ton  co.,  between  Point  Abbaye  on  the  E.  and 
Keewaiwona  Point  on  the  W. 

Keewaiwona  Point,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  A  bold 
promontory  extending  into  Lake  Superior  W. 
from  Keewaiwona  Bay.  It  is  drained  by  many 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


207 


small  streams,  and  has  numerous  bays,  harbors, 
and  inlets  on  its  coasts. 

Kenduskeag  Stream,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  rises 
in  Dexter  and  Garland,  winds  in  a  S.  E.  direc- 
tion through  Corinth,  Levant,  and  Dutton,  and 
enters  the  Penobscot  in  the  city  of  Bangor.  It 
is  a  beautiful  and  valuable  mill  stream,  and  has 
many  tributaries. 

Kennebec  River,  Me.  The  first  source  of  this 
important  river  is  Moosehead  Lake,  of  which  it 
is  the  outlet.  From  thence  it  passes  in  a  S.  W. 
course  nearly  20  miles,  where  it  receives  the 
waters  of  Dead  River.  It  then  proceeds  S.  to 
Starks,  about  40  miles,  where  it  receives  the 
waters  of  the  Sandy.  Here  it  changes  its  course, 
E.,  about  12  miles,  passing  Norridgewock  and 
Skowhegan.  It  then  again  changes  its  course  to 
the  S.  till  it  receives  the  waters  of  the  Sebasti- 
cook,  about  15  miles.  It  continues  to  descend 
in  nearly  a  S.  course  to  Hallowell,  about  20 
miles.  Here  it  inclines  to  the  E.  a  few  miles, 
and  then,  resuming  a  S.  course,  and  passing 
through  Merrymeeting  Bay,  where  it  receives 
the  Androscoggin  River,  it  passes  Bath,  and 
meets  the  ocean.  The  whole  length  of  this 
river,  from  Moosehead  Lake  to  the  sea,  is  about 
150  miles.  The  tributaries  already  named  are 
the  most  considerable ;  but  there  are  many  oth- 
ers that  would  be  considered  important  rivers  in 
other  sections  of  the  country.  The  whole  fall 
of  this  river  is  more  than  1000  feet,  and  its 
hydraulic  power,  with  that  of  its  tributaries,  is 
incalculable.  We  are  enabled  to  state  that  the 
average  or  mean  time  of  the  closing  of  this  river 
by  ice  at  Hallowell,  for  forty-five  successive 
years,  was  December  12,  and  of  its  opening, 
April  3.  The  most  remarkable  yeai's  were  1792, 
when  the  river  closed  November  4,  and  opened 
April  1  the  following  year,  and  1831,  when  it 
closed  January  10,  and 'opened  April  13.  Since 
the  year  1786',  the  Kennebec  has  not  been  ob- 
structed by  ice  in  any  spring  after  the  20th  of 
April. 

Kent's  Hill,  Me.,  is  situated  in  the  W.  part  of 
Kennebec  co, 

Kent  Island,  Queen  Anne  co.,  Md.,  lies  in 
Chesapeake  Bay,  opposite  Annapolis.  Length 
12  miles. 

Kentucky  River,  Ky.,  rises  by  three  principal 
branches  in  the  Cumberland  Mts.,  denominated 
the  North,  Middle,  and  South  Forks.  These 
unite  in  Estill  co.,  and  the  river  thence  pursues  a 
circuitous  course,  but,  in  its  lower  part,  generally 
N.  N.  W.,  until  it  falls  into  the  Ohio  at  Carrol- 
ton,  534  miles  below  Pittsburg.  The  general 
course  is  very  nearly  S.  E.  to  N.  W.  The  length 
of  the  valley  drained  by  this  river  is  about  175 
miles,  with  a  mean  width  of  about  40  miles, 
giving  an  area  of  7000  square  miles.  This  val- 
ley embraces  part  or  the  whole  of  nineteen  coun- 
ties, or  a  fraction  over  one  sixth  part  of  the 
whole  state  of  Kentucky.  The  distance  from 
the  mouth  of  the  river  to  its  forks,  by  the  course 
of  the  stream,  is  about  260  miles ;  in  a  direct 
line,  about  112  miles.  The  channel  of  the  river, 
in  its  natural  state,  is  navigable,  in  high  water, 
for  steamboats  of  300  tons,  as  far  as  Frankfort ; 
and,  in  the  same  state  of  the  water,  steamboats 
might  descend  the  river  from  200  miles  above. 
But  the  navigation  has  been  improved  by  the  con- 
struction of  seventeen  dams  between  the  mouth 
of  the  river  and  the  forks,  with  the  corresponding 
number  of  locks,  overcoming  a  difference  of 


elevation  of  216  feet  in  the  whole.  These  dams 
are  from  350  to  500  feet  long  ;  and  the  locks  are 
178  feet  in  length  by  38  feet  in  breadth.  By 
means  of  the  facilities  thus  furnished,  boats  not 
requiring  more  than  6  feet  of  water  navigate  the 
river  at  all  seasons.  The  Kentucky  River  is 
without  direct  falls,  though  the  natural  current 
is  rapid,  and  the  bed  rocky. 

Keowee  River.  This  stream  rises  in  Macon 
co.,  N.  C.,  flows  S.,  and  enters  the  Seneca  River, 
of  which  it  is  the  principal  head  branch,  in  Pick- 
ens  district,  S.  C. 

Kern  Lake,  Ca.  A  small  sheet  of  water  lying 
S.  E.  from  Tulares  Lake,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  an  outlet. 

Kern  River,  Ca.  This  stream  rises  in  the  S. 
part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  range,  and  flows  S.  W. 
into  Kern  Lake. 

Kettle  Creek,  Pa.  It  rises  near  the  W.  part  of 
Tioga  co.,  flows  S.  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the 
Susquehanna  in  Clinton  co. 

Kewaunee  River,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  It  rises  near 
the  S.  part  of  Green  Bay,  and  flows  S.  E.  into 
Lake  Michigan. 

Key  Biscayune  Bay,  Fa.  Situated  off  Dade 
co.,  and  N.  E.  from  Barnes  Sound.  It  contains 
numerous  islands,  of  which  Key  Biscayune  and 
Elliot's  Key  are  the  principal. 

Key  West,  or  Thompson's  Island,  Monroe  co., 
Fa.  This  island  is  4  miles  long,  and  1  mile 
wide.  About  a  foot  below  the  surface  is  a  bed  of 
limestone,  which  extends  under  the  whole  island. 
On  the  N.  W.  part  is  an  excellent  harbor. 

Kiamishi  River,  In.  Ter.,  rises  in  As.,  and  falls 
into  Red  River  6  miles  below  Fort  Towson. 

Kickapoo  Creek,  Is.  It  rises  in  the  interior  of 
McLean  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  Salt 
Creek  in  Logan  co. 

Kickapoo  River,  Wn.  This  river  rises  in 
Adams  and  Crawford  counties,  flows  S.  S.  W., 
separating  Crawford  from  Sauk  co.,  and  crossing 
the  N.  W.  corner  of  Richland  co.,  it  ree"nters 
Crawford  co.,  where  it  falls  into  the  Wisconsin. 

Killbuck  River,  0.  A  northern  branch  of  the 
Muskingum. 

Killington  Peak,  Vt,  is  a  summit  of  the  Green 
Mountains,  in  the  S.  part  of  Sherburne,  and  N. 
from  Shrewsbury  Peak. 

Kill  Van  Kull,  N.  Y.,  a  channel,  lying  between 
Staten  Island  and  N.  J.  shore,  is  a  continuation 
of  Staten  Island  Sound.  It  extends  from  New 
York  Bay  to  Newark  Bay,  a  distance  of  4  or  5 
miles. 

Kinderhook  Creek,  N.  Y.  This  large  and  im- 
portant mill  stream  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Rens- 
selaer  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  the  Hudson, 
near  the  village  of  Columbiaville,  Columbia  co. 

Kinebik,  or  Snake  River,  Ma.  This  stream 
rises  in  several  lakes,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties 
into  the  St.  Croix  River. 

Kingdom  Come  Creek,  Letcher  co.,  Ky.  A 
small  head  branch  of  the  N.  fork  of  Kentucky 
River. 

King's  Creek.  This  small  stream  rises  in  the 
S.  part  of  N.  C.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  Broad 
River  in  York  district,  S.  C. 

King's  Mountain,  N.  C.,  situated  in  the  W.  part 
of  the' state.  25  miles  W.  from  Charlottenburg. 

King's  River.  This  stream  rises  in  the  W.  part 
of  Newton  co.,  As.,  flows  N.  N.  W.,  and  empties 
into  White  River  in  Barrv  co.,  Mo. 

Kingston  Landing,  N.  Y.,  formerly  called  Co- 
lumbus Point,  is  situated  in  Kingston,  Ulster  co., 


208 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  River,  90  miles  N.  of 
the  city  of  New  York. 

Kinniconinck  Creek,  Lewis  CO.,  Ky.  A  branch 
of  the  Ohio  River. 

Kino  Lake,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  Situated  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  the  county,  S.  E.  from  Makwa 
Lake,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet. 

Kip's  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  East  River,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Island  of  N.  Y.,  and  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Newtown  Creek. 

Kishkaupa  River,  Wn.  This  stream  drains  the 
S.  W.  part  o/  Sheboygan  co.,  and  falls  into  Mil- 
waukee River  in  Washington  co. 

Kissimee  River,  St.  Lucie  co.,  Fa.,  rises  in  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  flows  in  a  S.  S.  E.  direction, 
and  falls  into  Lake  Macaco. 

Kittatinny  Mountains,  or  Blue  Ridge.  These 
mountains  extend  through  the  N.  part  of  N.  J., 
cross  the  Delaware  River  at  the  Water  Gap,  pass 
through  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  and  the  W.  part  of 
Md.,  through  Va.,  the  Carolinas,  into  Ga. 

Kittoctan  Creek,  Loudon  co.,  Va.,  rises  in  the 
Blue  Ridge  of  mountains,  and  flows  N.  E.  into 
the  Potomac  River. 

Klip's  Hill,  N.  Y.,  is  a  branch  of  the  Mayfield 
Mountains.  It  is  sometimes  called  Anthony's 
Nose,  in  Montgomery  co.,  where  it  crosses  the 
Mohawk  Valley.  In  it  there  is  a  remarkable 
cavern,  called  Mitchell's  Cave,  the  walls  of  which1 
are  ornamented  with  incrustations  and  stalac- 
tites. 

Knapp's  Creek,  Wn.,  drains  the  W.  part  of 
Richland  co.,  and  falls  into  Wisconsin  River. 

Knife  River,  Ma.  It  flows  in  a  winding,  S. 
direction,  and  empties  into  the  W.  part  of 
Lake  Superior. 

Knox  Creek,  Tazewell  co.,  Va.  A  small  trib- 
utary of  the  Tug  Fork  of  Sandy  River. 

Kooskoosky  River,  On.  This  large  river  rises 
among  the  mountains  in  the  E.  interior  of  the 
co.,  flows  W.,  and  empties  into  Lewis  Fork  of 
Columbia  River. 

Koweba  Lake,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  Situated  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  state,  near  the  Menomonee 
River. 

Kushkuning  River,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  N.  E.  in- 
terior of  Dane  co.,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  empties  into 
Long  Lake,  in  the  S.  W.  corner  of  Jefferson  co. 

La  Bacca  Bay,  Ts.  Situated  W.  from  Mata- 
gorda  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  La  Bacca  River. 

La  Bacca  River,  Ts.  A  small  r\ver  flowing 
S.  E.  into  La  Bacca  Bay. 

Lac  Court  Oreilles,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  This 
lake  is  situated  in  the  N.  part  of  the  county,  and 
is  the  source  of  one  of  the  head  branches  of 
Chippewa  River. 

Lac  Vieux  Desert.  This  lake  lies  partly  in  Mn., 
and  partly  in  Brown  and  Portage  counties,  Wn., 
and  is  the  head  source  of  Wisconsin  River. 

Lackawanna  River,  Pa.  This  fine  mill  stream 
rises  in  Wayne  and  Susquehanna  counties,  and 
pursuing  a  S.  and  S.  W.  course  30  miles,  enters 
the  Susquehanna  at  Pittston. 

Lackawannock  Mountains,  Luzerne  and  Wayne 
counties,  Pa.,  extend  between  the  sources  of  the 
Lackawaxen  and  Lackawannock  Rivers.  One  of 
the  N.  peaks  is  called  Moosuck  Mountain. 

Lackawaxen  River,  Pa.  This  river  rises  mostly 
in  Wayne  co.,  and  flowing  through  a  deep  valley, 
enters  the  Delaware  in  Pike  co.  Its"  principal 
tributaries  are  the  Dyberry,  Middle,  and  Waullen- 
paupack  Creeks.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson 


Canals  follow  the  Lackawaxen  25  miles  to  Dj 
berry  Creek. 

La  Crosse  River,  Crawford  co.,  Wn.  It  flows 
S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi  below 
Black  River. 

Ladies'  Island,  Beaufort  district,  S.  C.  This 
island  lies  between  Coosaw  River  on  the  N.,  St. 
Helena  and  other  islands  on  the  E.,  and  Port 
Royal  Island  on  the  W. 

La  Fave  River,  As.  A  large  stream  rising 
among  the  Washita  Hills,  Scott  co.,  flowing  E. 
through  Yell  and  Perry  counties,  and  emptying 
into  the  Arkansas  River. 

Lafayette,  Fort,  N.  Y.     See  Fort  Hamilton. 

Lafourche  River,  La.  This  outlet  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi leaves  the  river  on  the  S.  side,  above 
Donaldsville,  and  flows  in  a  S.  E.  course  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  length  is  90  miles. 

La  Mine,  Rive)',  Mo.,  has  its  source  in  Lafay- 
ette and  Johnson  counties,  and  flowing  E.  enters 
the  Missouri  in  Cooper  co.,  5  or  6  miles  above 
Booneville.  It  is  navigable  for  a  considerable 
distance  for  keel  boats. 

Lamoille  River,  Vt.  This  river  is  formed  in 
Greensborough.  Its  general  course  is  N.  W.  It 
passes  through  several  towns,  and  falls  into  Lake 
Champlain  at  Milton,  12  miles  N.  from  Burling- 
ton. This  river  has  numerous  tributaries :  it  has 
several  falls,  which  produce  a  valuable  water 
power.  Its  banks  in  many  parts  are  very  fertile. 
It  was  discovered  by  Champlain  in  1 609. 

Lamprey  River,  N.  H.,  rises  in  the  town  of 
Northwood,  on  the  W.  of  Saddleback  Mountain. 
It  receives  the  waters  of  Jones's  Pond,  Pautuck- 
away,  North,  Little,  and  Piscassick  Rivers,  and 
meets  the  tide  two  miles  above  the  Great  Bay. 

Laplot  River,  Vt.  This  stream  rises  in  the 
S.  E.  part  of  Hinesburg,  and  running  in  a  N.  W. 
direction  through  a  corner  of  Charlotte,  and 
through  Shelburne,  falls  into  the  head  of  Shel- 
burne  Bay.  It  is  about  15  miles  in  length,  and 
affords  several  mill  sites. 

Larguille  River,  As.,  has  its  source  in  the  N. 
interior  of  Poinsett  co.,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  enters 
the  St.  Francis  on  the  boundary  between  St. 
Francis  and  Phillips  counties. 

Laugherys  Creek,  la.  This  stream  rises  in  two 
forks  in  Franklin  and  Decatur  counties,  flows 
S.  S.  E.  across  Ripley  into  Dearborn  co.,  where 
it  turns  to  the  N.  E.,  and  falls  into  the  Ohio  River. 

Laurel  Mountains.  These  mountains,  which 
are  a  W.  branch  of  the  Alleghanies,  extend 
through  Pa.  and  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  then,  taking 
the  name  of  Cumberland  Mts.,  divide  Va.  and 
Ky.,  cross  Te.,  and  terminate  in  Aa. 

Laurence  Hill,  Pa.  This  mountain  lies  be- 
tween the  Alleghany  and  Chestnut  ridges,  and 
separates  Somerset  and  Fayette  counties. 

L'Eau  Claire  River,  Chip'pewa  co.,  Wn.  This 
river,  with  its  numerous  branches,  drains  the 
S.  E.  part  of  the  county,  and  flows  in  a  W.  di- 
rection into  the  Chippewa  River. 

Leech  Lake,  Ma.  This  large,  irregularly  shaped 
body  of  water  lies  S.  from  Cass  Lake,  and  is 
connected  on  the  E.  with  the  Mississippi  River, 
by  Leech  Lake  River.  It  receives  the  waters  of 
small  lakes  and  rivers  on  every  side. 

Leech's  Stream,  Vt.,  proceeds  from  a  small  pond 
in  the,  N.  part  of  Averill,  and  runs  N.  E.  across 
the  W.  part  of  Canaan,  and  passes  into  Leech's 
Pond,  which  is  about  two  miles  wide  and  three 
long,  and  lies  partly  in  Canada  and  partly  in  Vt 
From  this  pond  the  stream  runs  nearly  E.  about 


IN  THE    UNITED    STATES. 


three  miles,  then  S.  E.  into  Connecticut  River. 
Its  mouth  is  nearly  two  rods  wide. 

Lee's  Island,  Fairfax  co.,  Va.,  lies  in  the  Poto- 
mac. 

Lehigh  River,  Pa.  This  river  rises  in  the  E. 
part  of  Luzerne  co.,  and,  pursuing  a  winding 
course  of  100  miles,  empties  into  the  Delaware 
at  Easton.  The  upper  part  of  the  river  is  a  rapid 
stream,  with  many  falls.  A  navigation  is  opened 
by  means  of  this  river  from  Easton  to  Newhaven, 
a  distance  of  84^  miles,  of  which  30^  consist  of 
pools,  39|  of  canals,  2£  of  locks,  and  the  re- 
mainder of  sluices. 

Lemonfair  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  Whiting  and  Or- 
well, runs  through  the  E.  part  of  Shoreham, 
across  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Bridport,  and  joins 
Otter  Creek  in  Weybridge.  There  are  some  mill 
sites  near  its  head,  but  it  is,  in  general,  a  very 
sluggish,  muddy  stream. 

Lemonwier  River,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  Adams  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  the 
Wisconsin  on  the  N.  border  of  Sauk  co. 

Lewis  Creek,  Vt.,  a  valuable  mill  stream,  rises 
near  the  N.  line  of  Bristol,  runs  through  the  W. 
part  of  Starksboro'  and  E.  part  of  Monkton, 
through  Hinesburg,  and  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Char- 
lotte, and  falls  into  Lake  Champlain  in  Ferris- 
burg,  a  short  distance  IS",  from  the  mouth  of 
Little  Otter  Creek. 

Lewis  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  small  sheet  of  water 
lies  in  the  town  of  Lake  Pleasant,  Hamilton  co. 

Licking  River,  Ky.,  rises  in  Floyd  co.,  and  falls 
into  the  Ohio  at  Newport,  opposite  Cincinnati. 
It  is  navigable  70  miles.  Its  whole  length  is  180. 

Licking  River,  0.,  is  formed  by  three  principal 
branches,  which  water  Licking  co.  It  affords 
extensive  water  power,  particularly  by  a  dam  at 
its  entrance  into  the  Muskingum. 

Liepers  Creek,  Maury  co.,  Te.  A  small  branch 
of  Duck  River. 

Lime  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  a  small  lake  situated  in 
the  town  of  Machias,  Cattaraugus  co. 

Lime  River,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  The  principal 
branch  of  Oconto  River,  which  it  enters  from 
the  N.  W.  « 

Limestone  Creek,  Orangeburg  district,  S.  C.  A 
small  tributary  of  the  North  Edisto  River. 

Link  Creek,  Sangamon  co.,  Is.  A  branch  of 
Sugar  Creek. 

Little  Harbor  and  Piscataqua  Harbor,  N.  H.  See 
Portsmouth. 

Little  River,  N.  C.  It  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
Franklin  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  enters  the  Neuse 
near  Waynesboro',  Wayne  co. 

Little  River,  S.  C.  This  river  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  N.  C.  and  S.  C.,  and  emp- 
ties into  the  Pedee. 

Little  River,  Ga.,  empties  into  the  Savannah, 
30  miles  N.  W.  of  Augusta. 

Little  River,  Blount  co.,  Te.  This  river  rises 
among  the  mountains  in  the  S.  E.  angle  of  the 
county,  and  flows  N.  W.  into  Tennessee  River. 

Little  River,  Ky.,  empties  into  Cumberland 
River,  on  the  E.  side. 

Little  River,  la.,  a  tributary  of  the  Wabash,  en- 
ters it  above  Vinccnnes. 

Little  River,  Ts.    A  W.  branch  of  the  Brazos. 

Little  Androsco</yin  River,  Me.,  has  its  sources  in 
ponds  in  the  towns  of  Woodstock,  Greenwood, 
and  Norway,  Oxford  co.,  flows  in  a  S.  E.  direc- 
tion across  an  angle  of  Cumberland  co.,  and  en- 
ters the  Androscoggin  opposite  Lewiston. 

Little  Au  Sable.     See  Au  Sable. 
27 


Little  Bay  de  Noguet,  Mn.  Situated  N.  from 
Green  Bay  and  W.  from  Big  Bay  de  Noquet.  It 
receives  the  waters  of  Esconawba,  Rapid,  and 
several  other  rivers. 

Little  Beaver  Creek,  S.  C.,  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Lexington  and  Orangeburg 
districts,  and  empties  into  the  Congaree  River. 

Little  Blue  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  Jackson  co.,  flows  N.  E.,  and  enters  the  Mis- 
souri E.  from  the  Big  Blue. 

Little  Brazos  River,  Ts.  It  rises  near  the  mouth 
of  Big  Creek,  and  flows  S.  E.,  nearly  parallel 
with  Brazos  River,  which  it  finally  enters. 

Little  Calf  Pasture  Creek,  Va.,  rises  in  the  N. 
part  of  Augusta  co.,  flows  S.  S.  W.,  and  empties 
into  North  River. 

Little  Calliou  Bayou,  Terre  Bonne  parish,  La., 
rises  near  the  source  of  the  Grand  Calliou,  and 
flows  S.  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Little  Catawba  River,  N.  C.  This  river  rises  in 
Catawba  and  Burke  counties,  flows  S.  E.,  and 
unites  with  the  Catawba  at  the  S.  E.  angle  of 
Lincoln  co. 

Little  Chazy  River.     See  Chazy  River. 

Little  Cedar  Creek,  Mn.  A  branch  of  the  Me- 
nomonee  River. 

Little  Delaicare  River,  N.  Y.,  has  its  source  in 
the  town  of  Bovina,  Delaware  co.,  and  flows  W. 
into  the  W.  branch  of  the  Delaware. 

Little  Eninandigo  River,  La  Porte  co.,  Wn.  A 
small  stream  flowing  S.  into  the  St.  Croix  River. 

Little  Falls,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.  A  rapid  de- 
scent in  the  Mohawk  River  of  about  42  feet  in 
the  course  of  a  mile,  so  named  in  distinction  from 
the  larger  falls,  at  Cohoes,  in  the  same  river, 
about  2  miles  from  its  mouth.  A  continuation 
of  the  chain  of  the  Catsberg  Mt.  crosses  the  Mo- 
hawk here,  through  a  gapfof  which  the  river  has 
apparently  worn  a  passage,  having  now,  on  either 
side,  a  rocky  wall  of  500  feet  in  height.  The  bed 
of  the  river  is  composed  of  hard  primitive  gra- 
nitic rock,  above  which  are  extensive  strata  of 
sandstone  and  blue  limestone.  The  opposing 
cliffs  here  seem  once  to  have  been  united,  and  to 
have  constituted  the  barrier  of  a  lake  extending 
far  to  the  west.  The  fall  in  the  river  consists  of 
two  long  rapids,  separated  by  an  interval  of  deep 
water,  occupying  each  about  a  fourth  of  a  mile. 
The  upper  rapids  are  the  largest.  Above  them  a 
dam  across  the  stream  renders  it  placid,  over 
which  the  waters,  separated  by  a  small  island,  fall 
in  beautiful  cascades  into  a  deep  pool  beneath, 
whence  the  current  rushes  tumbling  and  foaming 
over  ridges  and  masses  of  rock  in  its  first  descent, 
then  flowing  with  comparative  gentleness  for  a 
short  distance  until  it  is  impelled  with  new  impetu- 
osity over  the  stony  bed  below.  The  Erie  Canal 
descends  through  this  pass  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
river,  by  five  locks,  in  a  deep  cut  through  the 
solid  rock,  overcoming  obstacles  inferior  to  none 
excepting  the  deep  excavation  at  Lockport. 
The  village  of  Little  Falls  stands  on  the  canal  at 
this  point,  and  enjoys  advantages,  from  the  ex- 
tensive water  power  here  created,  for  carrying  on 
manufacturing  operations  to  a  very  large  extent 
The  Utica  and  Schenectady  Railroad  also  passes 
through  the  chasm,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river. 
Boats  were  formerly  transported  round  the  falls 
by  a  canal  on  the  N.  side,  which  is  now  super- 
seded by  the  Erie  Canal,  and  is  made  to  serve  as 
a  feeder  to  it  by  being  brought  across  the  entire 
valley  in  an  aqueduct  of  massive  stone  masonry, 
supported  upon  three  lofty  arches,  two  of  50,  and 


210 


MOUNTAINS,  EIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


one— the  centre  arch—  of  70  feet  span.  Few 
spots  can  offer  more  to  excite  admiration,  in 
romantic  features  and  stupendous  achievements, 
lx>th  of  nature  and  of  art.  See  Rockton. 

Little  Genesee  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Alleghany 
co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  Alleghany  Iliver  in 
Cattaraugus  co. 

Little  'ffoosick  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Berlin, 
Rensselaer  co.,  and  flows  N.  into  Hoosick  Eiver. 

Little  Kentucky  River.;  Ky.  It  rises  in  the  N. 
part  of  Shelly  co..  flows  in  a  northerly,  direction, 
and  empties  into  the  Ohio  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Kentucky  River. 

Little  Machias  and  Little  Rivers.    See  Cutler,  Me. 

Little  Maguetats  Creek,  Dubuque  co.,  lo. 

Little  Missouri  River,  As.  A  small  stream 
flowing  E.  by  S.,  and  emptying  into  the  Wachita 
River. 

Little  Neck  lies  in  Huntington,  Suffolk  co.,N.  Y., 
between  Great  and  Little  Cow  Harbors. 

Little  Neck  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lies  mostly  in  the  town 
of  Flushing,  Queen's  co.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long 
Island.  It  is  3  miles  long,  1  mile  wide,  and  partly 
surrounded  by  fine  country  residences  and  farms. 

Little  Ossipee  River,  Me.,  has  its  source  in  a 
pond  in  the  W.  part  of  Fork  co.,  flows  N.  E.,  and 
enters  the  Saco  in  the  town  of  Limington. 

Little  Otter  Creek,  Vt.,  rises  in  Monkton  and 
New  Haven,  and  falls  into  Lake  Cham  plain  in 
Ferrisburg,  3  miles  N.  from  the  mouth  of  Otter 
Creek.  This  stream,  towards  its  mouth,  is  wide 
and  sluggish,  and  runs  through  a  tract  of  low, 
marshy  ground. 

Little  Pigeon  Creek,  la.,  flows  S.  W.,  separating 
Spencer  and  Warwick  counties,  and  falls  into  the 
Ohio. 

Little  Prairie  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  a  small 
lake,  and  flows  in  a  W.  direction  into  West  Sa- 
Tannah  River. 

Little  Rock  River,  Ma.  A  small  stream  falling 
into  the  Minesota  or  St.  Peter's  River,  near  the 
outlet  of  Minesota  Lake. 

Little  Rock  River,  Ma.  A  small  stream  flowing 
S.  E.  into  the  St.  Croix  River. 

Little  Saline,  Mo.  A  branch  of  the  Missouri 
River,  which  it  enters  in  the  N.  part  of  Moni- 
teau  co. 

Little  Saluda  River,  Edgefield  district,  S.  C. 
This  stream  receives  numerous  branches,  flows  in 
an  E.  direction,  and  falls  into  the  Saluda. 

Little  Snake  Lake,  On.  A  small  sheet  of  water 
on  the  S.  border  of  the  territory,  and  connecting 
by  an  outlet  with  Bear  River. 

Little  Sequatchy  Creek,  Marion  co.,  Te.  A 
branch  of  Sequatchy  River,  which  it  enters 
near  Jasper. 

Little  Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y.,  is  a  deep  body  of  water 
lying  in  the  town  of  Sterling,  Cayuga  co.,  and 
connected  on  the  N.  with  Lake  Ontario.  Sodus 
Creek  flows  into  it  from  the  S.  E.  It  is  2  miles 
long,  1  mile  wide,  and  has  a  bar  at  the  mouth. 

Little  Sugar  Creek,  Wn.,  rises  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  Dade  co.,  and  flows  S.  E.  across  Green  co 
into  Sugar  Creek. 

Little  Thibeau  River,  Benton  co.,  Mo.  A  trib- 
utary of  Osage  River,  which  it  enters  at  Warsaw. 

Littk  Tlamath  Lake,  On.  Situated  among  the 
Cascade  Mts.,  N.  E.  from  Tlamath  Lake. 

Little  Waraju  River,  Ma.  It  flows  N.  E.,  and 
empties  into  the  Minesota,  or  St.  Francis  River 
a  little  below  the  Waraju. 

Little  Wachita  River,  Ts.  A  small  W.  tribu- 
tary of  Red  River. 


Little  Wisconsin  River,  Portage  co.,  Wn.  This 
river  has  its  sources  in  several  chains  of  small 
lakes,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  the  Wisconsin 
River. 

Little  Yadkin  River.     See  Yadkin  River. 

Livingston  Creek,  Ky.  A  small  stream,  forming 
pdrt  of  the  boundary  between  Caldwell  and  Crit- 
tenden  counties,  and  emptying  into  the  Cumber- 
land River. 

Lizard  River,  lo.  This  river  rises  in  the  N.  part 
of  the  state,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  the 
Des  Moines,  a  little  above  Boone  River. 

Lloyd's  Neck,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  town  of  Oyster 
Bay,  Queen's  co.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island. 
It  has  Long  Island  Sound  on  the  N.,  Huntington 
Bay  on  the  E.,  Oyster  Bay  on  the  W.,  and  a  deep 
inlet,  called  Lloyd's  Harbor,  on  the  S. 

Lochahatchee  'River,  St.  Lucie  co.,  Fa.  This 
small  stream  flows  in  an  E.  direction,  and  reaches 
the  ocean  through  Juniper  Inlet.  At  its  mouth 
is  Fort  Juniper. 

Locku-ood's  Folly,  River,  and  Inlet,  Brunswick 
co.,  N.  C.  This  is  a  small  stream  rising  near  the 
centre  of  the  county,  and  passing  through  the 
inlet  into  the  ocean. 

Locust  Creek,  Vt.,  rises  in  Barnard,  and  falls 
into  White  River,  at  Bethel.  It  is  mostly  a  rapid 
little  stream,  and  affords  several  good  mill  sites. 

Locust  Creek,  Mo.  A  stream  rising  in  the  N. 
part  of  Putnam  co.,  and  flowing  S.  into  Chariton 
co.,  where  it  enters  Grand  River. 

Long  Bay,  N.  H.,  at  the  head  of  Winnipisiogee 
River,  lies  between  Guilford  and  Meredith.  The 
waters  of  the  Lake  Winnipisiogee  pass  through 
this  bay  into  the  river  of  that  name. 

Long  Creek,  As.,  takes  its  rise  in  the  N.  part  of 
Newton  co.,  flows  N.  E.,  and  enters  White  River 
on  the  S.  border  of  Taney  co.,  Mo. 

Long  Cane  Creek,  Troup  co.,  Ga.,  pursues  a  S. 
W.  course,  and  falls  into  the  Chattahoochee. 

Long  Falls,  Black  River,  N.  Y.  The  first  fall 
is  at  the  village  of  Carthage,  Jefferson  co.,  where 
there  is  a  descent  of  60  feet  in  half  a  mile,  below 
which  the  river  is  navigable  4  miles ;  it  then 
descends  about  100  feet  in  2  miles,  thence  is 
navigable  to  the  Great  Bend,  between  Champion 
and  Le  Ray,  a  distance  of  4  miles ;  then  flows  in 
a  succession  of  rapids  to  the  villages  of  Water- 
town  and  Brownville,  from  whence  the  rapids 
are  made  navigable,  by  locks  and  dams,  to  Black 
River  Bay.  which  connects  with  Lake  Ontario. 
See  High  Falls. 

Long  Island,  Me,,  lies  in  Blue  Hill  Bay,  oppo- 
site S'eaville. 

Long  Island,  Va.  A  small  island,  lying  at  the 
mouth  of  York  River. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  is  the  largest  of  the  islands 
on  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  belonging  to  the  U. 
S.  From  Fort  Hamilton,  at  the  W.  end,  to  Mon- 
tauk  Point,  at  the  E.  extremity,  the  length  is 
about  140  miles.  The  average  width  is  only  10 
miles ;  although  the  most  important  portion  of 
the  island  lying  W.  of  Peconic  Bay  is  from  12 
to  20  miles  wide.  It  contains  about  1 500  square 
miles.  It  is  separated  from  the  continent,  on  the 
N.,  by  Long  Island  Sound,  lying  between  the 
island,  through  its  whole  length,  and  the  coast  of 
Connecticut,  and  varying  from  2  to  20  miles  in 
width.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  the 
Atlantic,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Narrows  and  har- 
bor of  New  York,  and  by  the  strait  whicn  con- 
nects the  harbor  with  the  Sound,  called  East 
River,  from  half  a  mile  to  2  miles  wide.  The 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


211 


island  belongs  to  the  state  of  New  York.  It  is 
divided  into  three  counties  —  King's  co.  in  the  W., 
which  is  the  smallest  in  territory,  but  the  largest 
in  population;  Queen's  co.*in  the  middle;  and 
Suffolk  co.  in  the  E.,  which  comprises  two  thirds 
of  the  territory  of  the  island.  A  rocky  ridge,  or 
chain  of  hills,  extends  from  the  W.  end  to  near 
Oyster  Point,  in  the  E.  part,  the  highest  eleva- 
tion of  which  is  in  N.  Hempstead,  319  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  tide.  On  the  N.  side  of  this 
ridge,  the  land  is  rough  and  hilly  ;  on  the  S.  side, 
level  and  sandy.  Much  of  the  central  por- 
tion of  the  island  is  covered  with  wood,  con- 
sisting of  an  extensive  pine  forest,  in  which  the 
deer  still  roams  at  large.  The  whole  island 
is  underlaid  with  granitic  rock,  which  rises  high 
in  the  ridge,  or  Spine,  as  it  is  denominated,  and 
breaks  out  at  Hurl  Gate,  and  other  places  on  the 
East  River.  The  shores  are  much  indented  with 
bays  and  inlets.  Towards  the  E.  side,  the  island 
divides  into  two  parts ;  the  S.  of  which  is  a  prom- 
ontory, over  30  miles  in  length,  and  not  gener- 
ally more  than  a  mile  wide,  terminating  in  Mon- 
tauk  Point.  This  constitutes  the  township  of 
East  Hampton.  The  N.  part,  which  is  much 
shorter,  terminates  at  Oyster  Point,  and  consti- 
tutes the  township  of  Southold.  The  bay,  ex- 
tending up  between  these  two  portions  of  the 
main  island,  is  the  Great  Peconic  Bay.  In  its 
bosom  are  included  several  islands,  the  most  con- 
siderable of  which  are  Gardner's  and  Shelter 
Islands.  '  On  the  S.  side  of  Long  Island  is  Great 
South  Bay,  which  is  itself  another  sound  in 
miniature,  extending  from  Hempstead  Bay,  E., 
50  miles,  with  a  width  of  from  1  to  5  miles,  and 
separated  from  the  ocean  by  a  narrow  island,  or 
beach  of  stones  and  sand,  with  several  inlets,  in 
no  part  more  than  3  miles  broad.  West  of 
this,  upon  the  S.  W.  shore  of  the  island,  is  Rock- 
away  Beach,  which  extends  for  about  22  miles, 
and  is  much  resorted  to  by  the  citizens  of  New 
York  and  Brooklyn  for  sea  bathing,  and  the  sea 
breezes,  so  refreshing  there  in  the  hot  season. 
From  its  vicinity  to  New  York,  there  are  many 
pleasant  places  of  resort  upon  Long  Island, 
which  are  much  frequented,  and  many  which  are 
occupied  for  rural  residence.  Williamsburg 
and  New  Rochelle  are  pleasant  places,  where 
many  citizens  doing  business  in  New  York  per- 
manently reside.  Flatbush,  5  miles  from  the  city  ; 
Flushing,  9  miles  ;  Jamaica,  12  miles  ;  and  Hemp- 
stead,  24  miles,  are  all  delightfully  situated. 
Fort  Hamilton,  at  the  Narrows,  Gravesend  Bay, 
and  Coney  Island  are  favorite  bathing-places. 
Greenwood  Cemetery  is  situated  in  the  S.  part  of 
Brooklyn,  about  3  miles  from  the  Fulton  Ferry, 
containing  about  242  acres,  with  a  great  variety 
of  surface,  tastefully  laid  out,  -to  attract  the 
living  to  the  resting-places  of  the  dead.  See 
Brooklyn  and  Williamsbarg. 

Long  Island,  Charleston  district,  S.  C.  This 
island  is  one  of  a  small  group,  lying  N.  E.  from 
Charleston  harbor. 

Long  Island,  Hillsboro'  co.,  Fa.  Situated  S. 
from  the  mouth  of  Tampa  Bay. 

Long  Island  Sound.  This  inland  sea  washes 
the  whole  S.  boundary  of  Ct.,  and  is  formed  by 
Long  Island  and  the  state  of  N.  Y.  It  is  navi- 
gable as  far  as  Hurl  Gate  for  vessels  of  any  bur- 
den, and  the  passage  to  and  from  the  sea  around 
Montauk  is  remarkably  easy  at  any  time  of  tide, 
and  in  all  weather.  See  Judith,  Point.  Some  of 
the  distances  from  Providence,  and  along  the 


northern  coast  of  this  sound,  to  the  city  of  New 
York,  are  here  given.  From  Providence  to  New- 
port, 30  miles  ;  to  Point  Judith,  11  =41  ;  to  the 
mouth  of  Stonington  harbor,  27  =  68 ;  to  the 
mouth  of  New  London  harbor,  8  =  76;  to  the 
mouth  of  Connecticut  River,  13  =  89;  to  the 
mouth  of  New  Haven  harbor,  27  =  116;  to 
Stratford  Point,  10  =  126;  to  the  mouth  of 
Fail-field  harbor,  6  =  132;  to  Norwalk,  8  =  140; 
to  Greenwich,  or  Sawpits,  15  =  155;  to  Throg's 
Point,  14  =  169;  to  Hurl  Gate,  6  =  175;  to 
New  York,  8  miles :  making  the  distance  from 
Providence  to  New  York,  by  water,  183  miles. 

Long  Lake,  Me.,  lies  in  the  N.  part  of  Piscata- 
quis  co.,  210  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta.  It 
is  about  15  miles  long  and  2  wide,  and  supplies 
Namjamskillecook  River,  which  flows  into  Tem- 
isconata  Lake,  the  source  of  Madawaska  River. 

Long  Lake,  N.  Y.,  called  Weechobadchonee-puss 
(lake  abounding  in  basswood)  in  the  Indian 
tongue,  lies  in  the  N.  part  of  Hamilton  co.  It  is 
situated  in  a  wild,  uncultivated  part  of  the  state, 
and  is  18  miles  long  and  from  1  to  2  miles  wide, 
being  one  of  the  largest  of  the  cluster  of  lakes 
in  this  vicinity.  It  flows  N.,  and  empties  into 
Racket  River,  although  there  is  so  little  differ- 
ence of  level  at  its  extremities  that  it  might  be 
made  to  flow  S.  into  the  Hudson. 

Long  Lake,  Mn.  Situated  E.  from  Crooked 
Lake,  mostly  in  Wyandot  co.  It  receives  the 
waters  of  the  Sheboygan  and  several  other  rivers. 

Long  Lake,  Wn.  Situated  mostly  in  the  S.  W. 
part  of  Jefferson  co.  It  receives  the  waters  of 
Rock  River  in  the  N.  E.,  and  discharges  them  at 
the  S.  W.  extremity,  on  the  N.  border  of  Rock  co. 

Long  Lake,  Ma.  A  small  sheet  of  water  at  the 
head  of  Chapah  River. 

Long  Pond,  Me.     See  Bridgeton. 

Long  or  Runaway  Pond,  Vt.     See  Glover. 

Long  Pond,  Litchfield  co.,  Ct.  Situated  in  the 
town  of  Winchester,  and  connected  on  the  N.  E. 
with  Mad,  a  branch  of  Farmington  River. 

Long  Prairie  River,  Ma.  A  large  river  sup- 
plied by  a  chain  of  lakes,  and  flowing  N.  E.  into 
Crow  Wing  River. 

Long  Sault  Island,  Loiver,  St.  Lawrence  co., 
N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is 
attached  to  the  town  of  Massena.  It  is  5  miles 
long  and  1  mile  wide.  Here  are  situated  the 
Long  Sault  Rapids,  12  miles  long,  with  a  descent 
of  80  feet,  around  which  is  a  canal  on  the  Canada 
side  of  the  river. 

Long  Sault  Island,  Upper,  St.  Lawrence  co., 
N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is 
attached  to  the  town  of  Louisville.  It  is  3  miles 
in  length  and  from  1  to  l£  miles  in  width. 

Long  Shoal  River,  N.  C.,  flows  through  the  E. 
part  of  Hyde  co.,  and  empties  into  Pamlico  Sound. 

Looking  Glass  River,  Mn.  This  river  drains 
the  S.  part  of  Shiawassee  co.,  flows  W.  across 
Clinton  into  Ionia  co.,  where  it  empties  into 
Grand  River. 

Lookout,  Cape,  On.,  extends  into  the  Pacific 
about  midway  between  Capes  Foulweather  and 
Disappointment. 

Loon  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  small  body  of  water 
lies  in  Chester,  Warren  co. 

Loosahatchy  River,  Te.,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of' 
Hardeman  co.,  flows  in  a  W.  direction,  and,  unit- 
ing with  Wolf  Creek,  empties  into  the  Missis- 
sippi a  little  above  Memphis. 

Loosaschoonah  Creek,  Mi.,  rises  in  Pontotoc  CO., 
flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  the  Yallabusha. 


212 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Lost  Lake,  Antrim  co.,  Mn.  A  long,  narrow 
sheet  of  water  lying  W.  from  Great  Traverse  Bay. 

Loutre  Island,  Montgomery  and  Warren  coun- 
ties, Mi.  Situated  in  the  Missouri,  N.  E.  from 
the  mouth  of  Gasconade  River. 

LovewelVs  Pond,  N.  H.     See  WaTcefield. 

Low  Point  Landing,  N.  Y.  See  Carthage, 
Dutchess  co. 

Lower  Montreal  River,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  A 
small  stream  draining  the  N.  part  of  Keewaiwona 
Point,  and  falling  into  Bete  Gris  Bay. 

Lower  Saranac  Lake.     See  Saranac  Lake. 

Lower  Three  Runs,  Barnwell  district,  S.  C.. 
pursues  a  winding  S.  course,  and  falls  into  the 
Savannah. 

Lumber  River  rises  in  N.  C.,  and  flows  S.  E. 
and  S.  S.  W.,  forming  the  boundary  between 
Marion  and  Harry  counties,  S.  C.,  until  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Little  Pedee. 

Lya  Hende,  or  River  of  the  Lakes.  This  chain 
of  lakes  commences  in  the  N.  part  of  Io.,  and, 
flowing  in  a  N.  direction  into  Ma.,  empties  into 
Chanjushka  River. 

Lynhaven  Bay  or  Harbor,  Va.,  is  situated  in 
Chesapeake  Bay  between  the  mouth  of  James 
River  and  Cape  Henry,  and  receives  the  waters 
of  Lynhaven  River. 

Maccason  Creek,  Va.,  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Eussell  co.,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  Scott  co.,  where 
it  falls  into  the  N.  fork  of  Holston  River. 

McCrady  River,  On.  and  Uh.,  rises  in  a  lake  in 
the  S.  part  of  On.,  flows  in  a  winding  S.  course, 
and  empties  into  Rhett  Lake  in  Uh. 

Me  Gee's  Creek,  Pike  co.,  Mi.  A  small  branch 
of  the  Bogue  Chitto. 

Machias  River  and  Bay,  Washington  co.,  Me. 
The  two  head  branches  of  the  river  are  supplied 
by  several  ponds  near  the  centre  of  the  county, 
and  unite  at  Machias  Port,  affording  extensive 
water  power  in  their  course.  The  bay  lies  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  between  the  towns  of  Cutler 
and  Machias  Port.  It  is  10  miles  long,  4  or  5 
wide  at  its  mouth,  and  contains  several  coves, 
harbors,  and  islands. 

Machias  and  Little  Machias  Rivers,  Penobscot 
co.,  Me.,  are  important  tributaries  to  the  Aroos- 
took,  which  they  enter  near  each  other  in  Aroos- 
took  co.,  about  30  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Mars  Hill. 

Mclndoes  Falls,  Vt.,  a  considerable  fall  in  Con- 
necticut River,  at  the  head  of  boat  navigation, 
and  opposite  the  S.  E.  comer  of  Barnet. 

Mackinaw  Island,  Mn.  Situated  in  the  N.  part 
of  Lake  Huron,  a  little  above  the  Straits  of 
Mackinaw. 

Mackinaw  River,  Is.,  has  its  source  in  a  prairie 
near  the  centre  of  McLean  co.,  and  passing 
through  Tazewcll  co.,  falls  into  the  Illinois  3 
miles  below  Pekin.  It  affords  water  power  and 
its  borders  are  mostly  fertile. 

McKee's  Creek.  Is.,  waters  the  E.  part  of  Mar- 
quette  co.,  and  flows  S.E.  into  the  Illinois  River 

McKenny's ;  Creek,  As.  This  stream  joins  Red 
River  at  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Fayette  co.,  takes 
a  semicircular  bend,  and  unites  with  the  Sulphur 
Fork  of  the  same  river. 

Mackenzie's  Fork,  On.  A  head  branch  of  the 
Willamette  River. 

Macon's  Islands,  La.  A  group  of  small  islands 
lying  in  Chandeleur  Bay,  off  St.  Bernard  parish. 

Macoquetais  River,  Io.  It  rises  in  the  S.  E. 
part  of  Fayette  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into 
the  Mississippi  River  in  Jackson  co. 


Macoupin  Creek,  Is.  This  stream  rises  in  the 
N.  part  of  Macon  co.,  and  passing  through  a  fer- 
tile country,  enters  the  Illinois  26  miles  above  its 
junction  with  the  Mississippi. 

McQuam  Bay,  Vt.  A  large  open  bay  in  the 
W.  part  of  Swanton. 

McTiger  Creek,  Orangeburg  district,  S.  C.  A 
head  branch  of  the  South  Edisto  River. 

Mad  River,  N.  H.,  rises  among  the  mountains 
in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Grafton  co.,  and  crossing  the 
S.  E.  part  of  Thornton,  falls  into  the  Pemigewas- 
set  at  Campton. 

Mad  River,  Vt.  A  rapid  stream,  which  rises 
in  the  highlands  S.  from  Warren,  and  passing 
through  Waitsfield,  falls  into  Winooski  River  at 
Moretown. 

Mad  River.  0.,  rises  in  Logan  co.,  and,  after  a 
course  of  50  miles,  enters  the  Miami  on  the  E. 
side,  at  Dayton.  It  affords  extensive  water  power, 
its  current  being  rapid  and  broken. 

Madamiscontis  River,  Me.,  has  its  source  in  a 
large  pond,  flows  S.  E.,  and  enters  the  Peuobscot 
about  45  miles  above  Bangor. 

Madawaska  River,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  is  sup- 
plied by  Temisconata  and  other  large  lakes  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  state,  flows  more  than  100 
miles  in  a  S.  E.  direction,  and  enters  the  St.  John's 
River  about  240  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 
This  river  and  these  lakes  water  a  country  of 
great  extent,  and  hardly  surpassed  in  fertility  by 
any  land  on  the  globe. 

Madeline  Island,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  'Situated 
in  Lake  Superior,  at  the  mouth  of  Chegowa- 
wegon  Bay. 

Madison  Barracks.     See  SacketCs  Harbor. 

Madison  Fort,  situated  in  the  town  of  the  same 
name,  Lee  co.,  Io.,  was  erected  in  1808  as  a  de- 
fence against  the  Indians,  who  obliged  the  garri- 
son to  burn  the  fort  in  1813.  A  few  ruins  are 
now  to  be  seen. 

Madunceunk  River,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.  This 
river  enters  the  Penobscot  on  the  W.  side,  about 
6  miles  above  the  Madamiscontis. 

Magothy  River,  Ann  Arundel  co.,  Md.  This 
little  stream  flows  S.E.  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Mahanoy  River,  Pa.  This  river  rises  in  Schuyl- 
kill  co.,  and  flowing  through  Northumberland 
co.,  enters  the  Susquehanna  1 1  miles  below  Sun- 
bury.  Its  length  is  50  miles. 

Mahantango  River,  Pa.,  is  an  E.  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna,  which  it  enters  18  miles  below 
Sunbury,  in  Northampton  co. 

Mahoning  River,  Pa.  and  O.  This  river  rises 
in  Portage  eo.,  passes  through  Trumbull  co.,  0., 
and  enters  Beaver  River  in  Beaver  co.,  Pa.  The 
Pa.  arid  0.  Canal  follows  the  lower  part  of  this 
river. 

Mahopack  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  beautiful  sheet  of 
water  lies  in  the  town  of  Carmel,  Putnam  co. 
It  is  about  one  mile  in  diameter,  contains  two  or 
three  small  islands,  and  is  much  resorted  to  for 
the  fine  fish  with  which  it  abounds. 

Maiden  Creek,  Pa.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  falls  into 
the  Schuylkill,  7  miles  N.  from  Reading. 

Makwa  Lake,  Chippewa  co.;  Wn.  One  of  a 
chain  of  lakes  situated  at  the  head  of  Red  Cedar 
River. 

Malade  River,  On.  This  river  rises  S.  E.  from 
the  source  of  Big  Wood  River,  flows  S.  S.  W., 
and  empties  into  Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

Malheureux  Islands,  St.  Bernard  parish,  La.  A 
small  group  lying  at  the  mouth  of  Lake  Borgne. 

Malheur  River,  On.    This  river  has  its  source 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


213 


in  a  chain  of  lakes,  flows  N.E.,  and  empties  into 
Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia  River,  nearly  opposite 
Payette  River. 

Mamaroneck  Creek,  N.  Y.!J  rises  in  the  town  of 
White  Plains,  Westchester  co.,  flows  S.,  and  en- 
ters Long  Island  Sound  at  Mamaroneck  village. 
Manataquot  River,  Ms.,  rises  in  Randolph,  and 
after  meandering  through  this  town  and  receiving 
the  waters  of  Great  and  Little  Ponds,  meets  the 
tide  waters  of  Boston  harbor  at  Braintree  Land- 
ing, on  Weymouth  Fore  River,  10  miles  from 
Boston. 

Manatoulin  Islands.  A  chain  of  islands  lying 
in  Lake  Huron.  They  extend  about  90  miles  in 
length  and  6  in  breadth. 

Mandowish  Lakes,  Portage  co.,  Wn.  A  chain 
of  small  lakes  situated  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
county,  at  the  head  of  Chippewa  River. 

Manhattan  Island.     See  New  York  City. 

Manhegin  Island,  Me.,  lies  off  Muscongus  Bay, 
Lincoln  co.,  about  12  miles  8.  from  the  mouth 
of  St.  George's  River.  There  is  a  light-house  on 
the  island,  the  tower  of  which  is  30  feet  high. 

Manistee  River,  Mn.  This  is  a  large  river, 
rising  in  Antim  and  Otsego  counties.  It  flows  S. 
through  a  part  of  Crawford,  then  S.  W.  through 
Kalcasca,  Wexford.  and  Manistee  counties,  into 
Lake  Michigan. 

Maniteau  Creek,  Mo.  A  small  stream  rising  in 
the  S.  part  of  Cooper  co.,  and  flowing  E.  into  the 
Missouri  River. 

Manitosawin  Lake,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  Situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  one  of  the  W.  branches  of 
Chippewa  River. 

Manitou  Island,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  Situated 
in  Lake  Superior,  off'  the  extremity  of  Keewai- 
wona  Point. 

Manitowoc  River,  Wn.  This  river  drains  Cal- 
umet and  Manitowoc  counties,  and  empties  into 
Lake  Michigan  at  the  town  of  Manitowoc. 

Mankato  River,  Iowa  and  Ma.  It  rises  in  many 
branches  in  the  N.  part  of  Iowa,  flows  N.,  and 
falls  into  the  Minesota  or  St.  Francis  River  at 
the  great  bend  opposite  Marrah  Tankah  Lake. 

Manomet  Hilt,  Plymouth,  Ms.      Height  394  ft. 

Manomin  Lake,  Ma.,  lies  at  the  head  of  Mano- 
min  River. 

Manomin  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  Manomin  Lake, 
flows  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi  a  little 
above  Muddy  River. 

Manomin  or  Wild  Rice  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  territory,  flows  in  a  westerly 
direction,  and  falls  into  North  Red  River. 

Manominikan  Lake,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  A 
small  sheet  of  water  through  which  Red  River 
passes. 

Mansfield  Mountains,  Vt.,  extend  through  the 
town  of  Mansfield,  from  N.  to  S.  They  belong  to 
the  Green  Mountain  range,  and  the*  Nose  and 
Chin,  so  called  from  their  resemblance  to  the 
face  of  a  man  lying  on  his  back,  exhibit  some  of 
the  loftiest  summits  in  the  state. 

Manya  Wakan  River,  Ma.  It  rises  near  the 
head  of  Long  Prairie  River,  flows  S.,  and  empties 
into  the  Minesota  or  St.  Peter's  River  a  little  be- 
low lyedan  or  Qui  Parle  Lake. 

Maple  Ricer,  Mn  It  rises  in  the  interior  of 
Shiawassee  co.,  flows  in  a  winding  W.  course,  and 
empties  into  Grand  River  in  Ionia  co. 

Maple  River,  Ma.  It  flows  E.,  and  empties  into 
the  Shuyenn  Oju  River. 

Maramec  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  Crawford  and 
"Washington  counties,  unites  with  the  Bon  Homme 


in  Franklin  co.,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  20 
miles  below  St.  Louis.    Length  200  miles. 

Margallaway  River,  Me.  and  N.  H.,  has  its 
source  among  the  highlands  which  separate  Me. 
from  Canada,  in  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  N.  H., 
about  30  miles  N.  from  Erroll.  After  a  southerly 
course  of  nearly  20  miles  on  the  W.  border  of 
Me.,  it  enters  N.  H.,  where  it  forms  a  junction 
with  the  united  streams  of  Dead  and  Diamond 
Rivers.  Thence,  after  a  S.  course  of  about  6 
miles  to  Erroll,  it  receives  the  waters  of  Umba- 
gog  Lake,  and  forms  the  Androscoggin  River. 
_  Maria  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  small  body  of  water 
lies  in  the  town  of  Duanesburg,  Schenectady  co. 

Marquette  Bay,  Mn.  A  curvature  in  Lake 
Michigan  extending  between  Little  and  Great 
Au  Sable  Points. 

Marrah  Tankah  Lake,  Ma.  A  large  sheet  of 
water  lying  at  the  bend  of  the  Minnesota  or  St. 
Peter's  River,  S.  E.  from  Minnesota  Lake. 

Mars  Hill,  Aroostook  co..  Me.,  is  situated  about 
1  mile  W.  of  the  Canada  line,  200  miles  N.  N.  E. 
from  Augusta,  and  80  miles  N.  W.  from  Frederick- 
ton,  New  Brunswick.  The  sides  of  this  mountain 
are  rugged,  and  the  approach  to  it  difficult.  It  has 
two  spurs,  one  of  which  is  elevated  1506  feet  and 
the  other  1363  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  Goose- 
quill  River. 

Marsh  Creek.  A  small  stream  rising  in  the  N. 
part  of  Campbell  co.,  Te.,  and  flowing  N.  through 
a  part  of  Whittey  co.,  Ky.,  into  the  Cumberland 
River. 

Marsh  Island,  Terre  Bonne  parish,  La.,  lies  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  S.  from  Atchafalaya  and 
Four  League  Bays.  On  its  N.  W.  extremity  is 
Point  Au  Fer. 

Marsh  River,  Waldo  co.,  Me.,  rises  in  the  N. 
part  of  the  county,  flows  E.,  and  enters  the  Pe- 
nobscot  above  Orphan  Island. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  Ms.     See  Dukes  Co. 

Martinis  Creek,  Harlan  co.,  Ky.  A  small  stream 
rising  among  the  Cumberland  Mfs.,  and  emptying 
into  Cumberland  River  at  the  town  of  Mount 
Pleasant. 

Martin  Creek,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  A  head  branch 
of  East  Twin  River. 

Maryland  Point,  Md.  A  projection  formed  by 
a  bend  of  the  Potomac,  12  miles  S.  W.  from 
Port  Tobacco. 

Mary's  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  a  small  body  of  water 
situated  in  the  town  of  Parish,  Oswego  co. 

Mary  River,  Ca.  It  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties 
into  Green  River  above  Vermilion  Creek. 

Marrowbone  Creek,  Henry  co.,  Va.  A  small  W. 
branch  of  Smith's  River. 

Mascomy  Pond,  N.  H.  A  brief  description  of 
this  lovely  sheet  of  water  is  given  under  En- 
field. 

Mascomy  River,  N.  H.,  has  its  source  S.  of 
Smart's  Alt.,  which  lies  in  the  towns  of  Lyme 
and  Dorchester,  and,  running  through  Canaan, 
falls  into  Mascomy  Pond,  in  the  town  of  Enfield. 
See  Enfield. 

Maskegon  River,  Mn.  This  river  has  its  source 
in  several  small  lakes  in  Mikenauk  co.,  and  en- 
ters Lake  Michigan  14  miles  N.  of  Grand  River. 
Length  175  miles. 

Masonboro'  Inlet,  N.  C.  A  passage  among  the 
islands  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  New  Hanover  co. 

Mason's  Islands,  Ct.  A  group  of  small  islands 
lying  at  the  mouth  of  Mystic  River. 

Massabesick  Pond,  N.  H.     See  Chester. 

Massachusetts  Bay,  Ms.     The  whole  of  this  bay 


214 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


is  within  the  limits  of  Massachusetts.  The  exte- 
rior bounds  of  this  celebrated  bay  are  Capes  Cod 
and  Ann  The  former  is  in  N.  lat.  42°  6',  and  W. 
Ion.  70°  7  ;  the  latter  in  N.  lat.  42°  45',  and  W. 
Ion.  70°  17'.  Cape  Ann  bears  from  Cape  Cod 
N.  N.  W.  about  40  miles.  The  length  of  this  bay  is 
about  60  miles,  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E. ;  its  breadth  is 
about  25  miles.  Numerous  bays  and  rivers  of  va- 
rious sizes  set  in  from  this  bay,  and  its  whole  coast 
is  lined  with  commodious  harbors  and  pleasant 
commercial  towns.  This  bay  is  noted  for  its 
delightful  scenery,  and  as  containing  the  first 
settlements  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New  Eng- 
land. 

Massena  Springs,  N.  Y.,  are  situated  about  1 
mile  S.  of  Massena  village,  on  Racket  River. 
They  are  a  good  deal  resorted  to  for  the  cure  of 
cutaneous  disorders. 

Masserne  or  OzarJc  Mountains.  This  range 
commences  in  Mo.,  near  the  junction  of  Missouri 
and  Mississippi  Rivers,  and  runs  in  a  S.  W.  direc- 
tion, through  Mo.,  As.,  and  In.  Ter.,  into  Texas.  It 
is  crossed  by  Arkansas  and  Red  Rivers.  Mount 
Cerne,  the  highest  peak,  gives  name  to  the  range. 

Massifs  Creek,  O.  This  fine  mill  stream  rises 
in  Madison  co.,  and,  after  a  highly  picturesque 
course  through  a  chasm  20  or  30  feet  wide,  and 
60  deep,  falls  into  Little  Miami  River  4  miles 
above  Xenia. 

Matagorda  Bay,  Ts.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Colorado  River,  and  N.  E.  from  Espiritu 
Santo  Bay. 

Matakeunk  River,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  has  its 
source  in  small  ponds,  and  flows  in  a  N.  direction 
into  the  Matawamkeag,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Penobscot. 

Matawamkeag  River,  Me.,  is  one  of  the  most 
important  tributaries  of  the  Penobscot.  It  rises 
in  Aroostook  co.,  flows  through  Matawamkeag 
Lake,  and  enters  the  Penobscot  about  60  miles 
N.  by  E.  from  Bangor. 

Matchapungo  Inlet,  Northampton  co.,  Va.,  emp- 
ties into  Broad  Water  Gulf,  between  Prout's  and 
Hog  Islands. 

Mate  Creek,  Logan  co..  Va.  A  small  branch 
of  the  Tug  Fork  of  Big  Sandy  River. 

Matinac  Island,  Me.,  lies  off  St.  George,  Lin- 
coln co. 

_  Matinicus  Islands,  Me.  This  group  of  islands 
lies  at  the  entrance  of  Penobscot  Bay.  Mar- 
shall's Island,  the  largest  of  the  cluster,  is  a 
plantation  attached  to  Hancock  co.  The  light 
on  Matinicus  is  about  15  miles  S.  by  E.  from 
Thomaston. 

Matomkin  Island,  Accomac  co.,  Va.  It  lies  off 
the  Atlantic  coast,  between  Wallops  Island  on 
the  N.  and  Cedar  Island  on  the  S. 

Mattapony  River,  Va.  This  river  rises  in 
bpottsylvama  co.,  and  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
Mat,  Ta,  Po,  and  Ny  Rivers.  It  unites  with  the 
Pamunky  to  form  York  River,  at  the  S.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  King  William  co. 

Mattawomon  Run,  Md.,  rises  on  the  boundary 
between  Prince  George's  and  Charles  counties 
and  flows  S.  of  W.  into  the  Potomac  River. 

Matteawan  or  Fishkill  Mountains,  N.  Y.  See 
Highlands. 

Matthias  Point,  King  George  co.,  Va.  This  is 
the  N.  E.  extremity  of  the  county,  extending  into 
the  Potomac  River. 

Mattimuskeet  Lake,  Hyde  co.,  N.  C.     A  large 
sheet  of  water  lying  in  the  S.  interior  of  the  co. 
Maumee  Bay,  0.  and  Mn.     This  bay,  which 


lies  at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Lake  Erie,  is  about 
5  miles  long  and  2  wide.  It  receives  the  waters 
of  Maumee  and  several  smaller  rivers. 

Maumee  River,  O.,  is  formed  by  the  junction 
of  Little  St.  Joseph's,  St.  Mary's,  and  Great  and 
Little  Anglaize  Rivers.  It  rises  in  the  N.  E. 
part  of  la.,  and,  pursuing  a  N.  E.  course  of  about 
100  miles  through  fertile  borders,  enters  Lake 
Erie  through  Maumee  Bay.  For  50  miles  from 
its  mouth  it  is  70  rods  wide,  and  is  navigable  for 
steamboats  and  schooners  18  miles  to  Perrys- 
burg.  In  the  spring  and  fall  it  is  boatable  18 
miles  farther,  to  Fort  Wayne.  The  Wabash  and 
Eric  Canal  follows  its  banks. 

Maurice  River,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.  This 
river  rises  in  Deptford  and  Franklin  towns,  and 
in  its  upper  part  affords  water  power.  It  is 
navigable  20  miles  for  vessels  of  80  or  100  tons. 
Excellent  oysters  are  taken  at  its  entrance  into 
Delaware  Bay. 

May,  Cape,  N.  J.,  received  its  name  from  Cor- 
nelius May,  a  Dutch  navigator,  who  visited  the 
bay  in  1623.  It  is  situated  on  the  N.  E.  side  of 
Delaware  Bay,  in  lat.  38°  56'  N.,  and  Ion.  74°  56 
W.  There  is  a  light-house  on  the  S.  extremity. 

May  River,  S.  C.,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  Ion. 
80°  55'  W.,  lat.  32°  15'  N. 

Mayfield  Mountains,  N.  Y.,  the  S.  termination 
of  the  Clinton  or  Adirondack  range,  lie  in 
Fulton  and  Montgomery  counties.  Klip's  Hill, 
or,  as  sometimes  called,"  Anthony's  Nose,  is  the 
S.  peak. 

Mayjields  Rive)',  Ky.  This  river  rises  in  the  S. 
W.  part  of  Graves  co.,  flows  in  a  N.  direction  to 
McCraken  co.,  where  it  takes  a  turn  to  the  W., 
crosses  Ballard  co.,  and  empties  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Mayo  Rivers,  North  and  South,  Va.  and  N.  C. 
These  streams  rise  in  the  N.  part  of  Patrick  co., 
flow  S.  E.,  uniting  in  the  S.  W.  angle  of  Henry 
co.,  and  empty  into  Dan  River,  in  Rockingham 
co.,  N.  C. 

Meadow  River,  Me.  A  small  stream  flowing 
into  Casco  Bay. 

Mecock  Bay,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  on  the  S. 
side  of  Long  Island.  It  is  4  miles  long,  and 
from  1  to  2  miles  wide. 

Medicine  Creek,  Mo.  Its  head  branches  rise 
in  Sullivan  and  Mercer  counties,  and  flowing  S., 
it  enters  Grand  River  in  Livingston  co. 

Medina  River,  Ts.  The  head  stream  of  the 
River  San  Antonio. 

Mcgunticook  River  and  Pond,  Waldo  co.,  Me. 
The  river  rises  in  the  pond  of  the  same  name, 
and  enters  the  Penobscot  at  Camden,  affording 
excellent  water  power.  The  pond  lies  in  the  town 
of  Lincolnville,  is  about  9  miles  long,  of  an 
irregular  shape,  and  a  very  beautiful  sheet  of 
water. 

Meherin  River,  Va.,  rises  in  Charlotte  co.,  and 
flowing  S.  of  E.,  unites  with  the  Nottaway,  to 
form  Chowan  River,  in  N.  C. 

Meigs  Creek,  O.,  falls  into  the  Muskingum,  20 
miles  above  Marietta. 

Meminis  Lake,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  This  lake 
supplies  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Namekagon 
River. 

Memokage  River,  Ma.,  flows  S.  E.  into  the  St. 
Croix  River. 

Memoosic  River,  Mil.,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of 
Lake  co.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  empties  into  Mauistee 
River,  near  its  mouth. 

Memphremagog  Lake,Vt.  and  Canada,  is  30  miles 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


215 


in  length,  and  2  or  3  miles  wide.  It  lies  mostly 
in  Canada,  only  7  or  8  miles  of  the  S.  end  ex- 
tending into  Vt.  It  is  situated  about  half  way 
between  Connecticut  Kiver  and  Lake  Champlain, 
and  the  part  within  Vt.  lies  between  the  towns  of 
Derby  and  Newport.  A  bay  extends  S.  into  Or- 
leans. These  waters  cover  about  15  square  miles 
in  Vt.,  and  receive  from  this  state  Clyde,  Barton, 
and  Black  Rivers.  The  waters  of  the  lake  are 
discharged  to  the  N.  by  Magog  Outlet  into  the 
River  St.  Francis,  and  through  that  into  St.  Pe- 
ter's Lake,  about  1 5  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
the  River  Richelieu. 

Menan  Islands.  Grand  Menan,  belonging  to  the 
British,  lies  off  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Croix  River, 
and  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  On  its  S.  side  are  a 
number  of  small  islands  and  harbors.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  fishermen.  Little  or 
Petit  Menan,  Washington  co.,  Me.,  lies  about  3 
miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Goldsboro'  harbor.  On  it  is 
a  light-house,  with  a  tower  25  feet  in  height. 

Menee  Creek,  Wn.,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Mani- 
towoc  co.,  flows  S.  E.  into  Sheboygan  co.,  and 
empties  into  Lake  Michigan,  a  little  above  She- 
boygan River. 

Menomonee  River,  Mn.,  has  its  source  in  a  small 
lake,  and  running  E.  by  S.  about  100  miles,  enters 
Green  Bay.  It  forms  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Mn.  and  Wn.  Ter. 

Mequacumecum  River,  Mn.,  drains  the  W.  inte- 
rior of  Marquette  co.,  flowing  S.  into  the  Wesa- 
cota,  or  Brule  River. 

Mequon  River,  Washington  co.,  Wn.  A  small 
stream  rising  in  Musquenoc  Lake,  and  flowing 
S.  E.  into  Milwaukee  River. 

Mermentau  River,  La.  This  river  drains  the  ex- 
tensive prairies  of  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  state  for 
a  distance  of  200  miles.  After  passing  through 
a  lake  of  the  same  name,  it  falls  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  200  miles  W.  of  Mississippi  River.  It  has 
but  3  feet  of  water  on  the  bar  at  its  mouth.  The 
country  through  which  it  flows  is  covered  with 
grass,  with  the  exception  of  a  narrow  strip  of 
woodland,  partly  live  oak,  which  skirts  its  borders. 

Merritfs  Island,  Orange  co.,  Fa.  This  island 
lies  in  Indian  River,  and  occupies  nearly  the 
entire  length  of  it. 

Merrimac  River.     See  Franklin,  N.  H. 

Merry  meeting  Bay,  Me.,  is  about  5  miles  above 
Bath,  at  the  junction  of  the  Androscoggin  and 
Kennebec  Rivers.  It  is  10  or  12  miles  in  length, 
and  contains  Swan  and  other  islands. 

Mcrrymeeting  Bay,  N.  H.     See  Alton. 

Merrymeeting  Pond,  N.  H.     See  New  Durham. 

Meshoppen  Creek,  Pa.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters 
the  Susquehanna.  about  17  miles  above  Tunk- 
h  an  nock  Creek. 

Metargarnook  Lake,  Me.,  lies  in  the  W.  part  of 
Penobscot  co.  The  E.  branch  of  Penobscot 
River  passes  through  it. 

Mexico  Bay,  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  E. 
part  of  Lake  Ontario,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Salmon  River. 

Mexico,  Gulf  of.  This  great  gulf,  situated  S. 
of  the  U.  S.,  is  1000  miles  long  and  600  broad, 
containing  660,000  square  miles.  It  washes  the 
W.  coast  of  Fa.  and  the  S.  coast  of  Aa.,  Mi.,  La., 
and  Ts. 

Miami  River,  0.,  rises  in  Hardin  co.,  and.  after 
a  S.  W.  course  of  100  miles,  affording  extensive 
water  power,  falls  into  the  Ohio  in  the  S.  W. 
corner  of  the  state.  It  receives  many  large 
branches,  and  is  200  yards  wide  at  the  mouth. 


It  is  connected  with  the  Anglaize,  a  S.  branch 
of  the  Maumee,  by  a  portage  of  5  miles,  and,  al- 
though its  course  is  rapid,  it  is  navigable  to  a 
limited  extent  for  75  miles. 

MicheWs  Cave,  N.  Y.     See  Klip's  Hill. 

Michemanetue  Lake,  Lenawee  co.,  Mn.  A  small 
sheet  of  water  supplying  the  head  branch  of 
Tiffins  River. 

Michiconi  Lake,  Portage  co.,  Wn.  Situated 
S.  E.  from  Flambeau  Lake,  with  which  its  outlet 
connects. 

Michigamme  Lake,  Mn.,  lies  in  the  N.  interior 
of  Marquette  co.,  and  is  the  source  of  Peshakeme 
River. 

Michigan,  Lake.  One  of  the  five  great  lakes, 
lying  wholly  in  the  United  States,  and  the  larg- 
est body  of  water  within  its  boundaries.  It  lies 
chiefly  between  the  states  of  Mn.  proper  and 
Wn.,  touching  also  la.  and  Is.  in  its  S.  part. 
Its  length  is  great  in  proportion  to  its  breadth, 
being  330  miles  long,  and,  on  an  average,  60 
miles  broad.  It  covers  an  area  of  16,981  square 
miles,  or  10,868,000  acres,  being  inferior  in  size 
only  to  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Huron.  It 
is  between  41°  38'  58"  and  46°  N.  lat.,  and  be- 
tween 84°  40'  and  87°  8'  W.  Ion.  Its  surface  is 
elevated  about  600  feet  above  tide  water ;  but  its 
bottom  is  estimated  to  be,  on  an  average,  900 
feet  deep,  so  that,  if  there  were  a  free  channel 
sufficient  to  drain  this  lake  into  the  ocean,  there 
would  still  remain  a  sea,  in  this  position,  nearly 
as  large  as  the  lake  now  is.  Its  waters  are  dis- 
charged N.  into  Lake  Huron  through  the  Straits 
of  Michilimackinac,  or  Mackinac,  from  4  to  8 
miles  wide,  and  40  miles  long.  It  has  Green  Bay 
on  the  N.  W.,  which  by  itself  is  a  large  sheet  of 
water,  120  miles  in  length  by  25  in  width,  con- 
nected with  the  lake  by  a  strait  at  its  N.  part. 
Into  this  bay  are  received  also,  through  Fox 
River,  the  waters  of  the  small  lake  Winnebago. 
The  principal  rivers  which  flow  into  Lake  Mich- 
igan, beginning  at  the  S.  or  upper  end,  are  the 
two  Calamicks  and  Riviere  du  Chemin,  from  la.. 
and,  from  the  peninsula  of  Mn.  proper,  the  St. 
Joseph,  Kalamazoo,  Grand  River,  Maskegon, 
White  River,  Pent  Water,  Pere  Marquette,  Sandy, 
Monistic,  Platt,  Carp,  Grand  Traverse  or  Ottawa, 
and  some  others  of  less  note.  Grand  Traverse 
is  the  name  applied  to  that  part  of  the  Ottawa 
River  which  widens  to  a  bay  for  a  distance  of  30 
miles  before  it  enters  the  lake.  On  the  W.  shore 
the  confluents  of  Lake  Michigan  are  mere  creeks, 
among  which  Manawakec,  about  70  miles  long, 
is  the  most  important.  Several  rivers  of  consid- 
erable importance,  however,  come  in  from  the 
W.  through  Green  Bay,  among  which  are  Fox 
River  and  the  Menomonee.  The  waters  of  Lake 
Michigan  are  pure  and  clear,  and  abound  in 
excellent  fish.  There  are  many  good  harbors 
upon  its  shores,  upon  whicli  commercial  towns 
are  rapidly  growing  up.  On  the  W.  are  Chica- 
go, Kenosha,  Racine,  Milwaukee,  Washington, 
Sheboygan.  and  Manitoowoc,  and  Grand  Haven, 
Richmond,  St.  Joseph,  and  Michigan  city  on  the 
E.  The  relative  position  of  this  lake  "is  most 
advantageous  for  becoming  the  medium  of  an 
extensive  commerce.  Its  longest  diameter  lies 
in  the  direct  line  of  communication  between  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  that  of  the  other 
great  lakes  and  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  the  largest  vessels  and  steamboats, 
which  ply  between  Buffalo  and  Chicago,  touch- 
ing at  the  several  ports  on  the  way.  A  grand 


216 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


canal,  constructed  through  part  of  its  extent  for 
a  ship  canal,  and  capable  of  being  completed  on 
that  scale,  connects  the  waters  of  Lake -Michigan 
at  Chicago  with  those  of  the  River  Illinois,  the 
Mississippi,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Michilimackinac  Strait.     See  Mackinaw. 

Middlebury  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  Hancock,  passes 
through  Ripton,  and,  flowing  W..  falls  into  Otter 
Creek  in  the  S.  part  of  Middlebury.  The  length 
of  this  stream  is  about  14  miles,  and  it  affords 
several  mill  sites. 

Middle  Island  Creek,  Va.  This  stream  rises  in 
the  E.  part  of  Doddridge,  flows  N.  W.  and  W., 
and  empties  into  the  Ohio  River  opposite  Middle 
Island. 

Middle  Three  River,  Io.,  rises  in  two  forks  in 
Madison  co.,  flows  N.  E.  across  Warren  co.  into 
the  Des  Moines  River. 

Miles's  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  Lunenburg,  and, 
pursuing  a  S.  course  into  Concord,  where  it  re- 
ceives the  outlet  of  Miles's  Pond,  bends  its  course 
E.,  and  falls  into  Connecticut  River  by  a  mouth 
7  or  8  yards  wide. 

Mill  Brook,  Vt.     See  Windsor. 

Mill  Creek,  la.,  has  its  source  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  Hendricks  co.,  flows  in  a  winding  S.  W.  direc- 
tion, and  empties  into  White  River. 

Mill  Creek,  Mn.  It  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  La- 
peer  co.,  flows  S.  of  E.,  and  empties  into  Black 
River  in  St.  Clair  co. 

Mill  Creek,  Ca.,  rises  among  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
and  flows  S.  W.,  into  the  Rio  Sacramento. 

Mills  River,  Is.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Jackson 
co.,  takes  a  semicircular  bend,  and  empties  into 
the  Mississippi  in  Randolph  co. 

Mille  Lacs,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  This  lake  is 
the  source  of  an  E.  branch  of  Red  Cedar  River. 

Millers  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  Sheffield,  waters  a 
part  of  Wheelock,  and  falls  into  the  Passumpsic, 
in  Lyndon.  It  is  generally  a  rapid  stream,  and 
affords  some  good  mill  privileges,  particularly  in 
Wheelock,  where  there  is  a  considerable  fall." 
_  Miller's  River,  Ms.  This  is  a  fine  mill  stream, 
rising  in  ponds  in  Ashburnham  and  Winchendon  ; 
it  has  many  tributaries,  and  passes  through 
Athol,  Orange,  and  Wendell,  and  falls  into  the 
Connecticut  at  Irving. 

Millinoket  Lake,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.  This  large 
sheet  of  water  receives  many  rivers,  and  is  an 
important  source  of  the  W.  branch  of  the  Penob- 
scot. Its  outlet,  a  river  of  the  same  name,  con- 
nects it  with  Pern adum cook  Lake  near  the  great 
falls  at  Pemadumcook  Outlet. 
_  Millstone  Creek,  N.  J.  This  rapid  stream  rises 
m  Monmouth  co.,  and  flowing  N.  N.  E.,  enters  the 
Raritan  in  Somerset  co.  The  Delaware  and 
Karitan  Canal  follows  this  stream  a  considera- 
ble distance. 

Mill  Tail  Creek,  Tyrrell  co.,  N.  C.,  flows  N.  W. 
into  Alligator  River. 

Milwaukee  Bay,  Wn.  A  curvature  of  Lake 
Michigan  m  the  E.  part  of  Milwaukee  co 
f  Milwaukee  River,  Wn.  This  large  stream  rises 
m  Shcboygan  and  Fond  du  Lac  counties,  flows 
S.  S.  E.  through  Washington  into  Milwaukee 
co.,  where  it  empties  into  Milwaukee  Bay,  at  the 
town  of  Milwaukee. 

Mini  Skuyah  or  Salt  Lake,  Ma.  A  long,  nar- 
row sheet  of  water,  connecting  by  an  outlet  on 
the  S.  with  Tchan  Sansan  or  River  a  Jaqucs. 

Minesola  Lake,  Ma.  A  small  sheet  of  water, 
the  outlet  of  which  communicates  with  Minesota 
or  St.  Peter's  River. 


Minsi  Sagaigoning  or  Mille  Lacs,  Ma.  This  is 
a  large,  circular  sheet  of  water,  lying  between 
Mississippi  and  St.  Croix  Rivers,  and  connecting 
on  the  S.  with  Rum  River. 

Misery  River,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  A  small 
stream  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  county,  flowing 
into  Lake  Superior. 

Mispillon  Creek,  Md.  A  small  stream  sepa- 
rating Kent  and  Sussex  counties,  and  emptying 
into  Delaware  Bay. 

Missisco  Bay,  Vt.  and  Canada,  is  a  large  arm 
of  Lake  Champlain,  which  extends  into  Canada 
between  Swanton  and  Highgate  on  the  E.  and 
Alburg  on  the  W.  Its  width  from  E.  to  W.,  on 
Canada  line,  is  about  5  miles,  and  it  extends  4  or 
5  miles  into  Canada.  This  bay  covers  an  area 
of  about  35  square  miles. 

Missisco  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  Lowell,  and,  flow- 
ing N.  E.  through  a  part  of  Westfield  and  Troy, 
crosses  the  N.  line  of  the  state  into  Potton,  in 
Canada,  where  it  receives  a  large  stream  from 
the  N.  E.  After  running  several  miles,  it  re- 
turns into  Vt.  about  1  mile  W.  from  the  N.  E. 
corner  of  Richford.  Thence  it  runs  S.  W. 
through  the  corner  of  Berkshire,  where  it  re- 
ceives Trout  River,  into  Enosburg.  It  then 
passes  through  Sheldon  and  Highgate  into  Swan- 
ton,  and,  after  performing  a  circuit  of  several 
miles  in  that  town,  returns  into  Highgate,  and, 
running  N.  W.,  falls  into  Missisco  Bay,  near 
Canada  line.  This  stream  affords  a  considerable 
number  of  valuable  mill  sites,  and  besides  its 
tributaries  above  mentioned,  Black  Creek  and 
Taylor's  Branch  are  the  most  important.  The 
length  of  this  river,  including  its  windings,  is 
about  75  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  for  vessels  of 
50  tons'  burden  6  miles  to  Swanton  Falls,  where 
is  hydraulic  power  of  great  value. 

Mississippi  River.  The  largest  and  most  im- 
portant river  of  the  United  States,  or  of  North 
America.  The  import,  in  the  Algonquin  lan- 
guage, of  the  name  Missi  Sepe,  is  Great  River. 
Whether  we  consider  its  great  length,  its  mighty 
and  numerous  tributaries,  the  extent  of  country 
which  it  drains,  or  the  distance  to  which  it  is 
navigable,  it  well  deserves  the  title  which  the 
Indians  have  given  to  it,  "  The  Father  of 
Waters."  If  estimated  by  the  criterion  which  is 
now  considered  as  determining  the  comparative 
importance  of  the  great  rivers,  —  the  extent  of 
the  area  drained  by  its  waters,  —  it  is  the  fifth,  or 
perhaps  the  fourth,  in  rank  among  the  rivers  of 
the  earth,  and  the  third  among  the  rivers  of  the 
American  continent.  The  basin,  or  valley,  of 
the  Mississippi  extends  from  the  Appalachian 
chain  of  mountains  on  the  E.  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 
on  the  W.,  and  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  S. 
to  the  great  lakes  and  the  boundary  between  the 
United  jStates  and  the  British  possessions  on  the 
N.  and  N.  W.  This  great  basin  is  composed  of 
two  very  unequal  slopes,  or  inclined  planes.  .  One. 
the  W.,  and  most  extensive,  falling  E.  from  the 
Rocky  Mts.,  has  a  mean  width  of  about  800  miles  : 
the  other,  which  declines  from  the  Appalachian 
Mts.  W.,  has  a  mean  width  of  about  400  miles. 
The  base  line,  or  line  of  common  depression, 
follows  the  valley  of  the  Illinois,  and  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi below  the  point  where  the  former  unites 
with  the  latter.  A  line  drawn  from  the  Appa- 
lachian chain,  at  the  source  of  the  Tennessee,  to 
the  source  of  the  most  N.  W.  tributary  of  the 
Mississippi,  measures  a  distance  of  about  2000 
miles ;  and  a  line  drawn  nearly  at  right  angles 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


217 


to  this,  from  the  sources  of  the  Bed  River,  to  those 
of  the  Wisconsin,  measures  about  1100  miles. 
The  average  width  of  the-Mississippi  basin  is 
about  550  miles.  The  extent  of  surface  included 
in  this  vast  area  is  about  1,100,000  square  miles. 
This  exceeds  the  aggregate  of  all  the  valleys 
drained  by  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  slope,  in- 
cluding that  of  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  The 
principal  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  arc  the 
Red  River,  the  Arkansas,  the  White,  the  Missou- 
ri, and  the  Yellowstone,  from  the  W.,  and  the 
Ohio  and  Illinois  from  the  E.  These  great  riv- 
ers, with  many  others  of  inferior  magnitude, 
draining  the  different  parts  of  the  great  basin 
from  which  they  come,  unite  with  the  Mississippi 
proper,  and  pour  their  waters  through  its  channel 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Above  the  confluence 
of  the  Missouri  with  the  Mississippi,  the  former, 
although  denoted  as  a  secondary  to  the  latter,  is 
much  the  larger  of  the  two.  But  the  Mississippi, 
having  been  first  explored,  retains,  through  its 
course,  the  name  which  it  then  received.  Above 
the  entrance  of  the  Missouri,  it  is  known  in  com- 
mon parlance  as  the  Upper  Mississippi.  The 
river  is  called  the  Mississippi  proper,  in  distinc- 
tion from  this  great  tributary,  so  much  its  supe- 
rior; inasmuch  as,  from  the  natural  features  of 
the  entire  basin  denominated  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi,  it  would  seem  that  the  Missouri 
should  bear  the  same  name,  or  that  it  is  better 
entitled  to  be  considered  as  the  true  Mississippi. 
The  extreme  source  of  the  Mississippi  was  dis- 
covered by  Schoolcraft,  July  13,  1832,  to  be  the 
Itasca  Lake,  in  47°  10'  N.  lat.,  and  94°  54'  W. 
Ion.,  at  an  elevation  of  1 500  feet  above  the  ocean, 
and  3160  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  This  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  of 
irregular  shape,  about  8  miles  long,  situated 
among  hills  covered  with  pine  forests,  and  fed 
by  springs.  It  has  its  outlet  to  the  N.,  which  is 
about  10  or  12  feet  wide,  and  from  12  to  18  inches 
deep,  which,  flowing  N.,  passes  through  Lakes 
Irving  and  Traverse.  It  then  turns  E.,  and 
passes  through  several  small  lakes  to  Lake  Cass, 
which  is  about  16  miles  long,  and  contains  several 
islands.  Thence  it  flows  E.  to  Lake  Winnipec, 
and  S.  E.  to  Little  Lake  Winnipec,  below  which 
it  receives  Leech  Lake  through  an  outlet,  Avhich 
was  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  source  of  the 
Mississippi.  From  this  point  the  river  expands 
to  a  hundred  feet  in  width,  and  flows  through  a 
low  prairie  country  till  it  reaches  the  Fulls  of 
Peckagama,  where  it  descends  about  20  feet  over 
a  rapid  of  300  yards.  These  falls  are  about  685 
miles  above*  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  All  the 
sources  of  the  Mississippi  take  their  rise  in  lat. 
42°  to  48°  N.,  and  the  general  course  of  the  river 
is  S.,  bearing  E.  in  the  upper  part  through  about 
20  degrees  of  lat.,  to  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  By  this  rule  of  computation,  the 
length  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  proper  is 
about  400  miles ;  but  the  extent  of  travel  by  the 
course  of  the  river  is  probably  twice  this  number 
of  miles.  It  has  indeed  been  estimated  higher 
than  this ;  but  the  length  of  rivers  extending  far 
into  these  remote  and  sparsely-settled  regions  of 
the  country  has  been  generally  overrated.  The 
gradual  declivity  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  how- 
ever, is  so  very  slight,  giving  a  fall  to  the  waters 
of  not  more  than  five  or  six  inches  to  the  mile 
upon  an  average,  and  the  soil  through  which  its 
channel  is  made  is  so  tender  and  easily  worn 
away,  that  the  smallest  obstacles  in  the  stream, 
28 


or  the  most  inconsiderable  variations  in  the  sur- 
face of  the  country,  have  been  sufficient  to  divert 
the  current  from  an  onward  direction,  and  to  give 
it  oftentimes  a  very  serpentine  and  circuitous 
course.  The  Mississippi  meets  with  very  few 
falls  or  rapids  in  its  course.  The  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  about  2000  miles  from  its  source,  ter- 
minate the  route  of  steamboat  navigation.  Down 
these  falls,  the  river,  which  is  here  about  half  a 
mile  wide,  precipitates  its  waters  in  a  perpendic- 
ular descent  of  about  16  or  17  feet,  making,  with 
the  descent  of  the  rapids  above  and  below,  a  fall 
of  about  40  feet.  For  a  long  distance  below  it  is 
a  clear,  placid,  and  beautiful  stream,  skirted  with 
wide  and  fertile  bottoms,  or  alluvial  margins, 
which  are  under  water  at  the  season  of  floods. 
A  few  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  River  Des 
Moines,  and  about  100  miles  above  the  entrance 
of  the  Missouri,  there  are  rapids  of  about  10 
miles  in  extent,  which  at  low  water  in  the  sum- 
mer occasion  considerable  impediment  to  the 
navigation.  Where  the  Missouri  enters,  the  river 
has  a  width  of  a  mile  and  a  half;  but  below  this, 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  although  the  volume 
of  its  waters  is  greatly  increased  by  those  of  this 
mighty  tributary,  the  width  of  the  stream  is  con- 
siderably less.  Its  channel,  however,  has  greater 
depth,  and  its  current  a  more  accelerated  and 
turbulent  movement.  At  the  lowest  stages,  4 
feet  of  water  may  be  found  from  the  rapids  of 
Des  Moines  to  the  month  of  the  Missouri.  Be- 
low that  point,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  there 
are  6  feet  in  the  channel  of  the  lowest  places,  at 
low  water.  Between  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  and 
the  St.  Francis  there  are  various  shoals,  where 
pilots  are  often  perplexed  to  find  a  sufficient 
depth  for  their  boats  during  low  water.  Below 
that  point  there  is  no  difficulty  at  any  season, 
except  in  finding  the  right  channel.  The  river 
washes  the  entire  western  border  of  the  state  of 
Mississippi,  which  it  separates  from  Arkansas 
and  Louisiana,  for  a  distance,  by  the  windings 
of  the  stream,  of  530  miles.  A  large  portion  of 
its  banks,  in  this  section  of  its  course,  consists  of 
inundated  swamp  covered  with  cypress,  excepting 
occasional  elevated  bluffs,  which  rise  immediately 
upon  the  borders  of  the  river.  Natchez,  the 
largest  and  most  commercial  place  in  this  state, 
is  situated  on  one  of  these  bluffs,  elevated  250 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  river.  About  500 
miles  from  its  mouth,  the  Red  River  enters  the 
Mississippi  from  the  W.  This  is  the  last  of  the 
tributaries  of  any  consequence  which  it  receives. 
Next  to  the  Missouri  and  the  Arkansas,  it  is  the 
largest  which  comes  in  from  the  W.,  and  dis- 
charges about  as  much  water  as  the  latter.  Here 
the  Mississippi  carries  its  greatest  volume  of  wa- 
ter, as  immediately  below  this  it  sends  off,  at 
intervals,  several  large  outlets,  which  make  their 
way  in  separate  channels  to  the  ocean.  Three 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  Red  River,  the  Atch- 
afalaya,  or  Chiaffalio  Bayou,  as  it  is  called,  passes 
off  on  the  W.  side,  which  is  supposed  to  carry 
off  as  much  water  as  the  Red  River  brings  in. 
The  Atchafalaya  has  been  supposed  to  be  the 
ancient  bed  of  the  Red  River  itself,  by  which  it 
continued  its  course  to  the  ocean  without  forming 
a  connection,  as  now,  with  the  Mississippi.  The 
latter  has  here  effected  a  change  in  its  course  by 
cutting  through  the  isthmus  of  a  large  bend,  in 
consequence  of  which  its  main  channel  does  not 
now  pass  by  the  mouth  of  the  Red  River.  By 
these  changes,  it  is  probable  there  has  been  some 


218 


MOUNTAINS,   RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c. 


disturbance  of  the  natural  course  of  that  river. 
The  Atchafalaya,  inclining  to  the  E.  of  S.,  enters 
the  bay  of  the  same  name  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  outlet  Plaquemine  leaves  the  Mississippi 
128  miles  below  the  outlet  Atchafalaya.  Thirty- 
one  miles  below  the  Plaquemine,  and  81  above 
New  Orleans,  is  the  outlet  of  La  Fourche,  which 
also  communicates  with  the  ocean.  Below  this 
there  are  numerous  small  streams  leaving  the 
Mississippi  at  different  points.  On  the  E.  side 
the  principal  outlet  is  the  Iberville,  which  passes 
off  a  little  below  Baton  Rouge,  going  through 
Lakes  Maurepas,  Ponchartrain.  and  Borgne,  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  times  of  flood  this  out- 
let carries  off  considerable  water.  Between  this 
outlet  on  the  E.  and  Atchafalaya  on  the  W.  is 
included  what  is  called  the  Delta  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. At  the  distance  of  105  miles  below  New 
Orleans,  by  the  course  of  the  river,  and  of  90 
miles  in  a  direct  line,  this  majestic  river  enters 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  its  several  mouths,  the 
principal  of  which  is  the  N.E.  pass,  called  the 
Balize,  29°  7'  25"  N.  lat.,  and  89°  10'  W.  Ion., 
and  the  S.  W.  pass,  29°  8'  N.  lat..  and  89°  25' 
W.  Ion.  Most  of  the  vessels  enter  and  leave  the 
river  by  the  Balize.  The  depth  of  water  on  the 
bar,  at  each  of  these  passes,  is  from  12  to  17  feet, 
but  much  greater  immediately  within  and  with- 
out. The  river  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  any 
size,  which  are  now  for  the  most  part  taken  up  to 
New  Orleans  by  steam  tow-boats,  as  the  most 
expeditious  and  economical  method  of  reaching 
the  city.  Sailing  vessels  seldom  go  farther  up 
than  Natchez,  322  miles  above  New  Orleans,  as 
the  navigation  of  the  river  by  steamboats  is  much 
more  convenient.  The  Delta  of  the  Mississippi, 
if  we  regard  the  efflux  of  the  Atchafalaya  as  its 
apex,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  as  its  base,  stretches 
over  two  degrees  of  latitude  and  three  degrees 
of  longitude.  The  distance  from  the  outlet  of 
Atchafalaya  to  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  is 
220  miles.  Its  breadth  varies  from  10  miles  to 
100,  and  its  area  amounts  to  at  least  12,000  square 
miles,  or  one  fourth  part  of  the  state  of  Louis- 
iana. The  very  trifling  elevation  of  the  Delta, 
by  its  acclivity  from  the  ocean,  is  demonstrated 
by  the  fact,  that  in  autumn,  when  the  rivers  are 
reduced  to  their  lowest  mark,  the  tides  of  the 
gulf,  of  only  about  2  feet  mean  elevation,  are 
sensibly  felt  in  the  Atchafalaya  and  Iberville,  at 
their  etflux  from  the  Mississippi,  sometimes  even 
causing  the  current  to  flow  back  from  the  former 
into  the  latter.  From  the  physical  characteristics 
of  the  Delta,  it  has  been  supposed  by  some  ge- 
ographers that  the  main  channel  of  the  Missis- 
sippi is  changeable.  But  this  must  be  a  mistaken 
opinion.  When  the  annual  inundations  occur, 
the  surface  of  the  river  is  indeed  above  that  of 
the  surrounding  country ;  and  the  effect  of  the 
action  of  its  powerful  current  in  leaving  a  greater 
deposit  of  alluvion  upon  its  immediate  banks 
than  farther  back,  has  been  to  give  them  a  per- 
manent elevation  above  the  general  surface. 
Nevertheless  these  superficial  banks,  which  of 
course  are  liable  to  accretion  or  abrasion  in  the 
lapse  of  time,  are  as  nothing  to  the  deep  bed  of 
the  stream,  which,  as  in  the  case  of  all  other  riv- 
ers, is  the  deepest  valley  of  the  region  through 
which  it  flows.  That  this  is  the  character  of  the 
main  channel  of  the  Mississippi  is  apparent  from 
the  soundings  which  have  been  made,  showing  a 
depth  at  the  head  of  the  Delta,  at  the  lowest 
water,  of  75  to  80  feet;  of  130  feet  near  the  out- 


let of  La  Fourche,  at  Donaldson ville ;  of  100 
feet  and  upwards  opposite  New  Orleans  ;  and  of 
75  to  80  feet  3  miles  above  the  main  bars,  at 
its  mouth.  Comparing  these  elements  with 
those  of  the  deepest  lake  of  La.,  Lake  Ponchar- 
train, the  bottom  of  which  is  not  more  than  18 
to  25  feet  below  the  general  level  of  the  Delta, 
the  bed  of  the  river  is  seen  to  be  from  75  to  80 
feet  below  the  bottom  of  the  lowest  adjacent  de- 
pression. With  the  exception  of  some  changes 
which  have  been  effected,  both  in  and  above  the 
Delta,  by  the  cutting  off  of  the  necks  of  isthmuses, 
formed  originally  by  almost  circular  bendings 
in  the  river,  the  current  of  the  Mississippi  is  as 
effectually  and  permanently  confined  to  its  chan- 
nel as  that  of  any  other  river.  In  this  phenom- 
enon, such  lakes  as  that  of  Fausse  Riviere,  (False 
River,)  of  which  there  are  some  six  or  seven, 
either  formed  or  forming,  have  had  their  origin. 
This  fine  lake,  in  the  parish  of  Point  Coupee. 
172  miles  above  New  Orleans,  was  once  a  bend 
of  the  Mississippi.  In  or  about  the  year  1714, 
the  change  above  described  was  effected,  from 
which  both  the  names  Fausse  Riviere  and  Point 
Coupee  (Point  Cut  Off)  are  derived.  By  cutting 
through  this  narrow  neck  of  land,  the  Mississippi 
shortened  its  course  upwards  of  30  miles.  Near 
the  new  channel  the  old  bed  was  rapidly  filled 
with  alluvion,  but  in  all  other  parts  it  retained 
its  original  form,  and  is  now  a  lake,  with  a  mar- 
gin possessing  the  usual  fertility  of  .the  river 
banks,  and  occupied  with  farms  and  farm-houses. 
From  the  extent  of  country  drained  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi, it  necessarily  follows  that  its  spring  floods 
are  very  great,  and  of  very  long  continuance. 
In  a  mean  of  ten  years,  it  appears  that  the  swell 
commences  on  the  Delta  about  the  end  of  Feb- 
ruary, and  continues  rising  to  the  middle  of  June, 
when  the  waters  begin  to  abate.  This  long  and 
gradual  discharge  is  occasioned  by  three  causes, 
depending  on  the  vast  extent  of  the  region  from 
which  the  floods  descend :  first,  varieties  of  tem- 
perature from  a  difference  of  latitude  and  an 
increase  of  elevation ;  second,  contrariety  of  di- 
rection in  some  of  the  streams  which  constitute 
the  sources  of  the  river ;  third,  the  time  required 
for  the  waters  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  of  the 
Missouri,  and  of  other  distant  regions,  to  traverse 
the  long  distance  from  the  sources  to  the  mouths 
of  this  mighty  river.  The  difference  of  latitude 
from  the  mouths  to  the  remotest  sources  of  the 
Mississippi  is  about  20  degrees,  and  the  relative 
elevation  not  less  than  5000  feet.  These  elements 
combined  would  give  a  winter  climate  to  the 
sources  of  the  Missouri  or  Mississippi,  equal  to 
that  of  Labrador,  in  lat.  61°,  on  the  Atlantic 
coast.  Permanent  snows  cover  the  earth  in  win- 
ter, over  the  Atlantic  slope  and  Mississippi  basin, 
as  low  as  lat.  31°,  the  waters  from  which,  it  is  ob- 
vious, cannot  be  simultaneously  discharged.  The 
general  course  of  the  flood  being  S.,  the  spring- 
advances  in  a  reverse  direction,  and  releases  in 
succession  the  waters  of  the  lower  valley,  then 
those  of  the  Ohio,  and  last  those  of  the  Missis- 
sippi proper  and  the  Missouri.  Rising  in  lat.  42° 
to  50°  N.,  and  at  an  elevation  of  from  1200  to 
5000  feet,  the  higher  sources  of  the  Mississippi 
are  locked  in  ice  and  snow  long  after  summer 
reigns  on  the  Delta.  Then  the  course  of  the 
Missouri  and  Yellowstone  Rivers  is  to  the  N.  E. 
at  first,  for  500  or  600  miles,  from  which  circum- 
stances, together  with  the  slow  movement  of  the 
waters,  it  results  that  the  waters  of  the  upper 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


219 


sources  of  the  Mississippi  do  not  reach  the  Delta 
before  the  beginning  of  August,  about  100  days 
after  the  breaking  up  of  winter,  and  more  than 
a  month  after  the  inundation  has  been  abating. 
The  average  height  of  the  floods,  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri,  is  15  feet.  From  the 
Missouri  to  the  Ohio  it  rises  25  feet,  and  for  a 
great  distance  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  it 
rises  50  feet.  Before  reaching  Natchez,  the  height 
of  the  floods  begins  to  decline.  At  Baton  Rouge 
it  seldom  exceeds  30  feet,  and  at  New  Orleans 
12.  This  gradual  diminution  in  the  flood,  in  the 
lower  part,  has  been  supposed  by  some  to  result 
from  the  draining  through  the  numerous  effluxes 
of  the  river,  conveying  away  such  considerable 
portions  of  its  waters  by  separate  channels  to  the 
sea.  So  greatly  does  the  quantity  of  snow  and 
rain  differ  in  different  years,  that  it  is  quite  im- 
possible, even  for  those  who  have  had  the  longest 
experience,  to  anticipate,  with  an  approach  to 
certainty,  the  elevation  which  the  flood  will  attain 
in  any  given  year.  Some  years  the  waters  do 
not  rise  above  their  channels,  and  no  inundation 
takes  place.  As  the  banks  of  the  river  in  the 
Delta,  from  the  cause  above  noticed,  are  higher 
than  the  general  level  of  the  country,  constituting 
an  alluvial  margin  of  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile 
and  a  half  wide,  it  becomes  important  to  protect 
some  of  the  more  valuable  tracts  in  the  rear  from 
the  annual  overflow  of  the  river,  from  which  they 
could  not  easily  be  drained.  For  this  purpose 
an  artificial  embankment  has  been  raised  at  great 
expense  upon  the  margin  of  the  river,  called  the 
Levee.  On  the  E.  side  this  embankment  com- 
mences 60  miles  above  New  Orleans,  and  extends 
down  the  river  more  than  130  miles.  On  the  VV. 
side  it  commences  172  miles  above  New  Orleans. 
The  vast  trade  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
centres  at  New  Orleans.  Vessels  are  often  from 
5  to  30  days  ascending  the  river  to  this  port,  un- 
less they  employ  the  steam  tow-boats,  though 
they  will  often  descend  with  a  favorable  wind  in 
12  hours.  Before  the  introduction  of  steam- 
boats it  required  8  or  10  weeks  to  go  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Illinois.  The  use  of  steamboats  has  nearly 
superseded  all  other  vessels  for  ascending  the 
river.  Boats  of  40  tons  ascend  more  than  2000 
miles,  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  The  passage 
from  Cincinnati  to  New  Orleans  and  back  has 
been  made  in  19  days.  The  first  steamboat  on 
the  western  waters  was  built  at  Pittsburg  in  1811, 
and  there  are  now  over  300  on  the  Mississippi 
and  its  tributaries,  many  of  them  of  great  bur- 
den. By  the  opening  of  the  Illinois  Canal  from 
Chicago  to  the  head  of  navigation  in  the  Illinois 
River,  a  connection  has  been  formed  between  the 
watei-s  of  the  River  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi, of  sufficient  draught  to  admit  the  passage 
of  small  vessels,  laden  with  their  cargoes  of  mer- 
chandise. Some  time  in  the  autumn  of  1849,  the 
first  vessel  was  reported  at  New  Orleans  as  hav- 
ing arrived  from  the  St.  Lawrence,  via  the  Wei- 
land  Canal,  the  great  lakes,  the  Illinois  Canal 
and  River,  and  the  Mississippi.  Returning  by 
the  Atlantic  const,  she  might  then  have  circum- 
navigated the  United  States. 

Mississinewa  River  ^  la.  and  0.  This  river  rises 
in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Dark  co.,  0.,  flows  N.  W. 
into  la.,  and  empties  into  the  Wabash  River  in 
Miami  co. 

Missouri  River.  The  sources  of  this  great 
river  take  their  rise  in  the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  some 
of  their  springs  are  within  a  mile  of  other  springs 


which  discharge  themselves  W.,  through  the  Co- 
lumbia River,  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  three 
principal  streams  which  constitute  the  head 
waters  of  the  Missouri  are  the  Jefferson,  the 
Madison,  and  the  Gallatin,  which  unite  at  the 
same  point  in  lat.  45°  10' N.fand  Ion.  110°  W. 
From  their  confluence  at  this  point,  the  river 
takes  the  name  Missouri,  and  flows  onward, 
receiving  numerons  tributaries  in  its  course, 
through  a  distance  of  more  than  3000  miles,  to 
its  junction  with  the  Mississippi,  in  lat.  38°  51' 
N.,  and  Ion.  90°  W.  Its  course  is  at  first  N. 
and  N.  E.,  to  the  mouth  of  White  Earth  River, 
lat.  47°  25' ;  thence  S.  E.,  about  220  miles,  to  the 
Mandan  villages,  or  Indian  settlements.  From 
this  point,  the  river  takes  a  S.  course,  through  a 
distance  of  several  hundred  miles ;  and  then, 
being  inflected  more  to  the  E.,  it  pursues  this 
general  direction  to  the  Mississippi.  Although  it 
loses  its  name  at  its  confluence  with  the  Missis- 
sippi, it  is,  before  it  reaches  this  point,  much  the 
longest  and  largest  river  of  the  two,  and,  phys- 
ically considered,  is  entitled  to  be  denominated 
the  principal,  rather  than  the  secondary.  The 
Missouri  is  already  a  very  large  river,  when  it 
approaches  and  passes  the  sources  of  its  very 
inferior  rival.  If  it  be  ranked  according  to 
physical  preeminence,  as  including  the  Missis- 
sippi from  its  confluence  with  that  river  to  its 
mouth,  it  has  an  entire  length  of  about  4350 
miles,  and  is  probably  the  longest  river  of  the 
earth.  Ranking  it  as  a  secondary  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  having  reference  to  the  area  drained  by 
its  channel,  it  is  the  largest  river  of  that  class  in 
the  world.  A  direct  line  drawn  along  its  valley, 
from  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi  River  to 
the  head  of  Maria's  River,  one  of  its  most  N.  W. 
sources,  is  nearly  1400  miles  in  extent,  and  the 
width  of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Missouri,  as  that 
part  is  called  which  is  above  the  confluence  of 
the  Yellowstone,  is  not  less  than  600  miles  across 
the  sources,  and  has  a  mean  of  300  miles  in  the 
general  direction  of  the  streams.  The  entire 
valley,  drained  by  the  Missouri  proper,  includes 
an  area  of  523,000  square  miles,  or  a  surface  more 
than  double  that  of  the  whole  Atlantic  slope  of 
the  United  States.  The  upper  valley  of  the  Mis- 
souri presents  a  surface,  on  the  W.  side,  broken 
by  mountains,  and  gradually  spreading  into 
plains,  as  the  rivers  descend  in  their  courses. 
The  whole  face  of  the  country,  with  partial  ex- 
ceptions along  the  rivers,  is  open  prairie,  exhibit- 
ing a  strong  resemblance  to  the  steppes  of  Asia, 
in  nearly  the  same  latitude.  The  surface  of  the 
lower  valley  is  also  extensively  occupied  with 
prairie,  the  alluvial  and  fertile  soil  on  the  rivers 
not  having  a  very  great  breadth.  The  first 
large  tributary  of  the  Missouri  is  the  Yellow- 
stone. This  river,  800  yards  wide  at  its  mouth, 
and  probably  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Mis- 
souri, enters  it  on  the  S.  W.  side,  about  1800 
miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi. 
The  Yellowstone,  at  its  junction,  is  as  large  as 
the  Missouri.  Steamboats  ascend  to  this  point, 
and  can  ascend  farther  by  either  branch.  After 
their  junction,  the  united  waters  of  the  Yellow- 
stone and  Missouri  form  a  river  as  large  in 
volume,  and  as  wide  and  deep,  probably,  as  at 
its  entrance  into  the  Mississippi.  Chienne  River, 
400  yards  wide  at  its  mouth,  enters  the  Missouri 
on  the  S.  W.  side,  1310  miles  from  its  mouth : 
White  River,  300  yards  wide,  enters  it  on  the 
S.  .W.  side,  1130  miles  from  its  mouth;  Big 


220 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c., 


Sioux  River,  110  yards  wide,  enters  it  853  miles 
from  its  mouth,  on  the  N.  E.  side ;  Platt  Riv- 
er, 600  yards  wide,  enters  it  on  the  S.  W. 
side,  GOO  miles  from  its  mouth;  Kansas  River, 
233  yards  wide,  ejiters  it  on  the  S.  W.  side,  340 
miles  from  its  mouth;  Grand  River,  190  yards 
wide,  enters  it  on  the  N.  E.  side,  240  miles  from 
its  mouth  ;  La  Mine  River,  70  yards  wide,  enters 
.  it  200  miles  from  its  mouth ;  Osage  River,  397 
yards  wide,  enters  it  on  the  S.  W.  side.  133  miles 
from  its  mouth ;  and  Gasconade  River  enters  it  on 
the  S.  W.  side,  100  miles  from  its  mouth.  The 
largest  of  these  tributaries  are  navigable  from 
100  to  800  miles.  Through  the  whole  course  of 
the  Missouri  there  is  no  serious  obstruction  to 
the  navigation,  except,  perhaps,  from  the  shallow- 
ness  of  the  water,  during  the  season  of  the 
greatest  drought,  before  arriving  at  Great  Falls, 
about  260  miles  from  the  Mississippi.  The  Mis- 
souri is  over  half  a  mile  wide  at  its  mouth,  and 
through  the  greater  part  of  its  course  it  is  wider 
than  this.  It  is  a  rapid  and  turbid  stream,  and 
generally  carries  along  a  powerful  volume  of 
water;  but  owing  to  its  passing  through  a  dry 
and  open  country,  and  being  subject  to  extensive 
evaporation,  it  becomes  low  at  certain  seasons, 
hardly  affording  sufficient  water  for  steamboat 
navigation.  From  much  greater  relative  eleva- 
tion, from  higher  latitudes,  and  from  the  pecu- 
liar courses  of  some  of  its  tributaries,  the  flood 
in  the  Missouri  is  the  latest  in  order,  and  does  not 
reach  the  Mississippi  proper  until  after  the  flood 
in  that  river,  the  Ohio,  Arkansas,  and  Red  Rivers 
have  in  great  part  subsided.  At  the  Great  Falls, 
distant  about  2600  miles  from  the  Mississippi, 
the  river  descends,  by  a  succession  of  rapids  and 
falls,  375  feet,  in  about  16i  miles.  The  lower 
and  greatest  of  these  falls  has  a  perpendicular 
pitch  of  87  feet,  the  second  of  19  feet,  the 
third  of  47  feet,  and  the  fourth  of  26  feet. 
These  falls,  next  to  those  of  Niagara,  are  the 
grandest  on  the  continent.  At  the  distance  of 
110  miles  above  these  falls  is  a  remarkable  pas- 
sage of  the  river  through  the  mountains,  denomi- 
nated the  Gates  of  the  Rocky  Mts.  The  scenery 
at  this  place  is  exceedingly  grand.  For  a  dis- 
tance of  about  6  miles,  the  rocks  rise  perpendicu- 
larly from  the  margin  of  the  river  to  an  eleva- 
tion of  1200  feet.  The  river  is  compressed  to 
the  width  of  150  yards,  and  for  the  first  3  miles, 
there  is  only  one  spot,  and  that  only  of  a  few 
yards,  on  which  a  man  could  stand  between  the 
water  and  these  perpendicular  walls  of  the 
mountain.  Nothing  can  be  imagined  more 
gloomy  and  impressive  than  the  passage  through 
this  deep  chasm. 

Mtiik  Bay,  Aa.  This  bay  is  connected  with 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  two  straits,  one  on  each 
side  of  Dauphin  Island.  The  strait  on  the  W. 
side  will  not  admit  vessels  drawing  more  than  5 
feet  of  water :  that  on  the  E.  side,  between  the 
island  and  Mobile  Point,  has  18  feet  of  water 
and  the  channel  passes  within  a  few  yards  of  the 
point.  There  is  a  bar  across  the  upper  end  of 
the  bay,  which  has  only  11  feet  of  water.  The 
length  of  the  bay  is  30  miles,  its  average  width  12 
miles. 

Mobile  River,  Aa.  The  Alabama  and  Tom- 
bigbee  unite,  40  miles  above  Mobile,  to  form  this 
river.  A  few  miles  below  the  junction  it  divides 
into  several  channels.  The  main  W.  channel  is 
called  the  Mobile  ;  the  main  E.,  which  is  widest 
and  deepest,  the  Tensaw.  It  is  navigable  to  St. 


Stephen's  for  vessels  drawing  5  or  6  feet  of  water, 
by  the  Tombigbee  branch,  and  to  Claiborne  by 
the  Alabama  branch.  The  two  branches  unite  in 
31°  6'  N.  lat,  and  1 1°  5'  W.  Ion.  from  Washington. 
The  river  sometimes  rises  50  or  60  feet  in  time  of 
flood. 

Mob  Jack  Bay,  Va.  An  arm  of  Chesapeake 
Bay,  lying  between  Matthews  and  Gloucester 
counties. 

MqffeCs  River,  Augusta  co.,  Va.  A  small 
stream  flowing  into  Middle  River,  a  branch  of 
the  Shenandoah. 

Mohawk  River,  N.  II.,  rises  among  the  moun- 
tains of  Dixville,  and  in  its  course  through  Cole- 
brook,  receives  some  considerable  branches  from 
Stewartstown,  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut. 

Mohawk  River,  N.  Y.,  the  principal  branch 
of  the  Hudson  River,  rises  in  Oneida  co..  near 
the  source  of  Black  River,  and  runs  S.  about  20 
miles,  to  Rome,  and  thence  nearly  E.  to  the 
Hudson  River,  which  it  enters  at  Waterford,  be- 
tween Albany  and  Saratoga.  Its  whole  length  is 
about  135  miles.  The  river  has  many  rapids,  and 
two  large  falls  in  its  course.  At  Little  Falls,  it  de- 
scends over  a  stony  bed,  and  through  a  remarka- 
ble gorge  in  the  mountain,  42  feet  in  the  course 
of  a  mile.  At  Cohoes  Falls,  about  2  miles  from 
its  mouth,  it  poui'S  its  waters  down  a  perpendicu- 
lar descent  of  about  70  feet.  Three  fourths  of  a 
mile  below  this  point  is  a  bridge  over  the  river, 
from  which  a  fine  view  of  the  cataract  is  obtained. 
The  Erie  Canal  now  passes  along,  chiefly  on  the 
S.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  nearly  through  its  whole 
course;  consequently  the  channel  of  the  river 
is  but  little  used  for  navigation.  The  banks  of 
the  river  are  very  level,  and  in  some  parts  very 
fertile,  particularly  in  Herkimer  co.,  though  in 
other  parts  they  are  poor  and  rocky. 

Molechunkamunk  Lake,  Me.,  lies  about  80  miles 
N.  by  W.  from  Portland,  and  is  one  of  the  chain 
of  large  lakes  extending  N.  W.  from  Umbagog 
Lake,  through  Oxford  and  a  part  of  Franklin 
co.,  and  emptying  into  the  Androscoggin  River. 
The  borders  of  these  lakes  are  thinly  settled, 
but  the  soil  is  extremely  fertile,  and  the  scenery 
equal  in  beauty  to  that  of  the  celebrated  Winni- 
pisiogee. 

Molly's  Pond,  Vt.     See  Cabot. 

Molumkus  River,  Me.  This  large  stream  rises 
mostly  in  Aroostook  co.,  flows  in  a  S.  direction, 
and  falls  into  the  Matawamkeag  about  8  miles 
from  its  mouth. 

Momsco  Bay,  Chippewa  co.,  Mn.  A  branch  of 
the  Straits  of  St.  Mary,  opposite  St.  Joseph  Island. 

Momsco  River,  Michilimackinac  and  Chippewa 
counties,  Mn.,  flows  N.  E.,  and  empties  into 
Momsco  Bay. 

Mongaup  Creek,  or  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  N. 
part  of  Sullivan  co.,  and  flows  S.  into  Delaware 
River. 

Monistique  Lake,  Mn.  Situated  on  the  S.  bor- 
der of  Schoolcraft  co. 

Monistique  River,  Mn.  This  river  and  its  nu- 
merous branches  drain  the  E.  part  of  School- 
craft  co.,  and  empty  their  waters  into  Lake 
Michigan. 

Monk's  Hill,  Kingston,  Ms.     Height  313  feet. 

Monocacy  River,  Pa.  and  Md.  This  river  rises 
in  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  flows  S.  S.  W.,  and  empties 
into  the  Potomac  at  the  S.  angle  of  Frederick 
co.,  Md. 

'Monody  Creek,  Pa.,  falls  into  the  Swatara  12 
miles  W.  from  Lebanon. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


221 


Monomoy  Island,  Barnstablc  co.,  Ms.  A  long, 
narrow  island,  lying  off  the  town  of  Chatham. 

Monongahela  River,  Pa.  .This  river  has  its 
source  in  Randolph  co.,  Va.,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Laurel  Mts.,  and  after  flowing  300  miles  in  a  N. 
direction,  unites  with  Alleghany  River  at  Pitts- 
burg,  to  form  the  Ohio.  It  is  crossed  by  a  bridge 
at  its  mouth,  where  it  is  nearly  400  yards  wide. 
It  is  navigable  for  large  boats  60  miles  to  Browns- 
ville, and  for  small  boats  200  miles  from  its 
mouth.  It  is  entered  on  its  E.  side  by  Cheat  and 
Youghiogeny  Rivers,  its  principal  tributaries. 

Monroe,  Lake,  Orange  co.,  Fa.  A  small  lake 
which  is  supplied  by  the  waters  of  St.  John's 
River.  On  its  S.  border  is  Fort  Mellon. 

Montauk  Point,  N.  Y.,  lies  140  miles  E.  from 
the  city  of  New  York,  and  about  60  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Gay  Head  light-house  on  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, Ms.  Near  this  place  are  high  and  rugged 
cliffs,  against  whose  base  the  waves  of  the  At- 
lantic dash  with  almost  continued  violence,  any 
thing  like  a  perfect  calm  being  of  rare  occur- 
rence. There  is  a  sublimity  and  wildness,  as  well 
as  solitariness,  here,  which  leave  a  powerful  im- 
pression on  the  heart.  In  a  storm,  the  scene 
which  the  ocean  presents  is  awfully  grand  and 
terrific.  At  this  place  are  fine  sea  air  and  bath- 
ing, and  many  resort  here,  during  the  summer 
months,  for  health  and  pleasure.  At  the  extrem- 
ity of  this  point  is  a  light-house,  one  of  the  most 
important  beacons  to  mariners  on  the  American 
coast.  We  copy  the  following  beautiful  lines, 
descriptive  of  the  place,  written  by  Mrs.  Sigour- 
uey,  the  celebrated  American  poetess  :  — 

"  Ultima  Thule  !  of  this  ancient  isle, 
Against  whose  breast  the  everlasting  surge, 
Long  travelling  on,  and  ominous  of  wrath, 
Forever  beats.    Thou  lift'st  an  eye  of  light 
Unto  the  vexed  and  storm-tossed  mariner, 
Guiding  him  safely  to  his  home  again. 
So  teach  us,  'mid  our  own  sore  ills,  to  wear 
The  crown  of  mercy,  and,  with  changeless 
Eye,  look  up  to  Heaven." 

Montezuma  or  Cayuga  Marshes,  N.  Y.,  extend 
14  miles  along  the  outlet  of  Cayuga  Lake  and 
Seneca  River.  They  are  from  2  to  3  miles  wide, 
and  in  summer  are  covered  with  rank  grass  from 
3  to  4  feet  high. 

Montgomery,  Fort,  N.  Y.  This  old  fortress, 
and  that  of  Fort  Clinton,  both  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Hudson  River,  6  miles  below  West  Point, 
were  memorable  spots  during  the  revolutionary 
war. 

Montreal  River.  This  small  river  rises  in  small 
lakes  in  La  Pointe  and  Portage  counties,  flows 
N.  W.  on  the  boundary  between  Wn.  and  Mn., 
and  falls  into  Lake  Superior. 

Mooi-e's  Creek,  N.  J.,  falls  into  the  Delaware 
about  G  miles  above  Philadelphia. 

Moose  Mountain,  N.  H.,  is  the  name  of  a  peak 
situated  between  Middleton  and  Brookfield,  and 
also  of  a  mountain  in  Hanover.  See  Brookjleld 
and  Hanover. 

Moose  Lake  lies  in  the  town  of  Wilmurt,  Her- 
kimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  an  uncultivated  and  almost 
uninhabited  region  of  the  state. 

Moose  River,  Me.  This  large  tributary  to 
Moosehead  Lake  rises  in  -the  W.  part  of  Somer- 
set co.,  and  in  its  course  flows  through  Atieh, 
Woods,  Brassua.  and  several  other  ponds. 

Moose  River,  N.  H.  This  stream  rises  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  White  Mts.,  near  the  town  of  Ran- 
dolph, through  which  it  passes,  and  unites  with 
the  Androscoggin  in  Shelburne. 


Moose  River,  Vt.,  is  an  E.  branch  of  the  Pas- 
sumpsic,  and  rises  in  Gran  by  and  East  Haven. 
Taking  a  S.  W.  course  through  Victory,  Brad- 
leyville,  and  a  part  of  St.  Johnsbury,  it  falls  into 
the  Passumpsic,  opposite  St.  Johnsbury  Plain. 
Length  24  miles. 

Moose  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Hamilton  co.,  flows 
W.,  and  enters  Black  River,  a  short  distance 
above  High  Falls,  in  Lewis  co. 

Moose  Head  Lake,  Me.  This  lake,  the  outlet  of 
which  is  the  source  of  Kennebec  River,  lies  in  the 
county  of  Piscataquis.  Its  form  is  very  irregular. 
Its  length  is  between  40  and  50  miles,  and  its 
breadth,  in  the  widest  part,  about  12  miles.  The 
tributaries  are  numerous,  and  flow  from  almost 
every  direction.  It  contains  a  number  of  islands, 
the  largest  of  which  is  Sugar  Island,  containing 
5440  acres,  and  Deer  Island,  containing  2000 
acres.  These  islands  are  fertile,  as  is  the  whole 
country  surrounding  the  lake,  except  in  some 
places  where  the  banks  are  high  and  precipitous. 
The  waters  are  deep,  and  abound  in  trout  of  an 
extraordinary  size.  It  is  remarkable  that  the 
territory  surrounding  this  inland  sea,  possessing 
in  rich  abundance  all  the  necessary  requirements 
for  the  uses  and  comforts  of  man,  and  within 
three  hundred  miles  of  the  capital  of  New  Eng- 
land, should  be  left  a  wilderness  garden,  unin- 
habited and  almost  unexplored,  while  thousands 
of  New  England  men  are  pressing  to  distant 
regions,  less  healthful,  and  less  productive,  when 
markets  for  surplus  produce  are  considered.  A 
steamboat  plies  up  and  down  the  lake,  for  the 
purpose  of  transporting  passengers,  more  par- 
ticularly those  who  are  engaged  in  felling  timber, 
and  for  the  purpose  of  towing  the  timber  down 
to  the  Kennebec  outlet.  The  lumber  business 
on  this  lake  is  very  extensive,  and  doubtless 
lucrative  ;  but  the  time  is  not  very  distant  when 
this  and  other  sections  of  Maine  will  be  as  much 
valued  for  the  fruits  of  the  soil,  and,  under  the 
wise  system  of  geological  exploration,  adopted 
by  the  legislature,  for  the  quarries  of  slate,  lime, 
granite,  marble,  and  even  coal,  as  they  are  now 
for  their  forests  of  timber.  This  lake  may  be 
divided  into  two  bays.  A  little  above  the  centre 
of  it  is  a  narrow  ^ass,  of  rather  less  than  a  mile 
across.  At  this  place,  on  the  western  side,  is 
Mount  Keneo,  an  elevation  of  500  or  600  feet, 
projecting  over  the  water.  From  this  height  a 
picturesque  view  of  the  lake,  its  islands,  and  a 
boundless  wilderness,  is  presented. 

Moosehillock  Mountain,  N.  H.,  is  a  noble  emi- 
nence, in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Benton,  and  ranks 
among  the  highest  mountains  in  New  England. 
Baker's  River  rises  on  its  E.  side. 

Mooseluckinaguntic  Lake,  Me.,  lies  about  2  miles 
S.  of  Molechunkamunk  Lake,  into  which  it 
empties. 

Moreau  Creek,  Mo.,  is  formed  in  Cole  co.,  by 
the  junction  of  its  two  forks,  flows  E.,  and 
enters  the  Missouri  River,  a  little  above  the 
Osage. 

Morehouse  Lake,  N.  Y.,  the  head  source  of  East 
Canada  Creek,  lies  in  the  town  of  Morehouse, 
Hamilton  co. 

More's  Hill,  Goshen,  Ms.     Height  1713  feet. 

Moriah,  Mount,  N.  H.,  an  elevated  peak  of  the 
White  Mountains,  situated  in  the  S.  part  of  Shel- 
burne. 

Mormon  Creek,  Crawford  co.,  Wn.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Mississippi. 

Morrison's  Island,  Colleton  district,  S.  C.,   lies 


222 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


at  the  mouth  of  Charleston  harbor,  N.  E.  from 
James  Island. 

Mother  Kill  Kent  co.,  De.  A  small  stream  emp- 
tving  into  Delaware  Bay,  just  below  Jones  Creek. 
*  Mountain  Ridge,  N.  Y.,  lies  S.  of  Lake  Ontario, 
and  once,  without  doubt,  formed  its  S.  shore,  of 
which  the  Ridge  Road,  or  Alluvial  Way,  run- 
ning parallel  with  the  S.  border  of  the  lake, 
and  from  6  to  8  miles  from  it,  is  an  important 
proof.  Niagara  River  flows  through  the  ridge. 

Mount  Daniel,  Webster,  Ms.     Height  785  feet. 

Mount  Defiance.  N.  Y.,  a  high  eminence,  is  sit- 
uated in  the  S.  part  of  the  town  of  Ticonderoga, 
Essex  co.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  and 
overlooks  the  site  of  old  Fort  Ticonderoga.  Gen- 
eral Burgoyne  ascended  this  moxmtain  with  some 
pieces  of  artillery  in  1777,  and  obliged  the  Amer- 
icans to  evacuate  Fort  Ticonderoga,  which  had 
been  considered  almost  impregnable.  Since  then 
it  has  been  thought  useless  as  a  military  station, 
and  suffered  to  go  to  decay.  On  the  summit  of 
this  mountain  are  still  to  be  seen  the  remains 
of  Burgoyne's  Block  House,  which  commands  a 
beautiful  and  extensive  view  of  Lake  Champlain 
and  the  surrounding  country. 

Mount  Desert  Sound,  Me.,  lies  S.  of  the  Island 
of  Mt.  Desert,  from  which  Mt.  Desert  Rock  lies 
about  20  miles  S. 

Mount  Emmbns,  N.  Y.  This  isolated  peak  lies 
mostly  in  the  town  of  Gilman,  Hamilton  co.,  and 
is  elevated  about  4500  feet  above  the  tide  waters 
of  the  Hudson. 

Mount  Esther,  Whately,  Ms.     Height  995  feet. 

Mount  Grace,  Warwick,  Ms.    Height  1628  feet. 

Mount  Hope  and  Mount  Hope  Bay.  See  Bris- 
tol, R.  1. 

Mount  Ida,  N.  Y.  This  fine  eminence  lies 
about  half  a  mile  E.  of  Hudson  River,  within 
the  city  of  Troy. 

Mount  Independence,  Vt.,  lies  in  the  N.  W. 
corner  of  the  township  of  Orwell,  and  about  2 
miles  S.  E.  from  Ticonderoga  Fort.  It  is  inter- 
esting on  account  of  its  connection  with  the 
early  history  of  our  country. 

Mount  Lincoln,  Pelham,  Ms.    Height  1248  feet. 

Mount  Mclntyre,  N.  Y.,  a  peak  of  the  Adiron- 
dack range,  lies  in  Essex  co.^  and  is  elevated 
5183  feet  above  the  tide  waters  of  the  Hudson. 

Mount  Marcy,  N.  Y.,  the  highest  eminence  of 
the  Adirondack  range,  lies  in  the  town  of  Keene, 
Essex  co.  It  is  elevated  5467  feet,  or  upwards 
of  a  mile,  above  the  tide  waters  of  the  Hudson, 
and  overlooks  several  other  peaks  of  nearly  the 
same  height.  The  view  of  these  mountains,*  cov- 
ered with  a  dense,  luxuriant  forest,  as  seen  from 
Lake  Lolden,  is  grand  and  picturesque  in  the 
extreme. 

Mount  Misery,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  town  of  Brook- 
haven,  Suffolk  co.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island, 
and  commands  a  view  of  Long  Island  Sound 
and  the  surrounding  country. 

Mount  Ncbo,  situated  in  the  town  of  Middle- 
bury,  Vt,,  is  sometimes  called  Chipman's  Hill. 
It  rests  on  a  base  of  about  2  miles  by  1  and 
rises  gradually  439  feet  above  the  level  of  Otter 
Creek.  A  part  of  the  village  rests  upon  its 
S.  declivity,  and  it  affords  some  of  the  best  ara- 
ble land  in  the  township.  The  scenery  from  its 
summit  is  also  very  fine,  commanding  an  exten- 
sive view  of  Lake  Champlain  and  the  surround- 
ing country. 

Mount  Reward,  N.  Y.  A  lofty  group  of  the 
Adirondack  range  bears  this  name.  It  lies  in  the 


S.  E.  part  of  Franklin  co.,  and  is  elevated  4800 
feet  above  the  Atlantic. 

Mount  Tom,  Woodstock,  Vt.,  is  an  eminence 
of  some  height. 

Mount  Tom,  Northampton,  Ms.    Height  1214  ft. 

Mount  Vernon,  Fairfax  co.,  Va.  This  town, 
which  contains  the  mansion  and  ton>b  of  Gen- 
eral Washington,  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Potomac,  6  miles  below  Alexandria.  Many 
a  pilgrimage  has  been  made  to  the  spot  hallowed 
by  the  memory  of  the  father  of  his  country. 

Mud  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  W.  of  Canandaigua 
Lake,  in  Ontario  co.,  flows  N.  E.,  and  unites  with 
the  Canandaigua  outlet  in  Wayne  co.  The 
united  streams  then  take  the  name  of  Clyde 
River,  which  flows  20  miles  in  an  E.  direction, 
and  empties  into  Seneca  River. 

Mud  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Yates  co.,  flows  S., 
and  enters  Conhocton  River  in  Steuben.  co. 

Mud  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  small  body  of  water 
lies  mostly  in  the  town  of  Tyrone,  Steuben  co. 

Mud  Lakes,  Uh.  A  chain  of  lakes  lying  N. 
from  Pyramid  Lake,  with  which  they  are  con- 
nected by  outlets. 

Muddy  Brook,  Vt.  This  stream  divides  Wil- 
liston  from  Burlington,  and  falls  into  Winooski 
River. 

Muddy  Creek,  York  co.,  Pa.  This  stream 
drains  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  county,  and  empties 
into  the  Susquehanna  River. 

Muddy  Creek,  Is.  A  branch  of  the  Little  Wa- 
bash  River,  which  it  enters  in  Clay  co. 

Muddy  River,  Ky.,  a  S.  tributary  of  Green 
River,  rises  in  Todd  and  Logan  counties,  and, 
flowing  north,  forms  the  boundary  between  But- 
ler and  Muhlenburg  counties. 

Muddy  Lake  and  River,  Ma.  The  lake  lies  N. 
W.  froni  the  Minsi  Sagaigoning  or  Mille  Lacs, 
and  the  river  connects  it  with  the  Mississippi. 

Mugget  Hill,  Charlton,  Ms.     Height  1012  feet. 

Mulberry  Creek.  Ga.  A  tributary  of  the  Chatta- 
hoochee,  which  it  enters  in  Harris  co. 

Mulberry  Creek,  Aa.  This  is  a  branch  of  the 
Alabama  River,  which  it  enters  on  the  N.  side, 
after  forming  the  boundary  between  Autauga  and 
Dallas  counties. 

Mulberry  Creek,  As.  A  pretty  large  stream, 
which  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Newton  co.,  and  flows 
S.  W.  into  the  Arkansas. 

Mullet  Island,  Hillsboro'  co.,  Fa.  Situated  at 
the  mouth  of  Tampa  Bay. 

Mullet  River.  Wn.,  rises  in  a  small  lake  in  the 
E.  part  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  and  flows  W.  across 
Sheboygan  co.  into  Sheboygan  River. 

Mullicas  River,  N.  J.,  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Burlington  and  Atlantic  counties,  and  en- 
ters the  Atlantic  9  miles  E.  of  Leeds,  through 
New  Inlet.  It  is  navigable  20  miles  for  vessels 
of  60  tons. 

Murderers  Creek,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  E., 
and  enters  the  Hudson  at  the  town  of  New 
Windsor. 

Murphy  Islands,  Charleston  district,  S.  C.,  lie  S. 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Santee  River. 

Muscatauck  River,  la.  The  head  branches  of  this 
river  rise  principally  in  Decatur  and  Ripley  coun- 
ties. Its  two  largest,  called  Vernon  and  Graham's 
Fork,  unite  on  the  W.  border  of  Scott  co.  It  then 
flows  W.,  separating  Jackson  and  Washington 
counties,  and  empties  into  the  E.  fork  of  White 
River. 

Muscle  Fork,  Mo.  A  branch  of  the  Chariton 
River,  which  it  enters  just  below  Keytesville. 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


223 


Muscoot  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Putnam  co.,  flows 
S.,  and  enters  Croton  River,  in  Westchester  co. 

Masker/  River,  La  Pointe  oo.,  Wn.  The  most 
W.  branch  of  Bad  River. 

Muskeget  Island,  Nantucket  co.,  Ms.  Situated 
off  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Smith's  Point. 

Muskingum.  River,  0.  This  large  river  is 
formed  by  two  main  branches,  Tuscarawas  and 
White  Woman's  Rivers,  which  unite  at  Coshoc- 
ton.  The  Tuscarawas  rises  in  Medina  co.,  and  a 
portage  between  them  gave  name  to  Portage  town 
and  county.  The  Muskingum  is  navigable  for 
large  bateaux  to  Coshocton,  100  miles.  A  canal, 
with  a  dam  and  locks,  affording  great  water 
power,  is  constructed  around  the  falls  at  Zanes- 
ville.  There  is  a  slack  water  navigation  from 
Zanesville  to  Dresden,  where  a  channel,  2i  miles 
long,  connects  Muskingum  River  with  the  Ohio 
Canal.  The  river  is  225  yards  wide  at  its  en- 
trance into  the  Ohio,  at  Marietta. 

Musquewoc  Lake,  Washington  co.,  Wn.,  lies  in 
the  N.  W.  interior  of  the  county,  at  the  head  of 
Mequon  River. 

Musquito  Creek,  lo.  A  small  branch  of  the 
Missouri,  which  it  enters  below  Boyer's  River. 

Musquito  Harbor,  Me.,  lies  in  the  S.  part  of 
Gouldsboro',  Hancock  co. 

Musquito  South  Lagoon,  Fa.  Situated  in  the  E. 
part  of  Orange  co.,  between  Indian  River  and  the 
Atlantic. 

Mystic  River,  Ms.  The  head  of  this  river  is  at 
the  beautiful  town  of  Medford,  5  miles  N.  from 
Boston.  At  the  junction  of  this  river  with  the 
Charles,  near  the  city  of  Charlestown,  the  British 
ships  of  war  lay  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

Nahant,  Ms.     See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Nahmyoo  Bay,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  Situated  on 
the  E.  part  of  Green,  W.  from  Sturgeon  Bay. 

Namebin  Lake,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.,  is  the  source 
of  one  of  the  main  branches  of  Bad  River. 

Namejoy  Bay,  Charles  co.,  Md.  This  is  a  small 
opening  above  Port  Tobacco,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Potomac. 

Namekcgon  River,  Wn.  This  river  drains  the 
S.  part  of  La  Pointe,  and,  crossing  the  N.  E.  an- 
gle of  St.  Croix  co.,  falls  into  the  St.  Croix  River, 
of  which  it  is  a  head  branch. 

Nan semond River,  Va.,  has  its  source  in  Dismal 
Swamp,  and  enters  Hampton  Roads  by  a  broad 
estuary.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  100  tons 
to  Suffolk,  more  than  20  miles. 

Nantick  River,  New  London  co.,  Ct.,  flows  in  a 
S.  direction,  and  empties  into  Long  Island  Sound. 

Nanticoke  Falls,  Pa.,  are  occasioned  by  the 
Susquehanna  River's  piercing  a  mountain  in  the 
N.  part  of  Newport,  8  miles  below  Wilkesbarre. 
A  dam  is  erected  here  for  feeding  the  North 
Branch  Canal,  which  affords  great  water  power, 
and  supplies  a  great  quantity  of  surplus  water. 

Nanticoke  River,  De.  and  Md.  This  river  rises 
in  Suffolk  co.,  De..  flows  S.  W.,  and  after  entering 
Md.,  receives  Marshy  Hope  River,  which  rises  in 
Kent  co.,  Md.  The  stream  then  enters,  by  a 
broad  estuary.  Fishing  Bay,  a  branch  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

Nantucket  Island,  Ms.  See  Nantucket,  county 
and  town. 

Narmarcungawack  River,  N.  H.,  rises  in  the  town 
of  Success,  and  unites  with  the  Androscoggin  in 
Milan. 

Narraganset  Bay,  R.  I.  This  delightful  bay  is 
28  miles'  in  length,  and  from  3  to  12  in  breadth, 


lying  wholly  within  the  state  of  R.  I.  It  extends 
from  Point  Judith  on  the  W.  to  Seaconnet  Rocks 
on  the  E.,  and  terminates  about  6  miles  below 
Providence,  at  Bullock's  Point.  Taunton,  Prov- 
idence, Pawtuxet,  and  other  rivers  flow  into  it, 
and  on  its  borders  are  Newport,  Bristol,  Warren, 
and  other  flourishing  towns.  It  contains  many 
beautiful  islands,  the  principal  of  which  are  Con- 
nanicut,  Prudence,  Patience,  Block,  and  Hope. 
This  bay  is  accessible  at  all  seasons,  is  well  pro- 
tected by  forts,  and  affords  some  of  the  best 
harbors  in  the  world. 

Narraguagus  River  and  Bay,  Washington  co., 
Me.  The  river  has  its  source  in  several  ponds  in 
Beddington,  and  flowing  in  a  S.  S.  E.  direction, 
enters  Narraguagus  Bay  between  Harrington  and 
Steuben.  The  bay  contains  a  number  of  islands, 
and  communicates  on  the  E.  with  Pleasant  Bay. 

Narrows,  N.  Y.  This  great  channel,  through 
which  most  of  the  vessels  going  or  returning 
from  distant  voyages  enter  the  harbor  of  New 
York,  lies  between  Long  Island  on  the  E.  and 
Staten  Island  on  the  W.  It  is  8  miles  S.  of  the 
city  of  N.  Y.,  and  communicates  with  the  Lower 
Bay,  which  here  contracts  to  one  mile  in  width 
Its  shores  are  bold  and  commanding,  and  on  them 
are  situated  the  principal  forts  and  batteries  for 
the  defence  of  the  harbor  and  city. 

Narrows,  or  Chimney  Narrows,  N.  Y.,  situated 
on  the  Chemung  River,  near  the  village  of  Corn- 
ing, Steuben  co.,  are  formed  by  rocky  cliffs  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  river.  They  derive  their  name 
from  the  rocks  which,  left  bare  by  the  action  of 
the  water,  resemble  rude  chimneys.  A  road, 
which  is  not  without  danger  to  the  traveller,  has 
been  constructed  along  the  narrow  pass. 

Nashua  River,  N.  H.  and  Ms.  This  beautiful 
stream  rises  in  Worcester  co.,  Ms.,  and  is  formed 
of  two  branches,  called  the  N.  and  S.  branches. 
The  N.  branch  is  formed  of  two  streams,  one 
from  Ashburnham,  the  other  from  Wachuset 
Ponds.  The  S.  branch  is  composed  of  Still  River, 
issuing  from  the  E.  side  of  Wachuset  Mountain, 
and  a  stream  from  Quinepoxet  Pond,  in  Holden. 
These  branches  unite  in  Lancaster,  whence  the 
main  river  proceeds  in  a  N.  E.  course  to  Harvard, 
Shirley,  Groton,  and  Pepperell,  in  Ms.,  and  from 
thence  into  N.  H.,  through  Hollis,  and  nearly 
through  the  centre  of  Nashua,  and  falls  into  the 
Merrimack  on  the  border  of  Nashville. 

NastCs  Stream,  N.  H.,  originates  in  the  vicinity 
of  Stratford,  and  falls  into  the  Upper  Amonoo- 
suck,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  town  of  Stark. 

Nassau  River,  Fa.,  after  an  E,  course  on  the  S. 
border  of  Nassau  co.,  enters  the  Atlantic  by 
Nassau  Inlet. 

Natchang  River,  Ct.,  is  the  largest  branch  of 
the  Shetucket.  It  rises  in  Union  and  Woodstock, 
and  enters  the  Shetucket  near  the  boundary  of 
Chaplin  and  Mansfield. 

Natural  Bridge,  Va.     See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Natural  Canal,  in  the  town  of  Canton,  St. 
Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  connects  the  waters  of  Os- 
wegatchie  and  Grass  Rivers.  It  is  very  straight, 
is  6  miles  long,  from  10  to  20  rods  wide,  and 
navigable  at  high  water  for  boats  of  10  tons. 

Naugatuck  River,  Ct.  This  important  mill 
stream  is  about  50  miles  in  length.  It  rises  in 
the  N.  part  of  Litchfield  co.,  and  after  traversing 
a  S.  course  nearly  the  whole  length  of  that  coun 
ty,  it  crosses  the  "W.  part  of  New  Haven  co.,  and 
falls  into  the  beautiful  Housatonic,  at  Derby. 

Nauneesha  River,  Wn.     This  stream  flows  S.  E. 


224 


MOUNTAINS,   RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


across  the  N.  E.  corner  of  Dane  co.,  then  turns 
to  the  N.  E..  crossing  the  N.  W.  corner  of  Jeffer- 
son co..  and  empties  into  the  W.  branch  of  Rock 
River,  in  Dodge  co. 

Navidad  River,  Ts.  The  E.  fork  of  La  Bacca 
River,  which  it  enters  at  the  town  of  Texana. 

Navisoto  River,  Ts.  A  small  stream  flowing  S. 
into  Brazos  River. 

Nawizi  River,  Ma.  This  river  runs  W.  of  the 
Wananri.  and  nearly  parallel  to  it,  and  empties 
into  the  Missouri. 

Neat's  Brook,  Vt.  It  rises  in  several  branches 
in  Lunenbuvg,  and,  flowing  S.,  falls  into  a  pond 
of  the  same  name,  which  lies  near  the  centre  of 
Lunenburg,  and  is  about  one  mile  long  and  half  a 
mile  wide.  The  stream  then  continues  its  course 
S.,  meets  a  W.  branch,  and  after  running  about 
half  a  mile  farther,  falls  into  Connecticut  River 
by  a  mouth  nearly  two  rods  wide. 

Nebish  Island,  Mn.  Situated  in  St.  Mary's 
Straits,  S.  from  Sugar  Island. 

Neches  River,  Ts.  This  river  flows  in  a  S.  S.  E. 
direction,  and  empties  into  Sabine  Lake  near  the 
mouth  of  Sabine  River. 

Neddock,  Cape,  Me.,  is  a  rocky  bluff,  situated 
about  3  miles  N.  of  York  harbor,  and  inhabited 
by  a  few  fishermen. 

Neepeeskunk  Lake,  Wn.,  lies  in  Winnebago  and 
Fond  du  Lac  counties,  and  communicates  on  the 
N.  with  Neenah  or  Fox  River. 

Neil's  Creek,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  E.  into 
Conhocton  River. 

Nekomenon  River,  Marquette  co.,  Mn.,  flows  E. 
into  Lake  Superior. 

Nemasket  River,  Ms.  A  fine  mill  stream.  See 
Middleboro1. 

Nendau  River,  Mn.  It  rises  in  Oscoda  and 
xYlcona  counties,  flows  N.  E.  across  Alpena  co., 
in  Thunder  Bay  River. 

Neosho  River,  In.  Ter.  This  river  rises  in  the 
dividing  ridge  between  Arkansas  and  Kansas 
Rivers,  runs  S.  E.  and  E.  through  the  Osage  and 
Cherokee  lands,  and  enters  the  Arkansas  3  or  4 
miles  S.  of  Fort  Gibson.  Its  length  is  240  miles. 
Neponset  River,  Ms.  This  is  a  noble  mill  stream, 
rising  in  Canton,  Stoughton,  and  Sharon.  It 
receives  Mother  Brook,  a  tributary  of  Charles 
River,  and  meets  the  tide  water  at  Milton  Mills  ; 
and  after  meandering  4  or  5  miles  through  beau- 
tiful meadow  land,  it  meets  Dorchester  Bay  at 
the  delightful  villages  of  Neponset  and  Commer- 
cial Point,  about  5  miles  S.  from  Boston.  This 
river  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  the  Lower 
tails  in  Dorchester  and  Milton. 

Nescopeck  Creek,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  rises  in  the 
town  of  Hanover,  and  empties  into  the  Susque- 
hanna  at  Nescopeck  Village,  after  a  W.  and 
N.  W.  course  of  30  miles. 

Nescopeck  Mountain,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.  This 
mountain  is  about  850  feet  in  height  and  20  miles 
in  length,  running  parallel  to  Wyoming  Mt.'  on 
the  N.  side  of  Nescopeck  Creek. 

Neshaming  River,  Pa.,  has  its  source  in  Hill- 
town,  Bucks  co.,  and  after  a  winding  course  of 
35  miles,  crossed  by  several  fine  bridges  enters 
the  Delaware  3  miles  below  Bristol. 

Nesaquake  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Smithtown 
Suffolk  co.,  and  runs  N.  into  Long  Island  Sound. 
The  tide  ascends  it  5  miles,  and  it  is  navigable 
that  distance. 

Neuse  River,  N.  C.  This  river  rises  in  Person 
and  Orange  counties,  and  after  a  course  of  about 
300  miles,  falls  into  a  large  estuary,  connected 


with  Pamlico  Sound.    It  is  boatable  200  miles, 
and  navigable  for  vessels  1 2  miles  above  Newborn, 

Neversink  Highlands,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J 
These  highlands  lie  near  the  ocean,  and  are  about 
300  or  400  feet  high.  They  are  mostly  covered 
with  wood,  and,  lying  in  a  low  country,  although 
their  height  is  not  great,  they  have  become  a 
noted  landmark  for  sailors. 

Neversink  River,  N.  Y.  This  fine  mill  stream 
rises  in  Ulster  co.,  flows  through  Sullivan  co., 
and  empties  into  the  Delaware  at  the  village  of 
Port  Jervis,  Orange  co. 

Neiv  Inlet,  N.  C.  The  passage  between  Federal 
Point  and  Smith's  Island. 

New  River,  Va.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  C., 
and  flowing  into  Va.,  is  called  the  Great  Kana- 
wha,  after  passing  through  Peters  Mountain. 

New  River,  N.  C.,  falls  into  New  River  Inlet,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Atlantic,  45  miles  W.  S.  W.  of 
Cape  Lookout. 

New  River,  Beaufort  district,  S.  C.  This  river 
runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  Savannah,  and  enters 
Tybee  Sound  by  several  mouths. 

New  River,  Ga.  A  small  branch  of  the  Chat- 
tahoochee,  which  it  enters  in  Heard  co. 

New  River,  La.,  rises  in  Ascension  co.,  between 
Mississippi  and  Amite  counties,  and  empties  into 
Lake  Maurepas. 

Newaggen,,Cape,  Me.  This  cape  extends  from 
the  town  of  Boothbay  about  5  miles  into  the 
sea,  and  forms  the  E.  boundary  of  Sheepscot  Bay. 

Newfound  Pond,  N.  II.     See  Bristol. 

Newfound  River,  N.  H.    See  Bristol. 

Newichaivannock  River,  N.  H.    See  Piscataqua. 

New  Point  Comfort,  Va.  The  S.  E.  extremity 
of  Matthews  co.,  between  Chesapeake  and  Mob 
Jack  Bays. 

Newport  Rivers,  Ga.  The  N.  River  is  naviga- 
ble to  Riceboro',  20  miles.  Its  length  is  25  miles. 
The  S.  River,  a  smaller  stream,  empties  into  St. . 
Catharine's  Sound. 

Newtown  Creek,  N.  Y.  rises  in  Newtown, 
Queen's  co.,  flows  W.,  and  enters  East  River, 
opposite  the  city  of  N.  Y. 

Newtown  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  fine,  rapid  mill 
stream,  rises  in  Erin,  Chenango  co.,  and  enters 
Chemung  River,  at  the  village  of  Elmira. 

New  Topsail  Inlet,  New  Hanover  co.,  N.  C. 
Situated  N.  E.  from  Sandy  Inlet. 

Nickojack  Creek,  Ga.,  issues  from  a  remarkable 
cave,  situated  in  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the 
state.  The  cave  is  in  Lookout  Mt.,  is  about  80 
feet  wide,  50  feet  high,  and  1^  miles  in  length. 
The  creek  is  a  powerful  stream,  being  60  feet 
wide  at  the  mouth  of  the  cave. 

Niagara  River  discharges  the  waters  of  the 
great  upper  lakes,  Superior,  Michigan,  Huron, 
and  Erie,  into  Lake  Ontario.  It  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  of  the  United  States  and  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  is  about  35  miles  in 
length.  It  partakes  more  of  the  character  of  a 
strait,  perhaps,  than  of  a  river.  As  it  flows  from 
Lake  Erie,  it  is  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
wide,  and  from  20  to  40  feet  deep.  Its  current 
for  3  miles  is  rapid,  after  which  it  becomes 
smooth  and  placid,  resembling  a  prolongation  of 
the  lake,  interspersed  with  low,  wooded  islands 
until  it  reaches  the  rapids,  about  20  miles  be- 
low Lake  Erie,  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
above  the  falls.  Five  miles  below  Lake  Erie, 
the  river  begins  to  expand,  or,  perhaps,  more 
properly,  to  divide,  flowing,  in  about  equal  vol- 
ume, upon  each  side  of  Grand  Island,  which 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


225 


is  9  miles  long,  and  nearly  the  same  in  width 
in  its  widest  part.  At  the  foot  of  Grand  Island 
is  Navy  Island,  containing  about  300  acres, 
which  belongs  to  Canada,  and  was  occupied  by . 
the  Patriots,  so  called,  in  1837-8.  There  are 
many  other  small  islands  in  this  section  of  the 
river,  among  which  are  Bird  Island,  between 
Buffalo  and  Fort  Erie ;  Squaw  Island,  opposite 
to  Black  Rock,  containing  131  acres ;  Strawberry 
Island,  100  acres  ;  Beaver  Island,  30  acres  ;  Rat- 
tlesnake Island,  48  acres  ;  Tonawanta  Island,  69 
acres ;  Cayuga  Island,  100  acres,  about  4  miles 
above  the  falls;  Buckhorn  Island,  146  acres; 
and  Goat  or  Iris  Island,  upon  the  very  brink  of 
the  cataract,  containing  75  acres.  The  shores 
of  the  river  are  low,  and  nearly  level,  from  Lake 
Erie  to  the  falls,  and  are  but  little  inhabited. 
Black  Creek  and  Chippewa  Creek  empty  into  it 
from  the  Canada  side,  and  Shojockety,  Tona- 
wanta, Cayuga,  and  Gill  Creeks  from  the  Ameri- 
can side.  All  these  are  above  the  falls.  Below 
the  termination  of  Grand  and  Navy  Islands,  the 
two  channels  are  again  united,  and  the  river,  be- 
ing compressed  to  a  width  of  about  two  miles 
and  a  half,  begins  to  flow  on  with  an  accelerated 
motion,  in  a  gradually  contracting  channel,  un- 
til it  reaches  the  rapids,  over  which  it  is  hurried, 
foaming  and  roaring,  with  irresistible  velocity, 
for  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  farther,  to  the 
great  Cataract  of  Niagara.  Here  its  whole  vol- 
ume is  precipitated  over  a  perpendicular  wall  of 
rock,  into  a  chasm  from  150  to  160  feet  in  depth, 
to  the  surface  of  the  stream  below.  Immediate- 
ly under  the  cataract  the  depth  to  which  the 
channel  has  been  excavated  cannot,  of  course,  be 
fathomed;  but  a  short  distance  below,  where  the 
river  is  compressed  to  less  than  one  fourth  of  a 
mile  in  width,  the  current  has  been  ascertained  by 
soundings  to  be  about  250  feet  deep.  For  a 
more  particular  description  of  this  great  natural 
phenomenon,  the  reader  is  referred  to  a  separate 
article,  embracing  many  details  which  do  not  so 
properly  belong  to  an  account  of  the  river.  The 
general  course  of  the  river  from  Lake  Erie  to 
the  falls  is  about  N.  W.  by  N.  Below  this  point 
its  general  direction  to  Lake  Ontario,  14  miles, 
is  about  due  N.  For  about  half  this  distance,  to 
Lewiston,  the  river  flows  with  concentrated  vol- 
iime,  and  with  great  velocity,  in  a  descent  of  104 
feet,  between  banks  gradually  increasing  in 
height  from  150  to  nearly  400  feet.  These  high 
banks  terminate  abruptly  just  above  Lewiston  ; 
;md  the  river  thence  flows  on  over  an  extensive 
plain,  with  scarcely  more  than  two  feet  declivity, 
through  the  whole  remaining  distance  of  seven 
miles,  to  Lake  Ontario.  The  river  here  becomes 
wider,  and  of  course  more  tranquil,  and  its  clear 
waters,  flowing  between  even  and  regular  banks, 
assume  an  appearance  as  lovely  as  it  was  before 
majestic.  Nearly  opposite  Lewiston  is  Queens- 
town,  on  the  Canada  side.  To  these  places  the 
river  is  navigable  for  steamboats,  and  vessels 
coming  into  it  from  Lake  Ontario.  The  whole 
descent  of  the  river,  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  On- 
tario, is  334  feet.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Nicollet  Lake,  Ca.  Uh.  A  large  sheet  of  water 
lying  S.  S.  W.  from  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  Its 
principal  outlet  is  Nicollet  River. 

Nidjikwe  Lake,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  Situated 
E.  from  Meminis  Lake,  at  the  head  of  Nameke- 
gon  River. 

Nine  Mile  Creek,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  N. 
jnto  Onondaga  Lake. 

29 


Nipple  Top.    See  Dial  Mountain. 

Nishnabatona  River,  lo.  and  Mo.  It  rises  in 
the  S.  W.  interior  of  lo.,  flows  S.  W.,  crossing 
Mills  co.,  lo.,  and  Atchison  co.,  Mo.,  and  empties 
into  the  Missouri  in  Holt  co. 

Noddaway  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  In.  Ter.,  and  enters  the  Missouri  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  state,  after  a  course  of  200  miles. 

Nodding's  Point,  Camden  co.,  Ga.,  juts  into 
Jykill  Sound  just  above  Dover  Island. 

Nokay  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  a  chain  of  lakes, 
flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi,  a 
little  below  Crow  Wing  River. 

Nolachuclcy  River,  N.  C.  and  Te.,  has  its  source 
in  Buncombe  co.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  enters  the  French  Broad  River  in  Te. 

Noland's  Creek,  Ts.  It  rises  in  the  Cross  Tim- 
bers, and  flows  S.  into  Brazos  River. 

Nolin  Creek,  Ky.,  rises  in  Hardin  and  Laure 
counties,  flows  S.  W.,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
tween Grayson  and  Hart  counties,  and  falls  into 
Green  River,  opposite  Brownsville,  Edmonson  co. 

Nomarfs  Land  Island,  Dukes  co.,  Ms.  Situated 
off  the  town  of  Chilmark,  and  directly  S.  from 
Gay  Head. 

Nonesuch  River,  Me.  A  small  stream  which 
waters  Scarboro',  and  falls  into  the  sea. 

Norley  River,  one  of  the  head  branches  of  the 
Hiawassee,  rises  in  Ga.,  flows  N.  N.  W.,  and  en- 
ters the  Hiawassee  in  Cherokee  co.,  N.  C. 

Normanskill,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Schenectady  co., 
flows  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  Hudson  River  in  the 
town  of  Bethlehem,  Albany  co. 

North  Fork,  White  River,  drains  Ozark  co., 
Mo.,  flows  S.  into  As.,  and  enters  White  River 
in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Izard  co. 

North  Island,  Georgetown  district,  S.  C.  Sit- 
uated at  the  entrance  of  Winyaw  Bay. 

North  River,  Ms.  The  head  of  this  river  is  at 
Pembroke ;  it  is  very  deep  and  narrow,  and  se 
exceedingly  crooked  that  it  meanders  18  miles  in 
its  course  from  Pembroke  to  Scituate  harbor, 
when  the  distance  by  land  is  less  than  6  miles. 

North  River,  N.  Y.     See  Hudson  River. 

North  River,  N.  C.,  forms  the  boundary  between 
Currituck  and  Camden  counties,  and  empties  into 
Albemarle  Sound. 

North  River,  St.  John's  co.,  Fa.  A  small  stream 
running  parallel  with  the  sea-coast,  and  falling 
into  St.  Augustine  harbor. 

Northern  Fork,  or  Fall  River,  lo.  It  rises  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  Dubuque  co.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  emp- 
ties into  Macoquetais  River  in  Jackson  co. 

North  Newport  River,  Ga.  This  stream  rises  in 
some  small  lakes  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  flows 
S.  E.,  and  falls  into  St.  Catherine's  Sound. 

North  West  Bay  lies  in  the  town  of  Westport, 
Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Norwalk  River,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  flows  in  a 
S.  direction  into  Long  Island  Sound. 

Notipecago  River,  Mn.  This  is  quite  a  large 
stream,  having  its  sources  in  Oceana,  Neewayga, 
and  Lake  counties,  and  flowing  W.  across  Mason 
co.  into  Marquette  Bay. 

Nottoway  River,  Va.  and  N.  C.,  rises  in  Prince 
Edward  co.,  Va.,  and  after  a  course  of  110  miles, 
joins  the  Meherun  in  Gates  co.,  N.  C.,  to  form 
Chowan  River. 

Nowadaga  Creek,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  risea 
in  the  town  of  Warren,  flows  N.  across  Danube, 
where  it  enters  the  Mohawk. 

Nowaynin  Bay,  Brown  co.,  Wn.    An  inlet  from 


226 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,   £c., 


Lake  Michigan,  situated  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
the  county. 

Nueces  River,  Ts.  This  large  river  rises  m  a 
lake,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Gull  of 
Mexico  through  Corpus  Christi  Pass. 

Nulhegan  River,  Vt,  rises  in  the  towns  of  Aver- 
ill  and  Wenlock.  The  N.  branch  takes  a  S. 
course  through  Averill,  Lewis,  and  a  part  of 
Bloomfield,  and  the  W.  branch  flows  in  an 
E.  direction  through  Wenlock  and  a  part  of 
Brunswick.  They  unite  in  Bloomfield,  and  flow- 
ing S.  E.,  fall  into  the  Connecticut  just  above  the 
N.  E.  corner  of  Brunswick.  The  course  of  this 
stream  is  generally  rapid,  except  that  part  which 
runs  through  Wenlock  and  Brunswick.  Through 
this  and  Clyde  River  the  Indians  formerly  had 
their  navigation  from  Lake  Memphremagog  to 
Connecticut  River.  They  had  a  carrying-place  of 
about  2  miles  from  the  head  of  one  river  to  that  of 
the  other.  The  Nulhegan  waters  about  120  square 
miles,  and  is  about  3  rods  wide  at  the  mouth. 

Oak  Creek,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  the  outlet  of 
Canaderga  or  Schuyler's  Lake,  flows  S.  through 
the  town  of  Otsego,  and  falls  into  the  Susque- 
hanna  River. 

Oak  Creek,  Milwaukee  co.,  Wn.,  drains  the  S. 
part  of  the  county,  and  empties  into  Lake  Michi- 
gan. 

Oak  Island,  N.  Y.5  lies  S.  of  Long  Island,  in  the 
Great  South  Bay. 

Oak  Neck,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  in  the  town  of 
Oyster  Bay,  Queen's  co.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long 
Island. 

Oakhill  Landing,  Livingston,  Columbia  co.,  N. 
Y.,  is  situated  5  miles  S.  of  the  city  of  Hudson, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  River. 

Oak  Orchard  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Genesee  co., 
flows  N.,  and  enters  Lake  Ontario  in  Orleans  co. 

Obed's  River,  Morgan  co.,  Te.  A  W.  branch 
of  Emery's  River. 

Obed's  River,  Te.,  rises  in  two  principal  forks, 
which  unite  in  Overton  co.  It  then  flows  in  a  N. 
W.  direction,  and  enters  Cumberland  River  at 
Celina. 

Obion  River,  Te.  A  large  extent  of  country  is 
drained  by  this  river  and  its  tributaries.  The  prin- 
cipal head  branches  rise  in  Henry  and  Carroll 
counties,  and  the  river  pursues  a  S.  W.  course 
nntil  its  entrance  into  the  Mississippi. 

Oblong  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Dutchess  co.,  and 
falls  into  Ten  Mile  River,  which  enters  the  Hou- 
satonic  in  the  state  of  Connecticut. 

Occohannock  Creek,  Va.,  forms  part  of  the  boun- 
dary between  Northampton  and  Accomac  coun- 
ties, and  falls  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Occoquan  River,  Va.  This  stream  rises  in  Fau- 
quier  and  Prince  William  counties,  flows  S.  E., 
separating  Fairfax  and  Prince  William  counties, 
and  empties  into  the  Potomac. 

Ochee  River,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Columbia  co.,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  empties  into 
JJauneesha  River  in  Dodge  co. 

Ocheyedan  Lake,  Io.  Situated  near  the  N.  border 
of  the  state,  at  the  head  of  Ocheyedan  River. 

Ocheyedan  River,  Io.  It  rises  in  Ocheyedan  and 
another  small  lake,  flows  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  the 
Inyan  Tankey  or  LiMe'SioUx  River. 

Ochapah  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  E.  from  Marxah 
Tankah  Lake,  and  connected  with  the  Minesota 
or  St.  Peter's  River  by  Tchankaska  River. 

Ooilla  River.  This  river  rises  in  the.  S.  part  of 
Georgia,  flows  in  a  S.  S.  W.  direction  through 


Florida,  separating  Madison  and  Jefferson  coun- 
ties, and  empties  into  Appalachee  Bay. 

Ocklawaha  River,  Fa.  This  river  has  its  source 
in  Lake  Griffin,  flows  N.  and  E.,  and  enters  St. 
John's  River  just  above  Lake  George. 

Ockmulgee  River,  Ga.  This  river,  the  main 
branch  of  the  Alatamaha,  rises  in  Gwinnett  and  De 
Kalb  counties,  and  flowing  200  miles  in  a  S.  S.E. 
direction,  is  joined  by  the  Oconee  on  the  S.  border 
of  Montgomery  co.,  where  they  form  the  Alata- 
maha. It  is  navigable  to  Macon  for  steamboats. 
Oconee  River,  Ga.  The  head  branches  of  this 
river  water  Jackson  co.,  and  flowing  in  a  S.  S.  E. 
direction,  it  unites  with  the  Ockmulgee  280  miles 
below  Milledgeville,  to  which  place  it  is  navigable 
for  steamboats. 

Oconto  River,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  It  rises  near 
the  centre  of  the  county,  flows  S.  and  E.  into 
Green  Bay. 

Ocracolce  Inlet,  N.  C.  This  is  a  narrow  pass 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  Pamlico  Sound. 
There  are  14  feet  of  water  on  the  bar  at  low 
tide,  and  at  the  side  of  the  passage  are  dangerous 
shoals. 

Octaro  Creek,  Pa.  and  Md.,  separates  Lancaster 
and  Chester  counties,  Pa.,  and  falls  into  the  Sus- 
quehanna  in  Md.,  about  5  miles  below  the  state 
line. 

Ogeechee  River,  Ga.,  rises  in  Green  co.,  7  miles 
N.  W.  of  Greensboro',  and  flows  into  Ossabaw 
Sound,  17  miles  S.  of  Savannah,  after  a  course 
of  more  than  200  miles.  It  is  navigable  for 
sloops  30  or  40  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  for 
boats  of  30  tons  to  Louisville,  Jefferson  co. 

Ogunquit  River,  York  co.,  Me.,  rises  in  two 
branches,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  just  above  Cape 
Neddock. 

Ohio  River.  The  Ohio  River,  from  the  extent 
of  the  area  drained  by  its  waters,  the  large  facil- 
ities which  it  affords  to  internal  commerce,  and 
its  relative  position  in  the  heart  of  the  country, 
connecting  the  largest  maritime  states  with  the 
west,  is  second  in  importance  only  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi. It  is  the  great  N.  E.  tributary  of  the 
"  Father  of  Waters."  Its  general  course  is  from 
the  N.E.  to  the  S.  W.,  making  about  10°  of  Ion. 
and  3^°  of  lat. ;  and,  flowing  from  the  border  of 
N.  Y.  through  Western  Pa.,  it  separates  the  states 
of  Va,  and  Ky.,  on  the  S.,  from  0.,  la.,  and  Is. 
on  the  N.  Physically  considered,  the  River  Al- 
leghany,  which  rises  in  Potter  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  W. 
slope  of  the  Alleghany  Mts.,  and  which  is  navi- 
gable for  boats  of  100  tons  for  270  miles  above 
Pittsburg,  is  one  river  with  the  Ohio,  although  it 
does  not  receive  this  name  until  it  forms  a  junc- 
tion with  the  Monongahela,  another  large  tribu- 
tary of  the  Ohio,  coming  down  from  the  Alle- 
ghanies  in  the  opposite  direction.  This  river, 
though  a  less  important  stream  than  the  Allegha- 
ny, is  about  equal  to  it  in  width  at  their  confluence, 
and  is  navigable,  at  a  good  stage  of  water,  for 
boats  of  a  large  size  for  about  100  miles  from 
its  mouth.  The  Ohio  proper  is  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  these  two  rivers  at  Pittsburg,  where 
the  elevation  is  680  feet  above  tide  water,  and 
380  feet  above  the  point  of  junction  with  the 
Mississippi.  Its  average  descent  is  not  quite  five 
inches  to  the  mile.  Immediately  below  the  junc- 
tion the  Ohio  is  600  yards  wide,  and  is  a  placid 
and  beautiful  stream.  The  French  called  it  La 
Belle  Riviere,  the  beautiful  river.  Its  name,  how- 
ever, according  to  Heckewelder,  is  an  abbreviation 
of  the  Indian  word  Ohiopekhanne,  meaning  a 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


227 


very  white  stream,  and  alluding  probably  to  the 
white  caps  with  which  its  'gentle  surface  is  cov- 
ered in  a  high  wind.  The  physical  section  of  the 
great  Mississippi  valley  which  is  drained  by  the 
Ohio  River, 'lies  between  lat.  34°  12'  and  426  27', 
and  Ion.  78°  2'  and  89°  2;  W.  from  the  meridian 
of  Greenwich.  According  to  Darby  and  Dwight, 
who  have  minutely  recorded  the  elements  of 
these  calculations,  the  distance  in  a  direct  line 
from  the  sources  of  the  Allcghany  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio  is  680  statute  miles.  Yet  this  is  not 
the  longest,  nor,  in  regard  to  the  proportions  of 
the  area  included,  the  most  central  line  which 
can  be  drawn  through  the  valley  of  the  Ohio. 
Such  a  line,  extended  from  the  sources  of  Cat- 
taraugus  Creek  in  N.  Y.  to  those  of  Bear  Creek 
in  Aa.,  the  extreme  distances  reached  by  the 
N.  E.  and  the  S.  W.  tributaries  of  the  Ohio,  gives 
a  length  of  750  statute  miles.  If  this  be  con- 
sidered as  the  transverse  diameter,  and  another 
line  extending  from  the  Blue  Ridge,  where  the 
sources  of  the  Great  Kenhawa  and  those  of  the 
Wetauga  branch  of  the  River  Tennessee  arise,  to 
the  N.  W.  sources  of  the  Wabash,  a  distance  of 
450  statute  miles,  be  taken  as  the  conjugate  di- 
ameter of  an  ellipse,  to  the  regular  form  of 
which  the  Ohio  valley  so  nearly  approaches,  the 
whole  area  amounts  by  calculation  to  over  200,000 
square  miles.  The  two  opposing  inclined  planes 
of  this  valley  are  of  unequal  extent,  about  in  the 
ratio  of  2  to  3,  the  larger  being  that  which  falls 
to  the  S.  W.  from  the  Appalachian  Mts.,  contain- 
ing an  area  of  120,000  square  miles.  This  also, 
declining  from  a  mountainous  outline,  has  a 
much  more  rapid  declivity  than  its  opposite.  The 
most  elevated  table  lands  from  which  the  E.  trib- 
utaries of  the  Ohio  flow  have  an  altitude  of  2200 
feet  above  the  bed  of  the  river ;  and  there  is  no 
part,  from  the  sources  of  the  Alleghany  to  those 
of  the  Tennessee,  which  has  a  less  elevation  than 
700  or  800  feet.  Of  course  the  declivity  in  this 
great  inclined  plane  is  much  the  most  rapid  as  it 
approaches  its  apex  upon  its  mountainous  border. 
In  this  respect  the  opposite  plain,  or  that  on  the 
N.  W.  side  of  the  river,  is  directly  the  reverse. 
The  more  remote  parts  of  this  more  gentle  de- 
clivity, lying  near  the  borders  of  Lake  Erie  and 
of  Lake  Michigan,  are,  to  a  great  extent,  level 
and  marshy,  and  it  is  not  until  the  waters  run- 
ning towards  the  Ohio  have  travelled  far  on  their 
courses,  that  they  gradually  begin  to  descend 
more  rapidly  towards  their  recipient,  as  the  face 
of  the  country  changes  slowly  from  a  level  into 
hill  and  dale.  The  principal  tributaries  of  the 
Ohio  on  the  E.  side  are  the  Monongahela,  the 
Great  Kenhawa,  the  Big  Sandy,  the  Kentucky, 
the  Cumberland,  and  the  Tennessee.  Those  on 
the  W.  side  are  the  Muskingum,  the  Scioto,  the 
Miami,  and  the  Wabash.  From  the  difference 
of  feature  above  mentioned,  in  the  two  opposite 
inclined  planes,  down  which  these  tributaries  de- 
scend from  the  E.  and  from  the  W.,  it  results 
that  the  scenery  upon  those  on  the  E.  side,  as 
they  are  ascended  towards  their  sources  in  the 
Appalachian  chain,  becomes  more  and  more  bold 
and  picturesque,  while  that  upon  the  W.  tributa- 
ries, as  you  ascend  their  streams,  becomes  more 
and  more  tame  and  monotonous.  The  scenery 
upon  the  Ohio  itself  partakes  of  the  peculiarity 
in  this  respect  which  belongs  to  its  E.  tributaries. 
Descending  the  river  from  Pittsburg,  the  scenery 
along  its  banks  and  hills  is  highly  picturesque  ! 
and  varied;  but  these  fine  features  gradually 


disappear,  and  are  entirely  lost  long  before  reach- 
ing the  mouth  of  the  river.  Many  villages  and 
farm-houses  are  passed  through  the  whole  course 
of  the  river ;  but  as  the  bottom  lands  on  its  im- 
mediate margin  are  liable  to  be  overflowed,  the 
inhabitants  usually  settle  a  little  back,  so  that  the 
buildings  in  view  give  no  adequate  impression 
of  the  population  or  improvements  of  the  coun- 
try. The  ordinary  current  in  the  Ohio  is  very 
gentle,  not  exceeding,  at  the  medium  height  of 
water,  2  or  3  miles  an  hour.  In  the  lowest  stages 
of  the  water,  a  floating  substance  would  probably 
not  advance  a  mile  an  hour.  Like  all  the  western 
rivers,  the  Ohio  is  subject  to  great  elevations  and 
depressions.  The  average  range  between  high 
and  low  water  is  50  feet.  Its  highest  stage  is  in 
March,  and  its  lowest  in  September.  It  is  liable, 
however,  to  great  and  sudden  elevations  at  other 
times  through  the  year.  It  has  been  known  to 
rise  12  feet  in  a  single  night.  In  1832  an  extraor- 
dinary flood  was  experienced,  and  on  the  18th 
of  February  the  waters  flowed  at  63  feet  above 
low  water  mark  at  Cincinnati.  This  of  course 
inundated  the  lower  parts  of  the  city.  From 
Pittsburg  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  there  are  as 
many  as  100  considerable  islands,  besides  nu- 
merous sand-bars  and  tow-heads,  as  those  low 
sandy  islands  are  called  which  are  covered  with 
willows,  and  are  incapable  of  cultivation.  Some 
of  the  islands  are  very  beautiful,  and  seem  in- 
viting as  places  of  residence.  Heavy  forests 
cover  a  great  portion  of  the  banks,  and  limit  the 
prospect  from  the  river;  but  they  exhibit  a 
beautiful  verdure,  which  is  often  exuberant  with 
blossoms.  As  a  channel  for  navigation,  few,  if 
any,  of  the  rivers  of  the  globe  equal  the  Ohio. 
The  only  direct  cataract  in  the  river  is  that  at 
Louisville,  which  is  now,  for  all  the  purposes  of 
navigation,  obviated  by  a  canal,  which  admits 
of  the  passage  of  the  largest  steamboats.  The 
river  descends  here,  in  its  natural  bed,  22£  feet 
in  the  course  of  2  miles.  Even  over  this  the 
boats  are  able  to  pass  in  high  water.  The  average 
time  of  the  suspension  of  navigation  on  the  Ohio 
by  the  ice,  in  winter,  is  five  weeks.  One  half  of 
the  rest  of  the  year,  on  an  average,  it  is  navigable 
by  large  steamboats  in  its  whole  course.  The 
other  half  it  can  be  navigated  easily  only  by 
boats  of  a  smaller  draught.  Flat  and  keel  boats 
descend  the  river  at  all  seasons,  but  are  liable  in 
periods  of  low  water  to  frequent  groundings  upon 
the  sand-bars,  and  the  necessity  sometimes  of 
lightening  to  get  off  the  boat.  Steamboats  are 
sometimes  grounded  on  the  bars,  where  they  are 
compelled  to  wait  in  peril  for  the  periodical  rise 
of  the  river.  It  is  reckoned  that  the  Ohio  and 
its  tributaries  have  not  less  than  5000  miles  of 
navigable  waters.  The  length  of  the  principal 
river  from  Pittsburg  to  its  mouth,  according  to 
the  Western  Pilot,  is  959  miles,  although  the 
distance  in  a  direct  course  is  only  about  614 
miles.  The  following  distances  upon  the  river 
are  derived  from  the  same  authority :  from  Pitts- 
burg to  Steubenville,  0.,  70  miles ;  to  Wheeling, 
Va.,  92;  to  Marietta,  O.,  174;  to  Gallipolis,  O., 
2641;  to  Portsmouth,  O.,  349;  to  Maysville, 
Ky.,  397 ;  to  Cincinnati,  O.,  455£:  to  Lawrence- 
burg,  la.,  479£  ;  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  587  ;  to  New 
Albany,  la.,  591  ;  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cumber- 
land River,  Ky.,  900  ;  mouth  of  Tennessee,  Ky., 
91l£;  and  to  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  with 
the  Mississippi,  959  miles.  The  commerce  of 
the  Ohio  is  connected  with  the  AtJant*  i«y  a  canal 


228 


MOUNTAINS,  KIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


and  railroad,  uniting  Pittsburg  and  Philadelphia. 
A  railroad  is  also  in  operation  from  Baltimore 
as  far  as  Cumberland,  which 'is  to  cross  the  Al- 
leghanies  to  Wheeling. 

Ohiopyle  Falls,  Pa.  This  cataract  is  at  the 
head  of  boat  navigation  in  Yonghiogeny  River, 
where  it  passes  Laurel  Hill,  60  miles  above  its 
junction  with  the  Monongahela.  The  river  falls 
perpendicularly  about  20  feet,  and  there  is  a  total 
descent  of  60  feet  in  the  space  of  a  mile. 

Oil  Creek,  Pa.,  derives  its  name  from  a  spring 
on  its  bank,  near  the  boundary  between  Venango 
and  Crawford  counties,  on  the  surface  of  which 
floats  an  oil  valuable  for  medicinal  purposes. 
The  creek  enters  Alleghany  River  8  miles  E.  of 
Franklin. 

Oil  Creek,  Perry  co.,  la.  A  small  stream  flow- 
ing into  Ohio  River. 

Oil  Spring  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Alleghany  and 
Cattaraugus  counties,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  the 
Alleghany  River. 

Oil  Spring  Reservation,  N.  Y.  This  is  an  In- 
dian reservation  of  about  1  mile  square,  contain- 
ing a  pool  of  water,  the  surface  of  which  is  cov- 
ered with  an  oily  substance  much  used  for  the 
cure  of  sores  and  chronic  diseases  in  man  and- 
beast.  It  lies  in  the  towns  of  Cuba  and  Hins- 
dale.  See  Oil  Creek,  Pa. 

Okabena  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  territory  W.  from  the  Moingonan  River. 

Okaman  Lake,  Ma.  It  lies  at  the  head  of 
Leseur  River,  and  S.  E.  from  Ochopah  Lake. 

Okamenpiden  Lake.  Situated  on  the  boundary 
of  lo.  and  Ma. 

Okanoxubee  River,  Mi.  and  Aa.  This  river  is 
formed  in  Mi.  by  the  junction  of  the  Noxubee 
River,  Dancing  Rabbit,  Horse  Hunter,  and  other 
creeks.  It  flows  S.  E.  into  Aa.,  and  enters  the 
Tombigbee  at  Gainesville. 

Okeechobee  or  Macaco  Lake,  Fa.  This  large 
lake  lies  mostly  in  St.  Lucie  co.,  to  the  N.  of  the 
Everglades.  It  receives  the  waters  of  Kissimee 
River  on  the  N.,  and  Fish  Eating  Creek  on  the 
W.,  and  contains  several  islands. 

Okonagan  River.  This  river  rises  principally  in 
the  British  possessions,  flows  in  a  S.  direction, 
and  empties  into  Clark's  Fork  of  Columbia  River, 
in  On. 

Old  Caney  Creek,  Ts.,  empties  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  a  little  E.  from  Mattagorda  Bay. 

Old  Field  Point,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  in  the  town 
of  Brookhaven,  Suffolk  co.,  on  the  N.  side  of 
Long  Island.  On  it  is  located  a  light-house. 

Old  Man's  Kill,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Plattekill, 
Ulster  co.,  flows  E.  through  Marlboro'  into  the 
Hudson. 

Old  Plantation  Creek,  Northampton  co.,  Va. 
A  small  inlet  communicating  with  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Old  Point  Comfort,  Elizabeth  City  co.,  Va. 
Situated  between  Chesapeake  Bay  on  the  E.  and 
Hampton  Roads  on  the  W. 

Old  Topsail  Met,  Carteret  co.,  N.  C.  A  pas- 
sage between  the  islands  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Onslpw  Bay. 

Oliverian  River,  N.  II.,  13  formed  of  two  branch- 
es, both  having  their  sources  in  the  town  of  Ben- 
ton  :  the  E.  branch  from  the  W.  side  of  Moose- 
hillock  Mountain,  and  the  N.  branch  from  Owl's 
Head  Mountain.  These  branches  unite  near  the 
H.  line  of  the  town  of  Haverhill,  and  the  main 
stream  passes  through  the  S.  part  of  the  town, 
aud  falls  into  the  Connecticut. 


Olympus,  Mount,  On.  Situated  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  state,  S.  from  the  Straits  of  Juan  de 
Fuca. 

Ompompanoosuck  River,  Vt..  rises  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  Vershire,  and  runs  E.  into  West  Fairlee. 
It  then  takes  a  S.  E.  course  into  Thetford,  where 
it  receives  a  stream  from  Fairlee  Lake,  which  is 
a  large  body  of  water  lying  partly  in  Fairlee  and 
partly  in  Thetford.  In  the  S.  part  of  Thetford 
it  receives  a  considerable  stream  from  the  W., 
which  originates  in  Tunbridge  and  Strafford,  and 
it  finally  mingles  with  the  Connecticut  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  Norwich.  The  whole  length  of 
the  Ompompanoosuck  is  about  20  miles,  and  it 
affords  a  number  of  valuable  mill  sites.  The 
name,  which  is  Indian,  is  said  to  signify  a  stream 
where  many  onions  are  found. 

One  Hundred  and  Two  River,  Mo.  This  stream 
waters  the  S.  interior  of  Nodowry  co.,  flows  S., 
and  empties  in  the  Little  Platte  River  in  Bu- 
chanan co. 

Oneida  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Madison  co.,  flows 
N.  W.,  dividing  Madison  and  Oneida  counties, 
and  empties  into  Oneida  Lake.  This  river  and 
its  tributaries  afford  a  number  of  good  mill  sites. 
It  is  also  a  feeder  to  the  Erie  Canal.  Vessels 
ascend  it  to  the  village  of  Oneida  Castle,  a  dis- 
tance of  3  miles. 

Oneida  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  bounded  by  Oneida, 
Madison,  Onondaga,  and  Oswego  counties.  It 
is  22  miles  long,  and  from  4  to  6  wide.  Wood, 
Oneida,  and  Chittenango  Creeks,  besides  several 
smaller  streams,  flow  into  it.  There  is  a  fine 
shelving  beach  on  the  E.  end,  which  is  much 
resorted  to  for  fishing  with  seines.  White  fish, 
pickerel,  pike,  perch,  and  catfish  are  taken  in 
great  quantities. 

Oneida  River,  N.  Y.,  formed  by  the  outlet  of 
Oneida  Lake,  flows  20  miles  in  a  circuitous  W. 
direction,  and  unites  with  the  Seneca  River.  The 
united  streams  then  take  the  name  of  Oswego 
River,  which  flows  N.  into  Lake  Ontario. 

Onion  River,  Vt.     See  Winooski  River. 

Onion  River,  Sheboygan  co.,  Wn.  It  rises  in 
the  W.  interior  of  the  "county,  flows  S.  E.  nearly 
to  its  S.  border,  and  then  flows  N.  N.  E.  until  its 
entrance  into  Sheboygan  River. 

Onondaga  Creek,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
N.  into  the  lake  of  the  same  name. 

Onondaga  Lake  lies  in  the  N.  part  of  Onondaga 
co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  8  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  4 
miles  wide,  and  abounds  in  pickerel,  pike,  bass, 
and  catfish.  The  number  of  salt  springs  on  its 
borders  have  led  to  the  supposition  that  the  wa- 
ter at  the  bottom  of  this  lake  was  salt,  but  exper- 
iments to  the  contrary  have  since  been  made. 

Onslow  Bay,  N.  C.,  is  a  portion  of  the  Atlantic 
contained  within  the  curve  between  Cape  Fear 
and  Cape  Lookout.  A  chain  of  long,  narrow 
islands,  with  inlets  between  them,  stretches  along 
the  shore,  at  a  distance  of  1  or  2  miles  from  it. 

Ontario,  Lake.  One  of  the  chain  of  the  great 
American  lakes,  lying  between  the  state  of  New 
York  and  Canada.  This  is  the  easternmost  and 
smallest  in  extent  of  the  series.  It  is  190  miles 
long,  with  an  average  width  of  40  miles.  Its  great- 
est width  is  55  miles.  Its  circumference  is  480 
miles.  It  is  very  deep  in  every  part,  varying  from 
500  to  600  feet,  so  that  its  bottom  is  considerably 
below  the  surface  of  the  Atlantic.  Its  surface  is 
334  feet  below  that  of  Lake  Erie,  from  which, 
through  the  Niagara  River,  or  Strait,  it  receives  the 
watersof  all  the  great  upper  lakes,  at  its  western 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


229 


end.  Its  outlet,  at  its  N.  E.  extremity,  is  the  River 
Sr.  Lawrence.  A  large  nurriber  of  creeks  and  rivers 
enter  the  lake  on  the  S.  side,  the  principal  of  which 
are  the  Genesee,  Oswego,  and  Black  Rivers.  The 
principal  bays  are  those  of  Quinte  and  Burling- 
ton, in  Canada ;  and  Chaumont,  Gerondiquot,  and 
Braddock's,  on  the  American  shore.  The  Bay  of 
Quinte  is  a  considerable  body  of  water,  into  which 
a  river  descends,  forming  the  outlet  of  several 
small  lakes.  The  shores  of  this  lake  are  gen- 
erally rather  low,  and  in  some  places  marshy: 
in  other  parts,  however,  they  are  elevated,  and  the 
land  is  generally  good.  The  "  alluvial  way,"  so 
called,  is  a  remarkable  ridge  of  land  from  7  to  10 
miles  distant  from  the  S.  shore  of  the  lake,  and 
extending  in  a  course  nearly  parallel  to  it  for  a 
long  distance,  having  the  appearance  of  being  in 
some  way  formed  by  the  action  of  the  lake,  at  a 
period  when  it  may  have  been  higher  and  spread 
over  more  surface  than  at  present.  There  is  an 
excellent  road  upon  the  summit  of  this  ridge. 
There  are  a  number  of  good  harbors,  and  several 
places  of  increasing  commerce  and  business,  upon 
the  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  the  most  important 
of  which,  on  the  Canada  shore,  are  Toronto, 
Kingston,  and  Coburg ;  and  on  the  New  York 
shore,  Oswego,  Sackett's  Harbor,  and  Port  Gene- 
see.  This  lake  is  subject  to  violent  storms  and 
heavy  swells ;  but  it  is  safely  navigated  by  steam- 
boats, which  are  large  and  stanchly  built,  and  by 
other  vessels.  By  the  Welland  Canal,  which 
connects  this  lake  with  Lake  Erie  on  the  W., 
vessels  are  carried  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara, 
and  also  around  the  rapids  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.  It  is  connected  with  the  Erie 
Canal  and  the  Hudson  River  by  a  canal  from 
Oswego :  and  much  valuable  trade  to  and  from 
New  York  passes  by  this  channel  through  the 
lake.  Ontario  has  such  a  depth  of  water  that 
even  its  harbors  are  seldom  closed  or  much  ob- 
structed by  ice.  Daily  lines  of  steamboats  run 
through  the  lake  from  Ogdensburg,  on  the  River 
St.  Lawrence,  to  Lewiston,  touching  at  all  the  in- 
termediate ports.  Sackett's  Harbor,  at  the  mouth 
of  Black  River  Bay,  about  150  miles  N.  from  Os- 
wego, is  one  of  the  best  and  most  secure  harbors 
on  Lake  Ontario.  It  was  an  important  naval  and 
military  station  during  the  last  war  with  Great 
Britain. 

Ontonagon  River,  Mn.  This  large  river  drains 
the  W.  pai-t  of  the  upper  peninsula.  Its  E.  branch 
rises  in  Marquette  co.,  its  middle  and  S.  in  small 
lakes  near  the  border  of  Wn.,  and  its  "W.  in 
Gopcbic  Lake.  The  main  stream  flows  in  a  N. 
N.  W.  direction,  and  empties  into  Lake  Superior. 

Oostenaula  River.  Te.  and  Ga.,  rises  in  Te.,  and 
unites  with  the  Etowah  in  Floyd  co.,  to  form 
Coosa  River. 

Opequan  River,  Va.  This  river  rises  in  the  S. 
E.  part  of  Frederick  co.,  flows  N.  E.,  separating 
Clark  and  a  part  of  Jefferson  from  Frederick  and 
Berkeley  counties,  and  empties  into  the  Potomac 
River. 

Oquossak  Lake,  Oxford  co.,  Me.  This  large 
sheet  of  water  lies  a  few  miles  N.  E.  of  the  Moose- 
luckmaguntic.  It  is  irregular  in  its  form,  and  con- 
tains many  islands. 

Orange  Lake,  Fa.  This  is  an  irregular  sheet 
of  water  lying  in  Alahua  and  Marion  counties. 
Its  outlet  connects  with  the  Ocklawaha,  a  branch 
of  St.  John's  River. 

Oriskany  Creek,  N.  Y.,  a  very  important  mill 
stream,  on  which  are  situated  extensive  cotton  and 


woollen  factories,  rises  in  Madison  co.,  and  falls 
into  the  Mohawk  at  the  village  of  Oriskany,  Onei- 
da  co. 

Orphan's  Island,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.  This  beau- 
tiful island,  containing  about  5000  acres  of  land, 
lies  at  the  mouth  of  Penobscot  River,  and  is  4 
miles  in  length.  Its  N.  part  lies  opposite  the 
town  of  Bucksport,  to  which  it  is  attached.  It 
divides  the  Penobscot  into  two  branches,  the  W  or 
main  branch  of  which  is  called  the  "  Narrows," 
on  which  side  is  a  fort  constructed  by  the  U.  S. 
government.  The  other  branch  is  called  E.  River. 
The  island  derived  its  name  from  having  been  the 
property  of  an  orphan  who  inherited  it  as  her  part 
of  the  Waldo  estate. 

Osage  River,  Mo.,  has  its  source  in  In.  Ter., 
flows  into  Mo.,  and  after  a  winding  course  through 
fertile  borders,  falls  into  the  Missouri  133  miles 
above  the  Mississippi.  It  is  397  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth,  and  navigable  for  steamboats  200  miles. 

Osakis  River,  Ma.,  is  supplied  by  numerous 
lakes,  and  flows  W.  into  the  Mississippi. 

Ossabaw  Island  and  Sound,  Bryan  co.,  Ga.,  are 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Ogeechee  River.  The 
island  is  flat  and  sandy,  and  10  miles  long ;  and 
the  sound  is  an  inlet  between  this  island  and 
Warren  Island. 

Ossipee  Lake,  N.  H.     See  Ossipee. 

Ossipee  Mountain,  N.  H.     See  Ossipee. 

Oswegatchie  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Herkimer  co., 
and  pursues  a  winding  N.  W.  course  until  it  enters 
the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  village  of  Ogdensburg, 
St.  Lawrence  co. 

Oswego  River,  N.  Y.,  furnishes  the  final  outlet  of 
the  small  lakes  in  the  interior  of  the  state  of  N.  Y. 
into  Lake  Ontario,  into  which  it  flows  at  the  town 
of  Oswego,  on  the  S.  shore.  The  Oswego  River 
flows  directly  from  the  outlet  of  the  Oneida 
Lake,  and  receives  the  waters  of  the  other  small 
lakes  by  the  Seneca  River,  into  which  their  sev- 
eral outlets  are  discharged,  and  which  unites  with 
it  about  24  miles  from  its  mouth.  Its  course  is 
about  N.  W.  The  lakes  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected are,  besides  the  Oneida,  Fish,  Cross, 
Otsego,  Onondaga,  Owasco,  Skeneateles,  Canan- 
daigua,  Crooked,  Cayuga,  and  Seneca  Lakes. 
This  river,  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course, 
serves  the  purpose  of  the  Oswego  Canal,  con- 
necting the  Erie  Canal  at  Syracuse  with  Lake 
Ontario,  the  falls  of  about  100  feet,  12  miles  from 
its  mouth,  being  overcome  by  lockage.  From 
the  foot  of  these  falls  the  canal  is  carried  along 
upon  the  E.  bank  of  the  river  to  its  mouth,  where 
it  descends  by  locks  to  the  level  of  the  lake.  An 
immense  water  power  is  furnished  by  this  canal 
for  mills  and  manufacturing  purposes  at  Oswego. 
This  river  served  in  early  times  as  the  great 
channel  of  intercourse  between  the  French,  and 
subsequently  the  English,  in  Canada,  and  the 
Six  Nations  of  Indians  in  Western  N.  Y.  It 
was  not,  however,  navigable  from  the  lake,  on 
account  of  the  falls  at  its  mouth. 

Otego  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Burlington,  Otsego 
co.,  and  flows  into  the  E.  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna.  It  affords  good  water  power. 

Otisco  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  beautiful  sheet  of 
water  lies  in  the  W.  part  of  Onondaga  co.,  sur- 
rounded by  romantic  scenery,  and  is  5  miles  long 
and  2  miles  wide. 

Otsdawa  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Laurens,  Otsego 
co..  and  flows  S.  into  the  Susquehanna  River. 

Otsego  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  beautiful  body  of 
water  lies  in  the  N.  part  of  Otsego  co.  It  is  9 


230 


MOUNTAINS,   RIVERS,  LAKES,  &o., 


miles  long,  from  1  to  2  miles  wide,  and  abounds 
with  a  variety  of  fish  of  fine  flavor.  At  its  outlet, 
which  is  the  source  of  Susquehanna  River,  lies 
the  flourishing  village  of  Cooperstown.  This 
lake  and  vicinity  is  a  favorite  resori  of  the  sports- 
man and  angler,  and  noted  for  pleasant  scenery. 

Otselic  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Madison  co.,  flows 
through  Chenango  and  Cortland  counties,  and 
enters  Toughnioga  River  in  Broome  co.  This 
stream  affords  good"  water  power,  and  abounds 
in  fine  trout. 

Otsquaga  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Herkimer  co., 
flows  N.  E.,  and  enters  the  Mohawk  in  Mont- 
gomery co. 

Otta  Quechee  River,  Vt.,  (called  also  Water 
Quechee  and  Quechee  River,)  rises  in  Sherburne, 
runs  E.  through  the  S.  part  of  Bridgewater,  thence 
E.  N.  E.  through  Woodstock,  into  the  S.  part  of 
Hartford,  and  thence  S.  E.  through  the  N.  E.  cor- 
ner of  Hartland,  into  Connecticut  River,  about 
2  miles  above  Quechee  Falls.  In  Bridgewater  it 
receives  two  considerable  mill  streams,  namely, 
North  Branch,  which  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  this 
township,  and  South  Branch,  which  rises  in 
Plymouth.  In  Woodstock  it  receives  two  other 
fine  mill  streams  :  one,  rising  in  the  N.  E.  corner 
of  Bridgewater  and  S.  E.  corner  of  Barnard,  falls 
into  Quechee  River  just  below  the  N.  village  in 
Woodstock.  Quechee  River,  in  its  course,  re- 
ceives numerous  other  tributaries.  It  is  about  35 
miles  in  length,  and  waters  about  212  square 
miles.  The  name  is  of  Indian  origin,  and  is  said 
to  signify  quick  whirling  motion,  probably  given 
on  account  of  appearances  at  the  falls. 

Otter  Creek,  Vt.,  is  the  longest  stream  in  the 
state.  It  rises  in  Mount  Tabor,  Peru,  and  Dor- 
set, within  a  few  rods  of  the  head  of  the  Batten- 
kill.  In  Dorset  it  turns  suddenly  towards  the 
N.,  and  returns  into  Mount  Tabor,  running 
through  the  W.  part  of  this  township  and  Wal- 
lingford,  and  through  the  central  part  of  Claren- 
don into  Rutland :  it  then  takes  a  N.  W.  course 
through  Pittsford  and  Brandon,  between  Leicester 
and  Salisbury  on  the  E.,  and  Whiting  and  Corn- 
wall on  the  W.,  through  Middlebury,  between 
New  Haven  and  Weymouth,  through  the  N.  E. 
corner  of  Addison,  between  Waltham  and  Pan- 
ton,  and  through  Vergennes  and  Ferrisburg,  into 
Lake  Champlain.  From  the  S.  W.  it  receives  in 
Ferrisburg  a  large  creek,  which  rises  in  Bridport ; 
in  Weybridge,  Lemonfair  River;  in  Rutland, 
Little  West  River,  or  Furnace  Brook;  and  in 
Mount  Tabor,  Mill  River.  From  the  E.  it  re- 
ceives New  Haven,  Middlebury,  Leicester,  and 
Furnace  Rivers,  East  Creek,  Cold  and  Mill  Riv- 
ers, all  of  which  are  considerable  mill  streams. 
Otter  Creek  affords  many  excellent  mill  sites, 
and  is  navigable  8  miles  for  the  largest  vessels  on 
the  lake.  Its  whole  length  is  about  90  miles 
and  it  waters  about  900  square  miles.  The  allu- 
vial flats  along  this  stream  are  very  extensive 
and  fertile.  It  was  named  by  the  French  Riviere 
aux  Loutres,  the  River  of  Otters',  long  before  any 
settlements  were  made  by  the  English  in  this 
state. 

Otter  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Herkimer  co.,  flows 
W.,  and  falls  into  Black  River  in  Lewis  co. 

Otter  Creek,  la.  A  small  branch  of  the  Wa- 
bash  River,  which  it  enters  in  the  N.  part  of 
Vigo  co. 

Otter  Creek,  Is.,  flows  S.  W.  through  Macoupin 
co.,  and  empties  into  Macoupin  River. 

Otter,  Peaks  of,  Va.,  are  situated  between  Bed- 


ford and  Bottetourt  counties,  30  miles  W.  by  N. 
of  Lynchburg.  They  are  a  part  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  the  highest  land  in  the  state.  The 
E.  peak  is  3104,  or,  according  to  some  statements, 
4260  feet  high,  and  the  W.  2946  feet. 

Otter  Tail  Lake,  Ma.  The  largest  and  most 
N.  of  the  chain  of  lakes  supplying  the  head  wa- 
ters of  North  Red  River. 

Ottonwey  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  several  small 
lakes,  flows  S.  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi a  little  below  Peterah  River. 

Ottowas  Bay,  Mn.  A  part  of  Saginaw  Bay, 
bordering  on  losco  and  Arenac  counties. 

Overslaugh,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  in  the  Hudson 
River,  3  miles  below  the  city  of  Albany,  and 
formerly  consisted  of  a  succession  of  bars  or 
flats,  through  which  there  were  narrow  channels, 
affording  but  a  small  depth  of  water  at  low  tide. 
This  obstruction,  however,  has  been  mostly  re- 
moved by  the  IT.  S.  government,  and  the  in- 
creased depth  of  water  has  much  improved  nav- 
igation. 

Owasco  Lake,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  12  miles 
long  and  about  1  mile  wide.  Its  waters  are  very 
transparent,  abounding  with  trout  and  other  fish. 
The  banks  are  rugged  and  picturesque. 

Owasco  Outlet,  N.  Y.,  commences  in  the  town 
of  Auburn,  2  miles  S.  of  the  village,  and  falls 
into  Seneca  River  in  the  town  of  Metz.  This 
stream  affords  extensive  water  power,  and  many 
of  the  fine  mill  sites  are  already  occupied. 

Owawichah  River,  Ma.  It  flows  S.  W.,  and 
empties  into  the  Missouri  a  little  above  Third 
Cedar  Island. 

Owego  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Cortland  and 
Tompkins  counties,  and  empties  into  the  Sus- 
quehanna at  the  village  of  Owego,  Tioga  co. 
This  creek  passes  several  pleasant  villages,  and, 
together  with  its  tributaries,  affords  extensive 
water  privileges. 

Owen's  Lake  and  River,  Ca.  The  lake  is  a 
small  sheet  of  water  situated  at  the  S.  part  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  river  a  stream  empty- 
ing into  it  from  the  N. 

Owl's  Head,  Me.     See  East^  Thomaston. 

Owyhee  River,  On.  This  river  rises  in  the  S. 
part  of  the  territory,  takes  a  semicircular  course, 
bending  into  Ca.  for  a  short  distance,  and  finally 
enters  the  Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia  River  a  little 
below  Big  Wood  River. 

Oxbow  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  a  beautiful  little  sheet  of 
water  lying  in  the  town  of  Lake  Pleasant,  Ham 
ilton  co.  Its  waters  abound  with  trout  of  a  fine 
flavor.  The  outlet  of  this  lake  is  a  valuable  mill 
stream,  emptying  into  Piseco  Lake. 

Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y.,  a  large  and  important  body 
of  water,  lies  in  the  town  of  Oyster  Bay,  on  the 
N.  side  of  Long  Island,  and  is  connected  with 
Oyster  Bay  and  Cold  Spring  harbors,  all  of  which 
abound  with  shell  and  scale  fish,  and  wild  fowl. 

Oyster  Creek,  Ts.,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
N.  E.  from  the  mouth  of  Brazos  River. 

Oyster  River,  N.  H.     See  Durliam. 

Packard's  Mountain,  New  Salem,  Ms.  Height 
1278  feet. 

Pacolet  River,  N.  and  S.  C.,  has  its  source  in 
the  Blue  Ridge,  N.  C.,  and  falls  into  Broad  River 
at  Pinckneyville,  Union  co.,  S.  C. 

Paint  Creek,  O.,  rises  in  Madison  co.,  and  after 
a  course  of  60  miles  enters  the  W.  side  of  the 
Sciota,  5  miles  below  Chillicothe. 

Palala  Creek,  Ga.,  rises  near  the  centre  of 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


231 


Stewart  co..  flows  S.  W.,  and  falls  into  the  Chat- 
tahoochee. 

Palisades,  N.  Y.  This  Hinge  of  precipitous 
rocks  extends  about  20  miles  along  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Hudson.  They  first  approach  the  imme- 
diate borders  of  the  river  at  Fort  Lee,  in  N.  J., 
where  they  are  from  300  to  500  feet  in  almost 
perpendicular  height,  and  extend  N.  to  Piermont 
at  the  commencement  of  Tappan  Bay.  They 
are  appropriately  named  Palisades,  meaning 
"  palings  set  out  for  an  enclosure,"  as  they  will 
probably  restrain  the  waters  of  this  noble  river 
so  long  as  the  earth  keeps  its  foundation. 

Palm  Island,  Hiljsboro'  co.,  Fa.  Situated  be- 
tween Long  Island  on  the  N.  W.  and  Clam  Island 
en  the  S.  W. 

Palmertown  Mountains,  N.  Y.  This  range, 
which  runs  parallel  with  the  Kayaderosseras  Mts., 
commences  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Washington  co., 
extends  in  a  S.  direction  between  Lakes  George 
and  Champlain,  through  a  part  of  Warren,  into 
Saratoga  co.  They  rise  to  a  height  of  from  1 000 
to  1200  feet  in  Washington  and  Warren  counties. 

Palmetto  Creek,  Laurens  co.,  Ga.,  flows  S.  E. 
into  the  Oconee  River. 

Pamlico  River,  N.  C.,  is  a  broad  estuary  leading 
from  Tar  Kiver  into  Pamlico  Sound.  It  is  from 
1  to  8  miles  broad,  deep  enough  to  admit  any  ves- 
sels which  navigate  the  sound,  and  40  miles  long. 

Pamlico  Sound,  N.  C.  This  shallow  body  of 
water  is  80  miles  long,  and  from  8  to  30  miles 
wide.  The  principal  entrance  to  it  is  Ocracoke 
Inlet.  The  N.  part  is  connected  with  Albemarle 
Sound.  It  is  separated  from  the  Atlantic  by  long, 
sandy  islands,  hardly  a  mile  wide,  covered  with 
bushes,  the  outer  point  of  one  of  which  is  Cape 
Hatteras.  Tar  and  Neuse  Rivers  flow  into  the 
sound.  The  land  around  it  is  low,  and  in  some 
places  marshy. 

Pamunky  River,  Va.  This  river  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  N.  and  S.  Anna  Ilivers,  between 
Hanover  and  Caroline  counties,  and  unites  with 
the  Mattapony  to  form  York  River,  between  New 
Kent  and  King  William  counties. 

Panther  Gap  Creek,  Bath  co.,  Va.  A  small 
stream,  flowing  in  a  S.  W.  direction  into  Cow 
Pasture  River. 

Panther  River,  Mo.  A  stream  rising  in  the  S. 
part  of  Jackson  co.,  and  flowing  S.  E.  into  the 
South  Grand,  a  branch  of  Osage  River. 

Papacton  River,  N.  Y.,  the  E.  branch  of  the 
Delaware,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Delaware  co., 
flows  S.  W.  into  the  town  of  Hancock,  where  it 
unites  with  the  Mohawk,  or  W.  branch. 

Paradox  Lake,  lying  in  the  town  of  Schroon, 
Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  4  miles  long,  and  from 
half  a  mile  to  a  mile  wide.  Tfcere  are  many 
small  lakes  in  the  vicinity,  which  abound  with 
tr,out  and  other  fish. 

'  Paris  Island,   Beaufort  district,  S.  C.,  lies   in 
Broad  River,  between  Port  Royal  and  St.  Helena 
Islands. 
-  Parker's  Islands,  N.  H.     See  Hanover. 

Parker's  Island,  Md.,  lies  in  the  Chesapeake, 
about  15  miles  S.  from  Annapolis. 

ParrolCs  Creek,  Jackson  co.,  Fa.  A  small  trib- 
utary of  the  Choctawhatchie  River. 

Partridge  Lake,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  Situated  on 
the  S.  border  of  the  county,  and  connected  on  the 
E.  with  Wolf  River. 

Pascagoula  River,  Mi.  Chickasawhay  and  Leaf 
Ilivers  unite  to  form  this  river,  which  falls  into 
Pascagoula  Sound,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  after 


a  course  of  200  miles.  It  is  boatable  150  miles, 
and  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  6  feet  of  water 
60  miles. 

Pascagoula  Sound,  Mi.  and  Aa.,  into  which  Pas- 
cagoula River  empties,  is  separated  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  by  several  low,  narrow  islands.  Its 
average  breadth  is  8  miles,  and  its  length  about 
55  miles. 

Pasquotank  River,  N.  C.,  rises  in  Lake  Drum- 
mond,  in  Dismal  Swamp,  and  runs  S.  E.  into  Al- 
bemarle Sound.  It  is  connected  with  Elizabeth 
River  by  a  canal,  which  forms  a  communication 
between  Albemarle  Sound  and  Hampton  Roads. 

Passadumkeag  River,  Me.  This  fine  mill  stream 
rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Penobscot  co.,  flows 
through  the  N  part  of  Hancock  co.,  then  ree'nters 
Penobscot  co.,  and  receives  Cold  Stream  2  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  Penobscot. 

Passage  Island,  Hillsboro'  co.,  Fa.,  lies  at  the 
mouth  of  Tampa  Bay,  S.  E.  from  Egmont  Island. 

Passaic  River,  N.  J.  This  stream  rises  in 
Mendham,  Morris  co.,  and  though  flowing  through 
a  mountainous  country,  pursues  a  winding  and 
somewhat  sluggish  course  of  about  70  miles  to  its 
entrance  into  Newark  Bay.  It  has  some  falls 
which  afford  good  water  power,  particularly  the 
great  falls  at  Paterson,  where  there  is  a  perpen- 
dicular fall  of  50  feet,  and  a  total  descent  of  70 
feet,  with  a  width  of  about  60,  affording  immense 
water  power.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  to  Ac- 
quachunonck,  12  miles,  and  is  bordered  by  marsh- 
es near  its  mouth. 

Passumpsic  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  a  pond  on  the  E. 
border  of  Westmore,  and,  running  S.  through 
Newark,  passes  into  the  W.  corner  of  East  Haven  : 
thence  it  pursues  nearly  a  S.  course  through 
Burke,  Lyndon,  St.  Johnsbury,  Waterford,  and 
Barnet,  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut  1  mile  be- 
low the  foot  of  Fifteen  Mile  Falls.  This  river 
flows  through  much  rich  interval,  is  generally  deep, 
and  measures  from  4  to  6  rods  in  width  below 
St.  Johnsbury  Plain.  It  receives  several  large 
branches  in  Lyndon,  two  in  St.  Johnsbury,  and 
one  in  Barnet.  The  name  of  this  stream  is  said 
to  be  derived  from  the  Indian  phrase,  Bas-soom- 
suc,  signifying  a  stream  where  there  is  much  med- 
icine. Le'ngth  about  34  miles. 

Pataguangomis  River,  Me.,  in  the  N.  part  of  Pis- 
cataquis  co.,  is  an  enlargement  of  the  Alliguash 
River. 

Patapsco  River,  Md.  This  fine  mill  stream  rises 
in  Baltimore  co.,  and  enters  Chesapeake  Bay,  by 
a  broad  estuary  between  North  and  Bodkin's 
Points.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  18 
feet  of  water  14  miles,  to  Fell's  Point. 

Patkasha  River,  Ma.,  flows  E.,  and  enters  the 
Tehan  Sansan  or  River  a  Jaques,  a  little  below 
Wamdushka  River. 

Patoka  River,  la.,  rises  in  Orange  co.,  and  pur- 
sues a  W.  course  until  it  enters  the  Wabash,  op- 
posite Mount  Carmel,  Is.,  and  1  or  2  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  White  River. 

Patsaliga  River,  Aa.  This  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal branches  of  the  Conecuh  River,  which  it 
enters  from  the  N.  W.  in  Covington  co. 

Patten's  Creek,  Ky.,  enters  the  Ohio  in  Ion.  85° 
50'  W.  and  lat.  38°  22'  N. 

Patterson's  Creek,  Va.  It  rises  in  the  N.  part 
of  Hardy  co.,  among  the  Alleghanies,  flows  N.  E. 
across  Hampshire  co.,  and  enters  the  N.  branch 
of  the  Potomac. 

Patterson  Point,  Michillimackinac  co.,  Mn.,  en- 
closes Elizabeth  Bay  on  the  W.* 


232 


MOUNTAINS,  KIVEES,  LAKES,  &c., 


Patuxent  River,  Md.,  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Montgomery  and  Anne  Arundel  counties, 
and  flowing  S.  E.  40  miles,  it  turns  to  the  S.,  and 
flows  50  miles,  nearly  parallel  with  Chesapeake 
Bay,  which  it  enters  on  the  W.  side  by  a  large  es- 
tuary. It  is  navigable  50  miles,  to  Nottingham, 
for  vessels  of  250  tons. 

Pauwaicun  Lake,  Winnebago  co.,  Wn.  A  large 
sheet  of  water,  which  receives  the  waters  of 
Wolf  River  in  the  N.,  and  communicates  with 
Neenah  or  Fox  Eiver  on  the  S.  E. 

Pawcatuck  River.  This  river  rises  in  the  "W- 
part  of  R.  I,  where  it  receives  Wood  and  Charles 
Rivers,  two  good  mill  streams,  and  empties  into 
Long  Island  Sound,  between  the  towns  of  West- 
erly, R.  I.,  and  Stonington,  Ct.  It  is  navigable  6 
miles. 

Puwlet  River  rises  in  Vt.,  flows  W.  and  N.  W. 
through  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  falls  into 
Wood  Creek  just  before  its  entrance  into  Lake 
Champlain.  This  stream  affords  good  water 
power,  and  on  its  banks  are  situated  several 
pleasant  villages. 

Pawnis  Deserted  River,  Ma.  A  small  stream 
flowing  S.  W.  into  the  Missouri  River. 

Pawtuxet  River,  R.  I.,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
Providence  co.,  and,  with  its  branches,  waters  a 
large  part  of  the  state.  It  enters  Narraganset 
Bay  5  miles  below  Providence,  and  is  celebrated 
for  its  fine  mill  sites. 

Payette  River,  On.  It  rises  among  the  Salmon 
River  Mts.,  flows  S.  of  W.,  and  empties  into 
Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

Pea  River,  Aa.,  is  the  largest  branch  of  Choc- 
tawhatchie  River,  which  it  enters  near  the  S.  bor- 
der of  the  state,  in  Dale  co. 

Pea  Patch  Island.  Situated  in  Delaware  River, 
and  contains  the  ruins  of  Fort  Delaware,  which 
was  erected  during  the  American  war. 

Peabody  River,  N.  H.,  rises  in  the  E.  pass  of  the 
White  Mts..  near  the  head  of  Ellis's  River,  a 
branch  of  the  Saco,  and  passes  N.  into  the  An- 
droscoggin. 

Peaked  Mountain,  Monson,  Ms.    Height  1239  ft. 
Pearl  Island.    A  small  island  lying  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

Pearl  Lake,  Avoyelles  parish,  La,,  discharges  its 
waters  through  the  Bayou  de  Glaze  into  the 
Atchafalaya  River. 

^  Pearl  River,  Mi.  and  La.  Its  head  branches 
rise  near  the  centre  of  Mississippi,  and  running 
S.  it  joins  by  several  mouths  the  Rigolets,  which 
forms  a  communication  between  Lakes  Pon- 
chartrain  and  Borgne.  It  forms  the  boundary 
kne  between  Mi.  and  La.  from  lat.  31°  N.  It  is 
navigable  for  small  craft  to  Jackson,  the  capital 
of  Mi.  Some  efforts  have  been  made  to  improve 
the  navigation,  which  is  obstructed  by  sand  bars 
shallows,  and  rafts  of  timber. 

Pecan  Creek,  Ts.  An  E.  branch  of  Colorado 
River,  which  it  enters  just  above  the  San  Saba 

Pecks  Beach,  Cape  May  co.,  N.  J.  A  loner 
narrow  island,  lying  S.  from  Great  Egg  Harbor 

Peconic  Day,  Great,  lies  on  the  E.  end  of  Long 
Island,  opposite  Shelter  Island,  by  which  it  is 
separated  from  Gardiner's  Bay.  It  is  14  miles 
long,  from  4  to  5  miles  wide,'  and  is  separated 
from  Southold  Harbor  by  Great  Hog  Neck.  Its 
borders  are  somewhat  irregular,  and  Robbins's 
Island  is  situated  near  its  centre.  Little  Peconic 
Bay  extends  inland  4  or  5  miles.  Sloops  navi- 
gate it  to  the  village  of  Riverhead,  which  is  the 
ihire  town  of  Suffolk  co. 


Peconic  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  town  of 
Brookhaven,  Suffolk  co.,  flows  E.  through  Little 
Peconic  into  Great  Peconic  Bay. 

Pedee,  Great,  River,  N.  and  S.  C.,  rises  at  the 
foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  Wilkes  co.,  N.  C.,  and 
bears  the  name  of  Yadkin  River  until  it  enters 
S.  C.  It  then  flows  in  a  S.  direction  until  it 
unites  with  the  Wacamaw,  a  little  below  George- 
town, and  forms  Winyaw  Bay,  which  enters  the 
Atlantic  12  miles  below  Georgetown.  It  is  nav- 
igable 200  miles  for  boats  of  60  or  70  tons. 

Pedee,  Little,  River,  rises  in  N.  C.,  and,  flowing 
S.  S.  W.,  enters  the  Great  Pedee,  32  miles  above 
its  mouth. 

Pekatonica  River,  Wn.  and  Is.,  rises  in  Iowa 
co.,  Wn.,  and,  flowing  S.  and  E.,  receives  Sugar 
Creek  from  the  N.,  and  falls  into  Rock  River,  Is., 
6  miles  below  the  N.  boundary  of  the  state.  It 
is  navigable  to  Mineral  Point,  Wn.,  for  flat  boats. 

Pekende  River,  Ma.,  rises  in  a  small  lake,  and, 
flowing  W.,  empties  into  the  Missouri  River 
opposite  Prospect  Island. 

Pekushino  River,  Ma.  t  It  rises  in  a  small  lake 
near  the  source  of  Rum  River,  flows  S.  W.,  and 
empties  into  the  Mississippi  nearly  opposite  Sag- 
atagon  or  Spunk  River. 

Peloose  or  Flag  River,  On.  A  N.  branch  of 
Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

Pemadumcook  Lake,  or  the  Bamedumpkok,  Pis- 
cataquis  co.,  Me.  This  lake  lies  a  few  miles  N. 
of  Baker's  Mt,  is  of  an  irregular  shape,  and 
contains  many  islands.  The  soil  on  the  borders 
of  the  Pemadumcook  and  the  numerous  lakes 
connected  with  it  is  remarkably  good.  The 
Jo-Mary  Lakes,  lying  near,  are  beautiful  sheets 
of  water,  and  are  surrounded  by  some  of  the  best 
timber  land  in  the  state.  The  facilities  for  raft- 
ing timber  down  the  Penobscot  through  these 
lakes  render  this  part  of  the  state  very  valuable. 

Pemigewasset  River,  N.  H.  This  stream  and 
the  Winnipiseogee  constitute  the  Merrimack. 
The  Pemigewasset  is  formed  of  three  principal 
branches,  having  their  sources  in  Woodstock, 
Franconia,  and  the  Ungranted  Lands  S.  W.  from 
the  White  Mts.  These  branches  unite  in  Wood- 
stock, from  whence  the  main  stream  passes  in  a 
S.  direction,  through  Thornton,  Campton,  be- 
tween Plymouth  and  Holderness ;  Bridgewater, 
Bristol,  and  New  Hampton  ;  Hill  and  Franklin  ; 
at  which  latter  town  it  unites  with  the  Winnipis- 
eogee. 

Pemmaquid  Point,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.  This  im- 
portant point  of  land  is  situated  between  Mus- 
congus  Bay  on  the  E.  and  Pemmaquid  River  on 
the  W.  It  contains  a  light-house,  which  bears 
about  9  miles  N.  E.  from  Bantam  Ledge,  and  10 
W.  from  St.  George's  Island. 

Pendleton  River,  Ga..  rises  in  Laurens  co.,  Ga., 
flows  S.  W.,  separating  Emanuel  and  Montgomery 
counties,  and  receiving  Alligator,  Tiger,  Swift, 
and  Wolf  Creeks,  and  empties  into  the  Great 
Ohoopee  in  Tatnall  co. 

Pend  Oreilles  or  Kulluspelm  Lake,  On.  A  large 
sheet  of  water  through  which  flows  the  Clarke 
Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

Penris  Creek,  Pa.  This  stream  rises  in  the  N. 
part  of  Huntingdon  co.,  flows  N.  E.  and  E.,  and 
empties  into  the  Susquehanna  River  in  Union  co. 

Penobscot  Bay,  Me.  This  bay  extends  from 
Owl's  Head  on  the  W.  to  Burnt  Coat  Island  on 
the  E.,  a  distance  of  30  miles.  At  its  mouth  are 
Fox  Islands,  Deer  Isle,  Isle  of  Haut,  and  several 
smaller  ones.  It  extends  inland  to  Belfast  Bay 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


233 


at  the  mouth  of  Penobscot  River,  a  distance  of 
20  miles  N.  from  Owl's  HeacL  This  bay  affords 
many  varieties  of  fish,  contains  many  good  har- 
bors, and  on  its  borders  are  many  large  and 
flourishing  towns. 

Penobscot  River,  Me.  This  large  and  impor- 
tant river,  with  its  numerous  and  extensive 
branches,  waters  a  great  portion  of  the  state.  It 
pierces  the  county  which  bears  its  name,  and 
receives  tributaries  from  Washington,  Hancock, 
Waldo,  Piscataquis,  and  Somerset  counties.  Be- 
low the  union  of  the  E.  and  W.  branches,  the 
Piscataquis  and  Matawamkeag  are  its  largest 
tributaries.  From  the  junction  of  the  two  branch- 
es, or  "  the  Forks,"  to  tide  water  at  Bangor,  is 
about  76  miles.  The  E.  branch  rises  at  the  N. 
in  the  Scboois  Lakes,  near  Aroostook  River,  and 
on  its  passage  to  the  junction,  a  distance  of 
about  50  miles,  it  is  properly  called  Seboois 
River.  The  W.  branch  of  the  Penobscot  rises 
in  the  high  lands  on  the  border  of  Lower  Canada 
and  the  W.  frontier  of  Me.  It  passes  through 
the  counties  of  Somerset  and  Piscataquis  in  an 
E.  direction,  to  its  junction  with  the  E.  branch, 
receiving  in  its  course  the  waters  of  Lakes  Che- 
suncook,  Pemadumcook,  Millinoket,  and  other 
large  collections  of  water.  This  branch  passes 
within  3  miles  of  the  N.  border  of  Moose  Head 
Lake,  the  source  of  Kennebec  River.  The  length 
of  this  branch  of  the  Penobscot,  from  its  source 
to  its  union  with  the  E.  branch  or  Seboois  River, 
may  be  stated  at  about  140  miles,  and  the  great- 
est length  of  the  river  to  Bangor,  215,  and  to.  the 
ocean,  275  miles.  Some  of  the  most  important 
tributaries  of  this  majestic  river  are  noted  under 
their  distinctive  names.  A  description  of  them 
all,  with  their  hydraulic  powers  and  boatable 
capabilities,  their  rapid  courses  and  beautiful 
cataracts,  their  fertilizing  qualities,  and  other 
peculiarities,  would  fill  a  volume.  Indeed,  these 
streams,  and  the  immense  basin  which  they  drain, 
are  so  little  known,  that  some  years  must  elapse 
before  any  thing  like  a  fair  delineation  of  the 
value  and  beauty  of  this  interesting  section  of 
New  England  can  be  given. 

Pensaukie  River,  Brown  CO.,  Wn.  A  small 
stream  flowing  in  a  N.  of  E.  direction  into  Green 
Bay,  which  it  enters  S.  from  Oconto  River. 

Pensacola  Bay,  Fa.,  sets  up  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  between  Barancas  Point  and  the  W.  end 
of  St.  Rosa  Island.  The  entrance  to  the  bay, 
between  these  points,  is  only  about  three  fourths 
of  a  mile  wide,  and  is  well  defended  by  a  fort  on 
Point  Barancas.  The  bar  has  22  feet  of  water  at 
low  tide.  Extending  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  the 
bay  has  a  length  in  some  parts  of  28  miles,  and 
an  average  width  of  about  3  miles.  About  11 
miles  from  its  mouth,  it  divides  into  three  parts, 
called  Escambia  Bay,  Yellow  Water  Bay,  and 
East  Bay.  Escambia  Bay  is  on  the  W.,  and  is  so 
called  from  the  name  of  the  river,  which  it  re- 
ceives from  Florida.  Yellow  Water  Bay  also 
receives  the  river  of  that  name.  East  Bay, 
which  is  7  miles  long,  admits  frigates  of  the 
largest  class  to  ride  at  anchor,  and  is  en- 
tirely protected  from  all  winds.  The  city  of 
Pensacola  is  situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
principal  bay,  about  10  miles  from  the  entrance 
from  the  guff.  The  harbor  of  Pensacola  is  good, 
being  the  deepest  haven  on  the  N.  coast  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  country  around  this  bay 
is  generally  low  and  barren. 

Peoria,  Lake,  Is.  This  lake,  which  is  an  ex- 
30 


pansion  of  Illinois  River,  extends  20  miles  in  a 
S.  W.  direction  to  Peoria  village.  It  is  much 
wider  than  the  river,  has  a  gravelly  bottom,  and 
very  little  current.  It  is  divided  by  the  Narrows 
into  two  parts,  and  abounds  with  various  kinds 
offish. 

Pepacton  River.     See  Delaware  River. 

Pepin  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  1  mile  below  the  junction  of  the  St. 
Croix,  and  100  miles  below  St.  Anthony's  Falls. 
It  is  24  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  4  miles  wide. 

Pequannock  Creek,  N.  J.,  rises  in  the  Walkill 
and  Wawayanda  Mts.,  Sussex  co.,  and  flowing 
S.  E.  and  S.  27  miles,  its  rapid  current  affording 
good  water  power,  falls  into  the  Passaic.  It  is 
called  Pompton  River  below  Pompton  village. 

Pequawkett  River,  N.  H.  This  stream  bears  an 
Indian  name  formerly  applied  to  a  tract  of  coun- 
try now  including  Conway,  N.  H.,  Fryeburg,  Me., 
and  some  of  the  adjacent  towns.  The  river  rises 
in  two  ponds  in  Eaton,  and  falls  into  the  Saco. 

Pequest  Creek,  N.  J.,  is  a  large  and  rapid  stream. 
Its  two  head  branches  unite  in  Independence, 
Warren  co.,  and  after  a  course  of  30  miles  it  en- 
ters the  Delaware  at  Belvidere  village. 

Pequonoc  Creek,  New  London  co.,  Ct.  A  small 
stream  emptying  into  Long  Island  Sound,  be- 
tween Mystic  and  Thames  Rivers. 

Perch  Lake,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Orleans,  Jefferson 
co.,  flows  S.  W.  into  the  village  of  Dexter,  where 
it  enters  Black  River. 

Perdido  River,  Aa.  and  Fa.,  rises  in  Baldwin 
co.,  Aa.,  and  flowing  S.  40  miles,  enters  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  through  a  narrow  and  shallow  bay. 

Perkiomen  River,  Pa.,  rises  in  Upper  Milford. 
at  the  foot  of  South  Mt.,  flows  S.  about  30  miles, 
receiving  a  number  of  tributaries,  which  with  the 
main  river  afford  good  water  power,  and  enters 
the  Schuylkill  6  miles  above  Norristown. 

Perpetua,  Cape,  On.  A  small  point  of  land 
situated  on  the  Pacific  coast,  N.  N.  E.  from  Cape 
Gregory. 

Perry's  Peak,  Richmond,  Ms.     Height  2089  ft. 

Peshtego  River,  Brown   co.,  Wn.     This   large  . 
river  rises  in  the  N.  W.  interior  of  the  county, 
flows   S.  E.,  receiving  numerous   branches,  and 
falls  into  Green  Bay  a  little  below  the  mouth  of 
Menomonee  River. 

Peshakeme  River,  Mn.  It  rises  in  Michigamme 
Lake,  in  the  N.  part  of  Marquette  co.,  and  flows 
S.  into  the  Wesacota  or  Brule  River. 

Peterah  River,  Ma.  A  small  stream  emptying 
into  the  Mississippi  E.  from  Rum  River. 

Petersburg  Mountains,  N.  Y.,  are  a  range  of  not 
very  high  hills  extending  S-  from  Washington.     ^ 
through  Rensselaer  and  a  part  of  Columbia  co. 

Petite  Jean  Creek,  As.  A  large  stream  rising 
in  the  W.  part  of  Scott  co.,  and  flowing  a  little 
N.  of  E.  into  the  Arkansas  River,  which  it  enters 
on  the  boundary  between  Perry  and  Yell  counties. 

Pey  or  Elm  River,  Ma.  A  large  stream  flow- 
ing S.  E.,  and  emptying  into  the  Tchan  Sansan, 
or  River  a  Jaques,  just  below  Tchanchicanah 
Lake. 

Pharaoh  Lake  lies  in  the  town  of  Schroon, 
Essex  co.,  N.  Y, 

Phelps  Lake,  N.  C.    A  sheet  of  water  lying( in| 
the  S.  E.  part  of  Washington  co.,  and  connected  __ 
by  a  creek  with  Albemarle  Sound. 

Philadelphia  River,  Vt.    A  small  stream  origi-  jf  ; 
nating  in  the  S.  part  of  Goshen,  and  running  •> 
S.  W.  through  Chittenden  into  Pittsford,  where 
it  unites  with  East  Creek. 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c., 


Phillips  River,  N.  H.,  a  branch  of  the  Upper 
Ainonoosuck,  rises  in  the  towns  of  Dixville  and 
Columbia,  and,  after  passing  through  Millsfield 
and  Dummer,  unites  with  the  main  stream  in  the 
town  of  Stark. 

Pickerel  Bay,  Ma.  Situated  in  the  N.  E.  part 
of  Leech  Lake,  N.  W.  from  Leech  Lake  River. 

Pierce  Hole  River,  On.  A  head  branch  of 
Bitter  Root  River. 

Pig  River,  Va.,  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
after  a  course  of  35  miles,  falls  into  Roanoke 
River. 

Pigeon  River,  Te.,  falls  into  the  French  Broad, 
in  Ion.  82°  56'  W.,  and  lat.  35°  46'  N. 

Pike  River,  Vt.     See  Berkshire. 

Pilot  Mountain,  N.  H.     See  Kilkenny. 

Pilot  Peak,  Uh.  A  high  mountain  situated 
between  the  Great  Salt  Lake  on  the  E.  and  Hum- 
boldt  River  Mts.  on  the  W. 

Pine  Creek,  Pa.,  rises  in  Potter  co.,  and  flows 
in  a  S.  direction  into  the  W.  branch  of  Susque- 
hanna  River.  It  is  navigable  60  miles  to  the  line 
of  Potter  co. 

Pine  Creek,  Marshall  co.,  la.,  flows  N.  W.  across 
an  angle  of  St.  Joseph's  co.  into  the  Kankakee 
River. 

Pine  Creek,  As,,  rises  in  Fulton  co.,  flows  S.  W., 
and  enters  White  River  at  the  town  of  Athens, 
Izard  co. 

Pine  Barren  Creek,  Aa.,  flows  mostly  in  Wil- 
cox  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Alabama  River. 

Pinebog  River,  Huron  co.,  Mn.,  flows  N.  into 
Lake  Huron. 

Pine  Log  Creek,  "Washington  co.,  Fa.  A  small 
stream  emptying  into  Choctawhatch.ee  Bay. 

Pine  Mountain  Creek,  Harris  co.,  Ga.  A  small 
stream  rising  in  the  Pine  Mts.,  and  emptying  into 
the  Chattahoochee  River. 

Pine  Island,  Hillsboro'  co.,  Fa.  A  long,  nar- 
row island,  lying  in  Charlotte  harbor. 

Pine  Lake,  Barry  co.,  Mn.  Situated  S.  from 
Gun  Lake. 

Pine  Lake,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.,  lies  between 
Birch  and  Red  Cedar  Lakes. 

Pine  River,N.  H.  A  small  stream  issuing  from 
a  pond  in  the  town  of  Wakefield,  and  passing 
N.  W.  into  Ossipee  Lake. 

Pine  River,  Mn.,  rises  by  numerous  head 
branches  in  the  S.  part  of  Chippewa  co.,  flows 
S.,  and  empties  into  Lake  Huron  E.  from  the 
mouth  of  Carp  River. 

Pine  River,  Mn.  It  rises  in  the  E.  part  of 
Mecosta  co.,  flows  S.  E.  across  an  angle  of  Mont- 
calm  into  Gratiot  co.,  then  N.  E.  into  Midland 
co.,  where  it  enters  Chippewa  River. 

Pine  River,  Arenac  co.,  Mn.,  flows  S.  E.  into 
Saginaw  Bay. 

Pine  River,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Sauk  co.,  and  flows  S.  into  the  Wisconsin  River. 

Piney  Creek,  Ca.  A  small  head  branch  of 
Grand  River. 

Pinnacle  Creek,  Logan  co.,  Va.  A  head  branch 
of  Guyandotte  River. 

Pinos,  Point,  Ca.,  extends  into  the  Pacific  at 
the  city  of  Monterey. 

Pintlala  River,  Aa.,  waters  the  E.  part  of 
Montgomery  co.,  and  enters  the  S.  side  of  Ala- 
bama River. 

Pipe  Creek,  Iowa  co.,  Wn.,  flows  in  a  N.  direc- 
tion into  Wisconsin  River. 

Piscassick  River,  N.  H.,  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part 
of  Brentford,  and  passing  through  New  Market, 
falls  into  Lamprey  River  at  Durham. 


Piscataqua  River,  N.  H.,  the  only  large  river 
whose  course  is  entirely  in  this  state,  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  several  small  streams  in  a  wide  and 
deep  channel,  hollowed  out  partly  by  them,  and 
partly  by  the  tide.  The  names  of  these  streams, 
beginning  at  the  N.  E.,  are  Salmon  Falls,  Cocheco, 
Bellamy  Bank,  Oyster,  Lamprey,  Squamscot,  and 
Winnicut  Rivers.  The  last  five  unite  their 
waters  in  a  large  and  irregular  bay,  between 
Durham  and  Greenland.  The  waters  of  this  bay 
meet  those  of  Salmon  Falls  and  Cocheco  Rivers, 
at  Hilton's  Point,  a  few  miles  below  Dover.  Af- 
ter this  junction,  they  proceed  in  a  direct  line  to 
the  S.  E.,  and  join  the  ocean  2  or  3  miles  below 
Portsmouth,  embosoming  several  islands,  and 
forming  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  continent. 
Few  rivers  make  a  more  magnificent  appearance 
than  this ;  yet  the  streams  by  which  it  is  supplied 
are  small.  Salmon  Falls  furnishes  more  than  all 
the  rest.  This  stream  is  called  Newichawannock, 
from  the  falls  in  Berwick  till  it  receives  the  wa- 
ters of  the  Cocheco,  but  the  name  of  Piscataqua 
ought  to  be  applied  to  the  whole  of  Salmon  Falls 
River. 

Piscataquis  River,  Me.  This  river  rises  in  the 
S.  W.  part  of  Piscataquis  co.,  flows  65  miles  in 
an  E.  direction,  and  falls  into  the  Penobscot  in 
Penobscot  co.  It  receives  many  tributaries,  of 
which  Sebec  and  Pleasant  Rivers,  and  Seboois 
stream,  are  the  principal.  This  river  affords  good 
water  power,  and  together  with  its  branches  waters 
large  tracts  of  country. 

Piscataquog  River,  N.  H.,  is  formed  from  two 
principal  branches,  one  from  Francestown,  the 
other  from  Henniker  and  Deering,  which  unite 
near  the  W.  line  of  Goffstown.  The  main  stream 
pursues  a  southerly  course  through  Goffstown  and 
the  N.  E.  corner  of  Bedford,  where  it  falls  into 
the  Merrimack. 

Piscataway  Creek,  Prince  George  co.,  Md.,  rises 
near  the  centre  of  the  county,  and  flows  S.  W. 
into  the  Potomac  River. 

Pischous  River,  On.  A  W.  branch  of  Clarke 
Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

Piseco  Lake,  lying  in  Arietta,  Hamilton  co., 
N.  Y.,  is  6  miles  long,  about  2  miles  wide,  and 
abounds  with  salmon  and  brook  trout  of  a  supe- 
rior size  and  quality.  The  surrounding  country 
also  affords  great  quantities  of  wild  game,  mak- 
ing the  region  a  favorite  resort  of  the  angler  and 
sportsman.  The  outlet  of  the  lake  constitutes 
the  W.  branch  of  the  Sacondaga,  a  tributary  of 
the  Hudson  River. 

Piskasau  River,  Boone  co.,  Is.  This  stream 
is  a  head  branch  of  Rock  River. 

Pistakee  Lake,  Is.,  lies  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Lake  co.  Fox  River  passes  through  it. 

Pitt  Mount,  On.  A  high  peak  of  the  Cascade 
range,  situated  W.  from  Flamath  Lake. 

Placid  Lake,  N.  Y.,  lying  mostly  in  the  town 
of  Keene.  in  the  N.  part  of  Essex  co.,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  wild  and  picturesque  region  of 
country,  is  4  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  l£  miles 
wide. 

Plaisance  Bay,  Mn.  Situated  in  the  W.  part 
of  Lake  Erie,  opposite  the  town  of  Monroe,  Mon- 
roe co. 

Platt  or  Plott  River,  Vt.     See  Laplot. 

Platte  River,  In.  Ter.,  rises  by  two  branches  in 
the  Rocky  Mts.,  which  unite  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
territory,  400  miles  from  their  source,  and  joins 
the  Missouri  700  miles  from  the  Mississippi,  after 
an  E.  course  of  about  1600  miles.  Its  principal 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


235 


branches  are  the  Elkhorn,  entering  it  near  its 
mouth,  and  the  Loupfork,  90  miles  above.  It  is 
From  1  to  3  miles  broad,  and  so  shallow  that, 
excepting  in  floods,  it  is  fordable  in  almost  any 
place.  The  number  of  islands,  the  shifting 
sands  in  its  bed,  and  the  rapidity  of  the  current, 
are  effectual  barriers  to  all  navigation. 

Platte  River,  Little,  a  N.  branch  of  the  Mis- 
souri, which  it  enters  349  m.  from  the  Mississippi. 

Pleasant  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of 
water,  lying  mostly  in  the  town  of  Lake  Pleas- 
ant. Hamilton  co.  It  is  3  miles  long,  from  1  to  l£ 
miles  wide,  and  abounds  in  fine  fish  of  different 
kinds.  The  surrounding  country  is  a  favorite 
resort  of  wild  game,  and  is  interspersed  with 
small  lakes,  the  waters  of  which  are  well  stocked 
with  fish. 

Pleasant  River,  Washington  co.,  Me.  This 
river  has  its  source  in  a  pond  in  Beddington,  and 
flows  in  a  N.  E.  direction  into  Pleasant  River 
Bay,  which  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Naraguagus  Bay. 

Pleasant  River,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.  This 
important  mill  stream  is  a  tributary  of  the  Pis- 
cataquis. It  receives  the  two  Ebeeme  branches  in 
the  town  of  Milo,  about  15  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Plum  Creek,  Is.  A  small  branch  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  which  it  enters  in  Carroll  co. 

Plum  Creek,  Delaware  co.,  Io.  A  small  branch 
of  the  Macoquetais  River. 

Plum  Island,  Essex  co.,  Ms.     See  Newburyport. 

Plum  River,  Ma.  An  E.  tributary  of  North 
Red  River. 

Plumbgut,  N.  Y.,  is  the  channel  between  Plumb 
Island  and  Oyster  Pond  Point  on  the  E.  end  of 
Long  Island. 

Plaquemine  Bayou,  La.,  an  outlet  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, is  117  miles  above  New  Orleans,  8  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Iberville,  and  96  below 
the  efflux  of  Atchafalaya  outlet,  which  it  finally 
enters.  The  waters  of  the  Mississippi  only  flow 
into  it  when  that  river  is  nearly  at  its  greatest 
height.  It  is  navigable  at  such  times  for  vessels 
and  steamboats. 

Pocomoke  River  and  Bay.  The  river  has  its 
source  in  Dismal  Swamp,  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween De.  and  Md.,  and  proceeds  about  70  miles 
in  a  S.  W.  direction  to  Pocomoke  Bay,  a  branch 
of  Chesapeake  Bay.  The  river  is  navigable  to 
Snowhill  for  vessels. 

Pocotalico  River,  Kanawha  co.,  Va.,  flows  into 
the  Great  Kanawha  about  40  miles  from  its 
mouth,  after  a  S.  W.  course  of  about  60  miles. 
Bituminous  coal  and  iron  ore  are  found  on  its 
borders.  It  is  beatable  20  or  30  miles  in  high 
water. 

Pocotaligo  River,  Sumpter  district,  S.  C.,  rises 
in  the  W.  part  of  the  district,  and  flows  S.  E. 
into  Black  River. 

Poestenkill,  N.  Y.  This  valuable  mill  stream 
rises  in  the  towns  of  Grafton  and  Sand  Lake, 
Rensselaer  co.,  flows  W.  into  the  city  of  Troy, 
where  it  enters  the  Hudson. 

Poinsett  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  W.  from  the 
Sioux  River,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an 
outlet. 

Poinsett  Lake,  Orange  co.,  Fa.  A  small  lake, 
through  which  flow  the  waters  of  St.  John's 
River. 

Poinsett  River,  Ca.  A  small  head  branch  of 
the  Rio  Sacramento. 

Pointe  Seuil  Choix,  Mn.,  extends  into  Lake 
Michigan,  opposite  the  S.  W.  corner  of  School- 
craft  co 


Point  au  Betsie,  Mn.  The  W.  extremity  of 
Leelanau  co.,  projecting  into  Lake  Michigan. 

Point  aux  Grais,  Arenac  co.,  Mn.  Situated 
near  the  mouth  of  Rifle  River,  and  extending 
into  Saginaw  Bay. 

Point  Barro  de  Arena,  Ca.  Situated  N.  W. 
from  Point  de  los  Reyes. 

Point  de  los  Reyes,  Ca.  Situated  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  N.  W.  from  San  Francisco  Bay. 

Point  de  Tour,  Mn.  Situated  at  the  E.  entrance 
of  Big  Bay  de  Noquet. 

Point  de  Tour,  Mn.  The  S.  E.  extremity  of 
Chippewa  co.,  extending  into  Lake  Huron. 

Point  no  Point,  Matthews  co.,  Va.,  extends  into 
Chesapeake  Bay. 

Point  St.  Ignace,  Michilimackinac  co.,  Mn. 
This  is  the  S.  extremity  of  the  county,  extend- 
ing into  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw  opposite  Fort 
Point. 

Point  St.  Vital,  Chippewa  co.,  Mn.,  extends 
into  Lake  Huron  W.  from  Point  de  Tour. 

PollopeVs  Island,  N.  Y.  This  mass  of  rock  lies 
in  the  Hudson  River,  near  its  E.  shore,  6  miles 
above  West  Point,  and  opposite  Breakneck  Hill. 

Pomme  de  Terre  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  Greene  co., 
and  flows  N.  into  Osage  River. 

Pompton  River,  N.  J.,  which  is  formed  by  the 
junction  of  Pequannock,  Ringwood,  and  Ramapo 
Rivers,  divides  Passaic  from  Morris  co.,  and  falls 
into  the  Passaic.  Its  length  is  8  miles.  The 
Morris  Canal  crosses  it  in  a  wooden  aqueduct 
286  feet  long,  2  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Ponchartrain  Lake,  La.,  communicates  with 
Lake  Maurepas  on  the  W.,  with  Lake  Borgne 
through  the  Rigolets  on  the  E.,  and  with  New 
Orleans  through  St.  John's  Bayou  and  a  canal 
on  the  S.  The  largest  of  its  tributaries  are  Tan- 
gipaha  and  Tchefuncte  Rivers,  which  enter  it  on 
the  N.  side.  It  is  40  miles  long,  25  miles  broad, 
and  16  or  18  feet  in  the  deepest  parts,  but  not 
more  than  9  feet  near  the  shore. 

Pond  River,  Ky.  A  tributary  of  Green  River, 
separating  Muhlenburg  and  Hopkins  counties. 

Pondicherry  Mountain,  N.  II.     See  Jefferson. 

Ponguamgamook  Lake,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  lies 
S.  of  Barnonenungemook  Lake. 

Poplar  Island  lies  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  Ion. 
76°  28'  W,  and  lat.  38°  45'  N.  It  is  about  10 
miles  in  circumference. 

Porcupine's  Islands,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  lie  in 
Frenchman's  Bay,  off  the  town  of  Gouldsboro'. 

Porpoise,  Cape,  York  co.,  Me.,  is  situated  in  N. 
lat.  43°  22',  W.  Ion.  70°  23',  and  forms  the  N.  E. 
boundary  of  Kennebunk  harbor. 

Portage  Lake,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  This  lake  is 
very  irregular  in  its  shape,  having  several  arms, 
one  of  which  communicates  with  Keewaiwona 
Bay,  one  with  Houghton's  Lake,  and  one  extends 
N.  W.  almost  to  the  opposite  side  of  Keewai- 
wona Point,  on  the  head  of  which  the  lake  is 
situated. 

Portage  Lake,  Livingston  and  Washtenaw  coun- 
ties, Mn.  One  of  a  number  of  small  lakes  sup- 
plying the  head  waters  of  Huron  River. 

Portage  River,  0.,  drains  Hancock  co.,  and  flow- 
ing N.  E.,  enters  Lake  Erie  at  Port  Clinton.  It 
affords  good  water  power,  and  flows  through  Black 
Swamp,  an  unhealthy  region,  but  which  would 
make  a  very  fertile  country  if  suitably  drained. 

Portage  River,  Mn.  One  of  the  head  branches 
of  Grand  River,  draining  the  N.  E.  part  of  Jack- 
son co. 

Port  Douglass,  N.  Y.,  is  a  convenient  landing  in 


236 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Chesterfield,  Essex  co.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake 
Champlain,  and  8  miles  E.  of  Keesville  village. 

Part  Genesee,  N.  Y.     See  Charlotte. 

Port  Neuf  River,  On.  A  small  stream  flowing 
W.  and  emptying  into  the  Lewis  Fork  of  Colum- 
bia River,  a  little  below  Fort  Hall. 

Potato  River,  Midland  co.,  Mn.  A  small  stream 
flowing  E.  into  Saginaw  Bay. 

Poteau  River,  As.,  rises  in  Scott  co.,  flows  W. 
and  then  N.,  mostly  in  the  In.  Ter.,  and  falls  into 
the  Arkansas  at  Fort  Smith. 

Potomac  River  forms  the  S.  boundary  of  Mary- 
land through  its  whole  course,  dividing  it  from 
Virginia.  It  rises  by  two  main  branches  in  the 
Alleghany  Mts.,  called  the  N.  branch  and  the  S. 
branch  ;  and  also  receives  numerous  other  streams 
from  the  same  elevated  regions,  which  are  among 
its  more  distant  sources.  The  course  of  the  two 
main  branches  is  N.  E.  at  first,  until  the  N.  branch 
passes  Cumberland,  where  it  is  inflected  to  the  S. 
E.,  and  breaks  through  several  ridges  of  elevated 
lands  into  the  valley  of  the  S.  branch,  and  forms 
a  junction  with  it.  The  latter,  if  estimated  by  its 
length,  and  the  extent  of  the  area  drained  into  its 
channel,  must  be  regarded  as  the  main  branch,  al- 
though it  is  to  the  N.  branch  that  the  name  of  the 
Potomac  has  been  distinctively  applied.  The 
river  now  pursues  a  N.  E.  course,  breaking  through 
another  mountain  chain,  until  it  reaches  its  most 
N.  latitude  at  Hancock's  Town,  where  it  is  again 
inflected  to  the  S.  E.,  which  direction  it  generally 
pursues  to  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 
About  40  miles  below  Hancock's  Town,  the  Po- 
tomac, after  receiving  the  Shenandoah  from  the 
S.,  which  brings  in  a  volume  of  water  nearly 
equal  to  that  of  the  principal  river,  breaks  through 
the  Blue  Ridge  at  Harper's  Ferry.  The  Shenan- 
doah is  the  longest  branch  of  the  Potomac.  Its 
remotest  sources  are  in  Augusta  co.,  Va.,  and  its 
general  course  is  N.,  and  nearly  parallel  to  the 
W.  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  for  a  distance  of  about 
130  miles,  till  it  unites  with  the  Potomac,,  having 
found  this  remarkable  passage  through  the  moun- 
tains. The  bold  scenery  at  this  pass  has  been 
justly  admired  as  among  the  finest  natural  curi- 
osities of  the  country.  The  level,  at  low  water, 
at  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers,  is  288  feet  above 
tide  water.  The  upper  valley  of  the  Potomac, 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Alleghany  Mts., 
including  that  of  the  Shenandoah,  is  in  length 
about  160  miles,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  50  miles, 
embracing  an  area  of  8000  square  miles .  Having 
passed  the  Blue  Ridge,  the  Potomac  continues  S. 
E.  about  50  miles  to  the  lower  falls,  and  the  head 
of  tide  water,  at  Georgetown.  It  soon  attains  the 
dimensions  of  a  large  navigable  river.  It  is  a 
mile  and  9,  quarter  wide,  and  18  feet  deep  at  Al- 
exandria, which  is  nearly  300  miles  from  the 
ocean,  and  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  to 
the  navy  yard  at  Washington.  The  circuitous 
course  of  its  tide  water  channel  renders  the  navi- 
gation of  the  Potomac  Bay  somewhat  tedious 
though  it  is  in  all  parts  easy  and  safe.  Its  gen- 
eral course,  for  many  miles,  is  nearly  the  same 
with  that  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  with  which  it 
finally  unites,  by  a  mouth  10  miles  wide  and  42 
fee't  deep.  Combining  the  two  sections  of  the 
Potomac  valley,  above  and  below  the  Blue  Ridge, 
the  whole  basin  embraces  an  area"  of  about  13,000 
square  miles,  which  is  a  region  of  great  interest, 
both  in  physical  and  political  geography.  Its  en- 
tire length  is  about  600  miles.  Above  tide  water 
there  are  three  points  where  are  considerable 


falls.  The  principal  towns  and  cities  on  this  river 
are  Port  Tobacco,  Alexandria,  Washington, 
Georgetown,  Harper's  Ferry,  and  Cumberland. 

Peltier's  Point,  Vt.  This  point  is  situated  on 
the  W.  side  of  Shelburne,  2  miles  182  rods  from 
the  S.  wharf  in  Burlington.  It  took  its  name 
from  John  Potticr,  the  first  settler  upon  it,  but  is 
often  called  Shelburne  Point. 

Poultney  River  rises  in  Vt.,  flows  in  a  W.  direc- 
tion, forming  the  boundary  between  New  York  and 
Vermont  for  some  distance,  and  falls  into  the  head 
of  Lake  Champlain. 

Powder  River,  On.,  rises  among  the  Blue  Mts., 
and  flows  N.  E.  into  the  Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia 
River. 

PowelTs  Point,  Currituck  co.,  N.  C.  A  point 
of  land  projecting  into  Albemarle  Sound,  between 
Currituck  Sound  on  the  E.  and  North  River  on 
the  W. 

PoweT  s  River,  Va.,  has  its  source  in  Powel's 
Mt.,  and,  passing  into  Te.,  unites  with  Clinch 
River,  38  miles  N.  E.  of  Knoxville.  It  is  boata- 
ble  nearly  100  miles. 

Powow  Hill,  Salisbury,  Ms.     Height  328  feet. 

Powow  River,  N.  H.  and  Ms.,  has  its  principal 
source  in  Great  and  Country  Ponds,  in  Kingston, 
N.  H.,  and  passes  over  the  S.  W.  part  of  E.  Kings- 
ton into  South  Hampton  ;  thence  into  Amesbury, 
Ms.,  where  it  turns  E.  into  South  Hampton  again, 
and  returns  into  Amesbury,  falling  into  the  Mer- 
rimack  between  Salisbury  and  Amesbury.  There 
are  several  falls  in  this  river,  those  in  Amesbury 
being  the  most  remarkable,  the  water  falling  100 
feet  in  the  distance  of  50  rods. 

Prairie  Creek,  lo.  A  small  head  stream  of  the 
Macoquetais  River,  which  it  enters  in  Delaware  co. 

Prairie  Creek,  lo.  A  S.  branch  of  the  Maco- 
quetais River,  which  it  enters  in  Jackson  co. 

Prairie  River,  Mn.  This  stream  rises  in  a  small 
lake  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  la.,  flows  N.  W.  across 
Branch  and  St.  Joseph's  counties,  Mn.,  and  emp- 
ties into  St.  Joseph  River. 

Presque  Isle  River,  Mn.  This  river  rises  in 
many  small  lakes  on  the  boundary  between  Mn. 
and  Wn.,  flows  N.  N.  W.,  and  empties  into  Lake 
Superior. 

Preston  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  near  the  Sioux 
River,  and  S.  W.  from  Lake  Poinsett. 

Presumpscut  River,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  the 
outlet  of  Sebago  Lake,  falls  into  Casco  Bay  at 
Falmouth,  6  miles  N.  of  Portland. 

Prince's  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lying  on  the  S.  E.  side  of 
Staten  Island,  is  famous  for  its  oysters,  which 
are  very  abundant  and  of  a  fine  quality. 

Profile  Mountain,  N.  H.  Dr.  Jackson,  in  his 
celebrated  work  on  the  Geology  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, thus  describes  this  curious"  specimen  of  the 
works  of  nature :  "  The  profile  is  produced  by 
the  irregular  jutting  out  of  five  blocks  of  granite, 
giving  the  effect  of  the  stern  visage  of  an  old 
man  looking  over  the  deep  valley  below,  and 
having  so  strong  a  likeness  to  a  human  face  as 
to  be  regarded  as  an  object  of  wonder  and  ad- 
miration, worthy  of  a  visit  from  travellers.  It 
has  been  declared  to  be  one  of fthe  greatest  nat- 
ural curiosities  of  the  state.  It  is  said  that  the 
view  of  the  profile  is  lost  when  the  mountain 
is  approached,  as  it  is  also  by  a  considerable 
change  in  the  point  of  view  on  the  road,  the 
best  spot  to  see  it  to  advantage  being  where  the 
guide-board  directs  the  traveller's  attention  to  it." 

Prospect  Hill,  Waltham,  Ms.    Height  482  feet. 

Prospect  Hill,  Hingham,  Ms.     Height  243  feet. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


237 


Prospect  Hill,  Rowley,  Ms.     Height  264  feet. 

ProuCs  Island.  Northampton  co.,  Va.  A  pretty 
large  island  lying  off  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Proven's  Mountain,  West  Springfield,  Ms. 
Height  665  feet. 

Providence  Lake,  Carroll  parish,  La.  A  small 
sheet  of  water  connecting  by  Cutlets  with  the 
Mississippi  River  and  Swan  Lake. 

Providence  River,  R.  I.  This  river,  or  the  head 
waters  of  Narraganset,  extends  below  the  city 
of  Providence  to  Field's  Point,  about  3  miles,  or 
to  Bullock's  Point,  5  miles.  On  the  N.,  just 
below  Providence,  it  receives  the  Seekonk  or 
Pawtucket,  and  another  stream  or  expanse  of 
water,  into  which  the  two  small  rivers,  the  Wan- 
asquiatucket  and  Moshasick,  flow,  just  above  the 
town. 

Provost  Creek,  N.  Y.  This  stream  rises  in 
Albany  co.,  flows  S.,  and  enters  Catskill  Creek 
in  Greene  co. 

Prudence  Island,  R.  I.,  is  situated  in  Narragan- 
set Bay,  and  belongs  to  Newport  co. 

Psihu  or  Wild  Rice  River,  Ma.  This  large 
river  rises  in  several  lakes,  and  flows  N.  E.  into 
the  North  Red  River. 

Ptan  Ska  Lake,  lo.  A  small  body  of  water 
lying  W.  from  Spirit  Lake. 

Puckaway  Lake,  Marquette  co.,  Wn.  Situated 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  county,  at  the  head  of  Nee- 
nah  or  Fox  River. 

Puerco  River,  New  Mexico.  This  river  rises 
among  the  mountains  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the 
state,  flows  S.  S.  E.  nearly  parallel  with  the  Rio 
Grande,  which  it  enters  at  a  great  bend  which 
occurs  above  the  Presidio  de  Rio  Grande. 

Puget  Sound,  On.,  is  situated  at  the  S.  part  of 
Admiralty  Inlet,  receives  the  waters  of  several 
rivers,  and  contains  many  islands. 

Pumgockamock  Lake,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  lies 
S.  E.  of  Bamonenungemook  Lake,  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  an  outlet. 

Pumpkin  Vine  Creek,  Ga.  A  tributary  of  the 
Etowah,  which  it  enters  in  Cass  co. 

Punepun  Lake,  Mn.  Situated  in  the  S.  part 
of  Charlevoix  co. 

Pungo  River,  N.  C.,  separates  Hyde  and  Beau- 
fort counties,  and  empties  into  Pamlico  Sound. 

Pushaw  Lake,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  lies  W.  of 
Oldtown  Island,  and  is  connected  on  the  N.  with 
Dead  Stream.  It  is  about  8  miles  long  and  1 
wide. 

Putnam  Fort,  N.  Y.     See  West  Point. 

Pyramid  Lake,  Ca.,  Uh.  A  large  body  of  water 
lying  E.  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.  It  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  the  Mud  Lakes  on  the  N., 
and  of  Salmon  Trout  River  on  the  S.  E. 

Pyramid  Point,  Mn.  The  N.  W.  extremity  of 
Leelanau  co.  projecting  into  Lake  Michigan. 

Quantuck  Bay  lies  in  the  town  of  Southamp- 
ton, Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  the 
Great  South  Bay.  Quogue  Neck  separates  it  on 
the  E.  from  Shinnecock  Bay. 

Quechee  River,  Vt.     See  Otta  Quechee. 

Quinebaug  River,  Ct.  and  Ms.  This  beautiful 
mill  stream  rises  in  Mashapaug  Pond,  Union, 
Ct.,  flows  N.  to  Brimfield,  Ms.,  then  S.  E.  to 
Thompson,  Ct.,  where  it  receives  French  River ; 
thence  it  flows  about  30  miles  in  a  S.  direction 
through  a  very  fertile  country,  joins  the  She- 
tucket  near  the  city  of  Norwich,  and  takes  the 
name  of  that  river  to  the  Yantic.  These  three 
streams  unite  to  form  the  Thames. 


Quinepaick  River,  Ct.  This  stream  rises  in 
Bristol  and  Farmington,  flows  30  miles  in  a  S. 
direction,  and  enters  Long  Island  Sound  at  New 
Haven. 

Quissibis  River,  Me.,  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
the  state,  flows  S.,  and  enters  the  St.  John's  Kiv- 
er  E.  of  Green  River. 

Quoddy  Head,  or  West  Quoddy  Head,  Me.,  is 
the  W.  entrance  into  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  It  is 
in  N.  lat.  44°  55',  W.lon.  66°  49',  and  has  a  light- 
house 45  feet  high.  See  Lubec  and  Eastport. 

Rabbit  Creek,  Ma.,  empties  into  the  Mississippi 
between  Nokay  and  Muddy  Rivers. 

Rabbit  River,  Allegan  co.,  Mn.,  flows  in  a  W. 
direction,  and  falls  into  the  Kalamazoo. 

Raccoon  Creek,  Crawford  co.,  Wn.,  falls  into  the 
Mississippi  a  little  above  Bad  Axe  River. 

Raccoon  River,  lo.  This  long  river  rises  in  the 
N.  W.  interior  of  the  state,  one  of  its  head  branch- 
es communicating  through  a  lake  with  Boyer's 
River,  a  branch  of  the  Missouri.  It  flows  in  a 
S.  E.  direction,  crossing  Dallas  co.,  and  falling 
into  the  Desmoines  in  Polk  co. 

Racket  Lake  is  situated  on  the  table  land  of 
Northern  N.  Y.,  in  Hamilton  co.,  and  is  elevated 
1731  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  It  is  14 
miles  long,  from  2  to  5  wide,  of  an  irregular 
shape,  and  abounding  with  fish  of  uncommon 
size.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  uncultivated  but 
interesting  region,  interspersed  with  numerous 
small  lakes,  the  sources  of  rivers  which  flow  in 
every  direction. 

Racket  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  a  number  of  lakes 
in  Hamilton  co.,  flows  in  a  N.  direction  through 
St.  Lawrence  co.,  and  enters  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  opposite  the  Island  of  Cornwall,  in  Canada. 
Two  other  important  rivers  enter  the  St.  Law- 
rence, one  on  each  side  of  this  stream,  within  the 
distance  of  6  miles.  The  length  of  the  Racket  is 
145  miles. 

Raft  River,  On.,  flows  N.  and  empties  into 
Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia  River,  between  Fall  and 
Swamp  Creeks. 

Ragged  Mountains,  N.  H.,  so  called  from  their 
rough  appearance,  lie  between  Andover  and  Hill, 
extending  in  a  chain  about  10  miles  from  the 
Pemigewasset  to  the  vicinity  of  Kearsarge.  It  is 
a  bleak  and  precipitous  range,  and  is  nearly  2000 
feet  high  in  its  N.  points. 

Railcut  Hill,  Gloucester,  Ms.     Height  205  feet. 

Rainy  River,  Is.,  rises  near  the  W.  border  of  la., 
flows  W.  N.  W.,  and  joins  the  Illinois  River  in 
Ion.  88°  5'  W.,  and  lat.  41°  20'  N. 

Raisin  River,  Mn.,  derives  its  name  from  the 
numerous  grape  vines  which  formerly  covered  its 
banks.  It  rises  in  the  town  of  Wheatland,  Hills- 
dale  co.,  and  after  a  circuitous  course  of  130  miles, 
it  enters  Lake  Erie,  2£  miles  below  Monroe.  Its 
entire  length  in  a  direct  line  is  about  60  miles. 
Its  current  is  rapid,  and  it  is  enclosed  by  high 
and  beautiful  banks. 

Ramapo  River,  N.  Y.  The  head  branches  of 
this  stream  rise  in  Orange  co. ;  thence  it  flows  in 
a  S.  direction  through  a  part  of  Rockland  co., 
and  falls  into  the  Passaic  River,  in  N.  J.  It 
abounds  in  fish,  and  affords  many  excellent  mill 
sites. 

Rancocus  Creek,  N.  J.,  rises  in  Monmouth  co., 
and  flows  N.  W.  into  the  Delaware  River. 

Earner  Mount,  On.  A  high  peak  of  the  Cas 
cade  Mountains,  situated  N.  E.  from  Mount  St 
Helen's. 


238 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Rapid  Ann  River,  Va.,  rises  in  Madison  co.,  in 
the  Blue  Ridge,  and  falls  into  the  Rappahannock, 
10  miles  above  Fredericksburg. 

Rapid  River,  Mn.,  drains  the  S.  W.  part  of 
Schoolcraft  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Little  Bay  de 
Noquet. 

Rapids,  or  WigoUmis  River,  St.  Croix  co.,  Wn. 
It  rises  in  a  pretty  large  lake,  and  flows  W.  into 
the  St.  Croix  River. 

Rappahannock  River,  Va.  This  river  rises  in 
the  Blue  Ridge,  and  flowing  S.  E.  130  miles,  en- 
ters a  large  estuary  from  Chesapeake  Bay,  25 
miles  S.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac.  It  has  4 
fathoms  of  water  to  Hobbs's  Hole,  and  is  naviga- 
ble to  Fredericksburg,  110  miles,  for  vessels  re- 
quiring 10  feet  of  water. 

Raritan  River,  N.  J.,  is  formed  by  two  principal 
branches  which  unite  in  Somerset  co.,  and  empties 
into  Raritan  Bay  at  Amboy.  Sloops  of  80  tons 
ascend  the  river  to  Brunswick,  17  miles,  with  8 
feet  of  water. 

Raspberry  River,  La  Pointe  co.,  "Wn.  A  small 
stream  flowing  N.  E.  into  Chegowawegon  Bay. 

Rattlesnake  Island,  N.  Y.  This  island,  consist- 
ing of  50  acres  of  grass  land,  lies  in  the  Niagara 
River,  4  miles  below  Black  Rock. 

Raw  Creek,  Fa.  A  small  stream  connecting 
Dunn's  Lake  with  the  ocean,  and  forming  a  part 
of  the  boundary  between  St.  John's  and  Orange 
counties. 

Rawley's  Springs,  Rockingham  co.,  Va.  This 
watering-place  is  situated  on  Dry  River,  12  miles 
N.  W.  of  Harrisonburg. 

Reaburn  River,  S.  C.,  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Greenville  district,  flows  S.,  and,  uniting  with 
Reedy  River,  enters  the  Saluda. 

Red  Creek,  Mi.  This  stream  rises  in  Marion 
co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Pascagoula 
River. 

Red  Cedar  Creek,  Ma.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties 
into  the  St.  Croix  River  between  Memokage 
River  and  Reed  Creek. 

Ruddy's  River,  Wilkes  co.,  N.  C.,  is  a  branch 
of  the  Yadkin. 

Red  Cedar  Lake,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  This  is 
the  most  S.  of  a  chain  of  lakes  supplying  the  head 
waters  of  Red  Cedar  River. 

Red  Cedar  Lake,  Ma.  Situated  S.  E.  from 
Muddy  Lake,  and  connected  by  an  outlet  with 
the  Mississippi  River. 

Red  Cedar  River,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  This 
river  rises  in  a  series  of  small  lakes  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  county,  flows  S.  S.  W.,  and  empties 
into  Chippewa  River. 

Red  Eye  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  a  lake,  and 
flowing  S.  E.  empties  into  Crow  Wing,  a  little 
above  Long  Prairie  River. 

Red  HiU,  N.  H.  See  Moultonboro1  and  Centre 
Harbor. 

Red  Brush  Hill,  Wrentham,  Ms.    Height  456  ft. 

Red  River,  La.  and  As.  The  first  large  river 
which  enters  the  Mississippi  above  its  mouth, 
coming  down  from  the  far  S.  W.  It  rises  near 
the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  in  lat.  35°  to  40°  N., 
and  Ion.  25°  to  32°  W.  from  Washington.  Its 
sources  are  between  those  of  the  N.  fork  of  the 
Arkansas  River  and  those  of  the  Rio  Brazos  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  course  is  very  nearly  E. 
for  more  than  half  of  its  entire  length,  until  it 
enters  the  S.  W.  corner  of  Arkansas,  when  it  is 
inflected  to  the  S. ;  and  after  flowing  in  this  di- 
rection about  100  miles,  and  crossing  into  Louis- 
iana, it  bends  to  the  S.  E.,  and  continues  in  this 


general  course  until  it  falls  into  the  Mississippi  in 
lat.  31°  1'  N.,  and  in  Ion.  91°  42'  W.  from  Green- 
wich. Its  entire  length  is  more  than  1000  miles. 
From  100°  2'  of  Ion.  W.  from  Greenwich,  to 
about  Ion.  94°  32  ,  it  forms  the  N.  boundary  of 
Texas ;  it  then  traverses  a  small  angle  of  Arkan* 
sas,  and  enters  Louisiana,  and  traverses  the  whole 
N.  half  of  the  state  diagonally  to  its  junction 
with  the  Mississippi,  through  a  comparative 
course  within  that  state  of  300  miles.  The 
greater  part  of  its  channel  is  through  fertile  prai- 
ries of  a  reddish  soil,  which  imparts  its  color  to 
the  waters  of  the  river.  These  prairies,  especially 
in  the  remoter  regions,  are  the  favorite  range  of 
the  buffalo,  and  other  wild  animals  of  that  coun- 
try. The  shore*  of  the  river  abound  with  grape 
vines,  which  produce  an  abundance  of  delicious 
fruit.  Some  distance  below,  where  the  river 
bends  to  the  S.  E.,  having  entered  Louisiana,  it 
divides  into  numerous  channels,  almost  losing  its 
character  as  a  river,  and  spreading  a  maze  of  in- 
terlocking watercourses,  without  any  direct  con- 
tinuous channel,  over  an  elliptical  region  of  low 
lands  between  the  receding  hills,  varying  in  width 
from  8  to  10  miles,  and  about  70  miles  in  length. 
This  is  what  is  called  the  "  Raft,"  from  its  sup- 
posed correspondence  with  an  obstruction  in  the 
Atchafalaya,  occasioned  by  an  accumulation  of 
timber  becoming  stationary  in  its  channel.  But 
it  is  affirmed  by  the  best  authorities,  upon  per- 
sonal observation,  that  there  is  nothing  in  com- 
mon between  the  two  rivers,  as  it  respects  this 
peculiarity,  except  the  obstruction  to  the  continu- 
ity of  their  streams.  That  of  Red  River  is  not 
a  "  raft "  in  the  literal  sense,  composed  of  tim- 
ber, as  in  the  case  of  the  Atchafalaya,  but  is 
rather  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  a  lake  which 
formerly  occupied  this  low  ground,  and  has  been 
gradually  filling  up  with  the  debris  from  the  riv- 
er's banks,  until  it  is  now  a  mere  thicket  of  islands, 
through  which  the  waters,  coming  down  from 
above,  slowly  make  their  way  to  the  former  out- 
let of  the  lake.  At  Grand  Ecor,  4  miles  above 
Natchitoches,  the  whole  volume  of  the  river  is 
united ;  but  it  is  soon  again  divided  into  several 
channels,  which  afterwards  unite  in  one,  30  or  40 
miles  farther  down,  again  to  separate  at  the  out- 
let of  the  Bayou  Rapide.  The  lower  section  of 
the  main  channel  is  narrower  than  above  the 
"Raft,"  as  it  is  called,  but  it  is  increased  in 
depth.  After  passing  Alexandria,  there  are  other 
outlets,  which  convey  away  their  waters  into  the 
Atchafalaya,  thus  diminishing  somewhat  the 
volume  of  the  river.  This  river,  but  for  the  ob- 
structions above  described,  would  be  a  fine  navi- 
gable water  for  400  miles  from  its  mouth.  Could 
this  impediment  be  overcome,  much  greater  fa- 
cilities would  be  offered  for  the  settlement  and 
profitable  improvement  of  the  extensive  and  fer- 
tile regions  upon  its  banks. 

Red  River,  Ca.,  rises  among  the  Sierra  Madre. 
and  flows  N.  W.  into  the  Rio  Colorado. 

Red  Hill  River,  N.  H.,  has  its  source  in  the 
town  of  Sandwich,  and  falls  into  the  Winnipise- 
ogee  in  Marlboro'. 

Redfoot  River,  Te.,  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Obion  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  Obion 
River  near  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi. 

Red  Pipestone  Creek,  Ma.  An  E.  branch  of  the 
Sioux  River,  which  it  enters  just  below  Coteau 
Percee  Creek. 

Reed  Creek,  Ma.  It  flows  S.  E.  into  the  St 
Croix  River. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


239 


Reedy  Creek,  Va.,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Jack- 
son co.,  flows  N.,  and  empties  into  the  Little 
Kanawha  in  Wirt  co. 

Reedy  Island  lies  in  the  Delaware  River,  50 
miles  below  Philadelphia,  and  20  miles  from  Bom- 
bay Hook.  Length  3  miles,  width  one  fourth  of 
a  mile.  « 

Reedy  River,  S.  C.  This  stream  rises  in  Green- 
ville district,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  and  uniting  with  the 
Reaburn,  empties  into  the  Saluda  River. 

Refagio  River,  Ts.  A  small  stream  entering 
Espiritu  Santo  Bay,  just  above  the  town  of  Re- 
fugio. 

Rehoboth  Bay,  Sussex  co.,  De.  Situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Indian  River,  through  which  it  com- 
municates with  the  Atlantic. 

Revel's  Island,  Va.  A  small  island  near  the 
coast,  in  Ion.  75°  43'  E.,  and  lat.  37°  35'  N. 

Rhett  Lake,  Ca.  Situated  on  the  N.  border  of 
the  territory  at  the  head  of  Tlamath  River. 

Riawaw  River  and  Island,  Colleton  district, 
S.  C.  This  little  river  is  properly  an  inlet,  reach- 
ing from  Stono  Inlet  to  the  mouth  of  the  North 
Edisto  River.  The  island  lies  directly  S.  from 
the  river. 

Richland  Creek,  Te.,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
Dickson  co.,  and  flows  W.  into  Tennessee  River. 

Richland  Creek,  Knox  co.,  Ky.  A  small  stream 
emptying  into  the  Cumberland  River  at  Bar- 
boursville.' 

Richland  Creek,  As.,  rises  in  the  interior  of 
Madison  co.,  flows  W.,  and  enters  White  River 
in  Washington  co. 

Richmond  Fart,  N.  Y.     See  Staten  Island. 

Richmond's  Island,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  is  a 
part  of  the  town  of  Cape  Elizabeth. 

Rifle  River,  Mn.  It  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Os- 
coda  co.,  flows  S.  S.  E.  through  Ogemaw  and 
Arenac  counties,  and  falls  into  Saginaw  Bay. 

Rigolets  River  or  Channel,  La.,  connects  Lakes 
Ponchartrain  and  Borgne,  and  is  8  or  10  miles 
in  length. 

Rio  Basque,  Ts.  A  W.  tributary  of  Brazos 
River. 

Rio  Colorado.  This  large  river  rises  principally 
in  On.  and  Na.,  flows  S.  W.  across  the  entire 
length  of  Upper  Ca.,and  empties  into  the  N.  part 
of  the  Gulf  of  California. 

Rio  de  Chama,  New  Mex.,  flows  S.  W.  into  the 
Rio  Grande. 

Rio  de  Jemez,  New  Mex.  It  rises  in  the  W. 
part  of  the  state,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  the  Rio 
Grande. 

Rio  de  la  Cosumnes,  Ca.,  rises  among  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  the  Rio  San  Joaquin. 

Rio  de  la  Plumas.  Ca.  This  large  river  rises 
in  the  N.  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  flows  S.  W., 
and  empties  into  the  Rio  Sacramento. 

Ridge  Road,  N.  Y.     See  Alluvial  Way. 

Rio  Frio,  Ts.  It  flows  S.  E.  into  the  San  Mig- 
uel, a  tributary  of  Nueces  River. 

Rio  Gila,  This  large  river  runs  on  the  S.  bor- 
der of  Ca.,  separating  it  from  Mex.,  and  empties 
into  the  Gulf  of  California  at  the  mouth  of  Rio 
Colorado. 

Rio  Grande.  This  river,  which  is  also  called 
the  Rio  del  Norte,  and  Rio  Bravo,  rises  in  the 
Green  Mts.  and  the  Sierra  de  Anahuac,  flows 
S.  E.,  separating  Ts.  from  New  Mex.  and  Mexi- 
co, and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Rio  San  Bueneventura,  Ca.  It  rises  among  the 
Coast  Mts.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  empties  into  the 
Pacific  just  above  Monterey 


Rivanna  River,  Va.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  unites  with 
James  River  at  Columbia.  It  is  beatable  more 
than  20  miles. 

Roanoke  River,  Va.  and  N.  C.  Stauntonand 
Dan  Rivers,  two  large  tributaries,  unite  near  the 
S.  border  of  Va.  to  form  this  river,  which  flows 
into  the  W.  extremity  of  Albemarle  Sound.  It 
is  navigable  for  vessels  of  45  tons,  75  miles,  to 
the  Great  Falls  at  Halifax.  A  canal  around  the 
falls  opens  a  boat  navigation  to  the  junction  of 
Staunton  and  Dan  Rivers,  which  are  both  navi- 
gable some  distance  for  boats. 

Robbings  Island,  N.  Y.,  belonging  to  the  town 
of  Southold,  Suffolk  co.,  lies  in  Great  Peconic  Bay. 

Roche  Port  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part 
of  Randolph  co.,  and  flows  S.  into  the  Missouri. 

Rock  City,  situated  in  the  town  of  Great  Val- 
ley, Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  7  miles  S.  of 
Ellicottville,  is  a  great  natural  curiosity.  It  is 
approached  by  a  ridge  of  gradual  ascent,  extend- 
ing from  the  base  to  the  summit  of  the  hill,  and 
terminating  at  an  elevation  of  600  feet.  More 
than  100  acres  are  covered  with  vast  fragments 
of  rock  at  this  single  spot,  the  imposing  grandeur 
of  which  declares  them  not  unaptly  named.  The 
masses  of  rock,  although  detached  from  each 
other,  approach  nearer  and  nearer  towards  the 
centre,  and  vary  from  15  to  35  feet  in  height. 
Most  of  them  are  rectangular ;  some  of  them  are 
separated  but  a  few  inches,  while  others  have  an 
interval  of  several  yards  between  them.  The 
removal  of  large  masses  from  the  midst  of  some 
groups  has  left  spaces  resembling  fine  court- 
yards. 

Rockaway  Beach,  N.  Y.    See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Rock  Creek,  D.  C.,  flows  between  Georgetown 
and  Washington  city,  and  falls  into  the  Potomac. 

Rock  Creek,  On.  A  small  S.  tributary  of  Lewis 
Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

Rock  Island.  Situated  in  the  Mississippi,  near 
Rock  River  Rapids.  It  is  3i  miles  long,  and 
three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide.  The  sides  are  of 
perpendicular  rock,  20  feet  above  the  greatest 
height  of  water.  Fort  Armstrong  is  situated  on 
the  S.  border  of  the  island. 

Rock  Island  Rapids  commence  at  Rock  Island, 
just  above  the  mouth  of  Rock  River,  and  extend 
15  miles  up  the  Mississippi,  with  a  descent  of  21 
feet  10  inches.  Ledges  of  rock  extend  across 
the  river  in  various  places,  greatly  obstructing 
navigation  at  low  water.  The  U.  S.  government 
has  done  something  for  the  improvement  of  these 
rapids. 

Rockland  Lake  lies  in  Clarkstown,  Rockland 
co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  5  miles  in  circumference,  is  ele- 
vated nearly  200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Hud- 
son, and  surrounded  by  high  hills.  Its  waters, 
which  are  very  pure,  abound  in  fish  of  various 
kinds,  and  great  quantities  of  ice,  procured  here 
during  the  winter  season,  are  annually  taken  to 
the  New  York  market. 

Rock  Mountain,  De  Kalb  co.,  Ga.  This  isolated 
peak  rises  2226  feet  above  the  stream  at  its  base. 
It  is  about  7  miles  in  circumference. 

Rock  River,  Vt.  This  river  rises  in  Franklin, 
and  runs  through  Highgate  into  Missisco  Bay. 

Rock  River,  Ca.  A  small  W.  branch  of  Green 
River. 

Rock  River,  Wn.  and  Is.  This  river  has  its 
source  in  a  region  of  lakes  and  swamps.  One 
of  its  principal  heads,  the  Catfish,  rises  in  a  swamp 
a  few  miles  S.  of  Fort  Winnebago,  and  connects 
the  "  Four  Lakes."  Rock  River  receives  several 


240 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c., 


tributaries  after  it  enters  Is.,  and  falls  into  the 
Mississippi  3  miles  below  Rock  Island.  Much 
of  the  country  through  which  it  passes  in  Is. 
consists  of  fertile  prairie,  with  some  timber  land. 
Its  channel  is  mostly  lime  and  sandstone  rock, 
and  it  has  several  rapids,  which  obstruct  naviga- 
tion at  low  water. 
Rocky  Creek,  Ca.  An  E.  branch  of  Grand  River. 

Rocky  Comfort  Creek,  Ga.,  rises  in  Warren  co., 
flows  S.  E.,  and  enters  the  Ogechee  in  Jeffer- 
son co. 

Rocky  River,  N.  C.,  has  numerous  head  branch- 
es, which  drain  the  whole  of  Cabarras  co.  The 
main  stream  flows  S.  and  then  W-,  separating 
Stanley  from  Union  and  Anson  counties,  and 
empties  into  the  Yadkin  River. 

Rocky  River,  S.  C.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  An- 
derson co.,  flows  S.,  and  enters  the  Savannah  in 
Abbeville  district. 

Rodman  River,  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wn.  A  head 
branch  of  Milwaukie  River. 

Rondout  Creek,  or  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Sullivan, 
flows  W.  through  Ulster  co.,  and  enters  the  Hud- 
son near  Rondout  village.  The  Wallkill  and 
several  smaller  streams,  all  affording  considerable 
water  power,  are  its  tributaries. 

Ronkonkoma  Lake,  or  Great  Pond,  N.  Y.,  lies 
in  the  towns  of  Brookhaven,  Smithtown,  and 
Islip,  Suffolk  co.,  and  near  the  centre  of  Long 
Island.  It  is  about  a  mile  in  diameter,  of  great 
depth,  and  its  transparent  waters  are  filled  with 
perch  and  other  small  fish.  Its  situation,  sur- 
rounded as  it  is  by  immense  forests  of  pine  and 
other  trees,  is  beautiful  in  the  extreme.  It  is 
within  a  mile  or  two  of  the  Long  Island  Railroad, 
and  distant  about  50  miles  from  N.  Y.  city. 

Rouge  River,  Mn.  It  rises  principally  in  some 
small  lakes  in  the  S.  part  of  Oakland  co.,  flows  S. 
E.  across  Wayne  co.,  and  falls  into  Detroit  River. 

Rough  Creek,  Ky.  This  stream  waters  the  W. 
part  of  Hardin  co.,  flows  S.  W..  and  forming  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Daviess  and  Ohio  coun- 
ties, empties  into  Green  River. 

Round  Island,  Mn.  Situated  in  the  N.  part  of 
Lake  Huron,  between  Bois  Blanc  Island  on  the 
8.  E.,  and  Mackinaw  Island  on  the  N.  W. 

Round  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  a  small  body  of  water, 
situated  in  the  town  of  Malta,  Saratoga  co.,  and 
abounding  in  perch,  pickerel,  and  other  kinds  of 
fish. 

Round  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  a  handsome  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, lying  in  the  town  of  Lake  Pleasant,  Hamilton 
co.,  and  connected,  by  an  outlet  of  half  a  mile  in 
length,  to  Lake  Pleasant.  It  is  situated  in  a 
pleasant  country,  and  its  waters  abound  with  fish. 

Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Sorei 
River,  which  runs  into  Lake  Champlain,  a  little 
above  lat.  45°  N.  Until  the  late  treaty  with  Great 
Britain  this  point  belonged  to  Canada.  At  this 
place  the  railroad  between  Boston  and  Ogdens- 
burg  crosses  Lake  Champlain. 

Royse  Mountain,  N.  H.,  lies  N.  from  Chatham. 

Rubicon  Creek,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
Washington  co.,  and  flows  W.  into  Dod°-e  co. 
where  it  empties  into  the  E.  branch  of  Rock  River' 

Rum  River,  Ma.  This  river  is  supplied  by 
Minsi  Sagaigoning  or  Mille  Lacs  and  several 
smaller  lakes,  and  flows  in  a  southerly  direction 
into  the  Mississippi. 

Rush  Creek,  O.,  enters  the  Hockhocking  about 
7  miles  below  Lancaster. 

RusseWs  Creek,  Ky.  Formed  in  Adair  co.  by 
the  junction  of  Sulphur  and  Reynolds  Creeks, 


flows  N.  W.,  and  empties  into  Green  River  in 
Greene  co. 

Russell  Mountain,  Me.  There  are  two  peaks  of 
this  name  in  Piscataquis  co.,  one  N.  arid  the  other 
S.  of  Moose  Head  Lake. 

RusseWs  River,  Mn.  A  small  stream  draining 
the  S.  E.  part  of  Keewaiwona  Point,  and  falling 
into  Lake  Superior. 

Sabbath  Day  Point,  Warren '  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in 
the  town  of  Hague,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake 
George,  24  miles  N.  of  Caldwell  village.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  circumstance  of  some 
English  troops  landing  here  on  the  Sabbath,  dur- 
ing the  old  French  war,  and  falling  in  a  conflict, 
with  a  party  of  Indians. 

Sabine  River,  La.  and  Texas.  This  river  rises 
in  Texas,  in  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  flows  S.  E.  and  S.,  and 
enters  La.  in  Caddo  parish,  thence  forming  the 
boundary  between  La.  and  Texas.  It  is  300  miles 
long,  watering  the  most  hilly  parts  of  La.  in  the 
upper  part  of  its  course,  and  in  its  lower  part  a 
broad  and  sterile  prairie.  In  low  water  it  has  but 
4  feet  on  the  bar  at  its  mouth.  It  passes  through 
Sabine  Lake,  which  is  30  miles  long  and  from  1 
to  7  or  8  miles  wide,  before  entering  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  but  is  little  broader  after  leaving  the  lake 
than  when  it  entered  it. 

Sable,  Cape,  Monroe  co.,  Fa.  This  is  the  S.  W. 
extremity  of  the  peninsula.  On  it  is  situated 
Fort  Poinsett. 

Sable  River,  Mason  co.,  Mn.,  empties  into  Mar- 
quette  Bay. 

Sac  River,  Mo.  This  river  rises  in  Lawrence 
and  Green  counties,  flows  N.,  and  enters  Osage 
River  in  St.  Clair  co. 

Sac  River,  Wn.  A  small  stream  draining  the 
N.  E.  part  of  Washington  co.,  and  emptying  into 
Lake  Michigan  at  the  town  of  Ozaukee. 

Sacandaga  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  several  small 
lakes  in  Hamilton  co.,  of  which  the  largest  are 
Piseco,  Round,  and  Pleasant  Lakes.  The  river 
then  flows  in  a  winding  E.  direction  through  the 
N.  E.  corner  of  Fulton  co.,  and  enters  the  Hudson 
in  the  town  of  Hadley,  opposite  the  village  of  Ln- 
zerne,  Saratoga  co. 

Saco  River,  N.  H.  and  Me.,  is  one  of  the  largest 
in  New  England,  yet,  being  much  broken  in  it? 
course  by  falls,  is  not  navigable  to  any  considera- 
ble extent.  It  springs  from  three  sources  in  the 
White  Mts. ;  the  branch  issuing  from  the  S.  W. 
side  of  the  mountains,  near  the  Notch,  is  consid- 
ered the  main  stream  ;  next  to  this  is  the  middle 
branch,  which  is  the  smallest ;  and  beyond  is  the 
branch  called  Ellis's  River,  which  rises  on  the  N. 
E.  side  of  the  mountains,  and  after  a  course  of 
about  18  miles,  unites  with  the  main  branch  in  the 
town  of  Bartlett.  Cutler's  and  New  Rivers  are 
mountain  torrents  that  discharge  into  the  Ellis. 
The  Ammonoosuck,  a  branch  of  the  Connecticut, 
rises  within  about  2  rods  of  the  Saco,  flowing  in  an 
opposite  direction.  The  whole  length  of  Saco 
River  is  estimated  to  be  160  miles;  running  in  its 
general  course  S.  S.  E.,  and  discharging  into  the 
sea  at  Saco.  The  principal  falls,  are,  the  Great 
Falls,  at  Hiram,  where  the  water  descends  72  feet ; 
Steep  Falls,  at  Limington,  20  feet ;  Salmon  Falls, 
at  Hollis  and  Buxton,  30  feet ;  and  Saco  Falls 
42  feet.  The  latter  are  about  4  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  river.  The  ordinary  rise  of  the 
water,  in  the  spring,  is  from  10  to  15  feet,  but  in 
great  freshets  it  has  been  known  greatly  to  exceed 
that  number.  A  long  storm  which  occurred  in 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


241 


October,  1785,  raised  the  river  to  an  immense 
height,  sweeping  away  mills  and  bridges,  and  in- 
undating houses  that  stood  in  its  vicinity.  In 
1814,  there  was  the  greatest  freshet  known  since 
that  of  1785.  At  such  seasons  the  appearance  of 
Saco  Falls  is  truly  sublime. 

Sacramento  River,  Ca.  This  river  rises  among 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  flows  in-^a  S.  direction,  and 
empties  into  San  Francisco  Bay  at  the  month  of 
the  Rio  San  Joaquin,  or  San  Joaquin  River. 

Sadaquada,  or  Saquoit  Creek,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y. 
This  river  rises  in  the  town  of  Paris,  and  flows  into 
the  Mohawk  about  1  mile  below  Whitcsboro'  vil- 
lage. It  is  one  of  the  most  important  mill  streams 
of  its  size  in  the  state.  On  its  banks  are  located 
several  large  villages  and  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments. 

Saddle  Mountain,  Adams,  Ms.     Height  3505  ft. 

Saddle  River,  N.  J.,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  Y., 
and  enters  the  Passaic  about  1  mile  above  Ac- 
quackanock.  It  is  a  rapid  stream,  affording  ex- 
tensive water  power.  Its  length  is  18  miles. 

Saddleback  Mountain,  Franklin  co.,  Me.  This 
mountain  is  a  few  miles  S.  of  Mount  Abraham, 
and  is  elevated  about  4000  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea. 

Saddleback  Mountain,  N.  H.  This  a  peak  of 
the  Blue  Hill  range. 

Saginaw  Bat/,  Mn.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Hu- 
ron, is  60  miles  long  and  30  wide,  containing  a 
number  of  islands,  the  largest  of  which  is  Show- 
angunk  Island.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  any 
burden,  its  numerous  coves,  protected  by  islands, 
affording  some  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  lake. 

Saginaw  River,  Mn.,  one  of  the  largest  rivers-in 
the  state,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  Cass  River 
from  the  E.,  Flint  and  Shiawassee  from  the  S.. 
and  Tittibawassee  from  the  N.  W.  Its  length 
from  the  mouth  of  Flint  River,  in  a  direct  line,  is 
25  miles,  but  some  of  its  branches  are  4  times  that 
length.  Its  course  is  N.  N.  E.  to  its  entrance  into 
Saginaw  Bay.  It  is  from  25  to  30  feet  deep,  but 
the  bar  at  its  mouth  has  not  generally  more  than 
5  or  6  feet  of  water  upon  it,  although  an  E.  wind 
often  raises  it  3  feet  higher. 

St.  Andrew's  Bay  and  Sound  are  situated  on 
the  S.  coast  of  Fa.  The  main  part  of  the  bay  ex- 
tends N.  1 2  miles,  but  some  of  its  branches  extend 
30  miles.  Its  average  width  is  from  2  to  5  miles. 
It  is  easy  of  access,  has  18  feet  of  water  on  the 
bar,  and  good  anchorage  within,  sheltered  from  the 
winds.  An  arm  extends  20  miles  parallel  with 
the  coast  and  a  mile  from  it.  10  miles  from  the 
sea.  another  branch,  from  1  to  10  miles  wide,  ex- 
tends E.  30  miles. 

St.  Andrew's  Sound,  Ga.  This  sound  receives 
the  waters  of  Santilla  River  and  some  small 
streams.  It  also  contains  Dover  and  other  islands. 

St.  Bernard  River,  Ts.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  emp- 
ties into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  just  below  the  mouth 
of  Brazos  River. 

St.  Bias,  Cape,  Fa.  This  is  a  narrow  point  of 
land  S.  from  St.  Joseph's  Bay. 

St.  Catharines  Island,  Libe'rty  co.,  Ga.,  lies  off 
the  mouth  of  Newport  River,  "between  St.  Cath- 
arine's on  the  N.,  and  Sapel's  Sound  on  the  S., 
and  is  10  miles  long  and  5  broad. 

St.  Clair  Lake,  Mn.,  is  connected  to  Lake 
Huron  by  St.  Clair  River,  and  to  Lake  Erie  by 
Detroit  River.  It  is  24  miles  long.  30  wide,  90 
in  circumference,  and  80  feet  deep.  Its  banks  are 
alluvial,  have  a  slightly  uneven  surface,  and  are 
elevated  20  feet  above  the  water.  Clinton  River, 
31 


from  Mn.,  nnd  the  Thames  and  others,  from 
Canada,  flow  into  it. 

St.  Clair  River  or  Strait,  Mn.,  discharges  the 
watei-s  of  Lakes  Superior,  Michigan,  and  Huron, 
and  connects  the  latter  with  Lake  St.  Clair.  It 
flows  S.,  and  enters  the  N.  E.  part  of  Lake  St. 
Clair  by  six  channels,  the  N.  one  of  which,  on 
the  Mn.  side,  is  the  one  navigated  in  ascending 
and  descending  the  river.  It  has  few  islands 
excepting  those  formed  by  its  outlets.  Its  waters 
are  clear  and  transparent,  the  navigation  easy, 
and  the  scenery  varied  and  beautiful.  No  rivers 
flow  into  it  on  the  E.  side.  Its  principal  tributa- 
ries from  Mn.  are  Black,  Pine,  and  Belle  Rivers. 
It  is  40  miles  long,  half  a  mile  wide,  and  on  an 
average  50  feet  deep,  with  a  current  of  3  miles 
an  hour,  and  a  descent  of  about  13  feet. 

St.  Croix  River.  This  river,  which  is  also 
sometimes  called  by  the  names  of  Passama- 
quoddy,  Schoodic,  and  Cheputnetecook,  forms 
the  boundary  line  between  the  U.  S.  and  New 
Brunswick,  from  the  ocean  to  Grand  Lake.  The 
length  of  the  river  from  Eastport  to  Grand  Lake 
is  82  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  28.  There  are 
many  elevations  in  this  river,  and  consequently 
many  falls  and  rapids,  affording  great  water 
power.  The  mouth  of  the  Schoodic,  its  W. 
branch,  is  166  feet  above  tide  water  at  Calais, 
and  the  whole  fall  of  the  St.  Croix  is  444  feet 
to  sea  level. 

St.  Croix  Lake  nnd  River,  Wn.  The  river  rises 
in  two  principal  branches,  in  the  dividing  ridge 
between  Lake  Superior  and  Mississippi  River, 
and,  r  flowing  S.,  receives  many  tributaries,  and 
passing  through  St.  Croix  Lake,  a  long,  narrow 
body  of  water,  it  becomes  contracted  again  to 
the  size  of  a  river,  just  before  its  entrance  into 
the  Mississippi,  some  distance  below  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony. 

St.  Francis  River,  Mo.  and  As.  This  river 
rises  in  St.  Francis  co.,  Mo.,  and,  flowing  S., 
enters  As.,  where  it  receives  White  Water  River, 
a  long  branch  which  rises  in  Mo.,  and  enters  the 
Mississippi  in  Phillips  co.  It  passes  through 
many  lakes  and  swamps,  yet  its  waters  are  re- 
markably clear,  abounding  in  fine  fish.  It  i« 
navigable  nearly  200  miles  at  high  water. 

St.  Francois  River,  or  the  Pecheenegamook,  rises 
in  Piscataquis  co..  on  the  border  of  Canada, 
flows  about  50  miles  in  a  S.  S.  E.  direction,  re- 
ceiving several  branches  and  the  waters  of  a 
number  of  lakes,  and  enters  the  St.  John's  near 
the  line  of  Penobscot  co. 

St.  George  River,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.  This  river 
rises  in  ponds  in  the  towns  of  Montville,  Sears- 
mont,  and  Belmont,  Waldo  co.,  and  flows  40 
miles  in  a  S.  direction  into  Muscongus  Bay.  It 
meets  the  tide  at  Warren,  15  miles  from  the  sea, 
to  which  place  it  is  navigable. 

St.  Helena  Island,  Beaufort  district,  S.  C.,  lies 
between  St.  Helena  Sound  on  the  N.  E.  and 
Broad  River  on  the  S.  W. 

St.  Helena  Me,  Michilimackinac  co.,  Mn.  Sit- 
uated at  the  W.  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Mack- 
inaw. 

St.  Helena  Sound,  S.  C.  This  sound  lies  be- 
tween Colleton  and  Beaufort  districts,  receives 
Coosaw,  Combahee,  Ashepoo,  and  other  rivers, 
and  contains  several  islands. 

St.  Helen's  Mount,  On.  An  elevated  peak  of  the 
Cascade  Mts.,  situated  N.  from  Fort  Vancouver. 

St.  John's  River  rises  in  Canada  and  the  N. 
part  of  Me.  It  receives  the  Madawaska,  St. 


242 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  £c., 


Francis  Aroostook,  and  many  other  important 
tributaries,  from  Me.  It  waters  a  large  portion 
of  its  N.  territory,  and  hears  many  valuable  pro- 
ductions of  that 'state  to  its  mouth.  "This  nver 
is  350  miles  long.  The  tide  flows  up  about  80 
miles.  It  is  navigable  for  boats  200  miles,  and 
for  sloops  of  50  tons  80  miles.  This  river  and 
its  branches  water  a  large  tract  of  excellent 
country.  About  30  miles  from  its  mouth  com- 
mences a  fine  level  country  of  rich  meadow 
lands,  well  clothed  with  timber.  The  river  fur- 
nishes a  great  quantity  of  salmon,  bass,  and 
sturgeon.  About  a  mile  above  the  city  of  St. 
John's  is  the  only  entrance  into  this  river.  It  is 
about  80  or  100  yards  wide,  400  yards  long, 
called  the  falls  of  the  river.  It  being  narrow, 
and  a  ridge  of  rocks  running  across  the  bottom 
of  the  channel,  on  which  there  are  not  above  17 
feet  of  water,  it  is  not  sufficiently  spacious  to 
discharge  the  fresh  waters  of  the  river  above. 
The  common  tides  here  rising  above  20  feet,  the 
waters  of  the  river  at  low  water  are  about  20  feet 
higher  than  the  waters  of  the  sea  ;  at  high  water 
the  waters  of  the  sea  are  about  5  feet  higher  than 
those  of  the  river ;  so  that  at  every  tide  there 
are  two  falls,  one  outwards  and  one  inwards. 
The  only  time  of  passing  with  safety  is  when  the 
waters  of  the  river  and  of  the  ssa  are  level,  which 
is  twice  in  a  tide,  and  continues  only  about  20 
minutes  each  time."  By  the  late  treaty  between 
the  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain,  the  navigation  of 
this  river  is  free  to  both  nations. 

St.  John's  River,  Fa.  This  river  rises  in  an 
immense  marsh,  slightly  elevated  above  the  level 
of  the  ocean,  and  flows  N.,  nearly  parallel  with 
the  coast,  until  it  turns  to  the  E.,  and  flows  into 
the  Atlantic.  It  passes  through  Lake  George  in 
the  upper  part  of  its  course,  and  afterwards  re- 
ceives the  Ocklawaha,  a  large  tributary.  Its 
entire  length  is  about  250  miles.  It  often  spreads 
from  3  to  5  miles  in  width,  though  in  other 
places  it  is  not  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
wide.  Vessels  drawing  8  feet  of  water  enter 
Lake  George  and  Dunn's  Lake,  150  miles  from 
its  mouth.  It  is  only  1  mile  wide  at  its  entrance, 
and  it  has  12  feet  of  water  on  the  bar.  There  is  a 
light-house  on  the  S.  side  of  the  river  at  its  mouth. 
St.  John's  River,  Ca.  It  rises  on  the  E.  border 
of  the  state,  and  flows  W.  into  the  Rio  Colorado. 
St.  Joseph's  Bay,  Fa.,  is  enclosed  by  Cape  St. 
Bias,  a  long,  crooked  peninsula.  The  bay  is  20 
miles  long,  and  from  7  to  8  wide,  with  a*  broad 
entrance  on  the  N.  W.,  near  Cape  False,  afford- 
ing 17  feet  of  water  on  the  bar.  There  is  a 
channel  close  to  the  peninsula,  on  the  S.  E.  side 
of  the  entrance,  nearly  as  deep  as  the  N.  W. 
passage.  The  N.  E.  shore  of  the  bay  is  inter- 
sected by  ponds  and  lagoons.  There  is  a  beauti- 
ful island,  2  miles  from  the  S.  E.  coast,  covered 
with  live  oak,  cedar,  and  palm-trees. 

St.  Joseph's  Island,  Mn.  Situated  N.  of  Lake 
Huron,  in  the  Straits  of  St.  Mary,  between 
George's  Island  on  the  N.  W.  and  Drummond's 
Island  on  the  S.  E.  The  S.  W.  passage,  through 
which  the  U.  S.  boundary  passes,  is  called 
Muddy  Lake.  The  length  of  the  island  is  20 
miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  8  miles.  On  its 
S.  extremity  are  the  remains  of  an  old  British 
fort. 

St.  Joseph,  Lake,  Tensas  parish,  La.  A  narrow, 
semicircular  sheet  of  water,  emptying  into  the 
Mississippi.  . 

St.  Joseph's  River,  Mn.,  waters  the  central  part 


of  Hillsdale  co.,  flows  S.  W.  across  a  oorner  of 
O.  into  la.,  where  it  joins  the  St.  Mary's  at  Fort 
Wayne,  forming  Maumee  River.  It  affords  ex- 
tensive water  power. 

St.  Joseph's  River,  Mn.  This  river  rises  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  Hillsdale  co.,  flows  E.,  and.  after  a 
S.  curve  into  la.,  proceeds  N.  W.  to  its  entrance 
into  Lake  Michigan.  It  is  250  miles  long,  fol- 
lowing its  course,  but  not  more  than  150  in  a 
direct  line,  being  the  second  river  in  size  in  the 
state.  Its  tributaries  are  numerous,  and  its  wa- 
ter power  extensive.  It  is  navigable  for  keel 
boats  to  Lockport,  130  miles.  At  its  mouth  is  a 
good  harbor,  and,  by  a  pier,  is  sufficient  for  any 
number  of  vessels  required  by  the  lake  naviga- 
tion. The  bar  at  its  mouth  has  6  feet  of  water. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  wood  land  on  its  borders, 
and  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 

St.  Lawrence  River.  This  great  river  forms 
the  outlet  of  the  chain  of  lakes,  or  inland  seas, 
lying  between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
It  may  be  considered  as  descending  from  Lake 
Superior,  and  passing  through  Lakes  Huron, 
Erie,  and  Ontario,  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  a 
distance  of  2000  miles  ;  draining  an  area  of  over 
500,000  square  miles  in  extent.  Its  course 
through  the  centre  of  these  lakes  and  below, 
until  it  crosses  45°  N.  lat.,  forms  the  boundary 
between  the  United  States  and  Canada.  After 
crossing  45°  lat.,  the  course  of  this  majestic  river 
is  wholly  within  the  territory  of  Canada.  In  the 
upper  part  of  its  course  it  loses  its  character  as  a 
river,  when  passing  through  the  lakes  ;  and  even 
when  it  passes  from  lake  to  lake,  connecting  and 
bearing  along  their  waters,  it  is  known  by  different 
names  in  different  sections  ;  as  the  "St.  Mary 
between  Superior  and  Huron  ;  the  St.  Clair  and 
the  Detroit  between  Huron  and  Erie,  having  the 
small  lake  St.  Clair  in  the  intermediate  course  ; 
and  the  Niagara  between  Erie  and  Ontario. 
From  Lake  Ontario  to  Montreal  it  is  sometimes 
called  the  Iroquois,  though  it  is  more  commonly 
known  as  the  St.  Lawrence  proper,  from  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Ontario  to  its  mouth.  Below 
Montreal  the  river  varies  in  breadth  from  half  a 
mile  to  three  miles,  and  it  passes  through  the 
Lake  St.  Peter,  50  miles  below  Montreal,  which 
is  from  12  to  15  miles  wide.  Below  Quebec  the 
river  increases  rapidly  in  width,  until  it  enters 
the  gulf  by  a  mouth  nearly  100  miles  across.  Its 
average  fall  is  about  six  inches  to  the  mile,  al- 
though this  is  very  unequally  distributed,  on 
account  of  the  numerous  rapids,  and  one  stupen- 
dous cataract  in  its  course.  It  receives  many 
tributaries,  the  most  important  of  which,  on  the 
south  side,  is  the  Richelieu,  which  is  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Champlain,  entering  at  the  head  of  Lake  St. 
Peter;  and,  on  the  north,  the  Saguenay,  140  miles 
below  Quebec  ;  and  the  Ottawa,  or  Grand  River, 
which  enters  it  a  little  above  Montreal.  The  St. 
Lawrence,  with  the  chain  of  lakes  which  empty 
their  waters  through  its  channel  into  the  N.  At- 
lantic, constitutes  one  of  the  great  commercial 
thoroughfares  of  the  North  American  continent. 
It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  400  miles,  to 
Quebec,  and  for  ships  of  600  tons  to  Montreal, 
and  onward  through  a  series  of  ship  canals  for 
passing  the  falls  and  rapids  into  the  lakes.  In 
addition  to  the  more  customary  forms  of  steam- 
boats, of  ships,  and  other  sea-going  vessels,  and 
of  the  craft  usually  empldyed  in  the  navigation 
of  large  rivers,  the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
more  than  any  other  river,  even  of  this  forest 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


243 


covered  continent,  are  frequented  by  enormous 
timber  rafts,  commonly  borne  along  by  the  force 
of  the  current  alone,  though  sometimes  acceler- 
ated by  spreading  a  sail,  or  by  huge  oars  called 
sweeps*  These  floating  islands  of  timber,  with 
huts  here  and  there  rising  upon  their  low  surface 
for  the  accommodation  of  4he  raftmen,  and  also 
another  sort  of  craft  with  long,  low  hulls,  no- 
where else  known,  and  designed  for  the  transpor- 
tation of  timber  of  great  length,  contribute  the 
more  remarkable  and  picturesque  features  to  the 
animating  spectacle  presented  by  the  navigation 
upon  this  noble  river.  The  navigation  is,  of 
course,  obstructed  by  the  ice  in  winter,  which  in 
this  high  latitude  continues,  either  hound  or 
floating,  for  several  months.  From  Montreal  to 
Lake  Ontario  the  navigation  of  the  river  is  fre- 
quently interrupted  by  falls  and  rapids,  which 
has  occasioned  the  construction,  at  a  heavy  ex- 
pense, of  a  series  of  canals,  with  locks  of  suffi- 
cient dimensions  to  admit  the  passage  of  the 
largest  steamboats,  and  of  the  vessels  navigating 
the  St.  Lawrence  from  Quebec  to  Montreal.  The 
line  commences  with  the  Lachine  Canal,  extend- 
ing from  Montreal  to  the  village  of  Lachine, 
round  the  rapids  of  the  same  name,  a  distance  of 
8  miles.  From  Lachine,  the  river,  or  a  broad 
expansion  of  it,  called  Lake  St.  Louis,  is  naviga- 
ble to  the  cascades,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa 
Kiver.  Here  commences  the  Beauharnois  Canal, 
which  extends  16  miles,  to  a  point  opposite  to 
Coteau  du  Lac,  surmounting  the  obstacles  caused 
by  the  several  rapids  known  as  the  Cascades,  the 
Cedars,  and  the  Coteau  du  Lac,  which  make,  in 
all,  a  difference  of  elevation  of  about  60  feet.  At 
this  point  another  expansion  of  the  river  is 
entered,  called  Lake  St.  Francois,  which  reaches 
to  Cornwall,  a  distance  of  40  miles,  in  45°  lat. 
The  St.  Lawrence  Canal  commences  at  this 
point,  and  extends  to  Dickinson's  Landing,  12 
miles,  passing  the  Long  Sault  llapids,  which 
have  a  total  descent  of  about  50  feet.  This 
canal,  which  is  a  fair  sample  of  all  the  other 
works,  has  6  locks,  of  solid  masonry,  con- 
structed in  the  most  durable  manner,  each  200 
feet  long  in  the  chamber,  by  50  feet  wide,  with  a 
depth  of  10  feet.  From  Dickinson's  Landing  to 
Lake  Ontario,  steamers  of  a  large  class  navigate 
the  river,  though  there  are  two  or  three  rapids 
below  Ogdensburg.  The  Welland  Canal,  which 
unites  the  waters  of  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake 
Erie,  by  affording  a  navigable  channel  round  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  is  a  work  of  great  magnitude. 
It  is  42  miles  long,  56  feet  wide,  and  16  feet 
deep ;  and  the  whole  ascent  from  one  lake  to 
the  other  is  334  feet.  To  accomplish  this  ascent 
there  are  22  locks,  constructed  of  granite,  with  a 
lift  of  from  12£  to  14  feet.  Those  at  each  en- 
trance from  the  lakes  are  185  feet  long  and  45 
feet  wide.  The  others  are  150  feet  long  and  46i 
feet  wide.  This  canal  has  one  deep  cut  through 
a  mountain  ridge,  45  feet  deep,  where  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  earth  and  rocks  was  removed. 
This  work  was  first  completed  in  1 829,  at  a  cost 
of  $1,000,000;  but  in  1845  and  1846,  it  was  en- 
larged and  improved  at  a  great  additional  ex- 
pense. All  the  above-mentioned  canals  are  on 
the  Canadian  side  of  the  river,  and  are  the  prod- 
uct of  British  capital  and  enterprise,  designed 
to  furnish  a  continuous  ship  navigation  through- 
out the  whole  extent  of  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  the  basin  of  the  great  lakes,  to 
the  Falls  of  St.  Mary,  and  to  jive  to  the  Canadas 


a  direct  and  independent  communication  be- 
tween the  vast  and  far  north-west  and  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean. 

St.  Louis  River,  Ma.  The  head  branches  of 
this  river  rise  in  Dead  Fish  and  Seven  Beaver 
Lakes ;  it  then  flows  S.  W.  for  some  distance, 
and  finally  flows  S.  E.,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
tween Wn.  and  Ma.  until  its  entrance  into  Lake 
Superior. 

St.  Lucra  Sound,  St.  Lucie  co.,  Fa.,  extends 
from  Gilbert's  Bar,  parallel  with  the  coast,  to 
Indian  River. 

St.  Mark's  River,  Fa.,  rises  in  a  small  pond, 
and  after  a  S.  W.  course  of  19  miles,  unites  with 
Wukully  River  at  St.  Mark's,  to  form  the  Ap- 
palachee.  Boats  requiring  4  feet  of  water  as- 
cend its  whole  length. 

St.  Martin's  River,  Md.,  waters  the  N.  E.  part 
of  Worcester  co.,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  through 
Sincpuxent  Bay,  opposite  Fenwick's  Island. 

St.  Mary's  River,  St.  Mary's  co.,  Md.  It  rises 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Patuxent  River,  and  flows 
S.  into  the  Potomac. 

St.  Mary's  River,  Ga.  and  Fa.  This  river, 
which  was  formerly  the  boundary  of  the  United 
States,  rises  in  Okefinokee  Swamp,  in  the  S. 
part  of  Ware  co.,  Ga.,  and  flowing  S.  for  some 
distance,  it  suddenly  turns  N.,  arid  finally  takes 
an  E.  course  until  its  entrance  into  the  Atlantic. 
It  is  105  miles  long,  at  low  tide  has  13^  feet  of 
water  on  the  bar,  and  at  common  high  tide  I9«fc 
feet.  It  forms  the  only  good  harbor  of  the  E. 
coast  of  Fa. 

St.  Mary's  River,  0.  and  la.,  rises  in  the  S. 
part  of  Mercer  co.,  0.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  unites 
with  St.  Joseph's  River  to  form  the  Maumee  at 
Fort  Wayne. 

St.  Mary's  Strait  forms  the  outlet  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, and  its  connection  with  Lake  Huron.  It 
is  about  70  miles  long  from  Maple  Isles,  in  Lake 
Superior,  to  the  passage  between  Drummond's 
and  St.  Joseph's  Islands,  into  Lake  Huron 
proper.  The  strait  is  naturally  divided  into  two 
sections  by  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary,  about  30  miles 
below  Lake  Superior.  The  upper  section  is 
chiefly  free  from  islands,  and  gradually  contracts 
in  width  to  about  half  a  mile  at  the  point  where 
it  rushes  down  the  falls.  This  part  of  the  strait 
is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  6  feet  of  water. 
The  Falls  of  St.  Mary  consist  of  a  rapid  descent 
over  ledges  of  rocks,*without  any  perpendicular 
fall,  for  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile.  It  is  as- 
certained that  the  rocky  barriers  of  this  narrowest 
part  of  the  strait  are  gradually  yielding  to  the 
abrasion  of  the  waters  and  the  "ice,  and  that  the 
surface  of  Lake  Superior  is  lowering.  Below 
the  Falls  the  channel  of  the  strait  or  river  be- 
comes wider,  and  is  soon  divided  into  two  by 
George's  Island,  which  division  is  continued  by 
St.  Joseph's  Islands  below  quite  to  the  entrance 
into  Lake  Huron.  On  the  American  side,  the 
channel,  which  is  again  subdivided  by  Sugar 
Island.  20  miles  long,  and  others  of  smaller  size, 
forms  the  more  direct  entrance  into  Lake  Huron, 
by  a  passage  between  the  westernmost  of  the 
Manitou  Islands  and  the  promontory  of  the  True 
Detour,  from  the  Michigan  shore.  The  other 
channel,  on  the  Canada  side,  terminates  in  the 
Manitou  Bay  of  Lake  Huron,  upon  the  N.  side  of 
the  Manitou  Islands.  The  entire  fall  from  the 
level  of  Lake  Superior  is  23  feet.  Vessels  with 
a  draught  of  6  feet  may  go  up  from  Lake  Huron 
to  Sault  de  St.  Mary  at  the  foot  of  the  Falls. 


244 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c. 


St.  Michael's  River,  Talbot  co.,  Md.,  flows  S. 
10  miles  towards  Tread  Haven  Bay.  then  turns 
N.  W.,  and  flows  6  miles  to  Chesapeake  Bay, 
which  it  enters  opposite  the  S.  part  of  Kent 
Island,  by  a  broad  estuary. 

St.  Michael  River,  Ca.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  empties 
into  Grand  River. 

St.  Raphael  River,  Ca.  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties 
into  Green  River. 

St.  Regis  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Franklin  co., 
flows  N.  'W.,  through  a  part  of  St.  Lawrence  co., 
into  Canada,  where  it  enters  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  a  few  miles  above  the  line. 

St.  Simon's  Islands  and  Sound,  Ga.  This  sound 
lies  off  Glynn  co.,  between  Alatamaha  Sound  on 
the  N.,  and  Jykill  Sound  on  the  S.  It  contains 
St.  Simon's,  Little  St.  Simon's,  Long,  and  some 
other  islands. 

Sakpam  River,  On.  A  small  stream  flowing 
W.  into  Admiralty  Inlet. 

Sal,  Point,  Ca.  Situated  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
N.  from  Arguello  Point. 

Salamanic  River,  la.  This  stream  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  two  branches  near  the  centre  of 
Jay  co.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Wa- 
bash  River  in  Wabash  co. 

Saline  Bayou,  Sevier  co.,  As.  A  tributary  of 
Little  Rock  River. 

Saline  Creek.  Mo.  This  small  stream  falls  into 
the  Mississippi  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  St.  Genevieve 
co.  Salt  has  been  manufactured  here  from  the 
salt  springs,  which  are  numerous  on  its  banks. 

Saline  River,  Is.  This  river  is  formed  near 
Equality,  Gallatin  co.,  by  the  union  of  N.,  S.,  and 
Middle  Forks,  and  falls  into  the  Ohio  12  miles  be- 
low Shawneetown.  There  are  several  extensive 
salt  works  on  its  borders. 

Saline  River,  As.,  rises  in  the  Masserne  moun- 
tains, 20  miles  S.  W.  of  Little  Rock,  and  falls 
into  the  Wachita,  after  a  southerly  course  of  50 
miles. 

Saline  River,  La.,  rises  in  Claiborne  parish,  and 
flows  S.  W.  into  Black  Lake,  8  miles  N.  E.  of 
Natchitoches.  Its  length  is  50  miles. 

Salkehatchie  River,  S.  C.  This  stream  rises  in 
the  interior  of  Barnwell  district,  flows  S.  E.,  and 
unres  with  the  Jackson  branch  to  form  the  Com- 
bahee  River. 

Salmon  Brook,  Aroostook  co.,  Me.,  rises  in  two 
large  forks,  and  flows  S.  into  Aroostook  River. 

Salmon  Creek,  N.  Y.  There  are  several  streams 
of  this  name  in  the  state,  the  most  important  of 
which  rise  in  Oswego,  Wayne,  and  Monroe  coun- 
ties, and  empty  into  Lake  Ontario. 

Salmon  Falls  River,  Me.  and  N.  H.  See  Pis- 
cataqua.  There  is  a  remarkable  fall  in  this  river, 
between  the  towns  of  Rochester  and  Lebanon, 
Me.  The  river  is  confined  between  two  rocks, 
about  25  feet  high,  the  breadth  at  the  top  of  the 
bank  not  exceeding  3  rods.  It  is  called  the 
Flume,  is  about  4  rods  in  length,  and  varies  from 
less  than  a  foot  to  2i  feet  in  breadth ;  but  the 
water  has  a  subterraneous  passage.  In  the  rocks 
are  many  cavities,  mostly  cylindrical,  from  1  to  7 
feet  in  diameter,  and  from  1  to  4  in  depth. 

Salmon  Falls  River,  N.  H.     See  Piscataqua. 

Salmon  River,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  flows  S. 
about  30  miles,  and  enters  the  Penobscot  about 
4  miles  below  the  junction  of  the  E.  and  W. 
branches  of  that  river. 

Salmon  River,  Ct.  This  fine  mill  stream  rises 
in  the  high  lands  in  Tolland  co.,  flows  S.,  receiv- 
ing many  valuable  tributaries,  and  enters  the 


Connecticut  at  East  Haddam,  where  it  produces 
a  beautiful  cataract. 

Salmon  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Lewis  co.,  flows 
W.  through  Oswego  co.,  and  enters  Lake  Onta- 
rio, through  Mexico  Bay,  at  Port  Ontario  village. 
It  has  a  tolerably  good  harbor  at  its  mouth,  and 
is  boatable,  at  high  water,  14  miles,  to  the  falls 
at  Orwell.  These  falls  may  be  classed  among 
the  greatest  natural  curiosities  of  the  country. 
The  current  of  the  river  is  gentle  for  6  miles  or 
more  above,  then  follow  2  miles  of  rapids,  and 
then  it  falls  almost  perpendicularly  107  feet.  At 
high  water  the  sheet  is  250  feet  wide,  but  at 
low  water  it  contracts  to  half  that  width.  The 
banks  are  rocky  precipices  of  from  70  to  90  feet 
in  height  above  the  falls,  and  about  200  feet  be- 
low them.  The  river  below  the  falls  abounds  in 
salmon,  trout,  and  other  fine  fish. 

Salmon  River,  N.  Y.  This  stream  rises  in  the 
E.  part  of  Franklin  co.,  flows  N.  W.  into  Canada, 
where  it  enters  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

Salmon  River,  On.  It  rises  among  the  Salmon 
Mts.,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  territory,  flows  N.  of 
W.,  and  empties  into  Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia 
River. 

Salmon  River  Mountains,  On.  A  range  extend- 
ing through  the  E.  interior  of  the  territory  nearly 
parallel  with  Salmon  River. 

Salmon  Trout  River,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  A 
small  stream  W.  from  Portage  Lake,  and  flow- 
ing N.  into  Lake  Superior. 

S<ilt  Creek,  Porter  co.,  la.  A  small  branch  of 
the  Calumic  River. 

Salt  Lakes,  Ts.  Two  small  lakes  lying  N.  W. 
from  the  battle-ground  of  Palo  Alto. 

Salt  Lake,  Ts.  A  small  sheet  of  water  supply- 
ing one  of  the  head  branches  of  Brazos  River. 

Salt  River,  Ky.  Its  head  waters  drain  Mercer 
co.,  and  flowing  N.  into  Anderson  co.  it  turns  W.. 
and  enters  the  Ohio  at  West  Point,  20  miles  be- 
low Louisville,  between  Jefferson  and  Meade 
counties.  It  is  200  yards  wide  at  its  mouth,  and 
boatable  150  miles.  On  the  S.  side,  15  miles 
from  its  mouth,  it  receives  a  branch  nearly  as 
large  as  itself,  called  the  Rolling  Fork,  which 
also  receives  a  large  branch  in  Nelson  co.,  called 
Beechy  Fork.  Some  of  the  most  fertile  parts 
of  the  state  are  watered  by  this  river  and  its 
branches. 

Salt  River,  Mo.,  rises  in  Io.,  and  flows  S.  S.  E. 
to  Rails  co.,  where  it  pursues  a  very  winding  N. 
E.  and  S.  W.  course,  until  it  enters  the  Missis- 
sippi 85  miles  above  Missouri  River.  It  is  nav- 
igable to  a  limited  extent. 

Salt  River,  Mn.,  waters  the  N.  E.  part  of  Isa- 
bella co.,  flows  E.,  and  empties  into  Tittibawasee 
River  in  Midland  co. 

Salt  River,  Ca.  This  is  a  large  river  flowing 
S.  W.  into  the  Rio  Gila. 

Saltpetre  Creek,  Md.,  falls  into  Gunpowder 
River  12  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Baltimore. 

Saluda  River,  S.  C  -This  large  stream  rises 
in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state,  flows  S.  E.,  sep- 
arating Greenville,  Laurens,  and  Newberry  from 
Pickens,  Anderson,  Abbeville,  and  Edgefield  dis- 
tricts, crosses  Lexington  district,  and  unites  with 
Broad  River  at  Columbia  to  form  the  Congaree 

Samphire  Islands.  St.  Bernard  parish,  La.  A 
group  of  small  islands  lying  N.  from  the  Ma  cons. 

Sampit  Creek,  Georgetown  district,  S.  C.  A 
small  stream  which  enters  Winyaw  Bay  at 
Georgetown. 

San  Antonio  River,  Ts.  It  rises  near  the  sources 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


245 


of  San  Miguel  River,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties 
into  Espiritu  Santo  Bay. 

Sand  Bay,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.  Situated  on 
the  N.  W.  coast  of  Keewaiwona  Point,  E.  from 
the  mouth  of  Eagle  River. 

Sand  Creek,  Marshall  co.,  Is.,  enters  the  Illinois 
River  a  little  above  Macon* 

Sandeham  River,  On.  An  E.  tributary  of  the 
Willamette. 

Sand  Hill  River,  Ma.,  flows  W.,  and  empties 
into  North  Red,  a  little  above  Goose  River. 

Sand  Key,  Fa.  A  long,  narrow  island,  lying 
off  the  coast  of  Hillsboro'  co. 

Sand  Point  River,  Ma.,  flows  N.  of  E.,  and 
empties  into  Lake  Pepin. 

Sandusky  Bay,  0.,  lies  in  Ottowa,  Sandusky, 
and  Erie  counties.  It  is  23  miles  in  length, 
with  an  average  width  of  about  3  miles.  San- 
dusky  River  flows  into  it  on  the  W.,  and  on  the 
E.  it  communicates  with  Lake  Erie  through  a 
narrow  strait. 

Sandusky  River,  O.,  rises  in  Richland  and 
Crawford  counties,  flows  N.,  90  miles,  through  a 
fertile  country,  and  empties  into  Sandusky  Bay. 
A  portage  of  4  miles  connects  it  with  Sciota 
River,  and  though  a  rapid  stream,  it  affords  good 
navigation  at  high  water. 

Sandy  Creek  rises  in  Orleans  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
N.  W.,  and  enters  Lake  Ontario  in  the  town  of 
Clarkson,  Monroe  co. 

Sandy  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Lewis  co.,  flows 
W.,  and  enters  Lake  Ontario  in  the  town  of 
Ellisburg,  in  Jefferson  co. 

Sandy  Creek,  Little,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Jefferson  co., 
flows  S.  W.  into  Oswego  co.,  where  it  enters 
Lake  Ontario,  through  Sandy  Creek  Bay,  at  the 
town  of  the  same  name. 

Sandy  Hook,  Middletown,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J. 
This  is  a  sandy  beach  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile 
wide,  extending  N.  from  Old  Shrewsbury  Inlet, 
and  the  S.  extremity  of  the  highlands  of  Never- 
sink,  for  a  distance  of  6  miles.  It  encloses  Sandy 
Hook  Bay,  which  is  7  miles  long  and  6  wide.  As 
the  sand  accumulates  and  extends  the  point  N., 
a  new  light  house  has  been  erected  on  Flynn's 
Knoll,  half  a  mile  N.  of  a  former  one. 

Sandy  Inlet,  N.  C.  A  passage  among  the 
islands  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  New  Hanover  co. 

Sandy  Lake,  Ma.  This  is  an  irregular  sheet 
of  water,  situated  N.  from  Minsi  Sagaigoning  or 
Mille  Lacs,  and  connected  by  an  outlet  on  the 
N.  W.  with  Mississippi  River. 

Sandy  River,  Me.,  rises  near  Saddleback 
Mountain,  in  Franklin  co.,  flows  in  a  winding 
S.  E.  direction  into  Somerset  co.,  where  it  enters 
the  Kennebec  at  Starks,  37  miles  above  Au- 
gusta. It  has  a  number  of  branches,  is  about  45 
miles  in  length,  and  affords  excellent  water 
power. 

San  Francisco  Bay,  Ca,  This  large  bay  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin, 
and  other  rivers,  and  is  connected  with  the  ocean 
by  a  narrow  strait. 

San  Francisco  River,  Ca.  A  large  stream 
flowing  S.  into  Salt  River. 

Sanyamon  River,  Is.,  rises  in  Vermilion  co., 
in  a  small  lake,  flows  S.  W.,  then  N.  W.,  and 
finally  W.,  until  its  junction  with  Illinois 
River,  between  Cass  and  Mason  counties.  This 
river  and  its  numerous  tributaries  water  the 
most  fertile  and  pleasant  parts  of  the  state.  It 
is  navigable  to  the  junction  of  the  N.  and  S.  forks 
for  small  steamboats. 


-San  Jacinto  River,  Ts.  This  small  river  flows 
S.  E.  into  Galveston  Bay. 

Sew  Joaquin  River,  Ca.  It  has  its  source  in 
Tulares  Lake,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  flows  in  a 
N.  W.  direction  through  a  fine  valley,  and  empties 
into  San  Francisco  Bay. 

San  Lewis  Bar,  or  West  Pass,  Ts.  The  pas- 
sage between  Galveston  Island  and  the  main  land. 

San  Marcos  River,  Ts.  The  head  stream  of 
Guadaloupe  River. 

San  Miguel  River,  Ts.  A  large  E.  branch  of 
Nueces  River. 

Sanpoifa  River,  On.  A  small  stream  flowing 
S.  into  Clarke  Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

San  Saba  River,  Ts.  A  W.  branch  of  Colora- 
do River,  which  it  enters  just  below  Pecan  Creek. 

Santa  Clara  River,  Ca.  A  small  stream  rising 
among  the  Wahshatch  Mts,  and  flowing  S.  into 
Virgin  River. 

Santa  Fe  River,  Fa.  This  river  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  New  and  Sampson  Rivers,  flows 
in  a  winding  W.  direction,  and,  uniting  with  the 
Euchtuckne,  enters  the  Suwannee. 

Santa  Rosa  Island,  Santa  Rosa  co.,  Fa.  This 
long,  narrow  island  extends  from  Choctawhatchee 
Bay  on  the  E.  to  Pensacola  Bay  on  the  W. 

Santee  River,  S.  C.  This  large  river  is  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Congaree  and  Wataree, 
and,  flowing  S.  E.,  enters  the  sea  by  two  mouths, 
about  20  miles  below  Georgetown.  Navigable 
at  some  seasons  nearly  300  miles. 

Sanybel  Island,  Hillsboro'  co.,  Fa.  Situated  S. 
from  Pine  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Carlosahatchee 
River. 

Sapelo  Island,  Mclntosh  co.,  Ga.  Situated  in 
Sapelo  Sound,  which  also  contains  Black  Bear 
and  some  other  islands. 

Saranac  Lake,  Lower,  N.  Y.,  lying  in  the  S. 
part  of  Franklin  co.,  is  7  miles  long,  2  or  3  wide, 
and  is  connected  on  the  W.  with  Round  Lake 
and  several  other  lakes  and  ponds.  Its  waters 
abound  with  fine  fish. 

Saranac  Lake,  Upper,  Hamilton  co.,  N.  Y. 
This  lake,  which  lies  3  or  4  miles  W.  of  Lower 
Saranac  Lake,  is  10  miles  long,  from  2  to  3  wide, 
and  is  surrounded  by  numerous  other  lakes  and 
ponds,  which  are  the  head  sources  of  Saranac 
and  Rapid  Rivers.  The  lakes  and  outlets  are 
boatable  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  are  well 
stocked  with  the  fish  peculiar  to  this  part  of  the 
country. 

Saranac  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  Saranac 
Lakes,  in  the  S.  part  of  Franklin  co.,  flows  N.  E. 
across  the  corner  of  Essex  co.,  and  enters  Lake 
Ghamplain  at  Plattsburg,  in  Clinton  co.  This 
river  rises  within  a  mile  of  Racket  River,  and 
might  be  rendered  boatable  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  its  length.  It  has  been  computed  that 
by  excavations  and  locks  a  continuous  line  of 
navigation.  210  miles  in  length,  might  be  formed 
through  these  two  rivers. 

Saratoga  Lake,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.  This  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  water  is  situated  4  miles  S.  E.  of 
Saratoga  Springs  village,  and  5  miles  E.  of 
Ballston  Spa.  It  is  9  miles  long,  and  about  2 
wide.  It  is  much  resorted  to  by  pleasure  parties, 
during  the  summer  months,  as  the  lake  is  abun- 
dantly stocked  with  fish  of  various  kinds,  and  its 
shores  abound  with  wild  game. 

Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.   See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Sassafras  River,  Md.,  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Cecil  and  Kent  counties,  and  empties  into 
Chesapeake  Bay. 


MOUNTAINS,   RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c. 


flov 


Sauqatuck  River,  Ct.     See  Westport. 
Savage  Creek,  Kv,  runs  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween Greenup  and  Carter  counties,  and  empties 
into  the  Bis  Sandy  River. 

Savannah  River,  Ga.,  is  formed  by  the  junction 
of  Tugalo  and  Kiowee  Rivers,  in  the  S.  E.  part 
of  Franklin  co.,  100  miles  above  Augusta,  and 
flows  S.  E.,  forming  the  boundary  between  Ga. 
and  S.  C.,  until  its  entrance  into  the  Atlantic, 
through  Tybee  Sound,  in  32°  N.  lat.  The  largest 
ressels  ascend  to  Five  Fathom  Hole,  13  miles 
from  the  ocean,  and  3  miles  below  Savannah. 
Large  brigs  come  to  the  wharves  in  Savannah. 
Steamboats  ascend  to  Augusta,  340  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  pole  boats  go  150  miles  farther. 
The  tide  flows  25  miles  up  the  river. 

Sawkill  Creek,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the 
town  of  Milan,  flows  W.,  and  enters  Hudson 
River  at  the  town  of  Redhook. 

Saw  Mill  River,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.  This 
stream,  on  which  are  situated  several  factories 
and  mills,  flows  in  a  S.  W.  direction,  and  enters 
the  Hudson  at  the  village  of  Yonkers. 

Saxton's  River,  Vt.,  is  formed  in  Grafton  by 
the  union  of  several  streams  from  Windham, 
and  running  in  an  E.  direction  about  10  miles, 
through  the  S.  part  of  Rockingham,  falls  into 
Connecticut  River  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  West- 
minster, about  1  mile  below  Bellows  Falls. 

Scantic  River,  Ct.     See  East  Windsor. 

Scapan  Pond,  Aroostook  co.,  Me.     This  is  a 

ctty  large  sheet  of  water,  the  outlet  of  which 

ws  into  Aroostook  River. 

Scarboro1  Creek,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  A  branch  of 
Kewanee  River,  which  it  enters  from  the  S.  W. 

Schlosser  Landing,  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y..  is  situ- 
ated on  the  E.  side  of  Niagara  River,  in  the  town 
of  Niagara,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the 
Falls,  and  opposite  Chippewa  village,  Canada. 
It  has  become  famous  as  being  the  place  where 
the  steamboat  Caroline  was  destroyed  by  the 
British,  December  29,  1837.  It  was  suffered  to 
be  precipitated  over  the  Falls,  having  been  pre- 
viously set  on  fire. 

Schoharie  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  among  the  Cats- 
kill  Mts.,  in  Greene  co.,  flows  N.  through  Scho- 
harie co.,  and  enters  the  Mohawk  in  Montgomery 
co.  This  large  stream  and  its  tributaries  afford 
extensive  water  power. 

Schoodic  Lakes,  Me.  These  lakes  are  about 
twelve  in  number,  lying  in  the  N.  part  of  Wash- 
ington co.,  and  from  them  issue  the  Schoodic,  or 
W.  branch  of  the  St.  Croix  River.  The  most  E. 
of  these  lakes  is  called  the  Big  Lake.  The  true 
Indian  name  is  Gena-sau-ca-naw-gum.  It  is  of  a 
rery  irregular  form,  and  about  9  miles  in  length. 
It  is  connected  by  a  very  rapid  stream,  3  miles 
long,  with  Grand  Lake,  whose  Indian  name  is 
Wid-i-wau-cau-gum.  This  is  a  splendid  sheet  of 
water,  15  miles  in  length,  is  very  deep,  and  the 
water  remarkably  clear.  It  is  well  stocked  with 
fish.  Beyond  this,  on  the  S.  W.,  is  Pocumcus 
Lake,  4  miles  long,  and  the  Waboosis,  3  miles 
long.  In  a  W.  direction  lies  the  Sic-la-dob-sis, 
10  miles  in  extent.  Farther  N.  is  the  Horse-shoe 
Lake,  so  called  from  its  form  ;  also  the  Junior 
Lake,  6  miles  long.  Still  farther  on  is  the  Scrag- 
gled  Lake,  of  an  irregular  shape ;  also  the  Pleas- 
ant Lake,  5  miles  long,  with  some  others  of  less 
size.  These  are  all  connected  by  considerable- 
sized  streams,  and,  except  between  the  Big  and 
Grand  Lakes,  there  is  a  continuous  boat  naviga- 
tion of  nearly  100  miles  in  extent.  The  charac- 


ter of  these  waters,  which  are  very  extensive, 
and  of  the  surrounding  country,  which  is  very 
fertile  and  well  wooded,  may  be  expressed  in 
nearly  the  same  words  as  those  applied  to  Moose 
Head  Lake. 

Schoolers  Mountain,  N.  J.,  is  a  peak  of  the 
chain  which  extends  across  the  N.  W.  part  of  the 
state.  It  crosses  the  N.  W.  part  of  Morris  co., 
has  a  height  of  600  feet  above  its  base,  and  about 
1100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  A  min- 
eral spring  near  its  top  has  rendered  it  quite  cele- 
brated, and  a  turnpike  road  leading  from  New 
York  to  Easton  crosses  it. 

Schroon  Lake,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  Essex  and  Warren 
counties.  It  is  10  miles  long,  from  1  to  2  wide, 
and  abounds  with  fish.  Deer  and  other  wild 
game  are  found  in  the  forests  on  its  borders. 

Schroon  River,  N.  Y.  This  stream  rises  in 
Essex  co.,  flows  S.,  and  unites  with  the  main 
branch  of  the  Hudson  in  Warren  co. 

Schuyler,  Fort,  N.  Y.  See  Throg's  Point  and 
Utica. 

Schuyler's  Lake,  N.  Y.     See  Canaderaga. 

Schiiylkill  River,  Pa.  The  three  principal 
branches  of  this  river  rise  in  Schiiylkill  co.,  and 
flowing  S.  E.,  it  enters  the  Delaware  7  miles 
below  Philadelphia.  It  is  about  140  miles  long. 
The  most  important  of  its  tributaries  are  Tulpe- 
hocken  Creek,  from  the  W.,  and  Perkiomen 
Creek,  from  the  E.  Vessels  of  from  300  to  400 
tons  ascend  to  the  W.  wharves  of  Philadelphia, 
where  its  average  depth  at  common  tides  is  from 
13  to  14  feet.  By  means  of  canals  and  pools,  it  is 
navigable  108  miles,  from  Fairmount  Dam,  above 
Philadelphia,  to  Port  Carbon,  in  Schuylkill  co. 
An  immense  quantity  of  coal  is  transported  on  it. 

Sciota  River,  0..  rises  in  Hardin  co.,  and,  flow- 
ing through  Marion  and  Delaware  into  Franklin 
co.,  receives  Whetstone  or  Olentangy  River,  just 
above  Columbus,  whence  it  flows  nearly  S.  to  its 
junction  with  the  Ohio,  at  Portsmouth,  where  it 
is  150  yards  wide.  It  flows  about  160  miles 
through  a  very  fertile  country,  and  is  navigable 
130,  to  the  mo'uth  of  Little  Sciota  River. 

Scraggy  Neck  Island,  Barnstable  co.,  Ms.  Situ- 
ated between  Cataumut  and  Red  Brook  Har- 
bor. 

Scull  Creek,  Colleton  district.  S.  C.  The  E. 
and  largest  branch  of  Ashepoo  River. 

Scull's  Creek.  Emanuel  co.,  Ga.  A  small  trib- 
utary of  the  Ogeechee  River. 

Scupernong  Creek,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  S.  W. 
part  of  Waukesha  co.,  and  flows  W.  into  Jeffer- 
son co.,  where  it  enters  Rock  River. 

Scu/tock  Point,  Me.  A  small  cape  situated  ia 
Ion.  67°  58'  W.,  and  lat.  44°  18'  N. 

Seaconnet  Rocks,  or  Point,  R.  I.  See  Little 
Compton. 

Sebayo  Lake,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.  This  beau- 
tiful lake  receives  the  waters  of  Long  and  several 
other  ponds,  and  of  Crooked  River.  It  is  12 
miles  in  length,  and  its  greatest  width  is  from 
Baldwin  to  Raymond,  a  distance  of  about  7  miles. 
Its  outlet  i.i  Presumpscut  River,  which  empties 
into  Casco  Bay.  The  Cumberland  and  Oxford 
Canal  passes  from  this  lake  to  Portland. 

Sebasticook  River,  Me.,  rises  on  the  borders  of 
Penobscot  and  Piscataquis  counties,  flows  S.  W. 
and  S.  through  a  part  of  Somerset  co..  which  it 
divides,  for  a  short  distance,  from  Waldo  co. ; 
thence  it  flows  S.  W.  through  a  part  of  Keimebec 
co.,  and  enters  Kennebec  River,  opposite  Water- 
ville.  This  stream  flows  50  miles  through  a  beau- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


247 


tiful  country,  receives  several  tributaries,  and  af- 
fords excellent  water  power. 

Sebec  Pond,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  lies  in  the 
towns  of  Seliec,  Foxcroft,  and  Bowerbank ;  it  is 
surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and  heavily  timbered 
country,  is  about  10  miles  long-,  and  averages 
about  a  mile  in  width.  Its  dutlet  is  a  mill  stream 
about  10  miles  in  length. 

Sebewa  Creek.  Eaton  and  Ionia  counties.  Mn., 
flows  N.  into  Grand  River. 

Seboois  Lakes  and  River,  Penobscot  co.,  Me. 
The  lakes  are  of  an  irregular  form,  about  15  miles 
iu  length,  and  varying-  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile 
and  a  half  in  width.  They  lie  near  the  Aroostook 
and  Seboois  River.  Their  outlet  flows  S.  50 
miles  info  the  E.  branch  of  the  Penobscot. 

Second  Lake,  Dane  co.,  Wn.  Situated  between 
Third  Lnke  on  the  N.  W.,  and  First  Lake  on  the 
S.E.,  with  both  of  which  it  is  connected  by  outlets. 

Second  Embarras  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  Dead 
Fish  Lake,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  St.  Louis 
River. 

Seneca  Fort,  Seneca  co.,  0..  situated  on  the  W. 
side  of  Sandusky  River,  in  the  town  of  the  same 
name. 

Seneca  Lake,  N.  Y.,  is  the  largest  of  thnt  series 
of  beautiful  lakes  lying  in  the  interior  of  Western 
New  York.  It  is  40  miles  long,  and  varies  in 
width  from  2  to  4  miles.  Its  elongated  diameter 
is  nearly  from  N.  to  S.  The  elevation  of  its  sur- 
face is  431  feet  above  tide  water.  About  midway, 
upon  the  W.  shore,  it  receives  the  outlet  of 
Crooked  Lake,  which  lies  about  6  miles  to  the  S. 
W.,  elevated  265  feet  above.  Its  own  outlet  is  at  its 
N.  E.  angle,  and  flows  E.  about  12  miles  to  Cayu- 
ga Lake,  affording  a  fine  water  power  at  Waterloo, 
and  also  at  Seneca  Falls.  The  whole  descent,  in 
12  miles,  is  about  80  feet.  At  the  falls  the  water 
descends  47  feet  over  4  dams.  Seneca  Lake  is 
very  deep,  and  consequently  is  never  entirely 
frozen  over:  12  miles  from  its  outlet,  it  has  been 
ascertained  to  be  560  feet  deep.  The  lands  upon 
the  shores  of  this  lake  are  very  picturesque  and 
beautiful,  being  highest  and  boldest  about  the  S. 
end,  and  towards  the  N.  less  elevated,  but  undu- 
lating, and  bountifully  adorned  with  the  fruits  of 
cultivation,  with  here  and  there  a  remaining  tract 
of  the  primitive  forest.  The  landscape  gradually 
rises,  for  several  miles  from  the  shores,  by  broad 
natural  terraces,  or  successive  ridges,  running  par- 
allel with  the  lake,  over  a  considerable  extent  of 
country.  This  lake  is  connected  by  a  canal  with 
Crooked  Lake.  Its  outlet  is  also  made  navigable 
by  locks  at  Waterloo,  connecting  its  commerce 
with  that  of  the  Erie  Canal.  It  is  connected  also 
by  railroad  conveyance  S.  with  the  Susquchanna 
River,  at  Owego,  and  with  the  Delaware  River 
and  the  Erie  Railroad  at  Binghampton.  Upon 
the  lake  itself  steamboats  run  regularly  through 
from  Geneva,  rear  its  foot,  to  Jefferson,  at  its 
head.  It  is  known  that  the  water  of  this  lake  has 
a  gradual  rise  and  fall,  through  periods  of  several 
years:  but  the  cause  of  this  has  never  been  as- 
certained. 

Seneca  River.  N.  Y.,  is  the  outlet  of  Seneca 
Lake,  from  the  N.  end  of  which  it  flows  E.  about 
12  miles,  to  the  N.  end  of  Cayuga  Lake.  Receiv- 
ing the  waters  from  this  lake,  it  turns  N.  until  it 
meets  with  a  stream  formed  by  the  outlet  of  Can- 
andaigua  Lake,  and  other  small  tributaries  coming 
from  the  W.;  after  which  it  flows  E.  again,  re- 
«eiving  other  tributaries  successively  from  the 
outlets  of  Owasco,  Skaneateles,  and  Onondaga 


Lakes,  until  it  meets  that  of  the  Oneida  Lake  ; 
where,  turning  to  the  N.  W.,  it  becomes  the  Os- 
wego  River,  and  flows  into  Lake  Ontario,  at  Oi- 
wego.  Its  course  is  about  60  miles  from  Seneca, 
Lake,  across  Seneca,  Cayuga,  and  Onondaga  coun- 
ties, to  its  confluence  with  the  Oswego.  It  is  ren- 
dered navigable  by  a  canal  and  locks  to  the  great 
Erie  Canal  at  Waterloo.  There  are  falls  in  this 
river  at  the  village  of  Seneca  Falls,  10  miles  from 
the  lake,  and  also  at  Waterloo.  4  miles  higher  up, 
upon  which,  especially  the  former,  a  great  water 
power  is  obtained. 

Seneca  River,  S.   C.,  rises  in  the   Blue  Ridge, 
1  N.    C.,  flows  S.  through  Pickcns  and  Anderson 
districts,  S.  C.,  and  enters  the  Tugaloo.   It  is  about 
50  miles  long,  and  has  numerous  branches. 

Sequatchy  Ricer,  Te.  This  river  rises  in  theN. 
interior  of  Bledsoe  co.,  flows  in  a  pretty  direct  S. 
W.  course,  and  empties  into  the  Tennessee  River  in 
the  S.  part  of  Marion  co. 

Seven  Beaver  Lake,  Ma.  This  sheet  of  water 
contains  one  or  two  islands,  and  is  the  source  of 
the  head  branch  of  St.  Louis  River. 

Seven  Mile  Brook,  Me.,  rises  in  Franklin  and 
Somerset  counties,  flows  about  35  mile3  in  a  S. 
E.  direction,  affording  fine  mill  privileges  to  the 
towns  of  Kingfield  and  New  Portland,  and  enters 
the  Kennebec  at  Anson.  40  miles  N.  E.  from  Au- 
gusta. 

Severn  River,  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Md.,  rises  near 
the  centre  of  the  county,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties 
into  Chesapeake  Bay  just  below  Annapolis  city. 

Seyrnore's  Hill,  Sandisfield,  Ms.  Height  1698 
feet. 

Seymour  Lake,  Vt.     See  Morgan. 

Shade  Creek,  Pa.,  rises  in  Somerset  co.,  in  the 
Allegheny  Mts.,  and  falls  into  Conemaugh  River 
at  Johnstown. 

Shade  Mountains,  Pa.  This  ridge  of  the  Al- 
leghany  chain  extends  from  Bedford  co.  through 
Huntington  into  Mifflin  co.,  a  distance  of  40  miles. 

Shahwuter  Cape,  On.  Situated  on  the  W.  coast 
S.  from  Gray's  Harbor. 

Shallot  River  and  Inlet,  Brunswick  co.,  N.  C. 
The  river  receives  several  small  tributaries,  and 
passes  through  the  inlet  into  the  sea. 

Shallow  Lake,  Me.  This  is  one  of  a  chain  of 
lakes  lying  in  the  W.  part  of  Piscataquis  co. 

Shamokin  Creek,  Pa.,  after  a  course  of  30  miles 
enters  the  E.  side  of  the  Susquehanna,  2  miles 
below  Sunbury. 

Shanwapquam  River,  On.  A  head  branch  of 
the  Yakima  River. 

Shirk  Ricer,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.  A  small 
stream  emptying  into  the  Atlantic  through  Shark 
Inlet. 

Sharon  Springs.     See  Mineral  Springs. 

Sharp's  Island,  Md.  Situated  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Choptank  River. 

Sharpshin  Point,  Vt.  A  high,  rocky  point,  situ- 
ated on  the  N.  side  of  Burlington  Bay,  1  mile  and 
217  rods  from  the  S.  wharf  in  Burlington. 

Shaw's  Creek,  S.  C.  A  branch  of  the  South 
Edisto  River,  with  which  it  unites  in  Barnwell 
district. 

Shawangunk  Creek,  or  River,  N.  Y.  This  stream 
rises  in  Orange  co..  flows  N.  E.,  and  enters  the 
Wallkill  in  Ulster  co. 

Shawangunk  Mountains,  N.  Y.  This  range, 
which  is  a  continuation  of  the  Alleghany  chain, 
extends  in  a  N.  E.  direction  through  Orange  and 
Sullivan  counties,  and  terminates  at  the  town  of 
New  Paltz,  in  Ulster  co.  The  E.  declivity  is  par- 


248 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c. 


tially  cultivated,  but  the  W.  is  rocky  and  precipi- 
tous. They  contain  n  fine  lead  mine. 

Shebougan  River,  Wn.,  rises  near  Lake  Wmne- 
bao-o,  in'Fond  du  Lac  co.,  and  passing  through  a 
small  lake  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Sheboygan  co.,  it 
proceeds  by  a  winding  E.  course  to  Lake  Michigan. 

Sheepscot.  River,  Me.,  rises  in  the  town  of  Pa- 
lermo, Waldo  co.,  flows  about  35  miles  in  a  S. 
direction,  and  falls  into  Sheepscot  Bay.  This 
river  is  navigable,  and  affords  valuable  mill  priv- 
ileges. The  tide  meets  it  between  Wiscasset  and 
Newcastle. 

Sheepscot  Bay,  Me.,  extends  inland  about  10 
miles  between  the  towns  of  Boothbay  and  George- 
town. Its  mouth  is  3  miles  wide,  and  bears  N.  E. 
6  miles  from  Scguin  light,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Kennebec. 

Shegg's  Creek,  Ky.  A  small  stream  flowing 
through  Barren  co.  into  the  Big  Barren  River. 

Shelburne  Bay,  Vt.     See  Shdburne. 

Shell  Lake,  St.  Croix  co.,  Wn.  Situated  in  the 
N.  E.  part  cf  the  county,  at  the  head  Of  Clam 
River. 

Slienandoah  River,  Va.  This  river  is  formed  in 
Warren  co.  by  the  junction  of  two  branches. 
The  N.  branch  rises  in  Rockingham  co.,  and  the 
S.  branch  in  Augusta  co.  The  latter  flows  along 
the  W.  side  of  Blue  Ridge,  and  nearly  parallel 
with  it,  until  its  union  with  the  N.  branch,  whence 
the  main  stream  flows  N.  E.  to  its  entrance  into 
the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry,  just  before  its 
passage  through  the  Blue  Ridge. 

Shepaug  River,  Ct.  This  stream  rises  in  Go- 
shen.  Litchfield  co.,  flows  S.  through  the  towns 
of  Washington  and  Roxbury,  and  enters  the 
Housatonic  at  Southbury.  It  receives  several 
branches,  and  affords  good  water  power. 

Shetek  Lake,  Chippewa  co.,  Wn.  This  is  the 
most  N.  of  a  chain  of  lakes  supplying  the  head 
waters  of  Red  Cedar  River. 

Shetek  Lake,  Ma.  This  is  one  of  a  cluster  of 
lakes  supplying  the  head  waters  of  Moingonan 
River. 

Shetucket  River,  Ct.,  rises  by  several  branches 
in  Tolland  and  Windham  counties.  It  passes 
between  the  towns  of  Lisbon  and  Franklin,  and 
joining  the  Quinnebaug  at  Norwich,  flows  into 
th°  Thames.  It  receives  several  branches,  the 
pr.  ocipal  of  which  are  the  Natchang  and  Willi- 
mantic,  and  affords  fine  mill  privileges. 

Shickskinny  Mountain,  Pa.,  extends  along  the 
W.  side  of  Susquehanna  River,  which  it  crosses 
in  Luzerne  co. 

Shinnecock  Bay,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  a  beautiful 
body  of  water,  lying  in  the  town  of  Southamp- 
ton. It  is  10  miles  long,  and  from  3  to  4  wide. 
A  narrow  sand  beach,  evidently  formed  by  the 
waves,  separates  it  from  the  ocean.  This  bay 
has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  shell  fish.  Clams 
of  a  superior  quality  are  found  here  in  great 
abundance,  affording  employment  to  a  great  many 
persons. 

Shishib  Lake,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  Situated  in 
the  S.  E.  part  of  the  county,  between  Weyekwa 
and  Manitosawin  Lakes. 

Shitticook  River,  Aroostook  co.,  Me.,  is  the 
largest  N.  E.  branch  of  the  Matawamkeag. 

Shoal  £reek,  Is.,  a  tributary  of  Kaskaskia  Riv- 
er, rises  in  Montgomery  co. " 

Shoal  River,  Fa.  One  of  the  principal  branch- 
es of  the  Yellow  Water  River,  with  which  it  joins 
in  Santa  Rosa  co. 

Sholey's  Fork,  Ca.    It  flows  S.  into  the  Rio  Gila. 


Shooting  Creek,  Cherokee  co.,  N.  C.,  flows  W. 
into  the  Hiawassee  River. 

Shrewsbury  River,  Shrewsbury  town,  Mon mouth 
co.,  N.  J.,  a  continuation  of  Sandy  Hook  Bay, 
flows  about  5  miles,  partly  through  a  salt  marsh, 
and  averages  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  width. 
It  receives  Shrewsbury  River  proper,  a  stream  6 
or  7  miles  long. 

Sibley  Lake,  Ma.,  lies  N.  from  Gayashk  Lake, 
with  which  it  is  connected. 

Sideling  Creek,  Md.  A  small  branch  of  the 
Potomac,  running  on  the  E.  side  of  Sideling  Mt. 

Sideling  Mountains.  This  range  traverses  Hunt- 
ington  and  Bedford  counties,  Pa.,  and  Alleghany 
col,  Md. 

Siegas  River,  Me.,  flows  S.,  and  enters  the  St. 
John's  W.  of  Grand  River. 

Sierra  Nevada,  Ca.  This  large  chain  of  moun- 
tains extends  through  the  W.  part  of  Ca.,  and 
contains  some  of  the  highest  land  in  the  Union. 
It  is  the  source  of  many  large  rivers,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  are  the  Rio  Sacramento  and  Rio 
San  Joaquin. 

Silliman  Lake,  Ma.  The  most  S.  of  a  chain 
of  lakes,  connecting  by  an  outlet  with  North  Red 
River. 

Silver  Bluff",  S.  C.  This  eminence  extends 
about  2  miles  along  the  Savannah,  is  about  1  mile 
wide,  and  is  elevated  nearly  30  feet  above  the 
opposite  shore. 

Silver  Creek,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the 
town  of  Hanover,  and  flows  N.  W.  into  Lake  Erie. 

Silver  Creek,  Burke  co.,  N.  C.,  flows  N.  N.  E., 
and  empties  into  the  Catawba  near  Morgan. 

Silver  Creek,  Clarke  co.,  la.  It  flows  in  a  S. 
direction,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Clarke  and  Floyd  counties,  and  empties  into  the 
Ohio  River. 

Silver  Lake,  Wyoming  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  3  miles 
long  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide.  It  is  a 
charming  sheet  of  water,  and  is  stocked  with  bass, 
pickerel,  muscalonge.  and  other  fish  peculiar  to 
Lake  Erie,  from  whence  they  were  brought. 

Silver  River,  Ca.  A  small  stream  flowing  S.  W. 
into  St.  John's  River. 

Sims's  Stream,  N.  H.,  rises  from  several  ponds 
and  springs  among  the  mountains  in  the  town 
of  Columbia,  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut  Riv- 
er near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  town. 

Sinepuxent  Inlet,  Worcester  co.,  Md.,  situated 
in  lat.  38°  10'  30"  N.,  is  the  entrance  into  Sine- 
puxent Bay  from  the  ocean.  The  bay  is  long  and 
narrow,  and  Asaticque  Island  separates  it  from 
the  Atlantic. 

Sinnemahoning  River,  Pa.,  enters  the  W.  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Lyco- 
ming  co. 

Sinoogawnock  River,  N.  H.     See  Israels  River. 

Sioux  River,  Ma.  This  large  river  rises  near 
the  sources  of  the  Minesota  or  St.  Peter's  River, 
flows  S.  S.  E.,  forming  the  boundary  between  lo. 
and  Ma.,  and  empties  into  the  Missouri. 

Sipsey  River,  Aa.  This  river  rises  in  the  W. 
part  of  Walker  co.,  and  flows  S.  S.  W.  into  the 
Tombigbee. 

Siselin  Lake,  Otsego  co.,  Mn.  The  waters  of 
this  lake  connect  by  an  outlet  with  a  branch  of 
the  Au  Sable  River. 

Six  Mile  Creek,  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
N.  W.  to  the  village  of  Ithaca,  where  it  enters 
Cayuga  Lake. 

Skaneateles  Lake,  N.  Y.  This  beautiful  and 
romantic  sheet  of  water  lies  partly  between  Ca- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


249 


yuga  and  Onondaga  counties.  It  is  15  miles 
long,  and  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile  wide.  Its 
N.  shores  arc  bordered  by  highly  cultivated  farms 
and  country  seats,  while  the  S.  banks  are  more 
rugged  and  picturesque.  It  is  famous  for  its  fine 
trout,  which  are  taken  in  great  numbers,  weigh- 
ing from  5  to  10  pounds  each. 

Skooawargurmish  River,  Mn.,  waters  the  W.  part 
of  Montmorenci  co.,  and  flows  N.  into  Lake 
Huron. 

Skootum  Lake,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.  This  is  a 
pretty  large  sheet  of  water,  the  outlet  of  which 
enters  Piscataquis  River. 

Skunk  River,  lo.  Otherwise  called  Chicaqua. 
Rises  near  the  centre  of  the  state ;  runs  into  the 
Mississippi  parallel  with  the  Des  Moines,  and  dis- 
tant 20  to  30  miles  from  it  N. 

Sleeping  River,  Mn.  A  small  stream  emptying 
into  Lake  Superior. 

Sleepy  Creek,  Va.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Fred- 
erick co.,  and  runs  N.  E.  into  the  Potomac. 

Slippery  Rock  Creek,  Pa.,  rises  in  Mercer  and 
Butler  counties,  and  falls  into  Conquenessing 
Creek  a  little  above  its  entrance  into  Big  Beaver 
River.  Length  35  miles. 

Small  Cape.  Me.,  situated  in  the  S.  part  of 
Phipsburg,  is  the  E.  boundary  of  Casco  Bay. 

Smith  Fork,  Ca.  One  of  the  head  branches  of 
Eagle  River. 

Smith's  Inland,  Northampton  co.,  Va.,  lies  in 
the  Atlantic,  N.  E.  from  Cape  Charles. 

Smith's  Island,  New  Hanover  co.,  N.  C.,  is  sit- 
uated at  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River.  Cape 
Fear  is  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island.  A  light- 
house stands  on  the  W.  side,  overlooking  the 
main  channel. 

Smith's  Point,  Va.  The  E.  extremity  of 
Northumberland  co.,  extending  into  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Smith's  River,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  This  river 
rises  from  several  ponds  in  Grafton  and  Orange, 
and  after  pursuing  a  winding  E.  course  of  from 
12  to  18  miles,  through  Danbury  and  Alexan- 
dria, falls  into  the  Pemigewasset  between  Bristol 
and  Hill. 

Sndthtown  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  town  of  Smith- 
town,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island,  and  is  a 
good  harbor  during  easterly  storms.  It  is -a  great 
resort  of  wild  water  fowl,  and  is  stocked  with 
various  kinds  of  fish. 

Snake  Island,  N.  Y.     See  Rattlesnake  Island. 

Soda  Lake,  Caddo  parish,  La.,  lies  S.  from 
Caddo  Lake,  with  which  it  is  connected. 

Sodas  Bay,  or  Great  Sodus  Bay,  Wayne  co.. 
N.  Y.,  is  an  irregular  body  of  water,  lying  in  the 
towns  of  Sodus  and  Huron,  and  opening  into 
Lake  Ontario  on  the  N.  It  is  navigable,  and  at 
its  mouth  have  been  constructed  extensive  piers 
and  light-houses.  It  is  5  miles  long,  and  from  1 
to  3  wide. 

Soldier  River,  lo.  This  stream  rises  in  the  N. 
W.  interior  of  the  state,  near  the  source  of  Rac- 
coon River,  flows  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the 
Missouri. 

Soucook  River,  N.  H.,  has  its  source  in  3  ponds 
in  the  S.  part  of  Gilmanton,  called  Loon,  Rocky, 
and  Shellcamp  Ponds.  The  river  passes  through 
Loudon,  receiving  several  branches,  and  forms 
the  boundary  between  Concord  and  Pembroke, 
falling  into  the  Merrimack  below  Garvin's  Falls. 

Soudneunk  Stream,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  rises  in 
a  small  lake,  and  flows  S.  into  the  W.  branch  of 
the  Penobscot. 

32 


Souhegan  River,  N.  H.,  originally  Souhegenack. 
The  name  of  a  river  in  Hillsboro'  co.,  and  the  for- 
mer name  of  Amherst  and  Merrimack.  The  prin- 
cipal branch  of  this  river  originates  from  a  pond 
in  Ashburnham,  Ms.  It  passes  N.  through  Ash- 
by  into  New  Ipswich,  and  through  Mason,  Mil- 
ford,  Amherst,  into  the  town  of  Merrimack,  where 
it  unites  with  Merrimack  River.  In  its  course 
it  receives  several  streams  from  Temple,  Lynde- 
boro',  and  Mount  Vernon,  and  just  before  it  falls 
into  the  Merrimack  receives  Babboosuck  Brook, 
a  stream  issuing  from  Babboosuck  Pond.  See 
Amherst. 

South  Bays,  Vt.  There  are  two  bays  of  this 
name,  one  at  the  S.  en'd  of  Lake  Champlain,  near 
Whitehall,  and  the  other  at  the  S.  end  of  Lake 
Memphremagog,  between  Salem  and  Newport. 

South  Bay,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.  This  bay 
lies  between  the  towns  of  Dresden  and  Whitehall, 
and  opens  into  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  4  miles 
long,  and  half  a  mile  wide. 

South  Bay,  N.  Y.     See  Great  South  Bay. 

South  River,  N.  C.  A  large  tributary  of  the 
Cape  Fear  River.  It  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Cumberland  co.,  flows  S.  S.  E.,  separating  Samp- 
son and  New  Hanover  from  Cumberland,  Bla- 
den,  and  Brunswick  counties. 

South  Newport  River,  Ga.  This  river  flows  in 
an  easterly  direction,  forming  the  boundary  line 
between  Liberty  and  Mclntosh  counties,  and  falls 
into  Sapelo  Sound. 

South  Three  River,  lo.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of 
Clarke  co.,  flows  N.  E.  across  Warren  co.,  and 
empties  into  the  Desmoines. 

Sowadabscook  River,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.  This 
stream  falls  into  the  Penobscot  at  Hampden,  5 
miles  below  Bangor.  Within  3  miles  of  its  mouth 
it  falls  120  feet,  furnishing  many  valuable  mill 
privileges.  The  main  branch,  which  rises  in 
Stetson,  unites  with  the  Harvey  Stream  from 
Levant,  and  the  Kinsley  Stream  from  Etna,  both 
affording  excellent  mill  sites,  near  the  village  in 
Carmel.  Below  these  the  Sowadabscook  is  deep 
and  sluggish,  from  15  to  25  yards  in  width,  flow- 
ing through  extensive  meadows,  and  the  Great 
and  Little  Ponds  in  Hermon,  with  very  little  de- 
scent, to  the  head  of  the  falls  in  Hampden. ,  Near 
the  E.  line  of  Carmel,  this  stream  comes  within 
about  20  rods  of  the  Little  Kenduskeag,  a  stream 
which  flows  through  the  N.  E.  part  of  Carmel, 
from  Levant  to  Bangor ;  and  the  two  streams 
are  united  by  a  branch  from  20  to  30  feet  wide, 
and  3  feet  de'ep,  called  the  "  Cross."  The  Kendus- 
keag is  so  rapid  that  it  rises  and  falls  much  quicker 
than  the  Sowadabscook.  When  the  streams  are 
rising,  the  current  in  the  Cross  sets  towards  the 
Sowadabscook,  and  when  falling  towards  the  Ken- 
duskeag. The  country  watered  by  the  Sowadabs- 
cook is  generally  rather  level  and  free  from  hills, 
though  there  are  many  swells  of  very  fine  farming 
land. 

Spafford's  Lake,  N.  H.     See  Chesterfield. 

Spanish  Creek,  Camden  co.,  Ga.  A  small  trib- 
utary of  St.  Mary's  River. 

Spanish  Lake,  Natchitoches  parish.  La.,  lies  S. 
from  Red  River,  into  which  it  discharges  its 
waters.  It  receives  several  small  streams,  the 
principal  of  which  is  Bayou  Terre  Blanche. 

Speckled  Mountain,  Oxford  co.  Me.,  lies  on  the 
N.  H.  line,  partly  in  the  town  of  Riley.  Eleva- 
tion about  4000  feet. 

Spencer  A  fountain,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  lies  B 
of  Moose  Head  Lake. 


250 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Spesutia  Island,  Harford  co,  Md.r  lies  in  Chesa- 
peake Bav,  just  below  Turkey  Point. 

Spiqqot  River,  N.  H.  and  Ms.,  rises  in  Hemp- 
stead,  and  passes  through  Salem,  and  into  the 
Merrimack,  between  Methuen  and  Dracut,  Ms., 
nearly  opposite  Shawsheen  River,  which  comes 
from  "the  S.  through  Andover. 

Spipen  River,  On.    A  head  branch  of  Yakima 

Spirit  Lake,  lo.  Situated  in  the  west  of  the 
state  at  the  head  of Inyan  Yankey  or  Little  Sioux 
River. 

Split  Cape,  Me.     See  Addison. 
Spoon  River,  Is.,  is  formed  in  Coffee  co.,  by  the 
union  of  several  forks,  and  pursues  a  S.  course 
until  it  enters  the  W.  side  of  the  Illinois.    It  af- 
fords good  water  power. 

Spraque's  Hill,  Bridgewater,  Ms. 
Spring  Creek,  Ga.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Early 
co.,  flows  S.,  and  foils  into  Flint  River  near  its 
junction  with  the  Chattahoochee. 

Spring  River,  Mo.  and  Wes.  Ter.  The  head 
branches  of  this  stream  drain  Lawrence  co. ;  it 
then  flows  in  a  circuitous  S.  W.  course  into  the 
Western  Territory,  where  it  enters  Neosho  River. 
Spring  Garden  Lake,  Orange  co.,  Fa.,  lies  S.  E. 
from  Lake  George,  and  empties  into  St.  John's 
River. 

Spruce  Hill,  Bridgewater,  Ms.  Height  2588 
feet. 

Spnyten  Duyvel  Creek,  N.  Y.  See  Harlem  River. 
Sqalluck  River,  Me.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
state,  near  the  Canada  line,  and  flows  W.  into  the 
Toladi. 

Squam  Lake,  N.  H.  This  beautiful  sheet  of 
water  lies  on  the  borders  of  Holderness,  Sand- 
wich, Moultonboro',  and  Centre  Harbor.  It  is 
about  6  miles  long,  and  in  its  widest  part  3  miles 
in  width.  It  covers  a  surface  of  between  6000  and 
7000  acres,  contains  numerous  islands,  and  is  well 
stored  with  fish.  This  fine  lake  is  but  a  short 
distance  from  the  celebrated  "  Senter  House,"  at 
Centre  Harbor. 

Squam  River,  N.  H.     See  Holderness. 
Squamscot  or  Swamscot  River,  N.  H.,  called  also 
Great  or  Exeter  River.     See  Exeter. 

Squaw  Island,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.;  lies  in  the  Niagara 
River,  and  is  attached  to  the  town  of  Black  Rock. 
It  contains  about  130  acres  of  land. 

Squirrel  River,  Portage  co.,  Wn.  A  small  W. 
branch  of  the  Little  Wisconsin  River. 

Stanislaus  River,  Ca.  It  rises  among  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  the  Rio  San  Joa- 
quin. 

Stanwix,  Fort,  N.  Y.  See  Rome. 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  Bay  of  New 
York,  about  six  miles  S.  of  the  city,  and  consti- 
tutes the  county  of  Richmond,  with  four  towns. 
It  has  Newark  Bay,  and  the  channel  called  the 
"Kills,"  on  the  N.;  New  York  harbor  and  the 
Narrows,  between  the  outer  and  inner  bays  of 
New  York,  on  the  E.  ;  Raritan  Bay  S. ;  an'd 
Staten  Island  Sound  W.  The  centre  of  the 
island  is  about  1 1  miles  S.  W.  from  the  city.  It 
is  U  miles  in  length  N.  E.  and  S.  W.  and  8 
miles  wide  in  its  broadest  part.  Its  surface  is 
agreeably  diversified,  with  some  good  soil  for 
cultivation,  and  the  advantage  of  nearness  to 
the  market  for  the  disposal  of  every  kind  of  prod- 
uct. The  highest  elevation  is  that  of  Richmond 
Hill,  from  the  summit  of  which,  307  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  ocean,  the  prospect,  which  may 
be  enjoyed  with  little  effort  to  obtain  it,  embra- 


cing the  city  and  the  harbor  of  New  York,  with  its 
shipping,  its  fortifications,  and  its  islands,  Brook- 
lyn, and  the  surrounding  country  on  Long  Island, 
Hoboken,  and  the  adjacent  portions  of  New  Jer- 
sey, is  extremely  rich  and  beautiful.  On  a  hill 
near  the  Narrows  a  telegraphic  signal  is  erected, 
communicating  with  the  Marine  Telegraph  on 
the  Merchants'  Exchange  in  Wall  Street.  The 
New  York  quarantine  ground  is  on  the  N.  shore 
of  this  island,  opposite  to  the  villages  of  Tomp- 
kinsville  and  Stapleton,  to  both  of  which  places 
steamboats  run  several  times  a  day,  from  the 
foot  of  Whitehall  Street.  New  Brighton  is  a 
pleasant  village  on  the  margin  of  the  island,  a 
little  further  W.,  where  are  many  elegant  resi- 
dences, occupied  by  families  from  the  city.  The 
Sailor's  Snug  Harbor,  a  large  and  imposing  edi- 
fice, is  an  asylum  for  superannuated  seamen,  sit- 
uated a  short  distance  from  New  Brighton.  The 
seat  of  justice  for  the  county,  embracing  Staten 
Island,  is  at  Richmond. 

Steer  Creek,  Gilmer  co.,  Va.  A  S.  branch  of 
the  Little  Kanawha  River. 

Sterling  Peak,  Vt.     See  Sterling. 

Steven's's  Branch,  Vt.     See  Barre. 

Stevens  Creek,  S.  C.  This  stream  rises  in  Ab- 
beville and  Edgefield  districts,  receives  many 
large  branches,  and  empties  into  the  Savannah  in 
Edgefield  district. 

Stevcns's  River,  Vt.  This  fine  mill  stream 
rises  in  Peacham  and  Ryegate.  It  received  its 
name  in  compliment  to  Captain  Phineas  Stevens, 
the  brave  defender  of  Charlestown,  N.  H.  The 
waters  of  this  river  are  remarkably  clear,  and  its 
banks  luxuriant  and  romantic.  It  meander* 
about  15  miles,  and  in  its  course  through  Barnet 
receives  Harvey's  Lake,  a  pellucid  sheet  of  water, 
covering  an  area  of  300  acres.  This  beautiful 
river  mingles  with  the  Connecticut  at  Barnet, 
where  it  makes  a  descent  of  100  feet  in  the  dis- 
tance of  10  rods. 

Sting  Bay  Point,  Va.  The  S.  E.  extremity  of 
Middlesex  co.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rappahan- 
nock  River. 

Stocton's  Island,  La  Pointe  'co.,  Wn.  Situat- 
ed in  the  W.  part  of  Lake  Superior,  S.  from 
Bartlett's  Island. 

Stone  Coal  Creek,  Lewis  co.,Va.,  flows  N.W..  and 
enters  the  W.  fork  of  the  Monongahela  at  Weston. 

Stone's  River,  Te.  An  important  stream  rising 
in  the  E.  part  of  Cannon  co.,  and  flowing  N.  W. 
into  the  Cumberland  River,  which  it  enters  N. 
E.  from  Nashville. 

Stone  Inlet,  Colleton  district,  S.  C.  The  pas- 
sage between  Riawaw  and  Folly  Islands. 

Stony  Island,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.  This  island 
lies  in  the  E.  part  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  belongs 
to  the,  town  of  Henderson.  It  is  about  3  mile* 
long  and  1  wide. 

Stony  Point,  Monroe  co.,  Mn.,  extends  into 
Lake  Erie,  E.  from  Plaisance  Bay. 

Strawberry  Island,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  Niagara  River, 
about  1  mile  below  Black  Rock,  and  is  a  great 
resort  of  sportsmen,  as  it  abounds  in  wild  ducks, 
and  aifords  fine  fishing  grounds.  It  contains  100 
acres  of  low  ground,  mostly  covered  with  coarse 
grass. 

Strawberry  River,  As.  This  river  rises  in  tha 
interior  of  Fulton  co.,  flows  S.  E.  through  Law- 
rence co.,  and  falls  into  Big  Black  River  in  the 
N.  E.  corner  of  Independence  co. 

Strong  River,  Mi.,  rises  in  Scott  CO.,  flows  S.  W., 
and  empties  into  Pearl  River. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


251 


Stump  Met,  N.  C.  A  passage  among  the  islands 
off  the  S.  E.  coast  of  New  Hanover  co. 

Sturgeon  Bay,  Brown  co.,  Wn.  A  long,  narrow 
bay,  communicating  on  the  N.  W.  witn  Green 
Bay,  and  extending  S.  E.  nearly  to  Lake  Mich- 
igan. «: 

Sturgeon  River,  Mn.  It  rises  in  a  number  of 
.small  lakes  in  the  N.  part  of  Marquette  co.,  flows 
W.,  and  then  N.,  into  Houghton  co.,  where  it 
empties  into  Portage  Lake. 

Success  Pond,  N.  Y.     See  Lakevitte. 

Suck  Creek,  Te.,  enters  Tennessee  River  at  the 
Whirl. 

Sucker's  Fork,  Scott  co.,  la.  A  small  branch 
of  Graham's  Fork  of  the  Muscatauck  River. 

Sucker  Riuer,  Mn.,  rises  in  a  small  lake  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  Schoolcraft  co.,  flows  across  a  cor- 
ner of  Chippewa  co.,  and  empties  into  Lake 
Superior. 

Sudbury  River,  Ms.  This  river  rises  in  Hop- 
kinton  and  vicinity,  and  after  passing  Framing- 
ham,  Natick,  Sudbury,  Wayland,  and  Lincoln, 
joins  the  Assabet  at  Concord. 

Sugar  Creek,  Hickman  co.,  Te.,  enters  Dutch 
River  from  the  N.  E. 

Sugar  Creek,  la.,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Clinton 
co.,  flows  S.  W.  across  Montgomery  and  Parke 
counties,  and  empties  into  the  Waba.sh. 

Sugar  Creek,  Sangamon  co.,  Is.  A  branch  of 
the  Sangamon  River,  which  it  enters  E.  from 
Springfield. 

Sugar  Creek,  Is.  This  stream  rises  in  McDon- 
ough  co.,  and  enters  the  Illinois  in  Schuyler  co. 

Sugar  Island,  Mn.  A  large  island  situated  in 
the  Straits  of  St.  Mary,  between  the  Montreal 
Channel  and  Tahquamenaw  Bay. 

Sugar  River,  N.  H.  This  river  rises  from  Sun- 
apee  Lake,  passes  through  part  of  Wendell,  the 
whole  of  Newport,  and  nearly  through  the  centre 
of  Claremont,  where  it  meets  the  Connecticut. 
Red  Water  Brook,  in  Claremont,  is  a  branch  of 
Sugar  River. 

Sullivan's  Island,  Charleston  district,  S.  C.  A 
small  island  lying  at  the  mouth  of  Charleston 
harbor. 

Summer  Island,  Mn.,  lies  in  Lake  Michigan,  S. 
from  Point  de  Tour. 

Summer  Lake,  On.  A  small  body  of  water 
lying  N.  E.  from  Tlamath  Lake. 

Suuapee  Lake,  N.  H.,  lies  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Hillsboro'  co.  and  the  N.  E.  part  of  Cheshire,  in 
the  towns  of  Wendell,  New  London,  and  New- 
bury.  It  is  12  miles  long  and  abfcut  l£  miles  in 
width.  Its  outlet  is  on  the  W.  side,  through  Sugar 
River.  Dr.  Jackson,  in  his  geological  report, 
says  that  this  lake  is  so  near  the  summit  level, 
that  a  slight  excavation  would  turn  its  waters 
either  into  the  Connecticut  or  the  Merrimack.  It 
is  elevated  about  1080  feet  above  the  sea  level, 
and  the  descent  of  its  outlet,  Sugar  River,  to  the 
Connecticut,  is  very  rapid. 

Suncook  River,  N*  H.  This  river  rises  in  a  pond 
between  Gilmantoii  and  Gilford,  near  the  sum- 
mit of  one  of  the  Suncook  Mts.,  elevated  900 
feet  above  its  base.  This  stream  passes  through 
two  other  ponds  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  and 
thence  through  the  S.  E.  part  of  Gilmanton.  into 
Barnstead,  where  it  receives  several  tributaries ; 
thence  through  Pittsh'eld  and  Epsom,  and  be- 
tween Allenstown  and  Pembroke,  into  the  Mer- 
rimack. 

Sun  Flower  River,  Mi.  This  river  is  supplied 
by  two  head  branches,  which  are  outlets  of  the 


Mississippi.     It  flows  S.,  connecting  with  numer- 
ous small  streams,  and  finally  enters  the  Yazoo. 

Sunk/iaze  Stream,  Me.,  flows  N.  of  W.,  and  falls 
into  the  Penobscot  about  5  miles  above  Oldtown 
village. 

Superior,  Lake,  the  largest  of  the  great  lakes 
of  North  America,  and  supposed  to  be  the  largest 
body  of  fresh  water  on  the  sflrface  of  the  globe. 
Its  length  is  -'about  380  miles,  its  breadth  130 
miles,  and  its  circumference  between  1400  and 
1500  miles.  It  is  surrounded  mostly  by  a  rocky, 
uneven,  and  sterile  coast.  It  contains  many  con- 
siderable islands,  the  largest  of  which,  in  the  N.  W. 
part,  is  Isle  Royal,  about  100  miles  long  and  40 
broad.  Its  waters  abound  with  fish,  particularly 
trout,  sturgeon,  and  white  fish,  which  are  caught 
at  all  seasons.  The  trout  taken  in  this  lake  gen- 
erally weigh  about  12  pounds,  but  many  are 
larger  than  this,  even  up  to  50  pounds.  The 
elevation  of  the  lake's  surface  above  the  ocean  is 
641  feet,  and  the  mean  depth  of  its  bottom  900 
feet.  This  lake  is  subject  to  as  violent  agitation 
from  storms  as  the  broad  Atlantic,  and  its  navi- 
gation is  quite  as  dangerous.  The  vessels  which 
navigate  Lake  Superior  are  confined  within  its 
own  waters,  as  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary  present  a 
complete  obstruction  to  communication  by  water 
.with  the  lakes  below.  This  obstruction  will 
doubtless  be  ultimately  overcome,  as  it  is  possible 
that  this  should  be  done  by  a  ship  canal,  at  a 
comparatively  moderate  expense.  More  than  30 
rivers  empty  their  waters  into  Lake  Superior, 
which  are  all  discharged  by  the  outlet  of  St. 
Mary's  Strait,  or  River,  into  Lake  Huron,  towards 
the  E.  The  boundary  line  between  the  U.  S.  and 
the  British  possessions  passes  from  its  outlet 
through  the  middle  of  the  E.  section  of  this  lake ; 
but  towards  the  W.  it  is  carried  clear  round  to 
the  N.  of  Isle  Royal,  giving  that  island  and  the 
whole  body  of  the  lake  below  it  to  the  U.  S. ; 
then,  passing  round  the  W.  extremity  of  the 
island,  it  inclines  S.  to  the  entrance  of  Pigeon 
River,  leaving  the  largest  part  of  this  section  of 
the  lake  on  the  British  side.  The  Pictured  Rocks, 
so  called,  towards  the  E.  end  of  Lake  Superior, 
are  a  great  naturakcuriosity.  They  form  a  per- 
pendicular wall  300  feet  high,  extending  about  12 
miles  along  the  shore  of  the  lake.  Upon  the  face 
of  this  wall  are  numerous  indentations  and  pro- 
jections, from  which  they  have  received  their 
name,  and  at  the  base  are  many  deep  receding 
caverns,  into  which  the  waves,  especially  when 
lashed  by  storms,  roll  and  reverberate  with  a 
tremendous  roar.  At  one  place,  at  the  height  of 
70  feet,  a  considerable  stream  leaps  out,  at  a  single 
burst  from  this  lofty  palisade  of  rocks,  into  the 
lake,  leaving  a  clear  space  for  boats  to  pass  be- 
hind its  descending  column.  At  another  place 
four  huge  piers  of  the  rock  bear  up  a  vast  stra- 
tum or  entablature  of  the  same,  with  earth  resting 
upon  it,  upon  which  are  growing  trees  of  spruce 
and  pine,  some  of  which  stand  50  or  60  feet  high. 
This  is  appropriately  called  the  Doric  Rock,  from 
its  remarkable  resemblance  to  a  work  of  art.  In 
the  region  about  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior, 
many  valuable  mines  of  copper  and  other  ores 
have  been  discovered  within  a  few  years  past,  for 
the  working  of  which  companies  have  been  formed 
among  capitalists  of  our  eastern  cities,  who,  not- 
withstanding the  remoteness  of  the  locality,  and 
the  want  of  many  facilities  of  transportation 
which  may  hereafter  be  provided,  are,  with  profit 
to  themselves,  bringing  no  small  supply  of  this 


252 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


valuable  mineral  wealth  into  the  commerce  of 
the  country. 

Suquinochee  River,  Sumpter  co.,  Aa.  This  river 
has  several  large  branches,  and  flows  S.  E.  into 
the  Tombigbee. 

Suwannee  River,  Fa.,  rises  m  Okefinokee 
Swamp,  Ga.  The  Allapahaw  flows  into  it  from 
the  N.,  and  the  Withlacoochee  from  the  N.  W. 
The  banks  in  some  places  are  100  |eet  high,  per- 
pendicular, and  of  beautiful  granite.  Its  bed  is 
rocky,  and  it  enters  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
through  numerous  shallow  channels.  The  bar 
at  its  mouth  has  not  more  than  5  feet  of  water, 
but  above  that  it  has  15  feet  for  55  miles. 

Sawanuchee  River,  Ware  co.,  Ga.  One  of  the 
head  branches  of  the  Suwannee  River,  which  it 
enters  near  Fort  Giltner. 

Swamp  Creek,  On.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  enters 
Lewis  Fork  of  Bear  River  a  little  above  Malade 
River. 

Swan  Creek,  Te.,  enters  Duck  River  from  the 
S.  in  Hickman  co. 

Swan  Creek,  Mo.,  rises  in  the.  S.  W.  part  of 
Wright  co..  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  White  River 
at  Forsyth,  in  Taney  co. 

Swan  Lake,  Ma.  The  largest  of  a  chain  of 
lakes  at  the  head  of  Swan  River. 

Swan  Point,  Md.  The  S.  W.  extremity  of 
Kent  co.,  extending  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Swan  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  Swan  Lake,  flows 
S.  S.  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi  River. 

Swatara  River,  Pa.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  the 
Susquehanna  at  Middleton. 

Sweet  Springs,  Monroe  co.,  Va.  This  is  one 
of  the  oldest  watering-places  in  the  state.  There 
are  extensive  accommodations,  and  the  waters 
are  efficacious  in  many  complaints,  resembling 
the  Bristol  Hot  Wells,  England.  The  spring  is 
so  copious  as  to  turn  a  mill  200  yards  from  its 
source. 

Swift  River,  Me.,  flows  S.,  and  falls  into  the 
Androscoggin  at  Mexico. 

Swift  River,  N.  H.,  rises  in  the  mountains  N.  W. 
of  Albany,  passes  through  that  town  with  great 
rapidity,  and  falls  into  the  Saco  in  Conway.  Its 
whole  course  is  rapid,  and  in  one  place  it  falls  30 
feet  in  the  distance  of  6  rodl^through  a  channel 
in  the  solid  rock  of  about  12  feet  wide,  the  sides 
being  from  10  to  30  feet  perpendicular  height. 
At  the  upper  part  of  these  falls  are  several  holes, 
worn  perpendicularly  into  the  rock,  several  feet 
in  depth,  and  from  6  inches  to  2  feet  in  diameter. 
There  is  another  small  stream  of  the  same  name 
in  the  town  of  Tamworth. 

Table  Mountain,  Pendleton  district,  S.  C.  This 
remarkable  mountain  is  elevated  3168  feet  above 
the  surrounding  country,  and  about  4000  ft.  above 
sea  level.  One  side  of  the  eminence  presents  an 
immense  rocky  precipice,  at  the  bottom  of  which 
is  a  dismal  valley  or  gulf,  of  great  depth,  and 
whitened  by  the  bones  of  various  animals. 

Tagahona  Bay,  Fa.,  lies  off  the  coast  of  Benton 
co.,  and  receives  several  rivers,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Weekiwachee,  the  Pithlochastotoc 
and  the  Anclote. 

Taghkfinic  Mountains,  N.  Y.  This  range,  which 
is  a  branch  of  the  Green  Mountains,  commences 
in  the  E.  part  of  Rensselaer  co.,  extends  S.  paral- 
lel to  the  state  line,  sometimes  entering  Ms., 
through  Columbia,  into  Dutchess  co..  a  distance 
of  50  miles,  where  it  divides  into  two  ridges,  one 
of  which  extends  through  Putnam  into  West- 


chester  co.,  dividing  the  waters  that  flow  E.  into 
Long  Island  Sound  from  those  that  flow  W.  into 
Hudson  River. 

Tahnecnah  River,  Iowa  co.,  Wn.,  flows  N.  into 
Wisconsin  River. 

Tahquamenaw  Bay,  Mn.  This  large  bay  is  sit- 
uated between  the  Straits  of  St.  Mary  on  the  S. 
E.,  and  Lake  Superior  on  the  N.  W.,  and  separates 
Canada  from  Michigan. 

Tahquamenaw  River,  Mn.  The  numerous  head 
branches  of  this  river  rise  in  Michilimackinac  and 
Chippewa  counties ;  the  main  stream  then  flows  in 
a  N.  E.  direction,  and  falls  into  Tahquamenaw 
Bay. 

Talcott  Lake,  Ma.  The  Moingonan  River  passes 
through  this  lake,  which  lies  S.  from  Lake  Shetek. 

Tallahala  Creek,  Mi.,  has  its  source  in  Jackson 
co.,  flows  S.,  receiving  several  large  branches,  and 
empties  into  Leaf  River. 

TaUahatchie  River,  Mi.  This  is  an  important 
stream,  which,  with  its  branches,  drains  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  county  whose  name  it  bears. 

Tallapoosa  River,  Ga.  and  Aa.,  rises  in  Carroll 
and  Paulding  counties,  Ga.,  flows  S.  W.  into  Aa., 
where  it  receives  numerous  small  tributaries,  and 
joining  with  the  Coosa  between  Montgomery  and 
Autauga  counties,  forms  the  Alabama. 

Tallulah  or  Terrora  River,  Ga.  It  rises  in  Rabun 
co.,  flows  S.  E.,  separating  Rabun  and  Habersham 
counties,  and  unites  with  the  Chatuga  to  form  the 
Tugaloo. 

Tamarac  Creek,  Crawford  co.,  Wn.  A  small 
tributary  of  Trempaleau  River,  which  it  enters 
near  its  mouth. 

Tampa  Bay,  Fa.,  called  Espiritu  Santo  by  the 
Spaniards,  is  the  largest  bay  in  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, being  40  miles  long,  and  in  one  place  35  miles 
in  width,  and  having  from  15  to  20  feet  of  water 
on  the  bar.  It,  receives  numerous  tributaries,  of 
which  Hillsboro',  Manate,  Oyster,  Indian,  and 
Alafia  Rivers  are  the  principal.  The  bay  is  easy 
of  access,  and  affords  fine  anchorage.  At  its 
mouth  are  numerous  islands.  Little  Tampa  Bay, 
lying  in  its  N.  W.  part,  is  about  10  miles  in  diam- 
eter, but  very  shallow. 

Tampa  Creek,  Ma.  A  W.  tributary  of  Shayenn 
Oju  River. 

Tangier  Sound,  Md.  Situated  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  off  the  coast  of  Somerset  co.,  and  N.  W. 
from  Pocomoke  Bay.  It  contains  a  number  of 
islands,  and  receives  the  waters  of  Nanticoke, 
Wicomico,  Manokin,  and  some  other  rivers. 

Tangipahao  River,  Mi.  and  La.,  rises  in  Pike 
and  Amite  counties,  Mi.,  flows  S.  into  La.,  then 
S.  by  E.  Yo  its  entrance  into  Lake  Ponchartrain, 
its  whole  length  being  about  80  miles. 

Tankio  River,  Little  and  Great.  These  streams 
rise  in  the  S.  part  of  Page  co.,  Io.,  flow  S.  into 
Mo.,  and  enter  the  Missouri  River  in  Holt  co., 
soon  after  their  junction. 

Tanner's  Creek,  la.,  falls  into  the  Ohio  River  2 
miles  below  Lawrenceburg. 

Tappan  Bay,  N.  Y.,  an  expansion  of  Hudson 
River,  commences  22  miles  N.  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  extends  to  Teller's  Point,  a  distance  of 
10  or  12  miles.  It  is  from  2  to  3  miles  wide,  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and  highly-cultivated 
country. 

Tar  River,  N.  C.,  rises  in  Person  co.,  flows  in  a 
winding  S.  E.  direction,  receives  Fishing  Creek,  a 
large  branch  from  the  N.  in  Edgecomb  co.,  and 
below  Washington  expands  into  a  broad  estuary, 
which  is  called  Pamlico  River,  and  flows  into 


IN  THE    UNITED   STATES. 


253 


Pamlico  Sound.  Vessels  drawing  9  feet  of  water 
navigate  it  to  Washington,  and  small  steamboats 
to  Tarboro'.  Its  length  is  about  180  miles. 

Tarquewac  Mountain,  Me.,  lies  on  the  border  of 
Piscataquis  and  Somerset  counties. 

Taunton  River,  Ms.  This  river  rises  in  Plym- 
outh co.,  and  falls  into  Mount  Hope  Bay.  The 
Taunton  and  its  branches  water  the  towns  of 
Abington,  Hanson,  Halifax,  and  Plympton,  all 
the  Bridgewaters,  Raynham,  Taunton,  Berkley, 
Dighton,  Freetown,  Fall  River,  Somerset,  and 
Swansey.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  great  hydraulic 
power  it  affords,  and  for  the  number  of  alewives 
within  its  waters. 

Taxpa.m  River,  On.  It  rises  among  the  Cascade 
Mts.,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  Admiralty  Inlet. 

Tchanchir.anah  Lake,  Ma.  An  enlargement  of 
the  Tchan  Sansan  or  River  a  Jaques. 

Tchiyaza  Lakes,  lo.  A  chain  of  small  lakes, 
lying  on  the  N.  border  of  the  state,  and  supplying 
the  head  branches  of  Lime  Creek. 

Tchocunna  River,  Ga.,  rises  in  Monroe  co.,  flows 
in  a  S.  E.  direction  40  miles,  and  enters  the  Ock- 
mulgee  between  Houston  and  Bibb  counties. 

Teche  River.  La.,  rises  near  Red  River,  in  Ra- 
pides  parish,  and  pursuing  a  winding  S.  S.  E. 
course,  it  enters  the  outlet  of  Chetimaches  Lake, 
in  St.  Mary's  parish.  It  is  about  180  miles  long, 
and  200  yards  wide  at  the  mouth.  Its  channel 
is  deep,  and  the  tide  ascends  more  than  100  miles. 
This  river,  like  the  Mississippi,  is  higher  than 
the  adjoining  country,  excepting  its  immediate 
banks.  It  is  20  feet  deep,  has  8  feet  of  water 
on  the  bar,  and  is  navigable  to  New  Iberia,  100 
miles. 

Telegraph  Hill,  Marshfield,  Ms.     Height  205  ft. 

Telessas  Lake,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me.,  lies  S.  E. 
of  Bamonenungemook  Lake,  with  which  it  is 
connected. 

Tellers  Point,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.  This 
peninsula  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  River, 
in  the  town  of  Cortland,  just  above  the  mouth 
of  Croton  River.  It  is  about  2  miles  long,  and 
separates  Haverstraw  and  Tappan  Bays. 

Tellico  River  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Cherokee 
co.,  N.  C.,  flows  N.  W.  into  Te.,  and  empties  into 
Tennessee  River  in  Monroe  co. 

Temisconata  Lake,  Me.     See  Madawaska  River. 

Teneriffe  Mountain,  N.  H.     See  Milton. 

Ten  Mile  Creek,  or  River,  N.  Y.  and  Ct.  This 
stream  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Dutchess  co., 
flows  S.  and  E.  into  Ct.,  where  it  falls  into  the 
Housatonic  River. 

Tennessee  River  has  its  sources  in  the  Alle- 
Mts.,  in  Tazewell  and  Wise  counties, 


Virginia.  Its  principal  head  tributaries  are  the 
Holston  and  the  Clinch  Rivers,  the  former  of 
which  receives  the  French  Broad  River,  and  the 
latter  Powell's  River.  The  Holston  and  Clinch 
unite  at  Kingston,  in  Roan  co.,  Tennessee,  and 
thence  the  course  of  the  main  stream  is  about  S. 
W.,  until  it  crosses  the  boundary  of  Alabama, 
near  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  state,  and  continuing 
50  or  60  miles  in  this  direction,  bends  towards 
the  N.  W.,  breaking  through  the  Cumberland 
Mts.,  and  traversing  the  entire  N.  end  of  Ala- 
bama, until,  cutting  off  a  small  corner  of  Missis- 
sippi, it  emerges  again  into  Tennessee,  where  it 
immediately  takes  a  course  due  N.,  crossing  the 
state,  and  entering  Kentucky,  across  the  western 
point  of  which,  bearing  a  little  farther  to  the  W., 
it  flows  on  to  its  confluence  with  the  Ohio,  which 
is  only  about  12  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 


Cumberland  River.  The  valley  of  the  Tennes- 
see divides  itself  into  two  great  sections,  the 
upper  and  the  lower.  The  upper  valley  is  that 
which  is  above  the  passage  of  the  river  through 
the  Cumberland  Mts.,  and  is  included  between 
the  two  parallel  chains  of  the  Appalachian  sys- 
tem, which  form  a  connection  just  below  this  pass. 
This  upper  section  is  mountainous  and  much 
elevated,  embracing  an  area  of  about  24.000 
square  miles.  The  lower  valley  of  the  Tennes- 
see is  composed  of  several  physical  sections,  in 
N.  Alabama,  W.  Tennessee,  and  Kentucky,  com- 
prising in  all  an  area  of  17.600  square  miles. 
Thus  the  whole  valley  of  this  large  river  embraces 
a  superficial  extent  of  41,600  square  miles.  It 
is,  therefore,  by  this  standard  of  estimation,  as 
well  as  from  its  comparative  length,  which  is 
near  1200  miles,  and  from  the  large  volume  of 
water  which  it  carries,  entitled  to  the  first  rank 
among  the  tributaries  of  the  Ohio.  The  difference 
in  the  relative  height  between  the  highest  and  the 
lowest  extremes  of  the  upper  and  lower  valleys 
of  the  Tennessee  is  not  less  than  1700  feet.  The 
current  of  every  branch  of  the  river  is  very  rapid, 
though  there  are  few,  if  any,  direct  falls  in  them, 
and  they  generally  admit  of  boat  navigation 
nearly  to  their  sources.  The  whole  river  has  a 
mean  fall  of  2  feet  to  the  mile.  It  is  navigable, 
excepting  at  low  water,  for  steamboats,  from  its 
mouth  to  Florence,  in  Alabama,  a  distance  of 
259  miles.  Here  are  the  Muscle  Shoals,  where 
the  river  expands  to  a  width  of  several  miles, 
and  is  very  shallow.  A  canal  has  been  made 
around  these  shoals  36  miles  long,  to  admit  the 
passage  of  steamboats,  and  the  navigation  of  the 
river  above  is  unobstructed  for  250  miles,  to  the 
pass  of  the  Cumberland  Mts.  The  river  is  here 
compressed  to  a  width  of  70  feet,  besides  being 
whirled  around  a  projecting  cliff,  occasioning  a 
very  difficult  current  for  boats,  whether  ascend- 
ing or  descending.  The  river  above  this  point 
is  only  favorable  to  navigation  with  the  stream. 

Tensas  River,  La.,  rises  in  Chicot  co.,  As.,  flows 
nearly  parallel  with  the  Mississippi,  through 
Carroll  and  Madison  counties,  forms  the  boundary 
between  Concordia  and  Cattahoola  counties,  and 
falls  into  Wachita  River. 

Tensaw  River,  Aa.,  the  eastern  outlet  of  Mobile 
River,  leaves  it  8  miles  below  the  junction  of 
Tombigbee  and  Alabama  Rivers.  It  flows  S. 
past  Blakely,  and  enters  Mobile  Bay  by  several 
mouths.  It  contains  a  considerable  island  a  lit- 
tle below  where  it  leaves  Mobile  River. 

Tetedes  Mort,  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Mississippi 

Tetos  Pond,  Me.,  is  connected  on  the  N.  by  an 
outlet  with  Telessas  Lake. 

Tewapa  Tankyan  Lake.  Ma.  Situated  between 
the  forks  of  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Tewapa  Tankyan  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  Warah 
and  Wamdushkati  lakes,  flows  N.  E.,  and  empties 
into  Mankato  River. 

Thames  River,  Ct.  The  Quinebaug,  Shetucket, 
and  Yantic  Rivers  unite  near  Norwich  to  form 
this  stream,  which  is  navigable  from  that  place 
to  New  London,  a  distance  of  14  miles.  The 
banks  of  this  river  are  very  picturesque  and 
beautiful. 

Thimble  Islands,  New  Haven  co.,  Ct.  A  group 
of  small  islands  lying  off  the  town  of  Branford. 

Third  Lake,  Dane  co.,  Wn.  Situated  on  the 
E.  border  of  the  city  of  Madison,  S.  E.  from 
Fourth  Lake. 


254 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,   &c., 


Thirteen  Wile  Creek,  Mason  co.,  Va.  An  E. 
branch  of  the  Great  Kanawha. 

Thomas  Fork,  On.  A  small  stream  flowing 
S.  W.  into  Bear  River. 

Thompson's  Creek,  S.  C.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  enters 
the  Great  Pedee  below  Chatham. 

Thousand  Islands.  This  cluster  of  islands,  be- 
longing partly  to  the  Americans  and  partly  to 
the  British,  lies  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  a  lit- 
tle below  Lake  Ontario.  Some  of  these  islands 
are  fertile  and  possess  good  timber,  but  generally 
they  are  small  and  rocky.  The  river  where  they 
are  located  is  from  2  to  10  miles  in  width.  In 
the  distance  of  between  20  and  30  miles,  the  num- 
ber of  these  islands  is  said  to  exceed  1500.  and 
passages  amid  them,  up  and  down  this  magnifi- 
cent outlet  of  the  great  lakes,  present  to  the 
traveller  scenes  of  great  sublimity  and  beauty. 

Three  Buttes,  On.  These  are  isolated  peaks 
situated  between  Lewis  Fork  and  Malade  River, 
and  N.  W.  from  Fort  Hall. 

Three  Tetons,  On.  These  peaks  are  a  branch 
of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  are  situated  at  the  head 
of  the  Lewis  Fork  of  Columbia  River. 

Throg's  Point,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  situated 
in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  town  of  Westchester,  16 
miles  N.  E.  of  New  York  city.  It  projects  a  mile 
or  two  into  East  River,  and  is  an  important  mil- 
itary position,  on  which  has  been  erected  by  the 
United  States  government  a  strong  fortification, 
called  Fort  Schuyler,  which,  together  with  the 
fortification  at  the  Narrows,  is  intended  to  de- 
fend the  city  of  New  York  from  foreign  in- 
vasion. 

Thunder  Bay,  Mn.  This  large  bay  extends 
from  Lake  Huron  into  Alpena  co.,  contains  a 
number  of  islands,  and  receives  the  waters  of 
several  rivers. 

Thunder  Bay  River,  Mn.  This  river  rises  in 
the  N.  part  of  Oscoda  co.,  takes  a  winding  N.  E. 
course  through  Montmorenci  and  Alpena  counties, 
and  falls  into  Thunder  Bay. 

Tibbefs  Island,  N.  Y.     See  Green  Island. 

Ticnnderoya  Fort,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.  This  re- 
nowmd  fortification  lies  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake 
Cham  plain.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Tie  Tie  Creek,  Ware  co.,  Ga.  A  small  stream 
flowing  through  the  W.  part  of  Okefinokee 
Swamp,  and  emptying  into  Jones  Creek. 

Tiffins  River,  O.,  rises  in  a  lake  in  Mn.,  enters 
0.  in  Williams  co.,  and  flows  in  a  S.  direction  to 
Maumee  River,  which  it  enters  one  mile  W.  of 
Defiance.  It  is  navigable  for  small  craft  50 
miles,  and  affords  good  water  power. 

Timbalier  Bay,  La.  This  is  a  rather  shallow 
bay,  from  3  to  6  miles  wide,  extending  N.  W. 
from  the  mouth  of  Bayou  La  Fourche  30  miles, 
and  is  bounded  on  the'S.  W.  side  by  a  lon«-  low 
peninsula. 

Timpanozu.  River,  Ca.,  Uh.  A  small  stream 
rising  in  the  Timpanozu  Mts.,  and  flowin^  S  W 
into  Utah  Lake. 

Tinker's  Creek,  O.  A  tributary  of  the  Cuya- 
hoga.  which  it  enters  12  miles  above  Cleveland. 

Tioughniogn  River,  N.  Y.  This  fine  mill  stream 
rises  in  Onondaga  co.,  flows  S.  through  Cortlancl 
co.,  and  enters  Chenango  River  at  Chenan<ro 
Forks  village,  in  Broome  co. 

Tippecanoe  River,  la.  Its  head  branches  water 
Noble  and  Kosciusko  counties,  and,  after  a  wind- 
ing course  through  Fulton.  Pulaski,  and  White 
counties,  it  enters  the  Wabash  in  the  N.  part  of 
Tippecanoe  co. 


Tipsinah  River,  Ma.  A  N.  E.  tributary  of  the 
Minesota  or  Qui  Parle  River. 

Ti  Tanka-He  Lake,  Ma.  An  irregularly-shaped 
sheet  of  water,  lying  near  St.  Croix  River,  and 
S.  from  Lake  Poinsett. 

Titicus  Creek,  or  River,  rises  in  Ct.,  flows  W. 
into  N.  Y.,  and  enters  Croton  River  at  the  town 
of  West  Salem,  Westchester  co. 

Tlamath  Lake,  On.  A  large  sheet  of  water 
situated  in  the  S.  part  of  the  state,  among  the 
Cascade  Mts. 

Tlamath  River,  On.  and  Ca.  This  river  rises 
in  Tlamath  Lake,  in  On.,  and  Rhett  Lake,  on  the 
N.  border  of  Uh.,  flows  W.  for  some  distance 
across  Uh.,  then,  turning  to  the  N.  W.,  crosses  a 
corner  of  On.,  and  discharges  its  waters  into  the 
Pacific. 

Tobacco  River,  Mn.  A  small  stream  draining 
the  E.  part  of  Keewaiwona  Point,  and  falling  into 
Lake  Superior. 

Tobopekaliga  Lake,  Orange  co.,  Fa.  Situated 
N.  from  Lake  Kissimee,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  an  outlet. 

Toby's  Creek,  Pa.,  falls  into  the  Alleghany 
River  about  20  miles  below  Franklin.  It  fs 
about  55  miles  long,  and  is  boatable  for  a  large 
part  of  its  course. 

Tombigbee  River,  Mi.  and  Aa.,  rises  in  Tisha- 
mingo  co.,  Mi.,  flows  a  little  E.  of  S.,  receiving 
several  branches,  and  passes  into  Aa.  Sixty  miles 
below  it  receives  from  the  E.  the  Black  Warrior, 
a  river  nearly  as  large  as  itself,  at  Buffport,  and, 
proceeding  1*00  miles  in  a  winding  S.  direction, 
it  unites  with  the  Alabama  to  form  Mobile  River. 
45  miles  above  the  Mobile  Bay,  and  about  70 
miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  navigable 
9  months  in  the  year  to  St.  Stephen's  for  large 
vessels,  and  to  Columbus,  Mi.,  for  steamboats. 
Its  entire  length  is  nearly  500  miles. 

Tomer  Stream,  Me.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of 
Washington  co.,  and  flows  S.  into  the  outlet  of 
Schoodic  Lakes. 

Tomhannock  Creek,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises 
in  the  towns  of  Grafton  and  Pittstown,  flows 
N.  W.,  and  enters  the  Hoosick  at  Schaghticoko. 

Tompkins  Fort.  N.  Y.     See  Stolen  Is/and. 

Tom's  River,  N.  J.,  rises  in  Monmouth  co.,  and 
empties  into  Barnegat  Bay. 

Tonawanda  Creek,  N.  Y.,  has  its  source  in  the 
S.  part  of  Wyoming  co.,  flows  N.  through  a  part 
of  Genesee,  thence  it  turns  W.,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Erie  and  Niagara  counties, 
and  empties  into  Niagara  River  at  Tonawanda 
village.  It  constitutes  a  part  of  Erie  Canal  for 
a  distance  of  12  miles. 

Tonaioanda  Island,  Niagara  co.,  N.  TT.  This 
island  lies  in  the  Niagara  River,  opposite  Ton- 
awanda village,  and  belongs  to  the  town  of 
Whcatfield.  It  contains  about  70  acres  of  highly- 
cultivated  land. 

Tournois  Creek,  Clark  co.,  As.  This  creek 
flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Little  Missouri 
near  its  junction  with  the  Wachita. 

Tourtle  River,  On.  A  small  N.  tributary  of 
Columbia  River. 

Town  Creek,  Brunswick  co.,  N.  C.,  flows  S.  E. 
into  the  Cape  Fear  River. 

Train  Baij,  Mn.,  washes  the  coast  of  School  - 
craft  co.,  W'.  from  Grand  Island. 

Transparent  Lake  lies  in  Hamilton  and  Herki- 
mer  counties,  N.  Y.  It  is  surrounded  by  wild  and 
picturesque  scenery,  and  its  waters,  which,  as  the 
name  indicates  are  remarkably  el  ar,  abound  in 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


255 


talmon  and  brook  trout  of  a  superior  size  and 
quality.  The  lake  is  5  miles  long  and  2  wide. 

Traverse  Island,  Mn.  Situated  in  Lake  Supe- 
lior,  at  the  mouth  of  Keewaiwona  Bay. 

Traverse  Lake,  Ma.  This  is  a  long,  narrow 
body  of  water,  containing  several  islands,  and 
supplying  the  waters  of  Stoux  Wood,  a  head 
branch  of  North  Red  River. 

Trembleau  Point,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  on  the 
VV.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  town  of  Ches- 
terfield. This  is  the  N.  termination  of  the  Clinton 
Mts..  which  extend  from  the  Mohawk  River  to 
this  place. 

Trempaleau  River,  Crawford  CO.,  Wn.  It  drains 
the  N.  W.  part  of  the  county,  and  falls  into  the 
Mississippi  River. 

Trench's  Island,  S.  C.  A  large  island  lying  S. 
from  Broad  River,  and  belonging  to  Beaufort  dis- 
trict. 

Trenton  Falls,  N.  Y.     See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Trinity  River,  Ts.  This  large  river  rises  prin- 
cipally in  the  forest  called  the  Cross  Timbers, 
flows  S.  E..  and  empties  into  Galveston  Bay. 

Trough  Creek,  Pa.,  is  formed  in  the  town  of 
Trough  Creek  by  the  union  of  N.  and  S.  branches, 
and  forcing  a  passage  through  Terrace  Mt.,  it 
enters  the  Raystown,  a  branch  of  Juniata  River. 

Trout  Island,  Mn..  lies  in  the  N.  part  of  Lake 
Michigan,  N.  from  Little  Beaver  Island. 

Trout  Lake,  Portage  co.,  Wn.  Situated  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  county,  E.  from  the  Mandowish 
Lakes,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlet. 

Trout  River,  Me.,  is  a  W.  branch  of  the  Mada- 
waska. 

Trout  River,  Vt.  This  is  a  good  mill  stream, 
formed  in  Montgomery  by  the  junction  of  several 
branches.  It  runs  in  a  N.  W.  direction,  and  falls 
into  the  Missisco,  on  the  border  of  Enosburg  and 
Berkshire. 

Trout  River  rises  in  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows 
N.,  and  enters  the  Chateaugay  River  in  Canada. 

Tshatl  Mount,  Ca.  This"  peak  of  the  Cascade 
range  of  mountains  is  situated  near  the  head  of 
the  Rio  Sacramento. 

Tshatl  River,  On.  A  large  stream  rising 
among  the  Cascade  Mts.,  and  flowing  W.  into 
Tlamath  River. 

Tuiikhannofk  River,  Pa.,  rises  at  the  foot  of 
Ararat  Mt.,  in  the  town  of  Jackson,  Susquehanna 
co.,  flows  S.  W.  through  Wyoming  co.,  and  en- 
ters the  Susquehanna  on  the  N.  side  of  Tunkhan- 
nock Mt.,  after  a  course  of  about  30  miles. 

Tuckaseeye  River,  N.  C.  The  head  branches 
rise  in  Hay  wood  and  Macon  counties;  the  river 
then  runs  N.  W.,  dividing  these  two  counties, 
crosses  the  N.  part  of  Macon  co.,  and  empties  into 
the  Tennessee  River. 

Tuft**  Hill,  New  Braintree,  Ms.  Height  1 179 
feet. 

Tuqaloo  Ricer,  Ga.,  one  of  the  head  branches 
of  the  Savannah,  unites  with  the  Keowee  48 
miles  N.  \V.  from  Petersburg. 

Tulares  Lake,  Ca.  This  large  sheet  of  water, 
which  lies  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast 
Mts.,  is  the  principal  source  of  the  Rio  San  Joa- 
quin. 

Tulip  Bayou,  As.  A  small  stream  forming  the 
boundary  between  Hempstead  and  Wachita  coun- 
ties, and' empty  ing  into  the  Little  Missouri. 

Tullick  Fork,  On.  A  small  stream  flowing  S. 
W.  into  Bear  River. 

Tuntblrtee  Fork,  Ca.  A  small  W.  branch  of 
Grand  River. 


Tupper's  Lake,  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the 
S.  W.  part  of  the  county,  is  6  miles  long  and  2 
wide,  and  abounds  with  trout  and  other  tish. 

Turkey  Creek,  Hardin  co.,  Te.,  unites  with 
Swift  Creek,  and  falls  into  the  Tennessee  above 
Savannah. 

Turkey  Creek,  Humphreys  co.,  Te.  A  small 
branch  of  the  Tennessee  River,  which  it  enters 
between  White  Oak  and  Richland  Creeks. 

Turkey  Point,  Harford  co.,  Md.  It  projects 
into  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Turkey  River,  lo.  This  stream  rises  in  the  N. 
E.  part  of  the  Neutral  Ground,  flows  S.  E.  across 
Winneshick,  Fayette,  and  Clayton  counties,  and 
falls  into  Mississippi  River. 

Turtle  Creek,  Shelby  co.,  0.  A  small  E.  branch 
of  the  Miami  River. 

Turtle  Creek,  Wn.  It  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Walworth  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  Rock 
River  on  the  S.  border  of  Rock  co. 

Turtle  or  Meriumpticook  River,  Me.,  rises  in  a 
large  pond,  and  flows  into  the  St.  John,  about  7 
miles  S.  W.  of  the  Madawaska. 

Tuscaloosa  River,  Aa.,  generally  called  the  Black 
Warrior,  which  is  the  English  of  Tuscaloosa,  a 
name  given  it  by  the  Choctaw  Indians,  is  formed 
by  the  junction  of  Locust  Fork  from  the  E.,  and 
Mulberry  River  from  the  W.  The  former  rises  in 
Blount  co.,  20  miles  S.  of  Tennessee  River,  and 
the  latter  in  Lawrence  and  Walker  counties.  They 
unite  on  the  boundary  between  Jefferson  and 
Tuscaloosa  counties,  and  become  the  Black  War- 
rior, which  unites  with  the  Tombigbee  in  the  S. 
part  of  Greene  co.  Steamboats  ascend  it  to  Tus- 
caloosa, 400  miles,  by  the  course  of  the  river,  above 
Mobile. 

Tuscarora  Creek,  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the 
Tuscarora  reservation,  and  flows  N.  "E.  into  Lake 
Ontario. 

Tuscarora  Creek,  Pa.,  rises  in  Tell,  Huntingdon 
co.,  and  enters  the  Juniata  after  a  N.  E.  course  of 
about  35  miles. 

Tuscarora  Mountains,  Schuylkill  co.,  Pa.,  a 
W.  continuation  of  Mauch  Chunk  Mt.,  lie  on  tho 
line  between  Rush  and  West  Penn  townships. 
They  abound  in  veins  of  anthracite  coal. 

Twaalfskill,  N.  Y.     See  Wilbur. 

Twelve  Mile  Creek,  N.  Y.  rises'  in  the  S.  part  of 
Yates  co..  and  enters  Conhocton  River  in  Steuben 
county. 

Twelve  Mile  Creek,  Pickens  district,  S.  C.  An 
eastern  branch  of  Seneca  River. 

Twelve  Pole  Creek,  Va.  This  stream  is  formed 
in  Wayne  co.,  by  the  junction  of  the  Caney  and 
Laurel  Forks,  and  flows  N.  N.  W.  into  the  Ohio 
River. 

Twenty  Mile  Creek  rises  in  Chatanqtte  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  S.  W.  into  Pa.,  where  it  falls  into  Lake  Erie. 

Twenty-eight  Mile  Creek.  S.  C.,  empties  into 
Seneca  River  in  Anderson  district. 

Twenty -six  Mile  Creek,  Anderson  district,  S.  C- 
A  branch  of  Seneca  River. 

Twin  Rivers,  Wn.  These  rivers  rise  in  the  S. 
E.  part  of  Brown  co.,  flow  S.  E.  into  Manitowoc 
co.,  where  they  unite,  arid  empty  into  Lake  Michi- 
gan. Before  their  junction  they  are  called  East 
and  West  Twin  Rivers. 

Two-hearted  River,  Chippewa  co.,  Mn.  A  small 
stream  emptying  into  Lake  Superior. 

Two  Islands  River.  Ma.  A  small  stream  flowing 
S.  S.  E.,  and  emptying  into  Lake  Superior. 

Two  Sisters1  Creek,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  W. 
into  Lake  Erie. 


256 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Tt/bee  Islands  and  Sound,  Ga.  Situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Savannah  River.  On  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Great  Tybee  Island  is  a  light-house. 

Tuqer  River,  S.  C.  A  branch  of  Broad  River, 
which  it  enters  on  the  boundary  between  Union 
and  Newberry  districts. 

Tygert's  Creek,  Ky.  This  stream  drains  the  W. 
part  of  Carter  co.,  flows  N.  E.,  and  empties  into 
the  Ohio  in  Greenup  co. 

Tygert's  Valley  River,  Va.  A  branch  of  the  E. 
fork  of  the  Monongahela  River.  It  flows  through 
Randolph  and  a  part  of  Barbour  co. 

Tymochtee  Creek,  0.,  enters  the  Sandusky  from 
the  W.,  8  miles  below  Upper  Sandusky. 

Uinta  River,  Ca.  A  W.  branch  of  Green  River, 
which  it  enters  nearly  opposite  White  River. 

Ulcofanhatochee  River,  Ga.  This  river  rises  in 
Gwinnett  co.,  and  flows  S.  into  the  Oconee,  of 
which  it  is  a  head  branch. 

Umahtilah  River,  On.  It  rises  among  the  Blue 
Mts.,  and  flows  N.  of  W.  into  Columbia  River. 

Umbagog  Lake.  This  large  sheet  of  water  lies 
mostly  in'  Oxford  co.,  Me.  It  extends  about  300 
rods  in  width  into  the  towns  of  Erroll  and  Cam- 
bridge, N.  H.  It  is  about  18  miles  long,  and  in 
some  places  10  in  width,  nearly  equalling  Lake 
Winnipiseogee  in  size  and  beauty.  Its  waters  flow 
into  the  Androscoggin  River  by  an  outlet  on 
the  W.  side. 

Umpqua  River,  On.  It  rises  among  the  Cas- 
cade Mts..  flows  W.,  and  empties  into  the  Pacific. 
Unad'dla  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Oneida  co.,  flows 
S.  S.  W.,  forming  the  dividing  line  between  Mad- 
ison, Otsego,  and  Chenango  counties,  and  falls 
into  the  Susquehanna  River.  This  stream  is  50 
miles  in  length,  and  affords  extensive  water 
power. 

Unika  Mountains.  That  portion  of  the  Alle- 
ghany  range  which  lies  S.  E.  of  Tennessee  River, 
and  which  separates  Te.  from  N.  C. 

Union  River,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  This  river 
rises  a  few  miles  S.  of  the  Passadumkeag.  It 
meets  the  tide  at  Ellsworth,  and  flows  S.  into 
Blue  Hill  Bay.  It  is  a  beautiful  stream,  receiv- 
ing many  tributaries,  which  water  a  great  part  of 
the  county.  The  river  is  upwards  of  40  miles  in 
length  above  Ellsworth,  and  affords  much  valua- 
ble water  power. 

Ujmtoic  Creek,  Ga.  This  small  creek  rises  in 
Marion  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  the  Chatta- 
hoochee  in  Muscogee  co. 

Upper  Iowa  River.  It  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
Minesota  Territory,  flows  S.  of  W.,  across  Win- 
neshiek  and  Allamakee  counties,  Io.,  and  empties 
into  Mississippi  River. 

Upper  St.  Croix  Lake,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  It 
is  situated  near  the  head  of  Burnt  Wood  River, 
and  is  one  of  the  head  sources  of  the  St.  Croix. 
Upper  Three  River,  Io.  It  rises  in  the  W.  inte- 
rior of  the  state,  flows  in  a  S.  E.  direction,  cross- 
ing Madison  and  Warren  counties,  and  empties 
into  the  Desmoines  River  on  the  S.  border  of 
Polk  co. 

Upper  Three  Runs,  Bamwell  district,  S.  C. 
This  stream  has  several  branches,  the  principal  of 
which  are  Cedar  and  Tinker's  Creeks.  It  flows 
S.  W.,  and  falls  into  the  Savannah  River. 

Utah  Isike,  Ca.,  Uh.  Situated  S.  E.  from  the 
Great  Salt  Lake,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
Utah  River.  Timpanozee,  Utah,  and  many  otheV 
rivers,  flow  into  it  from  the  E. 

Utsayantlia  Lake,  or  Pond,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y. 


This  small  lake,  which  is  the  head  source  of  Del 
aware  River,  lies  in  the  town  of  Jefferson. 

Valcour  Island,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  Lake  Champlain, 
a  few  miles  S.  of  Plattsburg  village.  If  is  2i 
miles  long,  and  half  a  mile  wide. 

Valley  Creek,  Pa.  A  mill  stream  which  unites 
with  the  Schuylkill,  about  20  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Philadelphia. 

Vancouver  Fort,  On.  Situated  on  the  Colum 
bia  River,  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Willa 
mette  River. 

Van  Schaick's  Island,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk  River,  and  is  attached 
to  the  town  of  Watervliet.  It  is  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  long,  and  quarter  of  a  mile  wide.  The 
Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  Railroad  crosses  it. 

Verdreitje  Hook,  N.  Y.  This  promontory  pro- 
jects into  the  Hudson  River  from  the  W.  side, 
opposite  Teller's  Point,  and  separates  Tappan 
and  Haverstraw  Bays.  It  is  elevated  668  feet 
above  the  river. 

Vermilion  Bay,  La.,  is  situated  S.  of  Lafayette 
co.,  at  the  mouth  of  Vermilion  River,  and  con- 
nected with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  a  strait  called 
Grand  Pass.  It  is  connected  with  Cote  Blanche 
Bay  on  the  E.  It  has  only  5  feet  of  water  on 
the  bar  at  its  entrance,  but  has  10  or  12  within 
the  bar. 

Vermilion  Creek,  Ca.  An  E.  branch  of  Green  Riv- 
er, which  it  enters  above  Yampah  or  Bear  River. 

Vermilion  River,  Is.,  rises  in  Livingston  co., 
and  falls  into  the  Illinois  in  La  Salle  co.  Bitu- 
minous coal,  lime,  and  freestone  are  found  on  its 
banks.  The  rapids  and  falls  in  the  lower  part 
of  its  course  afford  good  water  power. 

Vermilion  River,  0.,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of 
Richland  co.,  and,  flowing  N.,  enters  Lake  Erie 
9  miles  E.  of  Huron  River.  The  harbor  at  its 
mouth  has  been  improved  by  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment. 

Vermilion  River,  La.,  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Lafayette  parish,  and  flows  S.  to  its  entrance 
into  Vermilion  Bay. 

Vermilion  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  Hcrhakah 
Lake,  flows  N.  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Missis- 
sippi opposite  the  St.  Croix  River. 

Virgen  River,  Uh.  This  river  rises  in  the 
Wahsatch  Mts.,  and  flows  in  a  S.  direction  into 
the  Rio  Colorado. 

Vlaie,  or  Fly,  Fulton  co.,  N.  Y.  This  extensive 
marsh  lies  in  the  E.  part  of  the  county,  and  is 
annually  submerged  by  the  surplus  wateVs  of  the 
Sacandaga  and  other*  rivers,  forming  a  sheet  of 
water  extending  several  miles  each  way,  and 
sometimes  covering  20,000  acres  of  land.  It  is 
much  resorted  to  by  anglers  and  sportsmen. 

Vlaie,  or  the  V/y,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.  This 
large  swamp,  or  pond,  lies  in  the  town  of  Middle- 
burg.  A  tributary  of  Schoharie  Creek  flows 
from  it  on  the  N.,  while  Catskill  Creek  flows 
from  it  on  the  S. 

Vlaman^s  Kill,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Albany  co.,  flows 
S.  E.,  and  enters  the  Hudson  at  the  town  of 
Bethlehem. 

Volga  River,  Io.,  rises  in  the  interior  of  Fayette 
co.,  flows  S.  of  E.,  and  enters  Turkey  River  in 
Clayton  co. 

Wabash  River,  la.,  rises  in  Darke  co.,  0.,  flows 
N.  W.  into  Huntington  co.,  la.,  where  it  receives 
Little  River,  which  rises  near  the  junction  of 
the  head  branches  of  Maumee  River.  It  then 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


257 


crosses  the  state  in  a  S.  W.  direction,  receiving 
Eel  and  Tippecanoe  Elvers  on  the  N.,  and  Sala- 
manie  and  Missisinewa  Rivers  on  the  S.  side,  and 
a  little  below  Terre  Haute  it  takes  a  more  S. 
direction,  forming  the  boundary  between  la.  and 
Is.,  until  its  entrance  into  tfye  Ohio,  68  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Cumberland  River,  and  127 
miles  above  the  Mississippi.  It  is  the  largest  N. 
tributary  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  second  in  size  in 
its  whole  course.  It  connects  Lake  Erie  with 
the  Ohio  River  by  means  of  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal.  Steamboats  ascend  it  to  Lafayette. 

Wabesipinicon  River,  lo.  This  large  "river 
rises  in  the  E.  part  of  the  neutral  ground,  flows 
S.  E.  across  Buchanan,  Linn,  Jones,  a  corner 
of  Cedar,  into  Clinton  co.,  and  then  flows  E., 
separating  Clinton  and  Scott  counties,  until  its 
entrance  into  the  Mississippi. 

Waccamaw  Lake,  N.  C.  A  small  sheet  of 
water  lying  in  Brunswick  and  Columbus  coun- 
ties, and  emptying  by  an  outlet  into  Waccamaw 
River. 

Waccamaw  River,  N.  and  S.  C.  This  river 
rises  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  C.,  flows  S.  W.,  and 
enters  Winyaw  Bay  in  Georgetown  district,  S.  C. 

Wachita  River,  As.  and  La.,  rises  in  Hot  Spring 
co.,  receives  Little  Missouri  River  on  the  S.  bor- 
der of  Clarke  co.,  and  Saline  River  on  the  S. 
extremity  of  Bradley  co.  It  then  enters  La., 
and,  receiving  numerous  large  branches,  flows  S. 
by  E.,  until  its  junction  with  Black,  a  tributary 
of  Red  River. 

Wachuset  Mountain,  Princeton,  Ms.  Height 
2018  feet. 

Wading  River,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.  This 
stream,  with  its  branches,  drains  the  S.  part  of  the 
county,  and  falls  into  Little  Egg  Harbor  River. 

Wahlali-Wahlah  River,  On.  It  rises  mostly 
among  the  Blue  Mts.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  empties 
into  Columbia  River. 

Wahsatch  Mountains,  Uh.  A  range  extending 
from  Utah  River  S.  S.  W.  to  the  head  branches 
of  Virgen  River. 

Waifs  River,  Vt.  The  main  branch  of  this 
river  rises  in  Harris's  Gore,  and  runs  S.  E.  along 
the  W.  line  of  Topsham.  Another  branch,  called 
Jail  Branch,  rises  in  Washington,  and,  running 
N.  E.,  joins  the  main  branch  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  Topsham.  Another  stream  rises  in  the  N. 
part  of  Topsham,  and,  running  S.,  unites  with 
the  main  stream  near  the  N.  E.  corner  of  Corinth. 
Another  stream,  called  the  South  Branch,  rises 
near  the  middle  of  Washington,  and,  pursuing  a 
S.  E.  course,  joins  the  river  at  Bradford.  Wait's 
River  and  its  branches  are  lively  streams,  and 
afford  a  number  of  very  good  mill  privileges. 

Wakasasse.  Bay,  Fa.  This  curvature  extends 
nearly  the  entire  length  of  Levy  co.,  and  receives 
the  waters  of  several  rivers. 

Wakasasse  River,  Fa.  A  small  stream  flowing 
into  the  bay  of  the  same  name. 

Wakatomica  River,  O.,  flows  S.  E.  into  the 
Mu.skingum,  13  miles  above  Zanesville. 

Walhonding  River,  0.,  formerly  called  White 
Woman  River,  one  of  the  main  branches  of  the 
Muskingum,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  Mo- 
hiccan  and  Vernon  Rivers.  It  receives  Kilbuck 
Creek  from  tlft  N.,  and  unites  with  the  Tusca- 
niwas  opposite  Coshocton. 

Walkers  Lake,  Uhi,  lies  S.  E.  from  Pyramid 
Lake,  and  receives  the  waters  of  Walker's  River 
from  the  N. 

Walker's  River,  Uh.  This  stream  rises  among 
33 


the  Sierra  Nevada,  takes  a  semicircular  course, 
and  empties  into  the  N.  part  of  Walker's  Lake. 

Walnut  Creek,  O.,  waters  Fairfield  co.,  and 
flowing  S.  W.  30  miles,  enters  the  Sciota  6  miles 
above  Circleville. 

Walnut  Hill,  Charlemont,  Ms.     Height  1888ft. 

Wallabout  Bay,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
the  city  of  Brooklyn.  The  U.  S.  navy  yard  is 
situated  here.  Here  were  the  British  prison 
ships  moored,  during  the  revolutionary  war,  on 
board  of  which  it  is  said  11,500  American  prison- 
ers perished,  and  were  buried  on  the  beach  near  by. 

Wallag-as-quegamook  Lake,  Piscataquis  co.,  Me., 
is  one  of  the  numerous  lakes  through  which  Al- 
liguash  River  passes. 

Wallkill  River,  N.  Y.  This  large  and  impor- 
tant mill  stream  rises  in  N.  J.,  flows  in  a  N.  di- 
rection into  N.  Y.,  crosses  Orange  and  Ulster 
counties,  and  empties  into  the  Rondout,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Hudson. 

Walloomsack  River,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.,  is  a  small 
stream  formed  in  Bennington,  Vt.,  by  the  union 
of  several  branches  which  rise  in  Glastenbury, 
Woodford,  and  Pownal.  It  takes  a  N.  W,.  direc- 
tion, leaves  the  state  near  the  N.  W.  corner  of 
Bennington,  and  unites  with  the  Hoosick  nearly 
on  the  line  between  Washington  and  Rensselaer 
counties,  N.  Y.  Between  this  stream  and  the 
Hoosick  was  fought  the  Bennington  battle. 

Walloostook  River,  Me.,  is  the  W.  or  main  branch 
of  the  St.  John's.  It  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Som- 
erset co.,  flows  N.  E.,  receiving  the  waters  of  many 
rivers,  lakes,  and  ponds,  and  after  traversing  a 
large  extent  of  fertile  and  heavily-timbered  coun- 
try, unites  with  the  St.  Francois.  See  St.  John's 
liiver,  under  Fundy,  Bay. 

Wallops  Island,  Accomac  co.,  Va.,  lies  at  the 
S.  entrance  of  Sinepuxent  Bay> 

Wamdushka  River,  Ma.  A  large  W.  tributary 
of  the  Tchan  Sansan,  or  River  a  Jaques. 

Wananri  River,  Ma.  This  large  stream  flows 
S.  E.,  and  empties  into  the  Missouri  a  little  W. 
from  Bon  Homme  Island. 

Wando  River,  Charleston  district,  S.  C.  This 
river  receives  several  small  branches,  and  empties 
into  Charleston  harbor. 

Wangombaug  Pond,  Tolland  co.,  Ct.  Situated 
in  the  town  of  Coventry,  and  connected  by  an 
outlet  on  the  S.  E.  with  the  Willamantic 
River. 

Wapacan  Creek,  Is.,  unites  with  Mason  Creek 
in  Grundy  co.,  and  flows  N.  into  the  Illinois. 

Wappinger's  Creek,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  enters 
the  Hudson  below  New  Hamburg.  It  is  a  large 
and  important  mill  stream. 

Waraju  River,  Ma.  It  rises  near  the  source 
of  the  Moingonan,  and  flows  in  an  E.  direction 
until  its  entrance  into  the  Minesota  or  St.  Fran- 
cis River. 

Ware  River,  Ms.  Branches  of  this  powerful 
mill  stream  rise  in  Hubbardston,  Barre,  and 
Oakham.  It  passes  through  Hardwick,  New 
Braintree,  and  Ware,  and  joins  the  Chicopee  at 
Palmer. 

War  Eagle  Creek,  As.,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
Madison  co.,  flows  N.  W.,  and  enters  White  River 
in  Benton  co. 

Warner  River,  N.  H.     See  Warner. 

Warsaw  Islands  and  Sound,  Ga.,  lie  off  Chat- 
ham co.,  between  Tybee  and  Ossabaw  Sounds. 

Washa,  Lake,  La.  This  sheet  of  water  lies  S. 
from  the  Mississippi  River  and  from  Lake  Pou- 
chartrain.  It  receives  the  waters  of  several  othe? 


•258 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


lakes,  which  it  discharges  through  two  large 
outlets  into  Barataria  Bay. 

Washington,  Fort,  N.  Y.  The  site  of  this  old 
fortification  lies  on  New  York  or  Manhattan 
Island,  10  miles  N.  from  the  City  Hall. 

Waske  River  and  Bay,  Chippewa  co.,  Mn.  The 
river  flows  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  and  empties  into 
the  bay,  which  communicates  on  the  N.  with 
Tahquamenaw  Bay. 

Wassataquoik  River,  Me.  This  stream  rises  in 
Piscataquis  co.,  between  Mts.  Washington  and 
Katahdin,  and  flows  S.  E.  into  the  E.  branch  of 
the  Penobscot. 

Wassawa  or  Yellow  Lake,  St.  Croix  co.,  Wn. 
Situated  in  the  N.  part  of  the  county,  and  con- 
nected on  the  N.  W.  with  St.  Croix  River. 

Wassesha  or  Vermilion  River,  Ma.  This  large 
river  runs  between  the  Sioux  and  Tchan  Sansan 
or  River  a  Jaques,  and  empties  into  the  Missouri. 
Wataree  River,  N.  C.  and  S.  C.,  waters  Burke 
co.,  N.  C.,  but  is  called  the  Catawba  until  it  en- 
ters S.  C.,  where  it  is  called  the  Wataree,  until 
its  junction  with  the  Congaree,  near  the  middle 
of  the  state. 

Watatick  Hill,  Ashburnham,  Ms.  Height 
1847  feet. 

Watauga  River,  N.  C.  and  Te.,  has  its  source  in 
Ashe  co.,  N.  C.,  flows  N.  W.  into  Te.,  and  enters 
the  S.  fork  of  Holston  River  in  Sullivan  co. 

Watchoag  Pond,  R.  I.  Situated  in  the  S.  part 
of  Washington  co. 

Waterbury  River,  Vt.,  rises  in  Morristown,  and 
runs  S.  through  the  W.  part  of  Stowe  and  Wa- 
terbury, into  Winooski  River.  In  Stowe  it  re- 
ceives one  considerable  branch  from  the  E.,  which 
rises  in  Worcester,  and  two  from  the  W.,  which 
rise  in  Mansfield.  It  also  receives  several  branch- 
es from  the  W.  in  Waterbury,  which  originate  in 
Bolton.  The  whole  length  of  the  stream  is  about 
10  miles,  and  it  affords  a  number  of  good  mill 
ntes. 

Water  Quechee  River,  Vt.     See  Otta  Quechee. 
Watkins  Point,  Md.     The  S.  W.  extremity  of 
Somerset  co.,  extending  into  Tangier  Sound. 

Watonwan  River,  Ma.  A  large  W.  branch  of 
the  Mankato,  which  it  enters  above  Tewapa 
Tankyan  River. 

Wazi  Oju  River,  Ma.  A  large  stream  draining 
the  S.  E.  part  of  the  territory,  and  emptying  into 
the  Mississippi. 

Wells's  Island,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  one  of 
the  largest  of  the  "  Thousand  Islands  "  lying  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  is  attached  to  the 
town  of  Clayton.  It  was  here  that  the  British 
steamer  Sir  Robert  Peel  was  burnt  during  the 
Canada  revolution. 

Wells  River,  Vt.,  has  its  source  in  Kettle  Pond, 
which  lies  in  Groton  and  Marshfield.  It  runs 
nearly  S.  E.  about  2  miles,  and  falls  into  Long 
Pond  in  Groton,  which  is  about  2  miles  long  and 
100  rods  wide.  From  this  pond  it  continues  its 
S.  E.  course  half  a  mile,  and  falls  into  another 
pond,  which  is  about  half  a  mile  long  and  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  wide.  It  then  runs  a  mile  and  a  half, 
and  meets  the  South  Branch,  which  rises  near 
the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  town,  and  runs  nearly  E. 
to  its  junction  with  the  main  stream ;  it  then 
runs  E.  S.  E.  about  1  mile,  and  receives  the  North 
Branch,  which  rises  near  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the 
town.  Continuing  the  same  course,  it  passes 
through  the  N.  W.  part  of  Rycgate  into  Newbury, 
and  running  near  the  line  between  Newbury  and 
Kyegate  about  4  miles,  falls  into  the  Connecticut 


in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Newbury.  This  is  generally 
a  rapid  stream,  furnishing  many  excellent  mill 
privileges. 

Wesacota  or  Brutt  River,  Wn.  This  river  rises 
in  a  small  lake  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  and  its 
waters  form  the  boundary  between  Wn.  and  Mn.. 
and,  taking  the  name  of  Menomonee  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  course,  flows  into  Green  Bay. 

West  Bay,  La.  A  large  bay  lying  off  Plaque- 
mine  parish,  opposite  Bay  Ronde. 

West  Canada  Creek,  N.  Y.  This  fine  rapid  mill 
stream  rises  in  Hamilton  co.,  and  enters  the  Mo- 
hawk River  about  a  mile  below  Herkimer  village. 
The  celebrated  Trenton  Falls,  where  there  is  a 
descent  of  more  than  300  feet  in  4  miles,  are 
situated  on  this  stream,  about  20  miles  above  its 
mouth. 

West  Creek,  or  River,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Ontario  co., 
flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  Canandaigua  Lake  in 
Yates  co. 

West  Island,  Bristol  co.,  Ms.  Situated  off  the 
town  of  Fairhaven,  E.  from  Sconticut  Neck. 

West  or  Wantasticook  River,  Vt.  This  river 
rises  in  Weston,  runs  S.  into  Londonderry,  and 
near  the  S.  line  of  this  township  receives  Win- 
hall  River.  It  then  takes  a  S.  E.  course  through 
Jamaica,  Townshend.  Newfane,  and  Dummers- 
ton,  and  unites  with  the  Connecticut  in  the  N.  E. 
part  of  Bra,ttleboro'.  In  Jamaica  it  receives  Bald 
Mountain  branch,  which  rises  in  Stratton.  anoth- 
er large  branch  from  Wardsboro',  and  Meadow 
branch,  which  rises  in  Windham.  In  Newfane  it 
receives  South  and  Smith's  branches.  This  river 
and  its  branches  drain  about  440  square  miles. 
The  main  stream  affords  but  few  mill  sites,  but 
there  are  a  great  number  on  its  tributaries. 

Westerloo  Island,  N.  Y.,  lies  in  the  Hudson  River, 
just  below  the  city  of  Albany,  and  is  attached  to 
the  town  of  Bethlehem.  It  is  2  miles  long  and 
one  quarter  of  a  mile  wide.  The  land  is  very 
fertile,  being  composed  of  rich  alluvial  deposits. 
Opposite  the  lower  end  of  the  island  is  the  bar 
or  shoal  called  Overslaugh,  which  forms  the 
principal  obstruction  to  the  navigation  oi  the 
Hudson. 

West  Feather  River,  Arenac  co.,  Mn.  A  small 
stream  flowing  into  Saginaw  Bay. 

Westfteld  or  Agawam  River,  Ms.  This  roman- 
tic stream  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Berkshire  co- 
traverses  the  towns  of  Plainfield,  Cummington. 
Goshen,  Worthington,  Chesterfield,  Norwich, 
Montgomery,  Russell,  and  Westfield,  and  meets 
the  Connecticut  at  West  Springfield. 

West  Koycreek,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.  This 
stream  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  county,  and 
flows  S.  E.  into  Genesee  River.  It  affords  good 
water  power. 

West  River  Mountain,  N.  H.  See  Chesterfield 
and  Hinsdale. 

West  Quoddy  Head,  Me.     See  Quoddy  Head. 

West  Savannah  River,  Ma.  It  rises  near  the 
source  of  the  E.  Savannah,  flows  S.  W..  and 
empties  into  Sandy  Lake. 

Weyekwa  Lake,  La  Pointe  co.,  Wn.  Situated 
between  Namebin  and  Shishib  Lakes,  and  con- 
nected to  the  latter  by  an  outlet. 

Wheeling  Creek,  Va.  and  Pa.,  waters  Washing- 
ton and  Greene  counties,  Pa.,  and%nters  the  Ohio 
in  Ohio  co.,  Va.,  just  below  Wheeling. 

Wheelwright's  Pond,  N.  H.     See  Lee. 

Whetstone  Brook,  Vt.,  is  a  small  mill  stream, 
which  rises  in  Marlboro',  and  runs  nearly  E. 
through  Brattleboro'  into  Connecticut  River 


THE  UNITED    STATES. 


259 


Whetstone  or  Olentangy  River,  O.,  rises  in  Rich- 
land  co.,  and  empties  into  the  Sciota,  just  above 
Columbus. 

Whiskey  Island.  Mn.,  lies  in  the  N.  part  of 
Lake  Michigan,  N.  W.  from  Great  Beaver  Island. 

White  Cop  Mountain,  Me.     See  Andover. 

White  Creek,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.,  originates  in  Ru- 
pert, Vt.,  and  taking  a  S.  W.  course,  unites  with 
the  Batteukill,  in  Washington  co.,  N.  Y. 

Whiteface  Mountain  lies  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Essex  co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  surrounded  by  picturesque 
scenery,  Placid  Lake  and  several  other  small 
sheets  of  water  lying  at  its  base  on  the  W.  It  is 
elevated  4855  feet  above  the  Atlantic. 

William  Henry,  Fort.     See  Caldwell. 

White  Fish  Point,  Chippewa  co.,  Mn.,  separates 
Tahquamenaw  Bay  from  Lake  Superior,  and  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  several  rivers. 

Whitehead,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.  A  small  island, 
off  the  town  of  St.  George,  containing  a  light  and 
tower  30  feet  high.  The  light  bears  9  miles  S. 
W.  from  Owl's  Head. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  See  Fashionable  Re- 
sorts, frc. 

White  River,  Vt.  This  river  rises  in  Granville, 
and  taking  a  S.  E.  course  through  corners  of 
Hancock,  Rochester,  and  Pittsfield,  enters  Stock- 
bridge.  It  then  turns  to  the  N.  E.,  and,  after 
running  through  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Bethel,  into 
Royalton,  bears  to  the  S.  E.,  through  Sharon  and 
Hartford,  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut  about  5 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  Otta  Quechee  River. 
On  account  of  its  proximity  to  the  Otta  Quechee, 
White  River  receives  no  large  tributaries  from 
the  S.  Broad  Brook  and  Locust  Creek  are  the 
most  important.  From  the  N.  it  receives  three 
large  branches,  called  the  First,  the  Second,  and 
the  Third  Branch.  The  First  Branch  rises  in 
Washington,  and  running  through  Chelsea  and 
Tunbridge,  unites  with  White  River  in  the  E. 
part  of  Royalton.  The  Second  Branch  rises  in 
Williamstown,  and  running  southerly  through 
Brookfield  and  Randolph,  enters  White  River,  a 
little  W.  of  the  centre  of  Royalton.  The  Third 
Branch  originates  in  Roxbury,  runs  through  the 
corner  of  Granville,  through  Braintree  and  the 
corner  of  Randolph,  and  joins  White  River  at 
Bethel  village.  Each  of  these  streams  is  about 
20  miles  in  length,  and  on  each  are  several  good 
mill  sites,  particularly  on  the  last-mentioned 
one,  at  Bethel  village.  White  River  is  the  largest 
stream  in  Vt.  on  the  E.  side  of  the  mountains. 
Its  length  is  about  55  miles,  and  it  waters  about 
680  square  miles. 

White  River,  la.,  is  formed  between  Daviess 
and  Knox  counties  by  the  junction  of  the  E.  and 
W.  forks.  The  E.  rises  in  Johnson  co.,  receives 
many  branches,  and  is  navigable  150 miles..  The 
W.  fork  rises  in  Randolph  co.,  is  increased  by 
many  tributaries,  and  is  navigable  in  high  water 
to  Indianapolis  for  steamboats,  and  for  flat  boats 
much  further.  The  lower  part  of  the  river  is  200 
yards  wide,  and  its  length  to  its  entrance  into  the 
Wabash  is  30  miles. 

White  River.  A  large  stream  of  Arkansas  and 
Missouri,  which  rises  in  the  N.  E.  section  of  the 
former  state,  in  the  ridge  called  the  Black  Moun- 
tains, which  divides  its  sources  from  those  of  the 
Arkansas.  Its  course  is  N.  E.  at  first,  about  60 
miles,  crossing  into  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Missouri, 
after  which  it  bends  to  the  S.  E.,  and  descends 
again  into  Arkansas,  pursuing  this  general  di- 
rection through  a  comparative  distance  of  120 


miles,  to  its  junction  with  the  Big  Black  River 
in  Independence  co.  Below  this  point  its  general 
course  is  nearly  S.,  being  a  very  little  E.,  to  its 
junction  with  the  Mississippi.  Big  Black  River, 
which  is  the  principal  tributary  of  the  White 
River,  rises  in  Reynolds  co.,  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Missouri,  and  flows  nearly  S.,  through  Wayne 
co.,  to  the  boundary  of  Arkansas,  after  crossing 
which  it  bends  towards  the  S.  W.  to  the  point 
of  its  confluence  with  White  River.  After  Big 
Black  River,  two  or  three  lesser  tributaries  enter 
the  White  River  in  Arkansas.  Near  its  mouth 
the  river  divides  into  two  parts,  the  smaller  of 
which  diverges,  and  forms  a  connection  with  the 
Arkansas,  while  the  other  pursues  a  course  to  the 
Mississippi.  The  entire  comparative  course  of 
White  River  is  about  350  miles,  measured  through 
the  centre  of  the  valley  which  it  drains.  The 
form  of  this  fine  valley  is  triangular,  having  an 
area  of  about  30,000  square  miles  ;  and  the  river 
is  navigable  by  both  its  great  branches  far  above 
their  junction. 

White  River,  Mn.,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Nee- 
waygo  co.,  flows  S.  W.  across  Oceana  co.,  and 
empties  into  Lake  Michigan. 

White  River,  Ca.  It  rises  in  the  Wahsatch 
Mts.,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  Green  River. 

White  Oak  Creek,  Te.  A  small  stream  which 
enters  the  Tennessee  River  on  the  S.  border  of 
Stewart  co. 

White  Oak  Creek,  Mi.  and  Te.  A  small  branch 
of  the  Tennessee  River. 

White  Oak  River,  Te.  A  small  tributary  of 
the  Tennessee  River.  Its  principal  branches  are 
Hurricane  and  Mud  Creeks. 

Whitestone  Point,  Mn.  Situated  in  the  N.  E. 
part  of  Arenac  co.,  extending  into  Saginaw  Bay. 

White  Water  River,  Mo.  and  As.  The  hea'd 
branches  of  this  large  stream  drain  Cape  Gi- 
rardeau  co. ;  it  then  flows  S.  S.  W,  and  enters  the 
St.  Francis  River  in  Mississippi  co.,  As. 

Wichaniiva  or  St.  Francis  River,  Ma.  A  large 
stream  flowing  S.  W.  into  the  Kabitawi  River. 

Wild  Branch,  Vt.  This  stream  rises  in  Eden, 
runs  through  the  western  part  of  Craftsbury,  and 
unites  with  the  River  Lamoille  in  Wolcott. 

Wild  Cat  CreeJc,  la.  A  branch  of  the  Wabash 
River,  which  it  enters  at  the  town  of  Lafayette  in 
Tippecanoe  co. 

Willamette  River,  On.  This  river  rises  among 
the  Cascade  Mts.,  flows  in  a  winding  N.  direction 
through  a  fertile  valley,  and  empties  into  the 
Columbia  River  nearly  opposite  Fort  Vancouver. 
It  affords  good  water  power. 

Williams  Fork,  Ca.  A  N.  branch  of  the  Rio  Gila. 

Williams  River,  Vt.,  is  formed  in  Chester  by 
the  union  of  three  branches,  which  originate  in 
the  towns  of  Ludlow,  Andover,  Windham,  and 
Grafton.  These  branches  unite  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  below  the  two  villages  in  Chester,  and  their 
united  Avaters,  after  running  15  miles  in  a  S.  E. 
direction,  fall  into  Connecticut  River  in  Rocking- 
ham,  3  miles  above  Bellowa  Falls.  Along  this 
river  is  some  fine  interval,  and  it  affords  several 
good  mill  privileges. 

Willimantic  River,  Ct.     See  Windham. 

Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.     See  Westmore. 

Willoughby  River,  Vt.,  issues  from  Willoughby 
Lake,  in  Westmore,  runs  through  the  S.  part  of 
Brownington,  and  unites  with  Barton  River  in 
the  N.  part  of  Barton. 

Willow  River,  Huron  co.,  Mn.  A  small  stream 
flowing  N.  into  Lake  Huron. 


260 


MOUNTAINS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  &c., 


Willow  River,  St.  Croix  co.,  Wn.  A  small 
stream  flowing  into  St.  Croix  River,  just  above 
Lower  St.  Croix  Lake. 

Wilson's  Creek,  S.  C.,  empties  into  the  Saluda 
Rirer  in  Edgefield  district. 

Wilson's  Creek,  Ky.  This  small  stream  flows 
S.  W.,  forming  the  boundary  between  Bullit 
and  Nelson  counties,  and  empties  into  the  Rolling 
"Fork  of  Salt  River. 

Winchels  Mountain,  Granville,  Ms.  Height 
1362  feet. 

Winhall  Elver,  Vt.,  is  a  small  mill  stream 
which  originates  in  Winhall,  and  after  running 
easterly  through  the  corner  of  Jamaica,  unites 
with  West  River  in  the  S.  part  of  Londonderry. 

Wind  Lake,  Wn.  A  small  sheet  of  water  on 
the  N.  border  of  Racine  co. 

Windmill  Point,  Vt.     See  Alburg. 

Windmill  Point,  Va.  The  S.  E.  extremity  of 
Lancaster  co.,  extending  into  Chesapeake  Bay, 
just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Rappahannock  River. 

Winnebago  Lake  lies  in  the  E.  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin, about  30  miles  W.  of  Lake  Michigan,  having 
its  S.  half  in  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  and  the  N.  between 
Calumet  and  Winnebago  counties.  It  is  about  30 
miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  2  to  10 
miles  in  breadth.  It  discharges  its  waters  N., 
through  Fox  River,  into  Green  Bay. 

Winibigoshish  Lake,  Ma.  A  large  sheet  of  wa- 
ter lying  N.  E.  from  Cass  Lake,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  the  Mississippi  River. 

Winnicut,  or  Winniconett  River,  N.  H.,  a  branch 
of  the  Piscataqua,  rises  in  a  swamp  between 
Hampton  and  New  Hampton,  and  passes  N.  into 
the  Great  Bay,  at  Greenland. 

Winnipiseogee  Lake,  N.  PI.  See  Fashionable 
Resorts,  frc. 

Winnipiseogee  Islands.    See  Lake  Winnipiseogee. 

Winnipiseogee  River,  N.  H.,  issues  from  the  S.  W. 
arm  of  the  lake  of  that  name,  to  which  it  is  the 
principal  outlet.  It  thence  passes  through  two 
bays,  between  Meredith  and  Gilmanton,  entering 
the  Great  Bay  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Sanbornton. 
From  thence  it  passes  through  two  other  bays, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Sanbornton  on  the 
N.  W..  and  Gilmanton  and  Northfield  on  the  S. 
E.,  and  unites  with  the  Pemigewasset  in  Frank- 
lin. The  stream  is  rapid  in  its  course,  affording 
much  good  mill  power.  It  has  a  fall  of  232  feet 
from  the  lake  to  its  junction  with  the  other  branch 
of  the  Merrimack,  this  name  being  given  to  the 
confluent  stream. 

Winooski  Falls,  Vt.     See  Winooski  River. 

Winooski  River,  Vt.  This  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  valuable  rivers  in  the  state.  It  is 
about  70  miles  in  length,  and  in  its  course  fertil- 
izes large  tracts  of  land,  and  produces  a  great  hy- 
draulic power.  This  stream  rises  in  Caledonia 
co. ;  it  passes  nearly  through  the  centre  of  the 
counties  of  Washington  and  Chittenden,  and  af- 
ter passing  "Winooski  City,"  it  falls  into  Cham- 
plain  Lake  five  miles  N.  from  Burlington  village. 
Winooski  River  has  numerous  tributaries,  and'is 
one  of  the  most  romantic  streams  in  the  coun- 
try. The  channels  which  have  been  worn  in  the 
rocks  by  its  ceaseless  current  are  objects  of  great 
admiration.  In  its  passage  through  the  moun- 
tains are  found  fissures  through  solid  rocks  from 
30  to  100  feet  in  depth,  with  smooth,  perdendicu- 
lar  sides,  60  or  70  feet  in  width.  In  many  places 
on  this  stream  are  natural  bridges,  curious  cav- 
erns, and  delightful  waterfalls.  The  road  near 
the  banks  of  this  stream,  from  Connecticut  River 


to  Burlington,  is  said  to  be  the  best  passage  across 
the  mountains  in  that  direction  :  it  is  highly  pic- 
turesque and  delightful.  The  Indians  in  former 
times,  on  their  trading  excursions  between  Canada 
and  the  Connecticut  River,  passed  up  and  down 
this  stream  in  their  bark  canoes  ;  and  as  wild  on- 
ions were  found  on  its  banks,  they  called  it  Wi- 
nooski, which,  in  their  beautiful  and  expressive  lan- 
guage, signifies  onion. 

Winyaw  Bay,  S.  C.,  extends  into  Georgetown 
district,  14  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  and  is  2  miles 
wide.  Large  vessels  ascend  to  Georgetown,  and 
Great  Pedee,  Black,  and  Wacamaw  Rivers  flow 
into  it. 

Winyaw  Point,  Georgetown  district,  S.  C.  The 
S.  extremity  of  North  Island. 

Wissakude  or  Burnt  Wood  River,  La  Pointe 
co.,  Wn.  It  rises  in  a  lake  near  the  centre  of  the 
co.,  flows  N.  N.  W.,  and  empties  into  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 

Wisconsin  River,  Wn.,  has  its  sources  in  several 
small  lakes  near  the  N.  boundary  of  Wisconsin, 
between  those  of  the  Montreal  and  Menomonee 
Rivers.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important  tributa- 
ries of  the  Upper  Mississippi.  From  its  rise  it 
flows  S.,  about  200  miles,  through  the  centre  of 
Wisconsin,  till  it  reaches  the  borders  of  the  settled 
portion  of  the  state  near  Fort  Winnebago,  where 
it  bends  to  the  S.  W.,  and  continues  in  that  gen- 
eral course  about  100  miles  to  the  Mississippi,  into 
which  it  empties  at  Prairie  du  Chien.  Its  navi- 
gation is  much  obstructed  by  shoals  and  bars, 
except  at  high  stages  of  the  water.  As  the  state 
becomes  settled,  and  its  rich  resources  of  wealth 
are  more  fully  developed,  this  river  will  doubtless 
be  improved  as  an  important  channel  of  internal 
commerce. 

Witalcantu  River,  Ma.  It  rises  in  .Washtey 
Lake,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  Minesota  or 
St.  Peter's  River. 

Wiyo  Pahah  Wakan,  or  East  Medicine  Knoll 
River,  Ma.  This  is  a  pretty  large  stream,  flowing 
S.  E.,  and  emptying  into  the  Missouri  a  little 
above  Owawichah  River. 

Wolf  Creek,  Mi.  and  Te.,  rises  in  the  N.  part 
of  Tippah  co.,  Mi.,  flows  N.  W.  into  Te.,  and 
uniting  with  the  Loosahatchy  River,  enters  the 
Mississippi  just  above  Memphis. 

Wolf 'River,  Mi.,  rises  in  Marion  co.,  and  flows 
in  a  S.  direction  into  the  Bay  of  St.  Louis. 

Wonasquatucket  River,  Providence  co.,  R.  I. 
This  stream  rises  in  Smithfield,  runs  between  N. 
Providence  and  Johnston,  and  forms  the  head  of 
Providence  River.  It  affords  great  water  power, 
and  numerous  manufacturing  establishments  are 
located  on  its  banks. 

Wood  Creek,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.  This  is  a  deep 
and  sluggish  stream,  rising  in  the  town  of  Rome, 
and  emptying  into  the  E.  end  of  Oneida  Lake. 
Before  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  there 
was  a  short  portage  at  Rome  village,  between  this 
river  and  the  Mohawk,  over  which  much  mer- 
chandise was  transported.  It  now  constitutes  a 
part  of  the  Oneida  Lake  Canal,  which,  in  con- 
nection with  the  lake  and  Oneida  River,  forms  a 
complete  water  navigation  from  the  Erie  to  the 
Oswego  Canal. 

Wood  Creek  rises  in  Washington  co.,  N.  Y., 
flows  N.,  and  enters  Lake  Champlain  at  Whitehall 
village.  This  stream  affords  some  good  mill 
sites,  and  constitutes  a  part  of  the  Champlain 
Canal  for  a  considerable  portion  of  its  length. 

Wood  River,  R.  I.     See  Hopkinton. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


263 


Woonsocket  Falls,  R.  I.     See  Smithfteld. 

Worton  Point,  Kent  co.,  Md.,  projects  into 
Chesapeake  Bay. 

WyaJcoming  River  and  Lake,  LaPointe  co.,  Wn. 
The  river  has  its  source  in  the^ake,  and  flows  W. 
into  St.  Croix  River,  of  which  it  is  a  head  branch. 

Wynanfs  Kill,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.  This 
stream,  on  which  are  situated  many  extensive 
manufacturing  establishments,  rises  in  the  town 
of  Sand  Lake,  and  is  the  outlet  to  a  number  of 
small  lakes. 

Wye  River,  Md.,  forms  the  boundary  between 
Tiilbot  and  Queen  Anne  counties,  and  falls  into 
the  E.  side  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Yadldn  River,  N.  C.,  rises  in  the  E.  side  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  flows  E.  and  S.  E.  into  Montgomery 
co.,  where  it  passes  through  the  Narrows,  being 
contracted  by  mountains  on  each  side,  from  200 
yards'  width  to  about  30.  It  then  flows  into 
S.  C.,  and  in  its  lower  part  takes  the  name  of 
Great  Pedee,  until  it  enters  Winyaw  Bay. 

Yakitna  River,  On.'  It  rises  among  the  Cas- 
cade Mts.,  flows  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  Clarke 
Fork  near  its  junction  with  Lewis  Fork  of  the 
Columbia  River. 

Yampah  or  Bear  River,  Ca.  It  rises  on  the 
border  of  Na.,  flows  W.,  and  empties  into  Green 
River. 

Yantic  River,  New  London  co.,  Ct.  This  river 
rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  county,  and,  flow- 
ing S.  E.,  meets  Quinebaug  and  Shetucket  Riv- 
ers at  Norwich,  where  the  three  rivers  fall  with 
great  rapidity  into  the  Thames,  producing  valu- 
able water  power.  See  Norwich. 

Yazoo  River,  Mi.,  is  formed  in  Carroll  co.,  by 
the  junction  of  the  Tallahatchee  and  Yalabusha 
Rivers,  and,  flowing  S.  S.  W.,  enters  the  Missis- 
sippi 12  miles  above  the  Walnut  Hills.  Sun 
Flower  River,  a  considerable  branch,  flows  into 
it  from  the  N.  It  is  200  yards  wide  at  the  mouth, 
and  large  boats  ascend  50  miles  at  high  water. 

Yellow  Lake,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  lies 
mostly  in  the  town  of  Rossie,  is  4  miles  long,  and 
half  a  mile  wide. 

Yellow  River,  la.  It  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Kosciusko  co.,  and  flows  S.  W.  into  English 
Lake. 

Yellow  River,  Io.,  drains  TVinneshiek  and  Alla- 
makee  counties,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi 
River. 

Yellow  River.  Wn.  This  large  river  rises  in  a 
lake  in  the  N.  interior  of  Portage  co.,  flows 
S.  W.,  and  falls  into  the  Chippewa  just  above 
Chippcwa  Falls. 

Ytllow  Dog  River,  Houghton  co.,  Mn.,  flows 
N.  E.  into  Lake  Superior. 

Yellow  Water  River,  Aa.  and  Fa.,  rises  in  Cov- 


ington  co.,  Aa.,  flows  S.  W.  through  the  W.  part 
of  Fa.,  and  enters  a  branch  of  Pensacola  Bay. 

Yocomico  River,  Va.  A  branch  of  the  Potomac, 
separating  Northumberland  and  Westmoreland 
counties. 

Yocum  Creek,  Harlan  co.,  Ky.  This  stream 
rises  among  the  Cumberland  Mts.,  and  flows  N. 
W.  into  the  Clover  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Yocanoocany  Creek,  Mi.  This  stream  rises  in 
Choctaw  co.,  flows  S.  W.,  and  enters  Pearl  River 
in  Lake  co. 

York  River,  Va.,  is  formed  at  the  S.  E.  extrem- 
ity of  King  William  co.,  by  the  junction  of  Pa- 
munkey  and  Mattapony  Rivers.  Its  lower  part 
forms  a  bay,  generally  2  or  3  miles  wide,  through 
which  it  enters  Chesapeake  Bay  between  York 
and  Gloucester  counties.  It  forms  the  best 
harbor  in  Va.,  at  Yorktown,  where  it  is  con- 
tracted to  a  mile  in  width,  and  large  vessels  as- 
cend 20  miles  above.  Its  entire  length  is  about 
120  miles. 

Youghiogeny  River,  Va.,  Md.,  and  Pa.,  rises 
in  Alleghany  co.,  Md.,  enters  Pa.,  and  pro- 
ceeding in  a  N.  N.  W.  direction,  crosses  the 
Laurel  Hills  and  Chestnut  Ridge,  and  falls  into 
the  Monongahela,  18  miles  S.  E.  of  Pittsburg. 
At  the  Ohiopyle  Falls,  30  miles  from  its  mouth, 
it  has  a  perpendicular  descent  of  20  feet,  present- 
ing a  beautiful  and  grand  appearance.  It  is  nav- 
igable to  the  falls. 

Yslas  de  Santa  Barbara.  Two  small  islands, 
situated  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  W.  from  the  Ysla 
de  Santa  Catalina. 

Ysla  de  Santa  Catalina.  Situated  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  N.  from  the  Ysla  de  San  Clemente. 

Ysla  de  Santa  Rosa.  Situated  in  the  Pacific, 
off  the  coast  of  California,  and  S.  W.  from  the 
Ysla  de  Santa  Cruz. 

Ysla  de  Santa  Cruz.  Situated  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  off  the  S.  W.  coast  of  California,  and  S. 
from  the  town  of  Santa  Barbara. 

Ysla  de  San  Clemente.  This  island  is  situated 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Upper 
California. 

Ysla  de  San  Miguel.  A  small  island  lying  in 
the  Pacific,  W.  from  Ysla  de  Santa  Rosa. 

Ysla  de  San  Nicolas.  Situated  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  off  the  S.  W.  coast  of  California,  and  S. 
from  the  Ysla  de  Santa  Cruz. 

Ysla  del  Padre,  Ts.  This  is  a  long,  narrow 
island,  lying  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  separated 
from  the  main  land  by  the  Laguna  de  Santander. 

Zappapoic  River,  Huron  co.,  Mn.,  flows  in  a 
circuitous,  E.  course,  into  Lake  Huron. 

Zimmerman's  Creek,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  town  of 
Stratford,  Fulton  co.,  flows  S.,  and  enters  Mo- 
hawk River  in  Montgomery  co. 


UNITED  STATES  GAZETTEER.  —  STATISTIC AL  TABLE. 


A  STATISTICAL   TABLE, 

Presenting   a  concise    view  of  the  location,  extent,  &c.,  of  each  state  and  territory  in   the  United 
States,  with  the  capital  of  each  ;  and  a  variety  of  other  statistical  facts. 


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DESCRIPTIONS 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c 


THIS  chapter  is  intended  to  include  all  the  places,  whether  actually  incorporated  or  not  as  cities, 
towns,  or  villages,  which,  from  the  number  of  their  inhabitants,  and  their  natural  or  artificial  resources, 
might  seem  worthy  of  notice.  Such,  however,  is  the  rapid  growth  of  many  parts  of  our  country,  that 
no  doubt  there  are  numerous  places,  recently  sprung  up,  quite  as  well  worthy  of  mention  as  many  of 
those  contained  in  this  chapter,  but  of  which  no  particular  information  has  reached  us,  and  which 
must  therefore  be  looked  for  in  the  list  of  Post  Offices.  Townships  not  contained  in  this  chapter  may 
be  found  in  the  census  tables. 

As  the  full  returns  of  the  census  of  1850  have  not  yet  been  printed,  and  probably  never  will  be,  and  as 
they  have  been  already  discovered,  like  those  of  the  census  of  1840,  to  be  full  of  errors,  we  have  not  at- 
tempted to  state  the  number  of  factories,  sawmills,  gristmills,  stores,  schools,  or  churches  in  each  place, 
or  the  amount  of  capital  employed  in  trade  or  manufactures,  or  the  amount  of  production,  minute  details 
as  to  which  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  correct  information,  and  so  liable  to  change,  that  the  correct  returns 
of  to-day  may  be  absolutely  false  to-morrow.  It  has  been  thought  best  to  devote  the  space  at  our  com- 
mand to  things  more  permanent  in  their  nature,  and  of  more  general  concern,  without  going  into  de- 
tails of  little  or  no  interest  to  strangers,  and  with  which  the  inhabitants  of  each  place  are  already 
better  acquainted  than  we  can  pretend  to  be :  yet  the  importance  of  water  power  to  the  development 
of  our  resources  is  so  great,  that,  when  aware  of  its  existence,  we  have  taken  care  to  mention  it,  and 
such  application  of  it  to  use  as  we  know  to  be  made.  The  general  results  by  states  of  the  statistical 
returns  of  the  late  census  will  be  found  brought  together  incur  statistical  tables,  which  general  results, 
as  the  errors  in  particular  places  may  serve  in  part  to  counterbalance  each  other,  may,  perhaps,  be 
wore  reliable  than  the  particular  statements  from  which  they  are  compiled.  The  tables  in  relation  to 
commerce  and  navigation  are  more  trustworthy,  having  been  compiled  from  the  annual  reports  of  the 
treasury  department.  Special  details  as  to  population,  banks,  colleges,  and  places  of  fashionable  re- 
sort will  be  found  in  separate  chapters,  as  well  as  a  general  description  of  the  states  individually,  and 
of  the  mountains,  rivers,  lakes,  and  other  geographical  objects. 

The  letters  c.  h.  are  used  to  denote  the  shire  town  of  a  county.  What  in  the  other  states  are  called 
counties,  are  known  in  South  Carolina  as  districts,  and  in  Louisiana  as  parishes.  For  the  list  of 
abbreviations  of  states,  see  pages  4  and  167. 


Aaronsburg,  Pa.,  Centre  co.  A  considerable 
village  near  Penn's  Creek,  at  the  E.  extremity  of 
Penn's  Valley,  32  miles  from  Bellefonte  and  89 
N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Abbeville,  Aa.,  c.  h.,  Henry  co.  On  Yattayab- 
ba  Creek,  211  miles  S.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Abbeville  District,  S.  C.,  W.  part.  Surface 
agreeably  diversified,  well  watered,  and  fertile ; 
lies  between  the  Savannah  and  Saluda ;  drained 
principally  by  branches  of  the  Savannah. 

Abbeville,  S.  C.,  c.  h.,  Abbeville  district.  Sit- 
uated on  a  branch  of  Little  River.  Besides  the 
county  building,  this  place  has  an  arsenal  and 
magazine.  97  miles  W.  from  Columbia. 

Abbott,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  On  Piscataquis 
River,  76  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta 


Abbyville,  O.,  York  township,  Medina  co. 
On  Rocky  River,  118  miles  from  Columbus,  and 
25  from  Cleveland. 

Aberdeen,  0.,  Brown  co.  On  the  Ohio  River,  op- 
posite Maysville,  122  miles  S.  W.from  Columbus. 

Abingdon,  Va.,  c.  h.,  Washington  co.  Be- 
tween the  two  forks  of  Holston  River,  about  7 
miles  distant  from  each,  and  304  S.  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Abington,  la.,  Wayne  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
the  E.  fork  of  White  River,  72  miles  E.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Abington,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  Pleasantly  sit- 
uated on  the  highest  lands  between  Narraganset 
Bay  and  Boston  Harbor.  There  are  two  large 
intervales  of  about  500  acres  each,  surrounded  by 


264 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


high  lands,  mostly  covered  with  water  in  the  win- 
ter, and  beautifully  green  in  the  summer.  At  the 
E.  part  is  a  beautiful  range  of  elevated  land, 
comprising  over  2000  acres,  called  Beech  Hill. 
No  large  rivers  water  the  town,  though  Beaver 
Creek,  Streame's  and  Hersey's  River,  and 
French's  Stream  afford  some  good  mill  privi- 
leges. A  part  of  Accord  Pond  is  in  this  town. 
The  soil  is  strong  and  good,  though  rocky ;  it 
is  better  for  grazing  than  tillage.  The  surface 
is  rough  and  broken.  The  meadow  land  abounds 
in  peat,  and  some  parts  of  the  upland  in  blue 
slate.  Some  bog  iron  ore  is  found.  The  territo- 
ry of  this  town  is  large,  and  it  contains  several 
handsome  and  growing  villages.  The  original 
population,  strictly  of  the  Pilgrim  family,  is  rap- 
idly increasing,  many  residents  in  the  town  doing 
business  in  Boston.  The  Old  Colony  Railroad 
passes  through  the  whole  length  of  the  town. 
Distances,  about  18  miles  from  Boston  and 
Plymouth.  Manufactures,  boots  and  shoes  very 
extensively,  and  of  iron,  particularly  of  nails, 
tacks,  and'brads,  made  by  machinery.  The  cast- 
ing of  bells  was  introduced  here  before  the  revo- 
lution, and  early  in  the  revolutionary  war  the 
casting  of  shot  and  cannon. 

Abington,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  There  is  a 
water  power  here  which  operates  one  or  more 
mills.  100  miles  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Abington,  Pa.,  Wyoming  co.  On  the  S.  branch 
of  Tunkhannock  Creek,  151  miles  N.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Aboite,  la,,  Allen  co.  120  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Accomac  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Accomac.  On 
the  E.  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  Bounded  N. 
by  Md.,  S.  by  Northampton  co.  It  is  divided 
into  Accomac  and  St.  George's  parishes.  It  also 
comprises  several  islands  lying  in  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Soil  sandy. 

Accomac,  Va.,  c.  h.,  Accomac  co.  193  miles  E. 
by  N.  from  Richmond. 

Acquackanonck,  N.  J.,  Passaic  co.  On  the  Pas- 
saic  River,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation.  Sur- 
face rolling  on  the  E.,  and  hilly  and  mountainous 
on  the  W. ;  soil  mostly  fertile.  13  miles  N.  W. 
from  New  York,  and  79  N.  E.  from  Trenton. 
Manufactures,  cotton,  leather,  and  malt  liquor. 

Acton,  Me.,  York  co.  An  interior  town,  near 
the  head  waters  of  Salmon  River,  by  which  it  is 
divided  on  the  W.  from  N.  H.  15  miles  W.  from 
Alfred,  107  S.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Acton,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Watered  by  a 
branch  of  Assabet  River,  and  contains  several 
ponds ;  the  largest  of  which  is  Nagog  Pond,  cov- 
ering 600  acres,  and  47  feet  in  depth :  21  miles 
N.  W.  from  Boston.  The  railroad  from  Boston 
to  Fitchburg  passes  through  the  west  village. 
The  centre  is  pleasant,  having  a  large  common, 
well  shaded  with  trees,  and  surrounded  by  neat 
buildings,  and  good  mowing  and  tillage  land. 
A  monument  has  lately  been  erected  here,  (partly 
at  the  expense  of  the  state,)  in  honor  of  Isaac 
Davis,  a  citizen  of  the  town,  the  first  person  killed 
in  the  skirmish  with  the  British  at  Concord 
Bridge,  the  commencement  of  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington. Manufactures,  boots,  shoes,  blinds,  and 
sashes. 

Acworth,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  On  Cold  River 
and  Cold  Pond.  Soil  good.  Beryls  of  large 
size  are  found  here.  13  miles  S.  from  Newport, 
and  44  W.  from  Concord. 

Ada,  Mn.,  Kent  co.    At  the  junction  of  Grand 


and  Thorn  Apple  Rivers.  158  miles  N.  W. 
from  Detroit. 

Adair  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Columbia,  South 
central.  Watered  by  Greene  River  and  its 
branches.  Soil  fertile. 

Adair  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Hopkinsville,  N. 
E.  part.  Watered  by  Chariton  River,  which 
flows  S.  through  it. 

Adams,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  A  flourishing  agri- 
cultural township,  comprising  the  two  villages 
of  North  and  South  Adams.  The  Hoosack  River 
passes  through  it,  and  affords  a  great  water 
power.  There  is  a  valuable  quarry  of  marble. 
Traces  of  old  Fort  Massachusetts  are  still  found. 
Saddle  Mountain,  the  summit  of  which  is  called 
Gray  Lock,  the  highest  of  Massachusetts  moun- 
tains, lies  chiefly  in  this  town.  The  natural 
bridge  on  Hudson's  Brook  is  a  curiosity.  The 
waters  have  worn  a  passage  from  30  to  60  feet 
deep,  and  30  rods  in  length,  through  a  body  of 
white  marble,  or  limestone,  and  formed  a  bridge 
of  that  material,  50  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
water.  There  are  two  limestone  caves,  one  of 
which  contains  several  apartments  which  have 
been  explored.  Manufactures,  cottons,  woollens, 
leather,  iron,  hardware,  cabinet  wares,  marble. 
&c.  A  railroad  from  Pittsfield  to  this  place  con- 
nects with  the  Western  Railroad.  120  m.  W. 
N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  40  E.  from  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Adams,  Mn.  A  township  of  Hillsdale  co.  93 
miles  S.  W.  from  Detroit. 

Adams,  township.  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.  Watered 
by  Sandy  and  Stony  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
slightly  uneven,  the  soil  a  rich,  sandy  loam. 
There  is  water  power  on  Sandy  Creek.  The 
village  is  12  miles  S.  from  Watertown,  and  102 
N:  W.  from  Albany. 

Adams's  Basin,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  On  the  Erie 
Canal,  230  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Adams  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Dccatur.  On  the 
E.  border,  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Mary's, 
which  passes  through  its  N.  E.  corner. 

Adams  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Quincy.  On  the 
Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Mo. 
Watered  by  affluents  of  the  Mississippi  and  I11K 
nois  Rivers. 

Adams  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Natchez.  In  the 
S.  W.  angle,  on  the  Mississippi.  Surface  some- 
what hilly,  except  on  the  borders  of  the  rivers ; 
soil  mostly  fertile. 

Adams  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  West  Union.  The 
Ohio  River  divides  it  from  Kentucky.  The  soil 
is  various,  and  the  land  uneven  and'hilly.  Iron 
ore  is  found  in  some  of  the  hills  along  Brush 
Creek. 

Adams  County,  Pa.,  S.  part,  c.  h.  at  Gettys- 
burg. Uneven,  but  fertile.  Watered  by  tributa- 
ries of  the  Potomac  and  Susquehanna. 

Adams  County,  Wn.  New,  central  part.  The 
Wisconsin  passes  through  it  from  N.  to  S. 

Adams's  Mills,  0.,  Muskingum  co.  On  the 
Ohio  Canal,  6  miles  N.  E.  from  Dresden  and  61 
E.  from  Columbus. 

Adamsville,  O.,  Muskingum  co.,  is  a  small  town 
12  miles  E.  from  Zanesville  and  20  W.  from 
Cambridge. 

Addison,  Me.,  Washington  co.  135  miles  E.  by 
N.  from  Augusta.  Addison  Point  or  Cape  Split, 
off  which  are  several  islands,  is  the  principal  har- 
bor and  place  of  trade. 

Addison,  Pa.,  Somerset  co.  On  the  Yioughiog- 
heny  River,  153  miles  S.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Addison  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Middlebury.    W 


IN    THE   UNITED    STATES. 


265 


part ;  on  Lake  Champlain.  Large  quantities  of 
white  and  beautifully  variegated  marble  are  found 
in  this  county.  It  is  well  watered  by  Otter  Creek, 
Mad  and  White  Rivers ;  and  by  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  which  affords  many  navigable  privileges. 
The  soil  is  good,  particularly  in  those  towns  be- 
low the  mountains,  and  bordering  the  lake  and 
rivers. 

Addison,  Vt..  Addison  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Lake  Champlain,  and  nearly  opposite  to  Crown 
Point,  N.  Y.  The  French  commenced  a  settle- 
ment here  in  1 731 .  The  English  came  here  about 
1770.  40  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and 
12  W.  N.  W.  from  Middlebury. 

Addison,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.  "Watered  by 
Camisteo  River  and  Tuscarora  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  uneven  and  the  soil  not  remarkably  fertile. 
Grindstones  are  made  from  the  sandstone  fur- 
nished in  this  town.  18  miles  S.  from  the  village 
of  Bath,  and  225  W.  by  S.  from  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Adell,  Io.,  c.  h.  Dallas  co.  80  miles  W.  of 
Iowa  city,  on  Raccoon  River,  a  tributary  of  the 
Des  Moines. 

Adelphia,  O.,  Colerain  township,  Ross  co.  On 
the  north  fork  of  Salt  Creek  ;  40  miles  S.  E.  from 
Columbus  and  16  N.  E.  from  Chillicothe. 

Adrian,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Lenawee  co.  Opposite  the 
junction  of  Beaver  Creek  with  Raisin  River ;  S. 
W.  from  Detroit,  67  miles.  One  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing towns  in  the  state.  The  Michigan  South- 
ern Railroad,  between  Monroe  on  Lake  Erie  and 
Chicago,  Is.,  passes  through  it,  and  another  rail- 
road comes  in  here  from  Toledo,  on  the  Maumee. 
67  miles  S.  W.  from  Detroit,  and  38  miles  W. 
from  Monroe. 

Aid,  0.,  Lawrence  co.  A  township  on  the 
waters  of  Symmcs  Creek,  15  miles  from  Bur- 
lington. 

Air,  Pa.  A  township  of  Bedford  co.,  drained 
by  Big  Cove,  a  tributary  of  the  Potomac.  Moun- 
tainous, with  fertile  vafleys. 

Akron,  O.,  Summit  co.  On  the  Portage  summit 
of  the  Ohio  Canal,  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  coun- 
try. It  possesses  a  great  hydraulic  power,  and  is  a 
place  of  much  trade  and  manufacture.  Here  the 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal  intersects  the  Ohio 
Canal.  Near  this  place  is  an  abundance  of  bitu- 
minous coal.  It  is  16  miles  S.  W.  from  Ravenna, 
and  110  E.  from  Columbus. 

Alabama,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  On  the  Tona- 
wanda  Creek,  which  sends  a  feeder  across  the  N. 
W.  part  of  the  town  into  the  Erie  Canal.  On 
this  creek,  near  the  feeder,  are  falls  of  about  30 
feet.  The  soil  is  clay  and  gravelly  loam,  produ- 
cing fine  wheat.  12  miles  N.  W.  from  Batavia 
village,  and  257  W.  from  Albany. 

Alachua  County.  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Newmansville.  In 
the  N.  central  part  of  the  peninsula,  between  the 
Suwanee  and  the  St.  Johns.  It  contains  several 
ponds  and  prairies,  and  affords  excellent  pastur- 
age. Surface  rolling. 

Alamancc  County,  N.  C.  N.  central.  New ;  tak- 
en from  the  N.  W.  part  of  Orange.  Watered  by 
the  Haw,  which  passes  through  it  from  N.  W.  to 
S.  E. 

Albany,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Clinton  co.  On  Spring 
Creek,  a  branch  of  Cumberland  River,  126  miles 
from  Frankfort. 

Albany,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  At  the  source  of 
Crooked  River,  which  empties  into  Sebago  Lake. 
17  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Paris,  and  58  W.  from 
Augusta. 

Albany,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.     Swift  River  and 
34 


several  small  streams  pass  through  this  place 
There  are  a  number  of  hills  and  mountains  ;  the 
highest,  Chocorua,  is  visible  from  a  great  extent 
of  country.  The  soil  is  fertile.  64  miles  N.  by 
E.  from  Concord,  and  67  N.  by  N.  W.  from 
Dover. 

Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Albany.  On  tlu- 
W.  branch  of  the  Hudson  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion. Uneven,  and  in  the  S.  W.  part  hilly  and 
mountainous.  On  the  river  the  soil  is  good,  bin 
in  the  interior  sandy  and  unproductive.  Its  X. 
E.  corner  is  traversed  by  the  Erie  and  Champlain 
canals  and  by  the  Albany  and  Schenectady,  and 
Troy  and  Schenectady  Railroiads. 

Albany,  N.  Y.  City,  capital  of  the  stnte,  and  tli*- 
seat  of  justice  of  the  county  of  the  same  name. 
Situated  on  the  W.  bank. of  the  Hudson  River. 
145  miles  N.  from  New  York,  jt  is  connected 
with  New  York,  Boston,  and  Buffalo,  by  continu- 
ous lines  of  railroad,  and  by  railroad  and  steam 
navigation  with  Montreal;/  -The  population  in 
1830  was  24.238;  1840,  33,721  ;  1850,  50,76:?. 
Albany  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1023.  who 
built  a  fort  there,  and  called"  the  place  Fort  Or- 
ange. This  settlement  was  afterwards  called 
Beaver  Wyck,  and  then  William  stadt.  On  the 
capture  of  New  York  by  the. English  in  1664, 
Albany  received  its  present  name,  in  honor  of 
James,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  afterwards 
James  II.,  in  whose  reign  the  original  city  char- 
ter was  granted  by  Governor  Dougan,  July  22. 
1686.  The  charter  has  been  materially  altered 
by  recent  acts  of  the  legislature.  The  city  is  di- 
vided into  ten  wards ;  it  has  a  commanding  situ- 
ation, and  when  viewed  from  the  water  appears 
to  great  advantage.  On  the  margin  of  the  river 
is  a  flat,  alluvial  tract,  extending  from  15  to  100 
yards  back,  from  which  the  ground  rises  abruptly, 
and  in  the  course  of  a  mile  attains  an  elevation 
of  220  feet,  beyond  which  it  is  level.  The  view 
from  the  highest  parts  of  the  city  is  extensive 
and  picturesque.  To  the  N.  are  seen  the  city  of 
Troy  and  the  adjacent  villages,  and  in  the  dis- 
tance the  hills  of  Vermont ;  to  the  E.  the  beauti- 
ful country  lying  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Hud- 
son ;  and  to  the  S.  the  Helderbergs  and  Catskill 
Mountains.  Originally  the  city  was  not  laid  out 
with  much  regularity,  and  some  of  the  streets 
are  narrow ;  but  those  in  the  newer  and  more 
elevated  parts  of  the  city  are  wide  and  regular. 
State  Street,  the  principal  street  in  the  early 
times,  as  from  its  relative  situation  it  still  must 
be,  running  W.  from  the  river,  and  intersecting 
many  of  the  streets,  is  from  150  to  170  feet  wide. 
It  has  a  steep  ascent,  at  the  head  of  which  is  the 
Capitol,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  public  square. 
This  square  is. formed  by  the  Capitol  and  Acade- 
my Parks,  which  are  enclosed  by  substantial 
iron  fences,  with  a  street  running  between  them. . 
and  laid  out  with  Avalks  and  ornamental  trees. 
Fronting  upon  this  square  is  the  Capitol,  occu- 
pied by  the  legislature,  the  state  courts,  and  an 
extensive  and  valuable  library,  which  is  a  fine 
edifice  115  feet  long  by  96  broad,  of  two  stories, 
upon  a  basement  of  10  feet  elevation,  having  a 
portico  of  the  Ionic  order,  with  columns  3  feet 
S  inches  in-  diameter,  and  33  feet  high.  It  is 
built  of  the  Nyack  freestone,  and  cost  about 
$125,000.  The  Albany  Academy  is  built  of  the 
same  material,  and  fronts  on  the  square  north  of 
the  State  House  ;  cost,  $100,000.  It  is  furnished 
with  able  instructors,  and  has  about  300  pupils. 
On  the  opposite  side  of  the  square,  fronting  W. 


266 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


upon  the  Academy  Park,  are  the  State  Hall, 
built  for  the  accommodation  of  the  public  offices, 
and  the  City  Hall,  a  splendid  edifice  with  a  gild- 
ed dome.  Both  of  these  buildings  are  of  marble. 
The  other  public  buildings  are  a  Medical  College, 
on  Eagle  Street,  a  few  rods  S.  of  the  square ; 
a  Female  Academy  on  North  Pearl  Street,  having 
annually  from  300  to  350  pupils ;  the  Exchange, 
a  large  granite  building  at  the  foot  of  State 
Street,  occupied  for  stores,  offices  of  professional 
men,  and  the  Post  Office;  and  between  thirty 
and  forty  churches  of  the  various  denominations. 
Among  the  finest  of  the  church  edifices  is  the 
Baptist  Church,  on  North  Pearl  Street.  The  old 
State  Hall,  on  the  S.  side  of  State  Street,  former- 
ly occupied  for  the  state  offices,  has  been  fitted 
up  for  the  reception  of  the  Geological  Cabinet, 
formed  under  the  direction  of  the  state  geologi- 
cal surveys,  and  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
meetings  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society.  The 
Poorhouse,  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  city,  has 
commodious  buildings,  and  150  acres  of  land 
cultivated  by  the  inmates.  The  Albany  Orphan 
Asylum  supports  from  80  to  100  female  children. 
The  St.  Joseph's  Eoman  Catholic  Asylum  sup- 
ports 40  females.  There  are  in  the  city  over  100 
streets  and  alleys  ;  11  public  squares ;  3  markets  ; 
15  or  20  principal  hotels ;  10  public  school  build- 
ings, with  houses  for  the  teachers  ;  and  a  state  ar- 
senal. The  branches  of  manufacture  are  numer- 
ous, employing  a  capital  of  nearly  $2,000,000. 
This  city  is  indebted  for  much  of  its  present  pros- 
perity to  the  advantages  for  trade  which  it  de- 
rives from  the  Erie  and  Champlain  Canals,  which 
terminate  here,  connecting  with  Lake  Erie  and 
Lake  Champlain,  and  bringing  the  immense 
produce  of  the  W.  and  N.  to  the  navigable 
waters  of  the  Hudson  at  this  point.  A  capacious 
basin,  a  mile  and  a  quarter  in  length,  is  formed 
by  enclosing  a  portion  of  the  river  directly  in  front 
of  the  city,  with  a  pier,  upon  which  extensive 
warehouses  are  erected,  designed  for  the  recep- 
tion of  boats  from  these  canals,  and  their  accom- 
modation in  lading  and  unlading.  The  shipping 
on  the  river  also  finds  a  safe  harbor  here.  A 
great  number  of  steamboats  for  carrying  passen- 
gers and  merchandise,  and  towboats  for  expedit- 
ing the  trips  of  sailing  vessels,  ply  between  Al- 
bany and  New  York.  A  sand  bar  about  3  miles 
below  the  city  frequently  impedes  the  passage  of 
large  vessels  in  dry  seasons.  A  ferry  here  con- 
nects the  two  termini  of  the  railroads  from  the 
E.  and  the  W.  There  is  likewise  another  ferry 
for  the  ordinary  travel ;  so  that  the  scene  present- 
ed at  this  point,  when  the  river  and  canals  are 
open  for  navigation,  is  one  of  great  activity.  A 


0  —  -  railroads  on 
each  side,  to  be  completed  within  five  years  from 
1852,  the  date  of  the  act.  The  communication 
with  New  York,  when  the  river  is  closed,  has 
been  maintained  extensively  by  the  railroads 
through  Connecticut.  A  road  is  completed  now 
however,  along  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson  itself 
which  establishes  a  most  direct  and  rapid,  com- 
munication with  New  York  at  all  seasons  of  the 
rear.  In  the  year  1850,  there  arrived  at  the 
Hudson  River,  by  the  Erie  Canal,  1,554,675  tons 
of  merchandise,  which  exceeds  the  amount  for 
1840  by  l,087,36jO  tons,  thus  showing  not  only 
the  greatness  of  >he  present  commerce  by  this 
canal,  but  the  raj&d  ratio  of  its  increase.  At  the 
f  ' 


ports  of  Albany  and  West  Troy,  the  receipts  of 
the  f6ur  articles  of  flour,  wheat,  corn,  and  wool, 
in  1850,  were  as  follows,  viz.:  Flour,  3.256,077 
barrels ;  wheat,  3,670,754  bushels ;  corn,  3,228,- 
056  bushels;  wool,  11,986,000  pounds.  The 
same  year  there  were  shipped  for  the  west,  390,- 
864  tons  of  merchandise,  amounting  in  value  to 
$83,968,350;  of  which  value  $26,884,964  was 
from  New  York;  $22,896,1 78  from  Albany  ;  and 
$34,187,208  from  West  Troy.  By  the  report  of 
the  auditor  of  the  canal  department  for  1850,  it 
appears  that  the  increase  in  the  amount  of  mer- 
chandise transported  up  and  down  on  the  Erie 
Canal  during  that  year,  as  compared  with  1840, 
was,  in  value,  $69,350, 1 83.  From  facts  like  these, 
showing  the  vast  amount,  and  the  rapidly  in- 
creasing development  of  the  resources  of  our 
western  country,  viewed  in  connection  with  the 
fact  that  its  settlement  and  cultivation  are  only 
yet  in  their  commencement,  it  may  be  seen  how 
little  occasion  there  is  for  any  of  our  Atlantic 
cities  to  fear  the  consequences  of  a  rivalry 
among  themselves  as  to  their  facilities  for  obtain- 
ing the  western  trade.  This  trade  is  destined  to 
such  advances  in  the  future  as  will  abundantly 
employ  the  means  which  every  mart  upon  our 
seaboard  may  provide  for  its  accommodation. 
Connected  with  Albany  are  many  interesting 
recollections  of  our  national  history.  Here  was 
held  the  first  General  Congress,  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  the  national  defence ;  and  here,  upon 
the  4th  of  July,  1754,  Franklin  and  other  patri- 
ots "  signed  the  first  plan  of  American  Union,  and 
proclaimed  to  the  colonies  that  they  were  on« 
people,  fit  to  govern,  and  able  to  protect  them- 
selves." 

Albany,  Pa.  A  southern  township  of  Bradford 
co.,  watered  by  Tonawanda  and  the  branches  of 
Mahoopeny  Creek.  Surface  hilly,  soil  gravelly 
loam. 

Albany,  Pa.  A  northern  township  of  Berks  co. 
Surface  hilly,  soil  sterile. 

Albany,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  Surface  uneven  ;  wa- 
tered by  Black  River  and  several  of  its  branches. 
There  are  likewise  several  considerable  ponds,  the 
most  important  of  which,  Great  Hosmer's  Pond, 
is  partly  in  Craftsbury.  The  soil  is  generally 
sandy,  or  gravelly,  with  some  good  intervale  land. 
37  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Albemarle,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Stanley  co.  146  miles 
from  Raleigh. 

Albemarle  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  Charlottesville. 
Eastern  central,  bounded  W.  by  the  Blue  Ridge. 
It  is  chiefly  watered  by  the  head  branches  of  the 
Rivanna  River.  Surface  and  soil  much  diver- 
sified. 

Albia,  la.,  c.  h.  Noble  co. 

Albion,  Io.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  80  miles  S.  W. 
from  Iowa  city. 

Albion,  Is.,  c.  h.  Edwards  co.  The  situation 
is  high  and  healthy.  160  miles  from  Springfield, 
and  40  S.  W.  from  Vincennes. 

Albion,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  This  fine  farming 
town  lies  on  the  stage  road  from  Augusta  to 
Bangor.  24  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  44 
S.  W.  from  Bangor. 

Albion,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Orleans  co.  In  the  town 
of  Barre,  on  the  Erie  Canal.  250  miles  W.  by  N. 
from  Albany. 

Albion,  N.  Y.  A  township  of  Oswego  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Salmon  River  and  Creek.  Surface  undu- 
lating, soil  good ;  producing  white  pine,  hemlock, 
maple,  and  beech  timber.  25  miles  E.  from 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


267 


Oswego  village,  and  147  miles  N.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Alburg,  Vt.,  Grand  Isle  co.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  waters  of  Lake  Champlain,  except  on  the 
north.  The  soil  is  good  a^id  finely  timbered. 
It  has  a  mineral  spring,  of  some  repute  for  the 
cure  of  scrofulous  diseases.  10  miles  N.  from 
North  Hero,  and  79  N.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Alden,  N.  Y.,  a  township  of  Erie  co.  Watered 
by  Cayuga  and  Ellicott's  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  undulating,  and  the  soil  adapted  to  grass  and 
grains.  18  miles  E.  from  Buffalo,  and  272  S.  by 
W.  from  Albany. 

Alexander,  Me.,  Washington  co.  In  this  town 
are  some  ponds,  which,  with  the  large  pond  in 
Baring  and  Alexander,  produce  a  large  stream 
which  empties  into  Cobscook  Bay.  25  miles  N. 
by  W.  from  Machias. 

Alexander  County,  N.  C.  New,  taken  from 
Iredell.  W.  central  part. 

Alexandersville,  O.,  Miami  township,  Montgom 
ery  co.  Located  on  the  Miami  Canal.  The  re- 
mains of  ancient  fortifications  are  found  here. 
Distant  18  miles  W.  from  Xenia,  and  73  from 
Columbus. 

Alexander  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Unity.  In  the  S. 
angle  of  the  state,  between  the  Mississippi  and 
Ohio.  Drained  by  Sexton's,  Cash,  and  Clear 
Creeks.  Soil  fertile,  about  one  third  consisting 
of  alluvion.  The  S.  part  is  liable  to  inundation. 

Alexander,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  On  both  sides 
of  Tonawanda  Creek,  which  flows  nearly  N. 
through  it.  The  surface  is  slightly  uneven,  and 
the  soil  clay  loam,  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
grain  and  grass.  8  miles  S.  of  Batavia  village, 
and  247  miles  N.  of  W.  from  Albany,  on  the  rail- 
road from  Albany  to  Buffalo. 

Alexandria,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Campbell  co.  85  miles 
from  Frankfort. 

Alexandria,  La.,  c.  h.  Rapides  parish.  On  Ked 
River,  just  below  the  rapids,  291  miles  N.  W. 
from  New  Orleans. 

Alexandria,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  A  small  part 
of  Newfound  Lake  lies  in  this  town.  On  Fowl- 
er's and  Smith's  Rivers,  and  other  small  streams, 
are  fine  intervale  lands.  Settled,  Dec.  1769,  by 
Jonathan,  John  M.,  and  William  Corliss.  34  miles 
N.  W.  from  Concord,  and  40  S.  E.  from  Haverhill. 

Alexandria,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  This  town, 
situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  comprises 
several  of  the  "  Thousand  Islands,"  and  contains 
Clear,  Crystal,  and  Butterfield  Lakes.  The  sur- 
face is  gently  undulating,  and  the  soil  clay  and 
marly  loam.  20  miles  N.  from  Watertown  and 
190  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Alexandria  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Alexandria. 
On  the  S.  side  of  the  Potomac,  opposite  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  It  is  connected  by  a  bridge 
of  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  with  Washington 
City.  Surface  uneven,  soil  light. 

Alexandria,  Va.  City  and  shire  town  of  Alex- 
andria co.,  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  River 
Potomac,  7  miles  S.  from  Washington  city. 
This  city  was  included  in  that  part  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  ceded  to  the  United  States  by 
Virginia,  as  a  location  for  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. But  recently  it  has  been  ceded  back  again, 
with  all  that  portion  of  the  territory  lying  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Potomac,  and  now  belongs,  as  at 
first,  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Virginia.  The  river, 
opposite  the  city,  has  a  sufficient  depth  to  admit 
vessels  of  the  largest  class  to  come  to  its  wharves. 
The  place  is  pleasantly  situated  on  ground  grad- 


ually rising  from  the  river,  and  is  laid  out  with 
much  regularity,  the  streets  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles.  It  has  a  number  of  churches, 
among  which  are  two  Presbyterian,  two  Episco- 
pal, two  Methodist,  one  Baptist,  and  one  Roman 
Catholic.  There  are  two  banks,  with  a  capital 
of  $1,000,000.  The  termination  of  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio  Canal  is  at  this  place.  The 
principal  trade  of  Alexandria  is  in  flour,  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  and  tobacco.  Population  in  1850, 
8,795. 

Alford,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  A  mountainous 
township,  on  the  line  of  the  state  of  N.  Y.  The 
valleys  produce  some  grain  ;  considerable  por- 
tions of  the  rough  parts  of  the  town  are  good 
pasture  land.  190  miles  W.  from  Boston,  and 
19  S.  by  W.  from  Pittsfield. 

Alfred,  Me.,  c.  h.  York  co.  A  good  farming 
town,  well  furnished  with  water  power  by  Mon- 
sum  River.  35  miles  S.  from  Portland,  and  86 
S.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Alfred,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Hilly,  and  the 
soil  adapted  for  grazing.  The  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad  passes  through  this  town.  12  miles 
S.  E.  from  Angelica,  and  244  miles  S.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Algiers,  La.,  Orleans  parish.  On  the  right  bank 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  opposite  New  Orleans. 
The  river  here  is  rather  less  than  half  a  mile 
wide,  and  curves  in  such  a  manner  that  much  th« 
greatest  force  and  rapidity  of  the  current  is 
thrown  upon  the  New  Orleans  side.  From  this 
circumstance,  as  well  as  from  the  greater  eleva- 
tion of  the  ground  on  which  Algiers  is  built, 
rendering  it  secure  from  the  overflow  of  this 
river,  even  at  the  highest  stages  of  the  water,  it 
has  some  natural  advantages  over  New  Orleans 
for  commercial  purposes.  In  1844,  Thayer  and 
Company  commenced  the  erection  of  warehouses 
of  the  first  class  at  this  place,  for  the  reception 
and  transmission  of  merchandise,  which  now  ex- 
tend about  2000  feet  on  the  river,  and  are  doing  a 
heavy  amount  of  business.  Commodious  wharves 
have  been  built,  and  floating  docks  for  repairing 
vessels,  and  this  port  is  now  connected  with  the 
port  of  New  Orleans  as  a  port  of  entry  and  de- 
livery. This  place  is  rapidly  building  up,  and  is 
destined  to  become  an  important  mart  of  com- 
merce. Among  other  establishments  for  manu- 
facturing purposes  is  an  extensive  iron  foundery, 
covering  more  than  300  square  feet  of  ground.  It 
is  in  contemplation  by  the  government  to  estab- 
lish a  navy  yard  and  a  naval  depot  at  Algiers. 
This  is  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Opelousas 
Railroad,  which  .extends  through  Attakappas  to 
Opelousas.  The  favorable  position  of  Algiers, 
in  reference  to  this  great  line  of  internal  commu- 
nication, in  connection  with  its  fine  facilities  for 
navigation  and  commerce,  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  cannot  fail  of  making  it,  at  no  distant  day, 
one  of  the  most  prosperous  and  important  places 
on  the  banks  of  the  "  Father  of  Waters." 

Allamakee  County,  lo.    In  the  N.  E.  corner. 

Alleghany  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Cumberland.  W 
extremity  of  the  state.  Watered  by  the  Potomac 
and  Youghiogeny  Rivers.  Surface  rough  and 
mountainous,  being  crossed  by  the  main  chain 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ;  much  of  the  soil,  * 
however,  is  fertile.  The  great  national  road, 
built  by  the  government,  commences  at  Cumber- 
land and  crosses  the  mountain  west.  The  Ches- 
apeake and  Ohio  Canal  extends  to  Cumber- 
land, and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  tray- 


268 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


erses  the  country  east  and  west.      This  county 
contains  the  famous  Frostburg  coal  field. 

Allegan  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Allegan.  S.  W. 
part  of  the  state,  on  Lake  Michigan.  Watered 
by  Kalamazoo,  Black,  and  Rabbit  Rivers.  Sur- 
face undulating,  soil  sandy  on  the  borders  of  the 
lake,  rich  alluvion  on  the  rivers,  and  elsewhere 
a  mixture  of  sand  and  clay. 

Allegan,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Allegan  co.  On  both  sides 
of  the  Kalamazoo  River.  It  has  an  elevated  sur- 
face, a  dry,  sandy  soil,  and  good  water  power. 
161  miles  "W.  by  N.  from  Detroit. 

Alleghany  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Angelica.  On 
the  Si  W.  border  of  the  state.  Watered  by 
Black,  Dike,  Caneadea,  Cold,  and  Campen's 
Creeks,  beside  other  smaller  tributaries  of  the 
Genesce  which  flows  nearly  through  the  centre  of 
the  county.  The  surface  on  the  E.  and  W.  consists 
of  ranges  of  table  land,  elevated  from  1500  to 
2500  feet  above  the  tide  waters  of  the  Hudson. 
The  soil  in  the  Genesee  valley  is  very  fertile, 
and  the  uplands  are  well  adapted  to  grazing. 
This  county  contains  several  beds  of  bog  iron 
ore.  In  the  W.  part  is  an  oil  spring  which  yields 
large  quantities  of  Seneca  oil.  It  is  crossed  by 
the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  and  the  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad. 

Alleghany  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Pittsburg.  The 
Alleghany  and  Monongahela  Rivers  unite  near 
the  centre  of  this  county,  to  form  the  Ohio.  Sur- 
face hilly,  soil  fertile.  Abounds  in  coal. 

Alleghany,  Pa.  A  southern  township  of  Arm- 
strong co. :  in  the  angle  between  the  Alleghany 
and  the  Kiskiminitas.  Surface  hilly,  soil  rather 
unproductive. 

Alleghany,  Pa.  A  northern  township  of  West- 
moreland, in  the  southern  angle  between  the 
Alleghany  and  the  Kiskiminitas.  The  water 
power  is  considerable,  and  is  improved  for  oper- 
ating several  flouring  mills,  saw  mills,  &c. 

Alleghany,  Pa.,  Blair  co.  Watered  by  the 
Beaverdam,  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River. 
Surface  mountainous  ;  soil  in  the  valleys  rich. 

Alleghany,  Pa.  An  eastern  township  of  Somer- 
set co.,  on  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters 
of  the  Susquehanna  and  Youghiogeny.  Surface 
very  hilly  ;  soil,  gravel. 

Alleghany,  Pa.,  a  northern  township  of,  Venan- 
go  co.,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Alleghany.  Sur- 
face hilly  ;  soil  gravelly. 

Alleghany  City,  Pa.  A  suburb  of  Pittsburg: 
see  Pittsburg. 

Alleghany,  Pa.,  a  central  township  of  Cambria 
co.,  on  the  height  of  land  between  the  head 
waters  of  the  W.  branch -of  the  Susquehanna 
and  the  Kiskiminitas. 

Alleghany  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Covington.  Cen- 
tral, in  the  valley  district,  bounded  W.  by  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  which  separate  it  from 
Greenbricr  co.  Watered  by  Cow  Pasture  and 
Jackson's  Rivers,  head  branches  of  the  James. 
The  passage  of  Jackson's  River  through  Waite's 
Mountain  is  a  great  curiosity.  One  of  its  tribu- 
taries, also,  has  a  fall  of  180  feet  in  a  short  dis- 
tance. The  soil  is  fertile  on  the  streams,  and  on 
Rich  Patch  Mountain;  elsewhere  the  land  is 
sterile.  Surface  elevated  and  mountainous. 
•  Allen  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Fort  Wayne.  Wa- 
tered by  St.  Joseph's  and  St.  Mary's  Rivers, 
which  unite  at  Fort  Wayne  to  form  the  Maumee. 
Surface  level,  consisting  partly  of  wet  prairies ; 
soil  fertile.  The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  passes 
through  this  county. 


Allen  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Scottsville.  On  the 
S.  border  of  the  state.  Watered  by  the  sources 
of  Big  Barren  River,  a  branch  of  Green  River. 
Surface  level ;  soil  of  a  tolerably  good  quality. 

Allen,  N.  Y,  Alleghany  co.  Several  small  af- 
fluents of  the  Genesee  flow  through  this  town, 
the  surface  of  which  is  undulating,  and  the  soil 
clay  and  sandy  loam.  7  miles  N.  from  Angelica, 
and  261  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Allen  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Lima.  On  the  sum- 
mit between  the  lake  and  the  Ohio  River.  Very 
fertile.  The  Miami  Canal  passes  through  it. 

Allen,  Pa.  A  south-east  township  of  Cumber- 
land co.  18  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Allen,  Pa.  A  west  township  of  Northampton 
co.  The  Lehigh  River  and  Canal  bound  it  on 
theW. 

Allenstown,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  Watered  by 
Suncook  River.  The  land  is  mostly  ordinary, 
though  there  are  some  fine  farms,  also  a  large 
growth  of  oak  and  pine  timber.  11  miles  S.  E. 
from  Concord,  38  W.  from  Portsmouth. 

Allentown,  Pa.,  (also  called  Northampton,)  c.  h. 
Lehigh  co.  87  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Alligator,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Columbia  co.  110  miles  S. 
E.  by  E.  from  Tallahassee. 

Almond,  N.  Y.  A  western  township  of  Alle- 
ghany co.,  on  the  head  branches  of  Canisteo 
River,  a  tributary  of  the  Susquehanna.  The 
surface  is  rather  hilly;  the  soil  mostly  clay  loam, 
and  good.  14  miles  E.  from  Angelica,  and  240 
S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Alna,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  Sheepscot  River. 
10  miles  from  Wiscasset,  54  N.  E.  from  Portland, 
and  20  S.  S.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Alsace,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  On  the  E.  side  of  Schuyl 
kill  River ;  watered  also  by  Roush's  Creek.  The 
surface  is  mountainous,  but  the  soil,  under  good 
cultivation,  is  productive. 

Alstead,  N.  H.  Cheshire  co.  Watered  by  Cold 
River,  and  branches  of  the  Ashuelot.  It  contains 
Warren's  and  other  ponds.  12  miles  S.  E.  from 
Charlestown,  56  W.  by  S.  from  Concord. 

Altamont,  Te.,  c.  h.  Grundy  co. 

Alton,  111.,  city,  Madison  co.  Situated  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  82  miles  W.  by  S. 
from  Springfield,  the  capital  of  the  state.  This 
place  has  an  excellent  steamboat  landing,  and  is 
advantageously  situated  for  trade.  It  extends 
along  the  river  about  2  miles ;  and  back,  from 
half  a  mile  to  a  mile.  The  streets,  which  are 
laid  out  with  regularity,  are  from  60  to  180  feet 
wide.  The  place  has  had  a  rapid  growth.  There 
are  churches  here  of  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist, 
Methodist,  Episcopal,  Evangelical,  Lutheran,  and 
Unitarian  denominations.  Two  or  three  weekly 
newspapers  are  published  here.  There  are  sev- 
eral large  commission  houses,  a  great  number  of 
stores,  a  flouring  mill,  a  breAvery,  saw  mills,  &c. 
Quite  a  number  of  steamboats  doing  business  on 
the  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Illinois  Rivers,  arc 
owned  here.  The  surrounding  country  is  rich 
in  fine  timber,  limestone,  and  bituminous  coal. 

Alton,  N.  H.,  Belknap  co.  On  Merrymeeting 
Bay  of  Winnipiseogee  Lake.  Soil  hard  and 
rocky,  but  productive  if  well  cultivated.  Its 
timber,  oak,  beech,  maple,  and  pine.  Principal 
elevations,  Mount  Major  and  Prospect  Hill. 
Half  Moon  Pond,  between  Alton  and  Barnstead, 
is  300  rods  long,  150  wide. 

Amoskeag,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  A  village 
in  Goffstown,  on  the  Merrimac  River,  which  here 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


269 


falls  54  feet  in  a  mile  and  a  half,  furnishing  a 
great  water  power.  There  are  some  manufacto- 
ries at  Amoskeag,  but  the  greatest  part  of  the 
water  is  carried  in  canals  to  Manchester,  a  little 
distance  below.  17  miles  Svby  E.  from  Concord. 

Amboy,  N.  Y.  An  E.  township  of  Oswego 
co.,  drained  by  Salmon  and  Scriba  Creeks,  and 
contains  several  small  lakes.  Surface  level ; 
soil  a  rich  loam,  producing  abundant  crops  of 
grass  and  grain.  30  miles  E.  from  Oswego  vil- 
lage, and  137  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Amelia  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Amelia.  E.  central. 
The  Appomattox  Eiver  runs  along  the  N.  and 
N.  E.  boundary,  and  its  branches  drain  this  coun- 
ty. Surface  pleasantly  diversified;  soil  rather 
unproductive.  The  principal  agricultural  pro- 
ductions are  wheat,  corn,  cotton,  and  tobacco. 

Amenia,  N.  Y.  An  eastern  township  of  Dutch- 
ess  co.,  on  the  Ms.  border,  watered  by  Wassaic 
and  Ten  Mile  Creeks,  branches  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  River.  It  contains  two  considerable  ponds, 
and  some  mineral  springs,  and  affords  magnetic 
iron  ore  and  marble  of  good  quality.  The  sur- 
face is  much  diversified ;  the  Taghkanic  and 
Fishkill  Mountains  crossing  parts  of  the  town. 
20  miles  N.  E.  from  Poughkeepsie,  and  70  S.  S. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Americus,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Sumpter  co.  104  miles 
S.  S.  W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Ames,  0.  A  township  of  Athens  co.,  on  Fed- 
eral Creek,  a  few  miles  N.  E.  from  Athens,  c.  h. 

Amesbury,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  .Merrimac  River,  separated  from  Salisbury  by 
Powow  River,  a  stream  navigable  for  some  dis- 
tance for  vessels  of  300  tons.  A  pond,  covering 
about  1000  acres,  back  of  the  town,  90  feet  above 
the  sea,  serves  as  a  reservoir  for  a  constant  and 
extensive  water  power.  That  part  of  the  town 
called  "  The  Mills  "  is  at  the  lower  falls  of  the 
Powow.  The  river  here  is  about  2  rods  in  width, 
and  is  crossed  by  several  bridges.  The  views 
from  Whittier,  Bear,  and  Pond  Hills  are  delight- 
ful. At  the  W.  end  of  the  town  are  two  flour- 
ishing villages,  with  a  small  stream,  noted  for 
salmon.  40  miles  N.  E.  from  Boston,  and  6 
miles  N.  W.  from  Newburyport,  with  which  it 
communicates  by  the  Salisbury  Branch  Railroad. 
Celebrated  for  its  flannels,  and  other  woollen 
goods. 

Amherst,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  head  wa- 
ters of  Union  River.  25  miles  E.  from  Bangor. 

Amherst,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  Comprises  4 
handsome  villages  —  the  centre  village,  where 
the  college  is  located,  and  the  N.,  the  E.,  and  S. 
villages.  The  town  is  watered  by  2  good  mill 
streams,  which  form  Mill  River. '  The  college  is 
situated  on  elevated  ground,  in  the  centre  village, 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  command- 
ing a  prospect  of  one  of  the  most  picturesque 
sections  of  the  state.  82  miles  W.  from  Bos- 
ton, and  7  E.  by  N.  from  Northampton.  See 
Colleges. 

Amherst,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  Hillsboro'  co.  On  Sou- 
hegan  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Merrimac.  The 
9o2  is  excellent.  There  is  a  celebrated  mineral 
spring  here.  29  miles  S.  from  Concord,  and  40 
E  from  Keene. 

Amherst,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Tonawanda  Creek 
bounds  this  township  on  the  N.  and  Ellicott's 
Creek  flows  through  it.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
and  the  soil  of  an  indifferent  quality.  10  miles 
N.  E.  from  the  city  of  Buffalo,  and  283  N.  of  W. 
from  Albany. 


Amherst  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Amherst.  S. 
central,  in  the  N.  angle  between  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  James  River.  Surface  elevated,  and  agree- 
ably diversified ;  soil  tolerably  good.  Wheat  and 
tobacco  are  the  principal  products. 

Amherst,  Va.,  c.  h.  Amherst  co.  15  miles  N. 
N.  E.  from  Lynchburg,  and  115  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Amite  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Liberty.  In  the  S. 
W.  angle  of  the  state,  bordering  on  Louisiana. 
Watered  by  Amite  River  and  its  branches.  Sur^ 
face  uneven ;  soil  of  good  quality,  especially  on 
the  borders  of  the  streams.  Chief  pi-oducts.'cot- 
ton  and  corn. 

Amity,  Me.,  Aroostook  co.  Township  No.  10, 
first  range  of  townships  from  the  E.  line  of  the 
state.  About  100  miles  N.  E.  from  Bangor. 

Amity,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  On  the  Gen- 
esee  River,  which  flows  in  'a  N.  direction,  near- 
ly through  the  centre  of  the  township.  Surface 
high  and  rolling  on  the  outskirts  ;  soil  various  ; 
the  uplands  being  adapted  to  grazing,  and  the 
borders  of  the  rivers  to  the  growth  of  grass  and 
grain.  6  miles  S.  of  Angelica,  and  255  S.  of  W. 
from  Albany. 

Amity,  O..  Pike  township,  Knox  co.  Fertile 
and  healthy.  8  miles  N.  E.  of  Mt.  Vernon,  53 
from  Columbus,  and  85  from  Cleveland. 

Amity,  Pa.,  Erie  co.  A  hilly  township,  with  a 
soil  of  gravelly  loam. 

Amity,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  On  the  Schuylkill.  The 
Reading  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Amsterdam,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  Town- 
ship and  village  on  the  Mohawk  River,  Erie 
Canal,  and  Schenectady  and  Utica  Railroad. 
Watered  by  several  small  streams,  the  principal  of 
which  is  the  Chuctanunda  Creek.  A  fine  quality 
of  building  stone  is  quarried  here  The  surface 
is  uneven,  but  the  soil  is  fertile  and  easily  tilled, 
consisting  of  clay  loam  and  rich  mould.  The 
village  contains  manufactures  of  carpets,  scythes, 
&c.  31  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Amwell,  N.  J.,  Hunterdon  co.  Watered  by  the 
south  branch  of  the  Raritan  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries. Surface  uneven ;  soil  fertile  in  some  parts. 

Amwell,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Surface  hilly, 
abounding  with  coal,  and  watered  by  the  branches 
of  Ten  Mile  Creek.  Soil  loam. 

Anamosa,  Io.,  c.  h.  Jones  co. 

Ancram,  N.  Y.  A  S.  E.  township  of  Columbia 
co.,  drained  by  Ancram  and  Punch  Creeks 
Surface  hilly,  soil  gravelly  loam  and  clay,  upon 
a  foundation  of  slate  and  limestone.  21  miles 
S.  E.  from  the  city  of  Hudson. 

Andalusia,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Covington  co. 

Anderson,  la.,  c.  h.  Howard  co. 

Anderson  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Lawrenceburg 
Watered  by  Salt  River  and  its  head  branches,  and 
on  the  E.  by  the  Kentucky.  Surface  rough. 

Anderson,  O.  An  E.  township  of  Hamilton 
co..  between  the  Ohio  River  and  the  Little 
Miami. 

Anderson  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at-  Anderson.  In 
the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state.  Watered  by  head 
branches  of  the  Savannah  and  Saluda  Rivers. 

Anderson,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Anderson  district.  127 
miles  N.  W.  from  Columbia. 

Anderson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Clinton.  N.  E. 
central.  Watered  by  Clinch  River.  Rough,  but 
fertile. 

Anderson  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Plenitude.  E. 
part.  On  the  upper  branch  of  the  Trinity. 

Andes,  N.  Y.,  township,  Delaware  co.    Watered 


270 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


by  Temper's  Kill  and  the  Papacton  branch  of  the 
Delaware  River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  adapted  to 
grazing.  87  miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Andover,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  Watered  by  Ellis's 
River.  About  30  miles  N.  W.  from  Paris,  and 
61  W.  N.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Andover,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  A  large  town  of  ten 
miles  square,  bounded  N.  by  the  Merrimac,  and 
watered  by  the  Shawsheen,  which  affords  many 
water  privileges.  There  are  large  villages  in  the 
N.  and  S.  parts  of  the  town,  some  3  miles  distant 
from  each  other,  and  several  smaller  villages. 
Most  of  the  soil  is  arable,  and  much  of  it 
highly  cultivated.  Among  the  manufactures  are 
flannels,  linen,  yarn,  and  shoe  thread.  The  vari- 
ous literary  institutions  are  its  principal  attrac- 
tion. Phillips  Academy  has  now  been  in  ex- 
istence nearly  70  years.  It  has  ample  endow- 
ments, convenient  buildings,  a  chemical  and 
philosophical  apparatus,  which  cost  over  $2000, 
a  valuable  library  of  700  volumes.  From  the 
commencement  of  its  operations  to  1845,  4437 
individuals  have  enjoyed  its  advantages.  This 
institution  was  incorporated  several  years  before 
any  other  academy  in  New  England,  and  is  still 
deservedly  conspicuous  among  them  all.  Its 
funds  enable  the  trustees  to  secure  the  permanent 
services  of  distinguished  teachers,  without  making 
any  but  the  most  moderate  charges  for  tuition, 
while  large  numbers  receive  their  entire  tuition 
free.  The  Theological  Seminary.  See  Theologi- 
cal Institutes.  The  Abbot  Female  Academy.  This 
academy  is  beautifully  located,  in  the  same  vil- 
lage with  the  other  literary  institutions ;  it  pre- 
sents the  additional  attractions  of  a  valuable 
philosophical  apparatus,  and  cabinet  of  minerals, 
and  a  select  library  of  modern  works,  together 
with  a  beautiful  building,  and  grounds  tastefully 
arranged  and  adorned.  Many  of  the  most  valu- 
able publications  of  the  day  are  issued  from  the 
Andover  press.  Its  learned  Quarterly,  the  Bib- 
liotheca  Sacra,  has  a  large  circulation  across  the 
Atlantic. 

Andover,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  Black 
Water  is  the  principal  stream.  There  are  six 
ponds.  The  Ragged  Mountains  are  on  the  N., 
the  Kearsage  on  the  W.  Soil  of  good  quality. 
21  miles  N.  W.  from  Concord.  The  Northern 
Railroad  passes  through  the  centre. 

v  Andover,  N.  Y.,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co. 
Dyke  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Genesee  River, 
flows  through  this  town.  Its  surface  is  uneven  : 
soil,  clay  loam.  15  miles  S.  E.  from  Angelica, 
and  266  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Andover  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  Markham  and 
lernble  Mountains  lie  in  the  western  part. 
The  land  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  hard.  20  miles 
S.  W.  from  Windsor,  and  68  S.  from  Montpelier. 

Andrew  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Savannah.  Prin- 
cipal streams,  Platte  and  Nodaway  Rivers  The 
Missouri  also  touches  the  S.  W.  corner 

Angelica ,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Alleghany  co.'  Town- 
ship and  village  on  Angelica  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  rolling  ;  the  soil  mostly  fertile,  consisting 
of  clay  loam  and  sandy  alluvion.  262  miles  W. 
from  Albany. 

Angelina  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  In  the 
E.  part  of  the  state.  Drained  bv  the  Ane-elimi. 
the  E.  fork  of  the  Neches, 

Angola,  la.,  c.  h.  Steuben  co.  174  miles  N.  N. 
E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Annapolis.  Md.,  city,  port  of  entry,  capital  of 
the  state,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Ann  Arundel  co., 


stands  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Severn,  2  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  28  miles 
S.  S.  E.  from  Baltimore,  and  40  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  the  city  of  Washington.  Annapolis  was 
established  as  the  seat  of  government  in  1699. 
The  state  house  is  a  venerable  building,  in  which 
the  American  Congress  held  some  of  its  sessions 
during  the  revolutionary  war ;  and  in  the  senate 
chamber  of  which,  Washington,  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  resigned  his  commission.  It  is  a  spa- 
cious and  elegant  building  for  the  period  of  its 
erection.  The  state  library,  in  one  of  its  apart- 
ments, contains  15,000  volumes.  The  city  is  reg- 
ularly laid  out,  with  streets  diverging  from  the 
state  house,  and  also  from  another  point,  at 
which  is  located  the  Episcopal  Church,  as  from 
two  centres.  The  city  is  pleasant  and  healthy 
as  a  place  of  residence,  but  as  a  place  of  business 
it  has  fallen  behind  in  consequence  of  the  flour- 
ishing state  of  Baltimore.  Annapolis  is  the  seat 
of  St.  John's  College,  a  branch  of  the  University 
of  Maryland.  See  Colleges. 

Annisquam,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  34  miles  from  Bos- 
ton ;  the  north  village  of  the  town  of  Gloucester, 
having  a  separate  harbor  of  its  own,  formed  by 
Annisquam  River,  and  opening  into  Ipswich 
Bay. 

Ann  Arbor,  Mn.,  Washtenaw  co.  This  flour- 
ishing place,  on  both  sides  of  the  Huron  River, 
is  regularly  laid  out,  partly  on  the  river  and  part- 
ly on  elevated  ground  a  short  distance  S.  of  it. 
It  is  handsomely  built,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
Michigan  University.  See  Colleges.  It  is  on  the 
Michigan  Central  Railroad,  42  miles  W.  from 
Detroit. 

Ann  Arundel  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Annapolis. 
Central,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay- 
Surface  rolling ;  soil  tolerably  fertile.  It  is 
watered  on  its  N.  border  by  the  Patapsco,  and 
on  its  S.  W.  border  by  the  Patuxent  River. 

Annsville^  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Fish  Creek  and 
its  tributaries  water  this  township,  the  surface 
of  which  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  mostly  grav- 
elly loam.  25  miles  N.  W.  from  the  city  of  Uti- 
ca,  and  1 1 8  miles  from  Albany. 

Annville,  Pa.,  Lebanon  co.  Swatara  Creek, 
and  tributaries  of  it,  flow  through  this  township, 
affording  good  water  power.  Surface  level ;  soil 
gravel  and  calcareous  loam.  The  Union  Canal 
passes  through  it. 

Anson,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  At  the  junction  of 
Seven  Mile  Brook  with  the  Kennebec,  on  the 
western  side  of  that  river.  Here  are  fine  farms 
and  good  husbandry.  112  miles  N.  from  Port- 
land, 40  N.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Anson  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Wadesboro'. 
On  the  S.  border  and  S.  bank  of  the  Yadkin,  by 
which  and  its  tributaries  it  is  watered. 

Antes,  Pa.  A  northern  township  of  Blair  co.. 
on  the  height  of  land  between  the  Juniata  and 
the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  116  miles 
W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Antrim,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  On  Contoo- 
cook  River.  Hilly,  but  productive.  30  miles  S. 
W.  from  Concord. 

Antrim,  Pa.,  Franklin  co.  Conecheague  Creek 
and  its  branches  water  this  township,  the  surface 
of  which  is  level,  and  the  soil  calcareous  loam. 

Antwerp,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Oswegatchie 
River  waters  this  township  on  the  N.  and  Indian 
River  on  the  S.  The  former  here  makes  a  bend 
called  the  "  Oxbow."  The  surface  is  hilly ;  the 
soil  good,  clay  loam,  well  adapted  to  the  growth 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


271 


of  grass.  20  miles  N,  E.  from  the  village  of 
Watertown,  and  164  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Appalachicola,  Fa.,  c.  h.  and  port  of  entry, 
Franklin  co.  135  miles  S.  W.  from  Tallahassee, 
situated  on  a  bluff  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  regulafly  laid  outy  and  oc- 
cupies an  area  of  one  square  mile.  On  Front 
Street  there  are  a  number  of  blocks  of  large 
brick  stores,  with  granite  fronts.  The  remaining 
portion  of  the  town  is  built  mostly  of  wood. 
Appalachicola  is  a  considerable  mart  for  cotton. 
The  river  is  navigated  by  steamboats  and  other 
boats,  and  the  harbor  generally  contains  a  num- 
ber of  large  vessels,  lading  and  unlading  at  the 
wharves. 

Appkton,  Me.,  "Waldo  co.,  35  miles  E.  by  S. 
f/om  Augusta,  between  the  head  waters  of  the 
Muskingus  and  St.  George's. 

Appanose  co.,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Antreville.  On  the 
S.  border  of  the  state. 

Appling  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Holmesville.  S.  E. 
central.  Watered  by  the  head  branches  of  Satil- 
la  River.  Surface  level.  Soil  light  and  sandy. 

Applingville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Columbia  co.  On 
Great  Kiokee  Creek,  111  miles  S.  S.  E.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Appomattox  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Clover  Hill. 
In  the  S.  central  part  of  the  state,  with  the  James 
Eiver  on  its  N.  W.  border. 

Aquia,  Va.,  Stafford  co.  On  Aquia  Creek. 
The  railroad  to  Fredericksburg  and  Richmond 
commences  here,  and  connects  with  Washington 
by  steamboat. 

Arcadia,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by  Mud 
Creek,  and  contains  large  quarries  of  gypsum. 
The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  sandy  and  calca- 
reous loam.  5  miles  W.  from  Lyons  village,  and 
190  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Archer,  0.,  Harrison  co.  A  township  watered 
by  Stillwater  River  and  its  branches.  Distant 
from  Cadiz  a  few  miles  N. 

Argyle,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.,  is  a  new  town,  but 
fertile  and  flourishing.  It  produces  the  best  of 
wheat.  89  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Argyle,  N  Y.  Washington  co.  Surface  un- 
even ;  soil  gravelly  loam,  and  sandy.  It  is  equi- 
distant from  Salem  and  Sandy  Hill,  and  46  miles 
N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Arietta,  N.  Y.,. Hamilton  co.  This  township  is 
large,  and  contains  several  lakes  and  numerous 
small  streams.  The  southern  part  only  is  par- 
tially settled.  72  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany,  and 
8  miles  W.  from  the  village  of  Lake  Pleasant. 

Arkadelphia,  As.,  c.  h.  Clark  co.  On  the  Wa- 
eaitta,  100  miles  S.  W.  of  Little  Rock. 

Arkansas  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Arkansas  Post. 
S.  E.  part,  in  the  angle  between  the  White  and 
Arkansas  Rivers.  Surface  mostly  level,  com- 
prising the  S.  part  of  Grand  Prairie,  the  soil  of 
which  is  very  fertile. 

Arkansas  Post,  As.,  c.  h.  Arkansas  co.  On  the 
N.  bank  of  Arkansas  River,  on  a  high  bluff,  50 
miles  from  the  Mississippi.  It  was  founded  by 
the  French  in  1685.  117  miles  S.  E.  from  Little 
Rock. 

Arkwright,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  A  high  and 
hilly  township,  with  a  soil  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  grass  or  grain.  346  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Arlington,  Vt,  Bennington  co.  Watered  by 
Green  River,  Mill,  and  Warm  Brooks,  and  Roar- 
ing Branch,  which  form  excellent  mill  sites,  and 
fall  into  the  Batten  Kill  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
town.  On  the  streams  are  large  bodies  of  rich 


intervales.  West  and  Red  Mountains  extend 
through  the  W.  part.  There  are  marble  quarries 
here,  and  a  curious  cavern.  15  miles  N.  from 
Bennington,  and  106  S.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Armagh,  Pa.,  Mifflin  co.    A  northern  township. 

Armstrong  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Kittanning.  W. 
central.  The  Alleghany  passes  through  it  from 
N.  to  S.,  and  the  Kiskiminitas  washes  its  S.  W. 
border.  Surface  pleasantly  diversified. 

Armstrong,  Pa.  A  western  township  of  Indiana 
co.  Watered  by  Crooked  Creek.  Surface  level ; 
soil,  clay  and  gravel. 

Aroostook  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Houlton,  is  in  the 
N.  E.  and  N.  part  of  the  state.  Watered  by  the 
Upper  St.  John's  and  its  southern  tributaries. 
Mostly  unsettled.  Soil,  a  limestone  formation, 
favorable  to  wheat. 

Arrow  Rock,  Mo.,  Saline  co.  Situated  on  a 
high  bluff  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Missouri  River. 
It  has  a  good  landing,  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
fertile  country.  72  miles  N.  W.  from  Jefferson 
city. 

Ascension  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Donaldsonville. 
Southern  part,  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  has  on  the  N.  the  Amite,  with  which  the 
Manshac  pass  from  the  Mississippi  communi- 
cates. The  La  Fourche,  another  outlet  of  the 
Mississippi,  leaves  that  river  at  Donaldsonville, 
in  this  parish.  Level,  and,  except  the  lands  on 
the  immediate  banks  of  the  rivers,  annually  in- 
undated. 

Ashe  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Jeffersonton.  In 
the  N.  W.  corner.  Watered  by  the  head  branches 
of  the  Holston  and  Great  Kanawha  Rivers. 
Surface  elevated  and  rough,  being  a  table  land 
between  Bald  Mt.  and  the  Blue  Ridge  ;  soil  tol- 
erably good. 

Ashboro',  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Randolph  co.  72  miles 
W.  from  Raleigh. 

Ashburnham,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  On  the  height 
of  land  between  the  Connecticut  and  Merrimac 
Rivers.  It  is  watered  by  large  ponds,  which 
furnish  good  mill  seats.  There  is  much  good 
land  both  for  grass  and  grain.  54  miles  N.  W. 
from  Boston,  and  4  N.  W.  from  Fitchburg. 

Ashford,  Ct,  Windham  co.  Watered  by  sev- 
eral s'mall  tributaries  of  the  Yantic.  The  sur- 
face is  rough  and  stony,  but  excellent  for  graz- 
ing. 31  miles  E.  from  Hartford,  14  N.  W.  from 
Brooklyn. 

Ashford,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Drained  by 
Cattaraugus  Creek  and  its  tributaries.  Surface 
slightly  uneven  ;  soil,  clay  loam.  300  miles  W. 
from  Albany. 

Ashland,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  On  head  streams 
of  Concord  River  which  afford  water  power. 
The  Worcester  Railroad  passes  through  the 
centre  of  the  town.  25  miles  W.  S.  W.  from 
Boston. 

Ashland  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Ashland.  N.  part. 
Drained  by  branches  of  the  Mohican  Creek,  a 
tributary  of  the  Muskingum. 

Ashland  0.,  c.  h.  Ashland  co.  30  miles  N.  E. 
from  Columbus. 

Ashley  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Hamburg.    (New.) 

Ashby,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  is  on  elevated  land, 
bordering  on  Rindge,  N.  H.  Branches  of  the 
Squamacook  rise  here,  and  pass  to  the  Nashua. 
It  is  varied  with  hills  and  vales,  and  is  rich  in 
agricultural  products  and  fine  scenery.  42  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  25  N.  W.  from  Con- 
cord, N.  H. 

Ashtabula  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Jefferson.  In  the 


212 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


N  E  corner  of  the  state,  on  the  southern  shore 
of  Lake  Erie.  The  soil  is  various,  but  generally 
good.  Grand  River,  Ashtabula.  and  Conneaut 
Creeks  are  the  most  important  streams  5  these 
afford  a  valuable  water  power.  They  flow  north- 
westward ly  into  Lake  Erie  ;  the  land,  which  is 
mostly  level,  descends  in  that  direction.  The 
first  settlers  of  this  county  emigrated  from  New 
England,  and  they  and  their  descendants  are  re- 
markable for  thrift  and  intelligence* 

Ashtabula,  0.  Township  and  borough,  Ashta- 
bula co.,  on  Ashtabula  Kiver,  near  its  mouth, 
and  191  miles  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Ashville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  St.  Clair»co.  On  the  S.  E. 
side  of  Canoe  Creek,  90  miles  N.  E.  from  Tus- 
ealoosa. 

Ashville,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Buncombe  co.  On  French 
Broad  River,  256  miles  W.  from  Kaleigh. 

Assumption  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Assumption. 
S.  central,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
Bayou  La  Fourche  runs  S.  through  it. 

Assumption,  La.,  c.  h.  Assumption  Parish.  On 
Bayou  La  Fourche,  89  miles  W.  from  New 
Orleans. 

Astoria,  N.  Y.,  Queen's  co.,  lies  at  Hallett's 
Cove,  just  below  Hurl  Gate.  It  contains  a  fe- 
male seminary,  -and  manufactories  of  carpets, 
turpentine,  and  other  articles.  It  is  connected 
with  New  York  by  a  ferry.  It  is  distant  6  miles 
N.E. 

Asylum.  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  Watered  by  the 
Susquehanna  River,  on  which  are  the  Wyalusing 
Falls,  and  by  Duval's,  Sugar,  and  Tonawanda 
Creeks.  145"  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Atchison  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Linden.  In  the 
N.  W.  corner  of  the  state.  Watered  by  sev- 
eral confluents  of  the  'Missouri,  which  flow  S. 
through  it. 

Athens,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Limestone  co.  About  1  mile 
W.  from  Swan  Creek,  and  154  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Tuscaloosa. 

Athens,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Clarke  co.  Situated  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Oconee  River,  the  seat  of  the 
Georgia  University.  (See  Colleges.)  75  miles  N. 
by  W.  from  Miliedgeville ;  connected  with  Au- 
gusta by  railroad. 

Athens,  Ky.,  Fayette  co.     On  a  small  branch  of 

Kentucky  River,  34  miles  S.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Athens,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  Watered  by  a  branch 

of  Kennebec  River.     1 8  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Nor- 

ridgewock,  45  miles  N.  from  Augusta. 

Athens,  N.  Y.,  Greene  co.  On  the  Hudson 
Kiver,  opposite  the  city  of  Hudson.  The  surface 
in  the  W .  part  is  hilly,  but  it  becomes  more  level 
near  the  Hudson.  Soil  generally  fertile,  being  a 
mixture  of  clay,  sand,  and  loam.  There  is  in 
this  town  a  quarry  of  graywacke  slate,  from  which 
large  quantities  of  flagging  stone  are  sent  to 
market.  It  is  29  miles  S.  from  Albany,  and  5 
N.  from  Catskill  village. 

Athens  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Athens.  On  the  S. 
E.  it  touches  the  Ohio  River,  and  the  Hock- 
ing flows  through  it  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.  This 
county  is  very  irregular  in  its  form.  Its  mean 
breadth  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  is  about  20  miles 
and  its  length,  upon  the  longest  line  that  can  be 
drawn  over  it,  is  40  miles.  It  contains  an  area 
of  740  square  miles.  The  surface  is  broken  and 
hilly,  but  the  soil  is  good.  Lime,  freestone,  and 
clay  for  brick,  furnish  abundant  materials  for 
building.  The  county  contains  bituminous  coal 
in  abundance,  and  in  several  localities  iron  ore 
is  found.  Salt  of  an  excellent  quality  has  been 


manufactured  from  the  water  of  wells  sunk  deep 
into  the  earth  for  that  purpose.  The  Hocking 
River  enters  the  county  at  its  extreme  north- 
western angle,  and  flows  S.  E.  diagonally  over 
the  whole  territory,  falling  into  the  Ohio  River 
at  its  extreme  south-western  angle.  The  south- 
ern border  declines  to  the  southward,  and  is 
watered  by  several  creeks  which  run  into  the 
Ohio.  There  are  many  good  mill  sites  on  the 
Hocking  River  and  its  branches.  Two  town- 
ships in  this  county,  containing  46,080  acres, 
were  granted  by  the  United  States  Congress  for 
the  endowment  of  a  state  university,  which  has 
since  been  established  at  Athens,  the  chief  town 
of  the  county. 

Athens,  O.,  c.  h.  Athens  co.  72  miles  S.  E. 
from  Columbus.  Situated  on  a  peninsula  formed 
by  a  curve  in  the  Hockhocking  River.  It  is  well 
built,  generally  of  brick,  and  presents  a  neat  and 
picturesque  appearance.  The  Ohio  University 
is  located  here,  the  buildings  of  which  are  on  a 
slight  eminence  in  the  south  part  of  the  village. 
(See  Colleges.)  There  is  likewise  an  academy  in 
the  place.  The  township  to  which  it  belongs  ia 
the  northernmost  of  the  two  granted  by  Congress 
for  the  support  of  the  university.  There  are  in 
the  place  a  number  of  stores  and  mechanical  es- 
tablishments, and  an  active  business  is  done. 

Athens,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  Beautifully  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Chemung  and  Siisquehan- 
na  Rivers.  Surface  a  gently-undulating  plain, 
environed  by  mountains. 

Athens,  Pa.  An  eastern  township  of  Craw- 
ford co. 

Athens,  Te.,  c.  h.  McMinn  co.  On  Eastanalla 
Creek,  15  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Ten- 
nessee, and  154  S.  E.  from  Nashville. 

Athens,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  A  good  township 
of  land,  particularly  for  grazing.  10  miles  from 
Bellows  Falls,  and  98  S.  from  Montpelicr. 

Athol,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  On  Miller's  River, 
a  fine  stream  which  affords  great  water  power. 
The  surface  is  uneven ;  soil  strong  and  produc- 
tive. There  are  a  number  of  handsome  villages 
in  the  town,  and  many  large  farms.  70  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  28  N.  W.  from 
Worcester.  The  Vermont  and  Massachusetts 
Railroad  passes  through  the  principal  village. 

Athol,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  A  large  township 
on  the  head  waters  of  the  Hudson  River,  watered 
by  several  of  its  tributaries.  The  W.  part  is 
sterile,  and  chiefly  valuable  for  its  timber.  71 
miles  N.  from  Albany. 

Atkinson,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  On  Piscataquis 
River.  132  miles  N.  E.  from  Portland. 

Atkinson,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  It  has  an 
uneven  surface,  but  superior  soil.  The  apple 
has  been  much  cultivated,  and  the  finest  fruit  is 
produced.  One  of  the  oldest  academies  in  the 
state  is  here.  30  miles  S.  W.  from  Portsmouth, 
and  36  S.  E.  from  Concord. 

Atlantic  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  May's  Landing, 
S.  E.  part.  It  embraces  numerous  islands,  and 
its  sea-shore  is  indented  by  many  bays.  Soil 
chiefly  light  and  sandy. 

Attala  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Kosciusko.  Central. 
Watered  by  the  Big  Black,  which  separates  it 
from  Holmes  co.,  and  by  head  branches  of  Pearl 
River.  Surface  level ;  soil  tolerably  good. 

Atica,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Watered  by  Ton- 
awanda Creek  and  its  tributaries.  Surface  un- 
dulating; soil  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
grass  and  grain.  250  miles  W.  from  Albany. 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


Atlleboro\  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  In  the  N.  W. 
corner  of  the  county.  It  possesses  a  fine  water 
power.  Ten  Mile  River  runs  the  whole  length 
of  the  town,  and  puts  in  operation  several  cotton 
mills,  and  a  calico  printing  establishment.  There 
are  a  large  number  of  smaller  manufactures, 
such  as  hoots  and  shoes,  combs,  carpenter's  tools, 
flocks,  straw  bonnets,  and  jewelry.  The  Boston 
and  Providence  Railroad  passes  through  it.  30 
miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  12  N.  from 
Providence,  R.  I. 

Auburn,  la.,  c.  h.  De  Kalb  co.  153  miles  N.  N. 
E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Auburn,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  Taken  from  Mi- 
not,  in  1842.  30  miles  N.  from  Portland.  On 
the  Androscoggin.  A  flourishing  town. 

Auburn,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  There  are  a  num- 
ber of  flourishing  villages  here  ;  the  principal  are 
Stoneville  and  Drury  Mills,  large  manufactur- 
ing places.  French  River  passes  through  it: 
also  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad.  45 
miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  5  S.  by  W. 
from  "Worcester. 

Auburn,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.,  contains 
some  fine  swells  of  land.  5  miles  E.  from 
Manchester.  Taken  from  Chester  in  1845. 

Auburn,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Cayuga  co.  173  miles  W. 
from  Albany,  and  152  miles  E.  from  Buffalo. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  thriving 
inland  towns  in  the  state.  It  is  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  stream  which  forms  the  outlet  of  the 
Owasco  Lake,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  S.  of  the 
body  of  the  lake.  There  is  a  fine  hydraulic 
power  upon  the  stream  where  it  passes  through 
the  town,  which  is  largely  improved  for  mills 
and  manufacturing  purposes.  The  entire  fall  is 
about  100  feet,  and  the  amount  of  water  dis- 
charged from  the  lake  is  large  and  little  affected 
by  the  variations  of  flood  or  drought.  A  large 
cotton  factory,  several  flouring  mills,  saw  mills, 
sash  and  blind  factories,  planing  mills,  iron 
founderies,  and  other  works  are  carried  by  this 
water  power.  Auburn  is  pleasantly  laid  out, 
though  with  less  regularity  than  is  commonly 
aimed  at  in  modern  to\v*ns.  T,he  streets  are  gen- 
erally straight,  hut  seldom  parallel,  and  conse- 
quently intersecting  each  other,  for  the  most  part 
at  every  variety  of  acute  and  obtuse  angles. 
The  principal  streets  are  wide,  well  paved,  or 
macadamized,  and  built  up  in  some  sections  with 
handsome  ranges  of  stores,  dwellings,  and  public 
houses,  of  brick  or  dressed  limestone,  some  of 
them  four  stories  high,  which  would  not  dis- 
credit the  streets  of  our'largest  commercial  cities. 
The  state  prison  located  at  Auburn  has  been  re- 
garded, in  its  system  of  discipline,  as  a  model  for 
such  institutions.  It  is  located  in  the  N.  W.  part 
t>f  the  village,  enclosing  a  square  of  500  feet  on 
A  side,  by  a  stone  wall  from  16  to  40  feet  high. 
The  buildings  form  three  sides  of  a  square,  276 
fc-et  in  front,  the  wings  running  back  242  feet, 
with  a  width  of  45  feet.  In  the  area  formed  by 
the  main  prison  buildings  is  a  grass  plot,  laid  out 
with  gravel  walks.  In  the  rear  of  this  is  the  in- 
terior enclosure,  occupied  by  the  workshops  of 
the  prisoners,  built  against  the  outer  wall  of  the 
prison  yard.  The  outlet  of  the  Owasco  passes 
by  the  S.  side  of  this  enclosure,  and  is  made  to 
turn  a  wheel  without  the  wall,  the  shaft  of  which, 
passing  through,  gives  motion  to  the  machinery 
within.  The  prisoners  labor  in  the  shops  by  day 
under  the  direction  of  the  overseers,  in  the  presence 
of  each  other,  but  without  any  communication,  and 
35 


at  night  they  go  to  occupy  each  his  solitary  cell 
This  system,  as  distinguished  from  the  old  meth- 
od of  placing  several  prisoners  in  the  same  apart- 
ments fur  lodging,  with  opportunity  of  unre- 
strained intercourse  on  the  one  hand,  and  from 
that  of  solitary  confinement  in  their  separate 
cells,  hy  day  as  well  as  by  night,  on  the  other,  is 
what  has  obtained  the  name  of  the  "  Auburn 
system  of  prison  discipline,"  in  consequence  of 
its  having  been  first  set  in  operation  here,  and 
the  prison  being  constructed  with  special  ref- 
erence to  its  application.  The  chief  peculiarity 
of  structure  is  in  the  arrangement  of  the  cells. 
The  cells  are  in  a  body,  or  hlock,  extending 
through  the  centre  of  each  wing  of  the  prison 
buildings,  ranged  in  tiers  of  four  stories  high, 
with  galleries  or  stagings  passing  by  the  doors. 
The  space  between  this  block  of  cells  and  the 
walls  of  the  prison  is  10  feet  wide  from  top  to 
bottom,  thus  forming,  as  it  were,  a  prison  within 
a  prison.  The  cells  are  7  feet  long,  7  feet  high, 
and  3j|  feet  wide,  sufficiently  lighted  while  day- 
light continues,  and  well  warmed  and  ventilated 
from  the  intermediate  area.  The  earnings  of  the 
Auburn  prison  for  the  year  1850,  were  $68,737-31 : 
the  expenditures,  $71,166-07.  There  is  usually 
a  balance  in  favor  of  the  establishment.  The 
surplus  in  1849  was  $10,837-80.  This  prison  was 
commenced  in  1816.  There  is  at  Auburn  a  The- 
ological Seminary,  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
connected  with  the  New  School  General  Assem- 
bly. The  buildings  are  pleasantly  situated  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  village.  The  principal  edifice  is 
of  stone,  composed  of  a  centre  building  and  two 
wings,  four  stories  high,  connected  by  intermedi- 
ate sections  of  three  stories  above  the  base- 
ments, the  whole  presenting  a  front  of  200  feet. 
(See  Theological  Seminaries.)  The  other  public- 
buildings  in  Auburn  are  the  court  hou-se  and 
jail,  the  Auburn  Academy,  the  Auburn  Female 
Seminary,  and  churches  of  the  Presbyterian, 
Episcopal.  Methodist,  Baptist,  Universalist,  and 
Roman  Catholic  denominations.  Auburn  was  set- 
tled in  1793.  Incorporated  as  a  village  in  1815, 
and  as  a  town  in  1823.  Population  in  I860,  9548. 

Audrain  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Mexico.  N.  E. 
central,  in  the  N.  angle  between  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri.  Watered  by  the  S.  fork  of  Salt 
River.  Surface  level ;  soil  fertile. 

Auglaize  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Wappaukonetta, 
In  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state',  on  the  head  wa- 
ters of  the  Auglaize  River. 

Augusta,  Io.,  Des  Moines  co.  A  neat  and 
flourishing  village,  on  the  N.  side  of  Skunk  River. 
A  large  flouring  mill  is  in  operation  here. 

Augusta,  Ga.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Rich- 
mond co.,  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the  Savannah 
River,  96  miles  N.  E.  from  Milledgeville,  and 
120  miles  N.  W.  from  Savannah,  with  which  it 
connects  by  steamboat  navigation.  This  city 
is  regularly  laid  out  and  well  built.  The  streets 
are  wide,  and  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles. 
Many  of  them  are  beautifully  shaded  with  trees. 
The  city  is  built  chiefly  of  brick,  and  many  of 
the  houses  are  spacious  and  elegant.  The  prin- 
cipal public  buildings  are  the  city  hall,  market 
house,  court  house,  a  jail,  a  theatre,  a  hospital,  a 
female  asylum,  an  arsenal,  and  several  handsome 
churches.  Some  of  the  public  buildings  are 
costly  and  elegant.  Many  of  the  blocks  of  stores 
are  large  and  substantial,  and  the  whole  place 
has  much  of  the  aspect  of  a  large  commercial 
mart.  It  has  long  been  a  very  flourishing  placa 


274 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


of  business,  and  has  perhaps  as  much  trade  as 
any  other  place  of  its  population  in  the  country. 
The  country  back  of  Augusta  is  very  rich,  and  a 
great  amount  of  cotton,  tobacco,  and  other  pro- 
duce is  brought  here  and  sent  down  the  river. 
There  are  10  or  12  large  commission  houses  en- 
gaged in  foreign  trade,  with  a  capital  of  about 
$250,000.  Augusta  enjoys  excellent  facilities  for 
commercial  intercourse  with  the  interior  by  the 
several  railroads  which  centre  here,  and  others 
connected  with  them.  Charleston  and  Savan- 
nah, Milledgeville  and  Macon,  Fort  Gaines  on 
the  Chattahoochee,  Athens  in  Te.,  Montgomery, 
the  capital  of  Alabama,  and  other  important 
places  are  connected  by  railroad  with  Au- 
gusta. 

Aw/usta,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Bracken  co.  73  miles  N. 
E.  from  Frankfort. 

Augusta,  Me.,  c.  h.  Kennebec  co.  City,  and  cap- 
ital of  the  state.  Situated  at  the  head  of  sloop 
navigation  on  the  Kennebec  River,  43  miles  from 
the  sea.  It  was  first  settled  in  1771,  and  incor- 
porated as  a  town  in  1797.  Population  in  1820 
2475;  1830,3980;  1840.5314;  1850,8231.  Au- 
gusta lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Kennebec,  rising 
each  way  by  an  easy  ascent  from  the  river.  The 
bridge,  uniting  the  E.  and  W.  parts  of  the  town,  is 
a  fine  .structure,  5?0  feet  in  length,  built  in  1 799,  at 
a  cost  of  $28,000.  The  town  is  well  laid  out, 
neatly  built,  and  contains  many  handsome  struc- 
tures. 

There  are  nine  or  ten  churches  of  the  vari- 
ous denominations.  The  state  house  in  Augusta 
is  a  spacious  and  elegant  structure,  located  upon  a 
beautiful  eminence  about  half  a  mile  from  the  vil- 
lage, on  the  road  towards  Hallowell,  and  com- 
mands an  extensive  and  very  delightful  prospect. 
It  is  built  of  hammered  granite,  or  rather  gneiss, 
of  a  white  color,  and  very  much  resembles  marble 
at  a  distance  The  material  of  which  it  was  built 
was  quarried  near  the  spot  on  which  it  stands.  In 
front  is  an  extensive  common,  adorned  with  trees 
tastefully  arranged,  which,  when  grown  into 
shades,  will  afford  a  delightful  promenade. — 
The  United  States  arsenal  buildings  are  situated 
upon  the  E.  bank  of  the  river,  in  view  of  the 
village,  and  are  chiefly  constructed  of  stone,  and 
present  a  very  fine  appearance.  The  grounds 
are  extensive,  beautifully  arranged,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  costly  iron'  fence.  There  are  at 
present  about  2000  stand  of  arms  deposited  here, 
besides  cannon  and  other  munitions  of  war. — 
The  state  insane  hospital,  a  splendid  granite  edi- 
ice,  an  honor  to  the  state  and  to  humanity,  occu- 
pies a  plat  of  elevated  ground  of  seventy  acres, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  Its  situation  is  un- 
rivalled for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery.  It  is  much 
admired  for  its  external  architecture  and  internal 
arrangement.  The  centre  building  and  wings 
are  262  feet  long ;  the  centre  building  being  82 
feet  in  length,  46  feet  wide,  4  stones  high?  be- 
sides the  basement  and  attic,  having  a  chapel  in 
the  attic  80  by  40.  The  wings  are  90  feet  long 
in  front,  and  100  in  the  rear,  38  feet  wide,  and  3 
stories  high,  divided  into  126  rooms,  120  of  which 
are  designed  for  patients,  with  halls  between  the 
rooms  12  feet  wide  running  the  entire  length  of 
each  wing,  and  communicating  with  the  dinino- 
rooms  in  the  centre  building.  —  The  Cony  F<£ 
male  Academy  was  incorporated  in  1818,  owing 
its  origin  to  the  liberality  of  Hon.  Daniel  Cony. 
The  building  is  a  commodious  and  handsome 
edifice  upon  the  east  side  of  the  river.  At  a 


short  distance  is  a  large  boarding  house  connected 
with  the  institution.  It  has  a  fund  of  about 
$10,000,  and  a  well-furnished  laboratory  and  li- 
brary.—  There  are  excellent  public  houses  in 
Augusta,  the  chief  of  which  are  the  Augusta 
House,  near  the  state  house,  and  the  Mansion 
House.  —  About  half  a  mile  above  the  village, 
a  massive  dam  has  been  erected  across  the  Ken- 
nebec, with  locks,  for  the  purpose  of  improving 
the  navigation  of  the  river  above,  and  of  creating 
a  water  power  of  great  capacity.  The  length  of 
this  dam,  exclusive  of  the  stone  abutments  and 
lock,  is  584  feet,  and  the  height  15  feet  above 
ordinary  high  wator  mark,  forming  a  pond  of 
the  average  depth  of  16  feet,  and  16^  miles  in 
extent.  The  immense  body  of  water,  and  the 
great  and  unfailing  supply  thus  brought  into  ap- 
plication for  manufacturing  purposes,  are  almost 
unsurpassed.  The  first  cost  of  this  great  work 
was  about  $300,000.  This  water  power  is  al- 
ready used  to  a  very  considerable  extent  in  pro- 
pelling various  kinds  of  machinery.  Several 
saw  mills,  a  large  flouring  establishment,  sash, 
door,  and  blind  manufactories,  machine  shops, 
and  a  cotton  factory,  with  10,000  spindles,  are 
in  successful  operation.  —  Augusta  presents  ad- 
vantages for  manufacturing  establishments  equal, 
if  not  superior,  to  any  in  New  England.  It  is 
located  in  the  heart  of  a  large  and  powerful  state, 
rapidly  increasing  in  population  and  wealth, 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  rich  in  every 
necessary  agricultural  product,  and  stored  with 
granite,  clay,  lumber,  lime,  iron  ore,  and  every 
building  material.  The  facilities  afforded  here 
for  transportation  are  of  inestimable  value  to  a 
large  manufacturing  town.  Cotton  and  other 
raw  materials,  and  manufactured  goods,  may  be 
transported  by  water  to  and  from  the  very  doors 
of  the  mills.  The  great  Eastern  Railroad  from 
Boston  and  Portland  passes  through  this  town, 
in  its  course  to  Bangor.  Steamboats  pass  from 
Augusta  to  Boston  in  eleven  hours.  A  steam- 
boat plies  daily  on  the  river  above  the  dam  to 
Waterville.  This  place  cannot  fail  of  becoming, 
at  no  distant  day,  the  site  of  very  extensive  and 
profitable  manufacturing  operations. 

Augusta,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Perry  co.  On  Leaf  River, 
173  miles  S.  E.  from  Jackson. 

Augusfa,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  The  W.  part  of 
this  township  is  watered  by  Oneida  Creek  and 
its  tributaries,  and  the  S.  E.  part  by  Oriskany 
Creek,  which  has  a  fall  of  30  feet,  affording  a  fine 
hydraulic  power.  The  Chenango  Canal  also 
passes  through  the  town.  Surface  rolling;  soil 
tolerably  good.  110  miles  N.  of  W.  from  Alba- 
ny, and  18  S.  W.  from  the  city  of  Utica. 

Augusta,  Pa.,  Northumberland  co.  Watered 
by  Great  and  Little  Shamokin  Creeks.  Surface 
diversified  ;  soil,  gravel,  red  shale,  and  alluvion. 
65  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Augusta  County,  Va..  c.  h.  at  Staunton.  Be- 
tween the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  central  ridge  of 
the  Alleghanies.  Watered  by  branches  of  James 
and  Shenandoah  Rivers.  Surface  uneven  and 
mountainous  ;  soil  fertile,  yielding  large  crops 
of  wheat. 

Auraria,  Ga..  Lumpkin  co.  On  the  ridge  be- 
tween Chestatec  and  Etowah  Rivers,  in  the  best 
part  of  the  gold  district,  135  miles  N.  N.  W.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Aurdius,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by 
Owasco  outlet,  and  several  streams  flowing  into 
Cayuga  Lake,  which  bounds  it  on  the  W.  Sur- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


275 


face  undulating;  soil  good.  5  miles  W.  from 
the  village  of  Auburn,  and  178  from  Albany. 

Aureh'us,  0.  A  township  of  Washington  co. 
The  surface  is  hilly,  but  has  a  rich  soil,  covered 
with  timber.  20  miles  N.  from  Marietta. 

Aurora,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  «:106  miles  E.  from 
Augusta. 

Aurora,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Drained  by  Seneca 
and  Cazenovia  Creeks.  Its  surface  is  undulating ; 
soil  cluy>and  gravelly  loam.  276  miles  W.  from 
Albany,  and  15  S.  E.  from  the  city  of  Buffalo. 

Aurora,  N.  Y.,  Ledyard,  Cayuga  co.  Pleas- 
antly situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Cayuga  Lake. 
It  has  a  flourishing  academy,  and  three  or  four 
churches.  Steamboats  stop  here  daily,  which 
connect  Avith  railroads  at  each  end  of  the  lake. 
170  miles  VV.  from  Albany. 

Aurora,  0.,  Portage  co."  is  a  township  situated 
on  the  road  from  Warren,  Trumbull  co.,  to 
Cleveland,  Cuyahoga  co.,  28  miles  from  the  for- 
mer, and  25  from  the  latter  place,  and  131  N.  E. 
from  Columbus.  The  railroad  from  Cleveland 
to  the  Ohio  River  passes  through  it. 

Au  Sable,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  On  the  N.  side  of 
the  Great  Au  Sable  River :  the  Little  Au  Sable 
passes  through  it.  Surface  undulating,  and  on 
the  W.  hilly.  15  miles  S.  from  the  village  of 
Plattsburg,  and  140  N.  of  Albany. 

Au  Sable  Forks,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  At  the 
junction,  on  the  E.  and  W.  forks  of  Au  Sable 
River.  Here  is  a  forge,  rolling  mill,  and  nail 
factory.  154  miles  from  Albany. 

Austerlifz,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  On  the  Ms. 
border.  Hilly  and  mountainous.  Watered  by 
several  small  tributaries  of  the  Housatonic.  The 
soil  is  a  gravel  and  clay  loam.  30  miles  S.  S.E. 
from  Albany,  and  14  N.  E.  from  Hudson. 

Austin  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Belleville.  S.  cen- 
tral, on  the  Brazos. 

Austin,  Ts.  Capital  of  the  state.  Situated  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  River  Colorado,  about  200  m. 
from  Matagorda  Bay.  through  which  the  river 
empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  town 
is  pleasantly  located,  on  ground  elevated  about 
40  feet  above  the  river.  It  derives  importance 
from  having  become  the  seat  of  government  of 
this  new  state,  which,  in  connection  with  its  nat- 
ural advantages  for  trade  and  commerce,  will 
give  an  impulse  to  its  prosperity  for  years  to  come. 

Austiiitown,  0.  A  township  of  Mahoning  co., 
160  miles  N.  E.from  Columbus. 

Autanga  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Kingston.  Cen- 
tral. Bounded  on  the  S.  and  E.  by  the  Coosa, 
and  watered  by  many  small  tributaries  of  that 
river.  Surface  broken ;  soil  good,  and  on  the 
borders  of  the  rivers  very  fertile. 

Acer  ill,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  On  the  Canada  line.  It 
has  several  large  ponds,  and  is  watered  by  a 
branch  of  Nulhegan  River.  The  soil  is  cold  and 
broken.  30  miles  N.  from  Guildhall,  and  60  N. 
E.  from  Montpelier. 

Avon,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.,  lies  between  two 
mountainous  ridges,  and  has  considerable  rich 
level  land  on  the  borders  of  Farmington  River. 
The  view  from  Monte  Video,  on  Talcott  Moun- 
tain, nearly  1000  feet  above  the  waters  of  the 
Connecticut,  is  quite  enchanting.  9  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Hartford. 

Avon,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  Watered  by  some  of 
the  head  branches  of  Sandy  River.  35  miles 
W.  by  N.  from  Norridgewock,  and  50  N.  N.  W. 
from  Augusta. 

Avon,  N.   Y.,  Livingston  co.     On    Genesee 


River,  and  also  watered  by  the  outlet  of  Conesus 
Lake  and  some  other  small  streams.  The  sur- 
face of  the  W.  part  is  hilly,  but  on  the  E.  it  is 
more  level.  Soil  fertile,  especially  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  streams,  producing  grass  and  grain  in 
great  abundance.  There  are  several  celebrated 
mineral  springs  in  this  town.  (See  Watering 
Places,  p.  263.)  8  miles  N.  from  the  village  of 
Genesee,  and  220  W.  from  Albany. 

Avon,  0.,  Loraine  co.,  borders  "on  Lake  Erie, 
and  is  watered  by  French  Creek,  which  passes 
through  the  centre  of  the  township.  17  miles 
W.  from  Cleveland. 

Avoyelles  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Marksville. 
Central.  On  both  sides  of  Red  River,  touching  the 
Mississippi  on  the  S.  E.  corner.  The  parts  bor- 
dering on  the  rivers  are  so  low  as  to  be  liable  to 
inundation,  but  the  W.  part,  being  more  elevated, 
is  n't  for  cultivation,  and  tolerably  fertile.  Cot- 
ton is  the  principal  product. 

Babylon,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  A  pleasant  sum- 
mer retreat  near  South  Bay.  185  miles  S.  E. 
from  Albany. 

Bachelder,  Me..  Oxford  co.  Between  two  moun- 
tains on  the  line  of  New  Hampshire,  60  miles 
W.  from  Augusta. 

Bad  Axe  County,  Wn.  On  the  Mississippi. 
Drained  by  Bad  Axe  River.  Taken  from  Craw- 
ford in  1851. 

Bailei/ville,  Me.,  Washington  co.  On  the  line 
of  N.  Brunswick,  80  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Bangor. 

Bainbridae,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Decatur  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Flint  River,  188  miles  S.  S.  W.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Bainbridge,  la.,  Putnam  co.  Near  the  Walnut, 
fork  of  Eel  River,  and  38  miles  W.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Bainbridge,  N.  Y.,  Chcnango  co.  Watered  by 
the  Susquehanna  River  and  its  tributaries. 
The  surface  is  hilly,  the  soil  of  good  quality. 
110  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Baker  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Newton.  In  the  S. 
W.  corner  of  the  state.  Watered  by  Flint  River, 
which  flows  southerly  through  it,  and  its  W. 
tributary,  the  Itchawaynochaway.  Soil  sandy, 
but  well  adapted  to  cotton. 

Bakersfield,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  Somewhat 
broken,  but  not  mountainous.  Timbered  prin- 
cipally with  hard  wood.  The  soil  is  in  general 
warm  and  productive.  Watered  by  Black  Creek, 
and  several  other  small  branches  of  the  Missisco. 
River.  30  miles  N.  E.  from  Burlington,  and  38 
N.  N.  W,  from  Montpelier. 

Balcony  Falls,  Va.,  Rockbridge  co.  On  the 
James  River,  at  the  passage  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
This  is  the  W.  terminus  of  the  James  River 
Canal.  A  dam  is  thrown  across  the  river  for 
the  purpose  of  feeding  the  canal.  The  scenery 
here  is  bold  and  picturesque.  197  miles  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Baldwin  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Blakely.  Be- 
tween the  Perdido  on  the  E.,  which  separates  it 
from  Florida,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  S.t> 
and  Mobile  Bay  on  the  W.  Level  near  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  but  more  uneven  in  the  inte- 
rior. Soil  tolerably  good  on  the  margins  of  the 
streams. 

Baldwin  Cuunty,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Milledgeville. 
Surface  uneven.  Drained  by  the  Oconee  River, 
which  flows  S.  E.  through  the  middle  of  it.  Soil 
generally  good,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  streams 
fertile. 


276 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c.. 


Baldwin,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  Between  Se- 
bago  Pond  and  Saco  River. 

Baldwinsville,  Ms.,  a  village  of  Templeton, 
Worcester  co.  On  the  Vt.  and  Mass.  Railroad. 
64  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 

Baldwinsville,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  On  the 
N.  side  of  Seneca  River,  and  possessing  a  good 
water  power,  which  is  improved  for  iron  works, 
machine  shops,  flouring  mills,  the  manufacture 
of  woollens,  &c.  There  is  here  a  flourishing 
Mcadcmy.  Boats  from  the  Oswego  Canal  are 
brought  through  the  Seneca  River  to  this  village. 
!45  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Ballard  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Columbus.  In 
fhe  N.  W.  corner,  in  the  angle  at  the  junction  of 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi.  Drained  by  May- 
Hi'Id's  Creek  and  its  branches. 

Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Saratoga  co.  See  Fash- 
ionable Resorts. 

Ballston,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Surface  slightly 
uneven;  soil  mostly  gravelly  loam.  4  miles  S. 
of  Ballston  Spa,  and  26  N.  from  Albany. 

Baltimore  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Baltimore  city. 
N.  part,  stretching  from  Chesapeake  Bay  to  the 
Pennsylvania  line.  Watered  by  Gunpowder 
and  Patapsco  Rivers.  Surface  hilly. 

Baltimore,  Md.  City,  port  of  entry,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Baltimore  co.  Situated  on 
the  Patapsco  River,  about  14  miles  from  its 
entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  about  200 
miles  from  the  ocean  by  ship  channel.  It  lies  40 
miles  N.  E.  from  Washington,  and  97  S.  W. 
from  Philadelphia.  The  population  in  1 790  was 
13,503;  in  1800,  26,514;  in  1810,  35,583;  in 
1820,  62,738  ;  in  1830,  80,625  ;  in  1840,  102,313  ; 
in  1850.  169,012.  The  city  is  favorably  located 
on  the  N.  side  of  a  bay  which  is  formed  by  the 
Patapsco  River ;  having  an  area,  over  which  it 
is  compactly  built,  of  abont  two  miles  on  the 
bay,  E.  and  W.,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  N.  and  S. 
As  laid  out,  it  includes  a  plot  of  4  miles 
square.  The  ground  is  slightly  uneven,  having 
many  gentle  elevations ;  which  give  the  city  a 
rtne  drainage,  and  affords  many  commanding  sites 
for  public  edifices  and  private  dwellings,  espe- 
cially towards  the  N.  and  E.  The  highest  of 
these  elevations,  is  that  on  which  the  Wash- 
ington Monument  is  erected,  the  base  of  which 
is  150  feet  above  the  harbor.  The  streets  are 
laid  out  with  much  regularity,  generally  straight, 
and  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  having  a 
width  of  from  50  to  100  feet.  The  principal 
promenade  is  Baltimore  Street,  86  feet  wide 
and  2  miles  long,  running  E.  and  W.  through 
the  centre  of  the  city.  A  small  river,  called 
Jones's  Falls,  empties  into  the  harbor,  passing 
through  the  city,  and  dividing  it  into  two  nearlv 
equal  parts  on  the  E.  and  W.  Over  this  stream 
are  three  elegant  and  substantial  stone  bridges, 
and  four  of  wood,  by  which  the  different  parts  of 
the  city  are  conveniently  united.  The  houses 
are  generally  built  of  brick,  with  a  basement  of 
granite  or  marble,  the  materials  for  which  are 
obtained  from  the  vicinity;  and  they  evince  a 
state  of  general  prosperity  and  substantial  wealth, 
without  ostentation  or  display.  Among  the  pub- 
lic buildings,  the  city  hall,  on  Holliday  Street, 
is  a  plain  edifice,  three  stories  high,  with  a  portico 
supported  by  four  massive  columns ;  a  substan- 
tial and  convenient  structure,  without  much  pre- 
tension to  architectural  beauty,  occupied  by  the 
nty  council  and  several  public  offices.  The 
tourt  house,  on  the  corner  of  Washington  and 


Monument  Streets,  is  a  handsome  building,  con- 
structed of  brick  and  marble,  145  feet  long,  65 
wide,  and  2  stories  high.  The  building  is  ele- 
vated 10  or  12  feet  above  the  level  of  the  adja- 
cent streets,  and  is  approached  by  steps  in  the 
front  and  rear.  Above  the  steps  is  a  colonnade, 
with  Tuscan  pillars  supporting  a  plain  entablature 
above.  The  building  is  crowned  with  a  cupola 
of  imposing  appearance.  Its  interior  arrange- 
ments are  such  as  to  render  it  one  of  fhe  finest 
court  houses  in  the  country.  The  state  peni- 
tentiary, on  the  corner  of  Forrest  and  Madison 
Streets,  consists  of  a  centre  building,  and  two 
wings,  a  little  separated  from  it,  on  the  E.  and 
W. ;  of  which  the  first  is  occupied  by  the  keeper's 
family,  officers,  and  guards  ;  the  E.  wing,  having 
320  dormitories,  by  the  male  prisoners;  and  the 
W.  wing  by  the  females.  Besides  these  build- 
ings, there  are  ranges  of  workshops  extending 
250  feet  in  length  and  25  in  breadth,  in  which 
the  prisoners  work  by  day.  By  night  they  are 
confined  in  their  separate  cells.  Near  to  the 
state  penitentiary  is  the  county  prison,  two 
stories  high,  with  a  basement  and  an  attic,  sur- 
mounted by  a  neat  cupola,  and  adorned  by  towers 
at  both  the  ends.  Among  the  church  edifices, 
the  two  most  distinguished  for  architectural  ele- 
gance are  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  corner 
of  Cathedral  and  Mulberry  Streets,  and  the 
Unitarian  Church,  corner  of  Charles  and  Frank- 
lin Streets.  The  cathedral  is  a  cruciform  build- 
ing, 190  feet  in  length,  and  at  the  transept  177 
feet  in  breadth.  Its  height,  from  the  foundation 
to  the  top  of  the  cross  upon  the  dome,  is  127 
feet.  The  building  is  lighted  from  the  dome  by 
windows  not  visible  below.  At  the  W.  end  of 
the  building  two  tall  towers  arise,  which  aro 
crowned  with  Saracenic  cupolas,  resembling  the 
minarets  of  a  Mahometan  mosque.  It  was 
originally  designed  to  place  an  elegant  Ionic 
portico  between  these  towers ;  but  this  part  of 
the  design  remains  unexecuted  by  reason  of  the 
great  expense  of  the  edifice.  This  church  has 
one  of  the  largest  organs  in  the  United  States, 
having  6000  pipes  and  36  stops.  It  contains 
two  splendid  paintings,  the  one,  the  descent  from 
the  cross,  presented  by  Louis  XVI.,  and  the 
other,  St.  Louis  burying  his  officers  and  soldiers 
slain  before  Tunis,  presented  by  Charles  X.  of 
France.  The  Unitarian  Church,  which  is  also 
much  admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  architecture, 
is  108  feet  in  length  and  78  feet  in  width.  It 
has  a  colonnade  in  front  consisting  of  four  Tus- 
can columns  and  two  pilasters.  From  this  por- 
tico the  building  is  entered  through  five  bronze 
doors,  in  imitation  of  those  of  the  Vatican  at 
Rome,  three  leading  into  the  body  of  the  house 
and  two  into  the  galleries.  The  interior  is 
square,  supporting  a  dome  55  feet  in  diameter. 
The  summit  of  the  cupola  is  80  feet  high.  The 
organ  in  this  church  contains  1400  pipes  and  22 
stops.  St.  Paul's  Church,  Episcopal,  with  its 
lofty  tower  and  steeple,  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  with  two  towers,  and  the  First  Baptist 
Church,  with  its  Ionic  portico  and  dome,  are 
prominent  buildings  of  the  city.  Among  the 
commercial  institutions,  the  Exchange,  between 
Water  and  Gay  Streets,  is  a  splendid  building. 
225  feet  long,  and  141  feet  deep,  and  three  stories 
high  above  the  basement.  On  the  E.  and  W. 
fronts,  the  building  is  adorned  with  colonnades 
of  six  Ionic  columns  each,  the  shafts  of  which  are 
single  blocks  of  Italian  marble  finely  wrought 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


277 


The  edifice  is  surmounted  with  a  dome  115  feet 
above  the  street.  The  Merchants'  Room,  in  the 
Exchange,  is  53  feet  square.  The  Custom  House 
is  entered  from  Water  Street.  It  has  an  exten- 
sive saloon  divided  by  colonnades  into  three  apart- 
ments. The  desks  of  the  officers  are  ranged 
between  the  columns,  and  the  central  area  is 
occupied  by  persons  doing  business  with  the 
department.  The  Collector's  Room  is  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  hall.  The  buildings  of  the 
Maryland  University  are  situated  in  Lombard 
Street,  and  those  of  St.  Mary's  College  upon 
the  corner  of  Franklin  and  Green  streets.  A 
number  of  the  public  schools  have  handsome 
and  convenient  edifices.  A  fine  building  of 
Gothic  architecture  has  been  erected  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  institution  known  as 
McKim's  Free  School.  Among  the  benevolent 
institutions,  the  Hospital  is  provided  with  a  spa- 
cious and  commodious  building  in  thcN.  W.  sub- 
urbs of  the  city,  which  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$150,000.  It  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  city 
and  surrounding  country.  On  account  of  the 
number  of  monuments  which  it  contains,  Bal- 
timore has  obtained  the  name  of  the  "Monu- 
mental City."  The  Washington  Monument,  at 
the  intersection  of  Charles  and  Monument  Street-:, 
is  a  most  imposing  structure.  This  is  a  column 
of  the  Doric  order,  20  feet  in  diameter  at  the 
base  and  14  at  the  top,  rising  180  feet  from  a 
base  20  feet  high,  and  bearing  a  statue  of 
Washington  which  is  13  feet  in  height.  The 
whole  is  constructed  of  white  marble.  There  is 
an  ascent  to  the  top  of  the  column  by  a  winding 
staircase  within  the  shaft,  where  a  most  com- 
manding view  of  the  city  and  its  environs  is 
obtained.  The  Battle  Monument,  at  the  corner 
of  Calvert  and  Fayette  Streets,  is  a  handsome 
structure  of  fine  white  marble,  erected  to  com- 
memorate the  bravery  of  those  who  fell  in  de- 
fending the  city  from  the  attack  of  the  British 
on  the  12th  of*  September,  1814.  The  base  is 
Egyptian,  in  the  form  of  a  truncated  pyramid, 
rising  about  20  feet  from  the  ground,  having 
on  each  front  an  Egyptian  doorway,  with  the 
winged  globe  and  other  Egyptian  svmhols.  un- 
der the  shadow  of  a  deep  overhanging  cornice. 
Above  this  base  rises  the  column,  in  the  form  of  a 
Roman  fasces,  on  the  bands  of  which  arc  in- 
scribed, in  letters  of  gold,  the  names  of  those  who 
fell  in  the  battle.  The  column  is  surmounted 
by  a  female  figure,  emblematical  of  the  city  of. 
Baltimore,  saved  by  the  event  of  this  engage- 
ment. The  British  force  which  invaded  the  city 
in  this  attack  consisted  of  about  12,000  troops,  and 
a  squadron  of  40  or  50  vessels.  Fort  McHenry 
at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor  from  Patapsco  Bay, 
was  bombarded  by  sixteen  ships  from  the  squad- 
ron for  twenty-four  hours.  These,  being  repulsed, 
drew  off'.  The  troops,  to  the  number  of  9000 
men,  landed  at  North  Point,  and  proceeded  to 
within  six  miles  of  the  city,  where  they  were 
met,  on  the  12th  of  September,  by  the  Baltimore 
brigade,  under  General  Stryker,  consisting  of 
3,200  men.  In  the  severe  battle  which  ensued 
the  British  commander,  General  Ross,  was  killed. 
The  Americans  retreated  towards  the  city,  and 
were  slowly  followed  on  the  next  day  by  the 
enemy;  but  fearing  lest  their  own  retreat  should 
be  cut  off",  which  was  contemplated,  they  hastily 
returned  on  board  their  fleet,  and  left  the  Chesa- 
peake. —  Baltimore  is  well  supplied  with  pure  and 
wholesome  water.  In  different  parts  of  the  city 


are  public  fountains,  supplied  by  springs,  en- 
closed by  circular  iron  railings,  and  covered  by 
small  open  temples,  consisting  of  columns  sup- 
porting a  dome,  which  answer  both  a  useful  and 
an  ornamental  purpose.  But  the  chief  supply 
is  by  means  of  an  aqueduct,  in  which  water  is 
brought  from  Jones's  Falls,  a  distance  of  about 
half  a  mile,  into  a  reservoir  in  Calvert  Street, 
and  thence  distributed  to  every  part  of  the  city. 
Baltimore  enjoys  great  facilities  both  for  foreign 
and  domestic  trade.  The  harbor  is  very  fine,  con- 
sisting of  three  parts.  The  entrance  to  the  outer 
harbor,  between  Fort  McHenry  and  the  Lazaret- 
to, is  no  more  than  about  600  yards  in  width, 
with  22  feet  of  water.  This  width  gradually  in- 
creases, with  the  same  depth  of  water,  for  a  mile 
and  a  quarter,  where  it  is  again  contracted  to 
one  fourth  of  a  mile,  and  forms  the  entrance  to 
the  second  or  middle  harbor,  over  a  channel  of 
about  12  feet  of  water.  Above  this,  which  is 
called  Fell's  Point,  the  harbor  again  expands 
into  an  ellipse,  half  a  mile  in  width  and  a  mile 
long,  having  a  depth  of  15  feet.  The  third  or 
inner  harbor,  called  the  Basin,  has  a  depth  of  10 
feet,  and  extends  nearly  into  the  middle  of  the 
city.  Vessels  of  500  or  600  tons  can  lie  at  the 
wharves  near  Fell's  Point,  and  those  of  200  tons 
or  more  can  come  into  the  city  through  the  inner 
harbor.  A  marine  telegraph  is  located  on  Fed- 
eral Hill,  which  communicates  with  a  signal  on 
the  Chesapeake  Bay.  to  give  notice  of  the  ap- 
proach of  vessels  through  the  bay.  In  respect 
to  domestic  commerce,  this  city  possesses  distin- 
guished advantages.  By  its  natural  position  it 
must  necessarily  draw  to  itself  most  of  the  trade 
of  Maryland,  one  half  of  that  of  the  great  state 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  no  inconsiderable  portion 
of  that  of  the  Western  States.  And  then,  by  the 
means  which  its  own  enterprise  has  provided, 
these  natural  advantages  arc  greatly  increased. 
It  has  lines  of  steam  packets  running  to  Phila- 
delphia and  Norfolk,  and  of  sailing  packets  to 
New  York,  and  to  other  large  ports  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast.  The  communication  of  Baltimore 
with  the  surrounding  country  is  now  greatly  fa- 
cilitated and  extended  by  railroads.  One  chain 
connects  the  city  with  Philadelphia  and  New 
York.  The  Baltimore  and  Susquehanna  Rail- 
road extends  to  York,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  thence 
by  another  route  connects  the  city  with  Philadel- 
phia. The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  which 
is  designed  to  connect  the  city  with  Wheeling, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  is  in  operation  as  far  as  Cum- 
berland, near  the  foot  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, and  when  carried  through  to  Wheeling, 
will  open  the  most  direct  and  speedy  communi- 
cation between  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  and 
the  Atlantic  coast.  A  "branch  from  this  road 
connects  the  city  with  Washington,  a  distance  of 
about  40  miles,  and  thence  extends  by  an  almost 
continuous  route  to  New  Orleans.  As  a  market 
for  tobacco,  Baltimore  is  second  to  no  other,  and 
has  been  reckoned  the  greatest  flour  market  in 
the  world.  The  manufactures  of  this  city  aie  not 
less  important  to  its  prosperity  than  'its  com- 
merce. A  great  amount  of  water  power  exists 
in  the  vicinity,  which  has  been  made  extensive- 
ly available  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Upon 
Jones's  Falls,  the  small  stream  which  passes 
through  the  city,  there  is  a  succession  of  mill 
sites,  which  arc  improved  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. The  Patapsco  River,  though  not  large, 
has  a  fall  of  about  800  feet,  through  a  distance 


278 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES, 


of  30  miles  out  of  Baltimore,  affording  numer- 
ous and  valuable  situations  for  mills  and  facto- 
ries. There  are,  within  20  miles  of  the  city,  60 
or  more  flouring  mills  ;  also  numerous  manufac- 
tories of  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics,  of  powder, 
paper,  iron,  copper,  glass,  steam  engines  and  other 
machinery,  chemicals,  tobacco.  &c.  The  literary 
and  scientific  institutions  of  Baltimore  are  vari- 
ous and  respectable.  The  Maryland  Institute, 
established  for  the  promotion  of  the  mechanic 
arts,  has  a  fine  chemical  laboratory,  and  philo- 
sophical apparatus.  The  Maryland  Academy 
of  Sciences  and  Literature  has  its  library 
and  collections  in  the  Atheneum  buildings. 
There  is  also  the  City  Library,  the  Apprentices' 
Library,  and  the  Exchange  Reading  Rooms.  The 
Maryland  University,  and  St.  Mary's  College, 
which  latter  institution  is  under  the  direction  of 
the  Roman  Catholics,  are  located  in  this  city. 
For  the  particulars  of  these  institutions,  the  read- 
er is  referred  to  the  article  on  Colleges  in  this 
work.  The  charitable  and  benevolent  institu- 
tions of  the  city  are  also  numerous,  among  which, 
besides  the  Hospital,  already  noticed,  there  are 
the  Almshouse,  several  orphan  asylums,  a  City 
Dispensary,  and  various  other  associations  for 
the  relief  of  poverty  and  distress.  There  are  in 
the  city  something  over  40  churches  of  different 
denominations.  The  Roman  Catholics,  by  whom 
Baltimore  was  originally  settled,  are  the  most 
numerous.  They  have  six  church  edifices,  in- 
cluding their  great  cathedral.  The  Methodists 
have  9 ;  the  Episcopalians  5  ;  the  Presbyterians 
5 ;  the  Baptists  4  ;  the  Unitarians  1  ;  besides 
those  of  the  Lutherans,  German  Reformed,  and 
Friends. 

Baltimore  was  first  laid  out  as  a  town  in  1729. 
It  contained  only  50  houses  in  1765.  In  1797  it 
was  chartered  as  a  city.  Owing  to  its  eminent 
natural  advantages,  it  has  had  a  rapid  growth  in 
population  and  in  wealth.  The  municipal  gov- 
ernment is  vested  in  a  mavor  and  city  council. 
The  mayor  is  elected  for  two  years,  by  twelve 
electors,  one  from  each  ward,  chosen  by  the 
people. 

Baltimore,  0.,  Fairfield  co.  On  the  Ohio  Ca- 
nal, which  intersects  the  village.  There  is  a 
considerable  water  power  here  applied  to  the 
flouring  business,  the  manufacture  of  woollen 
cloths,  &c.  32  miles  S.  W.  from  Columbus. 

Bangor,  Me.,  city  and  scat  of  justice  of  Penob- 
scot  co.,  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  W. 
side  of  Penobscot  River,  where'  it  is  entered  by 
the  Kenduskeag,  30  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Bel- 
fast Bay,  and  about  60  miles  from  the  open  sea. 
It  is  66  miles  E.N.E.  from  Augusta.—  The  first 
settlement  in  this  place,  by  the  whites,  was  made 
in  the  winter  of  1769-70.  In  1772,  the  planta- 
tion. Kenduskeag,  as  it  was  then  called,  consisted 
of  twelve  families.  In  1790,  the  population  of 
Bangor  was  169;  in  1800,  277;  in  1810,  850-  in 
1820, 1221  ;  in  1830,  2868;  in  1840,8627  ;  and  in 
1850,14,432.  —  The  compact  part  of  the  popula- 
tion is  on  both  sides  of  Kenduskeag  stream,  which 
is  about  190  yds.  in  width  at  its  mouth,  over  which 
are  three  bridges,  and  on  which,  at  the  foot  of 
the  fulls,  about  a  mile  from  the  city,  are  numerous 
mills.  The  bridge  across  the  Penobscot,  100 
rods  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ken-duskeag,  to  the 
pleasant  town  of  Brewer,  is  about  440  yards  in 
length.  It  cost  $50,000.  The  basin  at  and  be- 
low the  mouth  of  the  Kenduskeag,  where  the 
vessels  lie  to  receive  their  cargoes,  is  90  rods  in 


width,  and  affords  good  anchorage.  The  tide  here 
generally  rises  about  17  feet.  Ship  building  is 
extensively  pursued  at  this  place ;  but  commerce 
in  lumber,  of  all  the  various  kinds  in  u^c,  is  the 
principal  occupation  of  the  inhabitants.  An 
immense  amount  of  that  article  is  annually  raft- 
ed down  the  rivers,  and  transported  to  almost  all 
parts  of  the  world.  Bangor  is  the  greatest  depot 
for  lumber  on  the  continent  of  America. —  On 
the  Penobscot  River,  and  its  tributary  streams, 
above  Bangor.  are  between  300  and  400  saw 
mills,  capable  of  cutting  an  immense  amount  of 
lumber  annually ;  all  of  which,  except  what  is 
used  in  building,  must  be  shipped  at  the  harbor 
of  Bangor.  The  value  of  the  boards,  timber, 
clapboards,  shingles,  oars,  scantling,  wood,  &c., 
shipped  at  this  port,  varies  from  one  to  two  mil- 
lions of  dollars  annually.  A  large  number  of 
vessels  are  annually  employed,  during  the  season 
of  navigation,  in  freighting  lumber,  timber,  &c., 
to  various  places,  besides  others  engaged  in  for- 
eign commerce  and  in  the  fisheries. —  Bangor 
was  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1791,  and  in  1834 
it  became  a  city.  —  The  site  of  this  city  is  pleas- 
ant, commanding  fine  views  of  the  rivers  and 
the  adjoining  country.  The  buildings,  both 
public  and  private,  are  constructed  with  neatness 
and  taste,  and  some  in  a  style  of  superior  ele- 
gance. There  are  several  handsome  church  edi- 
fices and  other  public  buildings.  The  public 
houses  are  excellent,  among  which  is  the  Bangor 
House.  The  Custom  House  is  a  new  and  beauti- 
ful building  of  granite.  The  buildings  of  the  The- 
ological Seminary  are  beautifully  situated  in  the 
most  elevated  part  of  the  city.  Conveyances  for 
travellers  from  the  city  are  frequent  and  comfort- 
able both  by  land  and  water.  A  railroad  is  in 
operation  to  Oldtown,  12  miles,  and  steamboats 
ply  to  and  from  Portland  and  Boston  during  the 
season  of  navigation,  which  generally  continues 
eight  or  nine  months  in  the  year.  The  great 
Eastern  Railroad  from  Boston  has  reached  Water- 
ville,  and  will  soon  be  extended  to  Bmgor;  and 
at  no  very  distant  period,  doubtless,  to  the  British 
province  of  New  Brunswick.  Excursions  to  this 
queen  city  of  the  east  are  becoming  quite  fish- 
ionable  in  the  summer  months.  —  Bangor  is  on 
one  of  the  noblest  rivers  in  the  Northern  States 
—  the  product  of  an  almost  countless  number 
of  tributary  streams.  Bangor  is  seated  at  the 
natural  outlet  of  these  mighty  waters,  as  the 
mart  of  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  one  of 
the  richest  alluvial  basins  east  of  the  Ohio  valley. 
It  is  true  that  this  section  of  country  is  in  a  high 
degree  of  latitude,  and  that  the  icy  chains  of 
winter  are  felt  with  greater  force  and  for  a  longer 
period  than  in  more  southern  climes.  But  this 
seeming  disadvantage  is  more  than  compensated 
by  the  unrivalled  purity  of  the  air  and  water  — 
two  of  the  indispensable  requisites  of  health  and 
longevity.  There  is  probably  no  portion  of 
country  in  the  world  where  the  great  staples  of 
wheat,  beef,  and  wool  can  be  produced  with 
greater  facility,  where  surplus  produce  can  find 
a  market  at  less  expense,  or  where  the  industri- 
ous agriculturist  can  reap  a  more  sure  reward. 
On  a  comparison  of  the  present  population  of 
this  immense  territory,  extending  from  tide  water 
to  Mudawaska,  with  that  of  older  settlements  of 
a  less  fertile  soil,  of  less  navigable  facilities,  and 
in  nearly  as  high  a  degree  of  latitude,  the  mind 
is  favorably  impressed  with  the  flattering  pros- 
pects of  the  valley  of  the  Penobscot,  and  of  Ban- 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


279 


gor,  which  must  ever  possess  superior  advantages 
as  a  mart  of  trade. 

Banqw,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Drained  by  Little 
Salmon  River,  and  some  branches  of  the  Salmon. 
The  surface  is  level ;  the  soil  good.  220  miles 
N.  N.  W.  from  Albany.  * 

Barbour  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Clayton.  In  the 
S.  E.  angle  separated  by  the  Chattahoochee  from 
Georgia.  Surface  rolling ;  soil  fertile  on  the 
margins  of  the  streams. 

Barbour  County,  Va..  c.  h.  at  Philippa.  In  the 
N.  W.  part.  Uneven  and  rough.  Watered  by 
the  E.  fork  of  Monongahela,  which  flows  through 
it  from  S.  to  N. 

Barbourswlle,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Knox  co.  130  miles 
S.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Barcelona,  N.  Y.,  Westfield,  Chautauque  oo. 
Port  of  entry,  and  a  place  of  considerable  trade. 
Situated  on  Lake  Erie,  51  miles  S.  W.  from  Buf- 
falo, and  343  W.  from  Albany. 

Bardstown,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Nelson  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Beech  Fork,  a  branch  of  Salt  River. 
Cotton  and  woollen  cloths  are  manufactured  here 
to  some  extent,  steam  power  being  employed. 
St.  Joseph's  College  (Roman  Catholic)  is  lo- 
cated here,  which  has  one  handsome  four-story 
building.  (See  Co/leges.)  This  is  one  of  the  hand- 
somest towns  of  the  west,  and  contains  an  en- 
terprising, intelligent,  and  remarkably  moral 
population.  40  miles  S.  E.  from  Louisville,  and 
50  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Baring,  Me.,  Washington  co.  Bounded  N.  by 
the  St.  Croix  River,  E.  by  Calais,  and  W.  by  a 
large  and  beautiful  pond  which  empties  into  the 
St.  Croix.  209  miles  N.  E.  by  E.  from  Augusta. 

Barker,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  Tioughnioga  Riv- 
er and  some  of  its  tributaries  water  this  town. 
Its  surface  is  uneven  ;  its  soil  well  adapted  to 
grazing.  12  miles  S.  from  Binghampton,  and 
135  S.  "W.  from  Albany. 

BarkJiampstead,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  Watered 
by  branches  of  Farmington  River.  The  soil  is 
more  particularly  adapted  to  grazing.  First 
settled  1746.  Incorporated  1779.  Granite,  iron 
ore,  and  limestone  are  found  here.  The  hilly  part 
of  the  town  presents  some  fine  scenery.  Hitchcock- 
ville,  N.  of  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  a  flourishing 
manufacturing  village,  with  great  water  privileges. 

Barnard,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  It  is  watered  by 
Broad  Brook  and  Locust  Creek.  In  the  centre 
is  the  village,  and  a  beautiful  pond.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly,  and  the  soil  well  adapted  to  gra/ing. 
21  miles  N.  W.  from  Windsor,  and  37  S.  from 
Montpelier. 

Barnesi'i/lc,  0.,  Warren  township,  Belmont  co. 
55  miles  N.  from  Marietta,  and  100  E.  from  Co- 
lumbus. 

Barncsville,  O.,  Belmont  co,  A  place  of  ac- 
tive business,  where  steam  is  applied  for  man- 
ufacturing purposes.  30  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  from 
Wheeling,  and  101  miles  E.  from  Columbus. 

Barnet,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  On  Connecticut 
River,  at  the  Fifteen  Mile  Falls,  and  opposite 
Lymun,  N  II.  It  has  a  good  soil,  and  is  an  ex- 
cellent fanning  town,  with  slate  and  iron  ore. 
It  has  a  great  water  power  on  Passumpsic  and 
Stevens  Rivers.  On  the  latter  are  falls  of  100 
feet  in  the  distance  of  ten  rods.  There  are  a  num- 
ber of  pleasant  and  fertile  islands  in  the  river, 
between  this  place  and  Lyman.  The  head  of 
boat  navigation  on  Connecticut  River  is  at  the 
lower  village  in  this  town,  viz.,  Mclndoes's  Falls. 
The  principal  places  of  business  are  at  this  vil- 


lage, at  the  village  at  Steven s's  mills,  and  at 
Passumpsic  village.  11  miles  S.  from  Danville, 
and  36  E.  from  Montpelier.  The  Passumpsic 
Railroad  passes  through  this  town,  affording  rail- 
road connection  with  New  York,  Boston,  &c 

Barnstable  County,  Ms.  c.  h.  at  Barnstable. 
This  county  includes  the  whole  of  Cape  Cod. 
The  whole  length  of  the  cape  is  65  miles,  and 
the  average  breadth  about  5  miles.  Below  the 
town  of  Barnstable  the  county  is  quite  sandy,  so 
much  so  that  the  people  are  generally  dependent 
on  Boston  and  other  towns  for  a  large  proportion 
of  their  meats  and  breadstuff's.  This  deficit  is 
amply  compensated  by  the  unrivalled  privileges 
enjoyed,  and  well  improved  by  them,  in  the  cod, 
mackerel,  and  other  fisheries*  This  county  has 
but  little  wood,  but  it  is  well  stored  with  peat, 
and  an  abundance  of  pure,  soft  water. 

Barnstable,  Ms.,  c.  h.  Barnstable  co.  Pleas- 
antly located  at  the  head  of  Cape  Cod.  Its  har- 
bor is  formed  by  Sandy  Neck,  and  is  good  for 
vessels  of  8  feet  draught  of  water.  From  this 
place  packets  constantly  ply  to  Boston,  and,  in 
the  summer  months,  steamboats  run  between  this 
place,  Plymouth,  and  Boston.  There  are  a 
number  of  pleasant  villages  in  the  town.  West 
Barnstable  village  is  4  m.  from  the  court  house. 
Hyannis  is  6  S  from  it.  and  has  become,  by  an 
expensive  breakwater,  a  most  important  harbor, 
perfectly  safe  from  all  winds.  Oysterville,  Cen- 
treville,  and  Cotuit,  are  on  the  south  side  of  the 
cape,  and  have  good  harbors  for  small  vessels. 
This  town  has  numerous  ponds,  a  valuable 
cranberry  meadow,  some  fine  upland,  and  exten- 
sive salt  marshes.  65  miles  S.  E.  from  Boston. 

Barnstead,  N.  H..  Belknap  co.  Not  mountain- 
ous, but  has  large  swells  of  land,  good  for  graz- 
ing. Soil  easy  of  cultivation  and  productive. 
20  miles  N.  E.  from  Concord. 

Barnsuille,  Ga.,  Pike  co.  On  the  Western  Rail- 
road. 40  miles  from  Macon,  and  65  W.  from 
Millcdgeville. 

Barnwell  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Barnwell. 
S.  part,  between  the  South  Edisto  and  Savan- 
nah Rivers.  It  is  drained  by  the  Combahee  and 
Salkahatchie  Rivers,  and  contains  several  sul- 
phur springs.  The  Hamburg  and  Charleston 
Railroad  crosses  the  N.  part. 

Barnwell,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Barnwell  district.  On 
Turkey  Creek,  near  the  great  Salkahatchie  Riv- 
er. 100  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Columbia. 

Barre,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Surface  elevated. 
Soil  good.  Drained  by  several  head  branches  of 
the  Ware  River.  A  busy  town,  with  a  variety 
of  miscellaneous  manufactures.  60  miles  W.  by 
S.  from  Boston. 

Barre,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Orleans  co.  On  the  Erie 
Canal.  Drained  by  several  small  streams.  Sur- 
face undulating  ;  soil  suitable  for  the  growth  of 
grass  and  grain.  257  miles  N.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Barre,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  One  of  the  best 
farming  towns  in  the  state.  It  is  well  watered 
by  Stevens  and  Jail  branches  of  Winooski  Riv- 
er. Inexhaustible  quantities  of  excellent  granite 
are  found  here.  6  miles  S.  E.  from  Montpelier. 
The  Vermont  Central  Railroad  passes  through 
the  town. 

Barren  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Glasgow.  S.  cen- 
tral. Watered  'by  Little  Barren  and  the  Beaver 
branch  of  Big  Barren  River,  a  tributary  of 
Green.  Surface  slightly  uneven ;  soil  of  medi- 
um quality. 


280 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,    TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c. 


Barrington,  N.  H.,  Stratford  co.  The  surface 
broken  and  rocky ;  the  soil  chiefly  a  gravelly 
loam.  There  are  no  less  than  13  ponds  of  con- 
siderable-magnitude in  this  place,  from  whence 
issue  streams.  On  Isinglass  River  is  a  fall  of 
30  feet.  Two  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  town 
is  a  remarkable  cavern,  called  the  Devil's  Den. 
Granite  and  iron  ore  are  plenty.  20  miles  N.  W. 
from  Portsmouth,  and  30  E.  from  Concord. 

Barrinqfon,  N.  Y.,  Yates  co.  This  town  lies 
K.  of  Crooked  Lake,  and  is  drained  by  a  num- 
ber of  small  streams.  The  surface  is  undulat- 
ing, and  the  soil  good.  193  miles  W.  from 
Albany. 

Barrington,  R.  I.,  Bristol  co.  This  small  town 
is  well  watered  by  Palmer's  River,  and  by  an 
inlet  of  Warren  River,  over  which  is  a  bridge. 
The  soil  of  the  town  is  of  a  fertile  sandy  loam, 
and  quite  productive.  Large  quantities  of  sea- 
weed are  collected  on  its  shores.  A  large  tract  in 
Barrington,  called  the  "  Cove,"  now  covered  with 
water  to  a  considerable  depth,  is  supposed  to 
have  once  been  a  forest,  as  timber  and  fuel  are 
obtained  from  its  bottom.  Some  salt  is  made 
in  this  town,  and  shell  and  other  fish  are  abun- 
dant. 8  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Providence. 

Barry  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Hastings.  S.  W. 
central.  Watered  chiefly  by  Thorn  Apple  Riv- 
er. Surface  undulating  and  broken ;  soil  fertile. 

Barry  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  McDonald.  In  the 
S.  W.  corner,  bordering  on  Arkansas.  Surface 
hilly  ;  soil  mostly  good. 

Barry,  Pa.  AN.  W.  township  of  Schuylkill  co. 
Watered  by  Deep  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna  River.  Surface  mountainous,  with  fertile 
valleys.  76  miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Bart,  Pa.  A  S.  E.  township  of  Lancaster  co. 
Watered  by  a  head  branch  of  Octurara  Creek. 
55  miles  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Bartholomew  County,  la.  c.  h.  at  Columbus.  S. 
E.  central.  Soil  very  fertile.  The  E.  branch  of 
White  River  flows  S.  through  the  middle  of  it. 
It  is  also  traversed  by  the  Madison  and  Indian- 
apolis Railroad. 

Bartlett,  N.  H..  Coos  co.,  lies  at  the  foot  of 
the  White  Mountains,  on  the  E.  side.  The  Saco 
River  meanders  through  it. 

Bartlett,  Pa.  A  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  on 
both  sides  of  Union  River. 

Barton,  N.  Y.,  Tioga  co.  Situated  partly  be- 
tween the  Susquehanna  and  Chemung  Rivers, 
and  watered  by  Cayuta  Creek.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  rather  sterile,  except  the  valleys,  which  are 
very  fertile.  15  miles  W.  from  Oswego,  and  181 
miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Barton,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  Watered  by  Barton 
Kiver.  A  thriving  town,  with  a  good  hydraulic 
power  42  miles  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Badcingridge,  N.  J.,  Somerset  co.  A  beautiful 
and  healthy  place,  lying  on  high  ground.  46 
miles  N.  by  E.  from  Trenton. 

Bastrop  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Bastrop.  Situated 
on  both  sides  of  the  Colorado. 

Bastrop,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Bastrop  co.  On  E.  bank  of 
the  Colorado,  40  miles  S.  E.  from  Austin. 

Batacia,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  Watered  by  Ton- 
awanda  Creek,  which  winds  through  the  town. 
The  surface  is  level ;  the  soil  fertile.  The  rail- 
road from  Albany  to  Buffalo  passes  through  it 
285  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Batavia,  0.,  c.  h.  Clermont  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  the  p].  fork  of  Little  Miami  River,  96 
miles  S.  W.  from  Columbus. 


Bates  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  atBatesville.  On  both 
sides  of  Osage  River.  Mostly  prairie. 

Batesville,  As.,  c.  h.  Independence  co.  140 
miles  S.  W.  from  Little  Rock. 

Bath,  Is.,  c.  h.  Mason  co. 

Bath  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Owingsville.  Lick- 
ing River  washes  its  north-eastern  border. 

Bath,  Me.,  city,  Lincoln  co.,  lies  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Kennebec  River,  12  miles  from  the 
sea,  31  miles  S.  from  Augusta,  and  32  N.  E.  from 
Portland.  The  population  in  1830,  was  3773; 
in  1840,  5141  ;  in  1850,  3020.  —  An  attempt  was 
made  by  a  missionary  to  settle  this  place,  and 
preach  to  the  fishermen  as  early  as  1670.  But 
the  Indians  would  not  permit  it.  The  first  per- 
manent settlement  was  made  in  1756.  The  town 
is  built  on  a  genile  declivity,  and  extends  from 
a  mile  and  a  half  to  two  miles  along  the  river, 
and  nearly  a  mile  back.  It  is  handsomely  laid 
out,  and  contains  several  elegant  church  edi- 
fices, and  other  buildings,  public  and  private, 
which  are  an  ornament  to  the  place.  —  The  prin- 
cipal business  of  Bath  is  commerce,  trade,  and 
ship  building,  particularly  the  latter,  for  which  it 
is  admirably  well  located.  This  place  ranks  as 
the  third  in  the  United  States  in  respect  to  this 
important  interest.  The  tonnage  of  the  district 
of  Bath  including  the  waters  of  the  Kennebec 
River,  in  1850  was  103,795.  This  place  is  noted 
for  its  accomplished  shipmasters  and  fine  sailors. 
—  The  harbor  of  Bath  is  seldom  obstructed  by 
ice.  Regular  lines  of  steamboats  ply  between 
this  place  and  Portland  and  Boston,  about  three 
fourths  of  the  year.  A  branch  railroad  connects 
it  with  the  Portland  and  Augusta  Railroad  at 
Brunswick,  about  8  miles  distant. 

Bath,  N.  C.,  Beaufort  co.  143  miles  E.  by  S. 
from  Raleigh,  on  the  Pamlico  River. 

Bath,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  On  the  Connecti- 
cut. The  Green  Mountains  on  the  W.  and  the 
White  Mountains  on  the  E.  effectually  shield  it 
from  high  winds  and  long  storms.  "The  Am- 
monoosuc  River  waters  the  S.  E.  part,  furnish- 
ing fine  water  privileges  ;  it  has  a  convenient  fall 
at  the  lower  village.  The  soil  on  the  hills  is  a 
reddish  loam ;  in  the  valleys  it  is  alluvial.  80 
miles  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Bath,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Steuben  co.  Watered  by 
Conhocton  River  and  some  of  its  branches.  The 
surface  is  hilly,  but  embraces  much  good  tillable 
land.  216  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Bath  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Bath.  Central. 
Watered  by  Cowpasture,  Jackson,  and  the  head 
branches  of  James  Rivers.  Surface  rough  and 
elevated  ;  soil  tolerably  fertile. 

Bath,  Va.,  c.  h.  Bath  co.  164  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Richmond.  Here  are  two  springs,  useful  in 
rheumatic  and  other  complaints  ;  one  the  Warm, 
the  other  the  Hot  Spring. 

Baton  Rouge,  La.  Capital  of  the  state,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  East  Baton  Rouge  Parish. 
Situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  117 
miles  above  New  Orleans.  It  consists  chiefly 
of  one  street,  which  is  built  on  a  gentle  swell  of 
land,  40  or  50  feet  above  high-water  mark.  The 
seat  of  government  has  lately  been  established  at 
this  place.  It  contains  four  or  five  churches  of 
different  denominations,  a  court  house,  jail,  pen- 
itentiary, and  U.  S.  barracks,  which  are  fine 
buildings,  standing  on  elevated  ground,  a  short 
distance  E.  of  the  town.  This  is  the  seat  of 
Baton  Rouge  College.  (See  Colleges.)  As  it  is 
only  since  December,  1849,  that  Baton  Rougo 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


281 


became  the  capital  of  the  state,  no  account  of  the 
public  buildings  can  be  given  at  present. 

Baton  Rouge,  East,  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Baton 
Rouge.  On  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  be- 
tween that  river  and  the  Amite.  It  contains  the 
first  land  in  ascending  the  Mississippi  which  is 
elevated  above  inundation. 

Baton  Rouge,  West,  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  West 
Baton  Rouge.  On  the  W.  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, between  that  river  and  the  Atchafalaya 
Bayou.  Surface  level ;  soil  very  fertile  on  the 
borders  of  the  streams ;  the  remainder  is  liable 
to  inundation. 

Battle  Creek,  Mn.,  Calhoun  co.  Situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Battle  Creek,  which  possesses  a  great 
water  power.  12  miles  VV.  from  Marshall.  The 
Northern  Michigan  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Bayou  Chicot,  La.,  c.  h.  St.  Landry.  250  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  New  Orleans. 

Beardstown,  Is.,  Cass  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Illinois  River.  48  m.  W.  by  N.  from  Springfield. 

Beatttjstown,  N.  J.,  Mansfield,  Warden  co.  On 
Muscorietkong  Creek,  at  the  western  base  of 
Schooley's  Mountain.  58  miles  N.  from  Tren- 
ton. 

Beaufort  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Washington. 
A  central  county,  on  both  sides  of  Pamlico 
River  and  Sound.  Surface  low,  and  at  times 
inundated.  Cotton  and  rice  are  the  principal 
productions. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Carteret  co.  Port  of 
entry,  on  the  Atlantic,  11  miles  N.  W.  from  Cape 
Lookout.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  admitting 
vessels  requiring  14  feet  of  water.  It  is  protected 
by  Fort  Macon,  on  Bogue  Point,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  harbor.  168  miles  S.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Beaufort  District.  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Coosawatchie. 
In  the  S.  angle  of  the  state.  Watered  in  the  in- 
terior by  the  Coosawatchie  and  some  other  riv- 
ers. It  embraces  Hilton  Head,  St.  Helena,  Port 
Royal,  and  several  other  islands. 

Beaufort,  S.  C.,  Beaufort  co.  A  port  of  entry 
on  Port  Royal  Island,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Port 
Royal  River.  A  bar  prevents  the  entrance  of 
vessels  drawing  more  than  11  feet.  75  miles  S. 
W.  from  Charleston,  146  S.  from  Columbia. 

Beaver  County,  Pa.,  c.  h/at  Beaver.  On  the 
W.  border,  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio  and  Beaver 
Rivers.  It  has  an  uneven  surface,  but  a  fertile 
soil. 

Beaver,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Beaver  co.  On  the  Ohio 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  Big  Beaver  River.  It 
stands  on  an  extensive  plain,  and  is  handsomely 
built. 

Beaver,  Pa.   A  N.  W.  township  of  Crawford  co. 

Beaver,  Pa.     A  S.  W.  township  of  Union  co. 

Beaver  IsUmds,  Mn.,  Michilimackinac  co.  A 
Mormon  settlement  on  the  islands  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  N.  part  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Beccaria,  Pa.     A  S.  township  of  Clearfield  co. 

Becket,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  It  is  mountainous, 
broken,  and  rocky,  but  well  wooded.  The  soil 
is  hard  and  cold.  "  15  miles  E.  S.  E.from  Lenox, 
tuid  65  E.  from  Albany. 

Bedford,  la.,  c.  h.  Lawrence  co.  About  3  miles 
N.  from  the  E.  fork  of  White  River,  and  71  miles 
S.  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Bedford,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Trimble  co.  1  mile  from 
tli is  village  is  a  mineral  spring  impregnated  with 
salts  and  sulphur,  which  attracts  numerous  visit- 
ors. 41  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Bedford,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  The  Shawshecn 
River  rises  in  this  town,  and  the  Concord  passes 
36 


its  W.  border.     15  miles  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and 
5  N.  E.  from  Concord. 

Bedford,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  On  the  Mer- 
rimac.  It  has  considerable  intervale  land. 
A  remarkable  gulf  and  precipice  are  within  its 
limits.  A  brook  passes  over  the  precipice,  and 
falls  about  200  ft.  within  the  distance  of  100  yds. 
Here  are  found  several  excavations  in  solid 
stone,  large  enough  to  contain  many  persons. 
8  miles  N.  E.from  Arnherst,  21  S.  from  Concord. 
The  Nashua  and  Concord  Railroad  passes  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  Merrimac. 

Bedford,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Westchester  co.  Half 
shire  town  with  White  Plains,  which  lies  15  miles 
S.  Watered  by  Croton  River,  and  several  other 
streams.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  and 
the  soil  light  and  stony.  109*  miles  S.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Bedford  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Bedford.  On  the 
S.  border.  Watered  by  tributaries  of  the  Juniata 
and  Potomac  Rivers.  Surface  mountainous, 
with  fertile  valleys.  Iron  ore  and  bituminous 
coal  are  found  here. 

Bedford,  Pa.,  Bedford  co.  On  the  Roystown 
branch  of  the  Juniata  River,  and  is  celebrated 
for  its  mineral  springs. 

Bedford  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Shelbyville.  S. 
central.  On  the  head  waters  of  Duck  River. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  fertile. 

Bedford  County,  Va..  c.  h.  at  Liberty.  S.  cen- 
tral. Between  the  James  River  and  the  Roanoke. 
Bounded  W.  by  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  in  the 
Blue  Ridge,  separating  it  from  Botetourt  co. 
The  interior  is  drained  by  Goose  and  Otter 
Creeks.  Surface  elevated  ;  soil  fertile,  yielding 
fine  crops  of  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  and  oats. 

Bedminster,  N.  J.,  Somerset  co.  A  hilly  town, 
with  a  fertile  soil,  composed  of  lime,  clay,  and 
red  shale.  8  miles  N.  W.  from  Somcrville. 

Bedminster,  Pa.  A  central  township  of  Bucks  co. 

Beekman,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  Drained  by 
the  Fishkill  and  several  other  streams.  The 
surface  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  rich,  gravelly  loam. 
14  miles  S.  E.  from  Poughkeepsie,  and  87  miles 
from  Albany. 

Beekmantown,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  Watered  by 
several  small  tributaries  of  Lake  Champlain, 
and  containing  Chazy  and  Chateaugay  Lakes.  It 
extends  across  the  county  a  distance  of  37  miles. 
On  the  E.  it  is  level  or  slightly  uneven  ;  on  the 
W.  hilly  and  mountainous.  8  miles  N.  from 
Plattsburg,  and  70  N.  from  Albany. 

Belair,  Md..  c.  h.  Harford  co.  53  miles  N. 
by  E.  from  Annapolis. 

Belchertown,  Ms..  Hampshire  co.  Soil  ex- 
cellent, and  well  improved.  Separated  from 
Ware  by  Swift  River  on  the  N.  75  miles  W. 
from  Boston,  and  17  N.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Belfast,  Me.,  port  of  entry  and  shire  town  of 
Waldo  co.,  is  beautifully  situated  on  Belfast 
Bay.  on  the  W.  side  of  Penobscot  River.  It  lies 
40  miles  E.  from  Augusta,  30  S.  from  Bangor, 
30  N.  from  Thomaston,  and,  across  Belfast  Bay, 
12  W.  from  Castine.  The  town  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1773,  but  not  permanently  settled  until 
about  the  year  1785.  There  is  considerable  good 
land  in  Belfast.  In  1837,  it  produced  3492 
bushels  of  excellent  wheat.  The  Paasaggassa- 
wakeag  River  winds  along  near  the  centre  of  the 
town,  and  adds  much  to  the  appearance  of  the 
place.  The  harbor  is  very  good,  being  guarded 
by  Long  and  Sears's  Islands,  and  has  anchorage 
for  a  great  number  of  vessels  of  the  largest  class. 


282 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


—  The  proximity  of  Belfast  to  the  sea,  its  site 
in  relation  to  Penobscot  River,  and  its  excellent 
harbor,  which  was  never  known  to  have  been  ob- 
structed by  ice  but  twice,  (1780,  1815,)  give  it 
peculiar  advantages  for  foreign  commerce,  the 
coasting  trade,  and  the  fisheries.  Considerable 
ship  building  is  carried  on  at  this  place.  The 
tonnage  of  the  district  of  Belfast  in  1850  was 
44  335  tons.  The  principal  exports  are  lumber 
and  fish.  Population,  1810,  1259;  1820.2026; 
1830,  3077:  1840,  4186;  1850,  5052.  Belfast, 
although  irregularly  built,  is  a  pleasant  town,  and 
on  account  of  its  fine  open  harbor  is  an  impor- 
tant winter  mart  of  the  trade  of  Penobscot  River. 
Belfast,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by  the 
Genesee  River,  and  some  of  its  tributaries.  The 
Genesee  Valley  Canal  leaves  the  river  at  this 
place.  Surf.ice  uneven;  soil,  sandy  loam.  262 
miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Belfast,  Pa.  An  eastern  township  of  Bedford 
county. 

Belknap  County,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  at  Gilford.  Cen- 
tral. On  the  south  side  of  Lake  Wirinipiscogce. 
It  has  many  other  beautiful  lakes  and  ponds 
within  its  limits.  Some  of  the  lands  are  high, 
and  present  a  great  variety  of  picturesque  scenery. 
Though  rough  and  uneven,  and  in  some  parts 
rocky,  the  soil  is  generally  productive.  The 
stream-;  are  numerous,  rapid,  and  durable,  and 
have  a  great  hydraulic  power. 
Bell  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Bellton. 
Belhfonlaine,  0.,  e.  h.  Logan  co.  On  the  rail- 
road from  Cincinnati  to  San  dusky  city,  and  69 
miles  N.  W.  from  Columbus. 

Bellf-fonte,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  On  Paint 
Rock  River,  about  2  miles  W.  from  Tennessee 
River,  and  166  miles  N.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Bellefonte,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Centre  co.  On  Spring 
Creek,  a  branch  of  Bald  Eagle  River.  85  miles  VV. 
from  Harrisburg.  A  place  of  extensive  trade  in 
the  iron  business.  Connected  with  West  Branch 
Canal  by  Bald  Eagle  and  Spring  Creek  Canal. 

Belleville,  Is.,  c.  h.  St.  Clair  co.  13  miles  E.  S. 
E.  from  St.  Louis,  and  100  S-  by  W.  from  Spring- 
field. Steam  power  is  employed  in  some  large 
flouring  mills,  and  there  are  various  other  manu- 
factures. 

Belleville,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Passaic  River.  It  has  fine  water  power,  and  cot- 
ton and  woollen,  paper,  dyeing  and  printing,  and 
flouring  mills. 

Belleville,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Austin  co. 
BellhujJiam,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  Soil  light  and 
sandy.  It  is  watered  by  Charles  River,  and  has 
a  good  hydraulic  power.  The  factory  villages 
lie  at  the  N.  part  of  the  town.  4  miles  from  the 
centre  village.  28  miles  S.  W'.  from  Boston,  and 
18  S.  W.  from  Dedham,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  the  Norfolk  County  Railroad. 

Belmont,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  Watered  by  the 
Paasaggassawakeag,  which  rises  in  a  pond  of  that 
name,  and  empties  at  Belfast,  about  6  miles  N. 
It  is  34  miles  E.  from  Augusta. 

Belmont,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Chateaugay  and 
Trout  Rivers  flow  through  this  town,  and  it  con- 
tains several  small  lakes.  The  surface  is  hilly, 
and  in  some  parts  mountainous.  10  miles  S.  E' 
from  Malonc,  and  202  from  Albany. 

Belmout  County,  ().,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
state,  having  the  Oiiio  River  on  its  eastern  boun- 
dary, separating  it  from  Ohio  co.  in  Virginia.  On 
the  W..  on  the  N.  W.,  and  on  the  N.  E.,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  counties  of  Guernsey,  Harrison, 


and  Jefferson,  and  by  Munroe  on  the  S.  Its 
greatest  length,  on  the  northern  line,  is  30  miles, 
and  its  breadth  20,  having  an  area 'of  520  square 
miles.  The  high  table  land  between  the  valleys 
of  the  Ohio  and  the  Muskingum  Rivers  divides  this 
county  into  two  nearly  equal  sections.  Small 
creeks  flow  eastward  into  the  Ohio,  and  westward 
the  Will's  and  Stiliwatcr  branches  of  the  Mus- 
kingum  flow  into  that  river.  .  The  whole  surface 
of  this  county  is  uneven,  consisting  of  a  scries  of 
hills,  with  deep,  narrow  intervening  valleys.  Yet 
the  soil  is  almost  uniformly  productive;  suitable 
for  grazing  and  for  the  culture  of  wheat  and  corn. 
St.  Clairville  is  the  chief  town. 

Bellvue,  Is.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co. 

Belcidere,  Is.,  c.  h.  Boone  co.  On  the  E.  head 
waters  of  Rock  River. 

Beltu'dere,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Warren  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  Pequest  River  with  the  Delaw.i:w.  57  m. 
N.  N.  W.  from  Trenton.  The  Pequest  has  a  fall 
here  of  about  50  ft.  within  a  mile  from  its  mouth, 
affording  a  heavy  water  power.  Tiicre  is  also  a 
fall  of  about  22  feet  in  the  Delaware,  and  these 
two  privileges  together  are  greater  than  any 
others  in  the  state.  A  fine  bridge  here  crosses 
the  Delaware. 

Beluidere,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  A  considerable 
part  is  mountainous,  and  unfit  for  cultivation. 
Watered  by  two  branches  of  the  River  Lamoille. 
18  miles  N.  W.  from  Hyde  Park,  and  45  N.  W. 
from  Montpelicr. 

Bellows'  Falls,  Vt.,  Windham  co.,  lies  93  miles 
S.  by  E.  from  Montpelicr.  Sec  Rockinyham,  Vt. 

Benicia,  Ca.,  Salano  co.  0;i  the  strait  be- 
tween San  Pablo  and  Suisum  Bays,  about  40  m. 
N.  E.  from  San  Francisco.  Ships  of  the  largest 
size  can  lie  here  close  to  the  town,  which  is  laid 
out  ,on  a  handsome  slope  towards  the  hills.  It 
is  a  port  of  entry,  with  an  arsenal,  navy  station, 
and  docks  of  the  Pacific  Steam  Packet  Co.  for 
refitting  their  steamers. 

Ben-nington,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  Taken  from 
Greenfield,  Francestovvn,  Deering,  and  Hancock, 
in  1842. 

Bennington,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Drained  by 
the  Cavuga  and  Tonawanda  Creeks.  The  sur- 
face is  rolling,  the  soil  fertile,  consisting  of  a 
moist  clay.  256  mibs  W.  from  Albany. 

Bennington  County,  Vt.  Bennington  and  Man- 
chester, shire  towns.  In  the  S.  W.  the  low 
lands  are  excellent,  but  the  largest  portion 
of  the  county  is  mountainous,  and  fit  oaly  for 
grazing.  Many  streams  rise  in  the  mountains, 
and  descend  to  the  ocean,  some  by  the  Hudson 
and  some  by  the  Connecticut,  affording  a  great 
hydraulic  power.  Iron  ores  of  good  quality  are 
found  in  this  county,  and  large  quantities  of  beau- 
tiful white  marble. 

Bennington,  Vt.  Half  shire  town  of  Benning- 
ton co.  The  other  is  Manchester,  25  m.  distant 
Of  good  alluvial  soil,  delightfully  enriched  by 
evergreen  mountains.  It  abounds  in  iron  ore, 
manganese,  ochre,  and  marble.  The  streams 
are  numerous,  and  afford  excellent  mill  sites. 
1 20  miles  S.  W.  by  S.  from  Montpe'.ier.  The  man- 
ufacture of  a  new  species  of  earthen  ware,  or 
rather  stone  ware,  of  a  fine  quality,  has  recently 
been  commenced  here.  It  is  from  a  mixture 
of  flint,  quartz,  and  feldspar,  which  unites,  with 
much  lightness  and  beauty,  the  advantages  of 
great  general  strength,  and  especially  the  ability 
to  stand  fire,  which  is  an  important  recommenda- 
tion. The  patent  of  the  manufacturers  is  for  the 


IN    THE  UNITED   STATES. 


283 


enamel,  or  the  burning  in  of  the  colors,  which 
produces  a  brilliant,  glossy  surface,  impervious  to 
the  action  of  all  acids,  and  to  all  outside  appliances. 

Bensalem,  Pa.     A  S.  township  of  Bucks  co. 

Benson,  Vt..  Rutland  co.  On  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  The  waters  arc  generally  brackish  and 
unpleasant.  75  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Benton  County.  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Jacksonville.  N. 
E.  part,  between  the  Coosa  and  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia. Drained  by  the  Tallapoosa  and  branches 
of  the  Coosa  Rivers.  Surface  mostly  level,  soil 
fertile. 

Benton  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Bentonville.  In 
the  N.  W.  corner,  on  the  height  of  land  between 
waters  of  the  White  River  and  those  of  the  Neosho. 

Benton,  As.,  c.  h.  Sabine  co.  On  the  Sabine  Fork 
of  the  Wachita.  24  miles  S.  W.  from  Little  Rock. 

Benton.  Is.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  151  miles  S.  S. 
E.  from  Springfield. 

Benton  County,  Fa.  On  the  Gulf  coast  of  the 
peninsula,  S.  of  the  Withlacoochee  River. 

Benton  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Oxford.  On  the 
W.  border  N.  of  the  Wabash. 

Benton  County,  Io..  c.  h.  at  Vinton.    E.  central. 

Benton,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Marshall  co. 

Benton  County,  Mi.  On  the  E.  side  of  the. 
Mississippi.  In  the  N.  part  of  the  state. 

Benton,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  25  miles  W.  from 
Augusta. 

Benton,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Yazoo  co.  Nearly  equidis- 
tant between  Big  Black  and  Yazoo  Rivers.  50 
miles  N.  W.  from  Jackson. 

Benton,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Scott  co.  222  miles  S.  E. 
from  Jefferson  City. 

Benton  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Warsaw.  S.  "W. 
central.  On  both  banks  of  the  Osage  Rivei*. 
which  flows  through  it  from  W.  to  E.  Surface 
uneven  ;  soil  very  fertile. 

Benton,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  It  is  watered  by 
branches  of  Oliverian  Brook  and  Wild  Amo- 
noosuck  Rivers.  Moosehillock  and  Owl-head 
Mountains  lie  within  its  limits.  It  presents  a 
rough  and  mountainous  aspect,  and  the  soil  in 
some  parts  is  not  capable  of  cultivation.  It  was 
formerly  called  Coventry.  70  m.  W.  N.  W.  from 
Concord,  and  12  E.  S.  E.  from  Haverhill 

Benton,  N.  Y.,  Yates  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  consists  of  broad  plains  and  gentle  swells. 
The  soil  is  mostly  clay,  and  sandy  and  gravelly 
loam.  207  miles' W.  from  Albany. 

Benton  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Marysville.  In  the 
valley  of  the  Willamette. 

Benton  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Camden.  W.  part. 
Watered  by  tlie  Tennessee  River,  which  runs 
along  its  E.  boundary,  and  by  some  of  its  branches. 
Suface  level ;  soil  fertile. 

Bentonville,  Te..  c.  h.  Polk  co.  On  Four-mile 
Branch,  174  miles  S.  E.  from  Nashville. 

Bergen  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Hackensack.  In 
the  N.  E.  corner,  between  the  Hudson  on  the  E. 
and  the  N.  Y.  boundary  on  the  W.  Watered  by 
the  Hackensack  and  Saddle  Rivers.  The  sur- 
face in  the  central  part  is  generally  level,  or 
undulating;  the  W.  is  mountainous,  and  on  the 
E.  is  the  lofty  trap  ridge,  known  as  the  Palisades, 
extending  its  whole  width  on  the  Hudson.  The 
soil,  in  the  valleys  especially,  is  productive. 

Bergen,  N.  J..  c.  h.  Hudson  co.  The  surface  is 
parti}''  hilly,  and  the  soil,  in  other  parts,  somewhat 
marshy,  but  fertile.  56  miles  N.  E.  from  Trenton. 

Bergen,  N.  Y.,  Gcnesee  co.  Black  Creek  wa- 
ters this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  level,  and 
the  soil  clay,  in  some  parts,  and  in  others  calca- 


reous loam.  14  miles  N.  W.  from  Batavia,  and 
299,  by  railroad,  N.  of  W.  from  Albany.  The 
Rochester  and  Buffalo  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Berkley,  Ms.,  Bristol  co..  was  formerly  a  part 
of  Dighton,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Taun- 
ton  River.  The  noted  "  Digbton  Rock"  is  in 
the  limits  of  the  town  of  Berkley.  A  part  of 
Assenet  Bay  is  also  within  the  town.  37  miles 
S.  from  Boston,  and  18  E.  from  Providence. 

Berkley  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Martinsburg.  On 
the  N.  border,  in  the  valley.  Drained  by  afflu- 
ents of  the  Potomac,  which  washes  its  N.  border. 
Surface  rough  and  broken. 

Berkeley  Springs,  Va.,  Morgan  co.  180  miles 
N.  N.  W.  from  Richmond,  in  the  village  of  Bath. 

Berks  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Reading.  In  the  S. 
E.  part.  Watered  by  the  Schuylkill  River,  which 
flows  through  it.  Surface  mostly  mountainous ; 
soil  productive.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Schuylkill 
and  Union  Canals,  and  the  Reading  Railroad. 

Berkshire  County,  Ms.,  c.  h.  at  Lenox.  On  the 
W.  border.  It  is  rough  and  hilly  in  many  parts, 
but  affords  considerable  fine  land.  Berkshire  is 
the  most  elevated  county  in  the  state.  On  the 
E.  side  lie  the  Green  Mountains,  which  shut  it 
away  from  the  rest  of  Massachusetts,  and  on  the 
W.  are  the  Taghkanic  Mountains,  which  sepa- 
rate it  from  the  state  of  New  York.  The  PIou- 
satonic  and  Hoosic  are  its  chief  rivers.  This 
county  possesses,  in  rich  and  inexhaustible 
abundance,  iron,  marble,  and  lime.  It  is  well 
wooded,  and  has  much  water  power. 

Berkshire  Valley,  N.  J.,  Jefferson,  Morris  co. 
Watered  by  a  branch  of  Rockaway  River,  which 
affords  a  water  power,  on  which  are  several 
forges.  12  miles  N.  W.  from  Morristown,  and 
17  N.  from  Trenton. 

Berkshire,  N.  Y.,  Tioga  co.  Drained  by  E.  and 
W.  Owego  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly,  but  the 
soil  mostly  very  productive.  13  miles  N.  from 
Owego  village,  and  168  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Berkshire,  0.,  23  miles  N."  by  E.  from  Co- 
lumbus. 

Berkshire,  Vt.  Franklin  co.  Missisco  River 
runs  through  the  S.  E.  corner,  on  which  is  some 
fine  intervale.  Pike  River  passes  through  the 
town,  affording  some  of  the  finest  mill  sites  in 
the  country.  The  soil  is  various,  but  ircncrally 
good;  surface  is  diversified  ,with  gentle  swells 
and  vales.  50  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier, 
and  22  N.  E.  by  E.  from  St.  Alb-ins. 

Berlin,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  The  villages  of 
Worthington  and  New  Britain  are  very  pleasant. 
The  first  manufacture  of  tin  ware  in  this  coun- 
try was  commenci'd  at  this  place,  about  the 
year  1770,  by  Edward  Patterson,  a  native  of 
Ireland. 

Berlin,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  100  miles  N.  from 
Portland. 

Berlin,  Ms..  Worcester  co.  Watered  by  North 
Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Assabet.  31  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Boston. 

Berlin,  N.  H..  Coos  co.  The  Androscoggin 
and  Amonoosuck  Rivers  pass  through  it ;  also 
the  railroad  from  Portland  to  Montreal.  The 
Androscoggin  in  this  town  descends  more  than 
200  feet  in  a  mile  or  two,  and  the  principal  fall, 
worn  through  the  solid  rock,  is  a  great  curiosity. 
140  miles  N.  from  Concord,  and  98  from  Portland 
by  the  railroad. 

Berlin,  N.  Y..  Rcnsselacr  co.  Little  Hoosic 
and  Kinderhook  Creeks,  and  the  Poestcnkill, 
flow  through  this  town.  The  surface  is  moun- 


284 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


tainous  :  Taghkanic  Mountain  extending  into  the 
E.  and  Peterboro'  into  the  W.  part,  the  soil  in 
the  vallev  between  being  quite  fertile.  18  miles 
E.  from  Troy,  and  24  E.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Berlin,  O.  '  A  post  town,  89  miles  from  Co- 
lumbus. 

Berlin,  Pa.  An  E.  township  of  Wayne  co.,  on 
the  Delaware. 

Berlin.  Vt.,  Washington  co.  Watered  by 
Winooski  and  Dog  Rivers,  and  Stevens's  Branch, 
furnishing  good  mill  sites.  The  land  is  some- 
what broken,  but  of  strong  soil,  and  good  for  til- 
lage. 4  miles  S.  from  Montpelier. 

°BernaHio  County,  N.  M.,  c.  h.  at  Albuquerque. 
On  the  Rio  del  Norte,  S.  of  Santa  Fe. 

Bernard,  N.  J.  A  N.  town  of  Somerset  co. 
Hilly  and  mountainous,  with  a  fertile  soil.  It 
contains  the  village  of  Brackinridge. 

Bernardston*  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  A  township 
of  superior  land,  considerably  elevated,  between 
Fall  and  Connecticut  Rivers.  Bald  and  West 
Mountains  afford  delightful  scenery ;  the  former 
is  630  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  Connecticut, 
96  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Boston,  and  7  miles  N. 
from  Greenfield,  on  the  railroad  from  Greenfield 
to  Brattleboro'. 

Berne,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  Watered  by  Foxes 
Creek  on  the  W.,  and  two  large  ponds  on  the 
E.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Helderberg  Hills,  which 
contain  several  curious  caverns.  The  soil  in  the 
valleys  is  very  fertile,  consisting  of  calcareous 
loam.  16  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Berne.  Pa.  In  the  centre  of  Berks  co.,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  divided  into  Up- 
per and  Lower  townships. 

Berrien  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Joseph.  In 
the  S.  W.  border,  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Jo- 
seph's, at  its  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan.  St. 
Joseph's,  Pawpaw,  and  Salien  Rivers  afford  fine 
hydraulic  power.  Surface  rolling  ;  soil  various, 
but  mostly  productive.  Crossed  by  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad. 

Berrien  Spring,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Berrien  co.  On  the 
W.  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River,  15  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  192  miles  S.  W.  from  Detroit. 

Bertie  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Windsor.  N.  E. 
part,  between  the  Roanoke,  on  the  S.,  and  Albe- 
marle  Sound,  where  it  receives  the  Chowan  on 
the  E.  Level,  and  somewhat  marshy. 

Berwick,  Me.,  York  co.  93  miles  S.  W.  from 
Augusta,  on  Salmon  River,  E.  side.  On  the 
railroad  from  Boston  to  Portland. 

Berwick,  Pa.  An  eastern  township  of  Adams 
co.  Watered  by  Conewago  and  Beaver  Creeks, 
tributaries  of  the  Susquehanna.  Surface  level ; 
soil  red  shale.  41  miles  S.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Berwick,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  At  Nescopeck 
Falls,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Susquehanna 
River.  28  miles  S.  W.  from  Wilkesbarre,  and  97 
N.  by  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Bethany,  Ct.,  New  Haven  cp.  Some  portions 
are  good  land  and  well  cultivated,  but  a  large 
part  is  mountainous,  and  tit  only  for  the  growTh 
of  wood.  Beacon  Mountain,  between  Bethany 
and  Naugatuck  River,  presents  some  wild  and 
picturesque  features. 

Bethany,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Harrison  ct>.  200  miles 
N.  W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Bethany,  N.  Y  ,  Genesee  co.  Drained  by  Ton- 
awanda  and  Black  Creeks.  Surface  somewhat 
uneven;  soil  sandy  loam  and  clay.  291  miles 
W.  from  Albany. 

Bethany,  Pa.,   c.  h.  Wayne    co.     1   mile  W. 


from  Dyberry  Creek,  and  165  miles  N.  E.  from 
Harrisburg.  There  are  glass  works  here,  and 
other  manufactures. 

Bethel,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  A  pleasant  and  flour- 
ishing village,  in  the  town  of  Danbury,  and  about 
3  miles  N.  W.  from  the  centre  of  that  town. 

Bethel,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  61  miles  N.  W.  from 
Portland.  A  fine  farming  town. 

Bethel,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  The  Mongoup  and 
several  other  small  tributaries  of  the  Delaware 
flow  through  this  town,  which  also  contains  sev- 
eral small  lakes.  The  surface  is  hilly :  the  soil 
gravelly  loam.  121  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Bethel.,  Pa.  A  southern  township  of  Bedford 
co.  Watered  by  Great  Conoloway  Creek  and  its 
branches,  tributaries  of  the  Potomac.  Surface 
mountainous  ;  soil  calcareous  loam. 

Bethel,  Pa.  The  westernmost  township  of 
Berks  co.  Drained  by  a  head  branch  of  the 
Swatara.  The  Blue  Ridge  bounds  it  on  the  N. 
52  miles  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Bethel,  Pa.  A  southern  township  of  Delaware 
co.  Watered  by  Naaman's,  a  branch  of  Chester 
Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil  clay. 

Bethel,  Pa.  A  N.  E.  township  of  Lebanon 
co.  Between  two  head  branches  of  Swatara 
Creek.  Mountainous  in  the  N.,  and  level  in  the 
S.  Soil  mostly  gravel. 

Bethel,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  Watered  by  branches 
of  White  River,  and  possesses  good  mill  sites* 
Excellent  soapstone  is  found  here  in  great  quan- 
tities. The  surface  is  broken  and  mountainous, 
but  the  soil  is  warm,  and  good  for  grazing.  Con- 
siderable business  is  done  at  both  villages,  E.  and 
W.;  the  latter  is  the  largest.  31  miles  S.  by  W, 
from  Montpelier,  and  30  N.  W.  from  Windsor. 
The  Vermont  Central  Railroad  passes  through 
this  town. 

Beth/em,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  Hilly,  with  a 
gravelly  loam,  and  fit  for  grazing  and  the  growth 
of  rye.  Watered  by  Pomperaug  River,  a  branch 
of  the  Housatonic.  33  miles  W.  S.  W.  from 
Hartford. 

'Bethlehem,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  Drained  by 
Great  Amonoosuck  River  and  one  of  its  branches. 
Round  and  Peaked  Mountains  are  in  this  town. 
The  soil  produces  good  crops  of  grass  and  grain. 
There  is  plenty  of  pine  timber  and  sugar  maple. 
Iron  ore  is  found.  100  miles  N.  W.  from  Con- 
cord. 

Bethlehem,  N.  J.,  Hunterdon  co.  Hilly  and 
mountainous  on  the  N.  Soil  red  clay,  slate,  and 
loam.  40  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Trenton. 

Bethlehem,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  On  the  Hudson 
River,  and  watered  by  Normanskill,  Vlamanskill, 
and  Coeymans  Creek.  5  miles  S.  from  Albany. 

Bethlehem,  O.     Post  town  on  the  Ohio  Canal. 

Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  48  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Philadelphia,  and  93  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. Situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Lehigh 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  Manokicy  Creek.  The 
ground,  rising  gradually  both  from  the  river  and 
the  creek,  affords  a  commanding  and  beautiful  site 
for  the  village.  The  place  was  settled  by  the 
Moravians,  under  Count  Zinzendorf,  and  has  long 
been  celebrated  for  its  excellent  female  school, 
conducted  by  persons  of  that  sect,  to  which  many 
ladies  from  the  Middle  States  have  resorted  for 
education.  It  contains  a  large  stone  church,  in 
the  Gothic  style  of  architecture,  with  a  tower 
rising  from  the  centre  surmounted  by  a  dome.  It 
is  142  feet  long  and  68  feet  wide.  In  the  burying 
ground,  which  is  laid  out  with  much  neatness  and 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


285 


taste,  the  heads  of  all  the  graves  lie  towards  the 
north.  There  is  a  good  water  power,  improved 
for  carrying  flouring  mills,  grist  mills,  saw  mills, 
&c.  A  bridge  400  feet  in  length  crosses  the 
Lehigh. 

Beverly  Farms,  Ms.  A  village  in  the  E.  part  of 
the  town  of  Beverly,  Essex  co. 

Beverly,  Ms ,  Essex  co.  United  to  Salem  by 
a  bridge  across  the  North  River,  1500  feet  in 
length.  It  has  a  pleasant  village  at  the  N.  part 
of  the  town.  The  business  is  much  associated 
with  that  of  Salem.  The  people  are  noted  for 
their  enterprise  in  commerce  and  the  fisheries. 
From  the  elevated  grounds  in  this  town  much 
delightful  scenery  is  presented.  A  part  of  the 
betMtiful  Wenham  Pond  lies  within  its  limits. 
16  miles  N.  from  Boston,  by  the  railroad. 

Beverly,  Va.,  c.  h.  Randolph  co.  On  the  E. 
fork  of  the  Monongnhela  River,  205  miles  N.  W. 
from  Richmond.  Built  on  three  parallel  streets, 
in  the  midst  of  a  well-cultivated  and  thickly- 
settled  district. 

Bexar  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  San  Antonio.  Bexar 
includes  all  the  western  part  of  the  state,  most 
of  which  is  unsettled,  and  much  of  it  incapable 
of  settlement. 

Bibb  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Centreville.  Central. 
On  both  sides  of  the  Cahawba. 

Bibb  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Macon.  Central.  On 
both  sides  of  the  Ocmulgee.  Soil  red  loam  and 
sand. 

Biddeford,  Me.,  York  co.  On  the  S.  side  of 
the  Saco,  at  its  mouth,  and  connected  with  the 
town  of  Saco  by  a  bridge.  15  miles  S.  W.  from 
Portland.  The  falls  of  the  Saco  River  at  this 
place  create  an  immense  water  power,  upon  which 
large  factories  have  been  recently  erected ;  and  it 
has  become,  along  with  Saco,  the  seat  of  exten- 
sive manufactures. 

Bienville  Parish,  La.  N.  W.  central.  Drained 
by  tributaries  of  the  Red  River,  which  run  S. 
through  it. 

Big  Beaver,  Pa.  A  northern  township  of  Bea- 
ver co.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Beaver  River. 

Big  Flats,  N.  Y.,  Chemung  co.  Chemung 
River  gives  name  to  this  town,  through  which  it 
passes,  as  do  some  of  its  tributaries.  The  navi- 
gable feeder  of  the  Chemung  Canal  and  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad  also  pass  through  it. 
Surface  hilly,  except  on  the  borders  of  Chemung 
River;  soil  fertile,  especially  in  the  valleys.  203 
miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Billerica,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Watered  by  the 
Concord  and  Shawsheen  Rivers,  and  has  a  pleas- 
ant village,  on  high  ground,  near  the  centre. 
Soil  good,  and  well  improved.  Billerica  Mills 
village  is  near  the  Lowell  Railroad,  22  miles 
from  Boston. 

Biloxl,  Mi.,  Harrison  co.  Situated  on  Biloxi 
Bay,  227  miles  S.  E.  from  Jackson.  Site  of  an 
early  French  settlement. 

Bingliam,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  Kennebec  River.  118  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Portland. 

Bingharn,  Pa.  A  N.  E.  township  of  Potter  co., 
on  the  New  York  line. 

Binghampton,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Broome  co.  At  the 
junction  of  the  Chenango  River  with  the  Sus- 
quehanna.  145  miles  S.  W.  from  Albany,  and 
225  miles  by  the  Erie  Railroad,  N.  W.  from  New 
York.  It  belongs  to  the  township  of  Chenan- 
go, and  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1813. 
The  Chenango  Canal  runs  northerly  from  this 


place,  and  unites  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Utica. 
The  great  Erie  Railroad  passes  through  it,  and  ex- 
tends to  Dunkirk,  on  Lake  Erie,  244  miles  W.  It 
is  also  at  the  head  of  boat  navigation  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna  River.  These  various  facilities  afford  to 
this  flourishing  place  peculiar  advantages  for 
business.  No  place  in  the  state,  perhaps,  at 
present,  exceeds  this  in  rapid  and  permanent 
growth ;  and  it  must  become  an  important  in- 
land town.  Binghampton  is  surrounded  by  a 
rich  agricultural  and  grazing  country,  which  here 
finds  a  ready  market  for  its  abundant  products. 
There  is  likewise  an  extensive  water  power  on 
the  Chenango,  which  is  employed  for  manufac- 
turing and  mechanical  purposes.  Steam,  also, 
is  extensively  used.  There  are  large  flouring 
mills,  saw  mills,  plaster  mills,  tanneries,  cloth- 
dressing  establishments,  and  a  variety  of  other 
manufacturing  operations.  The  Erie  Railroad 
Company  have  established  here  a  large  machine 
shop  and  car  factory.  A  bridge  here  crosses  the 
Susquehanna,  and  another  the  Chenango.  The 
place,  which  was  formerly  called  Chenanyo  Point, 
received  its  present  name  in  honor  of  William 
Bingham,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia,  a  respected  bene- 
factor  of  the  village  in  its  infant  state. 

BirdsaU,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by 
Black  Creek  and  some  other  streams.  Surface 
slightly  uneven ;  soil  clay  loam.  260  miles  W. 
by  S.  from  Albany. 

Birmingham,  Pa.  A  western  township  of  Del- 
aware co. 

Black  Brook,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.,  contains  sev- 
eral small  lakes,  and  is  drained  by  Saranac,  Au 
Sable  and  Little  Au  Sable  Rivers,  and  Black 
Brook.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous, 
abounding  with  iron  ore.  20  miles  S.  from 
Plattsburg,  and  154  N.  from  Albany. 

Blackford  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Blackford.  N.  E. 
central.  Watered  by  Salamanic  River,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Wabash,  and  several  small  creeks. 
Soil  mostly  fertile. 

Black  Hawk  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Astor  Falls. 
E.  central.  On  both  sides  of  the  Cedar  Fork  of 
the  Iowa. 

Black  Lick,  Pa.  A  southern  township  of  Indi- 
ana county,  on  the  Kiskiminitas  and  Pennsylvania 
Canal. 

Black  Rock,  N.  Y.  A  town  of  Erie  co.  Drained 
by  Buffalo  Creek  and  other  small  streams  flow- 
ing into  the  Niagara  River.  It  embraces  Squaw 
and  Strawberry  Islands,  each  containing  about 
100  acres  of  land.  The  line  between  the  U.  S. 
and  Canada  bounds  this  town  on  the  W.  Sur- 
face mostly  undulating ;  soil  alluvial.  It  environs 
the  city  of  Buffalo  on  three  sides,  from  the  cen- 
tre of  which  it  is  distant  about  3  miles,  and  from 
Albany  W.  325  miles. 

Black  Rock,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  This  village,  in 
the  town  of  Black  Rock,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Lake  Erie,  may  be  considered  as  a  suburb  of  the 
city  of  Buffalo,  from  which  it  is  not  more  than 
two  and  a  half  miles  distant,  and  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  a  railroad.  At  this  point  the 
Erie  Canal  enters  Lake  Erie.  An  immense  mole 
or  pier  projects  into  Niagara  River,  at  once  form- 
ing a  harbor  for  the  port  and  turning  water  from 
the  river  into  the  canal.  The  canal  is  supplied 
by  this  means  with  water  for  nearly  half  its  entire 
distance ;  and  by  means  of  the  same  mole  a  large 
water  power  is  obtained  at  Black  Rock,  which 
is  used  for  flouring  mills  and  other  purposes. 

Blackstone,   Ms.,   Worcester   co.      Blackstone 


286 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c. 


River  runs  through  it  on  the  S.,  and  Mill  River 
on  the  E.  There  are  four  villages.  The  township 
is  broken  and  uneven,  with  rather  a  thin  soil. 
The  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad  passes 
through  the  south-western  part  of  the  town. — 
39  miles  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  18  N.  W.  from 
Providence.  R.  I. 

Bladen  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Elizabeth.  In 
the  S.  angle,  on' both  sides  of  Cape  Fear  River. 

Bladensburg,  Md.,  Prince  George  co.  34  miles 
W.  from  Annapolis,  and  6  N.  E.  from  Washing- 
ton. It  is  a  little  S.  of  the  railroad  from  Wash- 
ington to  Baltimore.  Celebrated  for  the  battle 
in  1814,  which  preceded  the  capture  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Blair  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Hollidaysburg.  A 
little  S.  of  the  centre  of  the  state,  on  the  eastern 
slope  of  the«  main  chain  of  the  Alleghanies,  the 
crest  of  which  forms  its  western  boundary. 
Watered  by  the  Upper  Juniata  and  its  heads. 

BlaJrsvil/e,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Marion  co.  118  miles 
N.  N.  W.  of  Milledgcville. 

Blairsville,  Pa.,  Indiana  co.,  is  at  the  junction 
of  Black  Lick  Creek  with  Kiskiminitas  River, 
171  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Harrisburg,  ou  the 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal. 

Bla'keley.  An.,  c.  h.  Baldwin  co.  Opposite  to 
Mobile.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  the  situation 
is  healthy  and  pleasant,  but  the  attempt  to  make 
it  rival  Mobile  has  not  succeeded. 

Blakeley,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Early  co.  203  miles  S.  W. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Blakely.  Pa.  A  N.  E.  township  of  Luzerne  co., 
on  both  sides  of  the  Lackawannock  River. 

Blanchard,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  116  miles 
from  Augusta. 

Blandfbrd,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  A  mountainous 
township,  of  good  grazing  land.  Branches  of 
Westfield  River  rise  here,  and  give  it  a  good 
water  power.  The  Western  Railroad  passes 
through  Chester  village,  at  the  north  part.  From 
Boston  119  miles,  and  from  Springfield  21  miles. 

Blandcille,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Billiard  co.  350  miles  W. 
of  S.  from  Lexington. 

Bleecker,  N.  Y..  Fulton  co.,  contains  Fish  and 
Caroga  Lakes,  and  is  drained  by  Caroga  Creek 
and  some  small  branches  of  Sacondaga  River. 
Hilly  and  mountainous,  mostly  covered  with  for- 
ests. 55  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Blenheim,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Drained  by 
Schoharie  Creek,  and  some  of  its  tributaries. 
Hilly  and  mountainous,  and  abounds  in  geolo<n- 
cal  curiosities,  the  most  important  of  which  are 
the  "  Bear's  Ladder,"  composed  of  globular 
masses  of  graywacke,  and  Mineral  Hill,  a  large 
mass  of  red  sandstone.  There  is  also  here  an 
extensive  slate  quarry,  53  m.  S.  W.from  Albanv. 

Bledsot  County,  Te.  S.  E.  central.  On  the 
height  of  land  between  the  waters  of  the  Cumber- 
land and  Tennessee.  Watered  by  Sequatchie 
River,  and  has  a  somewhat  mountainous  sur- 
face. 

Blissfidd,  Mn.,  Lenawee  co.  On  the  N.  bank 
of  Raisin  River.  71  miles  S.  W.  from  Detroit. 
The  Erie  and  Kalamazoo  Railroad  passes 
through  it. 

Block-ley,  Pa.     A  suburb  of  Philadelphia. 

Bloom,  Pa.  A  central  township  of  Columbia 
co..  at  the  junction  of  the  Susquehanna  River  and 
Fishing  Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil  sandy  and 
calcareous  loam.  80  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. It  contains  the  village  of  Blooms- 
bury. 


Bloomfield,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated into  a  town  in  1825.  Has  a  fine  soil,  culti- 
vated with  great  industry,  producing  large  crops 
of  grass  and  grain,  with  an  abundance  of  choice 
fruit.  6  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Hartford. 

Bloomfield,  Me..  Somerset  co.  On  Kennebec 
River,  33  miles  N.  from  Augusta.  A  fine  town- 
ship of  land. 

Bloomfield,  la.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  the  W.  branch  of  White  River,  74  miles 
S.  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Bloomfield,  Io.,  c.  h.  Davis  co.  30  miles  S.  W. 
from  Iowa  city. 

Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  54 'miles  N.  E. 
from  Trenton,  and  4  N.  from  Newark. 

Bloomfield,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  The  W.  and  S.  parts 
are  watered  by  Bulhegan  River.  86  miles  N.  E. 
from  Montpelier. 

Blooming  Grove,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  Murderer's 
Creek  and  its  branches  water  this  town.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly,  Scunnemunk  Mountain,  a  peak  of 
the  Highlands,  covering  the  S.  E.  part.  The  soil 
is  very  fertile.  12  miles  S.  from  Newburg,  and 
about"  100  S.  from  Albany. 

Bloomington,  Is.,  c.  h.  McLean  co.  73  miles  N. 
N.  E.  from  Springfield.  Beautifully  situated  on 
the  margin  of  the  prairie,  with  a  delightful  country 
around  it. 

B/oomincfton,  la.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  49  miles  S. 
W.  from  Indianapolis.  The  seat  of  the  Indiana 
University.  Sec  Colleges. 

Bloomington,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Macon  co.  90  miles  W. 
of  N.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Bloomsburg,  N.  J.,  Warren  and  Huntingdon 
counties.  On  both  sides  of  Musconetcong  Creek, 
and  43  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Trenton. 

Bloomsburg,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  the  E.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  at  the 
junction  of  Fishing  Creek.  87  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Blossburg,  Pa.,  Tioga  co.  Situated  near  the 
celebrated  Blossburg  coal  mine,  133  miles  N.  N. 
W.  from  Harrisburg.  Connected  by  railroad  with 
Corning,  N.  Y.,  from  which  there  is  lake  and  ca- 
nal navigation  to  Albany. 

Blount  Countt/,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Blountsville.  N. 
central.  Surface  uneven,  watered  by  the  head 
branches  of  the  Black  Warrior  River ;  soil  rather 
sterile. 

Blount  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Marysville,  shire 
town.  On  the  E.  border,  between  the  Tennessee 
River  and  the  N.  C.  line.  Surface  uneven  and 
mountainous;  soil  fertile. 

Blountsville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Blount  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  the  Locust  Fork  of  Black  River.  104 
miles  N.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Blountsville,  Tc.,  c.  h.  Sullivan  co.  288  miles 
E.  by  N.  from  Nashville. 

Blue  Hill,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  At  the  head  of  a 
bay  of  the  same  name.  12  miles  E.  from  Cas 
tine,  and  78  from  Augusta. 

Blue  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  Greenbrier  co.  227 
miles  N.  by  W.  from  Richmond.  See  Fashion- 
able Resorts,  p. 

Blujflon,  la.,  c.  h.  Wells  co.  90  miles  N.  E. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Bfeuff  Prairie,  La.,  c.  h.  Franklin.  200  miles 
W.  by  N.  from  Baton  Rouge. 

Boygs,  Pa.  A  central  township  of  Centre  co 
On  the  main  ridge  of  the  Alleghanies.  Soil, 
slate  and  gravelly  limestone. 

Bolivar,  As.,  c.  h.  Poinsett  co.  14  miles  N.  B» 
from  Little  Rock. 


IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


287 


Bolirar  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Bolivar.  On  the 
Mississippi,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas. 
Watered  by  Sunflower  River. 

Bolirar.  "N.  Y.,  Allegheny  co.  On  the  Penn- 
sylvania border.  High  and  uneven.  275  miles 
from  Albany. 

Bolirar,  6.,  Tuscarawas  co.  On  the  TV.  side 
of  the  Tuscarawas  River,  and  on  the  Ohio  Canal. 
118  miles  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Bolivar,  Te.,  c.  h.  Hardeman  co.  Near  the 
Big  Hatchee  River,  on  the  S.  side.  162  miles  S. 
W.  from  Nashville. 

Bolton,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  The  soil  is  a  coarse, 
hard,  gravelly  loam,  fit  only  for  grazing.  The 
Bolton  stone  quarry  is  quite  noted.  "  The 
stone  is  a  species  of  slate,  of  a  brilliant  light  gray 
color,  composed  of  mica  and  quartz,  and  is  ex- 
cellent for  flagging  and  other  purposes.  It  is 
extensively  used  in  the  principal  cities  of  the 
United  States.  For  strength  it  exceeds  any 
other  known  in  this  country,  and  the  demand  for 
it  is  rapidly  increasing."  16  miles  E.  from  Hart- 
ford. The  Providence,  Hartford,  and  Fishkill 
Railroad  passes  through  this  place. 

Bolton,  Ms.  On  the  height  of  land  between 
Concord  and  Nashua  Rivers.  A  good  farming 
town.  The  hills  contain  limestone,  and  lime 
is  made  here.  31  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Bos- 
ton. 

Bolton,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Lake  George,  and  contains  several  small 
lakes.  The  Schroon  branch  of  the  Hudson  River 
waters  the  W.  part.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in 
some  parts  mountainous,  and  the  soil  not  remark- 
ably good.  72  miles  N.  from  Albany. 

feolton,  Vt,  Chittendcn  co.  On  the  western 
range  of  the  Green  Mountains.  Mountainous 
and  broken,  and  but  a  small  part  of  it  capable  of 
being  settled.  Winooskt  River  runs  through  it, 
from  E.  to  W. ;  also  the  Vermont  Central  Rail- 
road. 19  miles  S.  E.  from  Burlington,  and  19  N. 
W.  from  Montpelicr. 

Bombay,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Little  Salmon 
and  St.  Regis  Rivers  water  this  town,  the  surface 
of  which  is  mostly  level.  15  miles  N.  E.  from 
Malone,  and  226  N  from  Albany. 

Bond  County.  Is.,  c.h.at  Greenville.  S.  W.  cen- 
tral. Watered  by  Shoal  Creek,  a  branch  of  the 
Kaskaskia  River. 

Bonnet  Carre,  La.,  c.  h.  St.  John  Baptist 
parish.  In  a  bend  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
called  Bonnet  Carre,  (square  bonnet.)  38  miles 
W.'from  New  Orleans. 

Boone  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Belvidere.  On  the 
northern  border.  Watered  by  the  Kankekee  and 
its  tributaries,  the  E.  head  waters  of  Rock  River. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  very  fertile. 

Boone  Count//,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Lebanon.  Central. 
Watered  by  Sugar  and  Racoon  Creeks.  Surface 
mostly  level,  consisting  partly  of  prairie ;  soil 
very  fertile. 

Boone  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Boonboro'.  Central. 
The  DCS  Moines  passes  through  it  from  N. 
to  S. 

Boone  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Burlington.  The 
northernmost  county  in  the  state,  in  a  bend  of 
the  Ohio,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Mi- 
ami. The  Ohio  River  bounds  this  county  on  the 
N.  Surface  uneven  ;  soil  fertile. 

Boone  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  "at  Columbia.  Cen- 
tral. On  the  N.  bank  of  the  Missouri.  Rock 
and  Cedar  Creeks'drain  this  county. 

Boone  County,  Va.  West  part.    Rough  and  un- 


even. The  Coal  River,  a  southern  tributary  of 
the  Kenhawa,  runs  on  its  eastern  border,  and 
the  Little  Coal  N.  through  it. 

Booneville,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Drained  by 
Black  River  and  the  head  waters  of  the  Mo- 
hawk. 28  miles  N.  from  Utica,  and  123  W. 
from  Albany. 

Boonville,  As.,  c.  h.  Scott  co.  120  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Little  Rock. 

Boonville,  la.,  c.  h.  Warwick  co.,  lies  between 
Pigeon  and  Cypress  Creeks.  173  miles  S.  S.  W. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Boonville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Owsley  co. 

Boonville,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Cooper  co.  On  the  S. 
bank  of  Missouri  River.  50  miles  N.  W.  from 
Jefferson  City. 

Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Chesterfield,  Burlington  co. 
On  the  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware.  27  miles  N. 
from  Philadelphia,  and  7  miles  S.  E.  from  Tren- 
ton. Built  on  an  elevated  plain  65  feet  above 
the  river,  upon  which  it  has  a  commanding  and 
beautiful  situation.  The  Camden  and  Amboy 
Railroad  passes,  by  a  viaduct,  under  some  of  it's 
principal  streets.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan 
Canal  here  connects  with  the  Delaware  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation.  Bordentown  is 
a  favorite  resort,  in  the  summer  season,  for  peo- 
ple from  Philadelphia.  The  village  is  very  neat, 
and  enjoys  a  salubrious  climate.  The  extensive 
grounds  and  mansion  formerly  occupied  by 
Joseph  Bonaparte,  ex-king  of  Spain,  are  among 
the  most  conspicuous  and  attractive  objects  of 
the  place.  One  of  the  most  magnificent  river 
views  any  where  to  be  enjoyed  in  the  coun- 
try is  afforded  here.  The  Delaware,  as  seen 
from  the  brow  of  the  hill  on  which  the  town 
is  situated,  winds  its  way  through  a  level  coun- 
try, spread  out  for  many  miles  under  the  eye 
of  the  spectator,  until  it  disappears  behind  pro- 
jecting headlands. 

Boothbay,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  coast  be- 
tween Sheepscot  and  Damariscotta  Rivers,  al- 
most surrounded  by  water.  34  miles  S.  S.  E. 
from  Augusta,  and  GO  E.  N.  E.  from  Portland. 

Boscawen,  N.  H.,  Mcrrimac  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Merrimac  River.  The  town  is  watered 
by  the  Black  water,  an  important  stream.  Of  a 
deep,  productive  soil,  affording  many  excellent 
farms.  The  surface  verv  level.  The  principal 
village  on  the  E.  section  of  the  town  is  a  street 
nearly  two  miles  in  length,  very  straight  and 
level.  There  is  another  village  on  a  pleasant 
eminence  near  the  west  meeting  house.  8  miles 
N.  W.  from  Concord,  with  which  it  communi- 
cates by  two  railroads. 

Boston,  Ms.  Seaport  and  capital  of  the  state. 
Situated  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  into  which  empty  Charles  and  Mystic  Riv- 
ers. By  age  and  commercial  importance,  Boston 
is  the  metropolis  of  New  England.  —  The  pop- 
ulation of  Boston,  in  1700,  was  7000;  in  1722, 
10,567:  in  1765,  15.520;  in  1790,  18.038;  in 
1800,  24,937  ;  in  1810,  33,250  ;  in  1820,  43,298  ; 
in  1830,61,391:  in  1840,  93,470  ;  'and  in  1850. 
136,884.  Owing  to  the  almost  insular  situation 
of  Boston,  and  its  limited  extent,  its  population, 
as  compared  with  that  of  other  large  cities  of  the 
Union,  does  not  fairly  represent  its  relative  im- 
portance. While  the  population  of  Ea-4  Boston, 
on  an  island  adjacent  in  the  harbor,  and  of  South 
Boston,  on  a  contiguous  point  of  the  main  land 
of  Dorchester,  is  included  in  that  of  the  city 
proper,  because  these  new  suburbs  are  embraced 


288 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


within  its  chartered  limits,  yet  all  its  ancient  en- 
virons upon  the  main  land,  embracing  Charles- 
town  Chelsea,  Roxbury,  Dorchester,  Brookhne, 
and  Cambridge,  with  a  large  margin  still  more 
remote,  to  which  the  railroads,  like  arteries  from 
a  great  heart,  carry  a  daily  and  hourly  circula- 
tion of  life —all  the  towns  and  villages  of  this 
broad  area,  occupied  to  a  great  extent  by  a  pop- 
ulation whose  business  and  means  of  wealth  are 
within  the  city,  and  who  really  constitute  a  com- 
ponent part  of  its  people,  being  associated  with 
it  in  all  its  commercial,  manufacturing,  literary, 
and  social  relations,  as  much  as  the  inhabitants 
of  Greenwich,  Manhattanville,  and  Haerlem  with 
New  York,  or  those  of  the  districts  contiguous 
to  Philadelphia  with  that  city,  have  hitherto  re- 
mained distinct  towns  ;  three  of  them,  indeed, 
being  now  flourishing  cities  ;  and  this  large  over- 
flow of  population  is  consequently  never  repre- 
sented in  any  statement  of  the  population  of  Bos- 
ton. The  penin&ula  on  which  Boston  proper 
is  built  is  connected  with  the  main  land  of  Rox- 
bury on  the  S.,  from  which  it  extends,  in  a  direc- 
tion a  little  E.  of  N.,  about  3  miles,  having  an 
average  breadth  of  about  a  mile.  The  isthmus, 
or  Neck,  as  it  is  commonly  called,  is  something 
over  a  mile  in  length,  and  is  nearly  all  included 
within  the  limits  of  Boston.  It  was  originally 
quite  narrow,  and  so  low  that  parts  of  it  were 
frequently  overflowed  by  the  highest  courses  of 
the  tides.  The  waters  of  the  harbor,  flowing  up 
into  the  bay  of  Roxbury,  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Neck,  and  those  of  the  Charles  River,  spread- 
ing out  over  the  flats  upon  the  W.,  formed  a  broad 
but  shallow  cove  upon  that  side,  between  the 
isthmus  and  the  main  land  of  Brookline.  Until 
1786,  156  years  after  the  settlement  of  Boston, 
the  onlv  passage  into  the  town  was  over  the  Neck. 
It  has  been  much  elevated  in  being  improved 
and  built  upon,  and  additions  to  its  width  are 
continually  made  by  filling  up  the  flats,  especial- 
ly upon  the  W.  side.  There  are  now  four  broad 
avenues  passing  over  the  Neck  from  Roxbury  to 
the  city :  Harrison  Avenue,  Washington  Street, 
Suffolk  Street,  and  the  Trcmont  Road.  —  The 
main  body  of  the  peninsula,  which  was  thus  near- 
ly surrounded  by  the  waters  of  the  harbor  and 
of  Charles  River,  comprised  within  its  natural 
limits  about  700  acres  of  land.  In  three  points  it 
swelled  into  hills  of  considerable  elevation  ;  one 
being  on  its  S.  E.  angle,  and  presenting  a  bold 
barrier  to  the  waters  of  the  ship  channel ;  anoth- 
er being  at  its  N.  extremity,  looking  off  towards 
Chelsea  and  Charlestown  ;  and  the  third,  which 
was  more  central,  with  a  very  much  broader 
base,  extending  its  N.  and  W.  slopes  nearly 
to  the  banks  of  Charles  River.  This  was  the 
most  elevated  of  the  hills,  being  138i  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea;  and  its  summit 
was  cleft  into  three  conical  peaks,  which,  being 
near  the  original  centre  of  the  town,  led  at  first 
to  the  adoption  of  the  name  of  Tremont,  or 
Trimountain,  for  the  town  itself.  This  name, 
however,  was  soon  dismissed  for  its  present 
name,  which  it  received  on  the  7th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1630,  in  honor  of  the  Rev.  John  Cotton,  the 
second  minister  of  the  first  church,  who  came 
from  Boston,  in  England.  The  Indian  name  of 
the  peninsula  was  Shawmut.  —  There  is  extant 
a  very  accurate  description  of  Boston  in  1633, 
by  William  Wood,  the  author  of  New  England 
Prospect,  which  Snow,  a  writer  of  high  authori- 
ty on  this  subject,  remarks,  "  could  hardly  be 


amended."  —  "  Boston,"  says  Wood,  "  is  two  miles 
N.  E.  of  Roxbury.  Its  situation  is  very  pleasant, 
being  a  peninsula  hemmed  in  on  the'S.  side  by 
the  bay  of  Roxbury,  and  on  the  N.  side  with 
Charles  River,  the  marshes  on  the  back  side  be- 
ing not  half  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile  over;  so  that 
a  little  fencing  will  secure  their  cattle  from  the 

wolves It  being  a  neck,  and  bare 

of  wood,  they  are  not  troubled  with  these  great 
annoyances,  wolves,  rattlesnakes,  and  mosquitoes. 
Those  that  live  here  upon  their  cattle  must  be 
constrained  to  take  farms  in  the  country,  or  else 
they  cannot  subsist,  the  place  being  too  small  to 
contain  many,  and  fittest  for  such  as  can  trada 
into  England  for  such  commodities  as  the  coun- 
try wants,  being  the  chief  place  for  shipping  and 
merchandise.  This  neck  of  land  is  not  above 
four  miles  in  compass,  in  form  almost  square, 
having  on  the  S.  side,  at  one  corner,  a  great 
broad  hill,  whereon  is  planted  a  fort,  which  can 
command  any  ship  as  she  sails  into  the  harbor 
within  the  still  bay.  On  the  N.  side  is  another 
hill,  equal  in  bigness,  whereon  stands  a  windmill. 
To  the  N.  W.  is  a  high  mountain,  with  three  lit- 
tle rising  hills  on  the  top  of  it,  wherefore  it  ia 
called  the  Tramount.  From  the  top  of  this  moun- 
tain a  man  may  overlook  all  the  islands  which 
lie  within  the  bay,  and  descry  such  ships  as  are  on 
the  sea-coast.  This  town,  though  it  be  neither 
the  greatest  nor  the  richest,  yet  is  the  most  noted 
and  frequented,  being  the  centre  of  the  planta- 
tions, where  the  monthly  courts  are  kept.  Hero 
likewise  dwells  the  governor.  This  place  hath 
very  good  land,  affording  rich  cornfields  and 
fruitful  gardens,  having  likewise  sweet  and  pleas- 
ant springs.  The  inhabitants  of  this  place,  for 
their  enlargement,  have  taken  to  themselves  farm 
houses  in  a  place  called  Muddy  River,  [Brook- 
line,]  two  miles  from  the  town,  where  there  is 
good  ground,  large  timber,  and  store  of  marsh 
land  and  meadow.  In  this  place  they  keep  their 
swine  and  other  cattle  in  the  summer,  whilst  the 
corn  is  in  the  ground  at  Boston,  and  bring  them 
to  town  in  the  winter." 

The  original  conformation  of  the  ground  was 
such  that  the  N.  part  of  the  peninsula  was  almost 
severed  from  the  other  by  the  coves  or  inden- 
tations of  the  shore  which  ran  in  around  the 
base  of  Copp's  Hill  on  the  S.,  both  from  the  har- 
bor on  the  E.,  and  from  Charles  River  on  the 
opposite  side,  so  as  nearly  to  meet  at  their  ex- 
treme points.  When  the  tides  were  highest,  this 
part  of  Boston,  and  the  central  part,  which  would 
also  be  nearly  or  quite  cut  off  from  the  continent 
by  the  flowing  of  the  waters  across  the  Neck, 
presented  the  appearance  of  two  islands,  rather 
than  that  of  a  peninsula.  The  tide  ran  up  on 
the  E.  to  where  Dock  Square  now  is,  and  in  a 
northerly  direction  almost  to  Hanover  Street  at 
a  point  a  little  E.  of  Union  Street.  From 
Charles  River,  on  the  opposite  side,  a  broad 
cove  came  up  to  a  point  only  a  few  rods  N.  W, 
of  Hanover  Street,  leaving  but  a  narrow  neck 
of  land  for  the  connection  between  the  centre 
and  the  north  end  of  the  town.  By  the  erection 
of  a  causeway  where  Causeway  Street  now  is, 
this  cove  was  subsequently  converted  into  a  ca- 
pacious mill  pond,  and  by  means  of  a  short  canal 
cut  through  the  neck  by  which  its  waters  were 
separated  from  the  harbor,  they  were  made  avail- 
able for  a  tide  mill  at  this  place.  This  was  long 
known  as  Mill  Creek,  and  constituted  the  divid- 
ing line  between  the  centre  and  the  north  end. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


289 


That  part  of  the  map  of  Boston  which  exhibits 
an  equilateral  triangle,  as  included  between 
Charlestown,  Merrimac,  and  Causeway  Streets, 
having  its  apex  in  Haymarket  Square,  covers  the 
principal  part  of  the  area  which  was  occupied 
by  this  mill  pond  ;  having  Been  converted  into 
solid  land  with  the  materials  obtained  by  the 
levelling  of  Beacon  Hill  and  the  eminences  W. 
of  it,  excepting  the  creek,  which  was  kept  open 
to  connect  the  river  with  the  harbor  as  long  as 
the  navigation  upon  the  Middlesex  Canal  was  a 
matter  of  consideration.  This  improvement  was 
commenced  about  1804,  and  when  completed,  it 
had  added  to  the  area  of  the  city  about  43  acres. 
And  here  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  area  of  the 
peninsula,  which  in  its  natural  condition  com- 
prised, as  above  stated,  only  about  700  acres,  has 
been  enlarged  by  continued  encroachments  upon 
the  sea,  until  it  contains  fully  double  this  num- 
ber of  acres  at  the  present  time.  The  city  is 
now  extending  its  limits  in  this  manner  niore 
rapidly  than  at  any  former  period.  The  quan- 
tity of  land  made,  and  in  the  process  of  being 
made,  by  improvements  recently  undertaken  by 
the  city  at  the  south  end,  is  estimated  at  over 
2.000,000  square  feet.  By  the  railroads  in  this 
direction  entire  hills  of  gravel  are  being  removed 
from  their  bases  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  to  form 
the  foundations  of  a  new  and  beautiful  extension 
of  this  flourishing  city.  It  is  not  improbable 
that  the  whole  of  the  bays  on  each  side  of  the 
Neck  may,  at  some  period  not  far  distant,  dis- 
appear before  the  march  of  human  enterprise, 
and  that  the  city  may  be  otherwise  extended 
much  into  the  area  of  Roxbury  and  Dorchester. 
—  Some  knowledge  of  the  natural  structure  of 
the  ground  on  which  Boston  is  built  is  necessary 
to  explain,  the  great  irregularity  of  the  plan  upon 
which  its  streets  and  thoroughfares  have  grown 
up.  The  high  hills  in  different  quarters  of  the 
town,  with  the  coves,  and  creeks,  and  marshes, 
thrusting  themselves  up  between  them  on  all 
sides,  would  necessarily  control  the  choice  of 
sites  for  building,  and  the  location  and  courses 
of  the  principal  streets,  in  a  place  thus  springing 
up  in  the  poverty  and  infancy  of  the  country. 
There  is  a  similar  irregularity  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  city  of  New  York.  Even  in  Philadelphia, 
the  situation  of  which  upon  a  gently-swelling 
plain  admitted  of  the  most  uniform  arrangement 
of  the  streets  which  could  possibly  be  desired, 
the  operation  of  this  principle  is  illustrated,  in 
the  case  of  Dock  Street,  in  the  oldest  part  of  the 
city,  which  follows  the  winding  course  of  an  an- 
cient creek  running  into  the  Delaware.  This 
seems  the  more  remarkable  there  from  being  al- 
most a  solitary  exception  to  the  general  plan. 
But  in  Boston  it  would  have  been  perhaps  im- 
possible for  the  founders  of  the  city,  even  if  they 
could  have  anticipated  its  future  growth  and 
greatness,  with  the  means  they  had  at  command, 
to  have  caused  it  to  be  built  up  on  any  outline 
materially  different  from  that  which  it  received 
As  an  example,  an  order  dated  March  30,  1640, 
provides  for  a  road  between  certain  points,  "  two 
rods  in  breadth,  as  directly  as  the  land  will  bear" 
The  first  settlement  of  the  town  in  1630,  and 
its  most  populous  part  as  late  as  1650,  was  on 
Washington  Street,  between  State  and  Eliot 
Streets,  including  the  cross  streets  on  either  side, 
which  had  all  begun  to  be  occupied ;  and  Elm 
Street,  the  upper  part  of  Hanover  Street,  and 
Sudbury  Street,  on  the  N.  side.  Here,  in  what 
37 


is  now  the  centre  of  the  city,  the  business  of  the 
town  commenced,  and  the  most  influential  char- 
acters dwelt.  The  first  house  of  worship  stood 
near  the  corner  of  State  and  Devonshire  Streets  ; 
the  first  store  was  on  the  N.  corner  of  State 
and  Washington  Streets  ;  the  first  market  place 
was  where  the  Old  State  House  now  stands. 
The  residence  of  Governor  Winthrop  was  on 
the  E.  side  of  Washington  Street,  a  little  N. 
of  the  Old  South  meeting  house.  Subsequently 
the  growth  of  trade  and  commerce  occasioned 
a  larger  proportionate  increase  of  population  at 
the  north  end,  which  became  "for  many  years- 
the  most  populous  and  elegant  portion  of  the 
town." 

The  principal  thoroughfares  through  Boston, 
from  the  centre  outwards,  connecting  with  the 
different  avenues  to  the  city,  are  as  follows  :  To 
Roxbury,  over  the  Neck,  either  by  Washington 
Street  or  Tremont  Street ;  to  the  Western  Rail- 
road, by  Washington,  Summer,  and  Kingston 
Streets ;  to  the  Old  Colony  Railroad,  by  Wash- 
ington, Summer,  and  South  Streets ;  to  South 
Boston,  over  the  new  bridge,  by  Washington, 
Summer,  and  Sea  Streets ;  to  the  Eastern  Rail- 
road, and  the  Ferry  to  East  Boston,  by  North 
Market  and  Commercial  Streets ;  to  the  north 
end,  and  the  Ferry  to  Chelsea,  by  Hanover 
Street ;  to  the  Charles  River  Bridge  leading  to 
Charlestown,  by  Union  and  Charlestown  Streets ; 
to  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  the  Fitch- 
burg  Railroad,  and  the  Warren  Bridge,  leading 
also  to  Charlestown,  by  Union  and  Haverhill 
Streets ;  to  the  Lowell  Railroad,  by  Court.  Green, 
Leverett,  and  Lowell  Streets ;  to  Canal  Bridge, 
frequently  called  Craigie's  Bridge,  leading  to 
East  Cambridge,  by  Court,  Gi'een,  and  Leverett 
Streets ;  to  the  West  Boston  Bridge,  leading  to 
Old  Cambridge,  by  Court  and  Cambridge  Streets ; 
to  the  Western  Avenue,  or  Mill  Dam,  leading  to 
Brookline  and  Brighton,  by  Beacon  Street ;  to 
the  Providence  Railroad,  by  Tremont  and  Boyl- 
ston  Streets,  or  for  pedestrians,  over  the  Common. 

The  numerous  avenues  to  Boston  mentioned 
in  the  foregoing  paragraph  constitute  an  inter- 
esting and  characteristic  feature  of  the  city. 
They  have  been  constructed  at  different  periods, 
as  the  business  of  the  city,  and  its  more  conven- 
ient connection  with  the  surrounding  country,  re- 
quired, and  at  an  almost  incalculable  outlay  of  ex- 
pense. The  first  of  the  bridges  was  the  Charles 
River  Bridge,  leading  to  Charlestown,  which  was 
open  for  travel  on  the  anniversary  of  the  battle 
of  Bunker  Hill,  June  1 7, 1 786.  It  is  1 503  feet  in 
length,  and  cost  $50,000.  The  next  was  the  bridge 
to  Old  Cambridge,  opened  Nov.  23,  1793.  Its 
length  is  2758  feet,  with  an  abutment  and  cause- 
way 3432  feet  long,  making  a  total  length  of  6190 
feet.  Cost,  $76,667.  The  old  bridge  to  South 
Boston  from  the  Neck,  at  Dover  Street,  opened 
in  1805,  is  1550  feet  long,  and  cost  about  $50,000. 
Craigie's  Bridge,  opened  in  1809,  is  2796  feet  in 
length.  A  lateral  bridge  extends  from  this  to 
Prison  Point,  Charlestown,  1820  feet  in  length. 
The  new  bridge  to  South  Boston,  500  feet  long, 
and  the  Warren  Bridge,  to  Charlestown,  1390 
feet  long,  were  both  completed  in  1828.  The 
only  other  avenue  to  Boston,  for  ordinary  travel, 
is  the  Western  Avenue,  or  Mill  Dam,  leading 
from  the  foot  of  Beacon  Street  to  Sewall's  Point, 
in  Brookline.  This  avenue  is  upon  a  substan- 
tial dam,  extended  across  the  western  bay,  about 
a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  and  from  60  to  100 


290 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


feet  in  width.  This  dam  encloses  about  600 
acres  of  flats,  over  which  the  tide  formerly  flowed 
from  seven  to  ten  feet  deep.  A  partition  dam 
divides  this  enclosure,  and  forms,  by  the  aid  of 
flood  and  ebb  gates,  a  full  and  a  receiving  basin ; 
thereby  creating  at  all  times  a  vast  hydraulic 
power  for  the  propulsion  of  machinery.  The 
partition  dam  also  forms  a  fine  avenue  from  the 
main  dam  to  Roxbury.  This  great  undertaking 
was  commenced  in  1818,  and  opened  for  travel 
July  2,  1821.  It  cost  about  $700,000.  The 
proprietors  of  the  Western  Avenue  claim  a  per- 
petual franchise;  but  all  the  other  avenues  have 
either  become  already,  or  will,  at  a  given  date, 
hereafter  become,  the*  property  of  the  state,  and 
free  for  the  use  of  the  public.  The  various  rail- 
roads are  carried  over  into  the  city  upon  bridges 
built  expressly  for  their  accommodation.  There 
are  besides  steam  ferry  boats  which  ply  con- 
tinually between  Boston  and  East  Boston,  and 
between  Boston  and  Chelsea. 

There  are  two  rapidly-increasing  sections  of 
the  city,  which  have  sprung  up  upon  points  of 
land  separated  from  the  peninsula  by  portions 
of  the  harbor.  One  of  these  is  South  Boston, 
which  was  set  off  from  Dorchester,  by  legislative 
enactment,  March  6,  1804.  The  'territory  is 
bounded  South  by  Dorchester  Bay,  and  spreads 
out  about  two  miles  on  the  south  of  Boston 
harbor,  above  the  forts.  It  contains  about 
600  acres,  and  is  laid  out  into  regular  streets 
and  squares.  In  about  the  centre  of  this  tract, 
and  about  two  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  are  the 
memorable  "  Dorchester  Heights,"  famous  in 
revolutionary  history,  which  rear  their  heads  one 
hundred  and  thirty  feet  above  the  sea,  furnishing 
from  their  summits  a  magnificent  view  of  Bos- 
ton, its  harbor,  and  the  surrounding  country. 
One  of  these  heights  is  now  occupied  by  a  capa- 
cious reservoir  of  the  Boston  Water  Works. 
The  natural  situation  and  surface  of  this  part  of 
Boston  are  highly  picturesque  and  beautiful. 

East  Boston  is  on  the  margin  of  one  of  the 
larger  islands  in  the  harbor,  formerly  known  as 
Noddle's  Island.  The  original  proprietor  of  this 
island,  in  1630,  was  Samuel  Maverick,  who  lived 
upon  it  as  his  homestead  ;  at  the  same  time  that 
John  Blackstone  owned  and  occupied  the  pen- 
insula of  Boston.  The  island  contains  about 
660  acres  of  arable  land,  and  a  large  body  of 
flats.  It  was  purchased  by  an  incorporated  com- 
pany in  1832,  for  the  purpose  of  laying  out  a 
section  of  the  city  there.  It  lies  about  660  yards 
north-east  from  Old  Boston,  and  about  the  same 
distance  from  Charlestown.  Portions  of  its  sur- 
face are  beautifully  elevated,  and  are  crowned 
with  buildings  enjoying  a  fine  prospect  of  the 
city  and  shipping  opposite.  The  Cunard  line 
of  steam  ships  from  Liverpool  have  their  wharf 
here ;  and  here  the  extensive  wharves  and  ware- 
houses of  the  Grand  Junction  Railroad  have  been 
established.  East  Boston  is  becoming  a  place 
of  extensive  business,  especially  in  the  various 
branches  of  manufacture  and  ship-building. 

Among  the  principal  establishments  at  East 
Boston  is  a  very  extensive  steam  flouring  mill, 
in  which  from  350,000  to  400,000  bushels  of  wheat 
are  annually  converted  into  the  finest  flour.  There 
is  likewise  at  East  Boston  an  immense  sugar 
refinery,  the  buildings  of  which  make  an  imposing 
appearance. 

For  a  particular  account  of  Boston  Harbor,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  description  of  Mountains, 


Rivers,  Harbors,  &e.,  p.  its.  In  confirmation  of 
what  is  there  stated  in  regard  to  its  freedom  from 
obstruction  by  ice,  it  may  here  he  added,  that  du- 
ring the  uncommonly  severe  winter  of  1851-2, 
when  New  York  and  other  southern  harbors  were 
completely  ice-bound,  Boston  Harbor,  by  the  aid 
of  a  little  steamer,  was  kept  free  for  the  passage  of 
ships,  and  the  ferry  boats  running  across  to  Chelsea 
and  East  Boston  were  not  impeded  a  single  day. 

While  the  first  inhabitants  of  Boston  depended 
chiefly  upon  the  productions  of  their  farms  and 
gardens  for  subsistence,  they  were  obliged  by 
their  narrow  premises  to  seek  for  privileges  in 
the  adjacent  territory,  for  wood,  pasturage,  and 
tillage.  In  this  way  it  came  about  that  the  prin- 
cipal islands  in  the  harbor  were  annexed  to 
Boston  rather  than  to  other  adjoining  towns. 
Conant's  Island,  since  called  Governor's  Island, 
was  granted  to  Governor  Winthrop,  for  a  nominal 
rent,  in  1632,  and  thus  became  a  possession  of 
Boston.  Before  the  end  of  1636,  Noddle's  Island, 
Deer  Island,  Long  Island,  Spectacle  Island,  and 
Hog  Island  are  recorded  in  the  colony  records 
as  having  been  granted  to  sundry  inhabitants  of 
Boston.  It  is  probable  that  the  others  which 
now  belong  to  the  city,  making  the  number  twen- 
ty or  more  in  all.  were,  in  a  similar  manner,  oc- 
casionally granted  afterwards ;  as  upon  these 
islands,  together  with  the  shores  of  Chelsea, 
Brookline,  and  other  places,  portions  of  land 
were  allotted  to  every  family  in  Boston,  accord- 
ing to  its  numbers  and  its  wants. 

The  want  of  ample  room  upon  the  peninsula 
for*  the  growth  of  the  city,  especially  before  the 
relief  afforded  by  the  railroads,  led  to  such  a 
crowded  occupancy  of  the  limited  area,  that  the 
streets  are  in  many  parts  narrower  than  would 
have  been  preferred,  and.  with  one  noble  excep- 
tion,—  that  of  the  Common. — very  little  space  has 
been  afforded  in  the  older  sections  of  the  city  for 
public  squares  and  pleasure  grounds.  In  the 
newer  portions,  which  are  building  up  on  the 
Neck,  some  spacious  squares  have  been  reserved 
for  public  grounds,  which  are  handsomely  en- 
closed with  iron  fences,  ornamented  with  trees, 
and  with  beautiful  fountains  in  the  centre.  Two 
of  these  are  Blackstone  Square  and  Franklin 
Square,  lying  on  opposite  sides  of  Washington 
Street.  Louisburg  Square,  in  the  western  part 
of  the  city,  extending  from  Mount  Vernon  Street 
to  Pinckney  Street,  and  Pemberton  Square,  near 
the  centre,  opening  into  Tremont  Street  opposite 
the  union  of  Court  Street  with  Cornhill,  are  small 
but  beautiful  grounds,  surrounded  by  some  of  the 
most  stately  private  residences  in  the  city.  The 
summit  of  Fort  Hill,  anciently  occupied  by  a 
fortification,  has  also  been  kept  open  for  a  public 
ground,  and  affords  a  delightful  promenade,  with 
a  lovely  view  of  the  harbor. 

"  Prior  to  1640,"  says  Snow  in  his  History  of 
Boston,  "  mention  is  frequently  made  of  Tower 
Fields,  in  the  Boston  records  ;  and  they  seem 
to  have  been  enclosed  by  a  general  fence."*  The 
following  vote  was  passed  on  the  30th  of  March, 
1640:  "Henceforth,  there  shall  be  no  land 
granted  either  for  house-plot  or  garden,  out  of 
the  open  lot  or  common  field  which  is  left  be- 
tween the  Sentry  Hill  and  Mr.  Colburn's  end, 
except  three  or  four  lots  to  make  up  the  street," 
&c.  This  was  the  origin  of  the  Boston  Common ; 
which,  scanty  as  their  precincts  were,  the  fathers 
of  the  city,  with  a  wise  and  disinterested  care 
for  the  public  welfare,  secured  to  the  enjoyment 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


291 


of  all  future  generations  of  its  inhabitants.  This 
Common,  extending  over  about  forty-eight  acres 
of  ground,  with  its  splendid  malls  surrounding 
the  whole  border,  shaded  with  majestic  elms, 
some  of  which  are  over  a^hundred  years  old, 
and  its  numerous  cross  paths  beautifully  graded, 
bevelled,  and  adorned  with  variegated  trees,  is 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  delightful  prome- 
nades in  the  world.  One  of  its  greatest  charms 
is  in  the  diversified  natural  surface  which  it  pre- 
sents ;  and  one  of  the  most  gratifying  proofs  of 
the  good  taste  of  the  Bostonians  is  seen  in  the 
care  which  has  been  taken  to  obliterate  as  little 
as  possible,  by  any  artificial  embellishments, 
those  lineaments  of  nature  which  are  universally 
pleasing.  This  beautiful  ground  is  enclosed  by 
a  costly  iron  fence  one  mile  and  two  hundred 
and  seventeen  yards  in  length,  with  elegant 
granite  gateways  at  two  of  the  opposite  angles. 
Near  the  centre  is  a  beautiful  little  pond,  out  of 
the  midst  of  which  a  fountain,  supplied  from  the 
Boston  Water  Works,  sends  up  its  massive  and 
graceful  jet  d'eau  from  80  to  90  feet  into  the  air. 
The  fountain  also  displays,  at  will,  many  other 
pleasing  forms,  having  an  affluent  supply  of  wa- 
ter, and  a  head  which  presses  upon  it  like  one  of 
nature's  illimitable  forces.  This  extensive  and 
beautiful  public  ground  is  an  inestimable  boon 
to  the  citizens  of  Boston.  Its  position,  partly  on 
the  north-western  declivity  of  Beacon  Hill,  with 
a  public  garden  of  about  25  acres  lying  still  be- 
yond it,  keeping  its  whole  western  margin  open 
to  Charles  River  and  to  the  distant  landscape  as 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  secures  the  free  ingress 
of  the  most  exhilarating  and  healthful  influences 
of  the  climate  to  the  very  centre  of  the  city.  As 
a  field  for  military  parades,  civic  processions,  and 
grand  commemorative  banquets,  the  Common 
has  been  honorably  distinguished.  On  the  an- 
nual gala  day  of  the  republic,  it  presents,  in 
pleasant  weather,  a  most  jovous  and  sublime 
spectacle.  The  people  of  the  city,  and  of  the 
country  for  many  miles  around,  the  native  born 
and  the  adopted  citizen,  young  men  and  maid- 
ens, old  men  and  children,  here  meet  as  in  a 
grand  levee,  under  the  mutual  restraints  of  self- 
respect,  courtesy,  and  decorum,  and  in  the  con- 
scious enjoyment  of  a  dignity  and  happiness 
which  full  to  the  lot  of  the  populace  of  no  other 
country  on  the  globe.  It  is  seldom  that  any  un- 
seemly rudeness  or  vulgarity  offends  the  eye  or 
ear  on  these  public  occasions ;  especially  since 
intoxicating  liquors  have  been  excluded  from 
the  refreshment  stands  upon  the  streets.  It  is 
estimated  that  not  less  than  100,000  persons 
have  been  present  at  the  usual  display  of  fire- 
works in  the  evening;  and  yet,  within  a  half 
hour  after  the  entertainment  is  over,  this  vast 
multitude  will  have  retired,  without  disorder, 
leaving  the  Common  and  its  vicinity  to  its  ac- 
customed silence  and  repose. 

Some  of  the  most  elegant  streets  in  Boston 
are  those  which  front  upon  the  Common ;  viz., 
Beacon,  Park,  Tremont,  and  Boylston  Streets. 
Beacon  Street,  especially,  for  grandeur  of  eleva- 
tion, extent  and  beauty  of  prospect,  and  the 
splendor  of  its  long  line  of  palace  residences, 
culminating  with  the  State  House  on  the  summit 
of  the  hill,  will  compare  to  advantage  with  the 
most  celebrated  streets  and  terraces  in  the  Euro- 
pean cities. 

Other  parts  of  the  city,  also,  are  built  with 
great  elegance,  though  almost  invariably  with- 


out fanciful  decorations  or  other  ostentatious 
display.  The  material  mostly  used  for  private 
residences  is  brick,  with  the  Quincy  granite 
for  the  basement  stories  and  foundations.  A 
style  of  building  with  circular  or  swelled  fronts 
prevails  in  Boston,  among  houses  of  the  first 
class,  which  imparts  an  air  of  graceful  elegance 
to  the  external  structure,  and  admits  of  a  beau- 
tiful finishing  within.  The  Boston  houses  are 
distinguished  for  the  variety  and  perfection  of 
their  interior  accommodations  and  means  of 
comfort,  in  which  respect  many  dwellings  of  the 
most  Avealthy  surpass  those  of  all  other  cities  in 
the  country.  A  very  massive,  and  at  the  same 
time  beautiful,  style  of  building  is  adopted  for 
the  largest  class  of  stores,  warehouses,  and  blocks 
upon  the  wharves,  for  which  the  Quincy  gran- 
ite is  made  use  of,  either  finely  hammered  or 
merely  split  and  jointed,  according  to  the  design 
of  the  structure  or  the  degree  of  architectural 
symmetry  intended. 

Among  the  public  buildings  most  Worthy  of 
notice,  the  State  House  may  first  be  mentioned, 
as  occupying  the  most  elevated  and  commanding 
situation,  and  giving  character  to  the  distant 
view  of  Boston,  from  whatever  direction  it  is 
approached.  This  fine  building  stands  on  Bea- 
con Hill,  fronting  the  malls  and  Common,  at 
an  elevation  of  110  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
site  was  purchased  from  the  estate  of  JOHN 
HANCOCK,  the  patriot,  and  is  termed,  in  the  deed, 
"  Governor  Hancock's  pasture."  The  venerable 
mansion  of  Governor  Hancock  is  hard  by,  and 
is  the  only  relic  of  the  olden  time  which  'main- 
tains its  ground  on  Beacon  Street  against  the 
march  of  modern  improvements.  The  corner 
stone  of  the  State  House  was  laid  on  the  4th  of 
July,  1795,  by  the  venerable  SAMUEL  ADAMS, 
who  succeeded  Hancock  as  governor  of  the 
commonwealth.  The  edifice  is  73  feet  in  front 
and  61  feet  deep.  The  height  to  the  lantern 
upon  the  top  of  the  dome  is  110  feet.  The  dome 
itself  is  50  feet  in  diameter  and  30  feet  in  height. 
It  consists  externally  of  a  basement  story  and  of 
a  principal  story  30  feet  high.  The  ce'ntre  be- 
tween the  wings  is  94  feet  in  length,  the  front  of 
which,  on  the  basement,  is  formed  of  arches  ad- 
vanced 14  feet  from  the  walls,  and  supporting  a 
colonnade  of  Corinthian  columns  above,  of  the 
same  extent.  The  Hall  of  the  Representatives 
is  in  the  centre  of  the  principal  story,  the  Senate 
Chamber  occupies  the  east  wing,  and  the  Cham- 
ber of  the  Governor  and  Council  the  west  wing. 
Upon  the  first  floor  are  the  offices  of  the  sec- 
retary, treasurer,  and  board  of  education,  the 
state  library,  &c.  In  a  recess  built  for  the 
purpose,  in  *  the  rear  of  the  lower  hall  of  en- 
trance, stands  the  beautiful  statue  of  Washington 
by  Chantrey,  presented  to  the  state  in  1 827,  by 
the  Washington  Monument  Association. 

The  view  from  the  top  of  the  State  House  is 
very  extensive,  and  probably  combines  a  greater 
variety  of  interesting  features  than  any  other  view 
in  the  United  States.  The  whole  city  lies  as  on 
a  map  immediately  under  the  observer's  eye.  On 
the  N.  and  W.  the  county  of  Middlesex,  with  its 
cities,  towns,  and  villas,  the  venerable  halls  of 
Harvard,  the  sacred  field  and  towering  monument 
of  Bunker  Hill ;  on  the  S.  the  county  of  Norfolk, 
with  its  granite  hills  and  luxuriant  vales,  studded 
with  towns,  and  spires,  and  farm  houses ;  and  on 
the  E.  the  harbor  and  the  ocean,  with  a  hundred 
islands,  traversed  by  the  ships  of  every  clime,  all 


292 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


conspire  to  render  this  the  most  enchanting  scene 
this  side  of  the  Bay  of  Naples. 

The  Old  State  House  still  stands  in  State 
Street,  at  its  upper  end,  and  seen  from  below  pre- 
sents a  fine  specimen  of  the  architecture  of  a 
former  age.  On  this  spot  was  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment in  Massachusetts  for  140  years :  two  buildings 
having  been  destroyed  by  fire  before  the  present 
venerable  edifice  was  erected.  The  first  was  built 
in  1659,  the  second  in  1714,  and  the  present  in 
1748.  Since  the  removal  of  the  Capitol  to  Beacon 
Hill,  in  1798,  the  old  State  House  has  been  used 
some  time  for  a  City  Hall  and  Post  Office,  and 
more  recently  for  stores  and  offices  for  men  of 
business. 

One  of  the  first  objects  of  interest  for  which 
the  stranger  inquires  in  Boston  is  Faneuil  Hall, 

—  the  "  Cradle  of  Liberty  " —  celebrated  in  Amer- 
ican history   as  the   forum  of  that  patriotic  elo- 
quence which  made  a  monarch  tremble  on  his 
throne,  inspired   an  unprepared  and  unassisted 
people  to  achieve  their  independence,  and  sounded 
out  those  maxims  of  political  truth  and  wisdom 
which  have  extended  their  influence  over  the  hab- 
itable globe.     This  noble  edifice,  the  gift  of  Peter 
Faneuil,  Esq.,  to  the  town  in  1742,  is  situated  in 
Dock  Square,  is  100  feet  long  by  80  feet  wide, 
and  three  stories   high.     The  great  hall  is  76  feet 
square,  and  28  feet  high,  with  deep  galleries  on 
3  sides,  and  capable  of  containing  about  5500  per- 
sons standing.     It  is  appropriately  decorated  with 
the  busts  and  portraits  of  the  fathers  of  Amer- 
ican liberty  who  once  thundered  within  its  walls, 

—  HANCOCK,  SAMUEL  and  JOHN  ADAMS,  —  and 
of  others,  as  of  WASHINGTON  and  KNOX,  who 
thundered  upon  the  field  of  battle.     The  portrait 
of  Washington  is  the  original  full  length  picture 
by  Stuart.     To  these  are  added  a  beautiful  pic- 
ture, in  full  size,  by  Sargent,  of  Faneuil,  the 
munificent  donor.     The  building  was  materially 
enlarged,  by  additions  to  its  width  and  height,  in 
1805.    It  is  interesting  to  notice  the  unfading 
power  of  the  patriotic  associations  of  this  memo- 
rable hall  upon  the  minds  of  the  Boston  populace. 
It  is  enough  for  the  purposes  of  the  popular 
orator,  on  any  topic  connected  with  social  or  civil 
right,  if -his  auditors  breathe  within  its  sacred  walls. 

Faneuil  Hall  Market,  situated  immediately  E. 
of  Faneuil  Hall,  is  one  of  the  most  costly  and 
superb  of  the  public  buildings.  It  extends  on 
Dock  Square  535$  feet,  and  is  50  feet  in  width. 
The  centre  part  of  the  building,  74  by  55  feet  on 
the  ground,  rises  to  the  height  of  77  feet,  and  is 
surmounted  by  a  beautiful  dome.  The  wings  in 
their  entire  extent  are  30  feet  high,  with  two  sto- 
ries above  the  basement.  Upon  each  end  is  a 
portico,  with  four  columns,  of  the  Grecian  Doric 
order,  3£  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  20 
feet  9  inches  high,  to  the  capital ;  each  column 
being  one  solid  shaft  of  Quincy  granite,  of  which 
material,  finely  hammered,  the  whole  building  is 
constructed.  The  first  story  is  occupied  for  the 
market,  having  its  stalls  on  each  side  of  a  grand 
corridor,  through  the  whole  length  of  the  building 
The  upper  story  is  one  vast  hall,  so  constructed  as 
to  be  divided  into  several  compartments  for  ware- 
rooms,  or  all  thrown  into  one,  for  large  sales 
fairs,  or  exhibitions  of  mechanical  or  agricultural 
products.  This  upper  hall  is  called  Quincy  Hall, 
in  honor  of  Hon.  Josiah  Quincy  the  elder,  under 
whose  mayoralty  it  was  built."  The  edifice,  ex- 
clusive of  the  land,  cost  $150,000.  Faneuil  Hall 
Market  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  richly- 


furnished  markets  in  the  country.  Besides  the 
retail,  a  large  wholesale  business  is  here  carried 
on,  not  only  for  the  city,  but  for  a  wide  circle  of 
towns  in  its  vicinity,  which  by  the  numerous  rail- 
roads are  brought  within  a  few  hours  of  Boston. 
On  each  side  of  this  beautiful  building  are  two 
broad  streets,  one  65  and  the  other  102  feet  in 
width,  having  each  a  range  of  spacious  warehouses 
with  granite  fronts,  facing  the  market.  There  are 
several  other  markets  in  the  city.  Besides  those 
in  East  Boston  and  South  Boston,  there  are 
Boylston  Market,  Beach  Street  Market,  and  Wil- 
liams Market,  in  Dover  Street ;  also  Blackstono 
Market,  in  the  street  of  the  same  name.  The 
two  last  named  were  opened  in  1852.  Over 
Boylston  Market  is  a.  public  hall,  100  feet  in 
length  by  48  in  width.  This  building  is  at  the 
corner  of  Washington  and  Boylston  Streets,  near- 
ly opposite  the  site  of  the  old  Liberty  Tree,  of 
revolutionary  renown. 

The  City  Hall  is  centrally  located,  on  an  open 
plot  of  ground  between  Court  Square  and  School 
Street,  having  the  Stone  Chapel  Cemetery  on  the 
west,  extending  to  Tremont  Street.  The  edifice 
is  of  granite,  and  consists  of  an  octagon  centre, 
with  wings  on  the  E.  and  W.  sides.  The  entire 
length  of  the  building  is  140  feet. 

The  Court  House,  in  Court  Square,  between 
the  City  Hall  and  Court  Street,  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  all  the  courts  of  law  for  the  city,  coun- 
ty, state,  and  the  United  States,  is  a  stately 
edifice,  of  hewn  granite,  in  length  175  feet  10 
inches,  in  width  53  feet  10  inches,  and  in  height 
57  feet  3  inches.  A  Doric  portico  adorns  each  of 
its  N.  and  S.  fronts,  having  four  fluted  granite 
columns,  4  feet  5  inches  in  diameter,  and  25  feet 
4  inches  high,  of  a  single  piece,  weighing  25  tons 
each.  Excepting  these  two  fine  porticoes,  this 
building  is  plain  in  the  exterior. 

The  Merchants'  Exchange,  on  the  south  side 
of  State  Street,  is  a  magnificent  structure,  com- 
pleted in  1842.  Its  front,  on  State  Street,  is  76 
feet;  its  height,  70  feet;  and  its  depth,  to  Lindall 
Street,  250  feet,  covering  13,000  feet  of  land.  Its 
front  is  entirely  of  Quincy  granite,  with  four 
pilasters  and  two  antaes,  each  of  a  single  stone 
45  feet  in  height,  and  weighing,  on  an  average, 
55  tons.  The  great  central  hall,  for  the  Mer- 
chants' Exchange  and  newspaper  reading  room, 
is  truly  a  splendid  room.  Its  dimensions  are  80 
by  58  feet,  having  18  beautiful  columns  support- 
ing the  dome,  20  feet  in  height,  in  fine  imitation 
of  Sienna  marble,  with  Corinthian  capitals.  The 
front  is  occupied  by  banks,  insurance  offices,  &c., 
and  the  basement  for  the  Post  Office.  There  is 
also  a  hotel  in  the  building.  The  cost  of  the 
structure,  exclusive  of  the  site,  was  $175,000. 

The  Custom  House,  in  Boston,  is  one  of  the 
most  magnificent  and  elaborately  finished  build- 
ings in  the  United  States.  It  was  commenced  in 
1837,  and  not  entirely  completed  until  1849. 
The  whole  cost,  including  the  site,  was  about 
$1,076,000.  It  is  situated  between  Long  Wharf 
and  Central  Wharf,  fronting  west  upon  Commer- 
cial Street,  and  east  upon  the  harbor.  It  is  in 
the  form  of  a  Greek  cross,  surmounted,  over  the 
transept,  by  a  dome,  which,  like  the  whole  roof 
of  the  building,  is  entirely  of  granite  tile,  to  the 
skylight.  Its  foundations  rest  on  3000  piles, 
driven  in  the  most  effective  manner.  The  length 
is  140  feet,  and  its  width  75  feet.  Its  width  at 
the  centre,  including  the  projections  of  the  cross, 
is  95  feet ;  the  porticoes  upon  these  projections 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


293 


being  10  feet  in  front,  on  each  side,  with  a  breadth 
of  67  feet.  The  exterior  of  the  building  is  purely 
Grecian  Doric,  not  an  exact  copy  from  any  an- 
cient model,  but  an  adaptation  to  suit  the  pur- 
poses of  the  structure,  which  is  characteristically 
Grecian  in  all  its  parts.  It  ^consists  of  a  portico 
on  each  side,  of  six  fluted  columns,  and  an  order 
of  slightly  engaged  columns  round  the  entire 
walls,  20  in  number,  resting  on  a  high  stylobite 
or  basement.  The  columns  are  5  feet  4  inches  in 
diameter,  and  32  feet  high ;  the  shaft  being  in 
one  piece,  and  each  weighing  about  42  tons. 
Upon  these  rest  a  full  entablature,  and  pediments 
above  the  porticoes.  The  top  of  the  dome  is  95 
feet  from  the  ground.  The  interior  arrangement 
is  adapted  with  great  perfection  to  the  purposes 
of  the  building.  The  grand  cross-shaped  rotun- 
da, in  the  centre,  for  the  transaction  of  the  gen- 
eral business  of  the  collector's  department,  is  a 
splendid  room,  63  feet  in  its  greatest  length,  59 
feet  wide,  and  62  feet  high  to  the  skylight.  The 
ceiling  of  the  dome  is  supported  by  12  marble 
columns,  3  feet  in  diameter,  and  29  feet  high, 
ornamented  with  highly-wrought  Corinthian  cap- 
itals. The  numerous  other  compartments,  from 
the  cellar  to  the  attic  story,  are  constructed  and 
arranged  with  such  convenience  for  the  facilities 
of  business  as  can  hardly  be  surpassed.  The 
building  was  designed  by  A.  B.  Young,  A.  M., 
architect,  of  Boston,  and  erected  under  his  super- 
vision throughout. 

The  new  City  Prison,  near  the  foot  of  Cam- 
bridge Street  presents  an  imposing  appearance 
on  approaching  the  city  over  Cambridge  Bridge. 
It  consists  of  a  centre  octagonal  building,  with 
four  wings  radiating  from  the  centre.  Three  of 
these  wings  enclose  the  cells  of  the  prison,  which 
is  constructed  upon  the  Auburn  plan.  The  west 
wing  is  appropriated  to  the.  jailer's  family,  his 
office,  and  those  of  the  other  officers,  the  hospital 
and  chapel ;  and  the  centre  to  the  great  kitchen, 
scullery,  laundry,  ward  room,  and  other  general 
purposes  of  the  establishment.  The  exterior  is 
entirely  of  Quincy  granite,  formed  with  split 
ashlar,  in  courses,  having  the  cornices  and  other 
projecting  portions  hammered  or  dressed  ;  the 
whole  design,  in  a  successful  manner,  combining 
symmetry  with  strength. 

The  Masonic  Temple,  on  Tremont  Street, 
fronting  the  Common,  is  also  a  beautiful  build- 
ing, completed  in  1832.  It  is  80^  feet  in  length, 
60  feet  in  width,  and  52  feet  in  height.  The 
towers  upon  the  two  front  corners  rise  90  feet 
from  the  ground. 

The  Boston  Museum,  on  Tremont,  near  Court 
Street,  and  the  Howard  Athenaeum,  on  Howard 
Street,  are  also  beautiful  specimens  of  architec- 
tural taste.  These  are  both  occupied,  in  part, 
for  dramatic  performances. 

The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  have 
a  beautiful  hall  in  School  Street,  opposite  the 
City  Hall,  in  which  weekly  exhibitions  of  fruits 
and  flowers,  of  great  luxuriance,  are  held,  during 
the  appropriate  season. 

The  Tremont  Temple,  opposite  the  Tremont 
House,  burnt  down  in  1852,  but  since  rebuilt, 
has  four  stores  in  front,  and  in  the  rear  two 
rooms,  each  16  by  32  feet,  and  a  vestry  32 
by  73  feet,  13  feet  high,  well  lighted  and  venti- 
lated. 

Still  farther  in  the  rear  is  a  hall  or  chapel,  53 
by  73  feet,  and  25  feet  high,  capable  of  seating 
from  800  to  900  persons,  the  entrance  to  which 


is  an  easy  descending  grade,  of  only  three  quar- 
ters of  an  inch  to  a  foot,  by  a  seven  feet  pas- 
sage on  the  northerly  side  of  the  building. 

There  is  another  passage,  of  about  the  same 
width,  on  the  southerly  side,  from,  and  on  a  level 
with,  Tremont  Street ;  also  a  centre  passage, 
twelve  and  a  half  feet  wide,  designed  as  the  prin- 
cipal entrance,  but  all  to  be  thrown  open,  when 
required,  for  outlets  to  the  main  hall,  which  is  in 
the  upper  story,  and  is  about  73  by  130  feet,  and 
45  feet  high,  with  galleries  on  three  sides,  with 
eight  distinct  flights  of  stairs,  (four  on  each  side.) 
at  different  points,  together  with  independent 
flights  of  stairs  from  the  anterooms  to  the  lower 
floor,  making  in  all  over  50  feet  in  width  of  stair- 
way downward  from  the  floor  of  the  hall. 

In  a  recess  at  the  end  of  the  hall,  concealed  by 
a  wire  gauze  screen,  painted  in  imitation  of  pan- 
el work,  stands  the  largest  organ  in  America, 
built  by  E.  &.  G.  G.  Hook,  of  Boston.  It  has 
four  sets  of  keys,  and  two  octaves  and  two  notes 
of  pedals.  The  swell  organ  extends  through 
the  entire  compass  from  C  C  up  to  A,  58  notes. 
It  is  enclosed  in  a  double  box,  1 1  feet  high,  9 
feet  deep,  and  12  feet  wide,  and  contains  15  stops 
and  834  pipes.  The  great  organ  contains  15 
stops,  including  a  metal  double  open  diapason 
to  16  feet  C,  five  unison  stops,  two  principals,  13 
ranks  of  chorus,  and  two  reeds,  making  1334 
pipes.  The  choir  organ  contains  10  stops  and 
568  pipes.  The  solo,  or  fourth  manual,  contains 
six  stops  and  276  pipes.  There  are  eight  pedal 
stops,  among  them  a  32  feet  tone,  and  a  16  feet 
reed,  making  216  pipes.  There  are  also  nine  coup- 
ling stops,  and  four  composition  pedals.  Ex- 
treme height  of  the  organ,  45  feet ;  width,  36  feet. 
Total  number  of  pipes,  3010 ;  stops,  70,  two  only 
of  which  are  divided. 

Between  the  main  hall  and  the  lower  floor  in 
the  second  story,  there  are  thirteen  rooms,  aver- 
aging about  16  feet  in  width,  and  from  32  to  38 
feet  in  length.  The  walls  throughout,  from 
openings  under  the  basement  floor  to  the  attic,  are 
vaulted  for  purposes  of  ventilation,  and  plas- 
tered directly  upon  the  brick,  thus  preventing  the 
dampness  usual  in  solid  brick  walls,  and  the 
usual  danger  of  fire  spreading  from  one  apart- 
ment to  another,  behind  the  furring,  at  the  same 
time  improving  the  halls  for  sound. 

The  Boston  Music  Hall,  completed  in  1852, 
has  one  front  entrance  on  Winter  Street,  and  an- 
other in  Bumstead  Place.  The  interior  of  the  hall 
is  130  feet  long,  80  feet  wide,  and  65  feet  high. 
It  has  a  gallery  at  one  end,  and  two  rows  of  bal- 
conies on  either  side.  A  series  of  Corinthian 
pilasters,  rising  from  above  the  upper  balcony, 
support  a  groined  cove,  in  which  are  the  semi- 
circular windows  which  light  the  hall.  The  ceil- 
ing within  the  coving  is  divided  into  diamond- 
shaped  panels.  The  front  of  the  galleries  is  of 
light  cast-iron  work.  The  gas  lights  are  arranged 
along  the  top  of  the  main  cornice,  with  supple- 
mentary gas  lights  on  the  front  of  the  galleries. 
The  hall  will  contain  3000  persons,  and  has  cor- 
ridors on  either  side,  with  42  doors  communicat- 
ing with  the  hall.  The  architect  was  Mr.  George 
Snell,  of  Boston. 

The  literary,  charitable,  and  humane  institu- 
tions of  Boston  are  numerous  and  well  endowed  ; 
and  the  buildings  with  which  many  of  them  are 
furnished,  are  among  the  handsomest  ornaments 
of  the  city.  The  Boston  Athenaeum,  incorpo- 
rated in  1807,  has  a  library  of  about  50,000  vol- 


294 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


umes,  which,  in  value  as  well  as  in  size,  is  hardly 
surpassed  by  any  other  in  the  country.  Its  reg- 
ulations are  framed  with  the  design  that  it  shall 
answer  the  highest  purposes  of  a  public  library. 
Besides  the  bound  volumes  above  enumerated,  it 
possesses  20,000,  or  more,  unbound  pamphlets, 
between  400  and  500  volumes  of  engravings, 
and  the  most  valuable  collection  of  coins  in  this 
part  of  the  country.  It  has  lately  received  an 
important  accession  to  its  treasures  in  the  pur- 
chase of  about  450  volumes,  and  from  800  to 
1000  pamphlets,  which  once  formed  a  part  of  the 
library  of  Washington.  This  important  acqui- 
sition was  secured  to  the  Athenaeum  through  the 
liberality  of  about  100  gentlemen  of  Boston,  Sa- 
lem, and  Cambridge.  There  are  also  connected 
with  the  Athenaeum  a  fine  sculpture  gallery  and 
a  gallery  of  paintings.  In  the  latter  is  to  be  seen 
Belshazzar's  Feast,  the  great  historical  picture  of 
Washington  Allston,  which,  although  many  years 
under  his  hand,  was  never  entirely  finished  ;  also, 
a  valuable  series  of  sketches  by  this  great  artist. 

Hon.  James  Perkins  gave  for  the  use  of  the 
Athenaeum,  in  1821,  his  own  costly  mansion  in 
Pearl  Street,  which  was  occupied  until  it  became 
necessary,  in  1849,  to  change  the  location.  The 
beautiful  building  which  it  now  occupies  is  on 
Beacon  Street,  a  short  distance  east  of  the  State 
House,  a  situation  most  highly  eligible  for  such 
an  institution.  The  edifice  is  elegant,  spacious, 
and  convenient.  The  front  is  in  the  later  Italian 
style  of  architecture,  resembling  some  of  the 
works  of  Palladio  in  its  general  arrangement : 
constructed  of  the  Patterson  freestone,  of  a  light 
gray  color.  The  length  is  100  feet,  and  the  height 
60.  The  main  entrance  opens  into  a  pillared 
and  panelled  rotunda,  from  which  the  staircases 
conduct  above.  The  sculpture  gallery.  80  feet 
by  40,  is  on  the  first  floor.  The  library  occupies 
the  second  story,  which  is  divided  into  three 
rooms,  two  in  front  and  one  large  hall  in  the 
rear,  109  feet  by  40.  This  hall  is  beautifully  fin- 
ished in  the  Italian  style,  and  admirably  fitted  for 
the  purposes  of  its  design.  The  picture  gallery 
is  in  the  upper  story,  divided  into  six  apartments, 
each  lighted  by  a  skylight.  An  annual  exhibi- 
tion of  paintings  is  open  here,  during  the  winter 
and  spring. 

The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  founded 
in  1790,  occupies  a  suit  of  rooms  in  the  granite 
building,  on  Tremont  Street,  between  the  Stone 
Chapel  Cemetery  and  the  Boston  Museum.  It 
has  a  valuable  library  of  7000  bound  volumes, 
besides  450  volumes  o'f  manuscripts,  and  a  large 
collection  of  pamphlets,  maps,  charts,  coins,  and 
other  interesting  relics  of  antiquity.  The  manu- 
scripts of  the  historian  Hubbard" ;  of  the  first 
Gov.  Winthrop,  11  vols. ;  of  Gov.  Hutchinson  ; 
of  the  first  Gov.  Trumbull,  of  Connecticut,  23 
vols.;  and  the  manuscript  of  Washington's  Fare- 
well Address  to  the  Officers  of  the  American 
Army,  are  in  possession  of  this  society.  One  of 
its  rooms  is  adorned  with  the  portraits  of  about 
70  distinguished  personages,  mostly  the  worthies 
of  New  Englartd.  This  society  has  issued  a 
series  of  Historical  Collections,  in  all  amounting 
to  30  volumes. 

The  library  of  the  Boston  Library  Society, 
founded  in  1792,  occupies  a  hall  over  the  centre 
of  the  Tontine  Buildings,  as  formerly  denomi- 
nated, in  Franklin  Place.  This  hall  was  a 
donation  to  the  society  by  Bulfinch,  (the  archi- 
tect of  the  Capitol  at  Washington,)  Vaughan,  and 


Scollay,  the  three  proprietors  of  the  Tontine. 
This  library  has  over  12,000  volumes. 

The  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
founded  in  1780,  is  next  in  age  to  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  at  Philadelphia,  which  is 
the  oldest  of  the  scientific  associations  of  the 
country.  Ite  library,  of  8000  volumes,  contains 
a  valuable  collection  of  the  memoirs  and  transac- 
tions of  learned  societies,  and  other  scientific 
publications.  It  is  kept  in  the  N.  wing  of  the 
Athenaeum,  on  the  lower  floor. 

The  Mechanics'  Apprentices  Library  Associa- 
tion, in  Boston,  claims  the  distinction  of  being 
the  first  of  its  kind  established  in  the  world.  It 
is  due  to  the  wise  suggestion  and  philanthropic 
energy  of  Mr.  William  Wood,  now  residing  in 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y. ;  whose  exertions  have  been 
extended,  with  the  like  success,  to  most  of  our 
large  cities,  and  even  to  the  cities  of  the  old 
world.  Lord  Brougham  remarks,  that,  "  Al- 
though the  remote  origin  of  these  institutions 
may  be  traced  to  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr.  Wood  has 
the  merit  of  establishing  them  on  their  present 
plan,  and  adapting  them  peculiarly  to  the  instruc- 
tion of  mechanics  and  apprentices.  He  founded 
the  first  in  Boston,  in  1820."  The  library  con- 
tains about  4000  volumes,  and  was  the  gift  of 
the  Boston  public  to  the  apprentices  of  the  city. 
It  was  originally  intrusted  to  the  care  of  the 
Massachusetts  Charitable  Mechanics  Association, 
a  society  of  established  reputation,  founded  in 
1795.  •  This  society,  which  is  still  prosperous, 
has  handsome  funds,  which  have  been  recently 
invested  in  the  Revere  Hotel.  Its  income  is  em- 
ployed for  relieving  the  distresses  of  unfortunate 
members  and  their  families,  and  to  stimulate,  by 
premiums,  inventions,  and  improvements  in  the 
mechanic  arts.  For  this  purpose  it  provides  for 
those  frequent  and  extensive  exhibitions  of  the 
products  of  manufacturing  skill  and  industry 
which  have  been  so  highly  successful  in  Boston. 
In  1828,  the  Apprentices'  Association  was  organ- 
ized as  distinct  from  that  of  the  Mechanics,  and 
the  library  committed  to  their  entire  control. 

The  Mercantile  Library  Association,  of  Bos- 
ton, instituted  in  1820,  is  a  large  and  useful 
society,  composed  of  merchants'  clerks  and 
others,  which  has  a  library  of  over  7000  volumes, 
and  maintains  an  able  and  popular  course  of 
lectures.  Their  hall  is  on  the  corner  of  Broni- 
field  and  Province  Streets. 

Efforts  are  now  making  to  establish  a  free 
City  Library,  and  several  handsome  donations 
have  been  already  made  for  that  purpose. 

But  the  most  munificent  foundation  of  this 
character,  in  Boston,  is  that  of  the  Lowell  Insti- 
tute, established  by  the  princely  liberality  of 
JOHN  LOWELL,  Jr.,  Esq.  By  a  legacy  amount- 
ing to  about  $250,000,  this  gentleman  haa 
provided  for  the  maintenance  of  public  lectures, 
of  the  highest  order,  which  are  to  be  free  to  all 
the  citizens,  on  the  great  subjects  of  natural  and 
revealed  religion ;  on  the  literature  and  eloquence 
of  the  English  and  other  languages ;  on  the  various 
sciences  in  their  application  to  the  arts,  and  other 
relations  of  utility  to  man ;  and  on  such  other 
subjects  as  the  wants  and  taste  of  the  age  may 
demand.  The  Lowell  Institute,  by  its  ample 
income,  is  able  to  command  the  services  of  men 
of  the  highest  talent  in  the  country,  and  to 
furnish  them  with  the  fullest  means  for  illus- 
trating the  subjects  of  their  various  discourses. 
The  lectures  are  given  on  Tuesday  and  Friday 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


295 


CTenings,  in  a  spacious  audience  room,  fitted  up 
for  the  purpose,  and  leased  by  the  Institute,  in 
the  rear  of  the  Marlboro'  Hotel.  None  of  its  in- 
come can  be  expended  in  the  erection  of  buildings. 

There  are  other  literary  societies  in  Boston 
which  we  cannot  speak  of  iq  detail.  Such  are 
the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History;  the 
American  Statistical  Association  ;  the  New  Eng- 
land Historical  and  Genealogical  Society ;  the 
American  Oriental  Society ;  and  the  Boston  Ly- 
ceum. All  these  have  valuable  libraries,  cabinets, 
and  collections.  The  Handel  and  Haydn  Society, 
the  jJoston  Academy  of  Music,  and  the  Musical 
Education  Society,  are  well-conducted  and  effi- 
cient associations  for  the  cultivation  of  musical 
science  and  Christian  psalmody. 

Among  the  numerous  charitable  and  humane 
institutions  of  the  city  are  the  Boston  Lunatic 
Hospital,  and  the  Houses  of  Industry  and  Refor- 
mation, each  of  which  has  a  commodious  and 
handsome  edifice,  located  at  South  Boston  ;  the 
Quarantine  Hospital,  delightfully  situated  on 
Rainsford's  Island ;  the  New  Almshouse,  on 
Deer  Island,  for  which  a  most  splendid,  capa- 
cious, and  well-constructed  building  has  been 
erected,  which  is  in  the  form  of  a  Latin  cross, 
having  its  four  wings,  three  stories  high  above 
the  basement,  radiating  from  a  central  building 
four  stories  high ;  the  Boston  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary,  with  a  beautiful  structure  lately  erect- 
ed in  the  W.  part  of  the  city;  the  Boston 
Female  Asylum,  founded  in  1800,  for  assisting, 
instructing,  and  employing  female  orphan  chil- 
dren, for  which  a  new  and  substantial  brick 
building,  with  ample  grounds  and  some  peculiar 
arrangements  for  warming  and  ventilating,  has 
been  provided  at  the  south  end  5  also  the  New 
England  Female  Medical  College,  established  by 
the  exertions  of  Samuel  Gregory,  for  the  qualifi- 
cation of  females  to  nurse  and  attend  upon  the  sick 
of  their  own  sex.  Besides  these  there  are  sev- 
eral societies  for  the  benefit  of  seamen ;  among 
which  are  the  Boston  Port  Society,  and  the  Bos- 
ton Seaman's  Friend  Society,  which  has  provided 
an  excellent  Home  for  Sailors. 

The  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  situated 
on  an  open  plot  of  ground  of  four  acres,  on  the 
banks  of  Charles  River,  at  the  W.  part  of 
the  city,  is  one  of  the  noblest,  best  endowed,  and 
best  furnished  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the 
country.  This  beautiful  edifice  is  of  Chelmsford 
granite,  274  feet  in  length  by  54  in  breadth,  with 
a  portico  in  front  of  eight  Ionic  columns.  Con- 
nected with  the  building  in  the  rear  is  a  kitchen 
and  laundry  of  the  most  approved  construction. 
The  whole  interior  arrangement  is  according  to 
the  most  perfect  system.  The  premises  are  deco- 
rated with  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  and  laid 
out  in  gravel  walks  for  those  patients  who  are 
able  to  enjoy  exercise  in  the  open  air.  This  in- 
stitution has  found  many  munificent  patrons  in 
Massachusetts.  Its  capital,  now  yielding  income, 
exclusive  of  the  large  amount  'invested  in  the 
buildings,  grounds,  &c.,  is  $171,119.  It  has 
several  other  sources  of  income,  making  its  whole 
receipts,  in  1850,  $38,517.  The  number  of  pa- 
tients received  the  same  year  was  746. 

The  McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  so  called 
from  JOHN  MCLEAN,  Esq.,  an  eminent  merchant 
of  Boston,  and  a  liberal  benefactor  of  the  General 
Hospital,  is  a  branch  of  that  institution,  having  a 
separate  location  on  a  delightful  eminence  in 
Somerville,  about  1  mile  N.  W.  of  the  city. 


The  establishment,  consisting  externally  of  a 
group  of  five  elegant  buildings,  makes  a  fine  ap- 
pearance from  whatever  direction  it  is  viewed. 
As  an  example  of  the  noble  manner  in  which 
such  institutions  are  sustained  by  the  Boston 
merchants,  it  maybe  stated  that,  in  1843,  Hon. 
William  Appleton  gave  $10.000  "for  the  pur- 
pose of  affording  aid  to  such  patients  in  the 
McLean  Asylum  as,  from  straitened  means, 
might  be  compelled  to  leave  the  institution  with- 
out a  perfect  cure;"  and,  in  1850,  the  same 
gentleman  contributed  the  further  sum  of  $20,000 
"  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  two  additional  edi- 
fices, sufficiently  large  to  accommodate  eight 
males  and  eight  females,  with  such  conveniences 
and  facilities  as  shall  enable  each  to  have  not 
only  the  care,  attention,  and  comforts,  but  the 
luxuries  and  retirement  which  they  have  been  ac- 
customed to  enjoy  at  home." 

The  Perkins  Institution  and  Massachusetts 
Asylum  for  the  Blind  is  another  of  the  great 
eleemosynary  institutions  originated  by  Boston 
liberality.  It  was  first  opened  as  an  experiment, 
in  1832,  under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.  Samuel 
G.  Howe.  In  1833,  Col.  Thomas  II.  Perkins 
made  a  donation  of  his  valuable  mansion  house 
in  Pearl  Street,  other  gentlemen  in  Boston 
$50,000,  the  ladies  $14,000,  and  the  legislature 
$6,000  annually,  for  its  permanent  establishment. 
It  now  receives  ffom  the  state  $9000  annually. 
Its  average  number  of  pupils  is  about  100,  who 
are  from  many  different  states  of  the  Union. 
The  rapid  growfh  of  the  institution  having  ren- 
dered its  removal  necessary,  the  estate  in  Pearl 
Street  was  exchanged  for  the  present  large  and 
beautiful  edifice  at  South  Boston,  formerly  known 
as  the  Mount  Washington  House.  To  this  splen- 
did building,  five  stories  high,  and  from  its  lovely 
eminence  overlooking  the  city,  harbor,  and  sur- 
rounding region,  many  conveniences  have  since 
been  added,  making  the  establishment,  in  respect 
to  its  accommodations,  all  that  can  be  desired. 
It  is  open  to  the  public  on  the  afternoon  of  the 
first  Saturday  in  each  month. 

Several  of  our  national  societies  for  religious 
and  benevolent  purposes  have  their  seat  of  oper- 
ations in  the  metropolis  of  New  England. 
Among  these  are  the  American  Board  of  Com- 
missioners for  Foreign  Missions,  the  American 
Baptist  Missionary  Union,  the  American  Educa- 
tion Society,  the  American  Peace  Society,  the 
American  Unitarian  Association,  the  Prison  Dis- 
cipline Society,  and  the  old  Society  for  Prop- 
agating the  Gospel  among  the  Indians  and  others 
in  North  America.  Several  others,  though  not 
national  in  their  organization,  are  truly  such  in 
the  extent  of  their  operations ;  such  as  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Home  Missionary  Society,  the  Amer- 
ican Tract  Society  of  Boston,  and  the  Massa- 
chusetts Sabbath  School  Society. 

There  are  upwards  of  one  hundred  churches 
in  Boston,  of  the  different  denominations ;  98  of 
wjiich  have  their  regular  places  of  worship.  Of 
these,  the  Unitarian  Congregational ists  have  22; 
Orthodox  Congregationalists,  14;  Baptists,  13; 
Methodists,  12;  Episcopalians,  11 ;  Roman  Cath- 
olics. 1 1 ;  Universalists,  6 ;  Presbyterians,  Swe 
denborgians,  and  several  other  denominations, 
one  each.  Most  of  the  church  edifices  are  ven- 
erable and  costly  structures,  which  contribute  in 
no  small  degree  to  beautify  the  city.  Several 
have  lofty  spires,  which  have  a  fine  appearance 
on  an  approach  to  the  city  by  land  or  water. 


296 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


That  of  the  Park  Street  Meeting  House,  north  of 
the  Common,  rises  to  the  height  of  218  feet 
above  the  pavement,  and  is  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful examples  of  this  description  of  architecture 
in  the  country.  The  Gothic  style,  in  dark  colored 
sandstone,  has  been  adopted,  with  fine  effect,  in 
the  erection  of  several  of  the  more  recent  struc- 

The  oldest  church  edifice  in  Boston,  still 
standing,  is  that  of  Christ  Church,  (Episcopal) 
at  the  north  end,  built  in  1723.  In  the  steeple 
of  this  church  is  a  peal  of  eight  bells,  on  each 
of  which  is  an  inscription.  Two  of  these  are  as 
follows :  "  We  are  the  first  ring  of  bells  cast  for 
the  British  Empire  in  North  America.  A.  R., 
1744."  "God  preserve  the  Church  of  England. 
1744."  The  initials  A.  R.  are  those  of  the 
founder. 

The  Old  South  Meeting  House,  on  Washington 
Street,  is  the  next  building  in  age.  having  suc- 
ceeded to  two  others  of  wood  on  the  same  spot. 
It  was  opened  for  worship  April  26, 1 730.  There 
is  great  historical  interest  connected  with  this 
sacred  edifice.  "  Here  was  delivered,  in  defiance 
of  the  threats  of  authority,  and  in  presence  of 
marshalled  soldiery,  Warren's  fearless  oration, 
on  the  anniversary  of  the  massacre  of  the  5th  of 
March,  1770.  Here  were  repeatedly  held  the 
meetings  of  oppressed  freenyn,  which  called 
forth  those  peals  of  patriotic  eloquence  which 
moved  the  whole  country,  and  shook  the  British 
throne."  When  the  British  troops  occupied  Bos- 
ton, the  whole  interior  of  the  Old  South,  except 
the  sounding  board  and  the  east  gallery,  was 
dismantled  by  them,  and  converted  into  a  circus 
for  their  dragoons.  About  two  feet  of  earth  was 
spread  upon  the  floor  for  their  horses  to  exercise 
upon.  Large  portions  of  the  invaluable  histor- 
ical library,  collected  by  its  former  pastor,  Rev. 
Thomas  Prince,  they  used  for  kindling  their 
fires.  This  desecration  of  the  Old  South  excited 
universal  indignation.  Happily,  the  interior  was 
afterwards  fully  restored  in  its  former  stvle,  with 
its  two  tiers  of  galleries,  &c.,  and  has  been  care- 
fully preserved  to  this  day,  at  once  a  venerated 
specimen  of  the  elegance  of  ancient  times,  and  a 
sacred  shrine  of  patriotic  and  religious  memories. 
In  keeping  with  these  associations,  the  Old  South 
has  long  been  the  place  where  the  annual  elec- 
tion sermon  is  delivered  before  the  governor  and 
General  Court. 

The  public  schools  of  Boston,  next  to  her 
religious  institutions,  and  in  harmony  with  them, 
have,  from  the  first,  been  her  most  cherished 
care.  The  records  of  the  town  afford  evidence, 
as  early  as  1635,  of  the  establishment  of  a  "Free 
School."  From  that  hour  to  the  present,  Boston, 
in  this  respect,  has  held  an  honorable  preem- 
inence. The  system  of  the  public  schools  has 
here  been  brought  to  a  high  degree  of  complete- 
ness and  perfection.  It  comprises  schools  of  four 
different  grades,  viz.:  1.  The  Primary  Schools, 
each  taught  by  one  female  teacher,  for  children 
between  4  and  8  years  of  age.  2.  The  English 
Grammar  and  Writing  Schools,  into  which  all 
the  children  pass  from  the  primary  schools. 
3.  The  English  High  School.  4.  The  Latin 
Grammar  School.  The  two  last  are  exclusively 
for  boys.  A  public  high  school  for  girls  is,  per- 
haps, a  desideratum  ;  though  the  deficiency  is 
supplied,  to  a  great  extent,  by  excellent  private 
schools  in  the  city.  The  number  of  primary 
schools,  in  1851,  was  188;  and  of  the  English 


grammar  schools,  22 ;  with  a  corps  of  370  teach- 
ers, whose  salaries  amount  to  $183,898.  The 
buildings  for  the  use  of  the  high  and  grammar 
schools  are  the  most  perfect  in  their  kind,  and  in 
their  style  of  architecture  at  once  neat  and  orna- 
mental. Their  cost,  with  that  of  the  primary 
school  houses,  including  the  ground,  up  to  May 
1,  1851,  is  estimated  at  $1,210,110.  About  one 
quarter  part  of  the  population  of  Boston  is  kept 
at  school  throughout  the  year,  at  an  annual 
expense  to  the  city  of  about  $250,000;  which, 
including  the  heavy  investments  for  buildings, 
apparatus,  &c.,  involves  an  outlay  for  this  in.por- 
tant  public  interest  without  a  parallel  in  the 
world's  history.  It  is,  however,  a  part  of  the 
encomium  due  to  the  merit  of  the  public  schools 
of  Boston,  that  many  of  her  sister  cities  are  now 
emulating  her  wisdom  and  liberality  in  this  par- 
ticular. 

As  a  branch  of  the  same  enlightened  philan- 
thropy, the  Boston  Farm  School  for  Indigent 
Boys,  on  Thompson's  Island,  should  be  men- 
tioned; the  object  of  which  is  "the  education 
and  reformation  of  boys  who,  from  loss  of  par- 
ents or  other  causes,  are  exposed  to  extraor- 
dinary temptations,  and  in  danger  of  becoming 
vicious  and  dangerous,  or  useless  members  of 
society."  This  institution,  with  140  acres  of  land 
and  suitable  buildings,  can  accommodate  300 
boys,  who  are  to  be  trained  with  a  view  to  pro- 
mote at  once  their  physical,  mental,  and  moral 
welfare.  This  is  virtually  the  Boston  ;t  College 
for  Orphans."  It  has  been  in  operation  since 
1835.  There  are  likewise  the  House  of  Correc- 
tion, and  the  House  of  Industry  and  Reformation, 
at  South  Boston,  the  latter  designed  for  juvenile 
delinquents,  and  having  a  branch  at  the  hospital 
on  Deer  Island,  in  which  excellent  schools  are 
maintained.  The  State  Reform  School,  at  West- 
boro',  also  receives  a  large  number  of  this  class 
of  children  from  the  city. 

The  institution  of  the  Franklin  medals,  award- 
ed annually  in  the  Boston  schools,  was  founded 
by  Dr.  Franklin.  The  following  is  from  the 
clause  in  his  will,  in  which  he  makes  the  bequest, 
and  defines  its  object :  — 

"  I  was  born  in  Boston,  New  England,  and 
owe  my  first  instructions  in  literature  to  the  free 
grammar  schools  established  there.  I  therefore 
give  one  hundred  pounds  sterling  to  my  execu- 
tors, to  be  by  them,  the  survivors  or  survivor  of 
them,  paid  over  to  the  managers  or  directors  of 
the  free  schools  in  my  native  town  of  Boston 
to  be  by  them  put  out  to  interest,  and  so  con  tin 
ued  at  "interest  forever,  which  interest  annually 
shall  be  laid  out  in  silver  medals,  and  given  as 
honorary  rewards  annually  by  the  directors  of 
the  said  free  schools,  for  the  encouragement  of 
scholarship  in  the  said  schools,"  &c.  To  the 
proceeds  of  this  benefaction  the  city  adds  an  an- 
nual sum  sufficient  to  procure  six  silver  medals, 
which  are  inscribed  'k  The  Gift  of  Franklin." 
The  first  pupil  of  the  Boston  schools,  who  re- 
ceived the  Franklin  medal,  was  Dr.  John  C. 
Warren,  in  1792. 

Since  Boston,  by  its  railroads,  has  become  a 
great  centre  of  business  and  travel  for  a  large 
portion  of  the  country,  its  hotels  and  houses 
of  public  entertainment  have  become  an  im- 
portant feature  of  the  city.  Among  the  most 
celebrated  are  the  Tremont  House,  on  the  corner 
of  Tremont  and  Beacon  Streets;  the  United 
States  Hotel,  opposite  the  Western  Railroad 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


297 


Station ;  the  American  House,  on  Hanover  Street, 
the  Revere  House,  on  Bowdoin  Square;  the 
Quincy  House,  on  Brattle  Square ;  the  Winthrop 
House,  on  Tremont  Street,  opposite  the  south 
end  of  the  Common ;  and  the  Adams  House,  on 
Washington  Street.  These  lire  all  large  and 
splendid  establishments,  conducted  upon  a  most 
perfect  system  ;  and  some  of  them  have  obtained 
a  high  celebrity  in  foreign  lands.  There  are 
numerous  hotels  besides  of  great  excellence, 
though  less  extensive  than  the  above. 

The  total  value  of  real  and  personal  estate 
assessed  for  taxation  in  Boston,  in  1851,  was 
$187,947,000.  There  were  in  1852,  twelve  indi- 
vidual citizens  estimated  to  be  worth  a  million 
or  more,  and  twenty  more  estimated  to  be  worth 
half  a  million  and  upwards. 

Boston  was  originally  selected  as  a  place  of 
residence  for  its  abundance  of  pure  water  ;  and  it 
is  supposed  that,  on  this  account,  the  name  Shaiv- 
mut,  signifying  Living  Fountains,  had  been  given 
to  the  peninsula  by  the  Indians.  For  many  years, 
however,  previous  to  the  construction  of  the  great 
aqueduct  by  which  it  is  now  so  richly  supplied, 
the  wants  of  the  city,  in  this  important  particular, 
had  increased  beyond  its  internal  resources.  A 
company  was  incorporated,  as  early  as  1795,  for 
the  purpose  of  introducing  into  the  city  the  water 
of  Jamaica  Pond,  in  Roxbury.  In  1845,  this 
company  had  laid  about  15  miles  of  pipe,  convey- 
ing the  water  to  nearly  3000  of  the  10,370  houses 
which  the  city  then  contained.  The  elevation  of 
this  pond,  however,  was  too  low  to  bring  the  water 
into  the  higher  portions  of  the  city ;  and  its  ca- 
pacity was  quite  insufficient  for  the  supply  of  the 
portions  reached.  For  20  years  previous  to  1845, 
various  commissions  had  been  constituted,  at  dif- 
ferent times,  to  examine  the  waters  in  the  neigh- 
borhood, for  the  purpose  of  'selecting  one  to  be 
introduced  into  the  city.  At  length,  in  1845, 
Long  Pond,  or  LAKE  COCHITUATE,  as  it  has 
since  been  named,  was  selected  for  this  purpose, 
which  lies  in  the  towns  of  Framingham,  Natick, 
and  Wayland,  about  20  miles  west  of  Boston. 
This  beautiful  body  of  water  covers  an  area  of 
659  acres,  and  is  in  some  places  70  feet  deep.  It 
drains  an  area  of  11,400  acres,  and  will  supply, 
according  to  the  lowest  estimate,  10,000,000  gal- 
lons of  water  daily.  Its  elevation  above  the  level 
of  spring  tide  at*  Boston  is  124i  feet.  It  is  di- 
vided into  two  sections  by  a  dam.  The  northerly 
section,  from  which  the  aqueduct  is  taken,  con- 
tains about  200  acres  ;  and  the  other,  which  is 
held  in  reserve,  to  be  drawn  upon  as  wanted,  con- 
tains about  459  acres.  The  gate  house  is  in 
Wayland,  near  the  Natick  line.  The  water  is 
conveyed,  through  a  conduit  of  brick  masonry, 
from  this  point  14 $  miles  to  the  reservoir  in 
Brooldine,  which  is  4|  miles  distant  from  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city.  This  conduit  is,  in  section,  an 
egg-shaped  oval,  the  largest  end  down,  6  feet  4 
inches  in  height,  and  5  feet  in  width,  in  its  inte- 
rior dimensions,  and  of  two  bricks  in  thickness, 
laid  in  hydraulic  cement.  It  has  a  descent  of  2^ 
inches  to  the  mile.  The  conduit  is  interrupted  at 
the  crossing  of  Charles  River,  over  which  the 
water  is  carried  in  two  30  inch  iron  pipes,  on  a 
bridge  of  granite  masonry,  constructed  in  a  hand- 
some style  of  architecture,  with  three  arches  of  30 
feet  span.  Some  of  the  excavations  for  the  con- 
duit were  over  50  feet  in  depth  ;  and  it  is  carried 
through  two  tunnels  in  ledges  of  the  hardest  rock, 
one  1 140,  and  the  other  2410  feet  in  length  The 
38 


reservoir  in  Brookline  is  a  beautiful  structure,  of 
irregular,  elliptical  shape,  including,  with  the  em- 
bankment and  the  necessary  margin,  38  acres. 
The  surface  of  the  water  covers  about  22£  acres. 
It  is  capable  of  containing  about  100,000,000  gal- 
lons of  water  —  a  quantity  sufficient  for  the  city 
for  two  weeks,  at  7,000,000  gallons  a  day.  The 
gate  house  is  a  handsome  structure  of  granite 
masonry,  with  a  roof  of  iron. 
*  From  the  Brookline  reservoir  the  water  is 
brought  into  the  city,  over  the  Neck,  in  two  iron 
pipes,  one  30  and  the  other  36  inches  in  diameter. 
The  first  discharges  into  a  central  reservoir  on 
Beacon  Hill,  a  short  distance  in  the  rear  of  the 
State  House.  From  the  other,  branches  are  con- 
ducted directly  to  most  parts  of  the  city. 

The  Beacon  Hill  reservoir  is  a  massive  struc- 
ture of  granite  stone  masonry,  nearly  200  feet 
square,  occupying  the  entire  area,  east  and  west, 
between  Temple  and  Hancock  Streets,  and  ex- 
tending from  Derne  Street  on  the  north  to  the  rear 
of  Mount  Vernon  Street  on  the  south.  Its  height 
to  the  top  of  the  coping,  on  Derne  Street,  is  58 
feet  9  inches  ;  this,  by  the  declivity  of  the  ground, 
being  its  loftiest  wall.  The  whole  substructure 
supporting  the  basin,  or  reservoir,  rests  on  arches 
of  immense  strength,  14|  feet  span.  The  depth 
of  the  basin  is  15  feet  and  8  inches,  and  its  ca- 
pacity 2,678,961  wine  gallons.  This  reservoir  is 
intended  to  supply  the  city,  for  a  short  time,  in 
any  possible  contingency  of  the  connection  with 
the  Brookline  reservoir  being  interrupted. 

There  are  also  distributing  reservoirs  at  South 
Boston  and  at  East  Boston.  The  reservoir  at 
South  Boston  is  on  Telegraph  Hill,  one  of  the 
old  "  Dorchester  Heights."  It  is  supplied  by  a 
20  inch  pipe,  from  the  main  in  Tremont  Street, 
through  Dover  Street,  and  over  the  south  bridge. 
Its  capacity  is  7,508.246  gallons.  The  water  is 
carried  to  East  Boston  by  a  20  inch  pipe,  com- 
mencing at  Haymarket  Square,  and  crossing 
Charles  River  on  the  lower  side  of  Warren  Bridge, 
thence  over  Mystic  River  by  Chelsea  Bridge,  and 
thence  across  Chelsea  Creek  by  a  flexible  pipe  to 
the  reservoir  on  Eagle  Hill.  This  reservoir  is  30 
feet  deep,  and  contains  5,591,816  wine  gallons. 
The  cost  of  introducing  the  water  into  East  Bos- 
ton was  $306,980.  The  entire  length  of  pipe  laid 
from  the  commencement  of  the  Boston  Water 
Works,  in  all  parts  of  the  city,  in  Brookline, 
Roxbury,  South  Boston,  Charlestown,  Chelsea, 
and  East  Boston,  up  to  January  1,  1852,  was  a 
fraction  over  100  miles.  The  entire  cost  of  the 
aqueduct,  up  to  January  1,  1852,  was  $5,185,711. 

An  analysis  of  the  water  of  Lake  Cochituate, 
by  ProfessoV  Benjamin  Silliman,  Jr.,  gave  the  fol- 
lowing results :  — 

Chloride  of  sodium,  0323 

Chloride  of  potassium, 0380 

Chloride  of  calcium, 0308 

Chloride  of  magnesium,         .        .        .        .0764 

Sulphate  of  magnesia, 1020 

Alumina,        ......         .0800 

Carbonate  of  lime, 2380 

Carbonate  of  magnesia,          .        .        .        .0630 

Silica, 0300 

Carbonate  of  soda,  equivalent  to  crenate 
and  nitrate  of  do.,  and  loss,        .        .        .5295 

1.2200 
Carbonic  acid  in  one  gall,  in  cubic  inches,  10.719 


298 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


This  water  is  remarkable  for  the  very  small 
quantity  of  solid  matter  which  it  contains,  and  its 
great  freedom  from  foreign  substances.  Indeed, 
Professor  Silliman  remarks,  it  is  "  almost  good 
enough  for  any  chemical  purpose  whatever."  "  A 
water","  he  adds,  "  which  will  dissolve  nitrate  of 
silver'  without  cloudiness,  and  will  produce  no 
precipitate  with  a  salt  of  baryta,  must  be  allowed, 
on  all  hands,  to  be  very  pure,  although  not  abso- 
lutely so." 

As  a  commercial  port,  and  also  as  a  place  of 
internal  trade,  especially  since  the  completion  of 
her  great  lines  of  railroad  communication,  Boston 
possesses  preeminent  advantages.  Previous  to 
the  revolution,  and  for  a  long  time  afterwards, 
this  was  the  most  extensive  mart  of  foreign  com- 
merce in  the  country ;  and,  even  to  this  day, 
Boston  has  more  than  one  half  of  the  East  India 
trade  carried  on  from  the  United  States,  and  of 
the  Russia  trade  three  quarters.  She  has  also  an 
extensive  trade  with  the  Mediterranean  the  West 
Indies,  South  America,  and  every  part  of  the 
commercial  world.  In  1851,  the  arrivals  from 
foreign  ports  were  2877,  of  which  75  were  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  beyond.  Besides 
these,  a  large  number  of  the  foreign  vessels,  be- 
longing to  Boston,  arrive  and  discharge  their 
merchandise  at  New  York,  for  the  advantages  of 
a  more  central  and  extensive  market. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  this  country  may  be 
said  to  be  controlled  by  the  cities  of  Boston  and 
New  York.  The  aggregate  value  of  their  imports 
amounts  to  about  $185,000,000,  of  which  about 
$35,000.000  comes  direct  to  Boston.  The  im- 
mense wealth  of  these  two  cities,  amounting  in 
the  aggregate  to  $500,000,000,  enables  them  al- 
most entirely  to  command  those  great  branches 
of  commerce  which  require  a  heavy  capital  for 
their  operations.  The  East  India  and  Pacific 
trade,  without  including  the  vessels  bound  to 
California,  employs,  at  the  present  time,  338 
ships  and  barks,  which,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  vessels  owned  in  Salem,  is  controlled  entirely 
by  Boston  and  New  York ;  New  York  having  a 
majority  of  the  China  trade,  and  Boston  control- 
ling nearly  all  the  trade  with  Calcutta,  Manilla, 
Batavia.  Sumatra,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Chili, 
and  Peru. 

"  Those,"  says  an  early  historian  of  Boston, 
"  who  were  formerly  forced  to  fetch  most  of  the 
bread  they  ate,  and  beer  they  drank,  a  thousand 
leagues  by  sea,  are,  through"  the  blessing  of  the 
Lord,  so  increased,  that  they  have  not  only  fed 
their  elder  sisters,  Virginia,  Barbadoes,  and  many 
of  the  Summer  Islands,  that  were  preferred  be- 
fore them  for  fruitfulness,  but  also  the  grand 
mother  of  us  all,  even  the  fertile  isle  of  Great 
Britain.  Beside,  Portugal  hath  had  many  a 
mouthful  of  bread  and  fish  from  us  in  exchange 
for  their  Madeira  liquor,  and  also  Spain;  nor 
could  it  be  imagined  that  this  wilderness  should 
turn  a  mart  tor  merchants  in  so  short  a  space. 
Many  a  fair  ship  had  her  framing  and  finishing 
here,  besides  lesser  vessels,  barks,  and  ketches. 
Many  a  master,  besides  common  seamen,  had 
their  first  learning  in  this  colony.  Boston. 
Charlestown,  Salem,  and  Ipswich,  our  maritime 
towns,  begin  to  increase  roundly,  especially  Bos- 
ton, the  which,  of  a  poor  country  village,  in 
twice  seven  years,  is  become  like  unto  a  small 
city,  and  is  in  election  to  become  a  mayor  town 
suddenly,  chiefly  increased  by  trade  by  sea." 
This  quaint  and  lively  sketch  of  the  infant  com- 


merce of  Boston,  so  interesting  on  other  ac- 
counts, reveals  the  early  development  of  many 
of  those  great  sources  of  wealth  which  have 
made  it  one  of  the  richest  cities  of  this  country. 
It  has  been  the  mother  of  the  maritime  interest 
in  America,  has  continued  the  training  of  "  many 
a  master,  besides  common  seamen,"  not  only  for 
her  own,  but  for  the  other  great  ports  of  the 
country,  and  is  now  a  chief  mart  for  the  expor- 
tation of  "  bread  and  fish,"  in  exchange  for  the 
commodities  of  Europe. 

But  as  other  considerations  besides  the  facili- 
ties of  trade  had  an  influence,  and  even  a  con- 
trolling influence,  in  the  original  settlement  of 
Boston,  its  situation  was  not  selected  upon  the 
principle  which  has  generally  governed  the  lo- 
cation of  our  large  cities,  vi/.,  the  confluence  of 
some  large  navigable  river  with  the  sea,  thus 
uniting  the  greatest  natural  advantages  for  for- 
eign and  internal  traffic.  Consequently,  for  a 
time  after  the  vast  resources  of  the  country  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  began  to  be  largely 
developed,  and  to  seek  a  channel  to  the  foreign 
market,  the  trade  of  Boston  suffered,  relatively, 
from  the  want  of  better  communication  with  the 
more  remote  interior,  and  her  ships  had  to  seek 
freight  in  the  southern  ports.  But,  happily,  in  her 
large  accumulations  of  capital,  and  in  the  in- 
domitable enterprise  of  her  citizens,  she  found 
the  means  of  completely  obviating  this  natural 
disadvantage,  through  the  construction  of  the 
several  great  lines  of  railroad  by  which  she  has 
become  connected  with  the  most  distant  sec- 
tions of  the  country  lying  east,  west,  north,  and 
south.  This  great  achievement  of  science,  in- 
dustry, and  art  has  effected  a  most  surprising 
advancement  in  the  commercial  prosperity  and 
prospects  of  Boston.  Her  internal  trade,  which 
was  formerly  limited  to  the  coast,  and  to  the 
space  circumscribed  by  the  nearest  ranges  of  ele- 
vated mountains,  is  now  opened  to  the  farthest 
boundaries  of  the  valleys  of  the  Mississippi  and 
the  St.  Lawrence;  and  her  merchants  now  think 
as  lightly  of  extending  their  traffic  beyond  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Oregon  and  California,  as 
they  once  did  of  reaching  the  opposite  slopes  of 
the  Green  Mountain  and  Alleghany  ranges. 

There  are  now  seven  great  lines  of  railroad 
diverging  in  different  directions  from  Boston, 
most  of  which  are  annually  increasing  in  extent. 
It  will  give  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  to  which 
this  interest  has  grown,  when  it  is  stated  that  the 
aggregate  distance  travelled  to  and  from  Boston 
daily,  upon  the  railroads  now  in  operation,  dis- 
regarding many  of  the  shorter  trips  of  the  nu- 
merous accommodation  trains  around  the  city,  is 
over  12,000  miles,  and  that  the  number  of  per- 
sons arriving  and  departing  daily  is  upwards  of 
10,000.  Another  route  is  now  nearly  completed, 
to  meet  the  great  Erie  Railroad,  by  the  way  of 
Hartford,  Ct..  and  Fishkill  on  the  Hudson  River. 
But  the  greatest  further  improvement  now  in 
progress  is  the  extension  of  the  Fitchburg  Rail- 
road beyend  its  present  terminus  at  Greenfield, 
by  tunnelling  the  Hoosic  Mountain,  and  passing 
to  the  city  of  Troy  on  the  Hudson  River  oppo- 
site the  Erie  Canal.  As  the  highest  grade  on 
this  road  between  the  Connecticut  and  Hudson 
Rivers  is  only  31  feet  to  the  mile,  and  the  dis- 
tance between  the  two  cities  only  about  175 
miles,  this  improvement,  when  completed,  can- 
not fail  to  give  to  Boston  a  large  increase  of  the 
almost  boundless  commerce  of  the  west. 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


299 


By  our  tables  of  latitude  and  longitude,  it  will 
be  seen  that  Albany,  Buffalo,  Detroit,  and  Chicago 
lie  within  a  fraction  of  the  same  degree  of  lati- 
tude with  Boston ;  and  as  these  four  places  are 
the  chief  depositories  of  the  immense  produce  of 
the  west,  and  as  the  great  marts  for  this  produce 
in  Europe  —  Liverpool,  Havre,  St.  Petersburg, 
and  other  ports  —  lie  some  degrees  N.  of  Boston,  it 
must  be  evident  that  every  variation  to  the  S.  of 
this  line  of  communication  will  by  so  much 
increase  the  distance  on  this  great  channel  of 
commercial  intercourse.  And  the  capitalists  of 
Boston,  aware  of  this  fact,  are  expending  large 
sums  of  money  in  the  extension  of  these  improve- 
ments. To  say  nothing  of  several  enterprises 
more  remote,  or  in  their  more  incipient  stages, 
we  learn  from  authentic  sources,  that  probably 
one  third  of  the  entire  line  from  Albany  to  Buffa- 
lo ;  one  half  of  the  Vermont  Central,  the  Rutland, 
and  the  Canada  roads ;  two-thirds  of  the  Og- 
densburg,  connecting  the  Vermont  Central  with 
Lake  Ontario ;  and  two  thirds  of  the  Michigan 
Central,  extending  from  Detroit  to  Chicago,  are 
owned  in  Boston. 

As  a  mart  for  our  domestic  manufactures,  Bos- 
ton, from  these  various  facilities,  possesses  great 
advantages ;  and  especially  as  the  metropolis  of 
New  England,  which  is  already,  and  seems  des- 
tined to  be  more  and  more,  the  great  manufactur- 
ing district  for  the  country. 

There  is  probably  no  place  in  the  world  better 
provided  than  Boston  with  the  necessary  accom- 
modations for  her  extensive  commerce.  The 
whole  margin  of  the  city  on  the  E.  and  N.  is  lined 
with  about  200  docks  and  wharves,  affording 
altogether  an  extent  of  wharfage  of  over  5  miles. 
Some  of  these  wharves  are  among  the  most  stu- 
pendous structures  of  this  description  in  the 
country.  Long  Wharf,  at  the  foot  of  State  Street, 
extends  into  the  harbor  1800  feet,  having  upon  it 
a  line  of  76  spacious  warehouses.  Central  Wharf. 
S.  of  this,  is  1379  feet  long,  with  a  uniform  range 
of  warehouses  running  the  whole  length,  50  feet 
wide  and  four  stories  high.  Between  these  two 
wharves,  on  Commercial  Street,  stands  the  Cus- 
tom House.  South  of  Central  Wharf  is  India 
Wharf.  930  feet  long,  with  a  range  of  39  warehouses 
in  the  centre.  Among  the  most  extensive  wharves 
towards  the  northern  part  of  the  city  are  Granite 
or  Commercial  Wharf,  Lewis's  Wharf,  and  the 
Eastern  Railroad  Wharf.  On  each  of  these  is  a 
range  of  massive  granite  warehouses,  unequalled 
by  any  thing  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States. 
On  the  Eastern  Railroad  Wharf  there  are  two 
such  ranges,  and  the  avenue  to  the  railroad  sta- 
tion passes  between  them.  That  on  the  south 
side  is  occupied  by  an  extensive  flouring  mill, 
in  which  2500  bushels  of  wheat  daily  are  manu- 
factured into  the  finest  flour.  South  of  these 
are  other  important  wharves ;  among  these  is 
Russia  Wharf,  formerly  Griffin's  Wharf,  where 
that  memorable  demonstration  of  the  spirit  of 
resistance  to  British  oppression  was  given,  in  the 
presence  of  several  of  her  ships  of  war  lying  be- 
fore the  city  —  the  emptying  of  about  340  chests 
and  half  chests  of  tea  into  the  ocean.  One  of  the 
greatest  accommodations  recently  provided  is 
that  at  the  termination  of  the  Grand  Junction 
Railroad  at  East  Boston,  by  which  all  the  railroads 
coining  to  the  city  are  immediately  connected  with 
a  system  of  warehouses  and  wharves,  where 
vessels  are  laden  and  unladen.  This  important 
improvement  was  opened  on  the  17th  of  Sep- 


tember, 1851,  the  day  of  the  grand  festival  held 
by  the  city  for  celebrating  the  completion  of  the 
last  of  the  great  lines  of  railroad  centring  here, 
by  which  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  at  its  two  most 
important  points,  the  port  of  Ogdensburg  and  the 
city  of  Montreal,  one  the  outlet  of  the  commerce 
of  the  great  lakes,  and  the  other  the  head  of 
ship  navigation  entering  the  British  provinces  by 
that  mighty  river,  became  connected  with  the  port 
of  Boston.  This  was  a  proud  day  for  the  New 
England  metropolis,  which,  after  years  of  incredi- 
ble enterprise  and  expenditure,  saw  the  completion 
of  that  magnificent  scheme  of  internal  commu- 
nication by  which  the  most  distant  sections  of 
our  country,  and  the  neighboring  provinces  of 
Great  Britain,  became  commercially  annexed  to 
her  domain.  As  was  natural,  the  highest  public 
functionaries,  and  many  of  the  wealthy  merchants 
and  others  from  Canada,  were  present,  by  invita- 
tion, to  unite  in  the  festivities  of  the  occasion. 

No  maritime  port  in  this  country  enjoys  finer 
advantages  than  Boston  in  respect  to  the  capa- 
ciousness and  security  of  its  harbor,  and  the 
unobstructed  ingress  and  egress  of  shipping  to  its 
wharves  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  Of  Boston 
harbor  we  have  given  a  particular  description  on 
page  173,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred.  For 
statistics  of  the  commerce,  banks,  &c.,  see  Sta- 
tistical tables. 

The  first  settlement  of  Boston  was  in  1630, 
when  John  Winthrop,  the  first  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  the  company  of  immigrants  with 
him,  having  arrived  and  tarried  for  a  short  time 
at  Charlestown,  removed  their  location  to  the  pe- 
ninsula. There  was  one  solitary  inhabitant  there 
at  an  earlier  date,  the  Rev.  William  Blackstone, 
of  whom  Mather  speaks  as  "  a  godly  Episcopa- 
lian," who  in  1626  had  built  a  cottage  near  what 
is  now  called  Spring  Street,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  city.  In  1634,  fifty  acres  of  land  were  set  off 
to  Mr.  Blackstone,  which  was  a'bout  one  twelfth 
part  of  the  peninsula,  he  being  '•  the  first  Euro- 
pean inhabitant."  Not  long  afterwards,  when  he 
wished  to  remove,  the  town  purchased  all  his 
"right  and  title  to  the  peninsula  of  Shawmut  " 
for  £30,  each  freeholder  paying  six  shillings,  and 
some  of  them  more.  Mr.  Blackstone  afterwards 
settled  in  Rhode  Island.  In  1673,  the  first  wharf 
was  built.  In  1677,  the  court  appointed  John. 
Hayward  postmaster,  "  to  take  in  and  convey 
letters  according  to  direction,"  which  was  the  first 
commencement  of  the  post  office  system  in  Amer- 
ica. In  1690,  the  first  paper  money  was  issued. 
In  1701,  the  representatives  of  Boston  were  in- 
structed by  the  town  to  use  their  influence  to 
obtain  the  abolition  of  slavery  —  one  of  the  ear- 
liest movements  in  the  world  on  this  subject. 
April  17,  1704,  the  first  number  of  the  Boston 
News  Letter,  the  earliest  newspaper  in  America, 
was  published  by  John  Campbell.  The  year 
1706  is  rendered  memorable  in  the  annals  of 
Boston  by  the  birth  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 
October  1,  1768,  after  the  disaffection  of  the  col- 
onists with  the  British  government  had  become 
serious,  two  regiments  of  British  troops  were 
landed  at  Boston,  who  took  up  their  quarters  in 
the  old  State  House.  March  5,  1770,  the  Boston 
massacre  occurred,  by  the  firing  of  the  troops 
upon  the  citizens,  and  killing  three  persons  and 
mortally  wounding  three  others.  March  31,  1774. 
the  Boston  port  bill  was  passed  in  the  British 
Parliament,  shutting  the  port  of  Boston  and 
producing  great  distress  among  the  citizens. 


300 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


May  14,  the  town  voted  to  discontinue  all  com- 
merce with  Great  Britain.  On  the  1 7th  of  Jane, 
1775,  the  memorable  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was 
fought.  March  17,  1776,  the  British  were  com- 
pelled to  evacuate  Boston,  and  the  American 
troops,  under  General  Washington,  entered  it  in 
triumph.  Independence  having  been  established, 
and  peace  declared  in  1783,  Boston,  with  other 
cities  of  the  Union,  entered  upon  a  rapid  career 
of  commercial  enterprise  and  prosperity. 

Boston  continued  a  town,  and  its  affairs  were 
administered  by  selectmen,  like  other  towns  in 
Massachusetts,  until  February  23,  1822.  At  this 
time  the  population  was  about  45,000.  The 
intention  to  make  Boston  a  city  had  occasion- 
.ally  been  entertained  since  1651  ;  but  the  people 
'had  not  hitherto  felt  the  necessity  of  a  more  effi- 
cient municipality  than  that  of  the  town.  They 
had  continued  in  a  remarkable  degree,  notwith- 
standing the  admixture  of  foreign  elements, 
to  justify  the  early  encomium  of  Winthrop : 
u  They  were  generally  of  that  understanding 
and  moderation,  as  that  they  would  be  easily 
guided  in  their  way  by  any  rule  from  Scripture 
or  sound  reason." 

The  city  is  divided  into  12  wards,  and  is  gov- 
erned by  a  mayor,  8  aldermen,  and  48  common 
councilmen,  4  from  each  ward.  The  mayor  and 
aldermen  constitute  one  board,  and  the  com- 
mon councilmen  another,  who  hold  their  sessions 
separately,  excepting  when  they  meet  in  joint 
ballot.  Two  persons  besides  from  each  ward  are 
chosen  to  act  with  the  mayor  and  president  of 
the  common  council,  as  a  school  committee ; 
and  one  from  each  ward  to  constitute  a  board  of 
overseers  of  the  poor.  The  term  of  all  these 
offices  is  one  year. 

In  bringing  this  article  to  a  conclusion  we 
may  adopt  the  words  of  Hon.  JOSIAH  QUINCY, 
late  president  of  Harvard  University,  in  his  ad- 
dress delivered  at  the  close  of  the  second  cen- 
tury from  the  settlement  of  the  city :  — 

"As  our  thoughts  course  along  the  events  of 
past  times,  from  the  first  settlement  of  Boston, 
they  trace  the  strong  features  of  its  charac- 
ter indelibly  impressed  upon  its  acts  and  in 
its  history — clear  conceptions  of  duty;  bold 
vindications  of  right ;  readiness  to  incur  dan- 
gers and  meet  sacrifices  in  the  maintenance  of 
liberty,  civil  and  religious.  Early  selected  as 
the  place  of  chief  settlement  of  New  England, 
it  has  through  every  subsequent  period,  main- 
tained its  relative  ascendency.  In  the  arts  of 
peace  and  in  the  energies  of 'war,  in  the  virtues 
of  prosperity  and  adversity,  in  wisdom  to  plan 
and  vigor  to  execute,  in  extensiveness  of  enter- 
prise, success  in  accumulating  wealth  and  lib 
erality  in  its  distribution,  its  inhabitants,  if  no 
unrivalled,  have  not  been  surpassed  by  any  simi 
lar  society  of  men.  Through  good  'report  and 
evil  report,  its  influence  has  at  all  times  been 
so  distinctly  seen  and  acknowledged  in  events 
and  been  so  decisive  on  the  destinies  of  the 
regi6n  of  which  it  was  the  head,  that  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  adjoining  colonies  of  a  foreign  na 
tion  early  gave  the  name  of  this  place  to  th< 
whole  country ;  and  at  this  day  among  thei 
descendants  the  people  of  the  "whole  Unitec 
States  are  distinguished  by  the  name  of  "  Bos 
tonians."  Amidst  perils  and  obstructions,  on 
the  bleak  side  of  the  mountain  on  which  it  wa 
first  cast,  the  seedling  oak,  self-rooted,  shot  upwan 
with  a  determined  vigor.  Now  slighted  an 


ow  assailed;    amidst  alternating  sunshine  and 

torm  ;  with  the  axe  of  a  native  foe  at  its  root, 
and  the  lightning  of  a  foreign  power  at  times 

cathing  its  top,  or  withering  its  branches ;  it 
grew,  it  flourished,  it  stands  —  may  it  ever 

tand — the  honor  of  the  field." 

Sicut  patribus  sic  Deus  nobis. 

AS     GOD   WAS   WITH     OUR     FATHERS,    SO     MAY 
HE   BE   WITH    US. 

Boston  Corner,  Ms.  This  tract,  in  the  S.  W. 
:orner  of  the  state,  though  politically  attached 
o  the  township  of  Mount  Washington,  is  cut 
ff  from  it  by  a  mountain  2000  feet  in  height. 

Boston.  N/Y.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  Cauquaga 
Creek  and  other  small  streams.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  good.  18  miles  S.  E.  from 
Buffalo,  and  289  W.  from  Albany. 

Bastrop  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Bastrop.  South 
central.  On  the  Colorado. 

Botetourt  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Fincastle.  South 
central.  Between  the  Blue  Ridge  on  the  E. 
and  the  main  branch  of  the  Alleghanies  on  the 
W.  The  Upper  James  River  flows  through  it. 
Surface  elevated  and  mountainous. 

Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  Somerset  co.  33  miles  N. 
E.  from  Trenton.  On  the  Delaware 'and  Raritan 
Canal. 

Bourbon  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Paris.  N.  E. 
central.  The  S.  branch  of  Licking  River  waters 
this  county.  Soil  very  productive. 

Bovina,*~N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  and  is  watered  by  Little  Delaware  River. 
Soil  adapted  for  grazing.  69  miles  S.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Bow,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  Soil  uneven  and 
hard,  but  productive.  Turkey  River  empties  into 
the  Merrimac  at  Turkey  Falls.  About  a  mile 
below  are  Garvin's  Falls.  Bow  Canal  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Merrimac,  3  miles  below  Concord ; 
the  fall  it  overcomes  is  25  feet ;  length  a  quarter 
of  a  mile.  7  miles  S.  E.  from  Concord.  On 
the  Concord  and  Nashua  Railroad. 

Bowdoin,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  An  interior  town. 
37  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Portland. 

Bowdoinham,  Me..  Lincoln  co.  On  the  west 
side  of  Kennebec  River.  Here  is  considerable 
business  in  the  lumber  trade  and  ship  building. 
12  miles  N.  from  Bath. 

Bowie  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  De  Kalb.  In  the 
N.  E.  corner  between  Red  River  and  Caddo 
Lake. 

Bowling  Green,  la.,  c.  h.  Clay  co.  On  Eel,  a 
branch  of  White  River.  60  miles  S.  by  W.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  Warren  co.  On  Big  Bar- 
ren, a  branch  of  Green  River,  and  accessible 
by  steamboats  of  200  tons  at  all  seasons.  144 
miles  S.  W.  from  Frankfort.  The  principal  ex- 
port is  tobacco. 

Boydton,  Va.,  Mecklenburg  co.  109  miles  S. 
S.  W.  from  Richmond.  Seat  of  Randolph  Ma- 
con  College,  the  buildings  of  which  are  about  1 
mile  W.  of  the  village.  See  Colleges. 

Boyle  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Danville,  Central. 
Watered  by  branches  of  Salt  and  Dick's  Rivers. 
Soil  very  productive. 

Boyhton,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Hilly  and  bro- 
ken, but  the  soil  is  strong  and  productive.  It  is 
watered  by  the  S.  branch  of  Nashua  River.  40 
miles  W.  from  Boston,  and  7  N.  from  Worcester. 

Boylston,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Little  Sandy  and 
Trout  Creeks  water  this  town,  which  has  a  some- 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


301 


what  rough  surface,  but  a  productive  soil.  140 
miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Boxboro\  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Soil  mostly  light, 
and  the  surface  broken  and  hilly.  Good  lime- 
stone is  found  here.  There  is  a  pleasant  village 
in  Boxboro',  through  which  the  Boston  and 
Fitchburg  Railroad  passes.  27  miles  N.  W.  from 
Boston,  and  7  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Boxford,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  25  miles  N.  from 
Boston,  and  12  S.  W.  from  Newburyport. 

Bozrah,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  The  soil  is  a 
gravelly  loam,  rich  and  fertile.  It  is  watered  by 
Yantic  River,  on  which  are  two  pleasant  and 
flourishing  villages,  Bozrahville  and  Fitchville. 

Bracken  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Augusta.  N.  E. 
part  of  the  state,  on  the  Ohio  River.  Surface 
broken ;  soil  fertile. 

Bradbury  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Warren.  In  the 
S.  E.  corner,  bordering  on  Louisiana.  Saline 
Fork  of  the  Wachita  runs  S.  through  it. 

Bradford,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  87  miles  N.  E. 
from  Augusta. 

Bradford,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  On  the  S.  side  of 
Merrimac  River.  United  to  Haverhill  by  a 
bridge  680  feet  in  length,  and  a  railroad  viaduct. 
The  surface  of  the  town  is  pleasantly  diversified, 
and  the  soil  various.  Much  of  the  land  is  of  a 
superior  quality.  The  Bradford  Academy  is  on 
an  elevated  spot,  about  100  rods  from  Haver- 
hill,  and  commands  a  beautiful  view.  16  miles 
N.  E.  from  Lowell,  and  31  N.  from  Boston  by 
the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad. 

Bradford,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  Many  parts 
of  the  town  are  hilly,  although  most  of  it  lies  in 
a  vallev.  Near  the  Sunapee  Mountain  is  an 
extensive  plain,  more  than  a  mile  long  and  half 
a  mile  wide.  28  miles  W.  from  Concord. 

Bradford,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Drained  by 
Mud  Creek  and  its  tributaries.  The  surface  is 
uneven;  soil  of  good  quality.  12  miles  E.  from 
Bath,  and  204  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Bradford  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Tonawanda.  In 
the  N.  E.  angle  bordering  on  N.  Y.  Watered 
by  the  Chemung  and  the  N.  branch  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna  Rivers,  and  by  Tonawanda  and  Sugar 
Creeks.  Surface  partly  mountainous.  In  the 
S.  part  is  much  good  land. 

Bradford,  Pa.  A  northern  township  of  McKean 
co.,  on  the  New  York  frontier. 

Bradford,  VI,  Orange  co.  The  surface  is 
somewhat  broken.  A  strip  of  intervale  skirts 
Connecticut  River,  which  bounds  the  town  on 
the  E.,  and  there  is  much  good  land  in  other 
parts.  30  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Montpelier,  and  1 1 
S.S.E.  from  Chelsea. 

Bradley,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  12  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Bangor. 

Bradley  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Cleveland.  In  the 
S.  E.  corner,  bordering  on  Georgia.  Surface 
mountainous ;  soil,  fertile  on  the  borders  of  the 
streams. 

Bradlcyvale,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  Watered  by 
Moose  River.  Has  a  fine  water  power  and  much 
good  land.  12  miles  easterly  from  St.  Johnsbury. 

Brady,  Mn.  Watered  by  Portage  River.  146 
miles  W.  from  Detroit. 

Braintree,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  The  surface  is 
variegated  by  hill  and  dale,  presenting  many  de- 
lightful views  of  Boston,  its  harbor,  and  the 
adjacent  country.  The  soil  is  a  strong,  gravelly 
loam,  and  very  productive.  Excellent  granite 
abounds  here.  The  first  ever  used  in  this  coun- 
try, for  the  purpose  of  building  houses,  was  fur- 


nished by  John  Hayward,  Esq.,  of  this  town,  in 
1752,  for  the  erection  of  King's  Chapel,  in  Bos- 
ton. There  are  several  villages  in  the  town. 
The  Old  Colony  Railroad  passes  through  the 
centre.  10  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Boston,  and  12 
E.  by  S.  from  Dedham. 

The  town  is  well  watered  by  Monatiquot  Riv- 
er, on  which  are  several  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. 

The  farm  of  Hon.  Benjamin  V.  French,  a  na- 
tive of  this  town,  and  a  retired  merchant,  at 
Mount  Monatiquot,  deserves  to  be  noted  as  a 
remarkable  instance  of  the  agricultural  and  hor- 
ticultural improvements  effected  of  late  years 
in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.  Commencing  in  1818 
with  a  worn-out  piece  of  land,  Mr.  French  now 
has  on  his  place  over  400  varieties  of  the  apple,  as 
many  of  the  pear,  and  about  100  each  of  plums  and 
cherries,  besides  every  variety  of  other  fruit  which 
can  be  cultivated  in  this  climate,  whether  for  the 
field  or  garden.  It  is  his  object  to  try  all  kinds, 
with  the  view  of  selecting  the  best,  which  he 
thinks  will  soon  be  reduced  to  about  30  vai'ieties 
of  the  apple,  20  of  the  pear,  and  about  the  same 
number  of  plums  and  cherries,  by  which  the 
worthless  kinds  so  generally  now  growing  will  be 
superseded.  This  selection  will  include  quite  a 
number  of  native  American  varieties,  new  speci- 
mens of  which  are  constantly  brought  forward 
by  the  zeal  of  our  intelligent  horticulturists, 
who  well  deserve  to  be  ranked  among  public 
benefactors.  In  1851,  Mr.  French  exhibited,  at 
the  Horticultural  Rooms  in  Boston,  230  choice 
specimens  of  as  many  different  varieties  of  the 
apple  and  pear,  for  which  he  received  a  splen- 
did piece  of  plate. 

Braintree,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  Watered  by  the 
third  branch  of  White  River,  and  Ayers's  and 
Mill  Brooks,  its  tributaries.  Between  Ayers's 
Brook  and  the  third  branch  is  a  large  swell  of 
land  called  "  Quaker  Hill."  Between  the  third 
branch  and  the  head  of  White  River  is  a  consid- 
erable mountain,  which  renders  that  part  incapa- 
ble of  settlement.  21  miles  S.  from  Montpelier, 
and  14  W.  by  S.  from  Chelsea.  The  Vermont 
Central  Railroad  passes  through  this  town. 

Branch  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Branch.  On  the 
southern  bolder  of  the  state.  Undulating,  and 
watered  by  branches  of  the  St.  Joseph's  River. 
Soil  fertile  sandy  loam. 

Branch,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Branch  co.  On  the  W. 
branch  of  Coldwater  River.  113  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Detroit. 

Brandforte  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Santa  Cruz, 
on  Ijie  N.  coast  of  Monterey  Bay. 

Brandenburg,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Mead  co.  On  the  Ohio 
River.  94  mijes  W.  by  S.  from  Frankfort. 

Brandon,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Rankin  co. 

Brandon,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  A  large  and 
mostly  uncultivated  town,  covered  with  dense 
forests,  and  interspersed  on  the  S.  part  with  nu- 
merous lakes.  It  is  drained  by  Saranac,  St.  Regis, 
and  Racket  Rivers.  10  miles  S.  W.  from  Ma- 
lone,  and  215  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Brandon,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Watered  by  Otter 
Creek,  Mill  River,  and  Spring  Pond,  on  which 
streams  are  good  mill  sites.  Some  of  the  land  is 
level,  with  rather  a  light  soil,  but  that  on  Otter 
Creek  is  excellent.  Bog  iron  ore  is  found  here ; 
also,  abundance  of  marble.  There  are  two  cu- 
rious limestone  caverns  in  this  town.  60  miles 
N.  W.  from  Windsor,  and  40  S.  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier. The  Rutland  Railroad  passes  through  it. 


302 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


Brandt,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  On  the  borders  of  Lake 
Erie ;  bounded  partly  on  the  S.  by  Cattaraugus 
Creek.  Hilly.  20  miles  S.  from  Buffalo,  and 
348  W.  from  Albany. 

Brandi/wine,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Brandywine  and 
Beaver  Creeks  water  this  town. 

Bran  ford,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  An  uneven 
township,  of  strong  soil,  on  Long  Island  Sound. 
Thimble  Islands  and  Indian  Islands  lie  within  the 
limits  of  the  town. 

Brasher,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  St.  Regis  and 
Deer  Rivers  water  this  town,  the  surface  of  which 
is  rolling,  and  a  large  part  of  the  soil  swampy, 
abounding  with  bog  iron  ore.  30  miles  N.  E.  from 
Canton,  and  250  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Brasher  Falls,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  The 
falls  of  Deer  River,  at  this  place,  afford  extensive 
water  power. 

Braftld)oro\  Vt.,  Windham  co.,  lies  in  the 
S.  E.  section  of  the  state,  having  Connecticut 
River  for  its  E.  boundary.  It  is  96  miles  S. 
from  Montpelier,  and  90  miles  W.  from  Boston. 
The  surface  of  the  town  is  diversified  by  hills, 
valleys,  and  plains.  It  has  a  good  soil,  which  is 
generally  well  improved.  The  town  and  vicinity 
are  noted  for  their  salubrious  air,  pure  water, 
and  fine  mountain  scenery.  It  is  intersected  by 
West  River,  Whetstone  Brook,  and  numerous 
smaller  streams.  There  are  many  sites  for  water 
power  on  the  larger  streams  unoccupied,  and  in- 
viting to  enterprise. 

At  the  S.  E.  section  of  the  town  is  the  site  of 
the  once  famous  military  post  Fort  Dummer, 
nothing  of  which  is  now  retained  bat  the  name, 
Dummer  Meadows.  Here,  in  1742,  the  first 
English  settlement  in  Vermont  was  effected. 

There  are  in  Brattleboro'  two  villages,  the  E. 
and  the  W.  The  W.  village  is  near  the  geograph- 
ical centre  of  the  town.  Here  is  a  flourishing 
academy,  and  one  or  two  meeting  houses.  The 
E.  village,  which  is  the  part  of  the  town  com- 
monly known  as  Brattleboro',  is  on  Connecticut 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  Whetstone  Brook,  which 
affords  a  convenient  landing-place  for  river  craft. 
Brattleboro'  is  here  connected  with  Hinsdale,  on 
the  New  Hampshire  side,  by  a  handsome  covered 
bridge  spanning  the  Connecticut  River.  This 
village  is  the  general  business  marfr  for  the  sur- 
rounding towns.  It  is  a  place  of  much  enterprise 
and  prosperity,  and  combines,  in  a  remarkable  de- 
gree, the  characteristics  of  taste  and  elegant  culture 
with  those  of  natural  wildness  and  rural  beautv. 

In  this  village  is  located  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive water-cure  establishments  in  the  country, 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  Wesselhoeft.  The  abun- 
dance, purity,  and  even  temperature  of  the  waters 
issuing  here  from  natural  springs  in  the  hillsides, 
the  invigorating  air  and  romantic  scenery,  render 
this  place  peculiarly  well  adapted  to  the  purposes 
of  such  an  institution. 

The  railroad  connection  is  now  complete  from 
Brattlenoro]  with  all  the  southern,  eastern,  and 
northern  railroads. 

Braxlon  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Braxton.  N. 
W.  central,  on  both  sides  of  Elk  River,  a  N! 
tributary  of  the  Kenhawa. 

Braxton,  Va.,  c.  h.  Braxton  co.  On  the  N 
side  of  Elk  River.  321  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Brazoria,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Brazoria  co. 

Brazoria  County,  Ts..  c.  h.  at  Brazoria.  On  the 
Gulf  coast,  on  both  sides  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Brazos. 


Brazos  Santiago,  Ts.,  Cameron  co.  A  port  a 
little  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

Brazos  Bounty,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Boonville.  E. 
central,  in  the  angle  between  the  Brazos  and 
Navasota. 

Breaknock,  Pa.  A  N.  E.  township  of  Lan- 
caster co.  Watered  by  Big  and  Little  Muddy 
Rivers.  Has  a  hilly  surface  and  gravelly  soil. 

Breathitt  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Breathitt.  Sur- 
face hilly  and  mountainous,  and  watered  by  the 
N.  and  Middle  Forks  of  the  Kentucky  River. 
Soil  good  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Breckenbridge  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Hardensburg. 
On  the  Ohio,  about  the  middle  of  its  course  along 
the  state. 

Bremen,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  Muscongus  Bay, 
about  40  miles  S.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  15  E.  S. 
E.  from  Wiscasset. 

Brentwood,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The  soil 
is  better  for  grass  than  grain.  Exeter  River,  and 
other  smaller  streams,  water  this  town.  Pick- 
pocket Falls,  on  Exeter  River,  afford  an  excellent 
water  power.  Vitriol,  combined  with  sulphur, 
is  found  here.  32  miles  S.  E.  from  Concord,  and 
4  E.  from  Exeter. 

Brewer,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  On  Penobscot 
River,  opposite  Bangor. 

Brewster,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co%  Barnstable  Bay 
is  on  the  N.  of  this  town.  From  three  ponds  in  the 
town,  covering  about  1000  acres,  a  never-failing 
stream  issues.  Peat  of  good  quality  abounds 
here.  Some  parts  of  the  soil  are  light  and  sandy, 
others  clay  and  loam.  There  is  a  convenient 
breakwater  for  the  accommodation  of  packets 
and  other  small  vessels,  where  they  lie  in  safety 
at  any  season  of  the  year.  78  miles  S.  E.  from 
Boston,  and  13  E.  from  Barnstable. 

Bridgeton,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  On  the  bor- 
der of  Long  Pond,  near  the  head  of  navigation. 

Bridgeton,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Cumberland  co.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Cohansic  Creek,  40  miles  S.  S. 
E.  of  Philadelphia.  The  creek  is  navigable 
to  the  town  for  vessels  of  101  tons,  and  it  is  con- 
sequently a  port  of  entry  for  the  district  of  W. 
Jersey.  There  are  several  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments which,  with  the  shipping,  give  activity 
to  the  business  of  the  place. 

Bridgewater,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.,  contains  some 
of  the  best  lands  in  Plymouth  co.  Tauntori  Riv- 
er washes  the  southern  border  of  the  town.  The 
chief  village  is  very  pleasant,  and  is  the  seat  of 
considerable  business.  It  lies  27  miles  S.  by  E. 
from  Boston,  and  20  W.  by  N.  from  Plymouth. 
One  of  the  State  Normal  Schools  for  teachers  is 
here. 

Bridgewater,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  30  miles  N. 
W.  from  Concord. 

Bridgewater,  N.  J.,  Somerset  co.  Surface  lerel 
or  undulating,  except  on  the  N.  E.,  where  it  is 
mountainous. 

Bridqewater,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Unadilla  River 
has  its  source  in  this  town.  The  surface  is  hilly 
and  broken,  yet  well  adapted  to  grazing,  and  in 
some  parts  to  the  growth  of  grain.  1 5  miles  S. 
from  Utica,  and  110  W.  from  Albany. 

Bridgewater,  Vt ,  Windsor  co.  Surface  uneven, 
and  in  some  parts  rough  and  stony.  Along  the 
Quechee  River  are  tracts  of  valuable  intervale, 
and  there  are  many  good  farms  in  other  parts 
The  summits  of  the  hills  are,  in  general,  covered 
with  spruce  and  hemlock ;  the  timber,  on  other 
parts,  is  mostly  maple,  beech,  and  birch.  There 
is  an  inexhaustible  quarry  of  soapstone  situated 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


303 


nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  town.  There  is  a 
small  village  on  the  river,  near  the  S.  E.  corner 
of  the  town.  This  town  is  watered  by  Otta 
Quechee  lliver,  and  by  several  considerable 
branches.  These  streams  afford  numerous  mill 
privileges.  45  miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  1 7 
N..W.  from  Windsor. 

Bridgeport.  Ct.  City  and  town,  Fairfield  co.  75 
miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Hartford;  17  miles  S.  W. 
from  New  Haven,  and  62  miles  N.  E.  from  the 
city  of  New  York.  It  is  on  the  W.  side  of  an  arm 
of  Long  Island  Sound,  into  which  the  Pequanock 
River  enters.  The  township  contains  about  10 
square  miles  of  excellent  land,  and  was  separated 
from  Stratford  in  1821.  The  city  has  had  a 
rapid  and  prosperous  growth.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated as  a  city  in  1836.  It  is  chiefly  built  on  a 
plain,  elevated  a  few  feet  above  high-water  mark, 
and  is  handsomely  laid  out  and  neatly  built. 
There  is  a  terrace  of  about  50  feet  ascent  at  the 
N.  side  of  the  city,  above  which  there  is  a  surface 
of  about  half  a  mile  square,  on  which  are  a  num- 
ber of  beautiful  private  mansions,  delightfully 
situated  for  the  prospect  of  the  city  and  of  the 
Sound,  which  lie  spread  out  before  them.  There 
are  five  or  six  handsome  church  edifices,  belong- 
ing to  different  denominations.  Some  of  the 
hotels  are  spacious  and  elegant  buildings. 

A  large  business  is  done  at  Bridgeport  in  the 
coasting  trade,  and  something  in  foreign  com- 
merce. Some  vessels  are  employed  in  whaling 
and  other  fisheries.  The  harbor  is  safe  ;  but  the 
entrance  of  large  vessels  drawing  more  than 
13  feet  of  water  is  impeded  by  the  bar  at  its 
mouth.  A  steamboat  plies  daily  between  Bridge- 
port and  New  York.  This  is  the  S.  terminus  of 
the  Ilousatonic  Railroad,  which  connects  at 
West  Stockbridge.  Mass.,  with  the  Western  Rail- 
road from  Boston1  to  Albany,  and  with  another 
to  Hudson,  N.  Y.  The  New  York  and  New 
Haven  Railroad,  which  is  part  of  a  continuous 
route  to  Boston,  passes  through  this  place.  The 
Naugatuck  Railroad  also  comes  in  here. 

Bridport,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Level,  and  the  soil 
generally  is  a  brittle  marl,  or  clay.  The  hills 
are  a  loam  and  red  slaty  sandstone.  A  range 
of  shelly  blue  slate  extends  through  the  town, 
lying  generally  a  little  below  the  surface.  This 
town  is  poorly  watered,  there  being  no  durable 
mill  streams,  and  the  springs  and  ground  gener- 
ally being  impregnated  with  Epsom  salts.  For 
family  use  rain  water  is  generally  employed. 
There  are  several  landing-places  for  goods  on 
the  lake  shore.  Lake  Champlain  forms  the  west- 
ern boundary  of  this  town  ;  across  this  lake  to 
Crown  Point  is  2  miles.  12  miles  W.  by  S.  from 
Middlebury,  and  45  S.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Brier  Creek,  Pa.  An  easterly  township  of  Co- 
lumbia co.  94  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Brighton,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  50  miles  N.  from 
Augusta. 

Brighton,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  5  miles  S.  W.by 
W.  from  Boston.  Washed  by  Charles  River  on 
the  W.  and  N.  The  soil  is  excellent,  and  highly 
cultivated.  Winship's  gardens  are  noted  through- 
out the  country  for  their  nurseries  of  fruit-trees 
and  shrubbery,  and  for  their  grand  display  of 
plants  and  flo'wers  of  every  variety.  J.  Breck  & 
Co.'s  garden,  and  horticultural  and  seed  estab- 
lishment, and  Warren's  gardens,  attract  much  at- 
tention. Brighton  is  the  largest  cattle  market 
in  New  England.  The  Boston  and  Worcester 
Railroad  passes  through  it. 


Brighton,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Watered  by 
Genesee  River.  The  surface  is  slightly  uneven, 
the  soil  sandy  or  clay  loam.  3  miles  E.  from 
Rochester,  and  255  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Brighton.  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
the  Big  Beaver,  about  4  miles  from  the  Ohio 
River,  and  231  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Harrisburg. 
It  is  connected  with  New  Brighton  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  Big  Beaver  by  a  bridge.  The 
water  power  at  this  place  is  extensive,  and  is  im- 
proved for  flouring  mills,  the  manufacture  of 
cottons,  &c. 

Brighton,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  Watered  chiefly  by 
Ferren's  River,  and  other  head  branches  of  Clyde 
River.  Some  of  the  head  branches  of  the  Pas- 
sumpsic  and  Nulhegan  Rivers  originate  here. 
A  very  good  township  of  land,  and  contains 
much  excellent  white  pine  timber,  with  several 
fine  mill  sites.  70  miles  N.  E.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Brimfield,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  A  fine  farming 
town,  with  a  good  soil,  and  is  well  watered  by 
Quinnebaug  River.  19  miles  E.  by  N.  from 
Springfield,  and  70  W.  by  S.  from  Boston. 

Bristol,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  20  miles  W.  by  S. 
from  Hartford,  and  28  miles  N.  from  New  Haven. 
It  is  watered  by  streams  which  flow  into  the 
Farmington  River.  The  surface  of  the  town  is 
uneven  and  hilly.  The  soil,  which  is  a  grav- 
elly loam,  is  considerably  fertile,  producing  all 
kinds  of  grain,  grass,  and  fruit  common  to  this 
climate.  But  the  great  business  of  Bristol,  for 
which  it  has  become  celebrated  far  and  near,  is 
the  manufacture  of  clocks,  which  are  made  in 
every  variety  of  form  and  kind,  whether  of  wood 
or  brass,  and  are  sent  into  all  parts  of  this  coun- 
try, and  even  to  other  countries.  The  number 
of  clocks  produced  in  a  single  year  has  some- 
times amounted  to  100,000;  as  many  as  16  or 
18  manufactories  being  engaged  in  this  business. 
A  good  deal  is  also  done  in  the  manufacture  of 
buttons,  and  a  variety  of  other  articles. 

There  are  churches  here  of  the  Congregational, 
Baptist,  Methodist,  and  Episcopal  denominations. 
The  Congregational  house  of  worship  is  situated 
on  the  summit  of  a  circular  hill,  around  the  base 
of  which  the  principal  part  of  the  village  is 
built  along  the  stream  which  furnishes  the  power 
for  the  manufactories. 

Bristol  is  on  the  route  of  the  railroad  now  in 
process  of  construction  from  Hartford  to  Fish- 
kill,  N.  Y.,  which  is  already  in  operation  as  far  as 
to  this  place.  This  railroad  intersects  the  Canal 
Railroad  at  Plainville,  and,  as  it  proceeds  west- 
ward, will  successively  connect  with  the  Nauga- 
tuck. the  Ilousatonic,  the  Haerlcm,  and  the  Hud- 
son River  Railroads,  and  terminate  opposite  New- 
burg,  from  which  a  branch  is  opened  to  the  great 
Erie  Railroad. 

Bristol  Counti/,  Ms.,  Taunton  and  New  Bedford, 
shire  towns.  In  the  S.  part,  bordering  on  R.  I. 
Taunton  and  Pawtucket  are  its  chief  rivers. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  broken,  but  generally 
level ;  soil  mostly  inferior  quality.  It  has  a 
maritime  coast  of  considerable  extent,  indented 
with  numerous  headlands,  small  bays,  and  har- 
bors. This  county  gives  rise  to  many  streams 
that  fall  into  Massachusetts  and  Narraganset 
Bays,  and  its  water  power  is  abundant  in  almost 
every  town.  It  abounds  in  excellent  iron  ore. 

Bristol,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  Damariscot- 
ta  and  Pemaquid  Rivers.  60  miles  N.  E.  from 
Portland,  and  32  S.  E.  from  Augusta, 


301 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c. 


Bristol,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  A  hilly  township, 
but  has  a  good  soil.  Newfound  Pond.  6  miles  in 
length,  and  from  2  to  3  miles  in  width,  lies  in  this 
town  and  Hebron.  30  miles  N.  W.  from  Concord. 
Bristol,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Watered  by  Mud 
Creek.  'The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven,  the 
soil  various,  some  parts  being  very  fertile.  It  is 
about  9  miles  S.  W.  from  Canandaigua,  and 
232  W.  from  Albany. 

Bristol,  Pa.  A  township  of  Philadelphia  co. 
Watered  by  Tacony  Creek. 

Bristol,  Pa.,  Bupks  co.  Township  and  village 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Delaware  River.  20  miles 
N.  from  Philadelphia,  and  115  E.  by  S.  from 
Harrisburg.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal  communi- 
cates with  the  Delaware  River  by  a  branch  to  this 
place,  which  is  a  great  channel  for  the  trans- 
portation of  coal,  and  various  kinds  of  merchan- 
dise. 

Bristol,  R.  I.  Port  of  entry  and  shire  town  of 
Bristol  co. ;  the  Pocanoket  of  the  Indians.  It  is 
equidistant  from  Providence  and  Newport,  being 
15  miles  from  each.  This  town  is  beautifully 
situated  on  a  kind  of  peninsula  or  tongue  of  land 
extending  S.  from  Warren  into  Narraganset  Bay. 
The  arm  of  the  bay  on  the  E.  side,  running  up 
towards  Fall  River,  is  called  Mount  Hope  Bay. 
It  is  6  miles  long,  but  averages  less  than  a  mile 
and  a  half  in  width.  On  the  height  of  land  be- 
tween these  two  bays,  is  Mount  Hope,  once  the 
residence  of  the  celebrated  King  Philip.  The 
soil  of  this  town  is  a  deep,  gravelly  loam,  very 
fertile  and  productive.  Great  quantities  of  onions, 
carrots,  beets,  and  potatoes  are  raised  here  for 
exportation.  Most  of  the  gardens  are  made  to 
yield  two  crops  of  different  vegetables  annually. 
It  is  supposed  that  as  many  as  one  third  of  the 
population  are  employed  in  horticulture. 

Bristol  was  settled"  in  1680.  About  three 
fourths  of  the  inhabitants  live  in  a  compact  and 
beautiful  village,  which  is  delightfully  situated  at 
the  western  border  of  the  township,  on  the  navi- 
gable waters  of  the  Narraganset.  The  site  is 
well  elevated  above  the  shore,  and,  ascending 
gradually  as  it  recedes,  affords  to  the  inhabitants 
a  fine  view  of  the  lovely  bosom  of  the  bay,  and 
in  return  presents  the  town  to  those  passing  by 
it  on  the  water,  as  an  object  of  picturesque  and 
quiet  beauty.  The  main  street,  which  extends 
the  whole  length  of  the  village,  contains  the 
handsomest  buildings,  and  is  ornamented  with 
beautiful  shade  trees.  On  this  street  are  the 
Congregational  and  Episcopal  houses  of  worship. 
The  other  meeting  houses  and  public  buildings 
are  likewise  pleasantly  situated. 

The  harbor  of  Bristol-  is  easy  of  access,  safe, 
and  deep  enough  for  vessels  of  almost  any  size. 
The  commerce  of  the  place  is  much  less  than  it 
was  30  years  ago,  but  is  now  on  the  increase. 
Some  large  freighting  ships  are  owned  here,  a 
considerable  number  of  coasting  vessels  are  em- 
ployed, and  the  West  India  trade  is  beginning 
to  be  carried  on  quite  extensively.  .  The  port  of 
Bristol  collects  as  much  revenue  as  any  port  in 
the  state,  and  has  13.000  tons  of  shipping  regis- 
tered or  enrolled.  A  steamboat  which  plies  daily 
between  Providence  and  Fall  River  stops  at  this 
place.  To  Fall  River  the  distance  is  8  miles. 

Of  late  years,  the  capitalists  of  Bristol  have 
introduced  manufacturing  enterprise  to  consider- 
able extent.  There  are  two  large  cotton  mills, 
two  planing  mills,  besides  saw  mills  and  grain 
mills,  an  iron  foundery,  &c.,  all  driven  by  steam. 


Considerable  capital  also  is   employed  in   ship 
building. 

No  place  in  the  country,  perhaps,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Newport,  suffered  more  in  the  war  of 
the  revolution  than  Bristol.  During  the  three 
years  that  Rhode  Island  was  in  possession  of  the 
British,  the  town  was  exposed  to  the  constant 
incursions  of  the  enemy.  It  was  bombarded  by 
a  British  squadron  in  1775.  In  May,  1778,  the 
meeting  house  and  all  the  most  valuable  dwell- 
ings were  burnt. 

Few  places  can  appear  more  eligible  than 
Bristol  and  its  environs  to  the  inhabitants  of  our 
crowded  cities,  as  a  retreat,  in  the  summer 
months,  from  the  excitements,  din,  and  heat, 
which,  without  such  annual  respite,  become  to 
them  so  irksome  and  exhausting. 

Bristol  County,  R.  I.,  c.  h.  at  Bristol.  E.  part. 
That  portion  of  the  state  between  the  two  main 
branches  of  Narraganset  Bay. 

Bristol,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  About  one  third  of 
this  town  lies  entirely  W.  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tains, and  is  very  level,  rich,  and  productive.  The 
remainder  is  broken,  and  a  considerable  part  in- 
capable of  cultivation.  The  village  is  near  the 
centre  of  the  town,  upon  New  Haven  River,  im- 
mediately after  it  passes  the  notch  in  the  moun- 
tain. 25  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  11 
N.  from  Middlebury. 

Broadalbin,  N.  Y.,  Fulton  co.  A  good  grazing 
township.  42  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Broadtop,  Pa.  A  northern  township  of  Bed- 
ford co. 

Broken  Straw,  Pa.  A  central  township  of 
Warren  co. 

Brooke  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Wellsburg.  In 
the  N.  W.  corner,  between  the  state  of  Ohio  and 
the  Ohio  River.  Surface  uneven,  and  watered 
by  several  small  creeks  flowing  into  the  Ohio 
River;  soil  fertile.  Iron  ore  and  bituminous 
coal  are  found  in  this  county. 

Brookfield,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  The  surface  is 
somewhat  broken,  but  the  soil  is  strong,  and  well 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  grain.  The  rocks  in 
many  parts  of  the  town  are  limestone,  and  afford 
marble.  The  N.  E.  boundary  is  washed  by  the 
Housatonic  River,  and  Still  River  passes  nearly 
through  its  centre. 

Brookfield,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  is  divided  into 
three  parishes  —  North,  South,  and  West  Brook- 
field.  The  Western  Railroad  passes  through  the 
entire  width  of  the  town.  East  Brookfield  lies, 
by  the  railroad,  64  miles  W.  from  Boston.  South 
and  West  Brookfield  lie  5  miles  farther  W. 

Brookfield,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  Soil  good.  Cook's 
Pond  is  the  source  of  the  west  branch  of  Salmon 
Falls  River.  50  miles  N.  E.  from  Concord. 

Brookfield,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Unadilla  River, 
and  some  of  its  branches,  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly.  83  miles  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Brookfield,  Pa.  A  N.  W.  township  of  Tioga  co. 
174  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Brookfield,  Orange  co.,  Vt.  Nearly  on  the 
height  of  land  between  White  and  Winooski  Riv- 
ers. Parts  of  it  are  broken  ;  but  it  is  mostly  fit 
for  cultivation,  and  .is  very  productive,  particu- 
larly in  grass.  It  is  well  watered  with  springs 
and  brooks,  but  has  no  very  good  mill  privileges. 
The  principal  stream  is  the  second  branch  of 
White  River.  Around  the  bottom  of  a  small 
pond,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  town,  is  an  inex- 
haustible quantity  of  marl,  from  which  good 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


305 


lime  is  manufactured.  40  miles  N.  by  W.  from 
Windsor,  and  16  S.  from  Montpelier. 

Brookhaven,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  As  to  territory, 
one  of  the  largest  towns  in  the  state,  extending 
across  Long  Island,  and  embracing  the  islands 
opposite,  in  South  Bay.  Its-N.  and  S.  shores  are 
indented  by  numerous  bays  and  inlets  abounding 
with  a  great  variety  of  fish  and  fowl.  Surface 
mostly  level ;  soil  consists  of  black  mould,  and 
in  some  parts  of  pure  sand.  70  miles  E.  from 
New  York. 

Brookline,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  delightful 
town  is  connected  with  Boston  by  the  Mill  Dam 
across  Charles  River  Bay,  and  by  a  branch  of 
the  Worcester  Railroad.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  varied  surface,  high  state  of  cultivation,  ele- 
gant country  seats  and  gardens,  excellent  roads, 
and  for  its  rich  and  picturesque  scenery.  4  miles 
S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  5  N.  E.  from  Dedham. 

Brookline,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  7  miles  S.  W. 
from  Amherst,  and  40  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Brookline,  Vt,  Windham  co.  A  deep  valley 
runs  the  whole  length  of  the  township,  and  along 
the  whole  of  the  E.  line  of  the  town  is  a  consid- 
erable elevation.  During  a  violent  freshet,  a  bed 
of  porcelain  clay  was  laid  open.  The  soil  is  better 
adapted  to  the 'production  of  grass  than  grain. 
35  miles  S.  from  Windsor,  and  18  N.  from  Brat- 
tleboro'. 

Brooklyn.  Ct.,  c.  h.Windham  co.  Finely  watered 
by  Quinnebaug  River  and  Blackwell's  Stream. 
The  land  is  uneven,  and  somewhat  stony,  but 
the  soil  is  strong.  30  miles  E  from  Hartford, 
44  W.  from  Providence. 

Brooklyn,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  New.  Taken 
from  Sedgewick  in  1849. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  City  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Kings  co.,  on  the  W.  e'nd  of  Long  Island,  sep- 
arated by  the  East  River  from  the  S.  part  of  the 
city  of  New  York.  Population  in  1810,4402; 
nTl820,  7175;  in  1830,  15,396;  in  1840,  36,233; 
in  1850,  96,838.  During  the  last  twenty  years, 
since  the  habitable  part  of  New  York  has  been 
extending,  and  becoming  more  and  more  remote 
from  the  seat  of  business,  the  population  of 
Brooklyn  has  increased  with  unexampled  rapid- 
ity. It  is  connected  with  New  York,  in  the  very 
district  where  the  heaviest  commerce  lies,  by  a 
number  of  steam  ferries,  which  are  from  700*  to 
750  yards  wide,  and  are  crossed  in  four  or  five 
minutes  by  boats  which  ply  continually  between 
the  two  cities.  Except  on  rare  occasions,  in  the 
winter,  when  the  ice  opposes  an  obstruction  to 
the  free  passage  of  the  boats,  these  ferries  bring 
the  cities  virtually  nearer  to  each  other  than 
would  be  done  by  bridges,  or  even  by  a  contin- 
uous connection  on  terra  firma.  The  greatest 
thoroughfare  among  these  is  the  Fulton  Ferry, 
from  Fulton  Street  in  New  York  to  Fulton  Street 
in  Brooklyn. 

The  ground  on  which  Brooklyn  is  built  is 
considerably  more  elevated  than  that  of  New 
York,  especially  towards  its  southern  extremity. 
'•Brooklyn  Heights,"  so  called,  memorable  in 
revolutionary  history,  presents  a  bold  front  to 
the  sea,  rising  abruptly  to  an  elevation  of  70  feet 
above  tide  water,  affording  a  view  of  the  city  and 
harbor  of  New  York,  the  islands  in  the  bay,  and 
particularly  Governor's  Island,  with  its  noble 
fortifications,  Staten  Island,  and  the  New  Jersey 
shore,  all  combining  to  furnish  a  prospect  which 
is  scarcely  surpassed  by  any  in  this  country. 

The  greatest  length  of  Brooklyn,  within  its  in- 


corporated limits,  is  6  miles,  N.  E.  and  S.  W., 
and  its  greatest  breadth  4  miles.  The  whole  of 
this  extensive  area  has  been  laid  out  into  streets, 
though  many  of  them  have  not  yet  been  opened 
and  regulated.  The  city,  generally,  is  laid  out 
with  order  and  symmetry  of  plan ;  and  the 
streets,  excepting  Fulton  Street,  the  oldest  in  the 
city,  are  straight,  and,  almost  without  any  other 
exception,  they  cross  each  other  at  right  "angles. 
They  are  generally  from  50  to  60  feet  wide,  and 
several  of  them  have  a  still  greater  width.  Many 
of  the  streets  are  shaded  with  beautiful  trees, 
which  impart  to  portions  of  the  city,  in  the 
summer  season,  a  peculiar  air  of  pleasantness 
and  comfort.  No  city  in  the  country,  perhaps, 
is  better  built  thfin  Brooklyn.  The  houses  are 
very  generally  marked  by  chasteness  and  ele- 
gance of  design,  and  many  of  them  are  splendid 
specimens  of  architectural  beauty. 

Of  the  public  buildings  the  most  prominent  is 
the  new  City  Hall,  situated  on  a  triangular  piece 
of  ground  between  Fulton,  Court,  and  Jorale- 
man  Streets.  This  noble  building  is  constructed 
of  Westchester  marble,  162  feet  long  by  102  feet 
wide,  and  75  feet  in  height  to  the  top  of  the  cor- 
nice. The  crown  of  the  cupola,  with  which  it  is 
surmounted,  is  153  feet  from  the  pavement.  In 
the  eastern  part  of  the  city,  near  Fort  Green,  is 
the  Jail,  which  is  a  substantial  building  erected 
in  1837.  The  Lyceum,  at  the  corner  of  Wash- 
ington and  Concord  Streets,  a  fine  granite  edi- 
fice ;  the  Savings  Bank,  an  elegant  structure  at 
the  corner  of  Fulton  and  Concord  Streets ;  the 
Brooklyn  Female  Academy,  a  spacious  building 
on  Joraleman  Street ;  the  City  Library,  contain- 
ing a  large  collection  of  valuable  literary  and 
scientific  works  ;  a  new  and  elegant  Athenasum, 
and  the  Brooklyn  Orphan  Asylum,  are  each  of 
them  buildings  which  are  ornamental  to  the 
city. 

The  more  thickly-settled  parts  of  Brooklyn 
have  no  public  squares  or  open  grounds.  Such, 
however,  is  the  commanding  width  of  many  of 
its  avenues,  the  high  and  airy  location  of  its  site 
in  general,  and  its  almost  rural  aspect,  in  many 
parts,  from  the  abundance  of  the  trees  with  which 
the  streets  are  bordered,  that  the  absence  of  such 
open  pleasure  grounds  is  less  to  be  regretted  than 
it  otherwise  must  have  been.  Provision  has  been 
made,  however,  in  the  newer  parts  of  the  city,  for 
some  public  squares. 

Brooklyn  contains  about  50  churches,  several 
of  which  are  splendid  edifices  recently  construct- 
ed. Among  these  is  the  Episcopal  "  Church  of 
the  Holy  Trinity,"  on  Clinton  Street,  a  fine 
specimen  of  the  Gothic  architecture,  erected  by 
the  munificence  of  an  individual  citizen  of  Brook- 
lyn, at  a  cost  of  about  $150,000.  The  Congre- 
gational "  Church  of  the  Pilgrims,"  not  far  from 
the  same  locality,  is  a  fine  edifice,  of  dark  gray 
granite,  in  the  characteristic  English  style  of  the 
period  of  Cromwell.  In  the  base  of  the  princi- 
pal tower  of  this  church,  about  8  feet  from  the 
ground,  is  placed  an  angular  fragment,  of  consid- 
erable size,  from  the  rock  on  which  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers  landed  at  Plymouth. 

The  United  States  Navy  Yard,  at  Brooklyn, 
is  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Wallabout  Bay, 
which  makes  up  with  a  broad  curve  from  the  East 
River,  at  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  city.  From  this 
point  a  ferry  runs  directly  across  to  the  foot  of 
Walnut  Street,  New  York.  About  40  acres  of 
ground  are  included  in  these  premises.  There 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


nre  two  large  ship  houses  for  the  protection  of 
naval  vessels  of  the  largest  class  when  building, 
together  with  extensive  workshops,  and  every 
requisite  for  a  great  naval  depot.  There  is  con- 
nected with  this  establishment  an  important  liter- 
ary institution,  called  the  United  States  Naval 
Lvceum,  formed  in  1833  by  officers  of  the  service 
connected  with  the  port.  It  contains  a  miner- 
alogical  and  geological  cabinet,  and  a  fine  collec- 
tion of  curiosities  of  a  miscellaneous  character. 
The  government  has  constructed  a  dry  dock  here 
similar  to  that  in  the  United  States  Navy  Yard 
at  Charlestown,  Ms.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Wallabout,  about  half  a  mile  E.  of  the  Navy 
Yard,  is  the  Marine  Hospital,  situated  upon  a 
commanding  elevation,  and  surrounded  by  about 
30  acres  of  land  under  high  cultivation.  In  this 
bay  are  always  one  or  more  large  naval  vessels 
lying  in  ordinary.  These  mark  the  spot  where 
lay  the  Jersey  and  other  British  ships,  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  made  use  of  as  prison  ships, 
for  the  confinement  of  those  American  soldiers 
whom  they  had  taken  prisoners  in  battle,  in  which 
it  is  said  that  as  many  as  1 1,500  prisoners  perished 
in  the  course  of  the  war,  from  bad  air,  close  con- 
finement, and  ill  treatment.  These  unhappy  men 
were  buried  upon  the  shore,  with  little  care  but  to 
put  their  bodies  out  of  sight.  In  1808,  the  bones 
of  these  sufferers  were  collected,  as  far  as  could 
then  be  done,  and  placed  in  13  coffins,  correspond- 
ing with  the  old  13  states,  and  honorably  interred 
in  a  commemorative  tomb  erected  for  the  pur- 
pose, not  far  from  the  Navy  Yard. 

The  harbor  of  Brooklyn  is  extensive,  and  is 
capable  of  being  very  largely  improved  by  adding 
to  the  number  of  its  docks  and  slips.  Vessels  of 
the  largest  class  can  come  up  to  its  piers,  to  dis- 
charge or  receive  their  cargoes.  The  Atlantic 
Dock  is  a  very  extensive  basin  for  the  reception 
of  shipping,  about  a  mile  below  the  South  Ferry, 
constructed  by  a  company  incorporated  in  1840, 
at  a  cost  of  about  $1,000,000.  The  basin  within 
the  piers  covers  42«£  acres,  with  sufficient  depth 
of  water  for  the  largest  ships.  The  outside  pier 
extends  3000  feet  on  Buttermilk  Channel.  The 
piers  are  furnished  with  spacious  stone  ware- 
houses. The  terminus  of  the  Long  Island  Rail- 
road is  located  near  the  landing  from  the  South 
Ferry,  which  connects  with  New  York  at  the  S. 
E.  corner  of  the  Battery.  From  the  station,  the 
road  is  carried,  by  a  long  tunnel,  under  a  number 
of  the  most  important  of  the  streets  of  Brooklyn^ 
which  it  has  to  cross  in  its  route. 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  in  the  S.  part  of  Brook- 
lyn, about  three  miles 'from  Fulton  Ferry,  is  an 
extensive  and  beautiful  ground  provided  by  the 
cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn  for  the  burial 
of  their  dead.  It  may  be  approached  either  by 
this  ferry,  from  which  hourly  carriages  run  to  the 
entrance  for  a  trifling  charge,  or  by  another  at 
the  Battery,  which  passes  round  and  lands  its 
passengers  on  the  S.  side,  in  the  near  vicinity. 
Greenwood  contains  250  acres  of  ground,  one 
half  or  more  of  which  is  covered  with  wood  of 
the  natural  forest.  The  grounds  have  a  varied 
surface  of  hill,  and  valley,  and  plain.  From  some 
of  the  open  elevations  extensive  views  are  ob- 
tained of  the  ocean,  and  of  the  cities  of  Brooklyn 
and  New  York.  The  whole  cemetery  is  trav- 
ersed by  about  15  miles  of  winding  avenues  and 
paths,  leading  through  each  shaded  recess,  and  to 
every  spot  at  once  hallowed  and  adorned  by  the 
memorials  of  the  dead.  Great  improvements 


are   continually  going   on,  and  every  year  adds 
new  beauty  to  this  interesting  place. 

The  first  settlement  of  Brooklyn  was  made  at 
the  Wallabout  Bay,  by  George  Jansen  Rapelje, 
in  1 6-25.  The  earliest" deed  for  lands  on  record  is 
to  Thomas  Besker,  in  1639.  October  18,  1667, 
Governor  Nicholls  granted  a  patent  "  to  certain 
inhabitants  of  the  town  Breukelen,  for  and  in  be- 
half of  themselves  and  their  associates,  the  free* 
holders  and  inhabitants,  for  all  the  lands  in  the 
town  not  taken  up  in  severnlty."  This  patent 
was  confirmed  by  Governor  Dongan  in  1686.  In 
1670.  license  was  given  by  Governor  Lovelace 
to  the  inhabitants  to  purchase  the  Indian  title. 

With  Brooklyn  and  its  immediate  neighborhood 
is  connected  the  memory  of  the  bloody  battle  of 
August  27,  1776,  in  which  the  Americans  were 
defeated,  occasioning  the  withdrawal  of  the  army 
from  Long  Island  into  New  York. 

Brooklyn  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1816. 
In  Aprilj  1834.  the  whole  territory  of  the  town 
was  incorporated  under  the  name  of  the  "  City 
of  Brooklyn."  It  is  divided  into  nine  wards  ;  and 
the  powers  of  the  corporation  are  vested  in  a 
mayor  and  a  board  of  aldermen,  composed  of  two 
from  each  ward,  all  elected  by  the  people. 

Brooklyn,  Pa.  A  southern  township  of  Sus- 
quehannaco.  171  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Harrisbursr. 

Brooks,  Me.,  Waldo  co.,  1 1  miles  N.  N.  W.  from 
Belfast,  and  45  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Brooksville,  Me..  Hancock  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Penobscot  Bay,  opposite  to  Islesboro'  and  Castino. 

Brookville,  la.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  75  miles  S.  E. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Brookville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Bracken  co. 

Broome  County.  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Chenango.  On 
the  S.  border.  The  surface  is  hilly,  the  valleys 
bordering  the  streams  large  and  fertile,  but  tho 
soil  for  the  most  part  better  adapted  to  grazing 
than  the  raising  of  grain.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Susquehanna,  Chenango,  and  Tioughnioga 
Rivers,  and  by  Nanticoke  Creek.  It  contains 
several  sulphur  and  salt  springs.  The  Chenango 
Canal  and  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  pass 
through  this  county. 

Broome,  N.  Y.,'  Schoharie  co.  Watered  by 
Schoharie  and  Catskill  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  indifferent,  except 
in  the  valleys,  where  it  is  fertile.  38  miles  S.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Brown  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  SterHng. 
On  the  W.  bank  of  the  Illinois  River.  Drained  by 
McKee's  and  Crooked  Creeks.  Surface  slightly 
uneven ;  soil  productive. 

Brown  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Nashville.  S.  cen- 
tral part  of  the  state.  Watered  by  Salt  Creek 
and  its  branches.  Surface  undulating  and  hilly; 
soil  fertile. 

Brown  County,  O.  In  the  S.  W.  angle,  bor- 
dering on  the  Ohio  River.  On  the  N.  it  is 
watered  by  Eagle,  Red  Oak,  Straight,  and  White 
Oak  Creeks,  besides  the  Ohio  River  and  the  E. 
fork  of  Little  Miami.  The  soil  is  fertile  and 
good. 

Brown,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  Pine  Creek  and  its 
branches  water  this  town.  Surface  mountainous  ^ 
soil  varied. 

Brown  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  Depere.  In  the  E. 
part  of  the  state,  including  Green  Bay.  Surface 
diversified  ;  soil  of  good  quality. 

Brownfield,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  81  miles  S.  E. 
from  Augusta. 

Brownstown,  la.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.    On  the  E. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


307 


fork  of  White  River.     71  miles   S.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Brownstown,  Mn.,  Wayne  co.  At  the  entrance 
of  Huron  River  into  Lake  Erie. 

Brownsville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Edmpnson  co.  130  miles 
S.  W.  from  Lexington. 

Brownville,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  20  miles  N. 
from  Dover.  A  good  township  of  land. 

Brownsville,  O.,  Licking  co.  On  the  national 
road.  40  miles  E.  from  Columbus. 

Brownsollle,  Pa.,  Fayctte  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  the  Monongahela  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Red- 
stone Creek.  191  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Harris- 
burg.  The  national  road  passes  through  it, 
constitutes  its  principal  street,  and  is  carried 
over  the  Monongahela  by  a  fine  bridge. 

Brownsville.  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  On  the  bor- 
ders of  Lake  Ontario.  Was  settled  in  1799  by 
Major  General  Jacob  Brown.  Surface  level ;  soil 
highly  fertile.  164  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Brownsville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Cameron  co. 

Brunswick,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Glynn  co.  On  Turtle 
Creek,  about  14  miles  above  the  bar,  and  8  miles 
above  the  light-house  on  St.  Simon's  Island.  It 
has  a  fine,  spacious  harbor,  with  13  feet  of  water 
on  the  bar  at  lowest  tides.  233  miles  S.  E.  from 
Milledgcville.  A  canal  is  in  progress  to  connect 
it  with  the  Alatamaha  River. 

Brunswick^  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  33  miles  S. 
from  Augusta,  and  27  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Port- 
land. Brunswick  is  on  the  S.  side  of  the  An- 
droscoggin  River,  with  Topsham  directly  op- 
posite, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  substantial 
bridge.  It  lies  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  the  An- 
droscoggin  being  navigable  to  the  foot  of  the  falls 
at  this  place.  Brunswick  is  handsomely  laid  out 
and  well  built,  principally  on  two  wide  streets 
running  parallel  to  each  other,  and  united  by 
cross  streets  at  right  angles.  The  buildings  of 
Bowdoin  College  are  situated  on  an  elevated 
plain  at  one  extremity  of  the  village,  having  in 
the  rear  a  handsome  grove  of  evergreens.  The 
college  buildings  and  the  professors'  houses  are 
arranged  in  good  taste,  and  make  a  pleasing  ap- 
pearance. See  Colleges. 

By  the  falls  pn  the  Androscoggin  at  this  place, 
Brunswick  possesses  a  great  water  power.  Vast 
quantities  of  timber  and  logs  are  floated  down 
the  river,  to  be  sawn  into  boards  at  the  numerous 
mills  which  are  in  operation  here.  Cottons  and 
woollens  are  manufactured  to  some  extent.  Much 
more  of  this  extensive  privilege  remains  to  be 
improved.  Possessing  such  an  exhaustless  water 
power,  and  being  at  the  same  time  situated  on 
navigable  waters,  with  its  river  coming  down 
about  140  miles,  through  the  heart  of  a  fertile 
and  healthy  country,  Brunswick  has  peculiar  ad- 
vantages for  becoming  a  large  manufacturing 
town.  This  place  is  now  connected,  by  railroad, 
with  Augusta,  Portland,  and  Bath. 

B  runs  wick  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Smithville.  In 
the  southernmost  corner,  between  the  Cape  Fear 
River,  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the  S.  C.  boundary. 
Surface  low  and  marshy ;  soil  sterile. 

Brunswick,  N,  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  The  Poes- 
tenkill  and  its  tributaries  water  this  town.  The 
surface  is  hilly,  and  there  is  a  great  variety  of 
soil.  4  miles  E.  from  Troy. 

Brunswick  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Lawrenceville. 
On  the  S.  E.  border.  The  Meherrin  River  flows 
nearly  through  the  centre  of  this  county,  and  the 
Roanoke  touches  the  S.  W.  corner 

Brunswick,  Vt.,  Essex  co.     On  the  W.  side  of 


Connecticut  River,  and  has  some  excellent  mill 
sites,  on  the  waters  of  Nullegan  River  and 
Wheeler  and  Paul's  Streams.  83  miles  N.  E, 
from  Montpelier. 

Brutus,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by  Branch 
and  Cold  Spring  Creeks,  tributaries  of  Seneca 
River.  The  Erie  Canal  passes  through  it.  The 
land  is  hilly  ;  the  soil  consists  of  clay  and  sandy 
loam.  7  miles  N.  from  Auburn,  and  181,  by 
railroad,  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Bryan  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Bryan.  In  the  east- 
ern angle,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic,  and  bounded 
N.  by  the  Ogeechee. 

Bryan,  O.,  c.  h.  Williams  co.  150  miles  N. 
W.  from  Columbus. 

Buchanan  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Independence. 
In  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  The  Wapisap- 
incon  flows  through  it  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E. 

Buchanan  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Sparta.  In  the 
N.  W.  angle  of  the  state,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
souri River.  Drained  by  the  Little  Platte 
River. 

Bucks  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Doylestown.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  Delaware  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  New  Jersey,  S.  by  the  Delaware 
River  and  Philadelphia  co.,  W.  by  Montgomery 
co.,  and  N.  W.  by  Lehigh  co.  Watered  by  Nesh- 
aming  and  Tolinton  Creeks,  and  the  head  branches 
of  Perkiomen  Creek.  Surface  diversified  ;  soil 
of  different  qualities.  There  is  one  locality  of 
plumbago  in  this  county. 

Buckfield,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  town  is  finely 
watered  by  a  branch  of  Androscoggin  River.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Paris,  and  is  34  miles 
W.  by  S.  from  Augusta,  and  50  N.  by  W.  from 
Portland.  The  soil  of  this  town  is  very  good. 

Buckingham,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  Situated  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Delaware  River. 

Buckingham,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Soil  a  mixture  of 
clay,  loam,  and  gravel.  104  miles  E.  by  N.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Buckingham  County.  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Maysville. 
Central.  The  James  River  runs  on  its  N.  and 
W.,  and  the  Appomattox  on  its  S.  border. 

Buckingham,  Va.,  c.  h.  Buckingham  co.  79 
miles  W.from  Richmond. 

Bu.ckland,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  is 
separated  from  Charlemont,  of  which  it  formerly 
was  a  part,  by  Dcerfield  River.  It  has  a  good 
mill  stream,  Clesson's  River,  which  passes  through 
the  town.  The  surface  is  uneven,  but  the  soil 
strong,  and  well  adapted  for  grazing.  100  miles 
W.  by  N.  from  Boston,  and  10  W.  from  Green- 
field. 

Buckland,  Va.,  Prince  William  co.  On  Broad 
Run,  111  miles  N.  from  Richmond.  Situation 
elevated  and  romantic.  Two  or  three  flouring 
mills  are  in  operation  here. 

Bucksport,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Penobscot  River.  15  miles  below  Bangor,  and 
61  N.  E.  from  Augusta.  It  has  a  fine  harbor  for 
vessels  of  the  largest  class. 

Bucksville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Cumberland  co. 

Bucksville,  Horry  district,  S.  C.,  takes  its  name 
from  its  founder,  Henry  Buck;  is  situated  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Wacamaw  River,  about  5 
miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Peedee,  and 
about  30  miles  from  Georgetown ;  has  good 
navigable  water,  for  vessels  of  200  or  300  tons, 
and  a  large  business  in  lumber  and  naval  stores. 

Bucyrus,  0.,  c.  h.  Crawford  co.  On  the  left 
bank  of  Sandusky  River.  46  miles  from  San- 
dusky  City,  and  60  from  Columbus. 


308 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  city,  port  of  entry,  and  capital 
of  Erie  co..  stands  at  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Lake  Erie,  near  its  outlet  through  the  Niagara 
River,  and  at  the  mouth  of  a  creek,  called  Buf- 
falo Creek,  which  empties  into  the  lake  at  this 
point.  It  is  327  miles  W.  from  Albany,  by  rail- 
road, and  363. miles  by  the  Erie  Canal.  It  is 
distant  W.  from  Rochester  73  miles;  S.  S.  E 
Niagara  Falls,  22  miles  ;  and  S.  W.  from  Mon- 
treal, 427  miles.  Population,  in  1810,  1508; 
1820,  2095;  1830,  8653;  1840,  18,213;  1850, 
42,261.  Since  the  completion  of  the  Erie 
Canal,  and  the  chain  of  railroads  connect- 
ing Buffalo  with  Albany,  New  York,  and  Bos- 
ton, its  position,  at  the  eastern  termination  of 
the  commerce  through  the  great  lakes,  Erie, 
Huron,  and  Michigan,  gives  it  a  most  command- 
ing advantage  for  business.  It  is  the  gateway 
between  the  east  and  the  west;  and,  although 
other  channels  for  this  commerce  will  be  opened, 
yet,  as  the  vast  resources  of  the  west  have 
scarcely  begun  to  be  developed,  the  traffic  which 
is  destined  to  pour  through  this  communication 
must  be  immensely  increased  beyond  what  it  has 
ever  yet  been.  The  ground  on  which  the  city  is 
built  rises  gradually  from  the  creek,  which 
passes  through  its  southern  district,  and  becomes, 
at  the  distance  of  2  miles,  an  extended  and  ele- 
vated plain,  50  feet  or  more  above  the  lake  ;  fur- 
nishing a  most  commanding  view  of  the  bosom 
of  the  lake  and  harbor,  of  the  Erie  Canal,  of 
Niagara  River,  and  the  Canada  shore.  From  the 
same  feature  of  its  situation,  the  place  itself  pre- 
sents a  most  beautiful  appearance,  as  it  is 
approached  upon  the  lake.  The  city  is  laid  out, 
with  much  regularity,  into  streets  which  are  broad 
and  straight,  and  usually  intersecting  each  other 
at  right  angles.  Main  Sltreet,  which  is  more  than 
2  miles  in  length  and  120  feet  broad,  is  built  on 
both  sides,  through  a  good  part  of  its  extent, 
with  fine  and  lofty  blocks  of  stores,  dwellings, 
and  hotels,  which  present  an  imposing  appear- 
ance. Many  of  the  streets  are  paved  and  lighted. 
There  are  3  public  squares,  Washington,  Frank- 
lin, and  Niagara,  which  are  planted  with  trees, 
adding  much  to  the  beauty  and  health  of  the  city. 
The  houses  are  generally  built  with  neatness  and 
good  taste.  The  public  buildings  are  a  court 
house,  jail,  county  clerk's  office,  and  2  market 
houses,  in  the  upper  story  of  one  of  which  are 
the  chamber  of  the  common  council  and  the  city 
offices.  There  are  about  20  churches  in  the  city, 
of  which  3  are  Presbyterian,  2  Episcopal,  1  Bap- 
tist, 1  Methodist,  3  German  Protestant,  1  Uni- 
tarian, 2  Roman  Catholic,  1  Universalist,  1 
Bethel,  and  2  African.  Some  of  the  church 
edifices  are  handsome  specimens  of  architecture. 
There  are  an  orphan  asylum,  a  theatre,  and  a 
number  of  spacious  and  elegant  hotels.  The 
Young  Men's  Literary  Association  has  a  well- 
selected  library  of  3500  volumes,  and  sustains  an 
able  course  of  lectures  in  the  winter.  There  is 
1  academy,  which  furnishes  instruction  to  from 
60  to  100  students.  The  common  schools  of 
Buffalo  are  under  the  management  of  the  city 
council,  and  are  made  free  to  the  children  of 
every  class  of  the  citizens,  without  charge  for 
tuition. 

Buffalo  is  well  supplied  with  water  from  the 
Niagara  River,  by  an  aqueduct  which  has  lately 
been  completed.  The  water  is  taken  from  the 
river,  at  Black  Rock,  by  a  tunnel  300  feet  long, 
and  6  feet  square,  under  the  canal,  and  excavated 


through  solid  rock,  and  entering  the  river  through 
the  pier,  12  feet  below  the  surface ;  and  through 
this,  water  is  conveyed  to  a  well  under  the  bank, 
from  which  it  is  elevated  by  forcing  pumps  into 
the  reservoir  on  Prospect  Hill,  about  a  mile  from 
the  centre  of  the  town.  From  thence  it  is  con- 
veyed in  pipes  to  its  place  of  destination.  The 
water  is  as  pure  as  the  best  well  water. 

Buffalo  has  a  most  ample  and  secure  harbor 
for  the  boats  and  shipping  which  navigate  the 
lakes.  It  is  a  kind  of  natural  dock,  formed  by 
the  mouth  of  the  creek,  which  here  enters  the 
lake,  and  which  has,  for  the  distance  of  a  mile 
from  its  enti-ance,  12  or  14  feet  of  water.  A  bar 
at  its  mouth,  which  originally  obstructed  the  pas- 
sage of  vessels  from  the  lake,  has  been  in  a  great 
measure  removed,  and  prevented  from  further 
accumulation  by  the  erection  of  a  mole  and  pier, 
which  serves  to  direct  and  strengthen  the  action 
of  the  current  in  such  a  manner  as  to  effect  this 
object.  This  work  was  built  by  the  joint  contri- 
butions of  the  U.  S.  government  and  the  citizens 
of  Buffalo.  At  the  extremity  of  the  pier  is  a 
light-house,  constructed  of  dressed  limestone,  20 
feet  in  diameter  and  46  feet  high.  The  harbor  is 
protected  from  all  winds,  and  is  so  spacious  that 
it  might  well  accommodate  several  hundred 
steamboats  and  lake  vessels.  Several  other  im- 
portant improvements  have  been  made,  or  are 
now  in  a  course  of  construction,  by  which  the 
facilities  afforded  by  this  port  and  harbor  for  the 
transshipment  of  merchandise  between  the  lake 
and  the  canal  are  rendered  in  the  highest  degree 
eligible  and  convenient.  It  is  proposed  also,  in 
order  to  render  the  harbor  more  easily  accessible 
from  the  lake,  especially  in  severe  winds  and 
storms,  to  construct  a  ship  canal  across  the  isth- 
mus to  the  creek,  at  a  point  near  the  upper  end* 
of  the  harbor.  This  port  is  not  generally  open 
for  navigation  till  about  the  middle  of  May.  By 
means  of  the  strong  westerly  winds  which  prevail 
upon  the  lake  at  the  breaking  up  of  the  ice  in  the 
spring,  the  floating  ice  is  liable  to  be  accumulated 
at  Buffalo,  so  as  to  obstruct  the  access  to  the  har- 
bor sometimes  for  several  weeks  after  the  broad 
lake  is  navigable.  The  commercg  of  the  lakes 
to  this  port  employs  from  50  to  60  steamboats, 
many  of  which  are  spacious  and  elegant,  and 
about  300  schooners  and  other  vessels.  The 
largest  vessels  are  generally  schooners,  because 
they  are  more  easily  managed  on  the  lakes  than 
square-rigged  vessels.  The  value  of  property 
sent  E.  from  Buffalo  by  the  Erie  Canal  in  1850 
was  $20,991,462,  being"  an  increase  from  1840 
of  $14,790,633.  The  tolls  on  the  Erie  Canal  re- 
ceived at  Buffalo  in  1850  amounted  to  $703,498. 
Buffalo  is  connected,  by  canals  and  railroads,  and 
the  lakes,  with  all  the  great  commercial  places  in 
the  country.  Among  the  articles  imported  into 
Buffalo  during  the  year  ending  December  31, 
1851,  were  1,323,784  barrels  of  flour;  4,212.979 
bushels  of  wheat;  6,146,519  bushels  of  corn; 
and  12,507,421  pounds  of  wool.  The  estimated 
value  of  property  received  at  this  port  from  the 
W.  in  1850  was  $35,000,000. 

Buffalo  was  originally  laid  out  by  the  Holland 
Land  Company  in  1801 ;  but  its  progress  was 
slow  until  after  it  was  fixed  upon  as  a  military 
post  in  1812.  The  very  next  year,  the  place 
was  almost  totally  destroyed  by  a  conflagration, 
which  consumed  every  building  excepting  two. 
This  mischief  was  done,  it  being  in  the  time  of 
the  war  with  Great  Britain,  by  a  party  of  the 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


309 


British  soldiers  and  the  Indians.  After  the  war 
was  ended,  Congress  made  an  appropriation  of 
$80,000  towards  remunerating  the  citizen^  of 
Buffalo  for  their  losses  by  this  disaster.  In  1817 
the  place  had  grown  again  to  contain  more  than 
100  houses,  many  of  which  were  of  brick,  and 
some  large  and  elegant.  The  largest  number 
had  been  erected  the  previous  year.  It  was  in- 
corporated as  a  village  in  1822.  But  the 
commencement  of  the  rapid  growth  and  pros- 
perity of  Buffalo  dates  from  the  time  when  the 
Erie  Canal  was  completed,  in  1825.  Four  years 
from  this  time  it  contained  400  dwellings,  and 
more  than  2000  inhabitants.  It  was  incorporated 
as  a  city  April  20,  1832.  The  city  is  divided 
into  5  wards,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor  and 
common  council,  elected  annually  by  the  peo- 
ple. In  April,  1833,  a  company  was  incorporated 
for  the  erection  of  a  marine  hospital.  In  May, 
1834,  an  incorporation  was  established  for  the 
construction  of  a  marine  railway,  with  dry  or 
wet  docks,  for  repairing  vessels.  In  April,  1835, 
the  Sailor's  and  Boatman's  Friend  Society  was  in- 
corporated, for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  moral 
and  religious  welfare  of  that  numerous  class  of  per- 
sons engaged  in  navigating  these  inland  waters. 
The  importance  of  such  a  form  of  philanthropic 
effort,  in  the  port  of  Buffalo,  may  be  inferred 
from  the  fact,  that  it  has,  besides  the  operations 
on  the  Erie  Canal,  an  uninterrupted  extent  of 
lake  navigation  of  1 500  miles,  with  a  coast  of 
3000  miles.  The  first  vessel  bearing  the  Ameri- 
can flag  upon  Lake  Erie  was  the  sloop  Detroit, 
of  70  tons,  built  in  1796.  The  first  steamboat, 
"  Walk-in-the-Water,"  of  342  tons,  low  pressure 
engine,  was  built  at  Black  Rock,  near  Buffalo, 
in  1818.  In  1843,  the  Buffalo  Commercial  Ad- 
vertiser collected  and  published  as  complete  a 
list  as  could  be  obtained  of  all  the  steamers 
which  had  been  built  for  the  lake  navigation  up 
to  that  date ;  it  being  a  quarter  of  a  century  from 
the  time  when  the  first  steamer  was  launched 
upon  Lake  Erie.  The  whole  number  given  in 
the  list  is  105 ;  making  an  aggregate  of  27,000 
tons'  burden,  at  a  total  cost  of  $3,510,000. 

Buffalo,  Pa.     A  township  of  Armstrong  co. 

Buffalo,  Pa.  A  township  of  Butler  co.  Great 
and  Little  Buffalo  and  Thorn  Creeks  water  this 
town. 

Buffalo,  Pa.  A  township  of  Perry  co.,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  above  the 
entrance  of  the  Juniata.  Surface  hilly;  soil 
slate. 

Buffalo,  Pa.    A  township  of  Union  co. 

Buffalo,  Pa.  A  township  of  Washington  co. 
217  miles  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Bulfitt  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Shepherdsville. 
Towards  the  N.  border  of  the  state.  Surface  un- 
even on  the  N.  E. ;  soil  fertile. 

Bullock  Count}],  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Statesboro'.  In  the 
S.  E.  angle.  Bounded  N.  by  Burke  and  Scri- 
ven  counties,  E.  by  Effingham  co.,  S.  by  Bryan 
and  Tatnall,  and  W.  by  Tatnall  and  Emanuel 
counties.  It  has  the  Ogeechec  River  on  its  E., 
and  the  Cannouchee  on  its  W.  boundary. 

Ball  Skin,  Pa.  A  northern  township  of  Fay- 
ette  co. 

Buncombe  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Ashville.  On 
the  W.  border.  The  Nolachucky  and  French 
Broad  River  and  tributaries  water  this  county. 
Surface  rough  and  elevated,  being  situated  be- 
tween two  ridges  of  the  Allcghany  Mountains ; 
soil  well  adapted  to  grazing. 


Bureau  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Princeton.  North 
central.  On  tlie  W.  bank  of  the  Illinois.  Sur- 
face mostly  level,  and  in  parts  marshy. 

Burke  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Waynesboro'.  On 
the  E.  border,  separated  by  the  Savannah  River 
from  S.  C.  Drained  by  Brier  Creek  and  other 
branches  of  the  Savannah  River. 

Burke  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Morgan  town. 
West  part,  at  the  E.  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
Drained  by  Catawba  River  and  tributaries.  Sur- 
face rather  elevated  ;  soil  mostly  fertile. 

Burke,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  A  mountain,  3500 
feet  in  height,  divides  this  town  from  Victory, 
on  the  E.  Branches  of  Passumpsic  River  pass 
through  it,  and  afford  a  good  water  power.  Oil- 
stone (novaculite)-  is  found  in  an  island  in 
Memphremagog  Lake.  The  soil  of  the  town  is 
good,  and  abounds  with  hard  wood  and  ever- 
greens. The  settlement  was  commenced,  about 
the  year  1790,  by  Lemuel  and  Ira  Walter,  Seth 
Spencer,  and  others,  from  Connecticut,  and  the  S. 
part  of  this  state.  The  town  was  organized  De- 
cember 5,  1796.  20  miles  N.  E.  from  Danville, 
and  50  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Burksville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Cumberland  co.  On  the 
W.  bank  of  Cumberland  River.  124  miles  W. 
by  S.  from  Frankfort. 

Burleston  County,  Ts.  East  central.  In  the 
angle  between  the  Brazos  and  the  Yagua. 

Burlington.  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  An  agricultural 
township,  with  a  light  soil,  gravelly  loam,  pleas- 
antly diversified  by  hills  and  vales. "  It  is  watered 
by  Farmington  River,  and  was  taken  from  Bris- 
tol in  1806.  This  town  has  been  noted  for  the 
equality  of  its  inhabitants  in  regard  to  prop- 
erty. 

Burlington,  lo.  Shire  town  of  Des  Moines  co. 
On  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  88  miles  S. 
by  E.  from  Iowa  City,  and  259  N.  by  W.  from 
St.  Louis.  This  place  was  the  first  capital  of  the 
state.  It  is  finely  located  on  the  river,  and  sur- 
rounded by  hills  of  gradual  acclivity,  affording 
many  commanding  sites  for  buildings.  The 
town  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  neatly  built, 
having  several  commodious  brick  churches,  and 
many  handsome  private  residences.  It  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  for  becoming  a  commercial 
emporium  for, a  large  and  important  section  of 
country.  Its  trade  is  already  extensive,  and  it 
has  numerous  mechanical  and  manufacturing 
establishments.  There  are  two  or  three  print- 
ing offices  here,  which  issue  weekly  newspapers. 
The  town  was  laid  out  in  1834.  The  seat  of 
government  was  removed  to  Iowa  City  in  1839. 
This  was  once  the  residence  of  the  celebrated 
Indian  chief  Black  Hawk,  and  here  his  bones 
repose. 

Bur/ington,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Boone  co.  82  miles  N 
by  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Burlington,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  37  miles  N.  E 
from  Bangor.  It  is  watered  by  a  branch  of 
the  Passadumkeag,  and  parts  of  several  largt 
ponds. 

Burlington,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  The  surface  is 
uneven ;  soil  light  and  sandy.  It  is  good  land 
for  hops  and  rye.  A  branch  of  the  Shawsheen 
and  Vine  Brook  water  the  town.  Burlington 
was  formerly  a  part  of  Woburn.  3  miles  N.  W. 
from  the  Woburn  depot  on  the  Lowell  Railroad 
10  miles  from  Boston. 

Burlington  County.  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Hollj 
South  central.  Extending  from  the  Delaware 
to  the  Atlantic.  Drained  by  Crosswick's,  Assun- 


310 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


pink,  Black's.  Craft's,  Assiscunk,  Rancocus,  and 
Pensauken  Creeks,  branches  of  the  Delaware 
River.  Soil  principally  alluvial. 

Burlington  City.  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  A  port 
of  entry  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware,  en- 
circled 'in-  a  small  stream  so  as  to  form  an  island. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out  with  streets  intersecting 
each  other  at  right  angles.  The  bank  of  the 
river  is  a  beautiful  grassy  plain,  bordered  by  ele- 
gant dwellings.  The  Camden  and  Amboy  Rail- 
road passes  through  it. 

Burlington,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  This  town  is 
watered  by  Butternut  and  Wharton  Creeks.  Its 
surface  is  rolling,  and  soil  good.  12  miles  W. 
from  Cooperstown,  and  72  from  Albany. 

Burlington,  O.,  c.  h.  Lawrence  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  the  state.  Sawing  and  various  manufac- 
tures are  carried  on  by  steam  power. 

Burlington,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  Sugar  Creek  and 
its  branches  water  this  town.  Surface  hilly;  soil 
gravelly  loam.  144  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Burfington,  Vt.  Port  of  entry  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  and  shire  town  of  Chittenden  co.  38  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Montpelier.  Population  in  1830, 
3525;  1840,  4271;  1850,  7505.  This  beautiful 
town  is  the  largest  in  the  state,  and  one  of  the 
most  delightful  for  situation  in  the  United  States. 
It  is  built  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  lake,  about  op- 
posite its  widest  part,  where  it  makes  up  between 
two  points  in  a  kind  of  bay  with  a  regularly- 
curving  shore.  The  site  of  the  town  rises  grad- 
ually as  it  recedes  from  the  water  for  a  distance 
of  a'mile  or  more,  until  it  attains  an  elevation  of 
281  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  lake.  Over  the 
whole  extent  of  this  fair  declivity  the  town  is 
spread,  presenting  a  fine  appearance  as  it  is  ap- 
proached or  passed  upon  water.  The  view  of 
the  lake,  and  of  the  near  and  distant  scenery, 
which  is  had  from  the  more  elevated  parts  of 
the  place,  from  the  windows  and  roofs  of  the 
dwellings,  and  especially  from  the  dome  of  the 
university,  which  stands"  on  the  height  of  land, 
presents  features  of  natural  loveliness  and  gran- 
deur not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  other  situa- 
tion occupied  by  a  populous  town  in  the  United 
States.  The  lake  is  here  about  10  miles  wide, 
and  lies  in  view,  to  the  N.  and  S.,  almost  as  far 
as  the  eye  can  reach.  Beyond  its  western  shore 
rise  the"  Adirondack  Mountains  of  New  York, 
to  the  height,  in  some  parts  of  their  majestic 
outline,  of  5000  and  GOOO  feet.  The  eastern  ho- 
rizon, likewise,  is  bounded  by  the  Green  Moun- 
tain range,  with  its  two  most  elevated  summits, 
4000  feet  high. 

The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  running 
from  the  lake  shore  E.,  with  others  running  N. 
and  S.,  intersecting  them  at  right  angles,  and 
dividing  the  whole  surface  into  regular  squares. 
There  is  a  public  square  near  the  centre,  on 
which  is  situated  the  Court  House,  and  around  it 
some  of  the  principal  hotels,  stores,  banks,  offices, 
&c.  The  town  is  handsomely  built  throughout, 
and  there  are  a  number  of  elegant  private  man- 
sions with  beautiful  grounds  and  gardens.  Sev- 
eral of  the  church  edifices  are  fine  specimens  of 
architectural  taste.  The  finest  are  the  Calvin- 
istic  Congregational  Church,  after  a  pure  Grecian 
model ;  the  Unitarian  Congregational  Church, 
of  brick,  with  a  lofty  spire;  and  the  Episcopal 
Church,  which  is  of  stone,  in  the  Gothie  style. 
For  a  notice  of  the  University  of  Vermont, 
which  is  located  here,  see  Colleges. 


As  connected  with  Burlington  may  be  men- 
tioned the  village  of  Winooski  Falls,  which  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Winooski  River, 
about  2  miles  N.  E.  of  the  town.  The  portion 
of  the  village  which  is  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river 
is  in  Colchester.  A  substantial  covered  bridge 
connects  the  two  sides  of  the  river.  The  water 
power  at  these  falls  is  sufficient  for  propelling 
almost  any  amount  of  machinery.  Several  large 
manufacturing  establishments  have  been  erected 
here,  consisting  of  cotton  and  woollen  mills,  a 
foundery  and  machine  shop,  an  extensive  flour 
mill,  saw  mills,  &c.  Some  of  these  manufac- 
tories were  consumed  by  fire  in  the  winter  of 
1851-2. 

The  harbor  of  Burlington  is  the  best  on  Lake 
Champlain,  and  a  larger  number  of  the  vessels 
employed  in  the  lake  navigation  are  owned  here 
than  in  any  other  place.  The  government  has 
erected  a  substantial 'breakwater  here  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  harbor  from  the  west  winds. 

On  Juniper  Island,  4  miles  from  the  harbor, 
a  light-house  is  erected.  A  great  amount  of 
goods  are  landed  at  the  wharves  in  Burlington, 
and  the  mercantile  traffic  of  the  place  is  large, 
and  must  continue  to  increase.  Steamboats  stop 
here  on  their  daily  trips  from  Whitehall,  N.  Y., 
to  St.  John's  in  Canada,  whence  there  is  daily 
steam  communication  to  Montreal.  Railroads 
extend  from  Burlington  E.  to  Boston,  248  miles; 
W.  to  Ogdensburg,  163  miles;  S.  to  Whitehall, 
91  miles ;  and  N.  to  Montreal,  91  miles,  with  the 
exception  of  9  miles  by  steamboat  from  La 
Prairie. 

Burnham,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  37  miles  N.  E. 
from  Augusta,  and  about  30  N.  W.  from  Belfast. 
It  is  bounded  S.  W.  by  Sebasticook  River,  and 
E.  by  Troy.  Incorporated  1824. 

Burns,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Drained  by  Cau- 
seraga  Creek.  Surface  uneven ;  soil  of  good 
quality.  237  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Burnside,  Pa.  A  township  of  Clearfield  co.  156 
miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Burnsville,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Yaucey  co.  200  miles 
W.  from  Raleigh. 

Burrilluille,  Providence  co.  This  town  was  tak- 
en from  Gloucester  in  1806.  It  is  finely  watered 
by  Branch  River,  with  many  branches ;  one 
branch  of  which  rises  in  Alum  Pond,  partly  in 
this  town  and  partly  in  Douglas,  Mass.  This 
river  is  an  important  tributary  to  the  Blackstone. 
Manufacturing  villages  are  scattered  over  this 
large  town  in  almost  every  direction.  The  face 
of  the  town  is  rough,  but  'the  soil  is  adapted  to 
grazing,  and  produces  large  quantities  of  beef, 
pork,  butter,  cheese,  £c.  Herring  and  Eddy's 
Ponds  are  pleasant  sheets  of  water. 

Burton,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  The  Alleghany 
River  and  some  of  its  tributaries  water  this  town. 
The  surface  is  uneven,  and  there  is  quite  a  vari- 
ety of  soil.  The  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad 
passes  through  it.  15  miles  S.  E.  from  Ellicott- 
ville,  and  300  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Btishkilf,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Bushkill  Creek 
waters  this  town.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  the 
soil  tolerably  fertile. 

BushneWs  Basin.  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  On  the 
Erie  Canal.  217  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Bushwick,  N.  Y.,  King's  co.  Watered  by  New- 
town  Creek.  Surface  hilly ;  soil^,  with  good  cul- 
tivation, productive.  3  miles  E.  from  the  city 
of  Brooklyn,  and  148  S.  from  Albany. 

Bashkirs  Bridye,  N.  Y.,  Cambridge,  Wash- 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


311 


ington  co.  On  Hoosic  River.  29  miles  N.  by 
E.  from  Albany. 

Busti,  N. Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Chautauque  Lake 
and  its  outlet  bounds  this  town  on  the  N.,  which 
is  watered  by  several  small  -streams  flowing  into 
the  lake.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  good.  324 
miles  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Butler  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Greenville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Lowndes,  E.  by  Pike  and  Coffee, 
S.  by  Covington  and  Conecuh,  and  W.  by  Con- 
ecuh,  Monroe,  and  Wilcox  counties.  Watered 
by  branches  of  Conecuh  River.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  of  pretty  good  quality. 

Butler,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Choctaw  co.  80  miles  S.  of 
W.  from  Columbia. 

Butler  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Morgantown.  Bounded 
N.  by  Ohio  and  Grayson  counties,  E.  by  Ed- 
monson.  S.  by  Warren  and  Logan,  and  W.  by 
Muhlenburg  county.  Green  River  waters  this 
county. 

Butler  Count//.  Mo.  On  the  S.  E.  border.  The 
Big  Black  River  runs  through  it,  and  the  St. 
Francis  along  its  eastern  border.  A  large  part 
of  it  is  subject  to  annual  inundation. 

Butler,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by  some 
small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario.  The 
surface  is  rolling,  the  soil  gravelly  bam.  13 
miles  N.  E.  from  Lyons,  and  170  N.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Butler  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Hamilton.  In  the 
S.  W.  corner.  It  is  a  very  valuable  farming 
county,  and  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water 
by  the  Great  Miami  River  and  several  creeks. 
The  Miami  Canal  and  the  Miami  and  'White- 
water cross  it ;  also  two  railroads  running  N. 
from  Cincinnati. 

Butler  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Butler.  Western 
part.  Watered  by  Slippery  Rock  and  Connc- 
quenessing  Creeks,  branches  of  Beaver  River. 
The  Allegheny  River  touches  the  N.  E.  and  S.  E. 
corners.  Surface  uneven ;  soil  well  suited  to 
grain  and  grazing. 

Butler,  Pa.    A  township  of  Butler  co. 

Butler,  Pa.,  c.  h  Butler  co.  On  Connequenes- 
sing  Creek.  203  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 
The  place  contains  an  academy,  well  endowed. 

Butler,  Pa.     A  township  of  Luzerne  co. 

Butts  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Butts  City.  Between 
the  Sacramento  and  Feather  Rivers. 

Butternuts,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Butternut  Creek 
and  Unadilla  River  drain  this  town.  The  sur- 
face is  for  the  most  part  hilly.  25  miles  S.  W. 
from  Cooperstown,  and  about  90  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Butts  County.  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Jackson.    Central. 

Buxton,  Me.,  York  co.  This  town  is  bounded 
on  the  S.  W.  by  Saco  River,  and  N.  by  Gorham. 
At  this  place  the  Saco  falls  about  80  feet,  and 
produces  a  great  hydraulic  power,  which  is  partly 
improved  for  manufacturing  establishments.  It 
lies  8  miles  N.  W.  from  Saco,  and  18  W.  from 
Portland. 

Bubem/,  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.  Pogussing  Creek 
waters  this  town.  Soil  sandy  loam.  113  miles 
E.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Byjield,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  A  parish  in  the 
towns  of  Newbury  and  Rowley,  watered  by 
Parker  River,  which  affords  good  hydraulic 
power.  35  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Boston.  There 
is  an  ancient  academy  here. 

Byram,  N.  J..  Sussex  co.  The  Musconetcong 
River  bounds  this  town  on  the  S.  The  surface 
is  broken  by  South  Mountain. 


Byron,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  New ;  taken  from 
Barnard. 

Byron,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  Watered  by  Black 
Creek.  This  town  contains  several  sulphur 
springs.  Surface  level ;  soil  generally  produc- 
tive. 10  miles  N.E.  from  Batavia,  arid  277  5L 
of  W.  from  Albany. 

Cabarrus  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Concord.  S. 
central.  Watered  by  Rocky,  a  branch  of  the 
Yadkin  River.  Surface  mountainous  and  broken  j 
soil  fertile. 

Cabell  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Barboursville.  W. 
part,  on  the  Ohio  River.  Drained  by  Guyandott 
and  Big  Sandy  Rivers.  Surface  mountain- 
ous and  broken ;  soil  mostly  of  an  indifferent 
quality. 

Cabot,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  This  town  lies  on 
the  height  of  land  between  Winooski  and  Connec- 
ticut Rivers.  "The  Plain"  is  delightfully  situ- 
ated, having  the  Green  and  White  Mountains  in 
prospect.  Several  branches  of  the  Winooski  water 
this  town,  and  afford  it  some  water  power.  Hero 
is  Jo  and  Molly's  Pond,  and  a  sulphur  spring. 
The  surface  is  broken  and  hard,  but  good  for 
sheep.  This  is  the  birthplace  of  the  late  Zerah 
Colburn,  the  celebrated  mathematician.  The  set- 
tlement of  this  town. was  commenced  on  what 
is  called  Cabot  Plain,  in  April,  1785,  by  James 
Bruce,  Edmund  Chapman,  Jonathan  Heath,  and 
Benjamin  Webster,  with  their  families.  10  miles 
S.  W.  from  Danville,  and  20  N.  E.  from  Mont- 
pel  ier. 

Caddo  Pansh,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Shreveport.  In  the 
N.  W.  corner.  Red  River  runs  along  its  E.  border, 
and  Caddo  Lake  lies  in  the  N.  part.  Surface 
mostly  level ;  soil  of  medium  quality. 

Cadiz,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Trigg  co.  On  a  beautiful 
eminence  on  the  bank  of  Little  River.  9  miles 
from  Cumberland  River. 

Cadiz,  0.,  c.  h.  Harrison  co.  Situated  114 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Columbus,  and  about  25 
miles  westerly  either  from  Wheeling  or  Steuben- 
ville,  on  the  Ohio  River.  It  is'  a  flourishing  in- 
land town,  with  a  handsome  village,  remarkably 
well  built  and  city  like  in  its  appearance.  Be- 
sides the  county  buildings,  which  are  of  brick,  it 
contains  several  handsome  churches,  of  which  the 
principal  are  the  Presbyterian,  the  Methodist,  and 
the  Associate  Reformed.  This  town  was  laid  out 
in  1803,  when  its  site,  like  most  of  the  surround- 
ing country,  was  a  forest ;  and  its  location  was 
determined  by  the  connection  here  of  two  public 
roads,  from  different  sections  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Virginia,  toward  Central  Ohio,  which,  before  the 
construction  of  the  national  road,  afforded  the 
chief  thoroughfares  of  western  stage  travel  in  this 
direction. 

Cahaba,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Dallas  co.  On  the  right 
bank  of  the  Alabama  River,  immediately  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Cahaba.  about- 50  miles  W. 
from  Montgomery,  and  140  N.  by  E.  from  Mo- 
bile. It  has  communication  with  these  places  by 
steamboats  plying  constantly  on  the  river. 

Cairo,  Is.,  Alexander  co.  'Situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Rivers.  266  miles 
S.  from  Springfield,  522  S.  E.  from  Cincinnati, 
and  about  1000,  by  the  course  of  the  river,  N. 
from  New  Orleans.  From  a  survey  of  the  great 
physical  features  of  the  western  country,  in  con- 
nection with  a  prospective  estimate  of  the  im- 
mense resources  of  wealth  which  are  to  be  rapid- 
ly developed  there,  the  locality  of  this  place  ap- 


312 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


pears  to  possess  the  most  remarkable  advantages 
for  becoming,  at  some  future  period,  the  seat 
of  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  cities  in 
North  America.  Being  near  the  geographical 
centre  of  the  great  Mississippi  basin,  and  at  a 
point  which  the  Creator,  by  the  convergency  of  its 
great  navigable  channels,  seems  to  have  pointed 
out  for  its  social  and  commercial  centre,  it  can- 
not fail,  unless  from  local  difficulties  it  should 
prove  impracticable  to  found  a  city  here,  of  being 
at  length  the  commercial  emporium  of  the  west. 
Its  only  disadvantage  is  in  the  too  slight  elevation 
of  the  delta  on  which  the  place  is  built,  above 
the  rivers,  by  the  junction  of  which  it  is  formed, 
which  exposes  it  in  its  natural  state  to  be  over- 
flowed by  their  waters  at  the  period  of  their  high- 
est floods.  This  has  hitherto  prevented  Cairo 
from  realizing  in  any  considerable  degree  the 
magnificent  results  which  its  projectors  have  an- 
ticipated. But  it  is  intended  ultimately  to  obvi- 
ate this  disadvantage  entirely  by  raising  a  levee,  or 
artificial  embankment,  similar  to  that  before  the 
city  of  New  Orleans,  by  which  the  inundation 
of  the  delta  shall  be  prevented.  Considerable 
progress  has  been  made  by  the  "  Cairo  City  Com- 
pany "  towards  the  accomplishment  of  this  neces- 
sary improvement ;  and  their  operations,  which 
were  for  a  time  suspended  for  the  want  of  pecu- 
niary encouragement,  are  again  resumed,  and 
will  doubtless  be  prosecuted  to  completion,  under 
the  impulse  likely  to  be  given  to  their  enterprise 
by  the  success  of  other  schemes  of  internal  im- 
provement. 

The  "  Cairo  City  Property "  embraces  in  all 
about  9500  acres  on  this  delta  between  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Ohio  Rivers,  with  the  levees,  work- 
shops, founderies,  saw  mills,  dwellings,  hotel,  and 
other  buildings  on  the  premises.  1200  acres 
embraced  within  the  proposed  corporate  limits 
of  Cairo,  are  wholly  enclosed  by  levees,  raised 
above  the  highest  known  floods ;  and  the  enclo- 
sure for  nearly  4000  acres,  including  the  above,  is 
partly  completed. 

One  of  the  correlative  enterprises  of  internal 
improvement,  upon  which  those  interested  in  the 
prosperity  of  Cairo  depend  for  encouragement, 
is  the  incorporation  of  a  company  by  the  state 
of  Illinois  for  building  a  railroad  from  Cairo, 
through  the  centre  of  the  state,  to  Peru,  at  the 
southern  terminus  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan 
Canal ;  and  thence,  by  branches  diverging  N.  E. 
and  N.  W.,  to  Chicago,  on  Lake  Michigan,  and 
to  Galena  and  Dubuque,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi. 
A  long  portion  of  this  road  is  now  in  process  of 
construction.  For  the  furtherance  of  this  impor- 
tant enterprise  Congress,  by  an  act  passed  in  1850, 
has  granted  to  the  state  of  Illinois  the  right  of 
way  for  the  construction  of  this  road  through  all 
the  public  lands  where  it  may  pass  ;  and  also 
"  every  alternate  section  of  land  designated  by 
even  numbers,  for  six  sections  in  width  on  each 
side  of  said  road  and  branches,"  to  be  sold  for 
the  purpose  of  its  construction.  The  grants  are 
made  on  the  conditions  that  the  work  shall  be 
begun  and  carried  on  simultaneously  from  both 
ends  of  the  route,  and  that  the  whole  shall  be 
completed  within  10  years  from  the  date  of  their 
enactment.  Similar  grants  are  made,  by  the 
same  act,  to  the  states  of  Mississippi  and  Ala- 
bama, for  the  construction  of  a  railroad  south, 
from  Cairo  to  Mobile,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  construction  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
has  been  undertaken  with  spirit  by  the  state,  and 


will  doubtless  be  completed  within  the  time  fixed 
by  Congress. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  much,  very  much,  is 
to  be  anticipated  for  the  future  growth  of  Cairo. 
Having,  as  computed,  "  upwards  of  20,000  miles 
of  river  navigation"  on  the  Mississippi,  Ohio, 
and  Missouri,  and  their  tributaries,  all  centring 
here,  with  a  navigable  channel  open  to  New  Or- 
leans at  all  seasons,  and  being  "  at  the  terminus 
of  the  great  Central  Railroad  of  Illinois,  which 
is  to  form  the  most  direct  and  rapid  route  of 
communication  between  the  South- Western  and 
Northern  States,"  and  about  midway  between 
the  great  lakes  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between 
which  an  entire  communication  by  railroad, 
through  this  place,  will  ultimately  be  'completed, 
it  is  evident  that  the  local  disadvantages  above 
referred  to  cannot  long  oppose  an  insuperable 
obstacle  to  the  causes  so  powerfully  conspiring 
to  render  Cairo  a  great  centre  of  intercourse, 
traffic,  and  exchange  for  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive and  productive  regions  of  the  world. 

Calais,  Me.,  Washington  co.  This  great  mart 
of  lumber,  and  of  the  commerce  of  a  large  sec- 
tion of  country,  lies  at  the  head  of  navigation  on 
the  Schoodic,  or  St.  Croix  River,  nearly  opposite 
St.  Stephens;  N.  B.  A  bridge  across  the  river 
connects  the  British  with  the  American  sides. 
At  Milltown,  about  2  miles  above  the  bridge, 
40  or  50  saw  mills  are  in  constant  operation.  A 
railroad  passes  from  Calais,  through  Milltown,  to 
Baring.  Calais  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in 
1850,  and  has  become  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
places  of  business  in  the  state.  204  miles  from 
Augusta,  and  28  above  Eastport. 

Calais,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  This  township  is 
watered  by  two  branches  of  the  Winooski  River. 
They  unite  near  the  S.  line  of  the  town,  af- 
fording in  their  course  a  great  number  of  valua- 
ble privileges.  It  is  also  well  watered  with  springs 
and  brooks.  The  soil  is  a  warm  loam,  easily 
cultivated,  and  well  adapted  to  all  kinds  of  grain. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven.  The  timber 
on  the  streams  is  mostly  hemlock,  spruce,  and 
pine ;  on  the  higher  lands,  maple,  beech,  &c. 
The  N.  line  of  the  township  intersects  two 
considerable  ponds.  There  are  several  other 
small  but  beautiful  ponds  lying  within  the  town- 
ship, abounding  in  fish.  Long  Pond  lies  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  the  town.  In  one  autumn,  2000 
pounds  of  trout  were  taken  from  this  pond.  There 
are  several  springs  in  the  town  whose  waters  are 
quite  brackish.  The  settlement  was  commenced 
in  the  spring  of  1787,  by  Francis  West,  from 
Plymouth  co.,  Ms.  The  first  permanent  settlers, 
however,  were  Abijah,  Asa,  and  P.  Wheclock. 
8  miles  N.  from  Montpelier. 

Calaveras  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Double  Springs, 
otherwise  called  Pleasant  Valley.  In  the  moun- 
tains E.  of  the  San  Joaquin,  between  Dry 
Creek  of  the  Moquelumne  and  the  Stanislaus 
River. 

Calcasieu  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Lisbon.  In  the 
S.  W.  corner,  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
the  Sabine  River  and  Lake,  which  separate  it  from 
Texas.  Watered  by  the  Mermenton,  Calcasieu, 
and  Sabine  Rivers  and  Lakes. 

Caldwell  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Princeton.  W. 
part.  Watered  by  the  Tenesa  and  Cumberland 
Rivers.  It  has  a  generally  level  surface,  and  fer- 
tile soil. 

Caldwdl  Parisfi,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Columbia.  N.  E 
central.  Drained  by  the  Washita  River.  Sur- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


313 


face  flat  and   alluvial  on  the  E.,  and   hilly  on 
the  W. 

Caldwell  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Far  West.  N.  W. 
part.  Drained  by  Shoal  Creek,  which  affords 
good  water  power.  Surface  mostly  level ;  soil 
fertile. 

Caldwell  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Lenoir.  W. 
part  of  the  state.  At  the  E.  foot  of  the  Blue 
Ridge.  Watered  by  Yadkin  River.  Surface 
broken ;  the  Blue  Ridge  lying  on  its  N.  border. 
On  the  borders  of  the  river,  however,  are  broad 
and  fertile  flats. 

Caldwell,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Warren  co.  Watered  by 
several  small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  George, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  The  surface  is  hilly 
and  mountainous,  the  Palmertown  ridge  crossing 
the  S.  E.  part.  Many  interesting  events,  both  of 
the  old  French  war  and  of  the  revolution,  are  asso- 
ciated with  some  of  the  localities  in  this  town. 
(See  Lake  George,  p.  195.)  62  miles  N.  from 
Albany. 

Caldwell,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  Watered  by  Deep 
and  Green  Brooks,  branches  of  the  Passaic,  and 
good  mill  streams.  Surface,  except  on  the  mar- 
gins of  the  streams,  rolling  and  mountainous. 

Caldwell  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Lockhart.  Cen- 
tral part  of  the  state.  On  the  upper  waters  of 
the  Guadaloupe  River. 

Caledonia,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  Watered  by 
Genesee  River  and  an  excellent  mill  stream,  rising 
from  a  spring  in  this  town.  Surface  somewhat 
uneven;  soil  calcareous  loam.  10  miles  N.  from 
Genesee,  and  228  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Caledonia  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Danville.  N.  E. 
part.  The  eastern  range  of  the  Green  Mountains 
extends  through  the  western  part  of  the  county. 
It  is  watered  by  many  fine  streams,  but  the  Con- 
necticut, on  its'S.  E.  border,  and  the  Passumpsic, 
are  its  chief  rivers.  A  large  part  of  the  county  is 
high  and  good  land ;  that  along  the  rivers  is  ex- 
cellent. There  are  some  sulphur  springs  in  this 
county  ;  limestone  and  granite  are  abundant.  The 
Passumpsic  Railroad  connects  it  with  Boston 
and  New  York. 

Calhoun  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Joseph.  W. 
part.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola  River. 
Surface  mostly  level ;  soil  sandy. 

Calhoun  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Gilcad.  In  the 
angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Illinois  and 
Mississippi.  The  surface  consists  of  table  land, 
with  strips  of  alluvion. 

Calhoun  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Marshall.  This 
county  was  incorporated  in  1833,  and  is  bounded 
N.  by  Barry  and  Eaton,  E.  by  Jackson,  S.  by  Hills- 
dale  county  and  Branch,  and  W.  by  Kalarnazoo 
county.  Watered  by  St.  Joseph's  and  Kalamazoo 
Rivers,  which  afford  extensive  water  power.  Sur- 
face undulating,  containing  large  quarries  of 
sandstone  :  soil  fertile,  sandy  loam. 

Calhoun  County,  Ts.  On  the  coast  between 
La  Vacca  Bay  and  the  River  Guadaloupe. 

Calaway  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Fulton.  East 
central.  On  the  N.  bank  of  the  Missouri  River. 
Drained  by  Big  and  Little  Au  Vase  Creeks. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  fertile. 

Callaway  Count//,  Ky..  c.  h.  at  Wadesboro'.  W. 
part.  In  the  W.  angle  between  the  state  of  Ten- 
nessee and  the  Tennessee  River.  It  is  crossed 
through  the  middle  by  Clark's  River. 

Calumet  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Calumet.  E.  part. 
On  the  N.  E.  shore  of  Lake  Winnebago.  Drained 
by  the  head  branches  of  the  Manitoowa  River. 

Calvert  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Prince  Frederic. 
40 


S.  E.  part.    Between  Patuxent  River  and  Chesa- 
peake Bay.     Surface  undulating. 

Cambria  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Ebensburg.  S. 
W.  central.  Between  the  Laurel  Ridge  and  the 
Alleghanies.  Watered  by  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna  and  the  head  branches  of  Kiski- 
minitas  or  Connemaugh  River.  Surface  rough 
and  mountainous  ;  soil  tolerably  good. 

Cambria,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  Mostly  level. 
Watered  by  several  small  streams.  7  miles  W. 
from  Lockport,  and  283  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Cambria,  Pa.,  Cambria  co.  Watered  by  Black 
Lick  Creek  and  the  N.  branch  of  Little  Conne- 
maugh River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  sand  and  clay. 

Cambridge,  Me.,  Somerset  co. 

Cambridge,  Md.,  c.  h.  Dorchester  co.  On  the 
S.  side  of  Choptank  River,  12  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  Chesapeake  Bay.  61  miles  S.  E, 
from  Annapolis. 

Cambridge.  Ms.  City  and  one  of  the  seats  of 
justice  of  Middlesex  co.  This  is  the  seat  of 
Cambridge  University,  the  oldest  and  best  en- 
dowed of  the  colleges  in  the  United  States.  It 
may  be  divided  into  three  parts  —  Old  Cam- 
bridge, where  the  college  is  situated,  about  3 
miles  W.  from  Boston ;  Cambridgeport,  a  flour- 
ishing village,  about  midway  between  Boston  and 
Old  Cambridge  ;  and  East  Cambridge,  where 
the  county  buildings  are  located,  immediately 
connected  with  Boston  by  Cragie's  Bridge  over 
Charles  River ;  also  with  the  city  of  Charles- 
town  by  a  bridge.  Population  in  1790,  2115; 
1800,2453;  1810,2323;  1820,3295;  1830,6072; 
1840,  8409;  1850,15.215. 

Cambridge  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  New 
England.  It  was  incorporated  in  1630,  by  the 
name  of  Newtown.  It  took  the  name  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1638.  It  has  ever  been  closely  con- 
nected with  Boston  in  all  its  literary,  intellectual, 
and  political  relations  ;  and,  were  it  not  for  mu- 
nicipal distinctions,  might  be  considered  as  vir- 
tually an  integral  part  of  the  metropolis.  Old 
Cambridge  especially  constitutes  one  of  the  very 
beautiful  suburbs  of  Boston.  (For  a  notice  of 
the  university,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Colleges.} 
The  university  buildings  are  pleasantly,  though 
somewhat  irregularly,  situated.  Some  have  quite 
a  venerable  appearance;  and  others,  which 
are  newer,  particularly  the  library  building, 
are  among  the  finest  specimens  of  architecture 
in  the  country.  A  large  proportion  of  the 
houses  in  Old  Cambridge  are  of  the  most  ele- 
gant description,  being  built  and  located,  even 
when  they  are  not  very  costly,  with  a  just  regard 
to  the  principles  of  taste.  They  are  often  em- 
bowered in  the  most  beautiful  trees  and  shrub- 
bery. There  are  several  handsome  houses  of  pub- 
lic worship  in  the  vicinity  of  the  College  Green. 

Cambridgeport,  as  its  name  implies,  is  a  more 
crowded  and  bustling  mart  of  business.  There 
are,  however,  many  very  pretty  streets  here,  and 
many  elegant  and  costly  houses.  There  are 
several  handsome  meeting  houses,  the  town- 
house,  and  other  public  buildings. 

East  Cambridge,  formerly  known  as  Lech- 
mere's  Point,  opposite  the  N.  W.  part  of  Boston, 
is  also  a  business  pai't  of  the  city,  and  has  risen 
into  consequence  within  a  few  years.  It  con- 
tains six  or  eight  places  of  worship,  the  court 
house,  jail,  and  house  of  correction.  Here  are 
the  extensive  glass  works  of  the  New  England 
Glass  Company;  also  soap,  candle,  and  brush 
factories,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  manufac- 


314 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


luring  and  mechanical  operations.  Charles 
River  winds  its  course  along  the  S.  border  of 
Cambridge,  affording  convenient  facilities  for 
navigation  to  each  section  of  the  town. 

The  Mount  Auburn  Cemetery  lies  about  a 
mile  W.  of  the  university,  in  the  towns  of  Wa- 
tertown  and  Cambridge.  This  beautiful  rural 
cemetery,  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  was 
dedicated  September  24, 1 831.  It  contains'about 
100  acres  of  land,  covered  with  a  natural  growth 
of  trees,  the  highest  part  of  which  is  125  feet 
above  the  river,  laid  out  with  winding  gravelled 
walks,  and  embellished  with  every  variety  of 
shrub  and  flower.  Numerous  monuments,  of 
costly  material  and  exquisite  workmanship,  are 
already  erected,  constituting  this  a  magnificent 
resting-place  of  the  dead.  It  is  surrounded  by 
an  iron  fence,  with  an  imposing  granite  gateway, 
in  the  Egyptian  style  ;  and  not  far  from  the  en- 
trance is  a  chapel,  of  granite,  for  the  celebration 
of  burial  services.  Our  readers  will  be  pleased 
to  see  the  following  short  extract  from  the  ad- 
dress of  the  late  JUDGE  STORY  at  the  setting 
apart  of  this  hallowed  spot  to  the  purpose  for 
which  it  is  now  used :  — 

"Nature,"  he  says,  "  seems  to  point  it  out  with 
significant  energy,  as  the  favorite  retirement  for 
the  dead.  There  are  around  us  all  the  varied 
features  of  her  beauty  and  grandeur  —  the  forest- 
crowned  height,  the  abrupt  acclivity,  the  shel- 
tered valley,  the  deep  glen,  the  grassy  glade, 
and  the  silent  grove.  Here  are  the  lofty  oak, 
the  beech,  that '  wreathes  its  old,  fantastic  roots  so 
high,'  the  rustling  pine,  and  the  drooping  willow, 
—  the  tree  that  sheds  its  pale  leaves  with  every 
autumn,  a  fit  emblem  of  our  own  transitory 
bloom  ;  and  the  evergreen, '  with  its  perennial 
shoots,  instructing  us  that  'the  wintry  blast  of 
death  kills  not  the  buds  of  virtue.'  Here  is  the 
thick  shrubbery,  to  protect  and  conceal  the  new- 
made  grave ;  and  there  is  the  wild  flower  creep- 
ing along  the  narrow  path,  and  planting  its  seeds 
in  the  upturned  earth.  All  around  us  there 
breathes  a  solemn  calm,  as  if  we  were  in  the 
bosom  of  a  wilderness,  broken  only  by  the  breeze 
as  it  murmurs  through  the  tops  of  the  forest,  or 
by  the  notes  of  the  warbler,  pouring  forth  his 
matin  or  his  evening  song. 

"  Ascend  but  a  few  steps,  and  what  a  change 
of  scenery  to  surprise  and  delight  us  !  We  seem, 
as  it  were,  in  an  instant,  to  pass  from  the  con- 
fines of  death  to  the  bright  and  balmy  regions  of 
life.  Below  us  flows  the  winding  (jharles,  with 
its  rippling  current,  like  the  stream  of  time 
hastening  to  the  ocean  of  eternity.  In  the  dis- 
tance, the  city  •*-  at  once  the  object  of  our  ad- 
miration and  our  love  —  rears  its  proud  emi- 
nences, its  glittering  spires,  its  lofty  towers,  its 
graceful  mansions,  its  curling  smoke,  its  crowd- 
ed haunts  of  business  and  pleasure,  which  speak 
to  the  eye,  and  yet  leave  a  noiseless  loneliness  on 
the  ear.  Again  we  turn,  and  the  walls  of  our 
venerable  university  rise  before  us,  with  many  a 
recollection  of  happy  days  passed  there,  in  the 
interchange  of  study  and  friendship,  and  many  a 
grateful  thought  of  the  affluence  of  its  learning, 
which  has  adorned  and  nourished  the  literature 
of  our  country.  Again  we  turn,  and  the  culti- 
vated farm,  the  neat  cottage,  the  village  church, 
the  sparkling  lake,  the  rich  valley,  and  the  dis- 
tant hills,  arc  before  us  through  opening  vistas  ; 
and  we  breathe  amidst  the  fresh  and  varied 
labors  of  man." 


From  the  first  settlement  of  the  country,  Cam- 
bridge has  been  a  place  of  great  •  importance, 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  and 
during  the  year  1775,  the  head-quarters  of  the 
American  army  were  in  this  town,  and  here 
Washington  entered  upon  his  duties  as  com 
mander-in-chicf.  His  quarters  were  at  the  Cra- 
gie  House,  situated  on  the  street  between,  the 
college  and  Mount  Auburn.  Our  admired  poet, 
Longfellow,  the  present  proprietor,  displays  good 
taste  by  preserving  as  nearly  as  possible  the 
original  external  appearance  of  the  house.  Thi 
Washington  Elm,  on  the  westerly  side  of  Cam- 
bridge Common,  is  also  an  object  of  interest,  as 
under  its  branches  Washington  was  stationed 
while  his  commission  was  proclaimed  to  the 
army  of  twenty  thousand  men  drawn  up  on  the 
Common  ;  and  here  he  drew  that  sword  which, 
turning  every  way,  like  the  sword  of  the  angel, 
became  salvation  to  his  country,  and  terror  and 
confusion  to  her  adversaries. 

Cambridge,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  This  town  has  an 
uneven  surface,  and  is  watered  by  several  streams 
which  rise  here  and  fall  into  the  Androscoggin. 
143  miles  N.  E^rom  Concord,  and  35  N.  E.  from 
Lancaster. 

Cambridge,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Watered 
by  Hoosic  River  and  its  tributaries.  Surface 
generally  level,  soil  mostly  gravelly,  and  sandy 
loam.  12  miles  S.  from  Salern,  and  34  N.  E. 
from  Albany. 

Cambridge,  O.,  c.  h.  Guernsey  co.  On  the  na- 
tional road,  on  Wills  Creek.  48  miles  W.  from 
Wheeling,  and  78  E.  from  Columbus. 

Cambridge,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  Lamoille  River 
passes  through  the  town,  and  receives,  in  its 
course,  North  Branch,  Brewster's  River,  and 
Seymour's  Brook.  These  streams  afford  numer- 
ous mill  privileges.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and 
in  some  places  it) ugh.  The  land  is,  however, 
generally  good,  and  on  the  river  are  about  6000 
acres  of  valuable  intervale.  A  branch  of  Dead 
Creek  rises  in  this  town,  and  another  branch  of 
said  creek  runs  across  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the 
town.  The  town  is  well  watered,  and  produces 
timber  of  various  kinds.  There  are  three  small 
villages.  The  first  settler  was  John  Spoffbrd; 
he  came  into  the  town  in  1783,  from  Piermont, 
N.  H.  18  miles  W.  from  Hydepark,  and  40  N. 
W.  from  Montpelier. 

Cambridgeport,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  See  Cam- 
bridge, Ms. 

Camden,  As.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  90  mile* 
W.  of  S.  from  Little  Rock. 

Camden  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Jeffersonton.  In 
the  S.  E.  corner.  Santilla  River  flows  through 
the  interior,  and  St.  Mary's  River  along  the  S. 
border  of  this  county,  which  embraces  Cumber- 
land Island,  lying  in"  the  Atlantic. 

Camden,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Penobscot  Bay.  10  miles  N.  from  Thomaston, 
and  40  E.  S.  E.  from  Augusta.  It  has  two  fine 
harbors,  but  its  chief  business  is  the  manufacture 
of  lime,  of  which  about  200,000  casks  are  annu- 
ally shipped  to  all  ports  of  the  United  States. 
The  lime  is  used  for  making  cement  of  a  supe- 
rior quality.  The  Meguntieook  River  affords  an 
extensive  water  power. 

Camden  County,  N.  C..  c.  h.  at  Joneshurg.  In 
the  N.  E.  corner,  on  Albemarle  Sound,  between 
Pasquotank  and  North  Rivers.  Surface  low  and 
marshy. 

Camden,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Camden  co.    On  the  B. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


315 


Bide  of  Pasquotank  River.  219  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Raleigh,  otherwise  called  Joneshurg. 

Camden  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Camden.  S.  W. 
part.  Washed  by  the  Delaware  on  the  W. 
Level,  and  soil  light. 

Camden,  N.  J.  City  and  port  of  entry,  Glouces- 
ter co.  Situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Del- 
aware River,  opposite  Philadelphia.  The  city 
was  incorporated  in  1828,  extending  about  2 
miles  on  the  river,  and  about  a  mile  and  a  half 
back.  It  consists  of  three  distinct  villages,  each 
connected  with  Philadelphia  by  a  ferry.  The 
upper  of  these  is  known  as  Cooper's  Point,  and 
the  lower  as  Kaighn's  Point,  or  South  Camden. 
Camden  proper  is  that  part  of  the  city  included 
in  the  central  village,  which  is  the  largest  of  the 
three.  Cooper's  Point,  however,  was  first  settled, 
and  the  ferry  from  Philadelphia  to  this  point  was 
established  as  early  as  1695.  Much  of  the  terri- 
tory included  within  the  chartered  limits  of 
Camden  is  yet  occupied  with  gardens  and  fruit 
orchards,  for  the  supply  of  the  Philadelphia 
market.  There  are  several  public  gardens,  which 
are  places  of  resort  for  the  citizens  of  Philadel- 
phia, in  the  summer,  for  recreation. 

Windmill,  or  Clark's  Island,  lies  in  the  river 
between  Philadelphia  and  Camden  proper,  having 
the  deepest  channel  on  the  Philadelphia  side. 
Vessels  of  the  largest  class  can  come  up  only  to 
Kaighn's  Point,  and  those  of  150  tons  only  to 
Camden  proper.  Clark's  Island  and  the  bar 
running  from  it  interposed,  in  its  natural  condi- 
tion, an  obstacle  to  the  direct  passage  of  the  ferry 
boats  to  Camden.  This  proved  so  serious  an 
inconvenience  that,  in  1837,  a  channel  was  cut 
through  it  at  a  cost  of  about  $40,000.  The  ter- 
minus of  the  Camden  and  Aniboy  Railroad, 
making  a  part  of  one  of  the  routes  from  Phil- 
adelphia to  New  York,  is  at  Camden;  and  also 
that  of  another  railroad,  running  a  few  miles 
south,  to  Woodbury,  the  shire  town  of  the  county. 

The  growth  of  Camden,  as  a  place  of  business, 
has  been  considerable  for  a  few  years  past. 
There  are  now  18  or  20  respectable  mercantile 
houses,  several  lumber  yards,  and  numerous 
mechanical  and  manufacturing  establishments. 
There  are  churches  in  the  city  of  the  Episcopal, 
Baptist,  and  Methodist  denominations,  and  of 
the  Friends.  The  remains  of  barracks  built  here 
by  the  British,  during  their  occupancy  of  Phil- 
adelphia, in  the  war  of  the  revolution,  are  still 
risible  near  the  upper  ferry. 

Camden,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Watered  by  Fish 
Creek  and  its  branches.  The  surface  is  generally 
hilly ;  the  soil  easily  cultivated,  and  very  fertile 
in  some  parts.  35  miles  N.  W.  from  Utica,  and 
1 27  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Camden,  S.  C..  seat  of  justice  of  Kershaw 
district.  On  the  E.  bank  of  Waterce  River.  33 
miles  N.  E.  from  Columbia.  The  river  is  navi- 
gable to  this  place  for  flat  boats  of  60  or  70  tons. 
The  soil  of  the  surrounding  country  is  fertile, 
but  liable  to  be  overflowed.  Cotton  and  corn 
are  abundantly  produced.  The  place  is  well 
built;  some  of  the  church  edifices,  of  which 
there  are  four  or  five,  are  elegant.  Its  trade  is 
considerable.  The  De  Kail)  mills,  and  a  cotton 
factory,  are  in  the  suburbs  of  the  village. 

This  place  is  celebrated,  in  revolutionary  his- 
tory, as  the  scene  of  two  important  battles  :  that 
df  August  16,  1780,  between  General  Gates  and 
Lord  Cornwallis ;  and  that  of  April  23,  1781, 
between  General  Greene  and  Lord  Rawdon.  In 


1825,  Lafayette  laid  the  corner  stone  of  a  monu- 
ment here  to  the  memory  of  Baron  de  Kalb,  of 
revolutionary  celebrity,  which  stands  at  the  foot 
of  De  Kalb  Street,  and  is  of  fine  white  marble. 

In  the  near  vicinity  of  this  town  is  a  large 
mound,  supposed  to  indicate  the  site  of  one  of 
the  ancient  towns  of  the  Cutawba  Indians. 

Camden  County,  Mo.  Southern  central.  Wa- 
tered by  the  Osage  and  several  large  tributaries, 

Cameron,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by 
Canisteo  River,  and  several  small  streams.  The 
surface  is  hilly,  the  soil  generally  u'ood.  7  miles 
S.  from  Bath,  and  221  S.  of  W.'from  Albany. 

Cameron  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Brownsville.  In 
the  S.  E.  angle,  between  the  Lower  Del  Norte  and 
the  Gulf  coast. 

Camillas,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  The  surface 
is  rolling,  and  is  watered  by  Nine  Mile  Creek. 
It  lies  7  miles  W.  from  Syracuse,  and  141  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Campbell  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Campbellton.  N. 
W.  part  on  both  sides  the  Chattahoochce.  Sur- 
face undulating;  soil  productive. 

Campbell  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Newport.  North- 
ernmost part,  in  the  angle  between  the  Licking 
and  Ohio.  Surface  uneven  ;  soil  productive. 

Campbell,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Conhocton  River, 
Mead's  Creek,  and  several  small  streams  water 
this  town.  Surface  hilly,  soil  clay  and  marly 
loam.  10  miles  S.  E.  from  Bath,  and  209  W.  by 
S.  from  Albany. 

Campbell  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Jacksboro'.  East 
part  on  the  N.  border.  Watered  by  the  Tennessee 
and  several  branches  of  the  Cumberland  River. 
Surface  broken  by  the  Cumberland  Mountains. 

Campbell  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Campbell  co, 
South  central.  Between  the  James  River  and  the 
Roanoke.  It  has  a  rough  surface,  but  fertile  soiL 

Campbell,  Va..  c.  h.  Campbell  co.  125  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Campbellton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Campbell  co.  On  both 
sides  of  the  Chattahoochee  River.  102  miles  N. 
W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Campton,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  The  surface  is 
broken  and  uneven.  Besides  Pemigewasset 
River,  this  town  is  watered  by  Mad,  Beebe,  West 
Branch,  and  Bog  Brook  Rivers.  The  land  in 
the  valleys  is  good,  and  there  is  some  intervale. 
The  high  land  is  good  for  grazing.  The  forest 
trees  are  mostly  deciduous.  Iron  ore  is  found  in 
some  parts.  From  the  circumstance  of  the  first 
proprietors'  building  a  camp,  when  they  went  to 
survey  Campton  and  Rumney,  this  town  derives 
its  name.  First  settlers,  two  families  named  Fox 
and  Taylor,  in  1765. 

Canaan,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  First  settled  in 
1738.  Incorporated,  1739.  The  town  lies  on 
the  E.  side  of  Housatonie  River,  opposite  Salis- 
bury. A  ledge  of  limestone  rocks  crosses  the 
rive'r  at  this  place,  about  30  rods  in- length,  caus- 
ing a  perpendicular  fall  of  60  feet.  The  river  is 
rapid,  both  above  and  below  this  beautiful  cata- 
ract. The  whole  descent  of  the  river,  in  Canaan, 
is  about  130  fee.t,  "  nobly  arranged  and  distrib- 
uted, and  comprehending  a  remarkable  variety 
of  beauty  and  grandeur."  The  township  is 
mountainous,  with  some  arable  land  along  the 
streams.  Limestone  and  iron  ore  are  abundant 

Canaan,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  A  good  farming 
town  on  the  E.  side  of  Kennebec  lliver.  34  miles 
N.  from  Augusta. 

Canaan,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  Heart  Pond,  so 
called  from  its  figure,  is  situated  in  the  centra 


316 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


of  the  town,  upon  a  swell  of  land  so  elevated,  that 
at  a  distance  it  presents  the  appearance  of  a  sheet 
of  water  on  a  hill.  It  is  400  rods  in  length,  and 
200  in  width,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  ridge  or 
mound.  It  is  from  4  to  5  feet  high,  and  is  found 
to  have  been  produced  by  the  drifting  of  the 
ice,  when  breaking  up  in  the  spring.  Besides 
this,  there  are  Goose,  darks',  Mud,  and  Bear 
Ponds.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  land  capable  of 
cultivation.  It  derives  its  name  from  Canaan  in 
Connecticut.  First  settlers,  1776,  George  Harris, 
Thomas  Miner, 'Joshua  Harris,  Samuel  Jones,  and 
Samuel  Meacham.  16  miles  E.  from  Dartmouth 
College,  and  52  N.  W.  from  Concord  by  railroad. 

Canaan,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Some  of  the 
branches  of  Kinderhook  Creek  water  this  town. 
Surface  hilly  and  mountainous.  20  miles  N.  E. 
from  Hudson,  and  24  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Canaan,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  Some  branches  of 
the  Lacka waxen  water  this  town,  and  the  Car- 
bondale  and  Honesdale  Railroad  traverses  it. 
Surface  somewhat  mountainous;  soil  loam  and 
gravel.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg  159  miles. 

Canaan,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  Canaan  lies  opposite 
Stewartsown,  N.  H.  The  north-east  corner  of  the 
town  is  the  most  easterly  land  in  Vermont.  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1 782,  it  received  a  new  charter,  and  Oc- 
tober 23,  1801,  the  town  of  Norfolk  was  annexed 
to  it.  The  Connecticut  River  bounds  it  on  the  E. 
Willard's  Brook,  &c.,  afford  good  mill  privileges. 
There  is  some  fine  intervale  on  the  Connecticut, 
and  much  good  land  in  other  parts.  35  miles  N. 
from  Guildhall,  and  103  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Canadice,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Watered  by 
Honeoye,  Canadice,  and  Hemlock  Lakes.  The 
surface  is  quite  hilly ;  the  soil  fertile  in  some  por- 
tions. 18  miles  S.  W.  from  Canandaigua,  and  216 
W.  from  Albany. 

Canajoharie,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  On  the 
S.  side  of  the  Mohawk  River,  and  watered  by 
Bowman's  and  Otsquake  Creeks.  Surface  hilly; 
soil  strong  sandy  loam.  10  miles  W.  from  Fonda, 
and  55  N.  of  W .  from  Albany. 

Canandaigua,  N.  Y.  Shire  town  of  Ontario  co. 
This  township  contains  a  considerable  portion  of 
Canandaigua  Lake.  Its  surface  is  diversified  with 
hills  and  plains ;  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  generally 
under  high  cultivation. 

The  village  of  Canandaigua.  incorporated  in 
1815,  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  outlet  of  the 
lake,  224  miles  by  railroad  W.  from  Albany,  and 
104  E.  from  Buffalo.  The  ground  on  which  it  is 
built  descends  gently  towards  the  lake,  presenting 
a  fine  view  of 'the  water  from  the  village.  Two 
parallel  streets,  which  run  N.  and  S.,  and  are 
crossed  at  right  angles  by  several  others,  constitute 
the  principal  streets ;  having  a  fine  public  square 
at  the  centre,  on  which  are  located  the  court 
house  and  other  public  buildings. 

There  is  a  classical  academy  at  Canandaigua,  in 
which  a  very  thorough  course  of  studies  is  pur- 
sued ;  also  the  Ontario  Female  Seminary,  founded 
in  1825,  which  enjoys  a  high  reputation.  There 
are  churches  of  the  Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Meth- 
odist, and  Baptist  denominations.  A  state  ar- 
senal is  located  here.  Many  of  the  mansions  of 
the  citizens  are  large  and  elegant,  and  are  sur- 
rounded by  beautiful  trees  and  gardens,  giving  an 
air  of  superior  wealth  and  refinement  to  the  place. 
The  first  land  office  in  Western  New  York  for 
the  sale  of  lands  to  settlers  was  opened  at  Canan- 
daigua. in  1789,  by  Oliver  Phelps,  who,  with  Na- 
thaniel Gorham,  was  a  leading  pioneer  in  the  pur- 


chase, survey,  and  settlement  gf  this  part  of  West- 
ern New  York.  The  system  which  he  conceived, 
of  surveying  lands  by  townships,  and  numbering 
them  in  ranges,  from  a  given  line,  became  the 
model  for  surveying  all  the  public  lands  of  the 
United  States.  Canandaigua,  for  example,  was 
township  number  ten  in  the  third  range.  Canan- 
daigua village  also  was  laid  out  by  Messrs.  Phelps 
and  Gorham,  who  lived  and  died  here,  and  by  their 
liberal  benefactions  in  founding  the  classical  acad- 
emy above  mentioned,  have  left  behind  them 
an  honorable  memorial  to  all  succeeding  gener- 
ations. 

Candia,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  1 5  miles  from 
Concord,  on  the  height  of  land  between  the  Mer- 
rimac  and  the  ocean.  Site  elevated ;  soil  hard. 

Candor,  N.  Y.,  Tioga  co.  Watered  by  Catto- 
tong  and  West  Owego  Creeks.  Hilly ;  soil  mostly 
rich  loam.  8  miles  N.  from  Owego,  and  177  S. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Caneadea,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  On  each  side 
of  Genesee  River,  and  watered  by  several  of  its 
small  tributaries.  The  E.  and  W.  parts  of  the 
town  are  hilly,  becoming  more  level  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  river.  Soil  clay  and  sandy  loam. 
267  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Canisteo,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by  Can- 
isteo  River  and  some  of  its  tributaries.  The 
surface  is  very  uneven ;  soil  good,  the  valley  of 
the  Canisteo  consisting  of  rich  alluvial  flats.  241 
miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Cannon  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Woodbury.  Cen- 
tral. Surface  hilly,  and  watered  by  some  tributa- 
ries of  Cumberland  River ;  soil  fertile. 

Canterbury,  Ct,  Windham  co.  The  first  set- 
tlers of  this  town  were  principally  from  Dor- 
chester, Ms.,  and  its  neighborhood.  They  came 
here  about  the  year  1690.  The  soil  of  the  town 
is  a  gravelly  loam,  generally  fertile  and  produc- 
tive. The  Quinnebaug  is  here  a  large  and  beau- 
tiful stream.  It  annually  overflows  its  banks,  and 
fertilizes  a  large  tract  upon  its  borders.  There  is 
fine  fishing  in  Bates's  Pond. 

Canterbury,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  On  Merrimac 
River.  Uneven.  Soil  generally  good.  In  the 
S.  E.  part  is  a  village  of  Shakers. 

Canton,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  First  settled  1740; 
incorporated  1806;  taken  from  Simsbury.  Col- 
linsville  is  the  principal  village  in  the  town.  This 
village  presents  a  beautiful  appearance,  and  is  a 
noble  specimen  of  individual  enterprise.  The  soil 
of  Canton  is  coarse  and  stony,  and  the  surface 
hilly.  Farmington  River  passes  through  its  S. 
W.  corner.  In  Collinsville  is  an  extensive  axo 
manufactory,  with  machinery  of  unsurpassed  ex- 
cellence. 

Canton,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  Incorporated  1821.  It 
lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Androscoggin  River,  32 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  24  N.  E.  from 
Paris. 

Canton,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  town  was  for- 
merly the  first  parish  in  the  old  town  of  Stough- 
ton.  The  Indian  name  was  Punkapog.  .The 
natural  scenery  of  this  town  is  beatifully  diversi- 
fied and  picturesque.  Punkapog  Pond  is  a  beau- 
tiful little  lake,  and  affords  fine  fishing.  Blue 
Hill,  630  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and 
the  highest  land  near  the  sea-coast  of  Ms.  is  partly 
in  this  town  and  partly  in  Milton.  From  its 
summit  there  is  a  magnificent  view  of  the  me- 
tropolis and  its  harbor,  of  the  ocean  and  the  sur- 
rounding country.  The  E.  branch  of  Neponset 
River,  and  several1  large  ponds  and  reservoirs, 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


317 


give  this  town  an  extensive  water  power.  The 
railroad  bridge  over  one  of  the  ponds  and  river  at 
this  place  is  conceded  to  be  the  most  elegant  and 
massive  structure  of  masonry  in  the  United 
States.  It  cost  the  company.  $93,000.  It  is  615 
feet  in  length,  connected  at  intervals  by  buttresses 
5^  feet  thick,  extending  transversely  across  the 
walls,  and  projecting  4  feet  beyond  their  faces. 
Their  elevation  is  crowned  by  segment  arches 
that  support  the  coping,  surmounted  by  a  para- 
pet wall  3  feet  8  inches  high.  Near  the  bottom 
are  6  large  arches,  for  the  passage  of  water,  and 
in  another  place  is  an  arch  still  larger,  through 
which  passes  a  town  road.  From  the  top  of  the 
viaduct  to  the  bottom  of  the  pond,  the  distance 
is  about  70  feet.  A  branch  railroad  to  Stough- 
ton,  4  miles  distant,  enters  the  Boston  and  Prov- 
idence Railroad  near  the  viaduct.  The  Fowl 
Meadows,  a  large  portion  of  which  are  in  Canton, 
extend  7  miles  in  length,  with  varying  breadth  ; 
they  contain  excellent  peat.  14  miles  S.  by  W. 
from  Boston,  and  6  S.  E.  from  Dedham. 

Canton,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Madison  co.  23  miles  N.  by 
E.  from  Jackson. 

Canton,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  "Watered  by 
Grass  and  Oswegatchie  Rivers,  which  are  con- 
nected at  this  place  by  a  natural  canal  5  miles  in 
length.  The  surface  is  mostly  level ;  soil  strong 
clay  loam.  Lead  ore,  and  a  fine  white  marble, 
are  found  here.  206  miles  N.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Canton,  0.,  c.  h.  Stark  co.  In  a  fertile  tract  of 
land,  on  the  forks  of  Nimishillen  Creek.  120  miles 
N.  E.  from  Columbus,  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad,  and  having  railroad  communica- 
tion with  Cleveland,  Pittsburg,  and  Columbus. 

Canton,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  The  Tonawanda 
Creek  and  its  branches  water  this  township,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  gravellv 
loam.  136  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Canton  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Watered  by 
Chartier's  Creek  and  its  branches.  Surface  some- 
what undulating ;  soil  loam.  Coal  abounds. 

Cape  Elizabeth,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  On  the 
S.  E.  shore  of  Casco  Bay,  adjoining  Portland. 
One  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  state.  It  con- 
tains a  pond,  which,  upon  being  drained,  dis- 
closed a  bed  of  peat,  from  which  is  made,  by  car- 
bonization, the  celebrated  deodorizing  powder. 
The  inhabitants  are  generally  farmers. 

Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  Cape  Girardeau  co.  On 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  10  miles 
from  Jackson,  and  207  S.  E.  from  Jefferson  City. 
A  place  of  considerable  trade. 

Cape  Girardeau  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Jackson. 
S.  E.  part,  on  the  Mississippi.  The  head  branches 
of  White  River  water  this  county,  and  iron  and 
other  minerals  are  found  here. 

Cape  Island,  N.  J.,  Cape  May  co.  This  favor- 
ite watering-place  is  on  the  sea-shore,  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  the  state,  108  miles  S.  from  Tren- 
ton. It  has  several  large  hotels  and  boarding 
houses,  and  is  much  frequented  in  the  summer 
season.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Cape  May  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Cape  May. 
At  the  S.  E.  extremity.  Watered  on  the  N.  by 
Tuckahoe  River,  and  contains  several  salt  lakes, 
formed  by  inlets  from  the  sea.  Surface  level; 
soil  alluvial. 

Cape  May,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Cape  May  co.  93  miles 
S.  from  Trenton. 

Cape  Vincent,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  St.  Lawrence  River.  190  miles  N.  W.  from 


Albany.     Steam  power  is  made  use  of  for  several 
manufactures. 

Carbon  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Mauch  Chunk.  E. 
part.  Uneven  and  mountainous.  Embraces  the 
valley  of  the  Lehigh,  in  the  middle  part  of  its 
course,  which  river  passes  through  it  from  N.  to 
S.  The  Lehigh  coal  comes  from  this  county, 
which  includes  the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  southern 
anthracite  coal  field. 

Carbondale,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  On  Lackawana 
Creek.  35  miles  N.  E.  from  Wilkesbarre,  and 
160  N.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg.  This  flourishing 
place  has  sprung  into  existence  within  a  few 
years,  in  consequence  of  its  location  in  the  great 
anthracite  coal  region.  The  Lackawana  coal 
mine  is  situated  in  the  acclivity  of  a  hill,  and  pre- 
sents a  front  of  pure  coal  20  feet  thick.  The  coal, 
when  quarried,  is  carried  up  several  inclined 
planes,  by  stationary  steam  engines,  to  an  eleva- 
tion 850  feet  above  the  mine,  whence  it  descends 
again  by  a  railway,  16  miles  in  length,  to  the  canal 
at  Honesdale.  Thence  it  goes  to  New  York  and 
Philadelphia.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  tons  of 
coal  are  mined  here,  and  sent  to  market,  annually. 
The  place  has  five  or  six  churches,  and  quite  a 
number  of  stores.  About  a  mile  from  the  village, 
on  Fall  Brook,  is  a  beautiful  cascade  of  about  80 
feet  descent. 

Cardington,  O.,  Marion  co.  About  1 8  miles  S. 
E.  from  the  seat  of  justice. 

Carlinville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Macoupin  co.     On  the  N. 
side  of  Lake  Fork  of  Macoupin  River.    39  miles 
S.  S.  W.  from  Springfield. 
Carlisle,  Is.,  c.  h.  Clinton  co. 
Carlisle,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Nicholas  co.     On  a  small 
branch  of  Licking  River.    E.  N.  E.  from  Frank- 
fort 53  miles. 

Carlisle,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  was  formerly  a 
district  of  Concord.  It  is  watered,  on  its  E. 
boundary,  by  Concord  River.  The  soil  is  not 
very  productive,  and  its  surface  is  rough  and 
rocky.  5  miles  N.  from  Concord,  and  21  N.  W. 
from  Boston. 

Carlisle,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  The  surface  of 
this  town  is  hilly,  abounding  in  caverns  contain- 
ing large  quantities  of  aragonite,  and  sulphate  of 
barytes.  8  miles  N.  W.  from  Schoharie,  and  36 
W.  from  Albany. 

Carlisle,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Cumberland  co.  15  miles 
W.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg,  on  the  Cumberland 
Valley  Railroad,  which  extends  from  Harrisburg 
through  this  place  to  Chambersburg.  It  is  regu- 
larly laid  out,  with  a  spacious  public  square  in 
the  centre,  and  wide  streets  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles.  It  is  well  built,  mostly  with  brick 
and  stone.  It  has  9  or  10  churches.  Dickinson 
College  is  located  here,  and  its  buildings  occupy 
a  commanding  situation  in  the  W.  part  of  the 
village.  (See  Colleges.^  About  half  a  mile  from 
the  village  are  the  United  States  barracks,  built 
in  1777,  chiefly  by  the  Hessians  captured  at  Tren- 
ton. The  government  have  established  a  cavalry 
school  here.  About  4  miles  N.  are  the  Carlisle 
Springs,  at  which  there  are  good  accommodations 
for  visitors.  The  locality  is  retired,  and  sur- 
rounded with  the  beautiful  scenery  of  the  Blue 
Mountain. 

Carlisle  Springs,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  So  called 
from  the  sulphur  springs  existing  here.  19  miles 
W.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Carmel,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  71  miles  from  Au- 
gusta. See  Sowadabscook  Stream. 

Carmel,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Putnam  co.    It  contains 


318 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


several  small  lakes,  from  which  flow  the  head 
waters  of  Croton  River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  very 
fertile.  106  miles  S.  from  Albany. 

Carml  la.,  c.  h.  White  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
Little  Wabash  River.  181  miles  S.  E.  from 
Springfield. 

Carnesville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  On  Ste- 
phen's Creek.  Ill  miles  N. from  Milledgeville. 

Caroline  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Denton  On  the 
E.  shore,  bordering  on  Delaware.  The  Chop- 
tank  River  waters  this  county,  the  W.  branch 
forming  its  W.  boundary. 

Caroline,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  West  Owego 
and  Six  Mile  Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface 
of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  gravelly  and  calca- 
reous loarn.  12  miles  S.  E.  from  Ithaca,  and  156 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Caroline  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Bowling  Green. 
E.  part  between  the  Rappahannock  and  the 
North  River.  Watered  by  the  Mattapony  and  its 
branches.  Surface  hilly  and  broken ;  soil  diver- 
sified. 

Carroll  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Carrollton,  shire 
town.  In  the  N.  W.  corner  bordering  on  Mis- 
souri. Watered  by  branches  of  the  White  and 
Little  Red  Rivers. 

Carroll  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Carrollton.  On 
the  W.  border,  extending  from  the  Alabama  line 
to  the  Chattahooehee.  Watered  by  the  head 
branches  of  the  Tallapoosa  River.  Surface  high 
and  broken. 

Carroll  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Savanna.  In  the  N. 
W.  angle  on  the  Mississippi.  Surface  undulating, 
and  drained  by  Plum  and  Rush  Creeks ;  soil  pro- 
ductive. 

Carroll  County.  la.,  c.  h.  at  Delphi.  N.  W. 
central.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Wabash  River  and 
Rock,  Deer,  and  Wildcat  Creek,  and  also  by 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  Surface  mostly 
level. 

Carroll  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Carrollton,  shire 
town.  N.  part  on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth 
of  Carroll  River.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the 
soil  very  rich. 

Carroll  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Providence.    In  the 
N.  E.  corner.    Traversed  by  Bayou  Boeuff,  Bayou 
Macon,  and  the  Tensas  River. 
Carroll,  Me.,  Penobscot  co. 
Carroll   County,   Md.,    c.   h.   at    Westminster. 
Bounded  N.  by  Pa.,  E.  by  Baltimore  co.,  S.  by 
Ann,  and  W.  by  Frederick  co.     It  has  a  fertile 
soil.      Watered    by    Patapsco    and    Monococy 
Rivers. 

Carroll  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Carrollton.  N. 
W.  central.  Between  the  upper  waters  of  the 
Big  Black  and  the  Yallabusha  Fork  of  the 
Yazoo. 

Carroll  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Carrollton.  N. 
W.  central.  In  the  W.  angle  between  the  Grand 
River  and  the  Missouri. 

Carroll  County,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  at  Ossipee.  E.  central. 
On  the  N.  side  of  Winnipiseogee  Lake,  and  pre- 
sents very  beautiful  scenery.  The  surface  and 
soil,  and  its  hydraulic  power,  are  much  the  same 
AS  those  of  Belknap  co. 

Carroll,  N.  H.  A  township  in  Coos  co.,  lying 
at  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains.  Its  surface 
is  uneven,  and  its  appearance  dreary.  This  town- 
ship was  granted  in  1772  to  Sir  Thomas  Went- 
worth,  Rev.  Samuel  Langdon,  and  81  others. 
120  miles  N.  from  Concord,  and  18  S.  E.  from 
Lancaster. 

Carroll,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.    Watered  by 


Connewango  and  Stillwater  Creeks.    Surface  hil- 
ly ;  soil  sandy.   336  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Carroll  Count)/.  O.,  c.  h.  at  Carrollton.  E.  part. 
On  the  height  of  land  between  the  Muskingum 
and  Ohio.  The  canal,  from  Bolivar  to  the  Ohio 
River,  passes  through  its  N.  W.  corner. 

Carroll,  Pa.     A  township  of  Cambria  co. 

Carroll,  Pa.    A  township  of  Perry  co. 

Carroll,  Pa.    A  township  of  Washington  co. 

Carroll,  Pa.     A  township  of  York  co. 

Carroll  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Huntingdon.  W. 
part,  on  the  height  of  land  between  the  Tennessee 
and  Mississippi. 

Carroll  County,  Va.  New ;  taken  from  Grayson. 
On  the  S.  W.  border,  in  the  valley  between  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  the  Iron  Mountain. 

Carrollton,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Pickens  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  Lubbub  Creek.  42  miles  W.  from  Tus- 
caloosa. 

Carrollton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Carroll  co.  On  the  S. 
fork  of  Tallapoosa  River.  131  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Cavrollton,  Is.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.  On  the  borders 
of  Spring  Prairie.  69  miles  S.  W.  from  Spring- 
field. Steam  power  is  applied  to  operate  flouring 
mills  and  saw  mills.  The  surrounding  country 
is  beautiful. 

Carrollton,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Carroll  co.  On  the  S. 
bank  of  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  Kentucky 
River.  46  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Carrollton,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Carroll  co.  On  Waconda 
Creek.  6  miles  N.  of  Missouri  River,  and  124  N. 
W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Carrollton,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Carroll  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  Big  Sandy  Creek.  92  miles  N.  by  E.  from 
Jackson. 

Carrollton,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  On  the 
Pennsylvania  border. 

Carrollton,  O.,  c.  h.  Carroll  co.  125  miles  N.  E. 
from  Columbus. 

Carter  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Grayson.  N.  E. 
part.  Drained  by  the  Little  Sandy  and  Tygart'a 
Creek.  Hilly. 

Carter  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Elizabethtown.  In 
the  N.  E.  corner.  Mountainous.  Drained  by 
the  Watoga  and  the  S.  fork  of  Hoalston. 

Carteret  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Beaufort.  On 
the  coast,  S.  of  Pamlico  Sound.  It  comprises 
several  islands,  on  one  of  which  is  Cape  Lookout 
Soil  sandy  and  marshy. 

Carthage,  Is.,  c.  h.  Hancock  co.  Situated  be- 
tween Bear  and  Long  Creeks.  9  miles  from  tho 
Mississippi  River,  and  106  W.  N.  W.  from 
Springfield.  There  is  coal  in  abundance  in  the 
vicinity. 

Carthage,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Leake  co.  60  miles  N.  E, 
from  Jackson. 

Caiihage,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Jasper  co.  160  miles  S.  W. 
from  Jefferson  City. 

Carthage,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  Incorporated  182G, 
46  miles  from  Augusta,  and  73  from  Portland. 
See  Barnard,  Me. 

Carthage,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Moore  co.  70  miles  S. 
W.  from  Raleigh. 

Carthage,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  On  the  Black 
River,  i 52  miles  N.W.  from  Albany.  There  is 
extensive  water  power  on  the  Long  Falls,  com- 
mencing at  this  place,  below  which  the  river  is  not 
navigable.  Above,  boats  run  up  40  miles,  to  High 
Falls,  where  the  Black  River  Canal  begin*. 
There  are  large  iron  works  at  this  place. 

Carthage,  O.,  Hamilton  co.  8  miles  N.  from 
Cincinnati,  and  116  S.  W.  from  Columbua. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


319 


Large  public  meetings,  agricultural  fairs,  &c.,  are 
frequently  held  here,  on  account  of  the  central 
position  of  the  place  in  the  county. 

Carthage,  Te.,  c.  h.  Smith  co.  52  miles  E. 
from  Nashville. 

Carthage,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Panola  co. 

Carver,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  8  miles  S.  W.from 
Plymouth,  and  38  S.  E.  from  Boston.  Soil  sandy 
arid  poor.  Noted  for  its  iron  castings.  This 
town  has  a  number  of  beautiful  ponds,  and  is  re- 
sorted to  by  sportsmen  for  fishing  and  fowling. 

Casco,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  An  interior  town- 
ship, taken  from  Raymond. 

Casey  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Liberty.  S.  central. 
Watered  by  the  head  branches  of  Green,  and  the 
Rolling  Fork  of  Salt  River. 

Cass  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Cassville.  N.  E.  part. 
Watered  by  E  to  wall  River  and  Sulacoe  Creek. 
Hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  very  rich  on  the 
borders  of  the  streams. 

Cass  Counti/,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Virginia.  W.  central. 
In  the  S.  angle  between  the  Illinois  and  Sanga- 
mon.  Drained  by  several  creeks  flowing  into  the 
Illinois.  The  surface  is  slightly  uneven ;  the  soil 
very  productive. 

Cass  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Logansport.  N.  cen- 
tral. Watered  by  the  Wabash  and  Eel  Rivers, 
which  afford  fine  mill  privileges.  Surface  mostly 
level.  The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  traverses 
this  county. 

Cass  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Cassopolis.  In  the 
S.  W.  corner,  bordering  on  Indiana.  Undulating ; 
soil  very  fertile. 

Cass  Count//,  Mo.,  formerly  called  Van  Bu- 
ren,  c.  h.  at  Harrisonville.  On  the  W.  border. 
Drained  by  the  Osage,  which  passes  through  it 
from  W.  to  E. 

Cass  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Lindin. 

Cassopolis,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Cass  co. 

Cassville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Cass  co.  144  miles  N.  W. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Castine,  Me.,  Hancock  co.,  occupies  a  peninsula, 
with  a  good  harbor,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Penobscot 
Bay.  i 

Castleton,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Hudson  River.  8  miles  S.  by  E.  from 
Albany. 

Castleton,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  This  is  a  flourish- 
ing town,  watered  by  a  river  of  the  same  name. 
The  surface  is  rough  and  hilly,  but  there  is  some 
rich  land.  Mill  streams  abound  in  Castleton. 
Lake  Bombazine,  seven  miles  in  length  and  two 
in  breadth,  is  chiefly  in  this  town.  It  is  stored 
with  fish,  and  has  an  island  near  its  centre  of 
exquisite  beauty.  The  village  of  Castleton  is 
elevated  and  neatly  built.  It  was  incorporated 
in  1847.  There  is  considerable  variety  in  the 
soil  and  surface.  The  rocks  are  chiefly  argilla- 
ceous. The  sorl  of  the  plains  is  sandy  and  light ; 
on  the  hills  it  is  slaty,  gravel,  loam,  and  vegeta- 
ble mould.  Castleton  River,  and  its  tributary 
brooks,  furnish  considerable  water  power.  Being 
increased  by  many  abundant  springs  along  its 
bed,  its  waters  are  very  pure  and  cool  in  summer, 
and  seldom  frozen  in  winter.  The  first  dwelling 
house  was  erected  in  August,  1769,  of  which  Colo- 
nel Lee  and  his  servant  were  the  sole  inhabitants 
the  following  winter.  In  1770,  Ephraim  Buel, 
Eleazer  Bartholomew,  and  Zadock  Remington, 
with  their  families,  settled  in  this  town,  and  were 
soon  followed  by  Colonels  Bird  and  Lee.  1 1  miles 
W.  from  Rutland,  and  72  S.  W.from  Montpelier. 
Castor,  Mo.,  Madison  co. 


Caswell  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Yanceyville. 
On  the  N.  border.  Dan  River  winds  along  its 
N.  boundary.  Soil  fertile. 

Catahoola,  Parish,  c.  h.  at  Harrisonburg.  E.  cen? 
tral.  On  both  sides  of  the  Washita. 

Catawissa,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  At  the  junction 
of  the  Susquehanna  River  and  Catawissa  Creek. 
81  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Catskill,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.  On  the  Hud- 
son River.  It  is  watered  by  the  Catskill  and 
some  of  its  branches.  The  surface  is  hilly  in  the 
W.  part.  The  soil  consists  of  clay,  sand,  and 
loam.  34  miles  S.  from  Albany. 

Cattaraugus  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Ellicott- 
ville.  Bordering  on  Pennsylvania.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  Great  Valley,  Oil.  and  Cattaraugus 
Creeks,  and  the  Alleghany  River.  Surface  ele- 
vated ;  soil  good,  and  well  adapted  to  grazing. 
This  county  contains  bog  iron  ore,  some  salt  and 
sulphur  springs,  and  one  oil  spring.  The  Gene- 
see  Valley  Canal  crosses  its  S.  E.  angle,  terminat- 
ing at  Olean,  on  the  Alleghany  River.  Its  south- 
ern part  is  traversed  by  the  Eric  Railroad. 

Catawba  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Newton.  New  ; 
taken  from  Lewiston.  On  the  southern  bor- 
der. 

Cavendish,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  soil  is  good, 
and  easy  to  cultivate.  Black  River  and  Twenty 
Mile  Stream  are  the  principal  waters.  Along 
these  streams  are  some  small  tracts  of  fine  inter- 
vale. The  greatest  curiosity  in  the  town,  and 
perhaps  the  greatest  of  the  kind  in  the  state,  is 
at  the  falls  on  Black  River,  which  are  situated 
between  Dutton's  Village  and  White's  Mills. 
Here  the  channel  of  the  river  has  been  worn  down 
100  feet,  and  rocks  of  very  large  size  have  been 
undermined  and  thrown  down,  one  upon  another. 
Holes  are  worn  into  the  rorks.  of  various  dimen- 
sions and  forms.  Hanks's  Mountain,  which  sepa- 
rates Baltimore  from  this  town,  derives  its  name 
from  Colonel  Hanks,  who,  during  the  French  and 
Indian  wars,  encamped  thereon  for  the  night,  with 
a  small  regular  force.  There  are  two  villages,  viz., 
Duttonsville  and  Proctorsville.  Near  the  latter 
village  are  large  quarries  of  soapstone  and  serpen- 
tine. The  settlement  of  this  place  was  commenced 
in  1769,  by  Captain  John  Coffin.  10  miles  S.  W. 
from  Windsor,  and  60  S.  from  Montpelier.  The 
Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad  passes  through 
the  town. 

Cayuga  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Auburn.  W. 
central  part.  Extends  from  Lake  Erie  S.  along 
the  E.  shore  of  Seneca  Lake.  It  contains 
Owasco  Lake,  and  includes  the  upper  W.  shore 
of  Skeneatales  Lake.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Eri« 
Canal  and  by  the  Rochester  and  Syracuse  Rail- 
road. The  soil  is  very  fertile,  yielding  large  crops 
of  grain  of  different  kinds.  There  are  several 
important  sulphur  and  saline  springs,  and  also  a 
chalybeate  spring  in  the  county. 

Cayuga,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  On  the  N.  E.  shore 
of  Cayuga  Lake.  162  miles  W.  by  N*  from  Al- 
bany. A  bridge  for  travel  here  crosses  the  lake, 
over  a  mile  in  length,  and  another  for  the  Roch- 
ester and  Syracuse  Railroad,  still  longer.  A 
steamboat  plies  between  Cayuga  and  Ithaca,  at 
the  head  of  the  lake,  40  miles' distant. 

Cayuta,  N.  Y.,  Chemung  co.  Watered  by  Ca- 
yuta  Creek  and  some  of  its  branches.  Surface 
hilly  and  broken.  188  miles  S.(W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Cazenovia,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.,  is  watered  by 
Chittenango  Creek  and  Cazenovia  Lake.  Thi 


320 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c. 


surface  is  elevated  and  uneven ;  soil  fertile,  and 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  grass  and  grain.  118 
miles  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Cecil  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Elkton.  On  the 
eastern  shore,  at  the  extreme  N.  The  in- 
terior is  watered  by  Elk  River.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  tolerably  fertile.  Crossed  by  the 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  and  by  the 
Newcastle  and  Frenchtown  and  Philadelphia  and 
Baltimore  Railroads. 

Cecil,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Miller's  branch  of 
Chartier's  Creek  waters  this  town,  which  has  a 
diversified  surface  and  loamy  soil.  Coal  is 
found  here  in  large  quantities. 

Cedar  Bluff",  Aa.,  c.  h.  Cherokee  co. 

Cedar  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Tipton. 

Cedar  County,  Mo.  S.  W.  part.  The  Sac,  a 
tributary  of  the  Osage  River,  flows  N.  through  it. 

Cedar  Rapids,  Io.,  Linn  co.  On  Cedar  River, 
the  northern  fork  of  the  Iowa. 

Celina,  0.,  c.  h.  Mercer  co. 

Centre,  Pa.,  a  township  of  Butler  co.  On  the 
height  of  land  between  the  Alleghany  and  Beaver. 

Centre,  Pa.,  Perry  co.  36  miles"  N.  W.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Centre,  Pa.,  Greene  co.  Ten  Mile  Creek  and 
its  branches  water  this  town,  which  has  a  hilly 
surface  and  loamy  soil. 

Centre,  Pa.,  Indiana  co.  Watered  by  Yellow 
and  Twolick  Creeks,  branches  of  Black  River. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  clay  and  loam. 

Centre,  Pa.,  Union  co.  Watered  by  Penn's 
and  Little  Mahonialy,  or  Middle  Creeks.  Sur- 
face various. 

Centre  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Bellefonte.  Central. 
Watered  by  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River,  and  by  Bald  Eagle  and  Penn's  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  rough  and  mountainous,  and  iron 
ore  is  found  here ;  soil  productive  on  the  margins 
of  the  streams. 

Centre  Harbor,  N.  H.,  Belknap  co.  Between 
Winnipiseogee  and  Squam  Lakes.  Soil  mostly 
a  rich  loam.  37  miles  from  Concord,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  railroad. 

Centreville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Bibb  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Catawba  River,  at  the  lower  falls.  38  miles 
S.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Centreville,  la.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Whitewater  River,  62  "miles  E.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Centreville,  Md.,  c.  h.  Queen  Ann  co.  39  miles 
E.  by  N.  from  Annapolis. 

Centreville,  Mn.,  c.  h.  St.  Joseph  co.  On  Prai- 
rie River,  139  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Detroit.  One 
of  the  branches  of  the  University  of  Michigan  is 
established  here. 

Ceres,  Pa.,  McKean  co.  Tunangwant,  Sugar, 
Willow,  and  Kenjua  Creeks  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  rolling,  and  the  soil  loam  and 
gravel. 

Chambers  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Chambers.  On 
the  E.  border.  The  Chattahoocb.ee  River  forms 
part  of  its  E.  boundary.  Surface  undulating; 
soil  productive. 

Chambersburg,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  Watered 
by  Conecocheague  and  Falling  Spring  Creeks, 
tributaries  of  the  Potomac  River.  S.  W.  from 
Harrisburg  45  miles.  A  large  and  prosperous 
place,  having  a  good  water  power  improved  for 
propelling  cotton  and  woollen  factories,  flouring 
mills,  paper  mills,  &c. 

Champaign  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Urbana.  E. 
central.  Watered  by  Embarras,  Kaskaskia,  Illi- 


nois, Sangamon,  and  Vermilion  Rivers.    Surface 
undulating ;  soil  of  good  quality. 

Champaign  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Urbana.  W. 
central.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  level  face  of 
the  country ;  is  wealthy  and  fertile.  Mad  River, 
Duck,  Nettle,  Chapman's,  King's,  and  Stony 
Creeks,  are  the  most  important  streams.  The  Cin- 
cinnati and  Sandusky  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Champion,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Black  River 
and  some  of  its  tributaries  water  this  town.  Sur- 
face hilly;  soil  very  fertile.  148  miles  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Champlain,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  On  the  shore  of 
Lake  Champlain,  on  each  side  of  Chazy  River, 
and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Canada.  The  sur- 
face on  the  E.  is  level,  on  the  W.  hilly.  Soil 
generally  fertile.  The  Ogdensburg  Railroad  passes 
through  the  centre  of  this  town,  which  lies  4  miles 
W.  of  Rouse's  Point,  on  Lake  Champlain.  15 
miles  N.  from  Plattsburg,  and  188  N.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Chanceford,  Pa.,  York  co.  47  miles  S.  S.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Chapel  Hill,  N.  C.,  Orange  co.  On  New  Hope, 
a  branch  of  Cape  Fear  River.  Seat  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina.  (See  Colleges.)  The 
locality  is  elevated  and  healthy,  the  soil  fertile, 
and  the  water  good.  28  miles  N.  W.  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

Chaplin,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  Taken  from  Mans- 
field, Hampton,  and  Windham,  in  1832.  It  is 
watered  by  Neachaug  River,  which  passes  nearly 
through  its  centre.  The  town  is  small,  but  the 
soil  is  good,  and  populated  by  industrious  farm- 
ers, who,  by  their  practice  of  keeping  a  large  num- 
ber of  sheep,  seem  to  be  convinced  of  the  fact  that 
wool  is  one  of  the  most  important  staples  of  New 
England. 

Chapman,  Pa.,  Union  co.  The  Mahan tango 
Creek* waters  this  town,  affording  gopd  mill  priv- 
ileges. Surface  hilly  ;  soil  alluvial  and  gravelly. 
42  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Chapman,  Pa.    A  township  of  Clinton  co. 

Cfiardon,  0.,  c.  h.  Geauga  co.  Situated  about 
600  feet  above  Lake  Erie,  on  the  elevated  land  be- 
tween the  head  waters  of  Grand,  Cuyahoga,  and 
Chagrin  Rivers.  168  miles  N.  E.  from  Colum- 
bus, and  28  E.  by  N.  from  Cleveland. 

Chariton.  Io.,  c.  h.  Lucas  co.  100  miles  S.  W. 
from  Iowa  City. 

Chariton  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Keytesville.  N. 
central.  The  Missouri  River  runs  along  its  S., 
and  Grand  River  along  its  W.  boundary,  while 
Chariton  River  flows  through  the  interior. 

Charlemont,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  This  was  for- 
merly a  frontier  town,  in  which  many  Indian  ag- 
gressions were  committed.  The  traces  of  Hanks's, 
Taylor's,  and  Rice's  garrisons  are  still  to  be  seen. 
Mount  Peak,  and  other  lofty  elevations,  with  the 
Deerfield  meandering  through  the  town,  give  to 
Charlemont  much  delightful  scenery.  Although 
the  general  features  of  the  town  are  rough  and 
cragged,  it  contains  large  tracts  of  valuable  land. 
It  has  a  great  water  power.  15  miles  W.  from 
Greenfield,  and  105  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Charles  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Port  Tobacco. 
On  the  western  shore,  near  the  southern  extrem- 
ity, between  the  Potomac  and  Patuxent  Rivers. 
Surface  broken ;  soil  tolerably  fertile. 

Charles  City  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Charles  City. 
E.  part.  In  the  western  angle  between  the 
Chickahominy  and  James  Rivers.  Surface  undu 
lating. 


IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


321 


Charles  City,  Va.,  c.  h.  Charles  City  co.  Sit- 
uated N.  of  James  River.  45  miles  S.  E.  by  E. 
from  Richmond. 

Cliarleston,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  At  the  source 
of  Pushaw  Lake.  73  miles  N.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Charleston,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  Watered 
by  several  small  branches  of  the  Mohawk  River. 
The  surface  is  hilly  ;  the  soil  mostly  sandy  loam. 
43  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Charleston,  Pa.  A  township  of  Tioga  co.  146 
miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Charleston  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Charleston. 
On  the  Atlantic.  Drained  by  Cooper  and  Ashley 
Rivers.  Surface  low,  and  liable  to  inundation. 
The  South  Carolina  Railroad  passes  through  it, 
and  a  canal  unites  the  Cooper  and  Santee  Rivers. 

Charleston,  S.  C.  City  and  port  of  entry. 
Situated  on  a  point  of  land  between  the  Ashley 
and  Cooper  Rivers,  at  their  junction,  6  miles 
inland  from  the  Atlantic  coast.  Population  in 
1790,  16,359;  1800,  18,712;  1810,  24,711;  1820, 
24,780  ;  1830,  30,289 ;  1840,  29,261  ;  1850, 
43.000,  including  in  this  number  the  population 
of  St.  Philip's  Parish,  which  is  a  continuation  of 
the  city  north,  but,  till  within  a  few  years  past, 
not  included  in  its  chartered  limits.  Charleston 
is  the  largest  city  on  the  Atlantic  coast  south 
of  Baltimore.  The  harbor,  which  is  formed 
by  the  confluence  of  Ashley  and  Cooper  Rivers, 
is  about  2  miles  wide,  and  extends  between  6 
and  7  miles,  a  little  S.  of  E.,  to  the  ocean.  Ash- 
ley River,  opposite  the  city,  is  2100  yards  wide, 
and  Cooper  River  1400  yards  wide,  and  both 
are  from  30  to  42  feet  deep.  The  ground  on 
which  the  city  is  built  is  elevated  8  or  9 
feet  above  high-water  mark,  at  ordinary  flood 
tides.  A  violent  easterly  wind,  however,  concur- 
ring with  a  high  course  of  tides,  has  sometimes 
caused  parts  of  the  city  to  be  inundated,  which 
was  the  case  in  1728,  1752,  and  1797.  The  tide 
rises  here  about  6f|  feet,  and  flows  in  and  out 
with  a  strong  current,  which  is  supposed  to  con- 
tribute to  the  salubrity  of  the  city.  The  place 
is  considered  as  more  healthy  than  any  other 
part  of  the  low  country  in  the  Southern  States, 
and  is  much  resorted  to  by  the  planters  during 
the  sickly  months.  The  city  is  about  2  miles 
in  length,  and  over  a  mile  in  breadth,  and  is 
laid  out  with  considerable  regularity.  The  streets, 
for  the  most  part,  run  parallel  to  each  other, 
from  E.  to  W.,  extending  from  river  to  river, 
and  are  crossed  by  others  at  right  angles.  Many 
of  them  are  paved.  The  houses  are,  many  of 
them,  of  brick,  and  an  ordinance  of  the  city 
now  requires  that  all  within  its  corporate  lim- 
its, to  be  hereafter  constructed,  be  of  this  mate- 
rial. Many  are  of  wood,  neatly  painted  white, 
and  having  piazzas  beautifully  ornamented  with 
vines.  Those  in  the  outer  extremities  have  beau- 
tiful yards  and  gardens  connected  with  them. 
Every  spot  in  the  vicinity,  capable  of  improve- 
ment, is  occupied  with  plantations  in  a  high  state 
of  cultivation.  The  growth  of  Charleston  has 
been  less  rapid  than  that  of  most  cities  of  the 
United  States.  It  has  frequently  suffered  by  dis- 
astrous fires.  In  1796,  one  third  of  this  city  was 
destroyed,  at  a  loss  estimated  at  $2,500,000.  In 
1837,  1200  houses  were  burned,  being  one  fifth 
part  of  the  city,  covering  145  acres  of  ground, 
at  a  loss  estimated  at  $5,000,000.  Nevertheless, 
the  city  has  advanced  in  prosperity,  and  contains 
all  those  institutions  which  mark  a  thriving  and 
wealthy  commercial  city.  The  principal  public 
41 


buildings  are  the  City  Hall,  Exchange,  custom 
house,  court  house,  jail,  state  citadel,  and  two 
arsenals,  a  college,  a  medical  college,  an  alms- 
house,  an  orphan  asylum,  a  theatre,  seven  or 
eight  banks,  and  about  25  churches.  Some  of 
the  churches  are  elegant  buildings.  The  City 
Hotel,  among  the  public  houses,  is  a  splendid 
establishment,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $150,000.  The 
city  has  a  fine  library,  comprising  nearly  20,000 
volumes.  There  is  also  a  library  with  10,000 
volumes,  belonging  to  the  Apprentices'  Associa- 
tion, which  sustains  an  annual  course  of  scientific 
lectures.  The  means  of  education  provided  by 
the  city  are  good.  There  is  one  high  school,  and 
five  public  free  schools.;  the  whole  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  board  of  commissioners.  The  Lit- 
erary and  Philosophical  Society  is  a  highly  re- 
spectable institution,  having  a  fine  collection  of 
objects  in  natural  history. 

The  trade  of  Charleston  is  extensive.  The 
harbor  is  spacious  and  convenient,  though  some- 
what obstructed  by  the  bar  at  its  mouth.  Over 
this  bar  there  are  four  principal  channels,  having 
a  depth  of  water,  at  high  tide,  varying,  in  tho 
different  channels,  from  17  feet  to  10  feet;  and 
at  low  tide,  from  10  to  6  feet.  After  entering 
the  harbor,  the  channel,  which  is  deep,  passes 
very  near  the  S.  end  of  Sullivan's  Island,  upon 
which  Fort  Moultrie  is  situated.  Opposite  to 
this  point,  upon  a  sand  bar,  is  another  fort,  called 
Fort  Sumpter,  which  stands  close  upon  the  chan- 
nel. The  position  of  these  fortifications  is  very 
effective  for  the  defence  of  the  city.  Charleston 
possesses  great  facilities  for  trade  with  the  inte- 
rior. It  is  connected  by  a  canal  with  the  Santee 
River,  which  is  thence  navigable  to  Columbia, 
and  by  a  railroad  with  the  Savannah  River  at 
Augusta.  The  length  of  this  road  is  136  miles. 
A  branch  extends  from  Branchville,  62  miles,  to 
Columbia.  Thus  Charleston  commands  the  in- 
ternal trade  not  only  of  most  of  its  own  state, 
but  likewise  much  of  that  of  North  Carolina  and 
Georgia.  There  are  several  lines  of  packets  con- 
necting Charleston  with  the  city  of  New  York : 
and  numerous  steamboats  running  to  Savannah, 
Beaufort,  Georgetown,  Columbia,  St.  Augustine, 
and  other  places. 

The  exports  of  Charleston  are  of  great  impor- 
tance, consisting  of  rice  and  tobacco  in  consider- 
able amount,  but  particularly  of  upland  and 
sea-island  cotton.  The  upland  qotton  in  this  re- 
gion of  country  is  of  the  finest  quality.  The  sea- 
island  cotton  is  grown  on  the  islands  in  this 
neighborhood,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  fineness, 
and  for  its  staple,  or  length  of  fibre. 

This  city  was  first  settled  in  1680.  About  10 
years  later  a  colony  of  French  refugees,  exiled 
from  their  native  land  in  consequence  of  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  settled  in  Caro- 
lina, and  some  of  them  in  Charleston.  These 
were  the  Huguenots,  or  French  Protestants,  who 
fled  from  religious  persecution  similar  to  that 
which  brought  the  Puritans  to  New  England. 
From  this  noble  stock  have  descended  many  of 
the  families  of  Charleston.  Its  inhabitants  have 
always  been  celebrated  for  their  intelligence, 
their  polished  manners,  and  unaffected  ho^ital- 
ity.  During  the  revolutionary  war,  the  defences 
of  this  city,  on  Sullivan's  Island,  sustained  a 
violent  assault  from  a  British  squadron,  consist- 
ing of  9  ships  of  war,  carrying  250  guns,  and 
triumphantly  repulsed  them,'  by~the  bravery  of  a 
garrison  of  400  men,  under  the  command  of 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Colonel  Moultrie.  The  garrison  lost  only  10 
men  in  the  conflict,  and  had  but  22  wounded ; 
while  the  British  suffered  a  loss  of  nearly  200  in 
killed  and  wounded.  This  was  on  the  28th  of 
June,  1776.  On  the  17th  of  May,  1780,  the 
British  having  again  attacked  the  city  by  sea 
and  land,  it  was  surrendered  into  their  hands, 
but  was  evacuated  by  them  in  1782. 

Charleston,  Va.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  168  miles 
N.  from  Richmond. 

Charleston,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  The  principal 
stream  in  this  town  is  Clyde  River.  There  are 
some  falls  of  consequence  on  this  stream,  particu- 
larly the  Great  Falls,  where  the  descent  is  more 
than  100  feet  in  40  rods,  but  its  current  is  gener- 
ally slow.  The  alluvial  flats  along  this  stream 
are  extensive,  but  generally  too  low  and  wet  for 
cultivation.  In  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  township 
are  1000  acres  of  bog  meadow,  in  a  body,  upon 
this  river.  There  are  several  considerable  ponds. 
Echo  Pond,  the  most  important,  is  in  the  north- 
ern part,  and  was  named  by  General  J.  Whitelaw, 
on  account  of  the  succession  of  echoes  which  are 
usually  heard  when  any  sound  is  produced  in  its 
vicinity.  It  is'  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  and  half  a 
mile  wide.  The  other  pond  of  most  consequence 
is  called  Pension  Pond.  These  ponds  abound  in 
fish.  There  are  2  small  villages  situated  upon 
Clyde  Eiver,  about  6  miles  apart,  designated 
as  East  Charleston  and  West  Charleston.  The 
soil  is  a  rich  loam,  and  produces  good  crops.  54 
miles  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Charlestown,  la.,  c.  h.  Clarke  co.  100  miles  S. 
S.  E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Charlestown.  City  and  seaport  of  Massachu- 
setts; situated  on  the  N.  side  of  Charles  Riv- 
er, at  its  mouth,  opposite  Boston.  It  is  built  on 
a  peninsula,  extending  about  one  mile  in  a  south- 
easterly direction,  between  the  estuary  formed  by 
the  mouth  of  the  Mystic  River  on  the  N.  E., 
and  Charles  River  and  the  harbor  of  Boston 
on  the  S.  and  S.  E.  It  is  connected  with 
Somerville  by  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  and  with 
Boston,  Chelsea,  and  Maiden  by  bridges.  The 
settlement  of  Charlestown  was  earlier  by  two 
years  than  that  of  Boston.  In  the  year  1628,  as 
the  early  history  informs  us,  "  Six  or  seven 
persons,  "with  the  consent  of  Governor  Eridicott, 
travelled  from  Naumkeag  (Salem)  through  the 
woods  westward,  and  came  to  a  neck  of  land  be- 
tween Mystic  and  Charles  Rivers,  called  Mishaw- 
um.  It  was  full  of  Indians :  and  with  the  uncon- 
strained consent  of  their  chief,  they  settled  there." 
The  way  for  such  a  favorable  reception  had  been 
prepared  before  them  by  the  usefulness  to  the  In- 
dians of  one  white  person,  Thomas  Walford,  a 
blacksmith,  who  had  built  a  cottage  on  the  pen- 
insula. Governor  Winthrop,  and  the  company 
who  came  into  the  colony  with  him,  in  1630,  first 
settled  at  Charlestown,  but  soon  after  removed 
over  the  river  to  the  peninsula  of  Boston.  The 
place  was  named  in  honor  of  Charles  I.,  the  rei<ni- 
ing  sovereign  of  England  at  that  time.  The  nat- 
ural surface  of  the  peninsula  of  Charlestown  is 
uneven,  rising  on  the  E.  into  the  two  hills  called 
Bunker  Hill  and  Breed's  Hill ;  and  the  summits 
and  slopes  of  these  elevations  have  afforded  beau- 
tiful sites  for  the  laying  out  of  portions  of  the  city. 
There  is  one  great  thoroughfare  running  from 
Market  Square,  near  the  point  where  the  bridges 
come  over  from  Boston,  over  the  whole  length  of 
the  peninsula  to  the  neck  ;  and  from  this  on  either 
side  streets  are  laid  out  at  various  angles  leading 


through  different  sections  of  the  city.  Streets  also 
diverge  from  Market  Square  on  either  side  of  the 
main  street.  The  streets  are  generally  wide  and 
airy,  and  many  of  them  are  pleasantly  shaded 
with  trees  of  a  recent  growth.  It  is  neatly  built, 
and  contains  many  elegant  public  and  private 
edifices.  Many  of  the  merchants  and  other  busi- 
ness men  of  Boston  reside  here.  The  population 
in  1850,  was  17,216. 

Charlestown  is  memorable  for  its  sacrifices  in 
the  cause  of  American  independence.  Bunker 
Hill  is  celebrated  as  the  spot  where  the  first  reg- 
ular battle  was  fought,  on  the  17th  of  June,  1775. 
between  the  provincial  and  the  British  troops,  in 
the  war  of  the  revolution.  In  this  battle,  the 
British  had  1054  men  slain,  among  whom  was  a 
large  number  of  commissioned  officers.  The 
Americans,  whose  whole  force  did  not  exceed  1500 
men,  had  145  killed  and  304  wounded.  Among 
the  former  was  MAJOR  GENERAL,  WARREN,  at 
that  time  president  of  the  Colonial  Congress ;  who. 
in  the  true  spirit  of  heroic  patriotism  which  had 
long  animated  his  course,  bravely  volunteered  to 
serve  his  country  in  this  eminent  post  of  danger. 
Early  in  the  action,  Charlestown  was  set  on  fire 
by  the  enemy,  and  a  general  conflagration  ensued. 
On  the  site  of  the  battle,  and  near  the  spot  where 
Warren  fell,  a  grand  commemorative  monument 
has  been  erected;  which  is  an  obelisk  of  hewn 
granite,  30  feet  square  at  the  base,  15  feet  square 
at  the  top,  and  221  feet  in  height.  Its  founda- 
tions, which  are  62  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  are  laid  12  feet  under  ground,  and  50  feet 
square.  The  corner  stone  was  laid  by  the  venera- 
ble Marquis  de  Lafayette,  on  the  17th  of  June. 
1825,  when  an  address  was  delivered  by  Hon. 
Daniel  Webster.  The  work  was  completed  July 
23, 1842,  and  on  the  17th  of  June,  1843,  its  com- 
pletion and  the  anniversary  of  the  battle  was 
commemorated  in  a  splendid  manner.  An  ad- 
dress was  delivered,  on  the  ground,  as  before,  by 
Hon.  Daniel  Webster,  in  presence  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  several  of  the  heads  of 
department,  and  an  immense  concourse  of  citi- 
zens. The  monument  is  ascended  within  by  a 
circular  flight  of  294  steps,  to  the  chamber  imme- 
diately beneath  the  apex,  from  the  windows  of 
which  a  view  is  had  almost  equal  to  that  from  the 
State  House  in  Boston.  In  this  chamber  are  seen 
two  brass  cannon,  named  Hancock  and  Adams, 
which  were  used  in  the  battle ;  on  each  of  which 
is  the  following  inscription  :  — 

«  SACRED  TO  LIBERTY. 

"  This  is  one  of  the  four  cannons,  which  con- 
stituted the  whole  train  of  field  artillery  possessed 
by  the  British  colonies  of  North  America,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  war,  on  the  19th  of 
April,  1775.  This  cannon  and  its  fellow,  belong- 
ing  to  a  number  of  citizens  of  Boston,  were  used 
in  many  engagements  during  the  war.  The  other 
two,  the  property  of  the  government  of  Massa- 
chusetts, were  taken  by  the  enemy.  —  By  order  of 
the  United  States,  in  Congress  assembled,  May 
19,  1788." 

The  monument  stands  in  the  centre  of  a  square 
on  Bunker  Hill,  containing  nearly  six  acres,  and 
enclosed  by  a  massive  iron  fence.  The  natural 
surface  of  the  ground  is  in  part  preserved,  upon 
which  some  lineaments  of  the  old  breastwork  are 
still  discernible  —  a  soil  which  will  be  ever  dear 
to  the  bosom  of  the  patriot,  and  to  the  friends  of 
liberty  throughout  the  world. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


The  following  touching  and  truly  eloquent 
apostrophe  to  the  monument  is  from  the  opening 
of  the  address  of  Louis  KOSSUTH,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  reception  given  to  him  in  Monument 
Square,  by  the  authorities  of  Charlestown :  — 

"  My  voice  shrinks  from  the  task  to  mingle 
with  the  awful  pathos  of  that  majestic  orator ! 
Silent  like  the  grave,  and  yet  melodious  like  the 
song  of  immortality  upon  the  lips  of  cherubim  ; 
—  a  senseless,  cold  granite,  and  yet  warm  with 
inspiration  like  a  patriot's  heart;  —  immovable 
like  the  past,  and  yet  stirring  like  the  future  which 
never  stops ;  —  it  looks  like  a  prophet  and  speaks 
like  an  oracle.  And  thus  it  speaks  :  — 

" '  The  day  I  commemorate  is  the  rod  with 
which  the  hand  of  the  Lord  has  opened  the  well 
of  liberty.  Its  waters  will  flow.  Every  new 
drop  of  martyr  blood  will  increase  the  tide.  Des- 
pots may  dam  its  flood,  but  never  stop  it.  The 
higher  its  dam,  the  higher  the  tide.  It  will  over- 
flow or  break  through.  Bow,  and  adore,  and 
hope!'" 

"  Such  are  the  words  that  come  to  my  ears  ; 
and  I  bow,  —  I  adore,  —  I  hope.  In  bowing,  my 
eyes  meet  the  soil  of  Bunker  Hill  —  that  awful 
opening  scene  of  the  eventful  drama,  to  which 
Lexington  and  Concord  had  been  the  preface. 
The  spirits  of  the  past  rise  before  my  eyes.  .  .  . 
All  the  spirits  of  that  most  eventful  victory,  under 
the  name  of  defeat — I  see  them  all.  The  eyes 
of  my  soul  are  familiar  with  the  spirits  of  the 
martyrs  of  liberty.  But  those  I  see  around  me 
have  no  sad,  ghastly  look  ;  they  bear  no  gushing 
wounds  crying  for  revenge  to  the  Almighty  God  ; 
the  smile  of  eternal  bliss  is  playing  around  their 
lips,  and  though  dwellers  of  heaven,  they  like  to 
visit  the  place  where  their  blood  was  spilt.  It 
was  not  spilt  in  vain.  Their  fatherland  is  free  ; 
and  there  is  a  joy  in  that  thought  adding  ever  a 
new  charm  even  to  the  happiness  of  blessed  souls. 
As  the  fabulous  divinities  of  ancient  Greece  like 
to  rest  from  the  charms  of  heaven  on  Mount 
Olympus,  so  must  the  spirit  of  Warren  like  to 
rest  on  the  top  of  this  monument  here. 

"  Martyrs  of  my  country  !  how  long  will  it  yet 
be  till  a  like  joy  will  thrill  through  your  departed 
souls  ?  When  will  the  smile  of  that  joy  play 
around  your  lips  1  How  long  will  yet  the  gush 
of  your  wounds  cry  for  revenge  —  your  father- 
land still  bleeding,  down-trodden,  oppressed  ? 
Almighty  Father  of  mankind,  let  the  day  of  thy 
mercy  be  not  too  far  !  " 

The  United  States  Navy  Yard  is  the  next  object 
of  interest  to  the  visitor  in  Charlestown.  This  is 
situated  at  the  foot  of  Bunker  Hill,  on  a  point  of 
land  E.  of  the  centre  of  the  town,  extending 
along  the  harbor,  from  the  mouth  of  Charles  River 
to  the  mouth  of  Mystic  River.  The  site,  including 
about  100  acres  of  ground,  was  purchased  by  the 
government  in  1800,  at  the  cost  of  about  $40,000. 
On  the  side  next  the  town,  the  yard  is  protected 
by  a  wall  of  stone  masonry,  16  feet  high.  On 
the  harbor,  several  wharves,  and  a  dry  dock,  have 
been  constructed,  with  a  strong  sea  wall  through- 
out the  remainder  of  the  line.  The  dry  dock 
is  itself  a  stupendous  work,  which  cost  the  gov- 
ernment about  $675,000.  It  is  built  of  beautifully 
hammered  granite,  in  the  most  workmanlike 
and  substantial  manner ;  is  341  feet  long,  80  feet 
wide,  and  30  feet  deep.  It  was  completed  in  1 833, 
and  the  first  vessel  which  was  received  into  it  was 
the  frigate  Constitution. 

There  are  in  this  yard  four  large  shiphouses, 


a  ropewalk  of  granite  1300  feet  long,  various 
mechanic  shops,  storehouses,  dwelling  houses  for 
the  officers,  marine  barracks,  and  naval  stores 
to  the  value  of  $2,000,000.  More  or  less  ships 
of, war  are  at  all  times  lying  here  in  ordinary, 
and  two  line  of  battle  ships,  the  Vermont  and 
the  Virginia,  have  been  on  the  stocks  in  the  ship- 
houses  for  many  years,  ready  to  be  got  to  sea  at 
any  time  in  a  few  months,  when  required.  Con- 
nected with  the  navy  yard,  and  under  the  gener- 
al direction  of  the  commandant,  are  a  naval  mag- 
azine, and  the  finely-situated  naval  hospital,  at 
Chelsea. 

Charlestown  contains  also  the  state  prison, 
founded  in  1800,  which  is  situated  at  Prison  Point, 
near  Charles  River,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  city. 
This  penitentiary,  having  been  essentially  im- 
proved and  extended  in  1826,  and  again  in  1850, 
is  one  of  the  best-arranged  and  most  successfully- 
administered  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  coun- 
try. The  buildings  are  in  the  form  of  a  cross, 
having  four  wings,  united  to  a  central  octagonal 
building,  three  of  which,  for  the  convicts,  are  ca- 
pable of  any  required  extension,  without  disturb- 
ing the  central  arrangements,  or  the  unity  of  ar- 
chitectural design.  The  interior  arrangement 
and  discipline  of  this  prison  are  upon  what  is 
known  as  the  "  Auburn  plan." 

The  McLean  Asylum  was  formerly  in  Charles- 
town  ;  but  by  a  division  of  the  town,  t^  constitute 
the  new  town  of  Somerville,  the  site  of  that  insti- 
tution falls  within  the  latter  place.  For  a  notice 
of  this  excellent  asylum,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
our  account  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Hospital, 
under  Boston. 

.-  The  merchandise  depot  of  the  Fitchburg  Rail- 
road is  located  in  Charlestown,  near  the  Warren 
Bridge.  This  is  .a  large  establishment,  and  des- 
tined to  be  yet  much  more  extended. 

Charlestown  is  the  proper  seat  of  the  ice 
trade,  which  has  now  become  a  staple  of  New 
England.  The  Charlestown  Branch  Railroad, 
running  to  Fresh  Pond,  in  Cambridge  and  Wa- 
tertown,  a  distance  of  about  3  miles,  was  first 
constructed  for  conveying  the  "  ice  crop  "  from 
this  pond  to  the  wharves  in  Charlestown,  whence 
it  is  exported  in  quantities,  averaging  50,000  tons 
a  year,  to  the  southern  ports  of  the  United  States, 
the  West  Indies,  South  America,  England,  and 
the  East  Indies. 

Charlestown  was  established  as  a  city  in  1847. 
It  has  rapidly  advanced  in  business  and  popula- 
tion within  a  few  years  past.  It  is  intimately 
united  with  Boston  by  its  situation,  and  conse- 
quently, in  its  various  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing interests  and  pursuits. 

Charlestown^  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  The  only 
rivers  are  the  Connecticut  and  Little  Sugar  Riv- 
ers. In  the  former,  there  are  3  islands,  the  largest, 
Sartwell's  Island,  is  10  acres,  and  is  well  culti- 
vated. The  others  are  6  acres  each,  and  have  a 
rich,  loamy  soil.  The  soil  is  extremely  various. 
Cheshire  Bridge  connects  this  town  with  Spring- 
field, Vt.  Captain  Phinehas  Stevens  was  among 
the  first  settlers.  In  1 747,  he  defended  the  fort  so 
gallantly  from  the  French  and  Indians,  that  Sir 
Charles  Knowles  presented  him  with  an  elegant 
sword,  and  from  this  circumstance  the  township, 
when  it  was  incorporated,  in  1753,  took  the  name 
of  Charlestown.  Bog  iron  ore  and  other  miner- 
als are  found  here.  First  settlers,  several  fami- 
lies by  the  names  of  Parker,  Farnsworth,  and 
Sartwell,  from  Groton,  Ms.  51  miles  W.  from 


324 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


Concord,  and  20  S.  E.  from  Windsor,  Vt.  A 
railroad  from  Boston  to  Burlington,  Vt,  now 
passes  through  this  delightful  town. 

Charlestown,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  A  township  on 
the  Susquehanna  Kiver.  82  miles  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Charlestown,  E.  I.,  Washington  co.,  lies  on  the 
sea,  opposite  to  Block  Island.  It  has  five  large 
ponds,  which  cover  an  area  of  seven  square  miles. 
Charlestown  and  Conaquetogue  Ponds  are  salt 
water,  and  Fosquissett,  Watchaug,  and  Cochum- 
paug  are  fresh  water.  These  waters  afford  a 
great  variety  of  fish.  Near  the  sea,  the  laad  is 
arable,  but  the  interior  of  the  town  is  more  fit 
for  the  growth  of  wood.  This  town  contains  the 
graves  of  the  remnant  of  the  tribe  of  the  once 
powerful  and  dreaded  Narraganset  Indians.  They 
possessed  a  considerable  tract  of  land  in  this 
town,  but  owing  to  a  dislike  to  agricultural  pur- 
suits, and  by  intermarriages  with  the  whites  and 
negroes,  their  race  as  a  distinct  people  has  long 
since  become  extinct.  Charles  River  passes 
through  the  town,  and  gives  it  mill  privileges. 
ChariSstown  lies  about  8  miles  W.  S.  W.  from 
South  Kingston,  and  40  S.  W.  from  Providence. 

Charloe,  O.,  c.  h.  Paulding  co.  137  miles  N.  W. 
from  Columbus. 

Charlotte.  Me.,  Washington  co.  Incorporated 
1825.  About  25  miles  N.  W.  from  Machias,  and 
184  E.  by  Jf.  from  Augusta. 

Charlotte,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Mecklenburg  co.  On 
the  E.  side  of  Sugar  Creek,  a  branch  of  Catawba 
River,  and  158  miles  S.  W.  from  Raleigh.  Near 
this  place  are  rich  gold  mines,  and  a  branch  mint 
is  established  here. 

Charlotte,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Drained  by 
Cassadaga  Creek  and  its  tributaries.  Surfac'e 
undulating  ;  soil  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grass 
and  grain.  13  miles  E.  from  Mayville,  and  320 
S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Charlotte,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  At  the  mouth  of 
Genesee  River,  7  miles  below  Rochester,  some- 
times called  Port  Genesee.  W.  N.  W.  from 
Albany  224  miles.  The  steamboats  between 
Lewiston  and  Oswego  stop  here. 

Charlotte,  Te.,  c.  h.  Dickson  co.  35  miles  W. 
from  Nashville. 

Charlotte,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  This  township 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  lake  shore,  and  is 
watered  by  the  River  Laplott  and  Lewis  Creek. 
In  the  western  part  of  the  town  the  soil  is  excel- 
lent. There  are  no  elevations  which  deserve  the 
name  of  mountain,  but  a  range  of  considerable 
hills  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  town.  49 
miles  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  11  S.  from  Bur- 
lington. The  Burlington  and  Rutland  Railroad 
passes  through  it.  In  August,  1849,  nearly  the 
entire  skeleton  of  a  whale  was  found  in  this 
town,  embedded  in  blue  clay,  8  feet  below  the 
surface.  The  locality  is  60  feet  above  Lake 
Champlam,  150  feet  above  the  sea,  and  more  than 
150  miles  from  the  nearest  part  of  the  present 
ocean.  The  animal  was  13  feet  long,  and  was 
ascertained  to  belong  to  the  living  genus  beluga 


Charlotte  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Charlotte.  S  E 
central.  Watered  by  Little  Roanoke  River.  Soil 
flth,  yielding  large  quantities  of  grain,  tobacco 


and  fruii 

Charlotte,  Va.,  c.  h.  Charlotte  co.,  (formerly 
called  Marysville,)  lies  3  miles  from  Little 
Roanoke  River,  and  one  and  a  half  miles  from 
Ward's  Fork.  W.  S.  W.  from  Richmond  98  miles. 

Charlottesville,  Va.,  c.  h.   Albemarle  co.     On 


Moore's  Creek,  2  miles  from  its  junction  with 
Rivanna  River,  and  85  N.  W.  from  Richmond, 
This  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Virginia. 
( See  Colleges.)  The  place  has  a  considerable  water 
power,  on  which  there  are  flour  and  other  mills 
Connected  with  Richmond  by  the  Central  Rail- 
road. 

Charlton,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  The  lands  in 
this  town  are  elevated  and  rough,  but  the  soil  is 
strong  and  rich,  and  well  adapted  for  agricultural 
purposes.  Many  small  streams  rise  in  the  high- 
lands, and  form  the  head  branches  of  the  Quin- 
nebaug,  by  which  the  south-western  part  of  the 
town  is  watered.  The  water  power  is  good. 
Charlton  was  taken  from  Oxford  in  1754.  13 
miles  S.  W.  from  Worcester,  and  57  W.  S.  W. 
from  Boston,  by  the  Western  Railroad. 

Charlton,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Watered  by 
Aelplass  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Mohawk  Riv- 
er. Surface  undulating ;  soil  mostly  productive. 
8  miles  W.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and  24  miles 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Chartiers,  Pa.,  Washington  co.,  situated  on 
the  N.  side  of  Chartier's  Creek,  is  a  hilly  town, 
with  a  loamy  soil.  Coal  is  found  here  in  large 
quantities. 

Chateaugay,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Chateaugay 
River  and  its  tributariqs  water  this  town,  which 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Canada.  The  surface 
is  hilly ;  soil  clay  and  sandy  loam.  200  miles  N. 
from  Albany. 

Chatham,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  The  township 
of  Chatham  embraces  the  greater  part  of  Middle 
Haddam  parish,  the  parish  of  East  Hampton,  and 
a  part  of  the  parish  of  West  Chester.  It  lies 
opposite  to  Middletown,  from  which  it  was  taken 
in  1767.  Chatham  is  watered  by  Salmon  and 
Pine  Brooks,  and  several  ponds. 

Chatham  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Savannah.  In 
the  southern  angle,  between  the  Savannah  River 
and  the  Atlantic.  Surface  low  and  level.  Rice. 
sugar,  and  cotton  are  the  chief  productions. 

Chatham,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  The  soil  is 
rather  better  than  is  generally  found  on  this  part 
of  Cape  Cod.  Its  surface  consists  of  sand  hills, 
with  narrow  valleys  between  them,  ponds,  and 
swamps.  The  harbor  of  Chatham,  after  being 
closed  by  a  beach  25  feet  high,  covered  with  beach 
grass,  and  a  mile  in  length,  has  lately  been 
opened  again,  in  consequence  of  a  violent  storm. 
30  handsome  ponds  supply  this  town  with  soft 
and  pure  water.  The  village  is  elevated  and 
pleasant.  In  a  fair  day,  Nantucket  can  be  seen 
without  a  glass,  20  miles.  Its  Indian  name  was 
Manamoyit.  It  was  first  settled  about  1665. 
Chatham  lies  on  the  S.  side  of  the  cape,  20  miles 
E.  from  Barnstable. 

Chatham  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Pittsboro'. 
Central.  Watered  by  the  Cape  Fear  River,  and 
by  the  Haw  and  Deep,  its  head  branches.  Sur- 
face undulating ;  soil  fertile,  yielding  good  crops 
of  wheat,  cotton,  and  tobacco. 

Chatham,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  White  Mountains,  and  adjoining  the  line 
which  divides  this  state  from  Maine.  There 
are  several  ponds  here,  and  some  considerable 
streams.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  rocky. 
Between  Chatham  and  Jackson,  Carter's  Moun- 
tain rises  so  high  as  to  prevent  the  opening  of  a 
road;  so  that  to  have  intercourse  with  the  rest 
of  the  county,  the  inhabitants  are  obliged  to  pass 
through  part  of  the  state  of  Maine.  Chatham 
was  granted  to  Peter  Livius  and  others,  February 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


325 


7,  I767.s  92  miles  N.  E.  from  Concord,  and  40 
N.  from  Ossipee. 

Chatham,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  The  Passaic  Eiver 
waters  this  town.  Surface  ttneven,  Long  Hill 
lying  in  the  S.  part.  56  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Trenton. 

Chatham,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Watered  by 
Kinderhook  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and 
there  is  a  great  variety  of  soils.  22  miles  S.  E. 
from  Albany,  and  16  N.  E.  from  Hudson. 

Chatham,  Pa.,  Tioga  co.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  well  adapted  to  grazing. 

Ckattahoochee,  Fa.,  Gadsden  co.  On  the  E.  side 
ef  the  Appalachicola  River.  45  miles  W.  from 
Tallahassee.  There  is  here  a  United  States  arsenal. 

Chattanooga,  Te.,  Hamilton  co.  141  miles  S. 
E.  from  Nashville.  The  railroad  from  the 
northern  boundary  of  Georgia  to  Nashville  (con- 
necting with  Decatur,  Augusta,  Macon,  and 
Savannah)  crosses  the  Tennessee  at  this  point. 

Chattooga  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Summerville, 
In  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  state,  bordering  on 
Alabama.  Surface  mountainous  ;  soil  rich  on  the 
borders  of  the  streams. 

Chaumont,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  At  the  head 
of  Chaumont  Bay,  on  the  E.  end  of  Lake  On- 
tario. Has  a  fine  harbor,  and  derives  good 
water  power  from  Chaumont  River.  Blue  lime- 
stone, for  building,  is  found  here.  178  miles  N. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Chautauque  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Chautauque. 
The  most  W.  county  in  the  state.  Bounded  N. 
by  Lake  Erie,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Pennsylvania. 
Watered  by  Chautauque,  Cassadaga,  and  Bear 
Lakes,  and  by  Chautauque,  Canadawa,  French, 
Silver,  Cassadaga,  and  Connewango  Creeks,  and 
the  outlet  to  Chautauque  Lake.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  a  ridge  extending  parallel  to  the  lake,  and 
at  a  distance  of  from  five  to  eight  miles  from  it, 
which  is  elevated  in  some  places  to  the  height  of 
1400  feet.  The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  along 
the  borders  of  the  lake  and  principal  streams. 
There  are  sqveral,  gas  springs  in  this  county, 
some  giving  forth  carburetted  and  others  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen  gas.  The  most  remarkable 
localities  of  the  former  are  at  Fredonia,  West- 
iield,  and  Van  Buren  Harbor.  Bog  iron  ore, 
alum,  copperas,  and  shell  marl  are  also  found  in 
considerable  quantities. 

Chautauque,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Chautanque  co.  It  is 
watered  by  Chautauque  Lake  on  the  E.,  and  by 
Chautauque  Creek  and  its  branches  on  the  W. 
The  surface  is  high  and  uneven  ;  the  soil  fertile, 
producing  large  crops  of  grass  and  grain.  336 
miles  W.  from  Albanv. 

Chazy,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  On  the  W.  shore  of 
Lake  Champlain.  Watered  by  Chazy  and  Little 
Chazy  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly  on  the  W., 
but  grows  level  as  it  approaches  the  lake.  The 
soil  is  mostly  good,  and  in  some  parts  very  fertile. 
10  miles  N.  from  Plattsburg,  and  176  N.  from  Al- 
bany. On  the  Plattsburg  and  Montreal  Railroad. 

Chelmsford,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Chelmsford 
was  granted,  in  1663,  to  some  persons  in  Woburn 
and  Concord,  and  comprised  the  territory  of 
Westford  and  Lowell.  Its  Indian  name  was 
Pawtucket.  There  is  a  great  variety  of  soil  in 
the  town ;  some  of  it  is  good  and  productive,  but 
a  large  part  is  broken,  sandy,  and  swampy. 
This  place  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  granite  and 
limestone.  Middlesex  village,  at  the  head  of 
Middlesex  Canal,  is  a  pleasant  place.  The 
village  of  North  Chelmsford  lies  on  the  banks 


of  the  Merrimac,  and  is  very  pleasant ;  it  con- 
tains a  depot  on  the  Nashua  Railroad,  4  miles 
W.  from  Lowell,  and  30  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Chelsea,  Ms.,  Suffolk  co.     This  town  was   for- 

Chelsea,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  A  new  town,  formed 
in  1850  from  a  part  of  Hallowell. 

Chelsea,  Ms.,  Suffolk  co.  This  town  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Boston,  and  now  forms  a  part 
of  the  county  of  Suffolk.  For  nearly  a  century 
of  the  difficulties  attending  getting  to  and  from 
Boston.  At  the  time  of  its  incorporation,  it 
required,  with  a  team,  a  journey  of  more  than 
20  miles,  although  the  distance  across  the  water 
was  less  than  one  and  a  half  miles.  Since 
the  steam  ferry  and  other  avenues  have  been 
opened,  the  town  has  grown  rapidly.  It  contained, 
in  1852,  about  7500  inhabitants.  A  new  and 
delightful  village  has  sprung  up  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  ferry,  since  1830,  containing  over  1200 
buildings,  erected  on  spacious  streets,  with  side- 
walks, lamps,  &c.,  giving  the  place  the  appear- 
ance of  a  city,  with  the  pleasant,  shaded  walks 
of  a  suburban  park. 

The  surface  of  the  town  is  broken  into  several 
beautiful  eminences,  affording  delightful  views  of 
Boston,Charlestown,  Bunker  Hill,  Medford,  Lynn, 
Nahant,  and  Boston  Harbor.  Powder  Horn  Hill, 
about  2  miles  from  the  ferry,  is  220  feet  in  height. 

The  principal  manufactures  of  Chelsea  are  of 
leather,  steam  engines,  steam  boilers,  salamander 
safes,  iron  castings,  boots  and  shoes,  bricks,  and 
other  articles.  There  are  ship  yards  and  boat 
builders'  shops. 

The  United  States  Marine  Hospital  and  the 
Naval  Hospital,  in  this  town,  are  on  large  plots 
of  ground,  in  delightful  and  airy  situations,  and 
afford  comfortable  retreats  for  sick  and  disabled 
seamen  of  the  navy  and  merchant  service. 

Winnesimet  Ferry,  leading  from  the  foot  of 
Hanover  Street,  in  Boston,  to  this  town,  is  prob- 
ably the  oldest  establishment  of  the  kind  in 
America.  The  first  grant  was  given  to  Thomas 
Williams,  in  1631.  The  distance  across  Charles 
River  is  about  a  mile  and  a  third.  The  average 
number  of  passengers  daily  crossing  the  ferry  is 
over  3000. 

Chelsea,  Vt,  Orange  co.  This  is  the  shire 
town,  and  is  a  township  of  good  land,  with  a 
pleasant  village  in  the  centre.  It  is  watered  by 
the  head  branches  of  White  River,  and  has  a  good 
hydraulic  power.  This  town  was  formerly  called 
Turnersburg.  Improvements  were  commenced 
here  in  the  spring  of  1784,  by  Thomas  and  Sam- 
uel Morse,  and  Asa  Bond,  who,  the  next  spring, 
brought  in  their  families  from  Winchester,  N.  H. 
20  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Chemung  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Elmira.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Tompkins,  and  E.  by  Tioga  co.,  S.  by 
the  state  of  Pa.,  and  W.  by  Steuben  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Chemung  River,  Cayuta  and  Newtown 
Creeks,  and  the  inlet  of  Seneca  Lake.  Surface 
hilly  and  broken ;  soil  fertile  along  the  borders 
of  the  streams,  and  of  good  quality  on  the  uplands 
The  Chemung  Canal  runs  through  this  county 
connecting  Seneca  Lake  with  the  Chemung  Rivet;, 
and  there  is  a  navigable  feeder  extending  into 
Steuben  co.  It  is  also  crossed  by  the  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad. 

Chemung,  N.  Y.,  Chemung  co.  On  the  Che- 
mung River,  along  the  valley  of  which  are  fin« 
alluvial  flats.  The  rest  of  the  surface  is  hilly  and 
broken.  In  the  S.  E.  part,  near  the  bank  of  the 
river,  is  a  remarkable  elevation  called  "  Spanish 


326 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


Hill,"  which  rises  110  feet  above  the  plain  ;  upon 
the  summit  of  which  are  vestiges  of  fortifica- 
tions, which  perfectly  command  the  bend  of  the 
river,  and  display  much  skill  in  their  construc- 
tion. 198  miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Chencmgo  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Norwich.  S. 
central.  "Watered  by  the  Chenango,  Unadilla, 
and  Susquehanna  Rivers,  and  Canasawacta  and 
Geneganslette  Creeks.  Broken  and  hilly,  but 
the  valleys  are  extensive  and  fertile,  yielding  large 
crops  of  grain.  The  uplands  are  well  suited  to 
grazing.  There  are  two  or  three  sulphur  springs 
in  this  county,  considered  very  efficacious  in  cuta- 
neous disorders.  The  Chenango  Canal  runs 
through  the  valley  of  the  Chenango  River,  and 
nearly  through  the  centre  of  the  county. 

Chenango,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Broome  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  Chenango-and  Susquehanna  Rivers.  Part 
of  the  surface  is  hilly.  The  valleys,  which  are 
from  one  to  two  miles  wide,  consist  of  rich  allu- 
vion, which  yields  large  crops  of  grass  and  grain. 
145  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Chenango,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  238  miles  W.by  N. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Chenango  Forks,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  On  the  Che- 
nango Canal,  at  the  junction  of  Tioughnioga  and 
Chenango  Rivers.  127  miles  W.  S.W.from  Albany. 

Chcpachet,  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  On  Chepachet 
River,  16  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Providence,  in 
the  town  of  Gloucester. 

Cheraw,  S.  C.,  Chesterfield  district.  On  the 
W.  bank  of  Great  Pedee  River.  1 10  miles  above 
Georgetown,  and  93  miles  N.  E.  from  Columbia. 
The  river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  this 
place.  The  cotton  and  other  trade  here  is  of  con- 
siderable importance. 

Cherokee  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Jefferson.  On 
the  E.  border  north.  Uneven  and  hilly ;  fertile 
on  the  margins  of  the  streams. 

Cherokee  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Canton.  In  the  N. 
W.  angle.  Watered  by  the  Etowah  River  and 
tributaries.  Surface  rough  and  hilly ;  soil  rich 
on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Cherry  Creek,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Watered 
by  Conewango  Creek  and  some  of  its  branches. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven ;  the  soil  clay  and 
sandv  loam.  320  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Cherokee  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Murphy.  In 
the  westernmost  extremity  of  the  state.  Hilly 
and  mountainous,  but  fertile  on  the  borders  of 
the  streams. 

Cherokee  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Rusk. 

^herryfidd,  Me.,  Washington  co.  At  the  head 
of  tide  waters  on  both  sides  of  the  Narraguagus. 

Cherry,  Pa.    A  township  of  Butler  co. 

Cherry,  Pa.  A  township  of  Ly coming  co.  130 
miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

wr*?*7^.2]^  Pa'>  Venango  co.  230  miles  N. 
W.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Cferry  Valley,®.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Cherrv  Val- 
ley Creek  and  some  other  small  streams*  water 
this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly  and  the 
soil  good.  52  miles  N.  of  W.  from  Albany 

Cheshire,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  Taken  from 
Wallingford  in  1 780.  The  Quinnipiac  River  arid 
Canal  Railroad  pass  through  the  town.  Cheshire 
has  an  uneven,  but  good  soil,  with  a  very  pleas- 
ant village,  and  an  Episcopal  academy.  Agricul- 
ture is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants. 

Cheshire,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  This  town  was 
first  settled  in  1767.  The  centre  of  it,  through 
which  the  S.  branch  of  the  Hoosic  runs,  is  a 
rich  and  fertile  valley.  To  the  E.  and  W.  of  this, 


the  ground  gradually  rises  into  hills  and  moun- 
tains. The  township  is  excellent  for  grazing 
Extensive  and  valuable  dairies  are  kept,  and  the 
Cheshire  cheese  has  acquired  a  wide  and  merited 
celebrity.  The  famous  mammoth  cheese,  present- 
ed to  President  Jefferson,  January  1,  1802,  con- 
tributed much  to  bring  this  town  into  notice. 
On  a  given  day,  the  dairy  women  sent  their  curds 
to  one  place.  The  quantity  was  too  great  to  be 
pressed,  even  in  a  cider  mill ;  so  that,  in  addition 
to  the  intended  present,  three  additional  cheeses 
were  made,  weighing  70  pounds  each.  The  mam- 
moth cheese  weighed  about  1450  pounds.  Mr. 
Jefferson  sent  back  a  piece  of  this  to  the  inhab- 
itants to  satisfy  them  of  its  excellence;  he  also 
sent  pieces  of  it,  it  is  said,  to  the  governors  of 
the  several  states.  From  the  W.  village,  or 
"  Four  Corners,"  to  South  Adams  is  about  4  miles. 

Cheshire  County,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  at  Keene.  In  the  S 
W.  corner.  The  length  of  this  county  is  31  miles, 
its  greatest  breadth  26  miles,  and  its  least  15.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  the  county  of  Sullivan,  E.  by 
Hillsboro'  co.,  S.  by  the  state  of  Ms.,  and  W.  by 
Vt.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Connecti- 
cut River.  Ashuelot  River  waters  this  county. 
Spofford's  Lake,  a  beautiful  collection  of  water,  8 
miles  in  circumference,  is  situated  in  Chesterfield. 
There  is  an  island  of  about  8  acres,  in  the  lake. 
The  Grand  Monadnock  is  the  highest  mountain. 
Bellows'  Falls,  on  Connecticut  River,  at  Walpole, 
is  regarded  as  a  great  natural  curiosity.  " 

Chest,  Pa.,  Clearfield  co.  The  W.  branch  of 
the  Susquehanna  River  waters  this  town,  which 
has  a  hilly  and  rough  surface,  and  loamy  soil. 
150  miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Chester,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Connecticut  River.  31  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Hart- 
ford. It  has  great  water  power,  and  some  man- 
ufactories. 

Chester,  Is.,  Randolph  co.  On  the  E.  bank  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  2  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Kaskaskia,  and  149  miles  S.  E.  from 
Springfield. 

C%ester,Me.,Penobscot  co.  Incorporated  in  183 1. 
Chester,  Ms.,  Hatnpden  co.  This  town  con- 
tains two  flourishing  villages,  both  of  which  are 
on  the  Western  Railroad.  Chester  village,  on 
the  N.  branch  of  Westfield  Rjyei4,  is  119  miles 
W.  from  Boston,  by  the  railroad;  Factory  vil- 
lage lies  7  miles  W.  from  Chester,  and  is  watered 
by  the  western  branch  of  the  Westfield  River. 
It  has  good  mill  privileges.  Chester  is  a  moun- 
tainous township,  but  has  good  land  for  grazing. 

Chester,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  A  branch  of 
Exeter  River,  called  "  The  Branch,"  is  the  prin- 
cipal stream.  Massabesick  Pond,  containing 
1500  acres,  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  in 
the  county.  The  remains  of  an  Indian  settle- 
ment, on  an  island  in  this  pond,  may  still  be 
seen.  The  soil  is  fertile.  In  this  town  are  two 
caves :  one  is  situated  in  Mine  Hill ;  the  entrance 
is  5  feet  high,  and  2£  wide ;  the  other  is  in  the 
westerly  side  of  Rattlesnake  Hill,  in  a  ledge  of 
coarse  granite,  nearly  40  feet  high ;  one  entrance 
to  which  is  11  feet  high  and  4  broad.  Native 
sulphur  is  found.  Granite  and  gneiss  are  th« 
prevailing  rocks.  This  is  a  pleasant  town,  and 
is  the  principal  place  of  business  in  the  county. 
It  commands  an  extensive  prospect,  embracing  a 
view  of  the  ocean  20  miles  distant.  First  settlers, 
Samuel  Ingalls,  Jonathan  Goodhue,  and  many 
others.  17  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Exeter,  and  23 
S.  E.  from  Concord. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


327 


Chester,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  Eancocus,  Pen- 
sauken,  and  Pompeston  Creeks,  and  the  Swedes 
branch  of  the  Delaware  River,  water  this  town. 
Surface  level;  soil  sandy,  but  productive.  9 
miles  S.  W.  from  Mount  Holly. 

Chester,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  Black  River,  and 
some  streams  flowing  into  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Raritan,  water  this  town.  Surface  undulating, 
with  the  exception  of  one  isolated  mountain  5 
soil  loamy.  50  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Trenton. 

Chester,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  Watered  by  the 
Hudson  River  and  some  of  its  branches,  by 
Sohroon  Lake,  which  lies  on  its  N.  E.  boundary, 
and  by  two  small  lakes  contained  within  its  limits. 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous ;  the  soil  is 
productive  in  the  valleys.  18  miles  N.  W.  from 
Caldwell,  and  1 80  miles  N.  from  Albany. 

Chester,  N.  Y..  Orange  co.  102  miles  S.  by  W. 
from  Albany.  Situated  on  the  Erie  Railroad. 
An  extensive  cattle  market. 

Chester  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Westchester.  In 
the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  state.  Watered  by  Bran- 
dywine  and  French  Creeks  and  the  head  branches 
of  Elk  River.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous  in 
the  W.  portion  ;  soil  diversified,  but  mostly  pro- 
ductive. The  Columbia  and  Philadelphia  Rail- 
road traverses  this  county. 

Chester,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Delaware  co.  This  place, 
called  Upland  until  1701,  is,  perhaps,  the  oldest 
settlement  in  the  state,  having  been  founded  long 
before  the  grant  of  William  Penn.  It  lies  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Delaware  River,  94  miles  E.  S.  E. 
from  Harrisburg,  and  14  S.  W.from  Philadelphia. 

Chester,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  A  township  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Delaware  River. 

Chester  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Chesterville,  shire 
town.  N.  W.  part.  Surface  pleasantly  varied. 

Chester,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Chester  district.  On  the  di- 
viding ridge  between  the  waters  of  Broad  and  Wa- 
teree  Rivers.  57  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Columbia. 

Chester,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  Williams  River  is 
formed  in  this  township,  by  the  union  of  three  con- 
siderable branches.  The  surface  is  considerably 
diversified  with  hills  and  valleys,  but  the  soil  is 
generally  good.  The  timber  is  mostly  hard 
wood,-  with  some  hemlock,  spruce,  and  pine. 
There  are  a  variety  of  minerals  found  here. 
There  are  two  villages,  called  the  North  and 
South  village.  The  settlement  was  commenced 
in  1764,  by  people  from  Woodstock,  Ct.,  and 
Worcester  and  Maiden,  Ms.  16  miles  S.  W. 
from  Windsor,  and  79  S.  from  Montpelier.  The 
Rutland  Railroad  between  Boston  and  Burling- 
ton passes  through  this  handsome  town. 

Chesterfield,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  This  is  a 
mountainous  township,  having  the  N.  branch  of 
the  Westfield  River  passing  through  its  whole 
extent.  The  soil  is  rough,  but  excellent  for 
grazing.  Beryl  and  emeralds  are  found  here. 
The  Westfield  River,  at  this  place,  has  worn  into 
the  solid  rock,  in  places,  nearly  30  feet  in  depth, 
and  may  be  traced  from  the  bridge  nearly  60 
rods,  appearing  as  if  cut  out  by  human  hands.  1 1 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Northampton,  and  101  W. 
N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Chesterfield,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  The  land  is 
mostly  upland,  well  adapted  for  grazing  and  In- 
dian corn.  Cat's  Bane  Brook  is  a  stream  of  great 
importance.  SpofTord's  Lake  is  a  beautiful  col- 
lection of  water ;  it  contain  526  acres,  and  is  fed 
by  springs  in  its  bosom.  Its  waters  are  clear  and 
pure,  its  bed  being  a  white  sand.  There  is  an 
island  in  this  lake,  of  6  acres.  From  the  E.  side 


of  the  town  issues  a  stream,  called  Partridge's 
Brook..  West  River  Mountain  lies  in  this  town 
and  Hinsdale.  Chesterfield  has  three  villages : 
the  principal  is  situated  near  the  centre  of  the 
town,  3  miles  E.  from  Connecticut  River.  11 
miles  S.  W.  from  Keene,  by  which  it  is  connected 
by  railroad,  and  62  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Chesterfield,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  On  the  shore  of 
Lake  Champlain,  and  watered  by  the  Au  Sable 
River  and  several  small  lakes,  the  principal  of 
which  are  Auger  and  Butternut.  Tne  surface  is 
hilly  and  mountainous  ;  soil,  mostly  sandy  loam. 

Chesterfield,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  Situated  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Delaware  River,  and  drained 
by  Crosswick's  and  Black  Creeks.  Surface  level; 
soil  a  mixture  of  sand,  clay,  and  loam. 

Chesterfield  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Chesterfield. 
On  the  northern  border,  between  Lynch's  Creek 
and  the  Great  Pedee.  Drained  through  the  centre 
by  Black  Creek.  Sterile,  except  on  the  margins 
of  the  streams. 

Chesterfield,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Chesterfield  district.  On 
Thompson's  Creek,  a  branch  of  Great  Pedee 
River.  105  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Columbia. 

Chesterfield  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  Chesterfield.  E. 
central.  In  the  W.  angle,  between  the  Appo- 
mattox  and  James  Rivers.  Surface  uneven.  The 
Richmond  and  Petersburg  and  the  Richmond  and 
Danville  Railroads  pass  through  it. 

Chesterfield,  Va.,  c.  h.  Chesterfield  co.  On  the 
N.  branch  of  Swift  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Ap- 
pomattox.  10  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Chestertown,  Md.,  Kent  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Chester  River,  30  miles  above  its  mouth.  54 
miles  N.  E.  from  Annapolis.  A  branch  of  the 
Maryland  University  is  located  here,  called 
Washington  College.  See  Colleges. 

Chesterville,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  An  excellent 
township,  on  Wilson's  Stream.  24  miles  N.  E. 
from  Augusta. 

Chestnut  Hill,  Pa.,  Monroe  co.  Head's  Creek 
waters  this  town.  Surface  hilly  in  some  parts. 

Chestnut  Hill.  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.  9  miles 
W.  from  Philadelphia,  in  Germantown.  A 
pleasant  place  of  summer  resort  for  the  citizens 
of  Philadelphia. 

Chicago.  City,  lake  port,  and  shire  town  of 
Cook  co.,  Is.  Population  in  1850,  30,000. 
This  place  is  situated  on  the  W.  shore,  and  to- 
wards the  S.  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  point 
where  the  river  of  the  same  name  enters  the  lake. 
The  northern  and  southern  branches  of  this  river 
unite  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  back  from  the 
lake,  forming  a  harbor  from  50  to  75  yards  wide, 
and  from  15  to  25  feet  deep.  At  its  mouth  it 
spreads  out  into  a  bay,  with  about  9  feet  depth  of 
water.  The  city  is  built  on  both  sides  of  this 
bay  and  harbor,  on  a  site  which  is  almost  as  level 
as  a  floor,  but  sufficiently  elevated  to  be  secure 
from  the  highest  floods.  Piers  have  been  con- 
structed, extending  into  the  lake  from  both  sidea 
of  the  mouth  of  the  river,  to  prevent  the  forma- 
tion of  a  bar  from  the  accumulation  of  sand 
These  works  were  built  by  the  United  States 
and  also  the  light-house,  and  the  fortification 
named  Fort  Dearborn,  which  are  upon  a  strip  of 
land  between  the  city  and  the  lake  shore,  belong' 
ing  to  the  government. 

This  place  has  had  a  rapid  growth,  and  fron 
its  position  in  the  great  line  of  communication 
between  the  E.  and  W.,  is  destined  to  become  a 
large  city.  In  1832  it  contained  only  5  small 
stores,  and  250  inhabitants.  Only  4  vessels  had 


328 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES.  &c } 


arrived  during  the  year  before.  In  1 836  4  years 
later,  the  arrivals  of  brigs,  ships,  and  schooners 
amounted  to  407,  besides  49  steamboats. 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  unites  the 
head  of  navigable  waters  in  the  Illinois  Kiver 
with  Lake  Michigan  at  Chicago.  This  great  in- 
ternal improvement  was  projected,  and  in  part 
constructed,  to  be  a  ship  canal  for  the  largest 
class  of  vessels  which  navigate  the  lakes.  For  a 
distance  of  30  miles  from  a  point  in  the  Chicago 
Kiver,  5£  miles  W.  of  the  city,  it  was  excavated, 
through  indurated  clay  and  compact  limestone, 
to  the  depth  of  from  18  to  20  feet.  Beyond  this 
the  canal  is  only  6  feet  deep.  Its  width  at  the 
top  is  60  feet,  and  its  entire  length  96£  miles,  be- 
sides a  navigable  feeder  of  about  4  miles,  from 
Fox  River.  This  is  one  of  the  best  constructed 
works  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  opening  an 
extensive  channel  of  trade  to  the  W.,  and  estab- 
lishing an  uninterrupted  water  communication 
between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Mississippi. 

Another  improvement,  still  more  important  in 
its  results  to  the  prosperity  of  Chicago,  is  that  of 
the  great  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  which  is  now 
in  process  of  construction  between  this  place  and 
Cairo,  at  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio 
Rivers.  This  railroad  will  constitute  the  most 
direct  and  expeditious  channel  of  communication 
between  the  North-Western  and  the  Southern 
States,  and  between  the  commerce  of  the  great 
lakes  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Especially  will 
this  be  the  case  when  its  route  shall  be  extended, 
as  now  contemplated,  through  Mississippi  and 
Alabama  to  the  city  of  Mobile  ;  for  which  exten- 
sion, as  well  as  for  the  road  through  Illinois, 
Congress  has  voted  a  munificent  appropriation 
from  the  public  lands.  Such  an  important  line 
of  communication,  whether  by  this  extension  to 
Mobile,  or  by  the  river,  as  at  present,  to  New 
Orleans,  open  throughout  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  must  bring  an  incalculable  amount  of  busi- 
ness into  Chicago,  while  it  opens  to  the  Atlantic 
cities  of  the  N.  a  new  available  access  to  the  vast 
resources  of  the  western  trade. 

The  streets  of  Chicago  are  laid  out  in  straight 
lines,  intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles. 
They  are  of  good  width,  and  some  of  them  are 
planked  ;  stone  pavements  not  being  used  to  any 
great  extent.  The  largest  buildings  are  of  brick. 
The  place  is  well  supplied,  from  the  region  about 
Green  Bay,  with  pine  timber,  another  important 
material  for  building  ;  and  the  transportation  of 
this  valuable  description  of  lumber  through  the 
canal  into  the  northern  parts  of  Illinois  and  other 
sections  of  the  west,  where  it  is  a  desideratum, 
makes  a  profitable  part  of  the  business  of  Chica- 
go. The  city  is  supplied  with  water  by  an  aque- 
duct from  the  lake.  It  has  six  or  seven  churches, 
some  of  which  are  fine  edifices,  situated  on  a 
public  square.  Some  of  the  public  houses  are 
extensive  establishments,  affording  accommoda- 
tions equal  to  the  best  hotels  in  our  eastern  cities. 
Chichester,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  soil  is 
good,  and  there  is  little  waste  land.  The  E.  part 
of  the  town  is  watered  by  Suncook  River.  In 
various  parts  traces  of  Indian  settlements  are  to 
be  seen.  Finkfield  Pond  is  in  Chichester,  from 
which  flows  a  stream  S.  W.  into  the  Suncook. 
First  settler,  Paul  Merrill,  in  1753.  8  miles  E. 
from  Concord. 

Ckickasaw  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Houston.  N.  . 
part.  On  the  height  of  land  between  the  waters 
of  the  Yazoo  and  those  of  the  Tombigbee.  The 


head  waters  of  the  Yalabusha  River  and  Oktib- 
beha  Creek  water  this  county. 

Chickopee,  Ms.,  Hampden  cc.  A  large  manu- 
facturing village,  on  the  Chickopee  River,  lately 
a  part  of  Springfield.  There  are  extensive  cot- 
ton factories  here,  also  manufactories  of  paper, 
iron  castings,  arms,  machinery,  &c. 

Chicot  County,  As.,  c.  h.  Columbia.  In  the  S. 
E.  corner,  on  the  Mississippi.  Bartholomew  and 
Bceuf  Bayous  and  Macon  River  traverse  this 
county.  Surface  low  and  level;  soil  greatly 
diversified. 

Chictawaga,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by^Ca- 
yuga  and  Cazenove  Creeks.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  fertile.  6  miles  E.  from  Buffalo,  and  278 
W.  from  Albany. 

Chili,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Genesee  River,  and  drained  by  Black  Creek. 
Surface  undulating;  soil  very  productive.  10 
miles  S.  W.  from  Rochester,  and  230  W.  by  N. 
from  Albany. 

Chillicothe,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Livingston  co.  On  a 
prairie,  about  3£  miles  from  the  junction  of  the  E. 
and  W.  forks  of  Grand  River. 

Chillicothe  City,  O.,  c.  h.  Ross  co.  A  handsome 
and  nourishing  place  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Scioto 
and  on  the  Ohio  Canal. 

Chillisquaque,  Pa.,  Northumberland  co.  65 
miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

ChiUiteeaux,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Dunklin  co. 
Chilmark,  Ms.,  Dukes  co.  This  township  com- 
prises the  westerly  part  of  the  island  of  Martha's 
Vineyard ;  also  a  range  of  smaller  islands,  called 
the  Elizabeth  Islands,  and  the  island  of  No  Man's 
Land. 

Chilo,  O.,  Franklin  township,  Clermont  co.. 
was  formerly  called  Mechanicsburg.  It  is  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Ohio  River.  1 13  miles  S.  W.  from 
Columbus. 

China,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  20  miles  N.  E.  from 
Augusta.  A  fine  agricultural  township  on  Twelve 
Mile  Pond,  the  outlet  of  which  into  the  Kennebec 
affords  excellent  mill  privileges. 

China,  Mn.,  St.  Clair  co.  51  miles  N.  N.  E. 
from  Detroit. 

China,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Watered  by  Clear 
Creek,  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Cattaraugus 
Creek.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating  on  the 
S.,  and  still  more  uneven  on  the  N.  The  soil  is 
suitable  for  the  growth  of  grass.  20  miles  S.  W. 
from  Wyoming,  and  271  W.  from  Albany. 

Chippewa  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Sault  de  St. 
Marie.  Bounded  N.  by  Lake  Superior  and  St. 
Mary's  Straits,  E.  by  the  North  Channel  and 
Lake  Huron,  S.  by  Michilimackinac  county,  and 
W.  by  Schoolcraft  county. 

Chippewa  County,  Wn.  N.  W.  part  of  the  state. 
Drained  by  the  Chippewa  and  its  branches. 

Chippewa,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  7  miles  N.  W. 
from  Beaver. 

Chittenango,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  1  mile  S.  from 
the  Erie  Canal,  and  near  the  railroad.  120  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Albany.  There  is  a  sulphur 
spring  one  mile  S.  of  the  village. 

Ckittenden  County,  Vt,  c.  h.  at  Burlington. 
Bordering  on  Lake  Champlain.  Its  soil  varies 
from  rich  alluvial  meadows  to  light  and  sandy 
plains.  The  beautiful  Champlain,  washing  its 
western  boundary,  gives  it  great  facilities  for 
trade.  Lamoille  River  passes  through  its  N.  W. 
corner,  and  Winooski  River  pierces  its  centre. 
These  streams,  with  several  others  of  smaller 
size,  afford  the  county  a  good  water  power.  The 


IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


329 


railroads  which  intersect  this  county  in  various 
directions,  its  fine  mill  privileges,  and  good  soil, 
render  this  a  highly  interesting  section  of  the  state. 

Chittenden,  Vt,  Rutland  co%  The  N.  W.  part 
of  this  town  is  watered  by  Philadelphia  River, 
the  eastern  part  by  Tweed  River,  and  the  south- 
western part  by  East  Creek.  Near  Philadelphia 
River  is  a  mineral  spring,  and  among  the  moun- 
tains are  some  caverns.  Iron  ore  of  good  quality 
js  found  here  in  abundance,  and  also  manganese. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  about  the  close 
of  the  revolutionary  war,  but  much  of  it,  being 
mountainous,  remains  unsettled.  12  miles  N.  by 
E.  from  Rutland,  and  40  S.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Choconut,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  189  miles  N. 
N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Choctaw  County,  A  a.,  c.  h.  at  Butler.  S.  W.  part, 
between  the  Tombigbee  and  the  Mississippi  line. 

Choctaw  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Greensboro'.  N. 
central.  Watered  by  the  head  branches  of  Black 
River. 

Chowan  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Edenton.  In  the 
N.  E.  corner  of  the  state,  bounded  S.  and  W.  by 
Albemarle  Sound.  Surface  level ;  soil  fertile. 

Christian  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Edinburg.  S. 
central.  Watered  by  the  S.  branch  of  the  San- 
gamon  River.  Surface  level ;  soil  fertile. 

Christian  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Hopkinsville.  S. 
W.  part.  On  the  height  of  land  between  the 
Green  and  Tennessee  Rivers.  Watered  by  Trade- 
water,  Pond,  and  Little  Rivers.  Soil  mostly  fer- 
tile. 

Christiana,  De.  A  township  of  Newcastle  co. 
The  village  called  Christiana  Bridge  is  on  Chris- 
tiana Creek.  9  miles  S.  W.  from  Wilmington. 

Christiana,  O.,  Madison  township,  Butler  co. 
i  A  village  14  miles  N.  E.  from  Hamilton. 

Cicero,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Watered  on  the 
N.  E.  by  Oncida  Lake,  and  on  the  E.  by  Chitte- 
nango  Creek.  Surface  generally  level ;  soil  of  a 
medium  quality.  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Syracuse, 
and  143  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Cincinnati,  0.  City,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Hamilton  co.  Situated  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state,  on  the  N.  side  <#  the  Ohio 
River,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  Licking  River, 
which  comes  in  here  from  Kentucky.  It  is  116 
miles  S.  W.  from  Columbus,  the  capital  of  the 
state,  and  494  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  The 
rapid  growth  of  Cincinnati  has  been  remarkable. 
The  population  in  1800  was  750;  in  1810,  2540; 
in  1820,  9642;  in  1830,  24,831  ;  in  1840,  46,338  ; 
in  1850,  115,338. 

The  city  lies  in  a  valley,  about  12  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, bounded  by  hills  gently  rising  to  the 
height  of  300tfeet,  and  affording  from  their  sum- 
mits and  declivities  beautiful  views  of  the  river, 
and  of  the  city  upon  its  banks,  with  the  flourish- 
ing towns  of  Newport  and  Covington  upon  the 
opposite  side.  The  city  itself  is  built  on  what 
was  originally  two  successive  table  lands,  or 
"  bottoms  "  of  the  river,  at  different  elevations  ; 
the  one  being  from  40  to  60  feet  above  the  other ; 
which,  in  grading,  have  been  reduced  more  nearly 
to  a  gradual  ascent  of  from  5  to  10  degrees  from 
the  river.  The  plan  of  the  city  was  originally 
laid  out  with  great  regularity,  and  has  been  in  a 
good  degree  preserved.  An  open  area  upon  the 
feank  of  the  river,  with  about  1000  feet  front,  and 
embracing  10  acres,  is  reserved  for  the  "  Land- 
ing ; "  which  is  of  great  importance  to  the  busi- 
ness of  the  city,  and  usually  presents  a  scene  of 
great  activity.  The  seven  principal  streets  run 
42 


north  from  the  river,  66  feet  in  width,  and  at  in- 
tervals of  396  feet,  and  are  crossed  at  right  angles 
by  seven  others,  the  same  distance  apart ;  except- 
ing Water  and  Front  Streets,  which  are  somewhat 
nearer,  and  Second  and  Third  Streets,  which,  on 
account  of  the  original  shape  of  the  ground,  were 
located  farther  apart.  To  this  original  plan 
other  streets  have  been  added,  particularly  on  the 
N.  and  W.  The  corporate  limits  of  the  city 
include  about  four  square  miles.  The  central 
part  is  compactly  and  finely  built,  with  spacious 
warehouses,  large  stores,  and  handsome  dwellings. 
One  of  the  squares  was  originally  reserved  for 
the  public  buildings,  and  several  of  the  first  edi- 
fices designed  for  public  uses  were  erected  upon 
it.  Among  the  public  buildings  of  Cincinnati  are 
the  court  house  on  Main  Street,  a  spacious  build- 
ing 56  by  60  feet,  and  120  feet  high  to  the  top  of 
the  dome  ;  the  edifice  for  the  Franklin  and  Lafay- 
ette Banks,  on  Third  Street,  which  has  a  splendid 
Doric  portico  of  a  beautiful  gray  freestone ;  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church,  on  Main  Street,  68 
feet  front  by  85  feet  deep,  cornered  with  turrets, 
and  crowned  with  a  cupola ;  the  Second  Presby- 
terian Church,  of  agreeable  architecture  without, 
and  beautiful  within  ;  and  many  other  church 
edifices  which  are  ornamental  to  the  city.  There 
are  likewise  the  Cincinnati  College,  the  Medical 
College,  Mechanics'  Institute,  Catholic  Athenae- 
um, 4  market  houses,  —  one  of  which  is  500  feet 
long,  —  two  museums,  a  theatre,  a  hospital,  a 
lunatic  asylum,  &c.  There  are  many  extensive 
and  fine  blocks  of  stores,  especially  on  Front  and 
Main  Streets.  The  open  area  at  the  Landing  is 
substantially  paved  to  low-water  mark,  and  is 
supplied  with  floating  wharves,  adapted  to  the 
great  rise  and  fall  of  the  river,  which  has  a  mean 
annual  range  of  about  50  feet,  with  about  10  feet 
more  in  extraordinary  floods.  Many  of  the 
streets  are  well  paved,  and  several  of  them  are 
handsomely  shaded  with  trees.  A  large  propor- 
tion of  the  houses  is  of  stone  or  brick,  from  two 
to  four  stories  high.  Though  the  climate  of  Cin- 
cinnati is  more  variable  than  that  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast  in  the  same  latitude,  yet  few  places  in 
the  country  are  more  healthy  than  this  city.  The 
inhabitants  are  from  nearly  every  state  in  the 
Union,  and  from  many  European  nations.  The 
Germans  make  nearly  one  third  of  the  population. 
This  city  is  hardly  excelled  by  any  other  in 
the  Union  in  respect  to  the  literary  advantages  it 
affords.  The  common  free  schools  are  of  a  high 
order,  embracing  ten  school  districts,  with  fine 
brick  edifices  three  stories  high,  and  furnished 
with  various  apparatus.  Besides  these,  there  are 
numerous  private  schools.  There  are  also  pub- 
lic high  schools,  male  and  female,  in  which  in- 
struction is  given  to  a  great  number  of  pupils. 
There  is  a  college,  with  which  is  connected  the 
celebrated  Astronomical  Observatory  established 
through  the  exertions  of  Professor  Mitchell,  and 
by  the  enlightened  liberality  of  the  citizens.  The 
Roman  Catholics  have  a  college  here,  called  St. 
Xavier  College.  The  Medical'  College  of  Ohio, 
chartered  in  1825,  is  located  here.  Lane  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  an  institution  belonging  to  the 
New  School  Presbyterians,  is  located  at  Walnut 
Hills,  two  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  city.  The 
Old  School  Presbyterians  have  also  an  institution 
here,  more  recently  established,  for  the  instruction 
of  theological  students.  The  Mechanics'  Insti- 
tute was  chartered  in  1828,  for  the  improvement 
of  mechanics  in  scientific  knowledge  by  means 


330 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


of  popular  lectures,  a  library,  reading  room,  &c. 
It  has  fine  buildings,  and  apparatus  which  has 
cost  about  SI 0,000.  The  Young  Men's  Mercan- 
tile Library  Association  has  a  valuable  library 
and  reading  rooms  in  the  Cincinnati  College 
edifice,  on  Walnut  Street.  Although  intended 
for  the  particular  benefit  of  young  men,  its  ad- 
rantages  are  open  to  every  respectable  citizen. 
Besides  this,  there  is  an  Apprentices'  Library  As- 
sociation, which  has  a  handsome  collection  of 
books,  in  every  department  of  literature  and 
science,  appropriate  to  the  objects  of  such  an  in- 
stitution. All  minors  brought  up  to  laborious 
employments  have,  under  certain  regulations, 
free  access  to  this  library,  from  which  about  500 
volumes  are  drawn  out  weekly.  In  1831,  a  Col- 
lege of  Teachers  was  established,  having  for  its 
object  the  elevation  of  the  qualifications  of  teach- 
ers, and  the  advancement  of  the  interests  of 
schools  at  the  west,  which  holds  an  annual  meet- 
ing at  Cincinnati  in  October.  The  charitable 
institutions  required  by  the  wants  of  a  large  city 
have  been  liberally  furnished  in  Cincinnati. 
Among  these  are  the  Orphan  Asylum,  in  Elm 
Street,  a  fine  four  story  building,  with  ample 
grounds ;  two  Orphan  Asylums  of  the  Roman 
Catholics,  for  the  different  sexes  ;  and  the  State 
Commercial  Hospital  and  Lunatic  Asylum,  in- 
corporated in  1821,  with  accommodations  for  250 
patients.  Among  the  most  extensive  establish- 
ments of  the  city  for  business  are  the  pork 
houses,  viihich  are  located  on  the  Miami  Canal. 
Cincinnati  is  the  greatest  market  in  the  Union  for 
this  important  article  of  supplies.  The  number  of 
hogs  slaughtered  here,  during  the  season  of  pack- 
ing, in  the  fall  and  winter  of  1851-2,  was  352,000. 
Cincinnati,  for  a  city  of  such  recent  origin, 
possesses  great  facilities  for  communication  with 
the  surrounding  country,  by  canals,  McAdamized 
roads,  and  railroads.  The  Miami  Canal  con- 
nects the  city  with  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal, 
at  Defiance.  The  Whitewater  Canal  extends 
into  Indiana,  and  commands  much  of  the  trade 
of  its  eastern  section.  The  improvements  upon 
the  Licking  River,  by  dams  and  locks,  have  ren- 
dered that  stream  navigable  for  steamboats  of 
150  tons,  for  a  distance  of  more  than  200  miles 
into  Kentucky.  Two  railroads  are  now  in  op- 
eration, which  connect  the  city  with  Sandusky 
and  with  Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie.  The  inte- 
rior and  capital  of  Indiana  is  connected  with  the 
Ohio  River  by  a  railroad  at  Madison,  about  80 
miles  below  Cincinnati.  These  are  great  and 
useful  works,  upon  the  structure  of  which  many 
millions  of  dollars  have  been  expended.  The 
trade  of  the  country  from  the  Ohio  River  to  the 
Lakes,  north  and  south,  and  from  the  Scioto  to 
the  Wabash  Rivers,  east  and  west,  comes  chiefly 
to  Cincinnati.  The  same  is  true  of  the  trade  of 
Kentucky  for  a  great  distance  each  way  upon 
the  Ohio.  The  manufactures  of  Cincinnati  are 
also  extensive.  The  surplus  water  from  the 
canals  furnishes  no  inconsiderable  power  which 
has  been  thoroughly  applied  to  use ;  and  much 
is  added  by  the  steam  engine,  which  is  available 
here  at  a  reasonable  expense.  A  steam  engine 
supplies  a  large  part  of  the  city  with  water,  for 
drinking  and  culinary  uses.  It  is  forced  up  from 
the  Ohio  River,  into  reservoirs  upon  a  hill  700 
feet  high ;  and  thence  it  is  carried  by  iron  pipes 
under  the  bed  of  Deer  Creek,  to  the  intersection 
of  Broadway  and  Third  Street,  where  its  dis- 
tribution through  the  city  commences.  These 


works  were  projected  and  carried  on  by  individ- 
ual enterprise  until  1839,  when  they  were  pur- 
chased by  the  city. 

On  the  28th  of  December,  1788,  but  a  little 
more  than  sixty  years  ago,  the  first  company  of 
civilized  men  landed  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Ohio,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Licking  River,  to 
commence  the  settlement  of  a  town.  Their  first 
log  cabin  was  built  on  a  spot  which  is  now  on 
Front  Street,  a  little  east  of  Main  Street.  In 
January,  1789,  they  proceeded  to  lay  off  their 
town,  which  was  then  covered  with  a  dense  for- 
est; the  lower  bottom  bearing  huge  sycamore 
and  sugar  maple  trees,  and  the  upper,  beech  and 
oak.  The  streets  were  run,  and  the  corners 
marked  upon  the  trees.  To  their  projected  city 
they  gave  the  name  of  Losantiville,  which  was 
afterwards  changed  to  Cincinnati.  In  1802,  it 
was  incorporated  as  a  town,  with  a  population 
of  less  than  1000  inhabitants.  Thus  recent  is 
the  origin,  and  thus  rapid  has  been  the  growth, 
of  this  beautiful  city,  which  long  since  obtained 
the  name  of  "  the  Queen  City  of  the  West." 

Cincinnatus,  N.  Y.,  Cortland  co.  Surface  hilly  ; 
soil  fertile.  15  miles  S.  E.  from  Cortland,  and 
131  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Cirdeville,  O.     See  Appendix,  No.  8. 

Circleville,  Va.,  c.  h.  London  co. 

City  Point,  Va.,  Prince  George  co.  A  port  of 
entry  on  a  point  formed  by  the  junction  of  James 
and  Appomattox  Rivers.  33  miles  S.  E.  from 
Richmond.  Large  ships  come  up  to  this  place, 
and  it  is  connected  with  Petersburg  by  railroad. 

Clackamas  County,  On.,  c.  h.  at  Oregon  city. 
In  the  lower  valley  of  the  Willamette. 

Claiborne,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Alabama  River,  at  the  head  of  schooner 
navigation.  138  miles  S.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Claiborne  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Overton,  shire 
town.  In  the  N.  W.  angle,  bordering  on  Arkan- 
sas. Watered  by  Red  River  and  branches  of  the 
Wachita,  and  byBistineau  and  Bodeau  Lakes. 
The  soil  on  the  borders  of  the  streams  is  of  good 
quality. 

Claiborne  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Port  Gibson. 
In  the  S.  E.  angle,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi. 
Bayou  Pierre  waters  this  county.  Surface  some- 
what uneven ;  soil,  except  on  the  margins  of  some 
of  the  streams,  of  an  indifferent  quality. 

Claiborne  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  Tazevvell,  shire 
town.  On  the  northern  border.  Bounded  N.  by 
Ky.  and  Va.,  E.  by  Hawkins  co.,  S.  by  Granger, 
and  W.  by  Campbell  co.  Watered  by  Powell's 
and  Clinch  Rivers,  head  branches  of  the  Ten- 
nessee. Surface  mountainous. 

Clappville,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  A  manufac- 
turing village  at  the  head  of  Quinnebaug  River. 
50  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Boston,  in  the  town  of 
Leicester. 

Claremont,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  This  beauti- 
ful town  is  watered  by  Connecticut  and  Sugar 
Rivers,  besides  numerous  brooks  and  rivulets. 
It  is  a  fine  undulating  tract  of  territory,  covered 
with  a  rich  gravelly  loam.  The  hills  are  sloping 
acclivities,  crowned  with  elegant  summits.  The 
intervales  on  the  rivers  are  rich  and  luxuriant. 
In  this  town  are  fine  beds  of  iron  ore  and  lime- 
stone. It  received  its  name  from  the  country 
seat  of  Lord  Clive,  an  English  general.  Th« 
beautiful  location  of  Claremont,  its  immense 
water  power,  and  its  facilities  of  transportation 
by  steam,  render  it  a  desirable  location  for  man- 
ufacturing. Some  valuable  minerals  are  found 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


331 


here.  12  miles  N.  from  Charlestown,  and  47 
N.  N.  W.  from  Concord.  A  railroad  from  Boston 
to  Burlington,  Vt.,  passes  through  this  town, 

Clarence,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  Ran- 
som's and  Tonawanda  Creeks.  Surface  undu- 
lating; soil  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grain.  16 
miles  N.  E.  from  Buffalo,  and  265  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Clarendon,  N.  Y.,  Orleans  co.  The  surface  of 
this  town  is  high  and  broken.  The  soil  consists 
of  calcareous  loam.  10  miles  S.  E.  from  Albion, 
and  248  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Clarendon,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Otter  Creek  passes 
through  the  town ;  this,  with  its  branches,  Mill 
and  Cold  Rivers,  and  Furnace  Brook,  supply  the 
town  with  water.  The  E.  part  of  the  town 
borders  on  the  Green  Mountains,  but  the  princi- 
pal elevations  are  the  range  of  hills  between 
Otter  Creek  and  Furnace  Brook,  and  between 
the  latter  and  Ira  •  Brook,  on  the  west  line  of  the 
town.  The  alluvial  flats  on  Otter  Creek  are 
very  productive.  The  uplands  are  a  gravelly 
loam.  Marble  is  found  here.  There  are  two  small 
villages,  one  in  the  eastern  and  the  other  in  the 
western  part.  Clarendon  Springs,  celebrated  in 
cutaneous  and  scrofulous  diseases,  are  situated 
near  Furnace  Brook  and  Clarendon  Cave,  on 
the  south-easterly  side  of  a  mountain,  in  the 
westerly  part  of  the  town.  The  healing  ingre- 
dient in  the  springs  is  nitrogen  in  chemical  com- 
bination. The  water  is  cold,  transparent,  and 
free  from  any  mineral  taste ;  the  supply  from, 
the  spring  is  abundant.  It  has  become  a  fash- 
ionable resort.  The  settlement  was  commenced 
in  1 768,  by  Elkanah  Cook.  The  first  settlers  were 
mostly  from  Rhode  Island.  85  miles  S.  W.  from 
Montpelier,  and  7  S.  from  Rutland.  The  great 
southern  railroad  passes  through  this  town. 

Clarendon  Springs,  Vt.,  Clarendon,  Rutland 
co.  70  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Montpelier.  See 
Clarendon,  Vt. 

Clarion  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Clarion.  N.  cen- 
tral. Watered  by  the  Alleghany  and  Clarion 
or  Toby's  Rivers  and  Red  Bank  Creek.  Surface 
rough,  and  abounding  with  iron  on  the  N.,  but 
more  level  and  fertile  on  the  S. 

Clarion,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Clarion  co.  Watered  by 
Piney,  Licking,  and  Mill  Creeks,  and  Laurel 
Run,  branches  of  the  Clarion  River.  Surface 
somewhat  hilly;  soil  loamy.  184  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Clark  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Springfield.  S.  W. 
central.  It  was  organized  in  1818,  and  has  a 
very  fertile,  well-cultivated  soil,  abundantly  sup- 
plied with  water  by  Mad  River,  Buck  and  Bea- 
ver Creeks,  and  several  springs  This  county  is  in 
a  very  flourishing  condition,  and  has  the  national 
road  crossing  it  from  E.  to  W.  The  Cincinnati 
and  Sand usky  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Clarksburg,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Lewis  co.  On  Salt  Lick 
Creek.  4  miles  S.  from  the  Ohio  River,  and  107 
E.  N.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Clarksburg,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  The  soil  is  hard 
and  stony.  About  two  thirds  of  it  li^  on  the 
Hoosic  and  Bald  Mountains,  which  is  "cold  and 
rocky,  but  covered  with  valuable  timber.  Be- 
tween the  mountains  the  soil  is  good  for  grazing. 
The  town  is  well  watered  by  Hoosic  River  and 
Hudson's  Brook.  It  was  first  settled  by  persons 
of  the  names  of  Ketchum,  from  Long  Island, 
and  Clark,  from  R.  I?,  in  1769.  25  miles  N. 
from  Pittsfield,  and  120  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Clarksburg,  Va.,  c.  h.  Harrison  co.     On  Mo- 


nongahela  River.    253  miles  N.  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Clarkson,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  On  the  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario.  Watered  by  Sandy  and  Little 
Salmon  Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  level ; 
*i, :i  sandv  and  graveiiy  loam.  16  miles  N. 


the 


W.  from  Rochester,  and  233  N.  W.  from  Al 
bany. 

Clarkstown,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Rockland  co.  On  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  and  contains  a 
small  lake,  the  waters  of  which  flow  into  the 
Hackensack  River.  Surface  mostly  hilly;  soil 
fertile  in  the  valleys.  248  miles  S.  from  Albany. 

Clarksville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Clarke  co.  134  miles  S. 
from  Tuscaloosa. 

Clarksville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Habersham  co.  138  miles 
N.  from  Milledgeville. 

Clarksville,  N.  H.  Coos  co.  On  the  E.  bank  of 
Connecticut  River.  The  soil  is  hard.  156  miles 
N.  from  Concord. 

Clarksville,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Red  River  co. 

Clarksville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  At  the 
junction  of  Red  and  Cumberland  Rivers.  45 
miles  N.  W.  from  Nashville. 

Clarke  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Clarkesville  S.  W. 
part  of  the  state.  In  the  angle  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  Rivers. 
Surface  uneven ;  soil  generally  rather  sterile. 

Clarke  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Greenville.  S.  W. 
central.  In  the  W.  angle,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Washita  and  Little  Missouri  Rivers.  Surface 
hilly  and  mountainous  ;  soil  sterile,  except  on  the 
borders  of  the  streams. 

Clarke  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Watkinsville.  ~8. 
E.  central.  On  the  upper  waters  of  the  Oco- 
nee  River.  The  Athens  Branch  Railroad  con- 
nects the  N.  part  with  Augusta. 

Clarke  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Marshall.  On  the 
E.  frontier,  on  the  Wabash.  Fox  and  Crane 
Creeks,  and  the  N.  branch  of  Embarrass  River, 
water  this  county. 

Clarke  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Charleston.  On 
the  S.  E.  border.  On  the  Ohio  River.  Surface 
undulating,  and  watered  by  some  small  branches 
of  the  Ohio. 

Clarke  County, Io.,  c.h.atOceola.  Southern  part. 

Clarke  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Winchester.  N.  E. 
central.  The  'Kentucky  River  runs  along  its  S. 
border. 

Clarke  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Quitman.  On  the 
S.  E.  border.  Surface  mostly  level,  and  drained 
by  the  Chickasaw  River  and  branches. 

Clarke  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Waterloo.  In  the 
N.  E.  corner  between  the  Mississippi  and  Des 
Moines.  Fox  and  Wyaconda  Rivers  traverse 
this  county. 

Clarke  County,  On.,  c.  h.  at  Columbia  city. 

Clarke  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Berryville,  in  the 
N.  of  the  valley.  The  Shenandoah  River  waters 
this  county.  Surface  varied,  having  the  Blue 
Ridge  on  the  E.;  soil  very  fertile. 

Clarkesville,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Drained  by 
Dodge's  Creek  and  some  other  small  streams. 
The  surface  is  high  and  undulating,  being  mostly 
covered  with  a  dense  pine  forest.  278  miles  S. 
W.  from  Albany,  and  15  from  Angelica. 

Clatsop  County,  On.  At  the  mouth  of  the 
Oregon. 

Claverack,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Claverack 
Creek  waters  this  town.  The  surface  is  hilly  in 
parts,  and  the  soil  generally  productive.  4  miles 
E.  from  Hudson,  and  34  S.  from  Albany. 

Clay  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Maysville.     S.  E.  cen- 


332 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c. 


tral.    Watered  by  the  Little  Wabash  River.  Sur- 
face level ;  soil  productive. 

Clay  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Bowling  Green.  S. 
W.  central.  Watered  by  .the  Eel  River  and  its 
tributaries.  Land  mostly  productive. 

Clay  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Manchester.  S.  E. 
part.  Watered  by  the  S.  fork  of  Kentucky  River. 
Soil  mostly  of  an  indifferent  quality. 

Clay  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Liberty.  W.  part, 
on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Missouri.  Fishing  River 
and  a  branch  of  the  Little  Platte  cross  this  county. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  very  fertile. 

Clay,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  At  the  junction  of 
Oneida  and  Seneca  Rivers.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  mostly  fertile.  151  miles  from  Albany,  and 
10  N.  from  Syracuse. 

Clay.  O.,  Knox  co.,  is  a  flourishing  agricul- 
tural township. 

Clayton,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Barbour  co.  179  miles  S.  E. 
from  Tuscaloosa. 

Clayton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Rabun  co.  At  the  south- 
ern base  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  181  miles  N.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Clayton  County,  Iowa,  c.  h.  at  Prairie  La  Porte. 
In  the  N.  E.  corner,  on  the  Mississippi.  Drained 
by  Turkey  River.  The  soil  on  Turkey  River  is 
very  fertile,  and  there  are  many  good  mill  sites. 
Lead  ore  is  found  in  this  county. 

Clayton,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Bounded  on  the 
N.  W.  by  the  St.  Lawrence 'River,  and  watered 
by  Chaumont  River  and  Erench  Creek.  The 
surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  productive. 
172  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany,  and  12  miles  N. 
from  Watertown. 

Clearfield  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Clear-field.  W. 
central.  Head  branches  of  the  W.  fork  of  the 
Susquehanna  River  water  this  county.  Surface 
rough  and  mountainous,  being  situated  between 
the  Main  and  Laurel  ridge  of  the  Alleghanies. 
Soil  mostly  sterile. 

Clearfield,  Pa.  A  township  of  Cambria  co. 
Surface  undulating;  soil  gravel  and  clay. 

Clearfield,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Clearfield  co.  On  the  S. 
bank  of  the  W.  fork  of  Susquehanna  River,  near 
the  mouth  of  Clearfield  Creek,  and  126  miles  N. 
W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Cleaveland  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Shelby.  On 
the  southern  border.  West  middle.  Broad  River 
waters  this  county. 

Cleaveland,  Te.,  c.  h.  Bradley  co.  156  miles 
S.  E.  by  E.  from  Nashville. 

Clermont,*N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Watered  by 
Ancram  or  Roeliff  Jansen's  Creek.  The  surface 
undulating ;  soil  clay  and  gravelly  loam  of  good 
quality.  43  miles  S.  from  Albany. 

Clermont  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Batavia.  In  the 
south-western  corner,  on  the  Ohio.  In  some  parts 
the  land  is  wet,  and  not  good  for  cultivation :  but 
it  is  generally  fertile,  and  is  watered  by  the  East 
Fork  River. 

Cleveland,  0.  City  and  port  of  entry  and  c.  h. 
Cuyahoga  co.  On  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of 
Cuyahoga  River.  It  derives  its  name  from  Gen- 
eral Moses  Cleveland,  an  agent  of  the  Connecti- 
cut land  company,  who  accompanied  the  first 
surveying  party  to  the  Connecticut  Reserve,  and 
under  whose  direction  the  town  was  first  surveyed 
in  1796.  The  Indian  title  to  the  land  it  occupies 
had  been  extinguished  two  years  before ;  but  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  Cuyahoga  River  the  In- 
dians retained  their  title  till  1805.  Cleveland 
was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1814,  and  as  a 
1836.  Population  in  1799,  one  family;  in 


1825,  about  500;  in  1830,  1000;  in  1840,  6071  ; 
in  1850,  17,054.  It  is  130  miles  N.  W.  from 
Pittsburg,  146  N.  E.  from  Columbus,  200  S.  W. 
from  Buffalo,  130  E.  from  Detroit. 

It  is  situated  on  a  gravelly  plain,  elevated 
about  80  feet  above  the  lake,  of  which  it  has  a 
commanding  prospect.  The  streets,  which  cross 
each  other  at  right  angles,  are  80  feet  wide,  and 
Main  Street  1 20.  The  location  is  dry  and  healthy, 
and  there  are  many  fine  buildings.  Near  the 
centre  is  a  public  square  of  10  acres,  neatly 
enclosed  and  shaded  with  trees. 

The  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga, 
since  its  improvement,  by  piers  on  each  side  ex- 
tending into  the  water,  is  one  of  the  best  on  Lake 
Erie,  and  its  position  at  the  northern  terminus  of 
the  Ohio  Canal,  and  the  fertile  country  and  en- 
terprising population  by  which  it  is  surrounded, 
have  given  it  a  very  rapid  growth,  which  as  yet 
is  but  just  commencing. 

It  is  already  the  second  commercial  town  in 
Ohio,  and  bids  fair  even  to  rival  Cincinnati.  Be- 
sides its  intercourse  with  the  interior  of  the  state 
by  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  its  extensive  lake  com- 
merce, it  communicates  by  the  Ohio  and  Penn- 
sylvania Canal  with  Pittsburg.  and  by  the  New 
York  and  Welland  Canals  with  the  Atlantic 
coast.  To  these  facilities  for  transportation  have 
lately  been  added  a  system  of  railroads,  affording 
communication  with  Cincinnati,  Detroit,  Pitts- 
burg, and  Buffalo,  and  through  these  two  latter 
places  with  Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Bos- 
ton. Ohio  City,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Cuy- 
ahoga, is  a  growing  suburb.  See  Ohio  City. 

Clifton  Park,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  On  the  Mo- 
hawk River.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  a  sandy 
loam,  of  tolerably  good  quality.  22  miles  N. 
from  Albany. 

Clinch  County,  Ga.  South  part,  taken  from 
Ware.  Only  673  inhabitants  in  1850.  and  nc 
post  oflSce. 

Clinton,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  51  miles  S.  by  E. 
from  Hartford. 

Clinton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Jones  co.  26  miles  W.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Clinton  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Carlyle.  South 
central.  Surface  undulating,  and  watered  by 
Kaskaskia  River ;  soil  productive. 

Clinton  County.  la.,  c.  h.  at  Frankfort.  N.  W. 
central.  Watered  by  tributaries  of  Wildcat  and 
Sugar  Creeks.  Soil  productive,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  "  Twelve  Mile  Prairie." 

Clinton,  la.,  Vermilion  co.  On  the  Wabash 
River.  82  miles  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Clinton  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  De  Witt.  The 
easternmost  county  in  the  state.  In  the  N.  angle, 
between  the  Wabisipinicon  River  and  the  Mid- 
sissippi. 

Clinton  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Albany.  On  the 
southern  border  E.  Surface  diversified,  and  wa- 
tered by  several  small  tributaries  of  the  Cumber- 
land River ;  soil  fertile. 

Clintoii^  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  A  fine  township 
on  the  wf  bank  of  the  Kennebec.  The  Sebas- 
ticook  also  passes  through  it,  and  at  the  falls 
affords  fine  water  power.  24  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Augusta. 

Clinton,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  A  new  manufac- 
turing town  on  the  Nashua,  set  off  mostly  from 
Lancaster. 

Clinton  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  De  Witt.  Cen- 
tral. Watered  by  Maple  and  Lookingglass 
Rivers  and  branches.  Surface  level ;  soil  fertile 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


333 


Clinton,  Mi.,  Hinds  co.  10  miles  W.  by  N. 
from  Jackson.  The  seat  of  Mississippi  College. 
( See  Colleges. )  It  has  likewise  a  female  seminary. 
Clinton  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Plattsburg.  N. 
W.  part.  Watered  by  tributaries  of  Little  Platte 
River.  Surface  level ;  soil  very  productive. 

Clinton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Sampson  co.  On  a  branch 
of  Black  River.  94  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Clinton  County,  N.  J.  In  Lebanon,  Bethlehem, 
and  Kingwood'  townships,  on  the  S.  branch  of 
Raritan  River.  37  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Tren- 
ton. The  surrounding  country  is  fertile,  and 
there  is  a  good  water  power. 

Clinton  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Plattsburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Canada,  E.  by  Lake  Champlain. 
Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Saranac,  Chazy,  and 
Great  and  Little  Au  Sable,  all  excellent  mill 
streams.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  hilly  on 
the  S.,  but  more  level  on  the  N.  and  E.  parts. 
Soil  greatly  diversified.  Bog  and  magnetic  iron 
ores  of  excellent  quality,  and  peat,  are  found 
here  in  great  abundance.  There  is  also  in  this 
county  one  sulphur  and  one  carbonated  spring. 
Traversed  by  the  Ogdensburg,  and  by  the  Platts- 
burg and  Montreal  Railroad. 

Clinton,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Seat  of  Hamilton 
College.  On  both  sides  of  Oriskany  Creek.  9 
miles  S.  W.  from  Utica,  and  99  miles  W  N.  W. 
from  Albany.  See  Colleges. 

Clinton,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  Surface  hilly,  and 
watered  only  by  some  small  streams.  The  soil 
is  gravelly  loam.  10  miles  N.  from  Poughkeep- 
sie,  and  75  S.  from  Albany. 

Clinton  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Wilmington.  S. 
W.  part.  On  the  height  of  land  between  the 
Seioto  and  Little  Miami. 

Clinton  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Lock  Haven.  North 
central.  Watered  by  the  W.  branch  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna  River.  Surface  mountainous ;  soil 
rerv  fertile  on  the  streams. 

Clinton,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  Bounded  on  the 
N.  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Susquehanna  River.  6 
miles  S.  E.  from  Williamsport. 

Clinton,  Pa.    A  township  of  Wayne  co. 

Clinton,  Te.,  c.  h.  Anderson  co.  175  miles  E. 
from  Nashville. 

Clintonville,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Au  Sable  River.  10  miles  W.  from  Port 
Kent,  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  153  miles  N.from 
Albany.  The  best  iron  ore  is  obtained  in  this 
vicinity  in  great  abundance,  and  there  are  exten- 
sive iron  works  here,  with  a  large  capital  invest- 
ed in  the  business. 

Clover  Hill,  Va.,  c.  h.  Appomattox  co. 

Clyde  Mills,  Mn.,  St.  Clair  co.  Situated  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  Black  River,  12 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  67  N.  E.  from  Detroit. 

Clyde,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  On  Clyde  River 
and  the  Erie  Canal.  174  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
Albany.  Here  is  a  large  hydraulic  power, 
and  extensive  operations  are  carried  on  in  the 
flouring  business,  in  the  manufacture  of  glass, 
leather,  &c. 

Clymer,  N.  Y..  Chautauque  co.  Broken  Straw 
Creek  and  its  branches  water  the  S.  part  of  this 
town.  Surface  rolling  ;  soil  suitable  for  grass. 
353  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Coahoma  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Delta.  On  the 
W.  border  N.  On  the  Mississippi.  Sunflower 
River  waters  this  county.  Surface  level,  and  at 
certain  seasons  inundated. 

Coal,  Pa.    A  township  of  Northumberland  co. 

Coalsmouth,  Va.,  Kanawha  co.     On  the  S.  side 


of  Kanawha  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Coal  River, 
which  affords  hydraulic  power.  325  miles  N. 
W.  from  Richmond. 

Coatesville,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  On  the  W.  branch 
of  Brandywine  Creek.  62  miles  E.  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg.  There  is  a  mineral  spring  here  of 
some  celebrity. 

Cobb  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Marietta.  N.  W. 
part  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Chattahoochee. 
Watered  by  the  Chattahoochee  River  and  its 
branches  and  some  tributaries  of  the  Coosa 

Cobleskill,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Watered  by 
the  Cobleskill.  This  town  contains  a  mill 
stream  which  issues  from  a  natural  well  of  un- 
known depth,  then  disappears  and  pursues  a  sub- 
terraneous passage  for  7  miles.  The  surface  of 
the  town  is  rather  hilly,  and  the  soil  in  the  val- 
leys fertile.  45  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Cochecton,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  Bounded  on 
the  W.  by  Delaware  River,  and  is  also  watered 
by  Collicoon  and  Ten  Mile  Creeks.  The  surface 
.is  hilly;  soil  principally  gravelly  loam.  134 
miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Cocke  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Newport.  E.  part 
separated  from  Haywood  county,  N.  C.,  by  the 
Smoky  Mountains.  It  is  watered  by  the  French 
Broad  and  its  tributary  the  Big  Pigeon,  both 
S.  W.  tributaries  of  the  Tennessee.  Elevated, 
broken,  and  uneven. 

Coeymans,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  the  Hudson  River,  and  drained  by  Coeymans 
Creek  and  some  other  streams.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  there  is  a  variety  of  soil.  12  miles 
S.  from  Albany. 

Coffee  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Wellborn.  On  the 
southern  border.  Watered  by  Pea  River,  a 
branch  of  the  Choctawhatchie,  which  passes 
through  it  from  N.  to  S. 

Coffee  Comity,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Manchester.  S. 
central.  Surface  undulating,  and  watered  by  the 
head  branches  of  Duck  River ;  soil  productive. 
Coffeeville,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Yalobusha  co. 
Cohasstt,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  town  was,  till 
1770,  a  precinct  of  Hingham,  and  was  called 
Conohasset,  an  Indian  name,  signifying  a  fishing 
promontory.  It  contains  some  excellent  soil, 
though  it  is.  for  the  most  part,  rocky  and  difficult 
of  cultivation.  The  Cohasset  River  flows  through 
a  part  of  the  town  into  the  harbor.  In  the  south- 
westerly part  of  the  town,  there  is  a  fresh  pond, 
of  90  acres,  abounding  with  pike,  and  other  fish 
common  to  fresh  water.  The  Indian  Pot,  so 
called,  is  considered  quite  a  curiosity.  It  is  sit- 
uated near  the  base  of  a  large  mass  of  solid  rock, 
near  what  was  once  the  sea-shore.  Its  cavity  is 
as  round,  smooth,  and  regular  as  a  well-formed 
seething  pot,  and  will  hold  about  12  pailfuls.  On 
the  same  mass  of  rock  is  another  excavation, 
called  the  Indian  Well.  This  is  about  10  feet 
deep,  half  of  it  circular  and  half  semicircular. 
The  Cohasset  Rocks,  so  disastrous  to  mariners,  lie 
off  this  town.  The  situation  of  this  town  is  de- 
lightful and  romantic,  and  being  easy  of  access  by 
the  South  Shore  Railroad,  it  attracts  many  visit- 
ors in  the  summer  season.  21  miles  from  Boston. 
t  Cohoes,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  On  the  S.  W. 
side  of  the  Mohawk  River,  a  short  distance 
below  the  falls  of  the  same  name,  and  near  the 
junction  of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  Canals. 
The  Erie  Canal  passes  through  the  village.  It 
is  a  manufacturing  place,  and  as  such  possesses 
remarkable  advantages,  not  only  from  the  im- 
mense extent  of  the  hydraulic  power  created  by 


334 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


these  falls  in  the  Mohawk,  but  also  from  its  rela- 
tive position  in  the  vicinity  of  such  cities  as  Al- 
bany and  Troy,  and  its  extensive  facilities  of 
communication,  by  the  canals,  the  Hudson  River, 
and  the  railroads,  with  all  parts  of  the  country 
north,  south,  east,  and  west. 

The  falls  are  in  full  view  from  the  village,  and 
are  seen  with  special  advantage  from  a  bridge, 
800  feet  long,  just  below,  pouring  down  from  a 
height  of  70  feet  or  more,  between  rocky  walls  of 
coresponding  elevation,  and  on  one  of  the  sides 
rising  above  the  cataract  100  feet  still  higher. 
On  the  water  power  here  developed,  there  are 
already  erected  several  large  manufacturing 
establishments,  among  which  are  cotton  mills, 
flouring  mills,  iron  works,  brass  founderies,  &c. ; 
and  an  almost  incalculable  capacity  of  further 
application  exists.  The  village  contains  6  or  7 
churches,  some  20  stores,  and  a  numerous  popula- 
tion. It  is  often  visited  to  obtain  a  view  of  the 
falls  and  of  the  romantic  scenery  connected  with 
them.  It  lies  8  miles  N.  from  Albany,  and  about 
the  same  distance  W.  by  N.  from  Troy. 

Cohultah  Springs,  Ga.,  Murray  co.  At  the  base 
t>f  Cohultah  Mountain,  and  derives  its  name 
from  the  valuable  mineral  springs  within  its 
limits.  12  miles  N.  from  Spring  Place. 

Colchester,  Ct,  New  London  co.  This  is  a 
pleasant  town  ;  the  site  of  Bacon  Academy. 
The  surface  of  the  town  is  uneven,  with  a  strong 
gravelly  soil.  Excellent  iron  ore  is  found  here. 
23  miles  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Colchester,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Watered  by 
the  Papacton  branch  of  the  Delaware.  Surface 
hilly  and  mountainous  ;  soil  favorable  to  the 
growth  of  grass.  101  miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 
Colchester,  Vt,  Chittenden  co.  There  are  two 
small  ponds  in  this  town ;  the  largest  contains 
about  60  acres.  The  principal  streams  are  the 
River  Lamoille,  Mallet's  Creek,  Indian  Creek, 
and  Winooski  River.  The  soil  in  the  N.  and  N. 
W.  parts  is  a  variety  of  gravel  and  loam.  In  the 
middle  part  of  the  town  is  a  large  tract  of  pine 
plain,  mostly  covered  with  pitch  pine  and  small 
oaks.  On  the  bank  of  the  Winooski  River  are 
large  tracts  of  intervale.  The  rocks  in  the  N. 
and  E.  parts  are  mostly  composed  of  lime  and 
slate ;  red  sandstone  is  found  in  abundance  near 
Mallet's  Bay.  Iron  ore  is  found  here.  The 
settlement  was  commenced  in  1774,  at  the  Lower 
Falls,  on  Winooski  River,  by  Ira  Allen  and  Re- 
member Baker.  36  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier, 
and  6  N.  from  Burlington.  Winooski  village  lies 
in  Burlington  and  Colchester. 

Golden,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  Cazenove 
Creek  and  some  other  small  streams.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly,  and  the  soil,  although  rather  moist 
and  cold,  is  suitable  for  grass.  20  miles  S.  E. 
from  Buffalo,  and  287  from  Albany. 
^  Cold  Spring,  N.  Y.,  Putnam  co.  Picturesquely 
situated  among  the  Highlands,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Hudson  River,  1  mile  above  West  Point,  and  100 
S.  from  Albany.  Various  and  extensive  opera- 
tions in  manufactures  are  carried  on  here:  the 
principal  of  which  are  in  iron  and  brass,  steam 
boilers,  and  locomotive  engines. 

Cold  Spring,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  On  both 
sides  of  the  Alleghany  River,  into  which  Cold 
Spring  Creek  flows.  The  valleys  are  extensive, 
and  the  rest  of  the  surface  hilly.  308  miles  S. 
of  W.  from  Albany. 

Cold  Spring  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  Queen's  and  Suffolk 
counties,  in  the  towns  of  Oyster  Bay  and  Hunt- 


ington,  at  the  head  of  Cold  Spring  Harbor. 
186  miles  S.  byE.  from  Albany.  This  place  has 
considerable  shipping,  and  also  manufactories  of 
woollens  and  other  goods. 

Cold  Water,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Branch  co.  Watered 
by  Cold  Water  River  and  its  branches.  110 
miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Detroit.  On  the  South- 
ern Michigan  Railroad. 

Colebrook,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  An  elevated 
township,  of  a  hard,  gravelly  soil,  and  uneven  sur- 
face, on  the  line  of  Massachusetts.  The  E.  part 
of  the  town  is  watered  by  Farmington  River. 
The  village  is  very  pleasant,  having  Mount  Pis- 
gah  in  the  rear. 

Colebrook,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.,  is  watered  by  the 
Mohawk  River  and  Beaver  Brook.  The  soil  is 
rich ;  intervales  of  good  quality  stretch  along  the 
Connecticut.  First  settlers,  Sir  George  Cole- 
brook  and  others.  35  miles  N.  from  Lancaster, 
and  140  N.  from  Concord. 

Colebrookdale,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  73  miles  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Cole  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Jefferson  City.  Cen- 
tral. In  the  W.  angle,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Osage  with  the  Missouri  River. 

Colerain,  Pa.   A  township  of  Bedford  co. 

Colerain,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  69  miles  S.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Coleraine,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.,  was  first  settled 
about  the  year  1746.  Part  of  the  settlers  were 
Irish  Presbyterians.  This  town  was  named  in 
honor  of  Lord  Coleraine,  of  Ireland.  It  is  finely 
watered  by  two  branches  of  North  River,  a  tribu- 
tary stream  of  Deerfield  River.  The  surface  of 
this  town  is  somewhat  rough  and  uneven,  yet  it 
contains  much  fine  land.  9  miles  N.  W.  from 
Greenfield,  and  99  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Coles  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Charleston.  E.  part, 
S.  Watered  by  the  Kaskaskia,  Embarrass,  and 
the  head  branches  of  the  Little  Wabash  River. 
Surface  slightly  uneven;  soil  of  good  quality. 
This  county  contains  many  fine  mill  sites. 

Colesville,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  On  both  sides  of 
the  Susquehanna  River.  The  surface  is  mostly 
hilly,  and  the  soil  of  the  valleys  consists  of  rich 
alluvion.  127  miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Colleton  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Waterboro'.  In 
the  S.  angle  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Watered 
by  the  Edisto  and  Combahee  Rivers.  Surfaca 
level ;  soil  fertile. 

Collikoon,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  Watered  by 
Collikoon  Creek  and  branches. 

Collins  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  McKinney.  N.  E. 
part,  on  the  head  waters  of  Trinity. 

Collins,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Situated  on  the  N. 
side  of  Cattaraugus  Creek,  and  watered  by  a 
number  of  small  streams.  The  surface  is  un- 
even, and  the  soil  various.  24  miles  S.  from 
Buffalo,  and  295  W.  from  Albany. 

Collinsville,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  On  both  sides  of 
Farmington  River.  15  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Hart- 
ford, in  the  town  of  Canton. 

Colorado  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Columbus.  S. 
central.  On  both  sides  of  the  Colorado. 

Columbia,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  Taken  from  Leb- 
anon in  1800.  Watered  by  a  branch  of  the 
Willimantic.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the  soil 
hard  and  gravelly,  but  excellent  for  grazing. 

Columbia  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Lancaster.  N.  E. 
part.  Watered  by  the  Suwanne  River,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  W.,  by  St.  Mary's  River,  and  by 
Randolph  Lake,  a  sheet  of  water  7  miles  long 
and  5  wide.  Gadsden's  Spring,  celebrated  for 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


335 


its  medicinal  properties,  is  situated  on  the  bank 
of  Little  Suwanee  Eiver.  It  is  60  feet  across, 
and  35  or  40  deep.  The  soil  is  mostly  poor. 

Columbia  County,  Ga ,  c.  h.  at  Applington.  E. 
central.  Bordering  on  the  "Savannah.  It  has 
an  undulating  surface  and  rich  soil. 

Columbia,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Adair  co. 

Columbia,  La.,  c.  h.  Caldwell  co.  273  miles  N. 
W.  from  New  Orleans. 

Columbia,  Me.,  Washington  co.  At  the  head 
of  tide  water  on  the  W.  side  of  Pleasant  River. 
120  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Augusta. 

Columbia,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Marion  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Pearl  River.  113  miles  S.  S.  E.  from 
Jackson. 

Columbia,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Boone  co. 

Columbia,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Tyrrell  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Scoupernony  Creek,  a  little  E.  of  its  en- 
trance into  Albemarle  Sound,  and  200  miles  E. 
from  Raleigh. 

Columbia,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Tyrrell  co.  200  miles  E. 
from  Raleigh. 

Columbia,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  This  town  lies  on 
the  E.  bank  of  Connecticut  River.  The  surface 
is  uneven,  the  mountains  of  Stratford  lying  along 
the  S.  From  these  a  number  of  streams  descend 
into  the  Connecticut.  There  are  also  several 
small  ponds  here  ;  on  the  borders  of  one,  called 
Lime,  vast  quantities  of  shells  are  found,  from 
which  a  species  of  lime  is  made.  Lime  Pond  is 
100  rods  long,  80  wide,  and  of  an  irregular  ellip- 
tical shape.  Its  bottom  is  covered,  to  the  depth 
of  6  feet,  with  white  calcareous  marl.  It  was 
first  granted  in  1770.  30  miles  N.  from  Lancas- 
ter, and  143  N.  from  Concord. 

Columbia  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Hudson.  On 
the  E.  border  S ,  between  the  Hudson  and  the 
Massachusetts  line.  Kinderhook,  Claverack, 
Copake,  and  An  cram  or  Roeliff  Jansen's  Creeks 
water  this  county.  Surface  hilly  on  the  E. ;  soil 
greatly  diversified.  The  Hudson  and  Berkshire 
and  the  Hudson  River  Railroads  cross  this  county. 

Columbia,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Some  of  the 
head  branches  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Unadilla 
Rivers,  and  a  few  small  tributaries  of  the  Mohawk, 
water  this  town.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil 
sandy  and  calcareous  loam.  75  miles  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Columbia  City.  On.,  c.  h.  Clark  co. 

Columbia  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Danville.  N.  E. 
central.  Tne  E.  branch .  of  the  Susquehanna 
River  and  Big  Roaring,  Fishing,  and  Catawissa 
Creeks  water  this  county.  Surface  rough  and 
uneven ;  soil  productive. 

Columbia,  Pa.     A  township  of  Bradford  co. 

Columbia,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  River.  30  miles  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg.  It  is  connected  with  Havre  de 
Grace,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna,  by  a 
canal,  and  with  Philadelphia  by  railroad.  A 
bridge  here  crosses  the  Susquehanna,  a  mile  and 
390  feet  in  length,  resting  on  stone  piers.  An 
aqueduct  supplies  the  place  with  water  for  do- 
mestic and  other  purposes.  The  trade  with  Phil- 
adelphia and  Baltimore  is  large  in  lumber,  coal, 
iron,  &c. 

Columbia,  S.  C.  City,  capital  of  the  state,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Richland  co.  73  miles  N.  E. 
from  Augusta,  and  120  miles  N.  N.  W.  from 
Charleston.  Situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Con- 
garee  River,  immediately  below  the  confluence 
of  the  Broad  and  Saluda  Rivers,  which  unite  to 
form  the  Congarce.  The  city  stands  upon  an 


elevated  plain,  about  a  mile  back  from  the  river, 
from  which  there  is  a  handsome  and  extensive 
prospect  in  all  directions.  It  is  laid  out  with 
regularity,  the  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles,  100  or  150  feet  in  width,  and  many  of 
them  ornamented  with  trees. 

The  state  house,  near  the  centre  of  the  city, 
is^  a  plain  edifice  of  wood,  170  feet  long,  60  feet 
wide,  and  two  stories  high.  The  other  public 
buildings  are  a  court  house  and  jail,  a  town  hall, 
a  market  house,  an  academy,  and  a  female  sem- 
inary, a  large  lunatic  hospital,  and  churches  of 
the  Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Methodist,  Bap- 
tist, and  Roman  Catholic  denominations.  The 
edifice  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  is  an  elegant 
building,  with  two  lofty  spires.  The  buildings 
of  the  South  Carolina  College,  which  is  situated 
here,  are  handsomely  located  upon  a  lot  of  25 
acres,  enclosed  by  a  wall  of  brick.  The  build- 
ings, which  are  of  brick,  consist  of  two  for 
students,  200  feet  long,  25  feet  wide,  and  three 
stories  high,  a  building  for  the  library  and  other 
rooms  for  the  use  of  the  college,  upon  the  top  of 
which  is  an  astronomical  observatory.  The 
president's  house  is  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
opening  between  the  two  college  buildings,  which 
are  placed  opposite  to  each  other.  There  is  also 
a  theological  seminary  at  Columbia,  founded  in 
1831. 

Columbia  is  a  place  of  considerable  business. 
A  railroad  extends  to  Brancliville,  60  miles, 
where  it  connects  with  the  Charleston  and  Au- 
gusta Railroad.  A  steamboat  also  plies  between 
Columbia  and  Charleston.  The  Saluda  Canal, 
about  six  miles  long,  built  for  the  purpose  of 
avoiding  the  falls  in  the  Congaree,  passes  through 
the  city,  and  boats  of  large  draught  ascend  "to 
this  place. 

Columbia,  Te.,  c.  h.  Maury  co.  On  the  S.  bank 
of  Duck  River.  Jackson  College  is  located  here. 
(See  Colleges.)  42  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Nashville, 

Columbia,  Va.,  c.  h.  Fluvanna  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  James  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ri- 
vanna,  and  50  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Columbia  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Decorra.  S. 
central  part.  Includes  the  carrying  place  from 
the  water  of  Fox  to  the  Wisconsin. 

Columbiana,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co. 

Columbiana  County,  0.,  New  Lisbon,  shire  town. 
Situated  in  the  N.  E.  section  of  the  state,  on  the 
Pennsylvania  state  line,  having  Mahoning  co. 
on  the  N.,  Jefferson  co.  on  the  S.,  and  Stark 
and  Carroll  counties  on  the  W.  and  S.  W.  It  is 
30  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  25  mile? 
in  average  breadth  from  N.  to  S.  A  portion  of 
its  S.  E.  boundary  is  on  the  Ohio  River,  about 
40  miles  below  Pittsburg.  The  Sandy  and  Bea- 
ver Canal,  connecting  the  Ohio  Canal  with  the 
Ohio  River,  in  the  direction  of  Pittsburg,  trav- 
erses the  centre  of  this  county.  The  railroad 
between  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  also  passes 
near  to  the  whole  extent  of  its  northern  boundary. 
Most  of  the  S.  part  of  the  county  is  broken  and 
hilly,  and  has  a  light,  but  productive  soil.  The 
central  and  northern  parts  are  more  level,  and 
have  a  soil  which,  under  good  cultivation,  yields 
the  most  abundant  returns  for  the  labor  be- 
stowed. Extensive  quarries  of  lime  and  sand- 
stone are  found  in  almost  every  part  of  the 
county,  and  the  hills  and  valleys  contain  inex- 
haustible beds  of  clay  and  deposits  of  bitu- 
minous coal.  The  principal  streams  are  the 
Little  Beaver  and  its  branches.  Owing  to  its 


336 


COUNTIES    CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


elevation,'  the  fall  on  these  streams,  in  their  de- 
scent towards  the  Ohio,  is  great ;  furnishing  an 
amount  of  water  power,  available  for  mills  and 
manufacturing  purposes,  which  is  equalled  by 
that  of  few  other  parts  of  the  western  country. 
The  staple  commodities  are  wheat,  horses,  and 
sheep.  Population  in  1850,  about  6000. 

Columbus,  Ga.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Muscogee  co.  Situated  on  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation,  375  miles  above  Appalachicola, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  bay,  and  124  miles  W.  S. 
W.  from  Milledgeville,  the  capital  of  the  state. 
There  is  a  succession  of  falls,  or  rapids,  in  the 
river  immediately  above  Columbus,  over  which  it 
descends  about  110  feet  in  the  distance  of  4  miles. 
The  city  stands  on  a  fino,  elevation  above  the 
level  of  the  river,  and  covers  about  1200  acres 
of  ground.  It  was  laid  out  in  1828,  and  has  had 
a  rapid  growth.  The  two  principal  streets,  run- 
ning N.  and  S,  are  1 65  feet  wide.  Six  others, 
parallel  to  these,  are  132  feet  wide.  These  are 
intersected  at  right  angles  by  12  others,  99  feet 
in  width.  Many  of  the  buildings  of  the  city, 
both  public  and  private,  are  large  and  elegant. 
The  court  house  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  state. 
It  is  of  brick,  60  by  90  feet  on  the  ground,  and 
two  stories  high,  having  a  fine  Grecian  Doric 
portico  on  each  front.  Some  of  the  church  edi- 
fices are  handsome  buildings.  The  Planters  and 
Mechanics  Bank  is  a  beautiful  building,  modelled 
after  the  Temple  of  the  Winds,  at  Athens,  hav- 
ing an  elegant  portico  of  six  fluted  columns. 
The  Oglethorpe  House,  a  fine  hotel,  is  the  largest 
building  in  the  city,  excepting  the  cotton  ware- 
house. This  warehouse  is  one  of  the  most  capa- 
cious, substantial,  and  convenient  in  the  state. 
It  stands  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  is  built  of 
brick,  fire  proof,  133  feet  long,  and  148  feet  wide, 
covering  an  acre  and  three  quarters  of  ground. 
The  exportation  of  cotton  from  Columbus  is  a 
large  business.  Steamboats  ply  between  this 
place  and  New  Orleans,  and  the  number  running 
to  different  points  upon  the  river  is  fifteen  or 
twenty.  Boats  drawing  five  feet  of  water  can 
come  up  to  the  city  at  all  seasons.  A  fine  bridge 
here  crosses  the  Chattahoochee,  which  cost 
$30,000.  Population  in  1840,  31 14 ;  in  1850,  6000. 

Columbus,  la.,  c.  h.  Bartholomew  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  the  E.  fork  of  White  River,  41  miles 
S  S.  E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Columbus,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Hickman  co. 

Columbus,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Lowndes  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Tombigbee,  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation,  and  is  elevated  120  feet  above  the 
river.  A  United  States  land  office  is  here.  141 
miles  N.  E.  from  Jackson. 

Columbus  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Whitesville. 
In  the  southern  angle,  bordering  on  South  Caro- 
lina. Watered  by  the  Little  Pedee  and  Wac- 
camaw  Rivers.  Surface  level,  and  partly 
marshy. 

Columbus,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  by 
the  Unadiila  River  and  some  of  its  branches. 
The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil  clay  and  sandy  loam. 
14  miles  N.  E.  from  Norwich,  and  83  W.  from 
Albany. 

Columbus^  O.  City,  capital  of  the  state,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Franklin  co.  140  miles  S.  W. 
from  Cleveland,  and  125  N.  E.  from  Cincinnati. 
It  is  on  the  same  parallel  of  latitude  with  Phila- 
delphia, 450  miles  W.,  and  on  the  same  meridian 
with  Detroit,  175  miles  S.  Population  in  1840, 


6048;  in  1850,  16,634.  It  is  situated  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Scioto,  upon  ground  rising  gradually 
from  the  river,  and  affording  an  eligible  site  for 
a  large  city.  This  spot  was  selected  by  the  leg- 
islature as  the  seat  of  government  in  1812, 
while  it  was  yet  a  wilderness,  and  is  designated 
in  the  act  as  "  the  high  bank  of  Scioto  River, 
opposite  Franklinton."  It  is  laid  out,  as  all 
towns  established  in  such  a  manner  are  usually 
laid  out,  with  the  most  entire  regularity;  the 
streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and 
forming  spacious  squares,  which  are  often  divided 
into  lesser  squares  by  alleys,  or  narrower  streets, 
intersecting  each  other  in  the  middle.  Broad 
Street,  which  extends  from  the  bridge,  over  which 
the  national  road  passes  the  Scioto,  to  the  east- 
ern limits  of  the  city,  is  120  feet  wide,  and  High 
Street,  at  right  angles  with  this,  which  is  the 
principal  seat  of  business,  is  100  feet  wide.  The 
other  streets  are  88  feet  in  width.  A  substantial 
quay  has  been  constructed  along  the  margin  of 
the  river,  1300  feet  long,  which  affords  every  fa- 
cility for  loading  and  unloading  goods,  produce, 
and  other  articles  transported  upon  the  river;  or 
through  the  Ohio  Canal,  which  passes  1 1  miles 
S.  of  this  point,  and  is  connected  with  the  Scioto 
at  Columbus  by  a  canal,  or  feeder,  of  that  length. 

In  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  public  square  of 
10  acres,  handsomely  enclosed,  designed  origin- 
ally for  the  public  buildings.  It  has  Broad  Street 
on  the  N.  side,  and  High  Street  on  the  W.  Upon 
the  S.  W.  corner  of  this  square,  fronting  towards 
theW.,  stands  the  State  House,  which  is  a  brick  edi- 
fice, 75  feet  long  by  50  feet  wide,  two  stories  high, 
and  surmounted  with  a  handsome  cupola,  from 
the  balcony  of  which  a  beautiful  view  of  the  city 
and  the  surrounding  country  is  obtained.  The 
winding  course  of  the  river,  the  pleasant  town 
of  Franklinton,  on  its  opposite  bank,  and  many 
features  of  the  more  distant  prospect,  give  a 
varied  and  pleasing  interest  to  this  view..  The 
representatives'  hall  is  on  the  lower  floor  of  the 
state  house,  and  the  senate  chamber  is  immedi- 
ately above.  The  public  offices  are  in  a  separate 
building,  100  feet  long  by  25  feet  wide,  standing 
directly  N.  of  the  State  House.  In  the  same 
line,  a  little  farther  N.,  is  the  Court  House,  for 
the  United  States  District  Court.  There  are 
many  elegant  private  dwellings  in  Columbus ; 
but  the  general  style  of  building  is  characterized 
rather  by  neatness  than  display.  Th"e  churches 
of  the  different  denominations  are  numerous, 
and  many  of  them  well  sustained.  The  First 
Presbyterian  Church  in  Columbus  was  organized 
in  1818,  and  their  neat  brick  edifice  stands  near 
the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  public  square.  The  Bap- 
tist Church  is  a  large  and  handsome  building  at 
the  corner  of  Third  and  Rich  Streets,  and  the 
Episcopal  Church  is  a  stone  edifice  on  Broad 
Street,  opposite  the  public  square. 

The  several  state  institutions,  located  at  Co- 
lumbus, do  honor  to  the  state,  while  they  greatly 
adorn  the  city.  The  Ohio  Lunatic  Asylum  oc- 
cupies an  open  area,  about  1  mile  E.  of  the  State 
House,  and  is  a  truly  noble  structure.  The 
buildings  present  a  front,  of  376  feet,  with  wings 
on  the  right  and  left  projecting  1 1  feet  forward, 
and  running  back  218  feet,  thus  forming  a  spa- 
cious court  in  the  rear.  They  cover  an  acre  of 
ground,  and  contain  440  rooms.  About  30  acres 
of  land  are  attached  to  the  establishment,  form- 
ing a  quiet  and  ample  retreat  for  such  patients 
as  are  able  to  enjoy  it.  The  cost  of  erecting 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


337 


the  buildings  of  the  Lunatic  Asylum  was  over 
$150,000. 

The  Ohio  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  is  located 
about  one  third  of  a  mile  E.  of  the  State  House, 
on  grounds  which  are  handsomely  laid  out,  and 
adorned  with  shrubbery.  Its  site  was  selected 
in  1829,  and  it  went  into  operation  as  soon  as 
the  necessary  arrangements  could  be  made.  The 
buildings  are  of  brick,  and  cost,  with  the  grounds, 
about  $25,000. 

The  Ohio  Institution  for  the  Education  of  the 
Blind  is  another  of  these  noble  institutions,  lo- 
cated at  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on  the  national 
road,  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  easterly 
from  the  State  House.  The  edifice  is  a  large 
and  handsome  structure,  of  brick,  with  a  beautiful 
lawn  in  front.  The  institution  was  established 
in  1837,  and  is  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

The  state  penitentiary,  which  is  situated  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  the  Scioto,  about  half  a  mile 
N.  from  the  State  House,  is  the  largest  and  most 
imposing  of  the  public  edifices  at  Columbus. 
The  main  building  is  constructed  of  hewn  lime- 
stone, and  consists  of  a  centre  building,  56  feet 
front,  and  four  stories  high,  with  two  wings  each, 
200  feet  long,  and  three  stories  high  ;  presenting 
an  entire  front  of  456  feet  in  extent.  With  the 
prison  yard  in  the  rear,  upon  the  three  sides  of 
which  are  the  long  ranges  of  workshops  for  the 
prisoners,  the  buildings  of  the  penitentiary  en- 
close a  hollow  square  of  6  acres.  The  centre 
building  of  the  main  edifice,  as  seen  in  front, 
contains  the  house  of  the  warden,  the  office,  and 
the  guard  rooms  ;  and  each  of  the  wings  contains 
.350  cells  for  prisoners,  arranged  in  5  tiers,  and 
exposed  through  the  whole  line  to  the  observa- 
tion of  the  officers  from  the  guard  rooms.  A 
railroad,  about  two  miles  long,  has  been  laid 
down  from  the  prison  to  a  stone  quarry,  where 
a  portion  of  the  convicts  are  employed  in  getting 
out  stone.  The  discipline  of  this  prison  is  excel- 
lent. The  prisoners  attend  divine  service  on  the 
Sabbath,  and  enjoy  the  privileges  of  a  Sabbath 
schbol,  and  the  use  of  an  excellent  library,  com- 
prising several  hundred  volumes.  They  have 
Bibles  in  their  cells,  unite  in  exercises  of  sa- 
cred music,  and  are  permitted,  occasionally,  to 
hear  temperance  addresses,  &c.,  in  the  chapel. 
Their  labor  yields  to  the  state,  after  defraying 
the  expenses  of  the  prison,  a  surplus  of  $16,000 
or  $18,000  annually. 

On  the  10th  of  February,  1816,  Columbus  was 
incorporated  as  a  borough.  Its  present  city  char- 
ter was  granted  March  3,  1 834.  The  mayor  is 
elected  for  two  years.  The  citv  is  divided  into 
five  wards,  each  of  which  elects  four  members 
of  the  city  council,  who  hold  their  offices  for 
four  years,  one  in  each  ward  being  elected  annu- 
ally. *  All  other  officers  are  elected  annually. 

Columbus,  Pa.    A  township  of  Warren  co. 

Comal  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  New  Braumfels.  S. 
central.  On  the  head  waters  of  the  Guada- 
loupe. 

Concord,  Me.,  Somerset  co. 

Concord,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  is  one  of 
the  shire  towns,  and  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name.  This  was  the  first  inland  settlement 
in  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  derives 
its  name  from  the  harmony  in  which  it  was  pur- 
chased of  the  natives.  Its'lndian  title  was  Mus- 
ketaquid.  The  surface  is  quite  level ;  the  soil, 
in  some  parts,  is  sandy,  but  generally  it  is  moist 
and  fertile.  The  Concord  and  Assabet  Rivers 
43 


water  the  town,  and  the  Fitchburg  Railroad  passes 
through  it.  It  was  here  that  the  first  British  life 
was  taken  in  the  war  of  the  revolution.  20  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  30  N.  E.  from 
Worcester. 

Concord,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Cabarras  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Big  Coldwater  Creek,  a  branch  of  Rocky 
River.  139  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Concord,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  Merrimac  co.  The  capital 
of  the  state.  Population  in  1840,  4897  ;  in  1850, 
8584.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Merrimac  River, 
and  contains  an  area  of  about  41.000  acres.  There 
are  five  ponds  in  Concord,  the  largest  of  which 
are  Turkey  Pond,  in  the  S.  W.,  and  Long  Pond, 
in  the  N.  W.  parts  of  the  town,  on  the  streams 
passing  from  which  are  some  valuable  mills  and 
privileges.  The  Contoocook  River  enters  the  W. 
corner  of  the  town,  and  uniting  with  the  Merrimac 
on  the  N.  W.  line,  forms,  at  its  junction,  the  island 
celebrated  in  history,  where  Mrs.  Dustin  made  a 
desperate  escape  from  a  party  of  Indians,  who 
were  carrying  her  into  captivity,  in  1698.  On 
the  borders  of  the  Merrimac,  which  is  the  prin- 
cipal river  of  this  region,  are  rich,  well-cultivated 
intervale  lands.  The  business  between  Boston 
and  Concord  was  formerly  conducted  by  means 
of  the  Middlesex  canal  and  locks,  on  the  Mer- 
rimac River ;  but  since  the  construction  of  the 
railroads,  the  canal  has  been  abandoned.  The 
great  increase  notwithstanding,  both  of  travel  and 
trade,  between  these  two  places,  is  one  of  the 
best  proofs  of  the  superiority  of  railroad  trans- 
portation. Concord  is  rapidly  increasing  in  busi- 
ness, wealth,  and  population,  by  the  extension  of 
numerous  railroads  to  various  points.  The- 
Concord  Railroad  has  a  splendid  depot,  from 
which  start  the  trains  running  N.,  S.,  E.,  and 
W.;  they  also  have  an  extensive  freight  de- 
pot 300  feet  in  length.  In  connection  with 
these  buildings,  they  have  a  large  engine  house, 
machine  shop,  repair  shop,  paint  shop,  and  car 
house,  with  extensive  wood  sheds.  In  the  centre 
of  the  building  is  a  large  and  commodious  hall, 
accommodating  from  1500  to  2000  people.  The 
buildings  belonging  to  the  Northern  Railroad  are 
not  so  extensive  as  those  of  the  Concord;  they 
have  a  large  machine  shop,  a  repair  shop,  and  one 
of  the  best  engine  houses  in  New  England.  The 
Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal,  the  Concord  and 
Claremont,  and  Portsmouth  and  Concord  Rail- 
roads are  more  or  less  dependent  upon  the  two 
former  roads  for  various  accommodations. 

The  main  village  is  situated  on  the  westerly 
side  of  the  Merrimac  River,  and  extends  over  a 
surface  of  about  two  miles  in  length,  and  from  a 
half  to  three  fourths  in  width.  Many  of  the  streets 
are  handsomely  laid  out,  and  are  beautifully 
adorned  by  shrubbery  of  various  kinds.  On  Main 
Street,  six  rods  in  width,  is  situated  the  State 
House,  in  the  centre  of  a  beautiful  common,  with 
a  thrifty  growth  of  maple  and  elm  trees. 

Much  of  the  mercantile  business  of  the  place 
is  done  on  Main  Street,  which  runs  N.  and  S. 
from  the  State  House,  nearly  a  mile  each  way 
All  of  the  public  houses,  and  a  large  proportion 
of  the  manufactories  and  shops,  may  here  be  found. 
Near  the  northern  extremity  of  State  Street,  two 
miles  in  length,  also  a  very  handsome  street,  is 
situated  the  Methodist  Biblical  Institute,  a  theo- 
logical school,  commenced  in  1847,  and  now  in 
successful  operation.  The  state  prison  is  located 
on  this  street.  On  the  westerly  side  of  the  Con- 
cord and  Claremgnt  Railroad  is  a  very  extensive 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


iron  foundery,  with  several  mills  and  shops, 
with  various  'kinds  of  machinery,  propelled  by 
steam  power.  There  are  also  several  establish- 
ments for  the  manufacture  of  coaches  and  other 
vehicles.  Some  are  very  distinguished  for  their 
superior  skill  and  workmanship,  and  employ  a 
large  amount  of  labor  and  capital.  In  the,  Con- 
cord portion  of  Fishers  rille,  near  the  junction  of 
the  Contoocook  River  with  the  Merrimac,  six 
miles  N.  of  the  main  village,  about  half  of 
which  is  in  Concord  and  the  other  half  in  Bos- 
cawen,  there  are  a  large  cotton  factory,  various 
other  manufacturing  establishments,  and  sites 
for  two  other  factories  equal  to  the  one  already 
completed.  This  village,  on  both  sides  the  Con- 
toocook, has  grown  up  rapidly,  and  is  still  increas- 
ing. It  is  traversed  by  the  Northern  and  Clare- 
mont  Railroads,  which  afford  great  facilities  for 
transportation. 

The  W.  village,  better  known  as  the  West  Par- 
ish, is  situated  about  half  way  between  Fishers- 
ville  and  the  main  village.  Here  are  manufac- 
tured some  of  the  finest  flannels  and  blankets  in 
the  country.  The  Concord  and  Claremont  Rail- 
road passes  through  this  place. 

The  E.  village,  situated  on  the  easterly  side  of 
the  Merrimac  River,  distant  about  2  miles  from  the 
State  House,  is  a  very  thrifty  and  growing  place, 
connected  with  the  main  village  by  Federal 
Bridge;  also  by  the  Boston,  Concord,  and  Mon- 
treal Railroad. 

Concord,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Situated  on  the  N. 
side  of  Cattaraugus  Creek,  and  watered  by  sev- 
eral small  streams.  The  surface  is  quite  hilly, 
the  soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of  grass.  282 
miles  W.  from  Albany,  and  25  S.  from  Buffalo. 

Concord,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  Watered  by  Paint- 
er's Creek,  which  affords  good  hydraulic  power. 
20  miles  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Concord,  Pa.,  Franklin  co.  At  the  head  of 
Tuscarora  Creek.  12  miles  W.from  Harnsburg. 

Concord,  Pa..  Erie  co.  Watered  by  branches 
of  French  and  Broken  Straw  Creeks.  Surface 
hilly,  and  well  suited  to  grazing. 

Concord,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  Hall's  Pond,  lying 
near  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  about  a  mile  long, 
and  about  100  rods  wide.  Miles's  Pond  is  about 
the  same  size,  and  lies  near  the  N.  E.  corner  of 
the  town.  This  town  is  watered  by  Moose  and 
Connecticut  Rivers,  also  by  several  small  streams. 
The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  the  N.  E.  parts 
very  stony.  It  is  an  excellent  grazing  township, 
and  has  some  good  tillage  land.  The  first  set- 
tlement was  commenced  in  1788,  by  Joseph  Ball. 
24  miles  S.  W.  from  Guildhall,  and  44  N.  E.  by 
E.  from  Montpelier. 

Concordia  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Vidalia,  E.  part, 
between  the  Washita  and  the  Mississippi.  Sur- 
face flat,  and  mostly  liable  to  inundation ;  soil 
extremely  fertile,  producing  large  crops  of  cotton. 

Conecuh  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Sparta.  On  the 
S.  border.  Watered  by  Conecuh  River  and  its 
tributaries. 

Conemaugh,  Pa.,  Cambria  co.  Situated  at  the 
junction  of  Conemaugh  River  and  Stone  Creek. 
Hilly  ;  soil  of  clay  and  calcareous  loam. 

Conemaugh,  Pa.,  Indiana  co.  Watered  by  Black- 
leg's Creek  and  Conemaugh  River.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  a  rich  loam.  Salt  is  found  here  on  the  banks 
of  the  Conemaugh. 

Coneseus,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  Between  Cone- 
seus  and  Hemlock  Lakes.  Hilly  ;  the  soil  hardly 
of  the  medium  quality.  221  miles  W.  from  Albany. 


Conesville,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Drained  by 
the  Manor  Kill,  a  branch  of  Schoharie  Creek. 
Hilly ;  the  soil  sandy  loam.  42  miles  S.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Conewago,  Pa.    A  township  of  Adams  co. 

Conewago,  Pa.    A  township  of  York  co. 

Conequenessing,  Pa.,  Butler  co.  Conequenessing, 
Breackneck  and  Yellow  Creeks  water  this  town. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  clay,  gravel,  and  loam. 

Conestoga,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  5  miles  S.  from 
Lancaster. 

Conhocton,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Conhocton  River 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town,  the  sur- 
face of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  moist  clay 
loam,  favorable  to  the  growth  of  grass.  225  miles 
W.  from  Albany. 

Conklin,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  The  Susquehan- 
na  River  flows  through  this  town.  The  surface 
is  rather  hilly,  with  the  exception  of  a  deep  val- 
ley on  the  banks  of  the  river.  5  miles  S.  E. 
from  Binghampton,  and  152  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Conneaut,  Pa.,  Erie  co.  Surface  hilly :  watered 
by  Conneaut  Lake  and  Creek ;  soil  loam  and 
gravel. 

Conneaut,  Pa.,  Crawford  co.  This  town  has  an 
undulating  surface  and  gravelly  soil. 

Conneaut,  0.,  Ashtabula  co.  Township  and 
town,  formerly  called  Salem.  On  the  shore  of 
Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Conneaut  Creek. 

Connellsville,  Pa.,  Fayette  co.  180  miles  W.by 
S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Connemaugh,  Pa.    A  township  of  Somerset  co. 

Connersville,  la.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.  On  the 
W.  side  of  Whitewater  River.  60  miles  E.  S.  E, 
from  Indianapolis. 

Connewango,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugas  co.  Watered 
by  Connewango  and  Little  Connewango  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  high  and  broken  ;  the  soil  fertile. 
302  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Connewango,  Pa.,  Warren  co.  Bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  Alleghany  River,  and  drained  by  Cone- 
wago Creek.  Surface  uneven ;  soil  fertile,  es- 
pecially in  the  S.  part. 

Conquest,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Seneca  River,  in  which  is  Howland's  Island,  - 
belonging  to  this  town.  It  also  contains  Duck 
Lake.  The  surface  is  rolling ;  the  soil  sandy 
and  clay  loam.  162  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany, 
and  15  N.  from  Auburn. 

Constable,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Trout  River 
waters  this  town,  which  is  bounded  by  Canada 
on  the  N.  The  surface  is  level ;  soil  sandy  loam. 
218  miles  N.  N.  W  from  Albany,  and  6  N.from 
Malone. 

Constantia,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Watered  by 
Scriba's  Creek  and  other  small  streams  flowing 
into  Oneida  Lake,  which  bounds  it  on  the  S. 
The  surface  is  level ;  soil  sandy.  30  miles  S.  E. 
from  Oswego,  and  140  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Constantine,  Mn.,  St  Joseph  co.  On  St.  Joseph 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  Fall  River,  149  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Detroit.  A  place  of  extensive 
business,  having  excellent  water  power.  Steam- 
boats pass  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph. 

Contoocook  Village,  N.  H.  In  the  town  of  Hop- 
kinton,  Merrimac  co.  On  Contoocook  River, 
which  affords  extensive  hydraulic  power.  W. 
from  Concord  10  miles. 

Contra  Costa  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Martinez. 
In  the  south  angle,  between  San  Francisco  Bay 
and  the  outlet  of  the  Sacramento. 

Conivay  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Lewisburg, 
Central.  On  the  N.  bank  of  the  Arkansas. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


339 


Surface  uneven,  and  drained  by  Cadron  and  Point 
Remove  Creeks. 

Conicay,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  South  and  Bear 
Rivers,  tributaries  of  Deerfield  River,  give  to 
Conway  an  excellent  water  power.  The  surface 
is  uneven,  and  in  some  parts  quite  elevated ;  the 
soil  is  strong.  The  village,  in  the  centre  of  the 
town,  is  located  in  a  small  valley,  between  Beal's 
and  Billing's  Hills ;  it  is  very  neat  and  picturesque. 
8  miles  S.  W.  from  Greenfield,  and  98  W.  N. 
W.  from  Boston. 

Conway,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  Swift,  Pequaukett 
Rivers,  and  another  stream,  discharge  themselves 
into  Saco  River,  in  this  town.  Saco  River  here 
is  from  10  to  12  rods  wide,  and  about  2  feet 
deep ;  its  current  rapid,  and  broken  by  falls. 
Walker's,  and  Little  Pequaukett  Ponds  are  in  this 
town.  There  is  a  detached  block  »f  granite  on 
the  southern  side  of  Pine  Hill,  the  largest  per- 
•  haps  in  the  state.  There  is  a  sulphur  spring  on 
the  bank  of  Cold  Brook.  The  land,  when  well 
cultivated,  produces  large  crops  of  corn  and  rye. 
Daniel  Foster,  in  1765,  obtained  a  grant  of  this 
township,  on  condition  that  each  grantee  should 
pay  a  rent  of  one  ear  of  Indian  corn  annually, 
for  the  space  of  ten  years,  if  demanded.  Con- 
way  is  a  great  resort  for  travellers  from  the  S.  E. 
to  the  White  Mountains,  for  whom  there  are 
good  accommodations.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 
Settled  in  1764,  '8  and  '9.  76  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Concord. 

Conwayboro"1 ,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Horry  district.  On 
the  W.  bank  of  Waccamaw  River,  at  the  head  of 
steamboat  navigation,  and  196  miles  E.  by  S. 
from  Columbia. 

Cook  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  Chicago.  In  the  N.  E. 
corner  of  the  state,  on  Lake  Michigan.  Calu- 
met, Chicago,  and  Des  Plaines  Rivers  water  this 
county.  Surface  undulating,  and  in  parts  marshy. 

Cook  County,  Ts.  New. 

Coolbauytts,  Pa.,  Monroe  co.  138  miles  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Cool  Spring,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  Watered  by  Cool 
Spring  and  Otter  Creeks,  branches  of  Neshanock 
River.  W.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg  175  miles. 

Cooper  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Booneville.  Central. 
On  the  S.  bank  of  the  Missouri.  Watered  by  La 
Mine  and  Little  Saline  Rivers  and  Manitou  Creek. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  of  excellent  quality. 

Cooper,  Me.,  Washington  co.  Denny's  River, 
emptying  into  Meddybemps  Lake,  and  both  dis- 
charging into  the  River  St.  Croix  at  Baring,  water 
the  N.  part  of  this  town.  It  lies  1 64  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Augusta,  and  about  36  miles  N.  from  Machias. 

Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Otsego  co.  Beautifully 
located  on  a  plain  at  the  outlet  of  Otsego  Lake. 
69  miles  W.  from  Albany.  There  is  here  a  very 
fine  water  power. 

Coos  County,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  at  Lancaster.  N.  part 
of  the  state.  Coos  is  the  largest  county  in  N.  H., 
and  within  its  limits  are  situated  most  of  the  un- 
granted  lands.  Large  portions  are  mountainous 
and  cannot  be  cultivated.  It  is  76  miles  in  length, 
and  about  20  in  width.  Besides  the  stupendous 
pile  of  the  White  Mountains,  in  this  county,  there 
are  several  other  mountains  of  no  inconsider- 
able height.  Three  of  the  principal  rivers  in  New 
England,  the  Connecticut,  Androscoggin,  and 
Saco,  take  their  rise  in  this  county.  Umbagog 
Lake,  the  source  of  the  Androscoggin,  lies  partly 
in  this  county,  though  most  of  it  is  in  Maine.  Lake 
Connecticut"  is  situated  N.  of  lat.  45°,  and  is  one 
of  the  sources  of  Connecticut  River. 


Coosa  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Rockford.  E.  cen- 
tral, between  the  Tallapoosa  and  Coosa.  Drained 
by  Hatchet,  Paint,  and  Wawakee  Creeks,  branches 
of  the  Coosa.  Surface  varied ;  soil  productive. 

Copake,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Drained  by  An- 
cram  Creek,  which  flows  through  several  small 
lakes.  The  E.  part  of  the  town  is  hilly,  and  on 
the  W.  is  a  broad  valley,  the  soil  of  which  is  very 
fertile.  17  miles  S.  E.  from  Hudson,  and  47  S. 
S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Copenhagen,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  On  Deer  River, 
which,  half  a  mile  below  this  place,  has  a  nearly 
perpendicular  descent  of  175  feet.  149  miles  N. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Copiah  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Gallatin.  In  the  S. 
W.  part  of  the  state,  on  the  W.  side  of  Pearl 
River.  Bayou  Pierre  and  the  head  branches 
of  Homochito  River  traverse  this  county. 

Copper  Harbor,  Mn.,  Houghton  co.  In  lat.  47° 
28'  and  Ion.  88°  45',  near  the  extremity  of  Kee- 
waiwona  Point,  which  projects  nearly  into  the 
middle  of  Lake  Superior  from  its  southern  shore. 
It  is  a  tolerably  safe  retreat  for  small  vessels  and 
steamboats,  and  is  of  importance  on  that  account, 
but  it  is  not  sufficiently  near  to  the  working  mines 
to  be  supported  by  any  business  population.  A 
post  office,  and  a  tavern,  with  a  few  humble 
dwellings,  is  all  that  this  place  can  boast  of. 
This  harbor  was  well  known  to  the  French  mis- 
sionaries 230  years  ago,  and  the  green  silicate  of 
copper  or  chrysocolla,  which  formed  the  outcrop 
of  the  black  oxide  of  copper  vein,  was  described 
by  those  missionaries  in  a  work  published  in 
Paris,  in  1626.  In  1845,  this  mine  was  opened  by 
the  Boston  and  Pittsburg  Mining  Company,  but 
it  was  soon  exhausted  of  its  ore,  the  lode  having 
been  cut  off  by  a  bed  of  fine-grained  red  sand- 
stone, as  had  been  predicted  it  would  be  by  the 
geologist  who  first  surveyed  the  mining  regions 
of  Keewaiwona  Point.  The  mine  Avas  therefore 
soon  after  abandoned,  and  no  more  black  oxide 
of  copper  has  been  found  there. 

The  rocks  at  Copper  Harbor  are  a  coarse  con- 
glomerate, a  pudding  stone,  fine  red  sandstone 
and  trap  rocks,  mostly  of  an  amygdaloidal  struc 
ture,  the  latter  skirting  the  coast,  and  forming 
the  capes  and  headlands.  Copper  Harbor  is  no-* 
distinguished  from  other  places  on  Keewaiwo- 
na Point  for  the  absence  of  copper,  which  is  so 
abundant  at  Eagle  River,  and  Eagle  Harbor,  18 
or  20  miles  to  the  westward  of  it. 

Corinna,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  Situated  53  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  about  35  N.  W 
from  Norridgewock.  Incorporated  1816. 

Corinth,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  81  miles  N.  by  W. 
from  Augusta.  Watered  by  the  Kenduskeag.  A 
fine  township. 

Corinth,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Situated  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Hudson  River.  The  surface  is  roll- 
ing ;  soil  sandy.  16  miles  N.from  Ballston  Spa, 
and  49  N.  from  Albany. 

Corinth,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally very  uneven  and  broken,  and  the  elevations 
abrupt ;  yet  the  land  is,  in  almost  every  part,  sus- 
ceptible of  cultivation.  The  soil  consists  of  a 
dark  loam,  mixed  with  some  sand.  Some  miner- 
als are  found  here.  This  township  is  well  wa- 
tered by  Wait's  River  and  several  of  its  branches. 
On  North  Branch,  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the 
town,  is  East  Village,  first  settled  in  1777,  by 
Ezekiel  Colby  and  family.  20  miles  S.  E.  from 
Montpelier,  and  10  N.  *E.  from  Chelsea.  The 
Central  and  Passumpsic  Railroads  pass  near. 


340 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


Corning,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  An  important 
place  on  the  S.  side  of  Chemung  Kiver,  213  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Albany.  The  Erie  Railroad 
passes  through  this  place.  A  canal  connects  it 
with  Seneca  Lake,  and  a  railroad  with  Bloss- 
burg,  in  Pa. 

Cornish,  Me.,  York  co.  Bounded  N.  by  the 
Saco  an'd  Great  Ossipee  Rivers.  83  miles  S.  W. 
from  Augusta,  32  W.  by  N.  from  Portland,  and  25 
N.  from  Alfred.  Incorporated  1794.  Cornish  pro- 
duces good  crops  of  wheat  and  some  wool. 

Cornish,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  Connecticut  River 
waters  the  W.  part  of  this  town,  and  a  bridge 
connects  Cornish  with  Windsor,  Vt.  The  soil  is 
fertile.  The  town  is  hilly,  except  that  part  which 
lies  on  the  river.  Blow-me-down  and  Bryant's 
Brooks  are  the  only  streams  of  any  magnitude. 
First  settlers,  emigrants  from  Massachusestts.  in 
1765.  17  miles  N.  from  Charlestown,  and  60  N. 
W.  by  W.  from  Concord.  The  Sullivan  Rail- 
road here  connects  with  a  road  to  Burlington  by 
crossing  a  bridge  to  Windsor. 

Corn  Planter,  Pa.,  Venango  co.  217  miles  W. 
N.  W.  from  Harris  burg. 

Cornville,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  This  town  is  well 
watered  by  the  Wessaranset  River,  a  branch  of 
the  Kennebec.  There  is  much  choice  land  in 
Cornville. 

Cornwall,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  This  mountainous 
township  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Housatonic  River. 
The  scenery  about  the  south  village  is  very  beauti- 
ful. The  mountains  and  lofty  hills  which  rise 
immediately  on  almost  every  side,  shutting  out, 
in  a  sense,  the  most  of  the  world  from  this  ap- 
parently retired  spot,  present  a  bold  and  most 
striking  feature  in  the  landscape.  This  village 
is  the  place  where  a  Foreign  Mission  School  for 
educating  youth  was  established  in  1818.  38 
miles  W.  from  Hartford. 

Cornwall,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  This  is  a  hand- 
some township  of  land,  and  the  surface  is  gener- 
ally level.  Lemonfair  River  crosses  the  N.  W. 
corner,  and  Otter  Creek  washes  a  part  of  the  east- 
ern boundary.  In  the  S.  part  of  the  town  is 
a  quarry  of  excellent  dark  blue  limestone,  and 
near  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  bed  of  hydraulic 
cement,  or  native  lime.  Beautiful  calcareous 
spar  is  found  in  the  western  part.  Along  Otter 
Creek  is  a  large  swamp,  covering  several  thou- 
sand acres.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in 
1774.  Distances,  50  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier, 
and  36  S.  from  Burlington. 

Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  Situated  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  100  miles  S.  from 
Albany.  The  surface  of  this  town,  being  chiefly 
within  the  Highlands,  is  hilly,  and  in  a  great  part 
mountainous,  including  in  its  area  those  well- 
known  summits  Bare  Mountain,  Crow's  Nest,  and 
Butter  Hill.  The  physical  features  of  this  whole 
region  are  highly  interesting  and  romantic.  There 
are  several  localities  in  this  town  of  interest  in 
our  revolutionary  history ;  such  are  West  Point, 
and  the  sites  of  the  old  forts  Putnam,  Clinton, 
and  Montgomery.  The  two  former  are  situated 
at  West  Point,  and  the  latter  on  an  eminence  in 
the  S.  part  of  the  town,  near  the  Hudson.  The 
landing  for  Cornwall  is  at  the  village  bearing  the 
same  name,  4  miles  S.  of  Newburg,  at  the  north- 
ern termination  of  the  Highlands.  See  West 
Point. 

Corpus  Christi,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Nueces  co. 
Cortland,  IX.  Y.,  Westchester  co.    On  the  E. 
side  of  the  Hudson.    Watered  by  Croton  River 


and  several  small  streams.  This  town  was  the 
theatre  of  many  exciting  scenes  during  the  revo- 
lutionary war.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in  parts 
mountainous ;  a  peak  of  the  Highlands,  called 
the  lower  "  Anthony's  Nose,"  being  situated  in 
the  N.  W.  part.  110  miles  S.  from  Albany,  and 
16  N.  W.  from  White  Plains. 

Cortland  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Cortlandville. 
Central.  It  was  formed  from  Onondago  co.  in 
1808.  Watered  by  Tioughnioga  and  Ostelic 
Rivers,  which,  with  their  branches,  afford  much 
valuable  water  power.  Surface  elevated  and 
hilly,  with  broad  fertile  valleys  ;  soil  mostly  of 
excellent  quality.  Iron  ore  and  marl  are  found 
in  small  quantities,  and  there  are  two  or  three 
sulphur  and  brine  springs. 

Cortlandville,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Cortland  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Tioughnioga  River,  and  some  of  its 
branches.  The  surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil 
very  fertile.  140  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Corunna,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Shiawassee  co.  On  Shia- 
wassee  River,  which  affords  good  hydraulic 
power.  N.  W.  from  Detroit  79  miles.  Coal, 
sandstone,  and  lime  are  found  near  this  place. 

Corydon,  la.,  c.  h.  Harrison  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  Indian  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  River. 
126  miles  S.  from  Indianapolis. 

Coshocton  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Coshocton.  E. 
central.  Many  mounds  and  burial-places  are 
found  here.  The  land  is  uneven,  but  rich  and 
fertile,  and  is  well  watered  by  Walhonding  and 
Killbuck  Rivers,  and  several  creeks.  The  Ohio 
Canal  crosses  the  county.  Three  salt  wells  are 
found  heve,  and  iron  and  lead  ore,  and  stone 
coal. 

Coshocton,  0.,  scat  of  justice  of  Coshocton  co. 
30  miles  N.  from  Zanesville,  and  83  E.  N.  E. 
from  Columbus.  It  is  at  the  junction  of  the 
Tuscarawas  and  Walhonding  Rivers,  which  here 
unite  and  form  the  Muskingum.  Steamboats 
come  up  here  occasionally  in  high  water.  The 
ground  on  which  the  town  is  built  rises  beauti- 
fully from  the  river,  by  four  natural  terraces,  each 
about  9  feet  above  the  other;  the  first  three  of 
which  are  about  400  feet  in  width,  and  the  last 
about  1000.  The  public  square,  on  which  the 
county  buildings  are  located,  is  about  60  rods 
back  from  the  Muskingum,  and  contains  4  acres, 
neatly  enclosed,  and  planted  with  trees.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles  with  each 
other,  dividing  the  town  plot  into  36  blocks, 
which  are  more  or  less  built  upon.  There  are 
four  or  five  churches  in  the  place,  one  or  two 
printing  offices,  and  several  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments. A  bridge  across  the  Muskingum  con- 
nects this  place  with  Roscoe,  on  the  Ohio  and 
Erie  Canal,  at  the  point  where  the  Walhonding 
Canal  unites  with  it. 

Cossawago,  Pa.    A  township  of  Crawford  co. 

Cotton  Gin  Port,  Mi.,  Monroe  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  the  Tombigbee  River,  just  below  the  junc- 
tion of  the  E.  and  W.  branches.  180  miles  N.  E. 
from  Jackson. 

Council  Bluffs,  Io.,  on  the  Missouri  River, 
where  the  Pottawatamie  agency  was,  is  the  great 
crossing-place  on  the  Missouri  for  emigrants  by 
the  northern  route  for -.Utah,  Oregon,  and  Cali- 
fornia. Council  Bluffs  Indian  sub-agency  is  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  Fort  Calhoun, 
often  designated  on  maps  as  Council  Bluffs,  was 
situated  28  miles  above,  on  the  Nebraska  side. 
The  route  by  Council  Bluffs  is  destined  by  nature 
for  the  great  thoroughfare  to  the  Pacific.  This 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


341 


was  the  road  selected  by  "  nature's  civil  engineers," 
the  buffalo  and  the  elk,  for  their  western  travel. 
The  Indians  followed  thern  in  the  same  trail; 
then  the  traders ;  next  the  "settlers  came.  The 
estimation  in  which  this  route  is  held  may  well 
be  judged  by  any  one  who  will  take  the  trouble 
to  look  over  the  volume  of  recommendations 
from  emigrants,  traders,  and  Indian  agents. 

Coventry,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  The  Wangombog, 
a  beautiful  pond,  and  the  Skungamug,  Hop,  and 
Willimantic  Rivers,  give  Coventry  a  good  water 
power.  This  town  was  first  settled  in  1700. 
The  surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  a  gravelly 
loam.  18  miles  E.  from  Hartford. 

Coventry,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Drained  by 
Harper's  and  Kelsey's  Creeks,  branches  of  the 
Susquehanna  River.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil 
sandy  loam,  suitable  for  the  growth  of  grass.  16 
miles  S.  from  Norwich,  and  117  S.  W.from  Albany. 

Coventry,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  On  the  Tioga  River. 
Surface  hilly,  abounding  with  coal  and  iron ;  soil 
clay  and  gravelly  loam. 

Coventry,  R.  I.,  Kent  co.  This  is  a  very  large 
township,  extending  to  the  N.  line  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  admirably  watered  by  numerous  ponds, 
and  by  Flat  River,  an  important  branch  of  the 
Pawtucket.  Coventry  has  long  been  noted  for 
the  number  and  variety  of  its  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly of  cotton  and  wool.  The  soil  of  the 
town  is  well  adapted  to  agricultural  pursuits. 
There  are  a  number  of  pleasant  villages  in  Cov- 
entry, all  of  which  are  flourishing,  both  in  manu- 
facturing and  trade.  10  miles  S.  VV.  from  Provi- 
dence. 

Coventry,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  Barton  and  Black 
Rivers  run  northerly  through  this  town  into 
Memphremagog  Lake.  There  are  good  mill 
privileges  in  this  town  on  Black  River,  and  like- 
wise on  some  of  the  smaller  streams.  The  other 
waters  are  the  S.  bay  of  Lake  Memphremagog, 
and  two  small  ponds.  The  soil  is  generally  good. 
Its  timber  is  mostly  maple  and  beech.  The 
western  part  of  the  town  is  somewhat  broken,  but 
not  mountainous.  The  village  is  situated  at  the 
falls  in  Black  River,  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the 
town,  and  is  in  a  flourishing  state.  The  first 
settlement  commenced  about  the  year  1800.  4 
miles  N.  from  Irasburg,  and  46  N.  E.  from 
Montpelier. 

Covert,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Seneca  Lake,  and  watered  by  several  small 
streams  flowing  into  the  lake.  The  surface  is 
high  and  level;  the  soil  fertile.  177  miles  W. 
from  Albany. 

Covington  County,  Au.,  c.  h.  at  Montczuma.  On 
the  S.  border.  Watered  by  Conecuh,  Yellow 
Water,  and  Pea  Rivers.  Soil  rather  sterile. 

Covington,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Newton  co.  About  3  miles 
E.  from  Yellow  River,  a  branch  of  Ockmulgee 
River,  and  61  miles  N.  W.  from  Milledgeville. 
The  site  of  Emery  College.  See  Colleges. 

Covington,  la.,  c.  h.  Fountain  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Wabash.  74  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Covington,  Ky.  City,  Ken  ton  co.  Situated  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  Licking 
River,  directly  opposite  Cincinnati.  85  miles  S. 
E.  from  Frankfort.  It  is  built  upon  a  beautiful 
plain,  several  miles  in  extent,  and  the  streets  are 
go  laid  out  as  to  correspond  with  those  of  Cincin- 
nati, and  appear  a  continuation  of  them,  with 
only  the  river  interposed.  Many  persons  doing 
business  in  Cincinnati  are  induced,  by  the  facili- 


ties of  crossing  the  river  by  steam  ferry  boats, 
which  is  here  about  600  yards  wide,  to  make  their 
residence  in  Covington ;  and  this  tendency  will 
doubtless  much  increase  hereafter  with  the  growth 
of  Cincinnati,  and  the  greater  difficulty  and  ex- 
pense of  obtaining  residences  near  the  centre  of 
business.  It  has,  moreover,  a  large  business  of 
its  own,  consisting  of  various  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments, and  large  operations  in  pork. 

The  principal  public  buildings  of  Covington 
are  a  spacious  City  Hall,  two  female  academies, 
the  Western  Baptist  Theological  Seminary,  and 
several  handsome  church  edifices.  The  Metho- 
dists and  Roman  Catholics  have  each  two  churches 
here;  and  the  Presbyterians,  Baptists,  Episco- 
palians, and  the  Reformed,  or  Christian  Baptists,, 
one  each.  The  Theological  Seminary  is  a  well- 
endowed  institution,  and  is  now  in  a  flourishing 
condition.  It  is  under  the  patronage  of  the  West- 
ern Baptist  Education  Society.  The  buildings 
are  pleasantly  located  in  the  centre  of  a  square 
containing  10  acres,  upon  elevated  ground,  over- 
looking Cincinnati  and  the  surrounding  villages. 
When  the  plan  of  construction  is  fully  carried 
out,  there  will  be  two  theological  buildings,  like 
the  one  which  is  now  erected,  120  feet  long  by  46 
feet  deep,  four  stories  high,  with  a  large  and  ele- 
gant chapel  between  them.  Covington  is  rapidly 
increasing,  and  is  destined,  probably,  to  be  the 
largest  city  in  Kentucky.  Population  in  1840, 
2026  ;  in  1850,  about  10,000.  Newport,  with  7000 
inhabitants,  adjoins  it  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Licking,  making  in  fact  one  town. 

Covington,  La.,  c.  h.  St.  Tammany  parish.  On 
a  small  river  which  flows  into  Lake  Pontchar- 
train.  45  miles  N.  from  New  Orleans. 

Covington  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Williamsburg. 
S.  central.  Watered  by  branches  of  Leaf,  a 
tributary  of  the  Pascagoula  River.  Soil  mostly 
of  indifferent  quality. 

Covington,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Watered  by- 
Allen's  Creek.  The  surface  is  rolling,  the  soil 
fertile.  241  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Covington,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  The  Lehigh  Rivei 
forms  the  S.  E.  and  S.  boundary  of  this  town. 

Covington,  Va.,  c.  h.  Alleghany  co.  Among 
the  mountains,  on  Jackson's  River,  near  the 
junction  of  Pott's  Creek.  196  miles  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Cowdensport,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Potter  co. 

Coweta  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Newman.  W.  cen- 
tral. Between  the  head  waters  of  Flint  River 
and  the  Chattahoochee. 

Cowpens,  S.  C.,  Spartanburg  district.  This 
place,  which  lies  between  Pacolet  and  Broad 
Rivers,  is  famous  for  the  battle  of  Cowpens, 
which  was  fought  in  its  vicinity,  January  11, 
1781.  117  miles  N.  W.  from  Columbia. 

Coxsackie,  N.  Y.,  Greene  co.  On  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Hudson  River,  and  watered  by  several 
small  streams.  The  surface  of  the  E.  part  is 
level,  and  the  W.  hilly.  22  miles  S.  from  Albany. 

Craftsbury,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  This  township  is 
well  watered  by  Black  River,  which  is  formed 
here,  and  by  its  several  branches,  which  afford 
numerous  mill  privileges.  The  Indian  name  of 
this  river  was  Elligosigo.  Wild  Branch  passes 
through  the  W.  part  of  this  township.  There 
are  five  natural  ponds,  viz.,  Elligo,  Great  Hosmer, 
Little  Hosmer,  and  two  smaller  ponds.  The 
geology  of  this  town  is  in  many  respects  interest- 
ing, and,  in  some,  peculiar.  Few  areas  of  the 
same  space,  in  a  region  of  primary  rocks,  furnish 


342 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


so  many  varieties  in  situ.  Near  the  centre  of  the 
township,  on  an  elevated  plain,  is  situated  the 
centre  village.  Craftsbury  Academy  is  located 
here.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in 
the  summer  of  1788,  by  Colonel  Ebenezer  Crafts. 
12  miles  S.  from  Irasburg,  and  31  N.  E.  from 
Montpelier. 

Cranberry,  Pa.,  Butler  co.  Glade  Run,  and 
Breakneck,  and  Brush  Creeks  water  this  town. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  clay  and  loam. 

Cranberry,  Pa.,  Venango  co.  Bounded  on  the 
N.  and  W.  by  the  Alleghany  River.  207  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Cranston.  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  The  soil  of 
this  town  is  more  favorable  for  the  production  of 
fruits  and  vegetables  than  for  grain.  Some  parts 
of  the  town  are  very  fertile,  but  considerable  of 
the  land  is  rough  and  uneven.  Providence  mar- 
ket is  supplied  with  a  considerable  amount  of  the 
products  of  the  town.  The  water  power  of  the 
Pawtuxet  and  Powchasset  is  constant  and 
abundant.  Cranston  is  a  very  pleasant  town, 
and  its  proximity  to  Providence  (only  5  miles  S. 
W.)  gives  it  peculiar  privileges. 

Craven  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  New  Berne.    E. 
middle.    On  Pamlico  Sound.    Neuse  River  trav- 
erses this  county,  the  surface   of   which  is  level 
and  in  parts  marshy,  and  the  soil  mostly  fertile. 
Crawford,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Russell  co. 
Crawford  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Van  Buren.     On 
the  W.  border.     On  both  sides  of  the  Arkansas. 
Surface  diversified. 

Crawford  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Knoxville.  W. 
central.  Flint  River  and  a  branch  of  the  Ock- 
mulgee  water  this  county.  Soil  sandy  and  rather 
sterile. 

Crawford  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Palestine.  On 
the  E.  border,  on  the  Wabash  River.  Watered 
by  the  Wabash  and  Embarrass  Rivers  and  their 
branches.  The  surface  consists  partly  of  rich 
prairies. 

Crawford  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Fredonia.  S. 
part.  Touches  the  Ohio  River.  Watered  on  the 
S.  E.  by  Blue  River.  Surface  rough  and  hilly. 

Crawford,  Me.,  Washington  co.  Incorporated 
1828.  This  is  a  good  township  of  land,  and  was 
formerly  called  Adams.  A  large  pond  in  Craw- 
ford and  a  part  of  another  are  the  sources  of  a 
branch  of  East  Machias  River.  30  miles  N. 
from  Machias,  and  140  E.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Crawford  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Steelville.  S. 
E.  central.  The  head  branches  of  Maramec 
River  water  this  county.  Surface  diversified  and 
abounding  with  iron  ore  ;  soil  various.  A  spring, 
discharging  30,000  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute, 
propels  the  Maramec  iron  works. 

Crawford,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  Watered  by 
Shawangunk  River.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil 
clay  and  sandy  loam.  18  miles  W.  from  New- 
burg,  and  94  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Crawford  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Bucyrus.  N. 
central.  Watered  by  Sandusky  River,  Broken 
Sword  and  Tymochtee  Creeks. 

Crawford  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Meadville.  In 
the  N.  W.  corner,  bordering  on  Ohio.  Watered 
by  Shenango  and  French  Creeks  and  their 
branches.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  this  county,  and 
a  creek  affording  bituminous  oil. 

Crawford  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Prairie  du  Chien. 
In  the  N.  angle  between  the  Wisconsin  and  the 
Mississippi.  The  rivers  afford  excellent  water 
power.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  fertile  along  the  bor- 
iers  of  the  streams. 


Crawfordsville,  Ga.,.  c.  h.  Talliaferro  co.,  liea 
between  Ogeechee  and  Little  Rivers.  62  miles 
N.  by  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Crawfordsville,  la.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  On  the 
S.  side  of  Sugar  Creek,  and  is  the  seat  of  Wabash 
College.  <  (See  Colleges.)  45  miles  N.  W.  by  W. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Creek,  Pa.  A  township  of  Washington  co. 
Crittenden  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  On 
the  E.  border,  between  the  Mississippi  and  the 
St.  Francis.  Surface  level,  and  in  parts  liable  to 
inundation.  Soil  very  fertile  in  the  more  elevat- 
ed portions. 

Crittenden  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Salem,  W.  part. 
On  the  Ohio  River.  The  Cumberland  River 
forms  its  S.  W.  boundary.  Surface  level ;  soil 
productive. 

Croghan,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  Surface  hilly  and 
mountainous;  soil  fertile  in  the  valleys.  141 
miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Cromwell,  Pa.  A  township  of  Huntington  co. 
Cromwell,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Connecticut  River,  13  miles  S.  from  Hartford. 
A  new  town,  which  embraces  that  part  of 
Middletown  formerly  known  as  Upper  Middle- 
town.  It  contains  a  handsome  village,  lying  on 
an  elevated  site  from  which  there  is  a  lovely 
view  of  the  river  and  the  surrounding  fertile 
country. 

Crown  Point,  la.,  c.  h.  Lake  co.  On  Robinson's 
Prairie,  15  miles  S.from  Lake  Michigan,  and  158 
miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Crown  Point,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  On  the  W. 
border  of  Lake  Champlain.  Watered  by  Put- 
nam's Creek,  and  some  other  small  streams. 
The  surface  is  level  on  the  E.,  and  mountainous 
on  the  W.  This  town  was  the  scene  of  impor- 
tant events  during  the  French  and  revolutionary 
wars.  On  a  neck  of  land,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
the  town,  are  situated  the  ruins  of  the  fort  of 
Crown  Point.  105  miles  N.  N.  E.  ,from  Al- 
bany. 

Croydon,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  The  N.  branch 
of  Sugar  River  waters  this  town.  The  soil  is 
moist  and  rocky,  and  produces  valuable  crops. 
Croydon  Mountain  is  of  considerable  elevation, 
on  which  are  two  small  ponds.  First  settlers, 
Samuel  Chase  and  others,  in  1763.  44  milea 
N.  N.  W.  from  Concord,  and  8  N.  from  New- 
port. 

Cuba,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by  Oil 
Creek,  and  contains  a  small  lake.  Near  the  W. 
boundary  is  located  the  Oil  Spring  Reservation. 
Surface  high  and  undulating  on  the  E. ;  soil 
mostly  productive.  The  Genesee  Valley  Canal 
and  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  cross  this  town. 
12  miles  S.  W.  from  Angelica,  and  274  from  Al- 
bany. 

Culloma,  Ca.,  c.  h.  El  Dorado  co.  On  the  S.  fork 
of  the  American  River,  45  miles  from  Sacramento 
city,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  spot  where 
gold  was  first  discovered. 

Culpepper  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Fairfax.  N.  part. 
On  the  upper  waters  of  the  Rappahannock.  Sur- 
face agreeably  diversified,  and  soil  rich. 

Culpepper,  Va.,  c.  h.  Culpepper  co.  98  miles 
N.  N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Cumberland  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Greenup.  Eastern 
part.  Watered  by  the  branches  of  the  Embarrass, 
a  tributary  of  the  Wabash. 

Cumberland  Co.,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Burkesville.  On 
the  southern  border.  On  both  sides  of  Cumber- 
land River.  Surface  uneven ;  soil  fertile. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


343 


Cumberland  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Portland.  In 
the  S.  W.  part  of  the  state,  between  Casco  Bay 
on  the  S.  E.  and  the  River  Kennebec  on  the  N. 
E.  Fertile,  and  under  good  cultivation.  Several 
railroads  pass  through  it.  ' 

Cumberland,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  Set  off  from 
the  westerly  part  of  Yarmouth  in  1821.  54 
miles  S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  10  N.  from 
Portland.  Cumberland  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
Casco  Bay,  and  enjoys  many  navigable  facilities. 

Cumberland,  Md.,  c.  h.  Alleghany  co.  On  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Potomac  River,  at  the  junction  of 
Wills  Creek,  and  166  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Annapolis.  The  Cumberland  or  national  road, 
and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  pass  through 
it,  and  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  terminates 
here.  Coal  abounds  in  the  neighborhood,  and  is 
largely  exported  down  the  Potomac. 

Cumberland  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Fayetteville. 
S.  E.  central.  On  both  sides  of  Cape  Fear  River. 
Surface  undulating,  and  watered  by  the  Cape 
Fear  River  and  branches  ;  soil  light  and  thin. 

Cumberland  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Bridgetown. 
S.  part.  On  Delaware  Bay.  Drained  by  Mau- 
rice and  Tuckahoe  Rivers,  and  Stow  and  Cohan- 
sey  Creeks.  A  salt  marsh  of  from  half  a  mile 
to  a  mile  in  width  borders  on  Delaware  Bay. 
Soil  rather  light,  but  fertile  in  parts.  Iron  ore 
and  marl  are  found  in  this  county. 

Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Carlisle.  S.  E. 
central.  Watered  by  Conedogwinet  and  Yellow 
Breeches  Creeks,  branches  of  the  Susquehanna 
River.  Surface  somewhat  hilly  ;  soil  very  rich. 
Iron  ore  is  found  here. 

Cumberland,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Between  Marsh 
and  'Rock  Creeks,  and  drained  by  Bear  and 
Willoughby  Runs. 

Cumberland,  Pa.,  Green  co.  Watered  by  Muddy 
Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Monongahela  River.  Sur- 
face level ;  soil  loamy.  1 1  miles  E.  from  Waynes- 
burg. 

Cumberland  Valley,  Pa.,  Bedford  co.  Between 
Evits  and  Will's  Mountains,  and  watered  by 
Evits  Creek. 

Cumberland,  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  Pawtucket, 
Mill,  and  Peter's  Rivers,  and  Abbot's  Run,  af- 
ford the  town  a  good  hydraulic  power.  8  miles 
from  Providence. 

Cumberland  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Cumberland. 
E.  central.  Between  the  Appomattox  and  James 
Rivers.  Surface  somewhat  hilly,  and  drained 
by  Willis  River ;  soil  fertile. 

Cumberland,  Va.,  c.  h.  Cumberland  co.  On  an 
elevated  position  between  Appomattox  and  Wil- 
lis Rivers.  52  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Richmond. 

Gumming,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Forsyth  co.  9  miles  W. 
from  Chattahoochee  River,  and  109  N.  W.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Cummings,  Pa.  Township,  Lycoming  CO.  Ill 
miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Cumminyton,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  On  the  range 
of  the  Green  Mountains,  but  with  a  strong  and 
productive  soil.  Westfield  River  passes  through 
it,  receiving  many  tributaries,  which,  with  the 
main  river,  afford  much  water  power.  110  miles 
W.  from  Boston. 

Curritack  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Currituck.  On 
the  N.  E.  shore.  This  county  comprises  Roanoke 
Island,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  Curri- 
tuck Sound.  Surface  level,  and  in  parts  marshy. 

Currituck,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Currituck  co.  On  the 
W.  side  of  Currituck  Sound.  242  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Raleigh. 


Gushing,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  Situated  on  St. 
George's  River,  opposite  to  the  town  of  St 
George.  45  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and 
about  12  miles  S.  from  Warren.  This  place  was 
settled  by  emigrants  from  Ireland,  as  early  as 
1733. 

Cussawago,  Pa.,  Crawford  co.  246  miles  N. 
W.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Cuthbert,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Randolph  co.  150  miles  S. 
W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Cutler,  Me.,  Washington  co.  Bounded  S.  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  about  20  miles  S.  W. 
from  West  Quoddy  Head.  It  contains  Little 
Machias  Bay  and  Little  River,  and  is  bounded 
W.  by  Machias  Bay.  Cutler  has  a  good  harbor. 
164  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Augusta. 

Cuyahoga  Falls,  O.,  Summit  co.  So  named 
from  the  falls  in  the  Cuyahoga  River,  on  which 
the  place  is  situated,  being  about  40  miles  S.  of 
Cleveland,  and  128  N.  E.  from  Columbus.  This 
place  was  laid  out  in  1837,  and  had  so  rapid  a 
growth  that  in  1840  it  was  the  rival  of  Akron 
for  the  county  seat,  from  which  it  is  4  mileg 
distant.  The  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal 
passes  through  this  place,  and  enters  the  Ohio 
Canal  at  Akron.  The  falls  afford  an  excellent 
water  power,  which  is  already  employed  to  op- 
erate several  large  paper  mills,  flour  mills,  and 
other  manufactories  j  and  is  available  for  further 
application  to  a  large  extent. 

The  falls  themselves  present  many  wild  and 
romantic  features  for  the  admiration  of  the  lov- 
ers of  nature.  The  Cuyahoga  has  a  descent 
here,  in  the  course  of  a  little  more  than  2  miles, 
of  about  200  feet,  over  stratified  rocks,  which, 
for  a  portion  of  the  distance,  are  worn  away,  or 
were  originally  separated  by  some  convulsion  of 
nature,  into  a  chasm  of  nearly  that  depth.  The 
ravine  thus  formed,  with  the  rapids  and  cas- 
cades of  the  river  passing  through  it,  exhibits 
many  points  of  bold  and  picturesque  scenery. 
The  Indian  name  for  these  falls  was  Coppacaw, 
which  signifies,  it  is  said,  shedding  tears. 

Cuyahoga  County,  0.,  c.  h.  Cleveland.  N.  E» 
part  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  The  Cuyahoga, 
Rocky,  and  Chagrin  Rivers  are  the  principal 
ones,  and  they  all  run  northwardly  into  Lake 
Erie.  The  county  takes  its  name  from  the  prin- 
cipal river. 

Cynthiana,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Harrison  co.  On  the  1L 
side  of  the  S.  fork  of  Licking  River.  37  miles 
N.E.  from  Frankfort.. 

Dade  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Key  Biscayune 
Bounded  N.  by  Lake  Okeechobee,  E.  by  St.  Lucie 
county,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
W.  by  Monroe  county.  This  county  comprises 
several  keys,  or  islands,  lying  off  its  coast ;  and 
in  the  N.  part  is  a  tract  of  land  called  the  Ever- 
glades, covered  with  water  from  one  to  six  feet 
deep,  and  dotted  with  fertile  islands  and  cypress 
swamps.  The  Everglades  were  a  celebrated  re- 
treat of  the  Seminole  Indians  during  the  Florida 
war.  Soil  fertile  in  parts,  and  especially  along 
the  sea-coast. 

Dade  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Trenton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  and  S.  by  Walker  co., 
and  W.  by  Alabama.  Lookout  Creek,  a  branch 
of  the  Tenn^see  River,  waters  it.  Surface 
mountainous  ;  soil  fertile  in  the  valleys. 

Dade  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Greenfield.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Cedar  co.,  E.  by  Polk  and  Green 
counties,  S.  by  Lawrence,  and  W.  by  Jasper 


344 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


co.    Watered  by  Pomme  de  Terre  River  and  its 
tributaries.    Surface  slightly  uneven ;  soil  fertile. 

Dadeville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Tallapoosa  co.  6  miles  E. 
from  Tallapoosa  River,  37  miles  N.  E.  from  We- 
tumpka,  and  140  E.  S.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Dahkotah  County,  Ma.,  c.  h.  at  Fort  Snelling. 
In  the  angle  between  the  Minnesota  and  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Dahlonega,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Lumpkin  co.  Between 
Chestatee'and  Etowah  Eivers.  140  miles  N.  N. 
W.  from  Milledgeville.  The  site  of  a  branch  mint. 

Dale  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Daleville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Pike,  E.  by  Henry  co.,  S.  by  Florida, 
and  W.  by  Coffee  GO.  Watered  by  tributaries 
of  the  Choctawhatchee  River.  Surface  mostly 
level ;  and  soil  sterile,  with  the  exception  of  some 
fertile  swamps  bordering  the  river. 

Dallas  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Cahaba.  Bounded 
N.  by  Perry  co.,  E.  by  Autauga  and  Lowndes 
counties,  S.  by  Wilcox,  and  W.  by  Marengo 
co.  Watered  by  the  Alabama  and  Cahaba 
Rivers,  which  form  a  junction  in  this  county. 
Surface  slightly  uneven ;  soil  rich  on  the  borders 
of  the  streams. 

Dallas  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Princeton.  S. 
central.  Between  the  Wachita  and  its  Sabine 
Fork. 

Dallas  County,  Io.,  c..h.  at  Adell.  S.  central 
part. 

Dallas  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Buffalo.  S.  W. 
central.  Watered  by  the  Mianqua,  (a  tributary 
of  the  Osage,)  which  flows  N.  through  it. 

Dallas,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Watered  by  Harvey's 
Lake,  lying  in  this  town,  and  by  its  outlet,  and 
some  other  streams,  affording  hydraulic  power. 
Surface  broken  and  mountainous ;  soil  slate, 
gravel,  and  loam.  133  miles  N.  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Dallas  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Dallas.  In  the  N. 
E.  angle,  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Sabine. 

Dallas,  Me.,  Franklin  co.    New. 

Dalton,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  Dalton  began  to 
be  settled  about  the  year  1755.  It  is  a  good 
grazing,  mountain  town,  finely  watered  by  the 
Housatonic  River.  The  village  in  the  centre 
of  the  town  is  curiously  and  very  pleasantly 
situated.  It  is  in  the  valley  of  the  Housatonic, 
and  encircled  on  three  sides  by  that  beautiful 
stream.  The  Western  Railroad  passes  through  it. 
5  miles  E.  from  Pittsfield,  and  146  W.  from  Boston. 

Dalton,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  On  Connecticut 
River.  The  Great  or  Fifteen  Mile  Falls  com- 
mence in  Dalton,  and  rush  tumultuously  along 
its  N.  W.  boundary.  The  town  is  also  watered 
by  John's  River  and  several  large  brooks.  The 
western  and  southern  parts  are  hilly.  On  the 
borders  of  John's  River  the  white  pine  abounds. 
The  soil  on  the  highlands  is  good,  and  well 
adapted  to  grazing.  Blake's  Pond  lies  at  the  S. 
E.  corner;  it  was  named  for  a  famous  hunter. 
Near  Slate  Hill  is  a  mineral  spring ;  it  deposits 
a  thin  crust  of  iron  ore.  This  town  was  named 
from  Hon.  Tristham  Dalton,  a  grantee.  First 
settlers,  Moses  Blake  and  Walter  Blass.  125 
miles  N.  by  W.  from  Concord,  and  8  S.  by  W. 
from  Lancaster. 

Damariscotta,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  outlet 
of  Damariscotta  Pond,  formed  in  1847  from  parts 
of  Bristol  and  Nobleboro'.  30  miles  S.  E.  from 
Augusta. 

Damascus,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  On  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Delaware  River.  190  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 


Dana,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  is  a  small 
town,  taken  from  Greenwich.  Hardwick,  and  Pe- 
tersham, in  1801.  There  is  some  good  land  in 
the  town,  but  much  of  it  is  fit  only  for  pasturage. 
Swift  River  and  one  of  its  tributaries,  Fever 
Branch,  pass  through  its  northern  and  western 
section.  30  miles  N.  W.  from  Worcester,  and  70 
W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 

Danbury,  Ct,  Fairfield  co.  Dan  bury,  the  Pah- 
quioque  of  the  Indians,  is  one  of  the  shire  towns, 
and  was  first  settled  in  1684.  The  soil  of  the 
town  is  good,  and  agreeably  diversified  by  hills 
and  valleys.  The  borough,  or  village,  is  very 
pleasantly  situated  in  a  valley,  and  is  memorable 
for  its  sacrifices  in  the  revolutionary  war.  It  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  the  British,  with  a  large 
amount  of  continental  stores,  April,  1777. 

Danbury,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  Danbury  lies  in 
the  form  of  a  diamond  ;  it  is  hilly,  although  there 
are  some  intervales.  In  the  N.  E.  part  there  is  a 
large  hill.  The  eastern  section  is  w*atered  by 
Smith's  River.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
in  1771.  16  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Plymouth,  and 
29  N.  from  Concord,  by  railroad.  The  Northern 
Railroad  passes  through  the  town. 

Danby,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  Watered  by  Cat- 
totong  Creek  and  its  branches.  The  surface  is 
hilly ;  soil  gravelly  loam.  8  miles  S.  from  Ithaca, 
and  172  S.  of  W.'from  Albany. 

Danby,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Otter  Creek  runs 
nearly  on  the  line  between  this  township  and 
Mount  Tabor,  but  there  are  no  streams  of  much 
consequence  within  the  township.  The  most 
considerable  are  Mill  River  and  Flower  Branch. 
These  and  a  branch  of  Otter  Creek,  in  the  north- 
eastern part,  are  all  sufficient  for  mills.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  and  some  parts  mountainous. 
South  and  Spruce  Mountains  are  the  principal 
elevations.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  pro- 
duction of  grass.  There  are  several  caverns  in 
this  township;  also  several  marble  quarries  in  the 
S.  E.  part,  and  specimens  of  galena  have  been 
found.  In  the  western  part  of  the  township  is  a 
spring,  nearly  sufficient  to  carry  a  mill  where  it 
issues  from  the  foot  of  the  mountain.  The  .set- 
tlement was  commenced  in  1765.  Distances,  17 
miles  S.  from  Rutland,  and  68  S.  S.  W.  from 
Montpelier. 

Dandridge,  Te.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  French  Broad  River.  229  miles  E. 
from  Nashville. 

Dane  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Madison.  Bounded 
N.  by  Sauk  and  Portage  counties,  E.  by  Dodge 
and  Jefferson,  S.  by  Rock  and  Green,  and  W.  by 
Iowa  co.  Watered  by  the  Four  Lakes,  fine 
sheets  of  water,  and  by  their  outlets.  Surface 
level ;  soil  very  productive. 

Danielsville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Madison  co.  91  miles  N. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Dansville,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  On  Canasera- 
ga  Creek.  238  miles  W.  from  Albany.  There 
is  a  fall  here  of  60  feet  in  a  mile  and  a  half. 
Connected  with  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  by 
a  branch  which  has  its  terminus  here. 

Dansville,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by 
Canaseraga  Creek,  and  some  tributaries  of  Can- 
isteo  River.  The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven ; 
the  soil  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  20  miles  N.  W. 
from  Bath,  and  234  W.  from  Albany. 

Danube,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Watered  by  No- 
wadaga  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Mohawk  River, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating, and  the  soil  very  fertile  in  the  valley  of 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


345 


the  Mohawk.  12  miles  E.  from  Herkimer,  and 
70  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Danvers,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  ancient  town 
adjoins  Salem  on  the  N.  "W.,  and  was  formerly  a 
part  of  it.  It  was  incorporated  in  1756.  There 
are  3  villages  here  —  South  Danvers,  one  at  the 
New  Mills,  and  another  at  the  Plains.  This  town 
is  well  watered  bv  Ipswich  River  and  the  sea, 
and  possesses  a  good  water  power,  both  salt  and 
fresh.  The  town  presents  a  varied  surface,  and 
from  the  high  grounds  are  obtained  some  of  the 
most  picturesque  views  of  sea  and  shore  to  be 
found  in  Massachusetts  Bay.  Danvers  is  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  fine  sienite,  clay,  and  never- 
failing  springs  of  soft  and  pure  water.  It  was 
in  the  family  of  Mr.  Parris,  of  this  place,  that 
witchcraft  first  made  its  appearance  in  this  coun- 
try, in  1G92.  South  Danvers  is  2  miles  from 
Salem,  and  14  N.  E.  from  Boston.  Danvers  is 
very  largely  concerned  in  the  production  of 
leather,  boots,  and  shoes,  the  annual  product  ex- 
ceeding two  millions  of  dollars.  There  are  also 
manufactures  of  iron,  wool,  &c. 

Danville,  As.,  c.  h.  Yell  co. 

Danville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Vermilion  co.,  occupies  an 
elevated  position  on  the  N.  side  of  Vermilion 
River,  near  the  junction  of  the  N.  fork.  130  miles 
E.  by  N.  from  Springfield. 

Danville,  la.,  c.  h.  Heridricks  co.  On  the  W. 
*ide  of  White  Lick  Creek.  20  miles  W.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Danville,  Ky.,  Boyle  co.  The  seat  of  Centre 
College  and  of  the  Kentucky  Asylum  for  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb.  On  a  small  branch  of  Dick's 
River.  41  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Frankfort.  See 
Colleges. 

Danville,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  This  town,  for- 
merly called  Pejepsco,  was  set  off  from  the  W. 
part  of  Yarmouth  in  1802.  It  lies  32  miles  S.  W. 
from  Augusta,  and  29  N.from  Portland^.  Farm- 
ing is  the  principal  business. 

Danville,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  47  miles 
N.  E.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Danville,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  This  town 
was  formerly  a  part  of  Kingston,  and  known  by 
the  name  of  Hawke.  The  soil  is  uneven,  but 
good.  Acchusnut  River  passes  over  the  N.  W. 
comer.  Long  Pond  lies  in  the  E.  part,  and  Cub 
Pond  on  the  W.  side.  33  miles  S.  E.  from  Con- 
cord, and  10  S.  W.  from  Exeter. 

Danville,  0.,  Knox  co.  65  miles  N.  E.  from 
Columbus.  In  the  midst  of  a  fine  agricultural 
country. 

Danville,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Montour  co. 

Danville,  Vt.,  c.  h.  Caledonia  co.  The  eastern 
part  of  this  township  is  elevated  about  200,  and  the 
western  about  800  feet  above  Connecticut  River. 
The  soil  is  free  from  stone,  easily  cultivated,  and 
is  perhaps  equal,  in  richness  and  adaptation  to 
agriculture,  to  any  in  the  state.  It  is  watered  by 
numerous  streams  of  pure  water,  which  rise  in 
the  higher  lands  of  Wheelock,  Walden,  and 
Cabot.  Joe's  Pond  lies  mostly  in  the  western 
part  of  the  township,  and  covers  about  1000  acres. 
It  discharges  its  waters  into  the  Passumpsic  by 
Merrill's  River.  At  its  outlet,  a  large,  never- 
failing  sheet  of  water  falls  over  a  limestone  ledge, 
75  feet  in  12  rods.  In  the  N.  part  of  the  town 
are  Sleeper's  River  and  the  Branch.  Danville 
Tillage  is  pleasantly  situated,  nearly  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  township,  on  elevated  land,  in  the 
midst  of  a  beautiful  farming  country.  Philips 
Academy  was  incorporated  in  1840,  and  named 
44 


in  honor  of  Paul  D.  Philips,  who  endowed  it 
with  $4000.  In  1785,  or '6,  the  settlement  was 
commenced  by  about  50  emigrants  from  N.  H. 
and  Ms.,  who  entered  on  the  land  as  "  squat- 
ters." 30  miles  N.  E.  from  Montpelier 

Danville,  Va.,  Pittsylvania  co.  On  Dan  River, 
which  affords  good  water  power.  S.  W.  by  W. 
from  Richmond,  164  miles.  The  river  is  naviga- 
ble, for  boats,  to  the  falls  of  the  Roanoke.  Dan- 
ville is  the  centre  of  a  lucrative  trade. 

Darby,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  On  Darby  Creek, 
and  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  Upper  and 
Lower.  95  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Darien,  Ct,  Fairfield  co.  A  township  of  good 
soil.  42  miles  S.  W.  from  New  Haven. 

Darien.  Ga.,  c.  h.  Mclntosh  co.  Situated  on 
the  northern  and  principal  channel  of  the  Ala 
tamaha  River,  12  miles  above  the  bar,  at  its 
entrance  into  Alatamaha  Sound,  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast.  The  bar  has  14  feet  of  water  at  low 
tide.  The  place  is  situated  on  a  high,  sandy  blufl', 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  channel.  Upon  the  Oconee 
branch  of  the  river  there  is  steamboat  navigation 
185  miles,  to  Milledgeville,  the  capital  of  the 
state ;  and  upon  the  Ockmulgee  branch  to  Macon ; 
thus  bringing  a  considerable  trade  from  the  cen- 
tral portions  of  the  state  to  the  port  of  Darien.  The 
population  and  business  of  the  place  have  much  in- 
creased since  1810,  when  there  were  only  about 
200  inhabitants.  It  has  a  custom  house,  a  bank, 
an  academy,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
churches,  and  many  handsome  private  residences. 

Darien,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  Hilly.  Drained 
byEllicott's  Creek.  The  soil  consists  of  clay 
and  calcareous  loam.  256  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Darke  County,  0.,  c.  h.  Greenville.  Situated 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  having  Mer- 
cer co.  on  the  N.,  Shelby  and  Miami  on  the 
E.,  Preble  on  the  S.,  and  the  boundary  between 
Ohio  and  Indiana  on  the  W.  It  is  34  by  21 
miles  in  extent.  There  is  in  this  county  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  prairie  land.  The  prin- 
cipal streams  which  drain  it  are  Stillwater  and 
Greenville  Creeks. 

Near  the  N.  E.  corner  of  this  county  is  the 
battle  ground  where  the  army  under  St.  Clair,  in 
1791,  suffered  a  disastrous  defeat  in  an  engage- 
ment with  the  Indians.  The  object  of  the  cam- 
paign was  the  establishment  of  a  line  of  military 
posts  through  that  country,  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  the  Indians  in  check,  and  preventing 
future  hostilities.  Fort  Recovery  was  erected  by 
General  Wayne,  in  1793,  upon  the  site  of  this 
battle,  and  this  fort,  the  next  year,  sustained  a 
desperate  attack  from  the  Indians,  in  which  they 
were  repulsed  with  severe  loss. 

Greenville,  the  present  county  seat,  is  also  a 
place  of  much  note  in  the  history  of  the  negotia- 
tions with  the  Indians  which  followed  these 
events.  Here,  on  the  3d  of  August,  1795,  General 
Wayne  concluded  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the 
chiefs  and  representatives  of  12  of  their  most  pow- 
erful tribes,  who  had  become  determined,  not- 
withstanding the  untoward  influence  of  the  Brit- 
ish agents,  to  make  a  permanent  peace  with  the 
"  Thirteen  Fires,"  as  they  called  the  thirteen  fed- 
eral states.  This  was  also  the  theatre  of  another 
treaty  with  the  Indians  in  1814,  which  was  nego- 
tiated on  the  same  spot  of  ground,  with  the  Wy- 
andots,  Delawares,  Shawnees,  Senecas,  and  Mia- 
mies,  by  General  William  Henry  Harrison  and 
Governor  Lewis  Cass,  commissioners  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 


:i46 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Darlington  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Darlington. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  the  Great  Pedee  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Marlboro'  co.,  S.  E.  by  Marion  co., 
S.W.  by  Lynches  Creek,  separating  it  from  Sump- 
ter  co.*  and  N.  W.  by  Chesterfield  co.  Surface 
slightly  uneven  ;  soil  rather  poor,  except  on  the 
borders  of  the  streams,  where  it  is  very  productive. 

Darlington,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Darlington  district.  Sit- 
uated a  little  W.  of  Black  Creek,  a  branch  of  Great 
Pedee  River,  and  129  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Co- 
lumbia. 

Darrtown,  0.,  Butler  co.  109  miles  S.  W.  by 
W.  from  Columbia.  In  the  neighborhood  of  this 
place  is  a  mineral  spring  of  some  note. 

Dartmouth,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  Dartmouth  lies 
on  Buzzard's  Bay,  near  its  mouth,  and  has  a 
number  of  small  inlets  from  the  bay  and  some 
good  hai'bors.  It  has  some  small  streams,  the 
principal  of  which  is  the  Pamansat.  Its  Indian 
name  was  Apeniganset.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
but  the  soil  is  good  for  agricultural  purposes. 
There  are  three  villages  in  the  town  —  Smith's 
Mills,  North  Dartmouth,  and  South  Dartmouth  ; 
the  latter  is  called  Padan  Aram,  and  is  situated 
at  the  head  of  Apeniganset  Bay.  Vast  quanti- 
ties of  fish,  principally  menhaden,  are  taken  in 
Buzzard's  Bay,  and  brought  to  this  town,  for  the 
purpose  of  manuring  the  land.  5  miles  S.  W. 
from  New  Bedford,  and  60  from  Boston. 

Dauphin  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Harrisbnrg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Northumberland  and  Schuyler 
counties,  E.  by  Lebanon,  S.  by  York,  and  W.  by 
the  Susquehanna  River,  separating  it  from  Perry 
co.  Drained  by  Mahantango,  Powell's,  and 
Swatara  Creeks.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous  ; 
soil  fertile.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal  and  the 
Union  Canal  traverse  this  county. 

Davenport,  Io.,  c.  h.  Scott  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  foot  of  the  Lower 
Rapids,  opposite  the  flourishing  village  of  Rock 
Island,  in  Is.  Important  as  the  only  feasible 
point 'to  bridge  the  Mississippi.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Iowa  College. 

Davenport,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Charlotte 
River,  and  some  of  its  tributaries,  water  this  town. 
The  surface  is  hilly  ;  soil  argillaceous  loam.  14 
miles  N.  from  Delhi,  and  63  W.  from  Albany. 

Davidson  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Lexington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Stokes  county,  E.  by  Guilford 
and  Randolph,  S.  by  Montgomery  and  Rowan, 
and  W.  by  Rowan  and  Davie  counties.  Drained 
by  several  small  streams  flowing  into  the  Yadkin 
River,  which  traverses  the  W.  part  of  this  county. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  productive. 

Davidson  College,  N.  C.,  Mecklenburg  co.  The 
seat  of  Davidson  College.  150  miles  W.  by  S. 
from  Raleigh.  See  Colleges. 

Davidson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Nashville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Robertson  co.,  E.  by  Sumner  and 
Wilson,  S.  by  Rutherford  and  Williamson,  and 
W.  by  Dicksonco.  Watered  by  Cumberland 
River,  which  passes  through  the  county  from  E. 
to  W.,  and  by  Harpeth,  White's,  Stone's,  and 
Poplar  Creeks.  Surface  slightly  uneven;  soil 
of  good  quality. 

Davie  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Mocksville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Surry  co.,  E.  by  the  Yadkin  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Davidson  co.,  S.  by  Rowan  co.,  and 
W.  by  Iredell  co.  Surface  undulating,  and  drained 
by  the  branches  of  the  Yadkin  River;  soil  ex- 
tremely fertile. 

Davies  County,  la.  c.  h.  at  Washington.  In- 
corporated in  1816.  Bounded  N.  by  Green  co., 


E.  by  Martin,  and  S.  and  W.  by  the  two  forks  of 
White  River,  separating  it  from  Dubois,  Pike, 
and  Knox  counties.  Drained  by  the  tributaries 
of  White  River.  Surface  level  or  undulating, 
consisting  partly  of  prairies  ;  soil  mostly  fertile. 

Daviess  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Owenboro'.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  la., 
E.  by  Hancock  and  Ohio  counties,  and  S.  and 
W.  by  Green  River,  separating  it  from  Muhlen- 
burg,  Madison,  and  Henderson  counties.  Drained 
by  small  branches  of  Ohio  and  Greene  Rivers. 

Daviess  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Gallatin.  Bounded 
N.  by  Harrison  co.,  E.  by  Grundy  and  Livings- 
ton, S.  by  Caldwell,  and  W.  by  De  Kalb  and 
Gentry  counties.  Surface  undulating,  and  wa- 
tered by  the  W.  fork  of  Grand  River ;  soil  fertile. 

Davis  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Bloomfield.  On 
the  southern  border,  E. 

Day,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Sacandaga  River 
passes  through  this  town.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous, the  Kayaderasseras  range  extending 
across  it.  The  valley  of  the  Sacandaga  contains 
the  most  fertile  soil.  55  miles  N.  from  Albany, 
and  25  N.  W.  from  Ballston  Spa. 

Dayton,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Watered  by 
Connewango  Creek  and  some  of  its  tributaries. 
The  surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil  favorable  to 
the  growth  of  grass  and  grain.  302  miles  W. 
from  Albany,  and  20  N.  W.  from  Ellicottville. 

Dayton,  0.  City  and  seat  of  justice  of  Mont- 
gomery co.  On  the  Great  Miami  River,  at  th« 
mouth  of  Mad  River,  50  miles  N.  from  Cincin- 
nati, and  68  W.  by  S.  from  Columbus.  The 
Miami  Canal  from  Cincinnati  to  Lake  Erie  passes 
through  this  place.  Population  in  1810,  383; 
1820,1139;  1830,2954;  1840,  6067  ;  1850, 10,996. 
Dayton  is  one  of  the  largest  places  in  the  interior 
of  the  state.  There  is  a  large  water  power  with- 
in its  corporate  limits,  and  a  still  greater  within 
the  immediate  vicinity.  The  principal  manu- 
factories in  operation  here  are  cotton  and  woollen 
factories,  flouring  mills,  saw  mills,  oil  mills,  paper 
mills,  iron  founderies,  and  machine  shops,  and 
shops  for  the  manufacture  of  clocks,  scythes, 
gun  barrels,  flooring  machines,  &c.  The  amount 
of  capital  invested  in  these  various  operations  is 
large.  By  the  assessment  of  1846,  Dayton  was 
the  second  city  in  the  state  in  the  amount  of  tax- 
able property.  Its  progress  was  very  gradual 
from  its  settlement  in  1796  to  1812,  when  the  war 
with  Great  Britain,  making  it  a  thoroughfare  for 
troops  and  military  stores  on  their  way  to  the 
frontier,  gave  a  great  impulse  to  its  prosperity. 
The  construction  of  the  Miami  Canal  has  se- 
cured to  it,  of  late  years,  a  rapid  and  healthful 
increase. 

The  court  house  in  Dayton  is  the  most  costly 
and  elegant  in  Ohio,  being  constructed  of  cut 
stone,  upon  a  beautiful  Grecian  model,  sur- 
mounted by  a  handsome  cupola.  It  cost  between 
$60,000  and  $70,000.  The  other  public  build- 
ings are  a  jail,  of  stone,  a  city  hall,  two  acade- 
mies, several  banks,  and  a  number  of  church 
edifices,  which  are  elegant  specimens  of  archi- 
tecture. Many  of  the  private  residences  are 
tasteful,  and  beautifully  situated.  The  Cooper 
Female  Academy  has  a  spacious  edifice,  thret 
stories  high,  for  its  accommodation.  There  are 
nine  turnpike  roads  centring  at  Dayton,  and 
connecting  it  with  different  parts  of  the  country. 

Deanfield,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  Between  Passa- 
dumkeag  River  and  Olammon  Stream. 

Dearborn  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Lawrencevillc. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


347 


Incorporated  in  1802.  Bounded  N.  by  Franklin 
co.,  E.  by  Ohio.,  S.  by  Ohio  co.,  and  W.  by  Rip- 
ley  county.  It  is  watered  by  Great  Miami  and 
Whitewater  Rivers,  and  several  small  creeks. 
Surface  rough  and  hilly,  with  "fertile  bottom  lands 
on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Dearbcrnville,  Mn.,  Dearborn,  Wayne  co.  On 
the  S.  branch  of  Rouge  River.  10  miles  W.  from 
Detroit.  A  United  States  arsenal  is  located  here. 

Deblois,  Me.,  Washington  co.  On  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Narraguagus.  50  miles  S.  E.  from 
Bangor. 

Decatur  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Bainbridge.  Wa- 
tered by  the  Chattahoochee  River,  separating  it 
from  Fa.  and  Aa.,  on  the  W.  Surface  somewhat 
uneven ;  soil  rather  barren. 

Decatur,  Ga.,  c.  h.  De  Kalb  co.  90  miles  N. 
W.  from  Milledgeville.  Situation  elevated  and 
healthy.  It  is  the  point  of  junction  of  the  lines 
of  railroad  from  Augusta,  and  from  Savannah, 
via  Macon,  and  the  united  line  which  runs  across 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  state  by  Chitta- 
nooga  to  Nashville,  in  Te. 

Decatur  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Greensburg.  In- 
corporated 1821.  Bounded  N.  by  Rush  co.,  E. 
by  Franklin,  S.  by  Ripley  and  Jennings,  and  W. 
by  Bartholomew  and  Shelby  counties.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  Flat  Rock,  Clifty,  and  Sand  Creeks,  all 
mill  streams.  Surface  slightly  undulating ;  soil 
productive. 

Decatur,  la.,  c.  h.  Adams  co.  On  the  S.  W. 
side  of  Wabash  River.  132  miles  N.  E.  from  In- 
dianapolis. 

Decatur  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Decatur.  On  the 
southern  border,  middle. 

Decatur,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Newton  co.  At  the  head  of 
Chickasawha  River.  76  miles  from  Jackson. 

Decatur,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Elk  Creek  and  some 
other  small  streams  water  this  town.  The  sur- 
face is  elevated  and  hilly ;  soil  sandy  loam.  64 
miles  W.  from  Albany,  and  12  S.  E'  from  Coo- 
perstown. 

Decatur,  Pa.,  Mifflin  co.  Watered  by  Jack's 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Juniata  River.  Surface 
mountainous ;  soil  gravel  and  slate.  14  miles 
N.  E.  from  Lewistown. 

Decatur  County,  Te.  New.  Western  part  of 
the  state. 

Dedham,  Me.,  Hancock  co.,  adjoins  Ellsworth. 
Union  River  passes  thi-ough  its  N.  W.  corner. 

Dedham,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  is  the  shire 
town  of  the  county,  and  has  a  varied  surface  and 
good  soil.  The  court  house  in  this  town  is  a 
beautiful  building.  It  has  a  Doric  portico,  with 
four  granite  columns  on  each  front.  This  town 
is  finely  watered  by  Charles  River,  on  its  western 
border,  by  Neponset  River  on  the  E.,  and  by 
Mother  Brook,  so  called  —  a  canal  or  raceway 
for  a  mill  of  about  3  miles  in  length,  passing 
from  the  Charles  to  the  Neponset.  This  was  the 
first  canal  made  in  the  United  States.  It  was 
commenced  and  accomplished  within  ten  years 
after  the  first  settlement  of  Boston.  Dedham 
is  noted  for  its  good  hydraulic  power.  Dedham 
village  is  very  pleasant.  A  branch  railroad  from 
the  village  meets  the  Boston  and  Providence 
Railroad.  10  miles  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  35 
N.  W.  from  Plymouth. 

Deep  River,  Ct..  Middlesex  co.  A  village  of 
Saybrook,  on  Connecticut  River,  at  the  mouth  of 
Deep  River.  33  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Hartford. 

Deerfield,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.,  lies  on  the  W. 
bank  of  Connecticut  River.  Deerfield  River  meets 


the  Connecticut  at  this  place,  and  spreads  out 
a  large  body  of  fine  alluvial  land,  in  the  centre 
of  the  town,  encircling  a  village  of  great  beauty. 
This  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  town  in  the  county, 
and  was  called  by  the  Indians  Pocumtuck.  It 
was  granted  by  the  General  Court  to  a  company 
at  Dedham,  in  1669  ;  and  a  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1670.  From  the  mountains  in  this 
vicinity  delightful  views  are  obtained.  Deerfield 
Mountain,  which  separates  the  Connecticut  River 
from  the  Deerfield  Meadows,  is  700  feet  above 
the  plain.  Sugar  Loaf  Mountain,  which  forms 
the  southern  termination  of  the  Deerfield  Moun- 
tain, rears  its  conical  peak  of  red  sandstone  500 
feet  above  the  river.  Just  at  the  foot  of  the 
Sugar  Loaf,  at  Bloody  Brook,  a  company  of 
young  men,  from  the  county  of  Essex,  were 
slain  by  an  ambush  of  Indians,  during  Philip's 
war,  in  1675.  A  monument  has  been  erected  to 
their  memory.  Deerfield  extends  for  several 
miles  along  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut,  and 
is  traversed  through  its  entire  length  by  the 
Connecticut  River  Railroad,  which  crosses  the 
Deerfield  River  by  a  remarkable  viaduct.  South 
Deerfield,  or  Bloody  Brook,  is  a  thriving  village, 
in  which  are  a  variety  of  miscellaneous  manu- 
factures. In  the  village  of  Cheapside,  north  of 
Deerfield  River  and  adjoining  Greenfield,  is 
a  manufactory  of  cutlery.  The  railroad  from 
Greenfield  to  Boston  passes  through  this  vil- 
lage. 90  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Boston,  and  4  S. 
from  Greenfield. 

Deerfield,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  This  town 
has  a  number  of  ponds  which  afford  fish.  Moul- 
ton's  is  noted  for  having  no  visible  inlet ;  also  on 
account  of  having  been  sounded  without  discov- 
ering any  bottom.  A  branch  of  Lamprey  River 
passes  through  Deerfield.  The  surface  is  uneven ; 
soil  durable  and  fertile,  though  hard  to  cultivate. 
The  Luckaway,  Saddleback,  and  Fort  Mountains, 
are  the  principal  elevations.  In  the  W.  part  of  the 
town  is  a  natural  formation  in  a  ridge  of  rocks, 
designated  "  Indian  Camp."  On  the  E.  side  of 
this  camp  is  a  natural  flight  of  steps.  Deerfield 
was  once  a  place  of  resort  for  deer.  While  the 
petition  for  the  town  was  pending,  a  Mr.  Batch- 
elder  killed  a  deer,  and,'  presenting  it  to  Govern- 
or Wentworth,  obtained  the  act  under  the  name 
of  Deer-field.  First  settlers,  John  Robertson,  Ja- 
cob Smith,  Isaac  Shephard,  Benjamin  Batchelder, 
and  others,  in  1756.  Distances,  18  miles  E.  S. 
E.  from  Concord,  and  30  W.  by  N.  from  Ports- 
mouth. 

Deerfield,  N.  J.,  Cumberland  co.  Cohansey 
Creek,  and  Muddy  Run,  a  branch*of  Maurice  Riv- 
er, water  this  town.  Surface  level ;  soil  chiefly 
clay  and  gravel. 

Deerfield,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Watered  by  the 
Mohawk,  and  a  few  small  streams.  The  surface 
is  rather  hilly ;  the  soil  very  productive  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Mohawk.  4  miles  N.  from  Utica,  and 
94  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Deerfield,  Pa.,  Tioga  co.  Watered  by  Cowa- 
nesque  Creek  and  Marsh,  a  branch  of  Crooked 
Creek.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  gravelly  loam. 

Deer  Isle,  Me.,  Hancock  co.,  comprises  three 
principal  islands,  Deer,  Little  Deer,  and  Isle  of 
Haut,  containing  17,000  acres.  They  have  good 
harbors,  and  are  well  located  for  the  shore  fishing. 
75  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Augusta. 

Deering,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  This  town 
is  diversified,  well  watered,  and  its  soil  is  favora- 
ble for  agriculture.  There  are  three  ponds,  Dud- 


348 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c. 


ley's,  Pecker's,  and  Fulton's.  The  name  was 
given  it  by  Governor  John  Wentworth,  in  honor 
of  his  wife,  whose  maiden  name  was  Deering. 
First  settlers,  Alexander  Robinson  and  William 
McKean,  in  1765.  25  miles  S.  W.  from  Concord, 
and  22  N.  W.  from  Amherst. 

Deerparlc,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  Watered  by  Del- 
aware, Neversink,  and  Bashkill  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  mountainous  on  the  E.,  and  level  on 
the  W.,  towards  the  Delaware.  The  soil  is  very 
fertile.  '  38  miles  W.  from  Newburg,  and  108 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Defiance  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Defiance.  In  the 
N.  W.  angle  of  the  state,  including  the  junction 
of  the  Maumee  and  the  Anglaize.  Traversed  by 
the  Wabash  and  Miami  Canals.  Level  and  fertile. 

Defiance,  0.,  c.  h.  Defiance  co.  Very  pret- 
tily located  at  the  junction  of  the  Auglaize  with 
the  Maumee  Rivers,  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal.  It  has  great  local  advantages,  having 
the  benefit  of  the  navigation  of  the  Maumee,  An- 
glaize, and  Tiffin  Rivers.  It  is  also  a  central 
point  to  several  state  roads.  50  miles  W.  from 
Perrysburg,  and  80  E.  from  Fort  Wayne. 

De  Kalb  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Lebanon.  Bounded 
N.  E.  by  Georiga,  E.  by  Cherokee  co.,  S.  W. 
by  St.  Clair  and  Blount  counties,  W.  by  Mar- 
shall, and  N.  W.  by  Jackson  co.  Surface 
mostly  uneven,  and  drained  by  Will's  Creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Coosa  River. 

De  Kalb  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Decatur.  Bounded 
N.  by  Forsyth  co.,  E.  by  Gwinnett  and  New- 
ton, S.  by  Henry  and  Fayette,  and  W.  by  Camp- 
bell and  Cobb  counties.  Drained  by  branches  of 
the  Chattahoochee  and  Ockmulgee  Rivers.  The 
Chattahoochee  flows  along  its  N.  W..  boundary. 
Surface  elevated  table  land.  The  Georgia  Rail- 
road passes  through  this  county. 

De  Kalb  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Sycamore.  In  the 
northern  part  of  the  state.  Watered  by  Kish- 
waukee  Creek  and  a  small  river. 

De  Kalb  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Auburn.  Incor- 
porated in  1835.  Bounded  N.  by  Steuben  co., 
E.  by  Ohio,  S.  by  Allen,  and  W.  by  Noble  co. 
It  is  watered  by  St.  Joseph's,  a  branch  of  Mau- 
mee River,  and  by  several  creeks. 

De  Kalb,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Kemper  co.  2  miles  S. 
from  Sararnochee  Creek,  and  106  E.  N.  E.  from 
Jackson. 

De  Kalb  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Marysville.  In 
the  N.  W.  angle,  on  the  height  of  land  between 
the  Platte  and  Grand  Rivers. 

De  Kalb,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Osgewatchie 
River  and  some  of  its  tributaries  water  this  town. 
The  surface  is  hilly,  and  marble  and  iron  ore  are 
found  here.  The  soil  is  of  rather  an  indifferent 
quality.  10  miles  S.  W.  from  Canton,  and  193 
N.  W.  from  Albany, 

De  Kalb  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Smithville.  In 
the  central  part  of  the  state.  Hilly  and  broken. 

Delaware  City,  De.,  Newcastle  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Delaware  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal.  35  miles  N. 
from  Dover. 

Delaware  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Muncietown. 
Bounded  N.  by  Grant  and  Blackford  counties, 
E.  by  Jay  and  Randolph,  S.  by  Henry,  and  W. 
by  Madison  co.  Surface  mostly  level,  and  wa- 
tered by  the  Mississinewa  and  the  W.  fork  of 
White  River,  and  by  Bell  and  Buck  Creeks.  Soil 
productive. 

Delaware  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Delhi.  Bounded 
N.  byClayton  co.,  E.  by  Dubuque,  S.  by  Jones 


and  Linn,  and  W.  by  Buchanan  co.  Watered 
by  Macoquetais  River  and  its  branches.  Surface 
undulating ;  soil  fertile. 

Delaware,  N.  J.,  Hunterdon  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  Delaware  River,  and  drained  by  Wick- 
hecheoke  Creek. 

Delaware  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Delhi.  Bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Otsego  and  Schoharie,  E.  by  Scho- 
harie  and  Greene,  S.  by  Ulster  and  Sullivan,  and 
W.  by  Chenango  and  Broome  counties,  and  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania.  It  was  incorporated 
from  Ulster  and*  Otsego  counties  in  1797.  Wa- 
tered by  the  Delaware,  Susquehanna,  and  Char- 
lotte Rivers,  and  the  Beaverkill.  Surface  rough 
and  hilly,  soil  fertile,  especially  in  the  valleys. 
Bog  iron  and  copper  ores  are  found  in  small 
quantities,  in  several  places,  and  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  mineral  springs  in  this  county. 

Delaware  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Delaware.  Bounded 
N.  by  Marion,  E.  by  Knox  and  Licking  counties, 
S.  by  Franklin,  and  W.  by  Union  co.  The 
land  is  valuable  for  farming  and  grazing,  and  is 
well  watered  by  the  Scioto  and  Olentangy  Riv- 
ers, and  Alun  and  Walnut  Creeks. 

Delaware,  0.,  c.  h.  Delaware  co.  It  was  laid 
out  by  Moses  Byxbe,  Esq.,  in  1808.  On  the 
western  bank  of  Olentangy  River,  on  rolling 
land.  A  handsome  bridge  crosses  this  river, 
leading  from  one  of  the  principal  streets.  A 
very  valuable  white  sulphur  spring  is  found  here, 
the  waters  of  which  are  remarkable  for  their 
clearness  and  abundance.  Several*  chalybeate 
springs  are  also  found.  The  medicinal  virtues 
of  these  springs  cause  the  town  to  be  much  vis- 
ited by  travellers.  It  lies  70  miles  N.  from  Chil- 
licothe,  and  24  N.  from  Columbus. 

Delaware  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Chester.  Bounded 
N.  by  Chester  co.,  E.  by  Philadelphia  co.  and 
the  Delaware  River,  separating  it  from  New 
Jersey,  S.  by  Delaware,  and  W.  by  Chester 
co.  Watered  by  Darby,  Ridley,  and  Chester 
Creeks,  all  fine  mill  streams.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  fertile. 

Delaware,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  The  Chenango  and 
Lackawannock  Creeks  water  this  town.  Surface 
uneven ;  soil  clay  and  loam.  7  miles  N.  W.  from 
Mercer. 

Delaware,  Pa.,  Pike  co.  Watered  by  Ding- 
man's  and  Bushkill  Creeks.  Surface  rough  and 
broken ;  soil  gravelly  loam.  148  miles  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Delhi,  la.,  c.  h.  Delaware  co. 

Delhi,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Delaware  co.  Watered  by 
several  branches  of  the  Mohawks,  or  W.  branch 
of  the  Delaware.  The  soil  is  productive  in  the 
valleys.  77  miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Delphi,  la.,  c.  h.  Carroll  co.  On  the  E-  side 
of  Wabash  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Deer  Creek. 
66  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Indianapolis.  There  is 
a  curious  spring  near  this  place,  the  water  of 
which  is  of  a  reddish  color. 

Demopolis,  Aa.,  Marengo  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  Tombigbee  River,  a  little  below  the  mouth 
•of  the  Black  Warrior  River.  64  miles  S.  S.  W. 
from  Tuscaloosa.  Site  of  a  land  office. 

Denmark,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  Incorporated  in 
1807.  It  lies  85  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  from  Au- 
gusta, about  28  S.  W.  from  Paris,  and  47  N.  W. 
from  Portland.  Denmark  is  finely  watered  by 
Saco  River  and  several  beautiful  ponds.  The 
principal  business  of  the  inhabitants  is  agricul- 
tural, for  which  they  have  a  fertile  soil. 

Denmark,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.    Deer  Creek  and 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


349 


Black  River  -water  this  town.  The  surface  is 
somewhat  hilly;  the  soil  very  productive.  15 
miles  N.  from  Martinsburg,  and  141  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Dennis,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co".  Dennis  extends 
across  Cape  Cod,  and  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Brewster  and  Harwich.  Its  southern  boundary 
is  Yarmouth,  nearly  six  miles  of  which  is  Bass 
River,  one  of  the  most  important  streams  on  the 
cape.  The  Indian  name  of  Dennis  was  Nobs- 
cusset.  The  first  salt  produced  by  solar  evap- 
oration, in  this  country,  was  made  in  this  town, 
by  John  Sears  and  others,  in  1776.  There  are 
pleasant  villages  in  the  town,  on  both  sides  of 
the  cape,  and  near  them  several  fine  fresh  water 
ponds.  From  Scargo  Hill,  the  highest  land  in 
the  town  or  county,  and  a  noted  landmark  for 
sailors,  a  magnificent  ocean  scene  is  presented. 
Dennis  suffered  severely  in  the  awful  gale  of 
October,  1841:  26  of  its  finest  young  men  were 
buried  in  the  ocean  in  a  day;  18  of  whom,  all 
school-fellows,  left  their  nearest  kindred  within  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  of  each  other !  The  town 
was  named  in  .honor  of  its  first  minister,  the 
Rev.  Josiah  Dennis,  who  was  settled  in  1627. 

Dennis,  N.  J.,  Cape  May  co.  Dennis  Creek, 
vrhich  flows  into  Delaware  Bay,  bounds  this 
town  on  the  S.  W.  The  N.  portion  consists  of 
sandy  plains.  85  miles  S.  from  Trenton. 

Denton,  Md.,  c.  h.  Caroline  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Choptank  River.  65  miles  E.  from  An- 
napolis. 

Denton  County,  Ts..  c.  h.  at  Alton.  On  the 
northern  border.  Between  the  head  waters  of 
the  Sabine  and  the  Red  River. 

De  Pere,  Wn.,  c.  h.  Brown  co.  153  miles  N. 
E.  from  Madison. 

De  Peyster,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Black  Lake,  and  watered  by  the  Os- 
wegatchie  and  some  of  its  branches.  The  sur- 
face is  somewhat  uneven ;  the  soil  arable  and  pro- 
ductive. 12  miles  W.  from  Canton,  and  180  N. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Deposit,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins,  Delaware  co.  On 
the  N.  bank  of  Delaware  River,  118  miles  W.  S. 
W.  from  Albany.  This  is  a  great  depot  for  lum- 
ber, which  is  taken  down  the  Delaware  to  various 
markets. 

Deptford,  N.  J.,  Gloucester  co.  Big  Timber 
Creek  and  some  branches  of  Egg  Harbor  River 
water  this  town,  which  has  a  level,  sandy  sur- 
face. 

Derby,  Ct,  New  Haven  co.  The  Indian  name 
of  this  town  was  Paugasset.  It  was  purchased 
of  the  Indians  and  incorporated  in  1675.  The 
surface  of  the  town  is  uneven,  with  some  fertile 
meadow  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers.  Derby  is  wa- 
tered by  the  Housatonic  and  Naugatuck  Rivers. 

The  Landing  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  Housa- 
tonic, just  below  the  junction  of  that  river  with 
the  Naugatuck.  Vessels  of  10  feet  draught  of 
water  can  pass  to  the  Landing. 

Derby  was  the  birth  place  of  the  Hon.  David 
Humphreys,  a  poet,  an  aid  to  Washington,  and 
a  minister  to  Spain,  distinguished  for  his  efforts 
for  the  introduction  of  Merino  sheep  and  the 
manufacture  of  broadcloths.  He  died  at  New 
Haven,  February  21,  1818,  aged  66. 

Derby,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  The  surface  is  very 
level.  There  are  some  plains  of  several  hundred 
acres'  extent ;  and  where  the  land  rises,  the  eleva- 
tions are  gradual  and  moderate,  and  hardly  de- 
serve the  name  of  hills.  The  land  is  well  tim- 


bered, principally  with  rock  maple  and  other 
hard  wood.  Cedar  swamps  of  from  one  to  ten 
acres  are  found  in  various  parts.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile and  abundantly  productive.  The  River  Clyde 
passes  through  the  S.  part  of  the  township,  af- 
fording numerous  mill  sites.  Salem  Pond,  through 
which  Clyde  River  passes,  lies  partly  in  this  town, 
and  is  4  miles  long  and  3  broad.  Hinman's 
Pond,  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  one  mile 
and  a  half  long,  and  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
broad,  and  empties  into  Salem  Pond,  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  1795,  by  Alexander  Mor- 
gan, Henry  Burrell,  and  the  Hon.  Timothy  Hin- 
man.  12  miles  N.  E.  from  Irasburg,  and  52  N. 
E.  from  Montpelier. 

Derry,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  A  fine  grazing 
township  with  a  handsome  village,  taken  from 
Londonderry  in  1828.  The  soil  is  productive; 
the  inhabitants  remarkable  for  their  industry, 
general  wealth,  and  longevity.  18  miles  W.  S. 
W.  from  Exeter,  and  25  S.  E.  from  Concord. 

Derry,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  level ;  soil  calcareous  loam  and  clay. 

Derry,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Surface  varied ;  soil 
slate  and  calcareous  loam.  12  miles  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Derry,  Pa.,  Mifflin  co.  Kishcoquilla  Creek 
waters  this  town. 

De  Ruyter,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Watered  by 
the  E.  branch  of  the  Tioughnioga  River.  The 
surface  is  elevated  and  hilly ;  the  soil  sandy 
loam  and  clay.  14  miles  S.  W.  from  Morris- 
ville,  and  122  W.  from  Albany. 

Desha  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Belleville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Jefferson,  Arkansas,  and  Phillips  counties, 
E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  S.  by  Chicot  and 
Bradley  counties,  and  W.  by  Dallas  co.  The  Ar- 
kansas and  White  Rivers  drain  this  county. 
Surface  level,  and  in  parts  liable  to  inundation ; 
soil  fertile. 

Des  Moines  County,  Iowa,  c.  h.  at  Burlington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Louisa  co.,  E.  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  separating  it  from  Illinois,  S.  by  Skunk 
River,  separating  it  from  Lee  co.,  and  W.  by 
Henry  co.  Drained  by  Flint  River  and  itg 
branches.  Soil  fertile. 

De  Soto  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Mansfield.  On 
the  western  border,  between  Red  River  and  the 
Sabine. 

De  Soto  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Hernando.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Marshall  co.,  S.  by  Po- 
nola,  and  W.  by  Tunic  co.,  and  the  Mississippi 
River.  Drained  by  Cold  Water  River  and  its 
tributaries. 

Detroit,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co.  City  and  port 
of  entry.  On  the  W.  side  of  Detroit  River  or 
Strait,  7  miles  below  the  outlet  of  Lake  St.  Clair, 
and  18  miles  above  Lake  Erie.  It  is  132  miles 
E.  from  Lansing,  the  capital  of  the  state.  Popu- 
lation in  1810,  770 ;  in  1820,  1442  ;  in  1830,  2222 ; 
in  1840,  9102  ;  in  1850,  21,028. 

The  ground  on  which  Detroit  is  built  has  a 
gentle  ascent  from  the  river  as  far  back  as  to 
the  main  street,  and  thence,  westward,  it  is  level. 
The  plan  of  the  city  is  rectangular,  extending 
along  the  river  more  than  a  mile,  and  nearly  a 
mile  back.  The  principal  street  running  through 
the  most  dense  portion  of  it,  parallel  with  the 
course  of  the  river,  is  Jefferson  Avenue.  Lead- 
ing from  the  river,  at  right  angles  with  this,  is 
Woodward  Avenue.  These  streets  are  200  feet 
wide.  There  are  several  streets  or  avenues, 
which  are  120  feet  in  width,  and  the  other  streets 


350 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,    TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


are  60  feet  wide,  generally  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles.  There  are  several  public  squares, 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Campus  Mar- 
tius,  in  the  central  part  of  the  city;  and  the 
Grand  Circus,  in  which  five  of  the  great  ave- 
nues meet.  The  wholesale  stores,  and  the  ware- 
houses for  heavy  goods,  are  mostly  located  on 
Atwater  Street  on  the  river,  and  on  Woodbridge 
Street,  between  this  and  Jefferson  Avenue.  On 
Jefferson  Avenue  are  located  the  principal  dry- 
goods  and  fancy  stores,  with  the  public  and  pri- 
vate offices.  This  is  truly  an  elegant  street, 
compactly  built,  and  imposing  in  its  appear- 
ance. 

Among  the  public  iuildings  deserving  of  par- 
ticular notice,  is  the  building  lately  occupied  as 
the  state  house,  built  of  brick,  having  a  hand- 
some Ionic  portico,  and  a  dome  140  feet  high. 
The  view  from  the  top  of  this  building  is  at 
once  extensive  and  beautiful  5  embracing,  with 
the  entire  city,  the  strait  above  and  below,  en- 
livened with  shipping  and  steamboats,  Lake  St. 
Clair,  and  a  wide  extent  of  cultivated  country 
around  the  city  and  on  the  Canada  shore.  The 
City  HaU  is  a  neat  brick  edifice,  100  feet  by  50, 
which  cost  $20,000.  The  lower  story  is  occu- 
pied as  a  market,  and  the  upper  for  the  city 
courts.  The  Michigan  Bank  has  a  costly  and 
beautiful  edifice  of  polished  stone,  in  the  Grecian 
style,  two  stories  high  above  the  basement.  Sev- 
eral of  the  churches  have  beautiful  buildings, 
among  which  is  St.  Paul's,  Episcopal,  in  the 
Gothic  style  ;  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
with  a  Grecian  portico  of  six  Doric  columns  ;  a 
Baptist  Church  of  the  Grecian  Ionic  order ;  and 
St.  Ann's  Cathedral,  of  hewn  granite,  116  by  60 
feet,  with  two  towers  in  front,  and  surmounted 
by  an  octagonal  dome  30  feet  in  diameter  and 
30  feet  high. 

Among  the  higher  literary  institutions  of  the 
city  are  the  Historical  Society,  founded  in  1829  ; 
the  State  Literary  Institute,  founded  in  1838  ; 
the  State  Medical  Society  5  the  Young  Men's 
Society  for  Moral  and  Intellectual  Improvement, 
founded  in  1832;  a  Young  Ladies'  Seminary; 
a  Young  Ladies'  Institute  ;  the  St.  Clair  Semi- 
nary for  Young  Ladies,  (Roman  Catholic;)  and 
several  high  schools  for  boys. 

Detroit  is  advantageously  located  for  trade, 
and  is  fast  becoming  a  great  commercial  em- 
porium. The  navigation  of  the  river  and  lake 
is  open  about  eight  months  in  the  year.  The 
Michigan  Central  Railroad  now  opens  a  direct 
and  speedy  communication  through  the  most 
populous  portion  of  the  state  to  the  opposite 
side  of  the  peninsula;  and  thence,  by  a  few 
hours' water  passage,  to  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and 
the  far  west.  Other  routes  of  railroad  commu- 
nication are  in  the  process  of  construction. 

Though  the  history  of  Detroit,  as  a  place  of 
any  considerable  population  and  trade,  is  recent, 
corresponding  to  that  of  the  whole  western  coun- 
try, yet  as  a  place  of  military  importance  it  has 
had  an  early  antiquity  among  the  towns  now 
belonging  to  the  United  States.  It  was  founded 
by  the  French  in  1683.  In  1760  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  British.  In  1784  it  became  by 
treaty  a  possession  of  the  United  States,  which 
maintained  a  garrison  there  from  1796  until  with- 
in a  few  years  past.  It  was  first  incorporated  as 
a  city  in*  1802.  In  the  war  of  1812,  Detroit  was 
captured  by  the  British,  and  recaptured  by  the 
Americans  the  next  year.  In  1815  it  received  a 


new  charter  of  incorporation.  The  city  has  twice 
been  extensively  devastated  by  fire ;  first  in  1805. 
when  it  was  nearly  destroyed  ;  and  afterwards  in 
1837,  when  there  was  also  a  great  destruction 
of  property. 

De  Witt,  Io.,  c.  h.  Clinton  co. 

De  Witt  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Clinton.  Cen- 
tral part. 

De  Witt,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  The  surface 
of  this  town  is  rather  uneven,  and  there  is  a 
cavern  within  its  limits  which  has  been  explored 
for  the  distance  of  100  rods.  In  this  vicinity  also 
are  immense  quarries  of  water  lime,  which  is 
exported  in  large  quantities.  5  miles  E.  from 
Syracuse,  and  142  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

De  Witt  County,  Ts.  S.  central.  On  both  sides 
of  the  Guadalupe. 

Dexter,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  This  town  was 
first  settled  in  1801.  Incorporated  1815.  It  lies 
67  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  35  N.  W.  from 
Bangor.  Dexter  is  a  valuable  township  of  land. 
The  farmers  reap  a  rich  reward  for  their  labors. 
In  this  town  is  a  pond  covering  500  acres,  at  the 
outlet  of  which  are  mills  and  a  beautiful  village. 

Dexter,  Mn.,  Washtenaw  co.  At  the  mouth 
of  Mill  Creek,  which  affords  extensive  water 
power.  The  railroad  between  Detroit  and  Chi- 
cago passes  through  it. 

Dexter,  N.  Y.,  Brownville,  Jefferson  co.  On 
the  N.  side  of  Black  River,  at  its  mouth.  It  has 
extensive  hydraulic  privileges.  The  navigation 
of  Lake  Ontario  comes  up  to  the  place. 

Diana,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  The  S.  part  of  this 
town  was  set  off  in  1841  to  form  a  part  of  the 
town  of  Croghan.  It  is  watered  by  the  Oswe- 
gatchie  and  Indian  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly ; 
the  soil  suitable  for  grass.  154  miles  N.  W.  from 
from  Albany,  and  25  N.  from  Martinsburg. 

Dickinson,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  This  large 
town,  40  miles  in  length,  is  watered  by  the  head 
branches  of  Racket  and  St.  Regis  Rivers,  and  by 
numerous  lakes.  The  soil  is  various,  and  the 
S.  part  of  the  town  mostly  a  wilderness.  15 
miles  S.  W.  from  Malone,  and  154  N.  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Dickinson,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  YellowBreecb.es 
Creek  waters  this  town.  Surface  hilly,  affording 
iron  ore  ;  soil  calcareous  loam. 

Dickson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Charlotte.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Steward  and  Montgomery  counties,  E. 
by  Davidson  and  Williamson,  S.  by  Hickman, 
and  W.  by  Humphreys  counties.  Its  surface  is 
elevated  table  land,  sending  its  streams  E.  into 
the  Cumberland,  and  W.  into  the  Tennessee 
River.  The  soil  is  of  tolerably  good  quality. 

Dighton,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  Was  formerly  a  part 
of  Taunton,  and  lies  on  the  W.  side  of  Taivn- 
ton  River.  Sureganset  River  affords  it  a  good 
water  power.  The  noted  "  Dighton  Rock,"  on 
which  are  curious  inscriptions,  lies  in  the  limits 
of  the  town  of  Berkley,  formerly  a  part  of  Digh- 
ton. 

Dinwiddie  County,  Va.  S.  E.  part.  Watered 
by  the  Nottaway  and  tributaries,  and  on  the  N. 
by  the  Appomattox.  Surface  gently  rolling. 

Dinwiddie,  Va.,  c.  h.  Dinwiddie  co.  On  Stony 
Creek.  37  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Dix,  N.  Y.,  Chemung  co.  Catharine's  Creek 
waters  the  E.  part  of  this  town.  The  surface  is 
hilly ;  soil  gravelly  loam.  16  miles  N.  from  EI- 
mira,  and  185  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Dixfield,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  is  a  good  farm- 
ing town  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Androscoggin 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


351 


River.  42  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Augusta, 
and  25  N.  by  E.  from  Paris.  Incorporated  1803. 

Dixmont,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  On  the  height 
of  land  between  the  Kennebae  and  Penobscot. 
44  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Dixville,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.,  comprises  31,023 
acres  of  uneven  land.  Numerous  streams  me- 
ander through  it.  In  this  town  is  the  celebrated 
Dixville  Notch,  which  may  be  regarded  as  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  exhibitions  of  natural 
scenery  in  the  state.  Near  this  Notch  is  a  curi- 
ous ravine,  called  the  Flume.  First  settler, 
Colonel  Timothy  Dix,  Jr.  40  miles  N.  N.  E. 
from  Lancaster,  and  146  N.  N.  E.  from  Concord. 

Dodge  County,  Mi.  On  the  N.  border,  middle. 
On  head  waters  of  Charitan  River  and  Loenst 
and  Maritime  Creeks. 

Dodge  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Hustis.  Bounded 
N.  by  Marquette  and  Fond  Du  Lac  counties,  E. 
by  Fond  Du  Lac  and  Washington,  S.  by  Wau- 
kesha  and  Jefferson,  and  W.  by  Dane  and  Por- 
tage counties.  Watered  by  Rock  and  Beaverdam 
Rivers,  and  Rubicon  Creek.  Surface  level,  and 
in  parts  swampy. 

Doddridge  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  West  Union. 
N.  W.  part.  On  the  height  of  land  between  the 
Monongahela  and  Ohio.  Watered  by  tributaries 
of  the  latter.  Hilly  and  rough. 

Donaldsonville,  La.,  Ascension  parish.  On  the 
S.  side  of  the  Mississippi  River,  just  below  La 
Fourche  Outlet,  and  73  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
New  Orleans.  Formerly  the  state  capital. 

Donegal,  Pa.,  Butler  co.  Bear  Creek  and  some 
branches  of  Conequenessing  Creek  water  this 
town.  Surface  hilly  and  uneven,  containing  iron 
ore  and  anthracite  coal;  soil  sand,  gravel,  and 
clay. 

Donegal,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Bush  and  Cas- 
tleman's  Runs  and  the  Dutch  Fork  of  Buffalo 
Creek  water  this  town.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  loam. 
Coal  abounds  here. 

Donegal,  Pa.,  Westmoreland  co.  160  miles  W. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Donephan,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Ripley  co. 

Dooley  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Vienna.  Bounded 
N.  by  Macon  and  Houston  counties,  E.  by  Pulaski 
and  Irwin,  S.  by  Irwin  and  Lee  counties,  and  W. 
by  Flint  River,  separating  it  from  Sumpter  co. 
Surface  elevated,  and  drained  by  branches  of 
Ockmulgee  and  Flint  Rivers. 

Dorchester  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Cambridge. 
Bounded  N.  by  Talbot  and  Caroline  counties, 
E.  by  De.,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Nanticoke  River  and 
Chesapeake  Bay,  and  W.  by  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Choptank  River  waters  it  on  the  N.  and  N.  W. 
Surface  level ;  soil  productive. 

Dorchester,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  ancient  and 
respectable  town  lies  on  Dorchester  Bay,  in  Bos- 
ton Harbor,  5  miles  S.  from  Boston.  It  was 
first  settled  by  a  company  of  Puritans  from  Eng- 
land. These  Pilgrims  landed  from  the  ship  Mary 
and  John,  at  Nantasket,  on  the  llth  June,  1630 ; 
and  on  the  17th  day  of  that  month  they  located 
themselves  at  the  Indian  Mattapan,  and  called  it 
Dorchester,  in  honor  of  their  pious  and  learned 
friend,  the  Rev.  John  White,  of  Dorchester,  in 
England. 

The  town  included  most  of  the  territory  of  the 
towns  of  Milton,  Canton,  Stoughton,  Sharon,  and 
that  part  of  Boston  on  which  stand  the  celebrated 
Dorchester  Heights. 

Dorchester  has  furnished  pioneers  for  the  set- 
tlement of  several  important  places,  in  different 


parts  of  the  United  States.  A  party  from  this 
town,  in  1635,  crossed  the  trackless  wilderness  by 
a  journey  of  fourteen  days,  and  settled  Hartford, 
on  Connecticut  River.  In  1695,  another  party 
emigrated  from  this  place,  and  settled  Dorches- 
ter, in  South  Carolina,  and  afterwards  Midway, 
in  Georgia. 

The  soil  of  Dorchester  is  encumbered  with 
rocks,  but  is  very  fertile,  and  under  a  high  state 
of  cultivation.  It  is  exceedingly  productive,  par- 
ticularly of  vegetables,  fruits,  and  flowers.  Its 
surface  is  greatly  variegated,  presenting  a  con- 
tinual succession  of  picturesque  and  delightful 
views  of  the  country,  city,  and  sea.  Its  hill  tops 
and  valleys  are  decked  with  farm  houses  and 
tasteful  villas,  and  nowhere  can  be  found  the 
union  of  town  and  country  enjoyments  more 
complete. 

Dorchester  is  literally  a  town  of  villages. 
Travel  its  fine  roads  which  way  you  will,  villages, 
villas,  and  country  seats,  ever  changing,  ever 
beautiful,  are  presented  to  view.  A  part  of  the 
town  has  already  been  annexed  to  Boston,  and 
should  fire  and  water  continue  to  make  steam,  old 
Shawmut,  now  crowded  almost  to  suffocation, 
will,  ere  the  lapse  of  many  years,  sue  for  another 
bit  of  Mattapan. 

The  beautiful  Neponset  washes  the  whole  of 
the  southern  border  of  the  town,  and  besides  its 
navigable  privileges,  affords  a  large  and  valuable 
water  power.  The  first  water  mill  in  America 
was  erected  in  this  town,  in  1633  ;  and  here,  about 
the  same  time,  the  cod  fishery,  the  boast  of  New 
England,  was  first  commenced.  The  manufac- 
tures of  Dorchester  consist  of  cotton  goods,  boots, 
shoes,  hats,  paper,  cabinet,  block  tin,  and  tin 
wares,  leather,  wearing  apparel,  soap,  candles, 
chocolate,  and  playing  cards,  the  aggregate 
amount  of  which,  in  one  year,  was  about  half  a 
million  of  dollars. 

The  most  important  villages  for  trade  in  Dor- 
chester are  those  connected  with  the  tide  water. 
Milton  Mills,  a  handsome  village,  partly  in  Dor- 
chester and  partly  in  Milton,  6  miles  S.  by  W. 
from  Boston,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
Neponset,  and  at  the  lower  falls  of  that  river, 
contains  many  manufacturing  establishments, 
and  commodious  wharves  for  lumber,  coal,  &c. 

Neponset  village  is  very  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  margin  of  Dorchester  Bay,  and  near  the 
mouth  of  Neponset  River,  on  the  great  road  lead- 
ing to  Quincy  and  Plymouth.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  trade,  and  some  navigation.  "It  has 
steadily  increased  in  business,  population,  and 
wealth ;  and  being  located  on  good  navigable 
waters,  within  5  miles  of  the  city,  it  must  soon 
become  an  important  outport  of  the  crowded 
metropolis.  This  village  includes  a  beautiful 
peninsula,  or  neck  of  land,  called  Pine  Neck.  In 
consequence  of  the  Old  Colony  Railroad  passing 
over  it,  a  flourishing  settlement  has  commenced 
on  this  neck  of  land,  which,  by  the  enterprise  of 
its  occupants,  promises  to  become  an  important 
place  of  business.  Already  a  number  of  wharves 
and  storehouses  have  been  erected  here ;  also  a 
meeting  house,  a  public  hall,  and  several  large 
establishments  for  mechanical  operations.  Ne- 
ponset, as  well  as  Commercial  Point,  and  other 
harbors  in  Norfolk  co.,  has  become  a  port  of 
delivery,  dependent  upon  the  principal  harbor  of 
Boston.  By  extending  the  Dorchester  and  Mil- 
ton Railroad  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  Providence 
Railroad,  Neponset  soon  will  become  a  large  de- 


352 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


pository  of  all  kinds  of  building  materials,  fuel, 
and  of  the  raw  materials  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses, for  a  wide  extent  of  country.  The  Old 
Colony  Railroad  passes  by  this  and  the  villages 
of  Commercial  Point  and  Harrison  Square,  two 
places  exceedingly  pleasant  both  for  business  and 
residence. 

The  first  settlers  of  Dorchester  came  a  regu- 
larly organized  church,  with  its  pastor  and  officers. 
They  soon  erected  a  house  of  public  worship ;  but 
it  is  a  singular  fact  that  "  none  can  tell  the  pre- 
cise spot  where  the  first  meeting  house  was  located, 
nor  does  a  single  stone  remain  to  designate  the 
nite  of  the  original  burying-ground."  The  ear- 
liest date  in  the  present  ancient  cemetery  that  can 
be  distinctly  traced  is  1644. 

On  the  24th  of  June,  1852,  a  new  rural  ceme- 
tery, lying  partly  in  Dorchester  and  partly  in  West 
Roxbury,  was  consecrated  by  religious  services. 
it  is  named  Mount  Hope  Cemetery,  and  is  upon 
the  same  plan  as  the  cemetery  at  Mount  Auburn. 
The  grounds  include  an  area  of  85  acres,  embra- 
cing every  variety  of  hill  and  dale,  forest,  glade, 
&c.,  now  sought  for  in  places  of  this  description. 
It  is  already  laid  out  extensively  with  avenues 
and  paths,  beautifully  fitting  it  for  its  purpose. 
It  is  about  5  miles  distant  from  Boston,  and  is 
approachable  by  many  excellent  roads  from  the 
city,  on  which  omnibuses  are  running,  and  also 
very  conveniently  by  the  Providence  Railroad. 

Among  the  first  settlers  of  Dorchester  was 
George  Minot,  a  ruling  elder  of  the  church  for 
thirty  years.  He  erected  a  dwelling  house  in  that 
part  "of  Dorchester  where  the  pleasant  village  of 
Neponset  now  stands.  That  house  is  now  stand- 
ing, and  is  doubtless  one  of  the  oldest  houses  in 
the  country.  It  is  in  good  repair,  and  has  ever 
remained  in  possession  of  Mr.  Minot's  lineal  de- 
scendants. Mr.  Minot  died  December  24,  1671, 
aged  78.  This  house  is  even  more  celebrated  for 
the  female  heroism  displayed  within  its  walls, 
than  for  its  antiquity.  A  party  of  Narraganset 
Indians,  hunting  on  the  borders  of  Neponset 
River,  stopped  at  Elder  Minot's  house,  and  de- 
manded food  and  drink.  On  being  refused,  they 
threatened  vengeance,  and  the  sachem,  or  chief 
of  the  party,  left  an  Indian  in  ambush  to  watch 
an  opportunity  to  effect  it.  Soon  after,  in  the 
absence  of  all  the  family,  except  a  young  woman 
and  two  small  children,  the  Indian  attacked  the 
house,  and  fired  at  the  young  woman,  but  missed 
his  mark.  The  girl  placed  the  children  under 
two  brass  kettles,  and  bade  them  be  silent.  She 
then  loaded  Mr.  Minot's  gun,  and  shot  the  Indian 
in  the  shoulder.  He  again  attacked  the  house, 
and  in  attempting  to  enter  the  window,  the  girl 
threw  a  shovelful  of  live  coals  into  his  face,  and 
lodged  them  in  his  blanket.  On  this  the  Indian 
tied.  The  next  day  he  was  found  dead  in  the 
woods.  The  Indian's  name  was  Chickataubut, 
but  not  the  Narraganset  sachem  of  that  name. 
The  government  of  Massachusetts  Bay  presented 
this  brave  young  woman  with  a  silver  wristband, 
on  which  her  name  was  engraved,  with  this 
motto  —  "  She  slew  the  Narraganset  hunter." 

Dorchester,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  Dorchester  is 
situated  on  the  highlands  between  Connecticut 
and  Merrimac  Rivers.  The  principal  streams  are 
the.  S  branch  of  Baker's  River,  a  branch  of  Mas- 
corny  and  Rocky  Branch.  There  are  two  ponds, 
both  in  the  W.  part  of  the  town.  The  soil  in 
some  parts  is  very  fertile.  The  highlands  are 
uneven  and  rocky.  First  settlers,  Benjamin  Rice 


and  Stephen  Murch.    23  miles  S.  by  E.  from 
Haverhill,  and  40  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Dorr,  Is.,  c.  h.  McHenry  co. 

Dorr  County,  Wn.  New.  Taken  from  Brown 
in  1851. 

Dorset,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  There  are  no  con- 
siderable streams  in  this  township.  Otter  Creek, 
Battenkill  and  one  of  .its  branches,  and  Pawlet 
River,  afford  some  mill  privileges.  This  town- 
ship is  considerably  mountainous.  Equinox 
Mountain  lies  partly  in  the  S.  W.  corner.  In 
this  township  are  several  remarkable  caverns. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1768.  26  miles 
N.  from  Bennington,  and  91  S.  S.  W.  from 
Montpelier. 

Double  Springs,  otherwise  called  Pleasant  Val- 
ley, Ca.,  c.  h.  Mariposa  co. 

Douglas,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  named  in 
honor  of  Dr.  William  Douglas,  of  Boston,  a 
Scotch  gentleman  of  some  eminence,  a  benefac- 
tor to  the  town,  and  the  author  of  a  history  of 
New  England.  Douglas  was  first  settled  about 
the  year  1722,  and  at  first  was  called  Sherburne, 
from  which  place  the  first  settlers  came.  The 
town  is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys,  the  former 
affording  much  wood,  and  the  latter  a  fine  soil 
for  cultivation.  Mumford  River  passes  through 
the  E.  village,  on  which  are  fine  tracts  of  inter- 
vale, and  good  mill  scats.  The  town  abounds 
with  springs  and  small  streams.  The  centre 
village  lies  16  miles  S.  from  Worcester.  The  E. 
village  is  2  miles  N.  E.  from  the  centre,  and  42 
S.  W.  by  W.  from  Boston. 

Douglass,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Watered  by  Mana- 
tawny  Creek,  which  affords  mill  privileges.  Sur- 
face undulating ;  soil  of  pretty  good  quality. 

Douglass,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Perkiomen 
and  Swamp  Creeks,  good  mill  streams,  water  this 
town.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  red  shale. 

Dover,  De.  Capital  of  the  state,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Kent  co.  Pleasantly  situated  on  ele- 
vated ground  between  two  principal  branches  of 
Jones's  Creek,  10  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
the  W.  side  Delaware  Bay.  The  town  is  laid 
out  with  much  regularity,  having  a  large  public 
square  in  the  centre,  and  wide  streets  intersecting 
each  other  at  right  angles.  The  state  house 
stands  on  the  E.  side  of  the  square,  and  other 
public  buildings  are  around  it.  There  is  at 
Dover  a  beautiful  monument  in  honor  of  Colonel 
John  Haslett,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Princeton. 
Dover  lies  50  miles  S.  from  Wilmington,  and  120 
from  Washington. 

Dover,  Me.,  c.  h.  Piscataquis.  On  Piscataquis 
River.  77  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta. 

Dover,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.,  was  taken  from  Decl- 
ham  in'  1784.  This  town  is  bounded  N.  by 
Charles  River.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  a 
large  part  covered  with  wood.  Pine  Hill,  in 
Dover  and  Medfield,  400  feet  above  Charles 
River,  affords  an  extensive  prospect.  5  miles  W. 
from  Dedham.  and  14  S.  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

Dover,  N.  H.,  shire  town  of  Strafford  co.  40 
miles  E.  from  Concord,  66  N.  from  Boston,  and 
44  S.  from  Portland,  Me.  Population  in  1820, 
2871  ;  in  1830,  5449;  1840,  6458;  1850,8186. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  im- 
portant towns  in  New  Hampshire.  It  is  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Cocheco 
River,  about  12  miles  from  the  ocean,  in  the 
midst  of  a  peculiarly  rich  and  fertile  country, 
on  the  N.  W.  and  S.  There  are  falls  in  the  river 
at  this  place  of  about  32  feet  descent,  which  con- 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


353 


stitute  one  of  the  most  valuable  water  privileges 
in  New  England.  Passing  over  this  town  in  any 
direction  the  traveller  finds  no  rugged  mountains 
nor  extensive  barren  plains,  Jput  ascending  occa- 
sionally some  gentle  elevation,  his  eye  meets 
some  new  and  pleasing  feature  of  the  landscape 
—  a  winding  stream,  a  well-cultivated  farm,  or  a 
distant  village.  In  the  S.  part  of  the  town  there 
is  a  neck  of  land  about  2  miles  long,  and  half  a 
mile  in  breadth,  lying  between  the  Piscataqua 
River  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Bellamy  River, 
commonly  called  by  the  inhabitants  Back  River, 
on  the  other.  The  travelled  road,  from  which 
the  land  gradually  descends  on  either  hand  to  the 
rivers,  commands  a  very  extensive,  variegated, 
and  delightful  prospect  of  bays  and  their  adja- 
cent shores,  of  streams,  fields,  and  distant  moun- 
tains. On  this  neck  of  land  the  first  settlement 
of  the  town  was  commenced  in  1623,  by  a 
company  in  England,  whose  design  was  to  plant 
a  colony  and  establish  fisheries  along  the  Piscat- 
aqua River.  For  several  years  this  spot  em- 
braced the  principal  part  of  the  population  of 
the  town.  Here  the  first  meeting  house  in  Dover 
was  erected,  and  afterwards  surrounded  with  an 
intrenchment  and  flankarts,  the  remains  of  which 
are  still  visible.  In  process  of  time  the  business 
and  population  began  to  centre  around  the  falls, 
4  miles  N.  of  the  neck,  where  the  beautiful  village 
of  Dover  now  is.  Subsequently,  when  this  fine 
water  power  began  to  be  improved  for  manufac- 
turing purposes,  a  vigorous  impulse  was  given  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  place. 

The  Cocheco  Manufacturing  Company  have 
now  in  operation  here  4  large  cotton  mills,  which 
manufacture  about  7,000.000  yards  of  print  cloths 
per  annum ;  also,  1  large  printery,  capable  of 
turning  out  7000  pieces  of  prints  per  week. 
They  have  also  an  extensive  machine  shop. 
This  company  employs  about  1500  persons,  1000 
of  whom  are  females.  The  Bellamy  mills,  on 
Bellamy  River,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
village,  consist  of  saw  mills,  and  mills  for  the 
manufacture  of  machinery,  railroad  cars,  car- 
riages, and  axles;  and  near  them  are  two  or 
three  flannel  manufactories.  On  this  river,  also, 
is  a  paper  manufactory.  A  company  at  Dover 
have  in  successful  operation  machinery  for  the 
knitting  of  drawers  and  shirts.  Besides  the 
above,  a  variety  of  smaller  articles  of  manufac- 
ture are  produced. 

These  two  rivers,  the  Cocheco  or  Quocheco, 
and  the  Bellamy  or  Black  River,  are  the  prin- 
cipal streams  in  Dover.  They  take  a  S.  E. 
course  through  the  town,  and  unite  with  other 
streams  to  form  the  Piscataqua,  which  separates 
Dover  on  the  E.  from  Elliot,  Me. 

Dover  is  well  built,  the  houses  being  generally 
neat,  and  some  of  them  elegant.  The  houses  of 
worship,  the  court  house,  and  other  public  build- 
ings are  handsome,  and  the  factories  massive  and 
imposing  in  their  structure. 

A  Congregational  church  was  organized  here 
in  1638;  and  their  minister,  a  Mr.  Leverich,  was 
probably  the  first  ordained  pastor  who  preached 
the  gospel  in  New  Hampshire.  Rev.  Dr.  Bel- 
knap,  the  historian  of  New  Hampshire,  was 
ordained  as  pastor  of  this  church  in  1767. 

A  society  of  Friends  was  established  here  at 
an  early  period,  and  at  one  time  comprised  about 
one  third  of  the  population. 

This  town,  at  its  first  settlement,  was  greatly 
exposed  to  invasions  from  the  Indians,  between 
45 


whom  and  the  inhabitants  some  unfortunate 
jealousies  and  suspicions  were  excited.  The 
people  experienced  many  sufferings  from  their 
repeated  attacks. 

Dover  is  easily  approached  by  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroad,  which  is  the  "upper  or  inland 
route  between  Boston  and  Portland,  Me.  It  is 
also  connected  by  the  Cocheco  Railroad  with 
Alton  Bay  on  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  which  opens 
a  direct,  expeditious,  and  delightful  route  from 
Boston  to  the  White  Mountains.  Another  rail- 
road extends  N.  from  Dover,  passing  by  Great 
Falls,  and  reaching  to  Milton,  15  miles,  intended 
to  furnish  a  still  more  direct  route  to  the  moun- 
tains. 

Dover,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  Watered  by  Tom's 
and  Forked  Rivers  and  branches  of  Cedar  and 
Rancocus  Creeks,  affording  water  power.  Sur- 
face mostly  level,  and  soil  sandy.  24  miles  S  from 
Freehold. 

Dover,  N.  J.,  Randolph,  Morris  co.  On  both 
sides  of  Rockaway  River.  63  miles  N.  from 
Trenton.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  Morris  Canal. 

Dover,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  On  both  sides  of 
Ten  Mile  Creek.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
mountainous;  the  soil  gravelly  loam  of  good 
quality.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  this  town,  and 
there  are  extensive  quarries  of  white  and  colored 
marble.  93  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany,  and  20 
E.  from  Poughkeepsie. 

Dover,  O.,  Dover  township,  Tuscarawas  co 
This  is  a  flourishing  town,  and  is  situated  on  a 
level  plain  35  feet  above  the  -\rater  on  the  Ohio 
Canal,  on  which  it  lies.  The  streets  cross  each 
other  at  right  angles.  A  covered  bridge.  346  feet 
long,  and  built  in  1833,  crosses  the  canal  and 
river.  It  is  110  miles  N.  E.  from  Columbus,  and 
93  S.  from  Cleveland  by  the  canal. 

Dover,  Pa.,  York  co.  The  surface  of  this  town 
is  hilly ;  soil  red  shale. 

Dover,  Te.,  c.  h.  Stewart  co.  On  the  S.  side  of 
the  Cumberland  River.  75  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Nashville. 

Dover,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  This  town  was  a 
part  of  Wardsboro'  until  1810.  The  land  is 
high  and  uneven,  more  fit  for  pasturage  than  til- 
lage. It  is  the  source  of  several  branches  of 
West  and  a  branch  of  Deerfield  River.  Serpen- 
tine and  chlorite  sl^te  are  found  here.  Although 
this  township  is  quite  mountainous,  yet  the  soil 
is  warm,  sweet,  and  productive.  12  miles  N.  W. 
from  Brattleboro',  and  120  S.  by  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Downe,  N.  J.,  Cumberland  co.  Bounded  E. 
by  Maurice  River,  and  S.  by  Delaware  Bay.  It 
is  also  watered  by  Dividing  and  other  small 
creeks.  The  land  bordering  on  the  bay  and 
Maurice  River  is  flat  and  marshy.  14  miles  S. 
E.  from  Bridgeton. 

Downingtown,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  On  the  W.  bank 
of  the  E.  fork  of  Brandy  wine  Creek.  67  miles 
E.  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg.  The  battle  of  Bran- 
dywine  was  fought  12  miles  below  this  place, 
September  11,  1777. 

Doylestown,  0.,  Wayne  co.,  is  situated  on  the 
road  leading  from  Wooster  to  Akron,  16  miles 
from  the  former,  and  13  from  the  latter  place, 
and  36  miles  S.  from  Cleveland. 

Doylestown,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Bucks  co.  100  miles  E. 
from  Harrisburg.  The  situation  is  elevated  and 
commanding. 

Dracut,  Mass.,  Middlesex  co.  Dracut  is  united 
to  Lowell  by  two  handsome  bridges  over  Merri 


354 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


mac  River.  The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  N.  side,  on  the  line  of  New  Hampshire, 
with  a  tolerable  soil,  and  some  water  power  by 
Beaver  River.  The  proximity  of  this  town  to 
Lowell  gives  it  a  favorable  market  for  the  fruits 
and  vegetables  which  it  plentifully  yields.  There 
is  some  fine  scenery  in  the  town,  particularly 
around  Pawtucket  Falls,  when  the  river  is  high. 
27  miles  N.  from  Boston,  and  16  N.  by  E.  from 
Concord. 

Drayton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Dooly  co.  On  Pennehatchie 
Creek,  about  1  mile  from  its  entrance  into 
Flint  River,  and  98  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Dresden,  Is.,  Grundy  co.  At  the  junction  of 
Kankakeeand  Des  Plaines  Rivers,  153  miles  N. 
N.  E.  from  Springfield.  The  Illinois  Canal 
passes  through  it. 

Dresden,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  Kennebec  River,  14  miles  S.  from  Augusta. 

Dresden,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Situated  be- 
tween Lakes  George  and  Champlam.  The  surface 
is  hilly  and  mountainous,  Palmertown  Mountain 
extending  through  the  town,  rising,  in  some 
places,  to  the  height  of  1200  feet  above  the  level 
of  Lake  Champlam.  The  land  is  unfit  for  culti- 
vation, and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  28 
miles  from  Sandy  Hill,  and  78  N.  N.  E.  from 
Albany. 

Dresden,  0.,  Jefferson  township,  Muskingum 
co.  A  thriving  town  on  Wakatom-aka  Creek, 
on  a  side  cut  of  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal,  near 
their  union  with  the  Muskingum  River. 

Dresden,  Te.,  c.  h.  Weakley  co.  On  one  of  the 
head  branches  of  Obion  River.  W.  by  N.  from 
Nashville  122  miles. 

Drew  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Monticello. 

Dromore,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Bounded  S.  W. 
by  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  drained  by  Con- 
ewago  Creek,  which  affords  hydraulic  power. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  clay.  S.  E.  from  Lan- 
caster 15  miles. 

Dryden,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  Fall  Creek  and 
some  other  small  streams  water  this  town.  The 
surface  is  uneven;  the  soil  productive,  consisting 
of  gravelly  loam.  10  miles  E.  from  Ithaca,  and 
160  W.  from  Albany. 

Duane,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Situated  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  about  200  miles  from 
,  Albany.  A  considerable  part  of  this  town  is  yet 
covered  with  the  native  forest.  The  surface  is 
uneven  and  hilly,  with  several  small  lakes.  The 
principal  settlement  is  in  the  northern  part.  The 
town  has  become  celebrated  for  its  superior 
iron  ore,  or  "native  steel  ore,"  as  it  has  been 
called,  which  is  capable  of  being  cast  from  the 
ore  into  the  finest  edged  tools.  At  Duane 
there  are  a  blasting  furnace  and  a  scythe  man- 
ufactory. 

Duanesbnrg,  N.  Y.,  Schenectady  co.  Watered 
by  Schoharie  Creek  and  some  other  small  streams. 
The  surface  is  elevated  and  hilly ;  the  soil  clay 
loam.  12  miles  S.  W.  from  Schenectadv  and 
21  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Dublin,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Laurens  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  the  Oconee  River.  79  miles  S.  S.  E  from 
Milledgeville. 

Dublin,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  On  the  height  of 
land  between  Connecticut  and  Merrimac  Rivers. 
Its  streams  are  small.  Centre  Pond  is  in  the 
middle  of  the  town ;  it  is  one  mile  in  length,  and 
about  the  same  in  breadth.  A  large  portion  of 
the  Grand  Monadnock  lies  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 


Dublin,  and  near  the  centre  of  the  town  is  Breed's 
Mountain.  The  land  is  better  for  grazing  than 
tillage.  First  settlers,  1762,  John  Alexander, 
Henry  Strongman,  and  William  Strong.  10 
miles  E.  by  S.  from  Keene,  and  50  S.  W.  from 
Concord. 

Dublin,  0.,  Washington,  Franklin  co.  On 
elevated  ground,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Scioto  River, 
on  which  there  is  water  power.  12  miles  N.  N. 
W.  from  Columbus. 

Dublin,  Pa.,  Bedford  co.  Watered  by  Wooden 
Bridge  and  Little  Augwick  Creeks  and  the  head 
branches  of  Licking  Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil 
calcareous  loam.  25  miles  E.  from  Bedford. 

Dublin,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  Shade  and  Lit- 
tle Augwick  Creeks  drain  this  town.  Surface 
mountainous ;  soil  clay.  21  miles  S.  E.  from 
Huntingdon. 

Dubois  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Jasper.  Incorporated 
in  1817.  Bounded  N.  by  Davies  and  Martin 
counties,  E.  by  Orange  and  Crawford,  S.  by 
Perry  and  Spencer,  and  W.  by  Pike  counties. 
Watered  by  Strait  River,  by  the  E.  fork  of 
White  River,  and  by  Patoka  and  Huntley's 
Creeks.  Surface  hilly  and  undulating ;  soil  fer- 
tile. 

Dubuque  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Dubuque.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Clayton  co.,  N.  E.  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  separating  it  from  Wisconsin,  and  on 
the  E.  from  Illinois.  S.  by  Jackson  and  Jones 
counties,  and  W.  by  Delaware  co.  Drained 
by  Tux-key  and  Little  Macoquetais  Rivers  and 
branches,  and  by  some  small  creeks  flowing  into 
the  Mississippi. 

Dubuque,  Io.,  shire  town  of  Dubuque  co.  Situ- 
ated on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
about  80  miles  N.  E.  from  Iowa  City,  454  miles 
above  St.  Louis,  and  338  below  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony.  It  is  24  miles,  by  the  Mississippi  and 
Fevre  Rivers,  from  Galena.  Dubuque,  like  Ga- 
lena, is  celebrated  for  its  lead  mines,  the  ore 
being  found  in  abundance  within  its  corporate 
limits,  and  for  many  miles  around.  This  is,  in- 
deed, the  commercial  centre  of  the  lead  region. 

Dubuque  was  originally  settled  by  a  French 
half-breed  of  that  name,  who  purchased  his  title 
from  the  Indians.  The  town  is  built  on  a  fine 
table  prairie,  with  picturesque  bluffs  in  the  rear, 
some  of  which  are  adorned  with  princely  man- 
sions. The  place  is  laid  out  with  regularity, 
and  handsomely  built.  Among  the  churches,  of 
which  there  are  several  of  the  various  denomi- 
nations, there  is  a  large  stone  Roman  Catholic 
cathedral.  Its  spacious  brick  warehouses,  its 
many  stores  and  mechanic  shops,  its  numerous 
steamboats  lading  and  unlading  at  the  quays, 
and  the  bustling  activity  of  business  in  its  streets, 
sufficiently  indicate  that  this  place  is  now  the 
great  commercial  emporium  of  the  country  of 
the  Upper  Mississippi.  The  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  from  Cairo,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio, 
will  have  its  northern  terminus  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river,  which  will  open  a  communi- 
cation, at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  There  will  soon  be  a  continuous  rail- 
road route  from  this  place  to  Chicago,  and  thence 
to  New  York  and  Boston. 

Dudley,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town  was 
granted  by  the  legislature  in  1660.  The  grantees 
bought  it  of  the  Pegan  tribe  of  Indians.  Quinne- 
baug  River  on  the  W.  and  French  on  the  E.  give 
to  Dudley  an  excellent  water  power.  The  town 
was  named  in  honor  of  Paul  and  William  Dud- 


IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


355 


ley,  of  Roxbury,  who  were  among  the  first  pro- 
prietors. It  is  a  pleasant  town,  with  a  good  soil, 
and  a  surface  variegated  by  hills  and  vales, 
smiling  ponds,  and  constant  streams.  There  are 
3  villages  here,  Dudley  Hill,  Tufts,  and  Merino. 
The  Indian  name  of  a  large  pond  in  the  town  is 
Chabanakongkomam.  55  miles  S.  W.  from 
Boston. 

Dukes  County,  Ms.,  c.  h.  at  Edgartown.  This 
county  is  formed  of  the  islands  of  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, Chappequiddick,  Elizabeth  Islands,  and 
No-Man's  Land.  The  latter  of  which  is  the  S. 
extremity  of  Massachusetts.  These  islands  were 
discovered  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  in  1602. 
He  landed  at  No-Man's  Land,  which  he  called 
Martha's  Vineyard,  passed  round  Gay  Head, 
anchored  in  the  Vineyard  Sound,  and  landed  on 
Cuttahunk,  which  he  called  Elizabeth  Island,  a 
name  since  extended  to  the  whole  group  to  which 
it  belongs.  A  small  rocky  islet  in  the  midst  of  a 
pond  of  fresh  water  on  this  island,  was  selected 
as  the  site  of  a  settlement,  and  a  stockhouse  was 
erected  on  it  —  the  first  house  built  by  the  English 
on  the  shores  of  New  England.  Gosnold  could 
not  induce  any  of  his  men  to  remain,  yet  the 
commencement  of  efforts  for  colonizing  New 
England  dates  from  his  voyage. 

Dumfries,  Va.,  Prince  William  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Quantico  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Potomac 
River,  and  86  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Richmond. 
The  best  winter  harbor  on  the  Potomac  is  about 
2£  miles  below  this  place. 

Dummer,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.,  comprises  23,040 
acres.  It  is  watered  by  the  Amonoosuck  and 
Androscoggin.  This  town  is  rough  in  its  sur- 
face, and  cold  in  its  soil.  First  settlers,  Mark 
H.  Wentworth,  Nathaniel  Haven,  and  others,  in 
1773.  Distances  140  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Con- 
cord, and  30  N.  by  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Dummerston,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  This  town- 
ship is  watered  by  West  River  and  several  small 
streams,  affording  a  considerable  number  of  good 
sites  for  mills.  The  surface  is  broken.  The 
rocks  which  constitute  Black  Mountain,  near 
the  centre  of  the  town,  are  an  immense  body  of 
granite.  A  range  of  argillaceous  slate  passes 
through  it.  Primitive  limestone  occurs  in  beds. 
This  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  state.  90 
miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  8  S.  E.  from  New- 
fane.  The  Connecticut  River  Railroad  passes 
through  this  town. 

Dunbar,  Pa.,  Fayette  co.  This  town  is  bound- 
ed on  the  E.  by  the  Youghiogcny  River,  and 
drained  by  Dunbar  Run,  a  mill  stream.  Sur- 
face undulating ;  soil  calcareous  loam.  8  miles 
N.  E.  from  Union. 

Dunbarton,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  situation 
of  this  town  is  elevated,  though  there  are  but 
few  hills.  The  air  is  clear,  the  water  good,  and 
the  town  very  healthy.  The  soil  is  good,  and 
well  suited  for  corn,  wheat,  and  orcharding.  Ar- 
senic' is  found  here.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly 
descendants  of  Scotch-Irish,  so  called,  from  the 
north  of  Ireland.  It  was  first  called  Starkstown, 
in  honor  of  the  principal  proprietor.  Its  present 
name  is  derived  from  Dunbarton,  in  Scotland, 
from  whence  Stark  emigrated.  First  settlers, 
1749,  Joseph  Putney,  James  Rogers,  William 
Putney,  and  Obadiah  Foster.  10  miles  S.  W. 
from  Concord,  and  20  N.  from  Amherst. 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  An  incorporat- 
ed village  in  Pomfret,  situated  on  Lake  Erie,  44 
miles  S.  W.  from  Buffalo.  This  is  the  western 


terminus  of  the  Erie  Railroad,  extending  from 
Piermont,  on  the  Hudson  River,  24  miles  from 
New  York,  to  this  place,  a  distance  of  445  miles, 
or  469  from  New  York.  There  is  also  a  contin- 
uous railroad  route  to  Jersey  City,  opposite  New 
York,  leaving  the  Erie  Railroad  18  miles  W.  of 
Piermont,  and  passing  through  Patterson,  N.  J. ; 
on  which  the  distance  between  Dunkirk  and  Nevr 
York  is  only  460  miles. 

From  its  position  in  reference  to  this  great 
channel  of  communication,  Dunkirk  is  destined 
to  take  a  rank  among  the  most  important  places  on 
Lake  Erie.  It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the 
lake,  for  the  improvement  of  which  the  United 
States  government  has  expended  large  sums  of 
money.  It  is  extremely  valuable  as  an  anchor- 
age and  port  of  refuge,  and  is  often  resorted  to 
for  that  purpose.  It  is  frequently  open  several 
days,  and  even  weeks,  earlier  in  the  spring  than 
the  harbor  of  Buffalo.  A  railroad  along  the 
lake  shore,  in  continuation  of  the  great  western 
route,  from  Boston,  via  Troy,  Albany,  and  Buf- 
falo, will  make  Dunkirk  a  new  thoroughfare  be- 
tween the  North- Western  States  and  the  two  most 
important  ports  on  the  Atlantic.  Distance  from 
Dunkirk  to  Boston,  by  the  railroads  now  in  oper- 
ation, 572  miles ;  and  by  the  contemplated  route 
via  Troy  and  the  tunnel  through  the  Hoosic 
Mountain.  545  miles. 

Duklin  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Chillitecunx.  In 
the  extreme  S.  E.  Between  St.  Francis  and 
White  Water  Rivers,  and  largely  subject  to  over- 
flow. 

Dunstable,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Dunstable,  now  Nashua,  N.  H.,  in 
1741.  The  Nashua  River  passes  the  W.  border 
of  the  town,  but  gives  it  no  important  water 
power.  The  soil  is  sandy.  12  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Lowell,  and  33  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Dunstable,  Pa.,  Clinton  co.  The  W.  branch  of 
the  Susquehanna  River  bounds  this  town  on  the 
S.  E.  and  S.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  con- 
taining coal ;  soil  sterile. 

Du  Page  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Napierville.  Bound- 
ed N.  and  E.  by  Cook  co.,  S.  by  Will,  and  W.  by 
Kendall  and  Kane  counties.  Des  Planes  River 
and  Du  Page  Creek  water  this  county. 

Duplin  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Keenansville. 
Bounded  N'  by  Wayne  county,  E.  by  Lenoir, 
Jones,  and  Onslow,  S.  by  New  Hanover,  and  W. 
by  Sampson  co.  Surface  level,  and  drained  by 
Cape  Fear  River  and  branches ;  soil  productive. 

Durham,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town  was 
first  settled  in  1698.  Its  Indian  name  was  Co- 
ginchaug.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  employ- 
ment of  the  people  of  Durham,  for  which  they 
have  rather  an  uneven  but  fertile  soil.  "  This 
town  has  been  distinguished  many  years  for  a 
very  fine  breed  of  cattle.  Two  oxen,  presented 
by  some  of  the  inhabitants  to  General  Washing- 
ton, furnished  a  dinner  for  all  the  officers  of  the 
American  army  at  Valley  Forge,  and  all  their 
servants." 

Durham,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  A  good  town- 
ship of  land  on  the  S.  side  of  Androscoggin  River. 
25  miles  N.  from  Portland,  and  31  S.  W.  from 
Augusta. 

Durham,  N.  II.,  Strafford  co.  The  situation  of 
this  town  upon  the  Piscataqua  and  its  branches 
is  very  favorable,  both  as  to  water  power  and 
transportation.  Oyster  and  Lamprey  are  the 
two  branches ;  the  latter  flows  over  several  falls. 
Upon  both  sides  of  Oyster  River  a  deep  argilla- 


356 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


ceous  loam  prevails,  which  is  favorable  to  the 
production  of  grasses.  Extensive  ledges  of  gran- 
ite are  found  here.  A  large  block  of  it,  weighing 
60  or  70  tons,  was  formerly  poised  so  exactly 
between  two  stones,  as  to  be  visibly  moved  by 
the  wind.  It  was  dislodged  from  this  position 
by  the  curiosity  of  some  visitors.  Durham  was 
originally  a  part  of  Dover.  Oyster  River  was  so 
called  from  the  abundance  of  oysters  found  in  it. 
32  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Concord,  and  11  W.N.  W. 
from  Portsmouth. 

Durham,  N.  Y.,  Greene  co.  Drained  by  the 
Catskill  and  some  of  its  tributaries.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly  and  uneven ;  soil  clay  and  gravelly 
loam.  20  miles  N.  W.  from  Catskill,  and  34 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Durham,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Bounded  E.  by  the 
Delaware  River,  and  drained  by  Cook's  or  Dun- 
ham Creek,  a  mill  stream.  In  this  town  is  the 
Devil's  Hole,  a  large  cave,  at  the  bottom  of 
which  is  a  basin  of  pure  water,  20  feet  wide,  and 
having  a  subterranean  outlet.  20  miles  N.  E. 
from  Doylestown. 

DurhamviUe,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  On  both  sides 
of  Oneida  Creek.  125  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Poughkeepsie. 
Bounded  by  Columbia  co.  on  the  N.,  by  the 
state  of  Connecticut  on  the  E.,  by  Putnam  co. 
on  the  S.,  and  by  the  Hudson  River  on  the  W. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1683.  Wappinger's,  Fish- 
kill,  and  Ten  Mile  Creeks  drain  the  surface, 
which  is  somewhat  hilly  and  uneven.  Soil  chiefly 
fertile.  It  is  rich  in  mineral  productions,  the 
principal  of  which  are  iron,  marble,  and  lead. 
Peat  and  marl  are  also  abundant,  and  there  are 
one  or  two  remarkable  gas  springs. 

Duval  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Jacksonville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Georgia,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S. 
by  St.  John's  and  Alachua  counties,  and  W.  by 
Alachua  and  Columbia  counties.  Watered  by  the 
Nassau,  St.  John's,  and  Black  Rivers. 

Duxbury,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  This  is  an  im- 
portant maritime  town.  The  harbor  is  formed 
by  a  peninsula  called  the  Gurnet,  jutting  out  in  a 
S.  E.  direction  from  Marshfield  on  the  N.,  of 
about  6  miles  in  length.  The  soil  of  Duxbury 
is  generally  unproductive ;  yet  there  are  some 
fertile  spots.  Its  Indian  name  was  Mattakeeset. 
There  is  an  apple-tree  here  noted  for  its  age, 
size,  and  fruitfulness.  It  is  upwards  of  100  years 
old.  It  is  40  feet  in  height,  and  its  circumfer- 
ence, 8  inches  from  the  ground,  is  16  feet.  Its 
fruit,  in  1  year,  has  made  10  barrels  of  cider, 
besides  30  bushels  for  the  cellar.  The  village 
in  Duxbury  is  pleasantly  located  on  elevated 
ground,  in  full  view  of  the  sea.  Beyond  it. 
about  2  miles  distant,  is  «  Standish  Hill,"  part 
of  the  farm  of  the  renowned  Captain  Milee  Stan- 
dish,  the  military  hero  of  New  England.  6  miles 
N.  from  Plymouth,  and  30  S.  E.  from  Boston. 

Duxbury,  Vt,  Washington  co.  The  south  and 
western  parts  of  this  township  are  mountainous, 
and  incapable  of  settlement.  Nearly  all  the  in- 
nabitants  are  confined  to  the  margin  of  Wi- 
nooski  River,  and  the  north-eastern  parts  of  the 
township.  This  township  is  watered  by  Winoos- 
ki  River,  which  forms  the  northern  boundary,  by 
Duxbury  branch,  on  which  is  a  considerable 
settlement,  and  several  small  branches  of  Mad 
River.  The  natural  bridge  over  Winooski  River 
is  between  this  town  and  Waterbury,  and  near  it 
are  some  curious  caverns.  The  settlement  was 


commenced  about  the  year  1786.     11  miles  W. 
from  Montpelier. 

Dyer  County,  Te,,  c.  h.  at  Dyersburg.  Bounded 
N.  by  Obion  co.,  E.  by  Gibson,  S.  by  Lauder- 
dale,  and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River.  Drained 
by  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers.  Surface 
uneven,  with  the  exception  of  the  flats  on  the 
border  of  the  Mississippi. 

Eagle,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Caneadea  and 
Wiskay  Creeks  water  this  town.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  grass  and  grain.  264  miles  W.  by  S.  from 
Albany. 

Eagle  Harbor,  Mn.,  Houghton  co.  This  vil- 
lage, on  Keewaiwona  Point,  has  sprung  up  in 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of  several  important 
mines  of  copper  and  silver.  The  village  takes 
its  name  from  that  of  the  little  harbor  in  the 
bosom  of  which  it  is  seated.  The  first  house 
erected  at  this  place  was  put  up  by  Colonel  Charles 
Gratiot,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  pioneer 
miners  employed  by  the  Lake  Superior  Copper 
Company  in  1844;  and  it  was  at  this  place  that 
the  first  search  for  native  copper  commenced. 
That  year  some  of  the  veins  yielded  a  promising 
return  of  copper ;  but  the  ground  was  not  found 
to  be  so  favorable  for  mining  purposes  as  that 
of  Eagle  River,  a  few  miles  farther  to  the  west- 
ward. There  are  now  wrought,  near  Eagle  Har- 
bor, several  very  valuable  mines ;  among  them, 
the  North- West",  Copper  Falls,  and  North- West- 
ern mines  are  most  conspicuous.  This  harbor  is 
the  nearest  safe  shelter  for  small  vessels  that 
the  miners  can  avail  themselves  of,  and  hence  its 
importance.  Good  hotels  and  comfortable  ac- 
commodations now  invite  the  traveller  to  this 
spot,  which  seven  or  eight  years  ago  was  an  un- 
broken wilderness. 

By  means  of  gib  nets  an  abundance  of  large 
lake  trout  and  of  white  fish  is  caught  off  this 
harbor.  Trout  may  also  be  taken  by  trolling 
with  a  long  line  from  a  sail  boat.  Siskowit,  a 
fat  species  of  salmon,  are  also  occasionally  caught 
at  this  place,  but  they  are  not  abundant,  their 
range  being  limited  to  the  coast  of  Isle  Royale, 
40  miles  N.  of  Keewaiwona  Point,  a  few  rarely 
straying  across  this  part  of  the  lake. 

The  climate  of  Eagle  Harbor  is  like  that  of  Kee- 
waiwona Point,  generally  much  milder  than  that 
of  the  Sault  St.  Marie,  on  account  of  its  being 
nearly  surrounded  by  the  deep  waters  of  Lake 
Superior,  which  preserve  an  invariable  tempera- 
ture of  about  39^  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  thus 
moderate  the  heat  of  the  air  in  both  summer  and 
winter.  Potatoes  and  some  early  garden  plants 
thrive  on  Keewaiwona  Point,  but  Indian  corn 
rarely  ripens  there.  Oats,  barley,  and  summer 
wheat  do  very  well. 

Eagle  River  Settlement,  Mn.,  Houghton  co. 
Eagle  River  is  8  miles  W.  of  Eagle  Harbor,  in 
lat.  47°  23'  28"  N.  The  stream  enters  the  lake 
over  a  sandy  bar,  and  the  bay  offers  no  shelter 
for  vessels,  so  that  it  is  only  practicable  to  take 
on  board  the  steamers'  cargoes  of  copper  during 
good  weather.  In  case  of  storms,  the  vessels 
run  to  Eagle  Harbor  for  shelter. 

Owing  to  the  discovery  of  the  most  valuable 
mines  of  copper  and  silver  near  this  river,  a  con- 
siderable village  has  sprung  up  at  its  mouth,  and 
a  numerous  population  of  miners  and  persons 
connected  with  the  mines  reside  at  the  mining 
stations  up  the  river,  at  the  Phoenix  Cliff  and 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


357 


North  American  mines,  which  are  from  one  to 
four  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  stream,  and 
upon  its  borders. 

The  Phoenix,  formerly  called  the  Lake  Supe- 
rior mine,  was  the  first  mine  wrought  for  native 
copper  and  silver  on  Lake  Superior.  It  was 
not  wrought  properly  at  first,  owing  to  want 
of  experience  in  this  new  kind  of  mining,  but 
has  since  been  carried  on  with  the  most  prom- 
ising success.  The  Cliff  mine,  3  miles  from  the 
Pho3nix,  was  the  first  mine  that  was  opened  in 
a  truly  scientific  manner,  and  has  proved  the 
model  mine  of  the  country,  and  has  given  most 
profitable  returns  to  the  stockholders.  About 
150  men  are  employed  at  this  mine  in  extracting 
metallic  copper  and  silver  from  the  rocks.  This 
mine  is  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world,  and  is 
unparalleled  in  its  produce ;  masses  of  solid  native 
copper,  of  from  10  to  100  tons,  being  extracted  by 
mining  operations  from  regular  veins  of  the  metal. 
The  copper  is  mixed  with  variable  proportions  of 
silver,  which  is  always  found  free  from  any  alloy, 
and  often  occurs  embedded  in  the  solid  copper, 
as  if  welded  to  it  only  at  the  points  of  contact. 
This  mine  produces,  on  an  average,  900  tons  of 
fine  copper,  and  about  $5000  worth  of  pure  sil- 
ver per  annum.  The  stock  is  owned  mostly  in 
Boston  and  Pittsburg,  and  is  held  at  a  good  rate, 
but  little  of  it  being  offered  at  the  brokers'  board. 
The  North  American  Company  have  a  mine 
nearly  as  valuable  as  the  Cliff,  within  a  half  mile 
of  that  celebrated  mine,  and  the  works  are  ad- 
mirably constructed,  and  mining  is  carried  on 
with  success,  both  copper  and  silver  being  found 
there  native. 

Copper  Falls  mine,  which  is  4  miles  to  the  E. 
of  Eagle  River,  is  situated  on  a  small  stream 
called  Copper  Brook,  and  has  been  wrought  with 
promising  success,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  those 
already  mentioned.  A  considerable  corps  of 
miners  are  there  employed  in  searching  for  cop.- 
per,  and  a  regular  mine  has  been  constructed,  and 
native  copper  and  silver  have  been  raised  and 
sent  to  market. 

All  the  mines  we  have  named  were  discovered 
in  1844  and  1845,  and  are  situated  in  amyg- 
daloidal  trap  rocks,  near  their  junction  with 
sandstone  rocks.  The  veins'cross  the  "  country," 
or  traverse  the  line  of  direction  of  the  trappean 
masses  and  stratified  rocks.  Hence  they  are 
called  true  veins.  Stone  hammers  used  by  the 
abpriginal  inhabitants,  in  old  pits,  have  disclosed 
the  interesting  fact  that  these  lodes  of  native 
copper  were  known  probably  for  thousands  of 
years  before  the  white  men  set  foot  upon  this 
continent.  All  the  tools  indicate  that  the  mines 
were  wrought  by  savages,  who  employed  fire  to 
cause  the  rock  to  crumble  away  from  the  copper, 
and  then  broke  off  masses  of  the  metal.  Few  of 
these  excavations  are  deeper  than  6  or  8  feet,  but 
they  are  of  considerable  extent.  Aged  trees 
growing  upon  the  surface  soil  of  these  pits  prove 
that  the  mining  operations  were  carried  on  many 
centuries  ago. 

The  soil  on  Eagle  Kiver  is  good,  and  produces 
oats  and  potatoes  in  abundance,  and  some  fine 
esculents  and  garden  vegetables ;  but  the  season 
is  short,  and  tender  crops  often  are  overtaken  by 
frost. 

There  are  a  good  tavern,  and  store,  and  post 
cffice  at  the  mouth  of  Eagle  River.  Some  fish 
are  taken,  but  the  place  is  not  regarded  as  good 
fishing  ground. 


Earl,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Manatawny  Creek  waters 
this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  broken  by 
South  Mountain. 

Earl,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Watered  by  Cones- 
tago  and  Muddy  Creeks.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  gravel  and  red  shale.  13  miles  N.  W.  from 
Lancaster. 

Early  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Blakely.  Bounded 
N.  by  Randolph  co.,  E.  by  Baker,  S.  by  De- 
catur  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Chattahoochee  River, 
separating  it  from  Ga.  Surface  level,  and 
drained  by  Spring,  a  branch  of  Flint,  River ;  soil 
fertile. 

East  Avon,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  2  miles  E. 
from  Avon  Springs,  and  218  W.  from  Albany. 
The  surrounding  country  is  highly  cultivated, 
and  the  situation  of  the  place  is  commanding. 

East  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  The 
Monongahela  River  bounds  this  town  on  the  E., 
and  Ten  Mile  Creek  on  the  S.  Surface  hilly, 
and  abounding  with  coal  mines  ;  soil  loamy.  197 
miles  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

East  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Drained 
by  Mud  Creek  and  some  other  small  streams. 
The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  fertile.  8 
miles  W.  from  Canandaigua,  and  203  W.  by  N. 
from  Albany. 

East  Bradford,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Valley  Creek 
and  its  branches  water  this  town,  affording  hy- 
draulic power,  and  Brandywine  River  forms  its 
S.  W.  boundary.  Surface  hilly;  soil  calcareous 
loam. 

East  Bridgewater,  Ms..  Plymouth  co.  Beaver 
and  Satucket,  branches  of  Taunton  River,  afford 
this  town  a  good  water  power.  The  settlement 
of  this  part  of  Old  Bridgewater  was  not  com- 
menced much  before  1685.  There  are  two 
pleasant  villages  in  the  town,  at  which  consider- 
able business  is  transacted.  A  branch  of  the 
Old  Colony  Railroad,  from  South  Abington  to 
Bridgewater,  passes  near  the  village  of  Joppa,  6 
miles  from  the  former,  2  from  the  latter,  and  26 
from  Boston. 

East  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  See  Cam- 
bridge, Ms. 

Eastchester,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered 
by  Bronx  River  and  Hutchinson's  Creek.  The 
surface  is  hilly  and  somewhat  rocky ;  but  the 
soil  is  for  the  most  part  very  productive.  10  miles 
S.  from  White  Plains,  and  140  S.  from  Albany. 

East  Cocalico,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Watered  b> 
Cocalico  Creek. 

East  Deer,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Located  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Alleghany  River. 

East  Donegal,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Watered  by 
Little  Chicques  Creek  and  its  branches. 

East  Fallowfield,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by 
the  W.  branch  of  Brandywine  Creek. 

East  Fdiciana  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Clinton. 
The  state  of  Mi.  bounds  this  parish  on  the  N 
Watered  by  Amite  River,  and  Comite  and 
Thompson's  Creeks.  Soil  fertile  on  the  streams 
Eastford,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  Taken  from 
Ashford.  On  a  head  stream  of  the  Yantic.  14 
m.  N.  W.  from  Brooklyn,  and  31  E.  from  Hartford 
East  Goshen,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  b) 
Chester  and  Ridley  Creeks.  Surface  mostly 
level;  soil  rich  sandy  loam.  18  miles  W.  from 
Philadelphia. 

East  Greenwich,  R.  I,  Kent  co.  This  is  the 
shire  town,  and  is  pleasantly  located  on  Narra 
ganset  Bay.  It  was  incorporated  in  1667,  and 
comprises  an  excellent  harbor  for  ships  of  50« 


358 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


tons'  burden.  A  number  of  vessels  are  owned 
here,  and  the  coasting  trade  and  fisheries  give 
employment  to  many  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
town  is  watered  by  Maskachug  and  Hunt's 
Rivers,  on  which  are  cotton  mills  and  other 
manufactories.  The  soil  of  the  town  is  rather 
rough  and  stony,  but  it  yields  good  crops  of 
com,  barley,  and  potatoes.  East  Greenwich 
is  noted  for  excellent  fruit  and  cider. 

The  Kentish  Guards  was  established  here  in 
1774,  and  proved  a  nursery  of  distinguished  offi- 
cers, of  which  the  celebrated  General  Nathaniel 
Greene  was  one.  Across  the  bay,  to  Bristol,  is 
about  8  miles.  14  miles  S.  from  Providence. 

East  Haddam,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  A  town  of 
considerable  trade  and  manufacturing  enterprise, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  Connecticut,  and  at  the  out- 
let of  Salmon  River.  The  soil  is  hilly  and  rocky, 
and  more  fit  for  grazing  than  tillage.  Consider- 
able business  is  done  here  in  the  shad  fishery. 
It  is  supposed  that  more  leather  is  made  in  this 
than  in  any  other  town  in  the  state.  This  place 
has  fine  water  privileges,  both  for  navigation  and 
manufactures.  A  short  distance  from  the  centre 
of  the  town  is  a  pond  covering  1000  acres.  On 
the  river  formed  by  the  outlet  of  this  pond,  the 
water  is  precipitated  over  rocks  nearly  70  feet  per- 
pendicular. The  scenery  around  these  falls  is 
beautiful,  and  worthy  of  particular  notice. 

Leesville,  on  Salmon  River,  and  Mechanics- 
vilie,  on  Moodus  River,  a  branch  of  Salmon 
River,  are  very  flourishing  settlements. 

This  place,  the  Indian  Mackimoodus,  is  re- 
markable for  frequent  slight  shocks  of  earth- 
quakes, producing  singular  noises,  which  the 
Indians  attributed  to  the  anger  of  their  gods 
towards  the  white  men.  It  is  said  that  some 
valuable  geological  discoveries  have  recently 
been  made  in  this  quarter.  The  town  was  first 
settled  in  1685,  but  not  incorporated  until  1724. 

Eastham,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.,  lies  on  both 
sides  of  Cape  Cod,  which,  at  this  place,  is  about 
3  miles  across.  It  is  the  ancient  Nausat  of 
the  Indians,  and  was  purchased  of  the  natives  by 
the  people  at  Plymouth,  prior  to  its  grant  by 
the  court,  in  1644.  A  settlement  commenced 
the  year  the  grant  was  made.  The  soil  of  this 
town  was  formerly  considered  as  unproductive  as 
any  on  the  cape ;  but  by  good  management  it  has 
been  made  to  furnish  a  supply  of  breadstuffs  for 
its  own  inhabitants,  and  some  for  exportation. 
There  is  a  pear  tree  in  this  town  celebrated  for 
its  longevity.  It  was  brought  from  England  by 
Thomas  Prince,  who  was  elected  governor  of  the 
colony  in  1634.  Its  fruit  is  said  to  be  fair  and 
good,  and  yields  about  15  bushels  annually.  22 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Barnstable,  and  66  S.  E.  by 
E.  from  Boston,  by  water. 

Easthampton,  M"S.,  Hampshire  co.  This  is  a 
pleasant  town,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut 
River,  5  miles  S.  from  Northampton,  of  which  it 
was  formerly  a  part.  The  Hampshire  and  Hamp- 
den  Canal  passes  through  this  town,  but  has 
been  abandoned,  and  a  railroad  substituted 
for  it.  The  Mount  Tom  range  of  mountains 
commences  here,  and  extends  into  the  state  of 
Connecticut.  The  highest  part  of  the  range  is 
in  this  town,  and  is  1214  feet  above  the  river. 
A  large  part  of  the  lands  in  Easthampton  are 
fertile  and  productive.  There  is  here  a  flour- 
ishing and  richly-endowed  English  and  classical 
seminary,  founded  and  endowed  at  an  expense 
of  $50,000,  the  munificence  of  the  Hon.  Samuel 


Williston,  under  the  name  of  the  Williston  Semi- 
nary. 

East  Hampton,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  Situated  on 
the  E.  extremity  of  Long  Island.  114  miles  E. 
from  New  York  city,  and  267  E.  S.  E.  from  Al- 
bany. This  town,"  including  land  and  water, 
embraces  a  large  area,  being  about  23  miles  in 
length,  over  the  narrow  strip  running  up  from 
Montauk  Point  to  its  western  boundary,  and 
about  12  miles  in  breadth,  on  a  line  from  the 
northern  extremity  of  Gardiner's  Island,  which 
is  connected  with  it,  directly  across  the  town  to 
the  ocean.  The  village  is  built  principally  on  a 
single  street,  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  and  about 
three  fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  southern  shore. 
The  town  was  settled  in  1649,  by  30  families  from 
Lynn,  and  the  neighboring  towns,  in  Massachu- 
setts. There  is  a  small  remnant  of  the  Montauk 
Indians  still  remaining,  upon  a  reservation  of 
1000  acres,  held  by  them  under  the  conditions  of 
their  sale  of  the  Montauk  tract  to  the  whites, 
about  180  years  ago.  See  Montauk  Point,  p.  221. 

East  Hanover,  Pa.,  Lebanon  co.  21  miles  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

East  Hartford,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  This  town  is 
situated  opposite  to  Hartford,  and  connected  with 
it  by  a  bridge  across  Connecticut  River.  The 
soil  of  the  town  is  generally  fertile,  but  the  allu- 
vial meadows  on  the  border  of  the  river,  of  which 
there  is  a  large  tract,  is  of  a  superior  quality. 
The  agricultural  products  of  this  town  are  very 
considerable.  Hackanum  River  furnishes  the 
town  with  a  good  water  power,  on  which  are  val- 
uable manufacturing  establishments,  particularly 
of  paper.  East  Hartford  is  noted  for  its  man- 
ufactures in  former  years.  The  first  powder  mill 
in  this  country,  it  is  said,  was  erected  here,  in 
1775.  This  is  a  very  pleasant  town.  The  main 
street,  which  is  very  long  and  wide,  is  delight- 
fully shaded  by  stately  elms.  East  Hartford  was 
taken  from  Hartford  in  1784. 

East  Haven,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  This  town 
was  taken  from  New  Haven  in  1785,  and  is  con- 
nected with  New  Haven  by  a  bridge.  It  has 
good  navigable  privileges,  and  is  watered  by 
Quinnipiac  River.  This  was  a  great  resort  for  the 
Indians  in  former  years.  On  Grave  Hill  were 
an  Indian  fort  and  cemetery.  Bones  of  Indians 
of  a  large  size,  and  Domestic  and  warlike  imple- 
ments for  savage  use,  have  been  found  here. 
The  Indian  Well,  in  a  granite  rock,  on  an  island 
in  Stony  River,  is  a  curiosity.  East  Haven  is 
pleasantly  located,  and  commands  a  fine  prospect 
of  Long  Island  Sound. 

East  Haven,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  The  land  in  this 
township  is  high,  but  much  of  it  is  very  suitable 
for  grazing.  Passumpsic  River  crosses  the  W. 
corner,  and  the  head  of  Moose  River  waters  the 
eastern  part,  each  being  about  two  rods  wide,  and 
affording  good  mill  sites.  There  were  five  or  six 
families  in  this  town  as  early  as  1814.  24  miles 
N.  W.  from  Guildhall,  and  69  N.  E.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

East  Hempfield,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Watered 
on  the  E.  by  Little  Conestoga  Creek.  Surface 
principally  level.  38  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

East  Huntingdon,  Pa.,  Westmoreland  co.  Wa- 
tered by  branches  of  Jacob's  Creek. 

East  Kingston,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The 
soil  is  of  an  excellent  quality,  and  well  adapted 
to  grain  and  grass.  Powow  River  crosses  the  S. 
W.  part  of  this  town.  First  settlers,  William 


IN  THE   UNITED     STATES. 


and  Abraham  Smith.  42  miles  S.  E.  by  E.  from 
Concord,  and  20  S.  S.  W.  from  Portsmouth,  and 
by  railroad  5  miles  S.  from  Exeter. 

East  Lebanon,  0.,  Wayne  co.  This  village  is 
90  miles  N.  E.  from  Columbus,  and  5  from 
Greenville. 

East  Lyme,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  On  the 
coast,  between  the  Rivers  Thames  and  Connecti- 
cut. The  New  Haven  and  New  London  Railroad 
passes  through  it.  Surface  diversified ;  soil  gen- 
erally good. 

East  Livermore,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Androscoggin.  23  miles  W.  from 
Augusta. 

East  Machias,  Me.,  Washington  co.  On  both 
sides  of  East  Machias  River  149  miles  E.  by 
N.  from  Augusta.  It  has  a  great  water  power, 
and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  lumber  trade. 

East  Marlboro1,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by 
R<*3elay  Creek  and  Pocopsen,  a  branch  of  Bran- 
dywine  Creek.  Surface  gently  sloping;  soil 
sandy  loam.  28  miles  S.  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

East  Montpelier,  Vt,  Washington  co.  This 
town  was  incorporated  November  9,  1848,  and 
comprises  the  northern  and  eastern  part  of  the 
fertile  and  pheasant  town  of  Montpelier. 

East  Nantmeal,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  The  N.  and 
S.  forks  of  French  Creek  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  gravelly. 
65  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

East  Nottingham,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by 
Elk  and  Little  Elk  Creeks.  Surface  slightly 
uneven  5  soil  sandy  loam. 

Easton,  Md.,  Talbot  co.  On  Tread  Haven 
Creek.  13  miles  from  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  near 
the  head  of  a  large  estuary.  S.  E.  from  Annapo- 
lis 45  miles. 

Easton,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  Taken  from  the  E. 
part  of  Weston.  10  m.  N.  W.  from  Bridgeport. 

Easton,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  There  are  two  pleas- 
ant villages  here,  both  well  watered  by  branches 
of  Taunton  River.  From  the  W.  village  it  is 
about  10  miles  to  Taunton,  and  24  to  Boston. 

Easton,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  On  the  E. 
border  of  the  Hudson  River,  and  watered  by  the 
Battenkill,  one  of  its  tributaries,  The  surface  is 
slightly  uneven  ;  the  soil  generally  clay  and  sandy 
loam.  Limestone  and  water  lime  of  superior  qual- 
ity are  found  here.  26  m.  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Easton,  Pa.,  seat  of  justice  of  Northampton  co. 
On  the  W.  side  of  Delaware  River,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Lehigh,  58  miles  N.  from  Philadelphia, 
arid  106  E.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg.  Population 
in  1820,  2370;  1830,  3529;  1840,  4865;  1850, 
9000.  The  town  is  built  on  a  point  of  land 
bounded  and  shaped  by  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh 
Rivers,  and  by  Bushkill  Creek.  It  is  regularly  laid 
out,  with  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles, and  a  public  square  in  the  centre.  The 
court  house,  standing  upon  this  square,  was  built 
in  1758.  The  part  of  the  town  lying  near  the 
Delaware,  though  well  elevated  above  the  river, 
is  level ;  but  the  ground  rises  gradually  as  it  re- 
cedes to  the  W.,  forming  a  fine  acclivity  for  that 
part  of  the  town  which  is  the  most  handsomely 
built,  and  in  which  are  the  principal  churches 
and  other  public  buildings.  Still  more  elevated, 
in  the  rear  of  the  town,  are  the  buildings  of  La- 
fayette College,  which  are  handsomely  located, 
and  command  a  beautiful  prospect  of  the  sur- 
rounding country.  ( See  Colleges.)  The  fine  bridge 
at  this  point,  over  the  Delaware,  500  feet  long, 
was  built  at  an  expense  of  $80,000.  The  Dela- 


ware, the  Morris,  and  the  Lehigh  Canals  form  a 
junction  at  Easton  ;  and  railroads  meet  here  from 
Philadelphia,  via  Trenton,  from  Jersey  City,  op- 
posite New  York,  and  from  Belvidere,  an  impor- 
tant town  a  few  miles  to  the  N.  The  manufac- 
tures of  this  place  are  of  considerable  impor- 
tance. About  a  mile  above  Easton,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Lehigh,  a  manufacturing  village  has 
sprung  up,  called  South  Easton,  which  contains 
large  mills  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods, 
nails,  rifles,  steel,  and  various  other  articles. 

Eastown,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Surface  slightly  un- 
even, and  drained  by  Darby  Creek ;  soil  sandy 
loam. 

East  Penn,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Watered  by 
Mahoning  and  Lizard  Creeks,  branches  of  the 
Lehigh  River.  Surface  mountainous,  the  Lehigh 
Water  Gap,  througli  Blue  Mountain,  being  in  the  S. 
part.  Soil  red  shale  and  gravel.  The  streams  af- 
ford water  power.  91  miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

East  Pennsboro\  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  Drained 
by  Conedogwinit  Creek,  a  mill  stream  flowing 
into  the  Susquehanna  River,  which  bounds  the 
town  on  the  E.  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Carlisle,  and 
about  the  same  distance  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

East  Pikeland,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by 
Stony,  French,  and  Pickering  Creeks,  all  mill 
streams  flowing  into  the  Schuylkill  River. 

Eastport,  Me.,  Washington  co.,  includes  four 
islands,  on  the  chief  of  which,  called  Moose  Isl- 
and, the  town  is  built.  It  has  a  fine  harbor,  and 
has  been  noted  for  smuggling  adventures,  being 
situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  Passamaquoddy  Bay 
The  tide  is  very  rapid,  and  rises  25  feet.  Two 
long  bridges  connect  Moose  Island  with  ftie  main 
land.  It  has  still  considerable  trade  in  lumber. 

East  Rockhill,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  gravel. 

East  Union,  0.,  Wayne  co.,  is  a  flourishing 
township,  a  few  miles  E.  from  Wooster. 

Eastville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Northampton  co.  On  the 
S.  side  of  King's  Creek,  a  small  stream  which 
empties  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  through  a  consid- 
erable estuary.  E.  from  Richmond  151  miles. 

East  Whiteland,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Surface  level ; 
soil  rich  calcareous  loam. 

East  Windsor,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  First  settled 
1680.  Taken  from  Windsor,  1768.  This  is  an  ex- 
cellent township  of  land.  Its  extensive  mead1 
ows  on-the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River  are  of  un- 
common fertility  and  beauty.  Scantic  River,  a 
considerable  mill  stream,  passes  through  the  N 
part  of  the  town,  and  gives  it  the  name  of  Scantic. 
The  village  of  Wapping  is  in  the  S.  E.  section  of 
the  town.  The  principal  street,  about  a  mile  back 
of  the  river,  is  the  village,  running  the  whole 
length  of  the  town,  wide,  neatly  built,  and  beau- 
tifully shaded. 

East  Windsor  Hill,  Ct.,  in  South  Windsor, 
Hartford  co.  1 1  miles  N.  E.  from  Hartford.  The 
Theological  Institute  of  Connecticut  is  located 
here.  There  is  a  rich  and  delightful  prospect 
from  the  buildings,  which  are  seen  at  a  distance 
in  different  directions. 

East  Windsor,  N.  J.,  Mercer  co.  Watered  by 
Millstone  River,  and  Assunpink  and  Miry  Runs. 
Surface  level ;  soil  sandy  and  rather  sterile.  20 
miles  S.  W.  from  New  Brunswick. 

Eaton  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Charlotte.  Incor- 
porated in  1 837.  Bounded  N.  by  Ionia  and  Clia 
ton  counties,  E.  by  Ingham,  S.  by  Jackson  and 
Calhoun,  and  W.  by  Barry  co.  Watered  by  Grand 
and  Thornapple  Rivers  and  Battle  Creek.  Sur- 


360 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


face  undulating,  containing  quarries  of  sandstone 
and  limestone;  soil  very  rich. 

Eaton,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  The  soil  is  moder- 
ately good,  and  the  plains  furnish  excellent 
pine  timber.  There  are  several  ponds  in  this 
town.  Six  Mile  Pond  is  one  ;  it  is  4  miles  long, 
and  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile  in  width.  Good 
iron  ore  is  found  here,  and  near  Snell's  Pond  a 
rein  of  zinc  and  lead  ores.  64  miles  N.  E.  from 
Concord,  and  55  N.  N.  E.  from  Dover. 

Eaton,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Madison  co.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  the  head  branch  of  Chenango  Eiver. 
The  surface  is  rolling ;  soil  fertile  loam,  particu- 
larly favorable  to  the  growth  of  grass.  100  miles 
W.  from  Albany. 

Eaton+0.,  c.  h.  Preble  co.,  and  is  located  on  the 
E.  bank  of  St.  Glair's  Creek.  At  this  place  the 
creek  has  a  fall  of  about  20  feet  in  80  rods,  which 
adds  to  the  importance  of  the  town.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1 806,  and  is  80  miles  N.  from  Cincinnati, 
and  95  W.  from  Columbus. 

Eaton,  Pa.,  Wyoming  co.  Bounded  on  the  N. 
E.  and  E.  by  the  Susquehanna  Eiver,  and  drained 
by  Bowman's  Creek,  one  of  its  tributaries.  Sur- 
face broken  by  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  One 
peak,  called  the  Knob,  rises  1150  feet  above  the 
Susquehanna  River.  143  miles  N.  E.  by  N.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Eatonton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Putnam  co. 

Ebensburg,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Cambria  co.,  occupies  an 
elevated  position  on  the  Alleghany  ridge.  139 
miles  W.  by  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Eckford,  Mn.,  Calhoun  eo.  Soil  fertile,  and 
well  suited  to  grain.  101  miles  W.  from  Detroit. 

Economy,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  On  the  E.  side  of  the 
Ohio  River.  This  town  is  settled  by  a  community 
of  Swabians,  and  was  founded  by  Mr.  George 
Rapp,  who  acted  as  their  temporal  and  spiritual 
leader.  217  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Eddington,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  This  town  lies 
on  the  E.  side  of  Penobscot  River,  6  miles  above, 
and  N.  N.  E.  from  Bangor,  and  70  N.  E.  by  E. 
from  Augusta.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated 
at  the  "  Bend  "  of  the  river.  The  soil  of  the  town 
is  good,  and  well  wooded. 

Eddyville,  Ky..  c.  h.  Caldwell  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Cumberland  River.  237  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Frankfort. 

Eden.  Me.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  N.  part  of  the 
Island  of  Mount  Desert.  92  miles  E.  from  Au- 
gusta. It  has  a  good  soil,  good  harbors,  and 
great  conveniences  for  the  shore  fishery. 

Eden,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Cauquaga  and  Big  Two 
Sisters  Creeks  flow  through  this  town  into  Lake 
Erie.  The  surface  is  undulating,  the  soil  remark- 
ably fertile.  14  miles  S.  from  Buffalo,  and  287 
W.  from  Albany. 

Eden,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  The  streams  in  this 
township  are  numerous.  Wild  Branch  and  Green 
River  rise  in  the  eastern  part.  They  are  both 
considerable  mill  streams.  The  Branch,  which 
is  the  outlet  of  North  Pond,  runs  across  the  N 
W.  corner  of  Hyde  Park,  and  falls  into  the  La- 
moille, at  Johnson.  North  Pond  is  2  miles  long 
and  of  very  unequal  width.  The  township  is  con- 
siderably mountainous.  Mount  Norris  and  Had- 
iey  Mountain  lie  on  the  N.  line  of  the  township 
and  partly  in  Lowell.  Belvidere  Mountain  lies 
partly  in  the  N.  W.  corner.  In  the  western  part 
of  Eden  is  some  good  tillage  land.  The  eastern 
part,  being  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters 
of  Lakes  Champlain  and  Memphremagog,  is 
moist  and  cold,  but  good  for  grazing.  Rocks, 


principally  mica^  and  chlorite  slate.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  in  1800,  by  Thomas  H. 
Parker,  Isaac  Brown,  and  Moses  Wentworth. 
10  miles  N.  E.  from  Hydepark,  and  30  N.  from 
Montpelier. 

Edenton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Chowan  co.  At  the  head 
of  Edenton  Bay,  near  the  mouth  of  Chowan 
River.  66  miles  S.  from  Norfolk,  and  182  E.  by 
N.  from  Raleigh. 

Edgar  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Paris.  Bounded  N. 
by  Milton  county,  E.  by  Indiana,  S.  by  Clark, 
and  W.  by  Coles  county.  Watered  by  Little 
Embarrass  River,  and  Big,  Brulette's,  and  Clear 
Creeks.  Soil  mostly  fertile. 

Edgartown,  Ms.,  Dukes  co.  This  is  the  shire 
town,  and  a  port  of  entry,  comprising  the  eastern 
part  of  the  island  of  Martha's  Vineyard  and 
Chappequiddick.  The  harbor  is  safe,  easy  of  ac- 
cess, and  is  considered  one  of  the  best  on  the 
American  coast.  The  surface  of  the  town  is 
generally  plain,  with  a  few  elevated  spots,  rising 
from  60  to  120  feet  above  the  sea.  Near  the 
middle  of  the  island  is  a  pond  of  fresh  water,  in 
size  of  about  20  by  10  rods,  and  from  5  to  6  feet 
in  depth.  This  pond  has  never  been  known  to 
be  dry.  As  the.  island  contains  few  streams 
for  a  water  power,  windmills  supply  their  place 
for  all  domestic  purposes.  A  great  variety  of 
fish  are  taken,  both  from  the  sea  and  fresh  water 
ponds.  Chappequiddick  Islatfd  lies  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  town,  and  forms  Edgartown  Harbor. 
The  surface  of  the  island  is  varied  by  some 
moderate  elevations  ;  its  soil  is  light,  but  gener- 
ally productive.  25  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Nan- 
tucket,  and  30  S.  E.  by  E.  from  New  Bedford. 

Edgecomb,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  Between  the  Dam- 
ariscotta  and  Sheepscot  Rivers,  opposite  Wis- 
casset,  26  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Augusta.  Advan- 
tageously situated  for  navigation  and  the  fisheries. 

Edgecombe  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Tarboro'. 
Bounded  N.  by  Halifax  co.,  E.  by  Martin  and  Pitt, 
S.  by  Wayne,  and  W.  by  Nash  co.  Watered  by 
Neuse  River,  and  by  Tar  River  and  its  branches. 
Surface  level ;  soil  of  tolerably  good  quality. 

Edgefield  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Edgefield. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  the  Saluda  River,  separating 
it  from  Newberry  district,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  Lex- 
ington, Orange,  and  Barnwell  districts,  S.  W.  by 
the  Savannah  River,  separating  it  from  Georgia, 
and  N.  W.  by  Abbeville  district.  Drained  by 
Little  Saluda  River  and  Stephens'  Creek.  Sur- 
face slightly  uneven;  soil  well  suited  to  the 
growth  of  cotton. 

Edgemont,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  Surface  hilly, 
and  watered  by  Ridley  Creek;  soil  loam.  87 
miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Edinburgh,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  Incorporated 
1835. 

Edinburgh,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Sacondaga 
River,  and  some  of  its  tributaries,  flow  through  this 
town.  The  surface  is  slightly  uneven  on  the  W.. 
and  hilly  and  mountainous  on  the  E.,  the  Kay- 
aderosseras  or  Greenfield  Mountain  stretching 
across  it.  The  soil  of  the  W.  part  is  fertile,  par- 
ticularly in  the  valley  of  the  Sacondaga.  20  miles 
N.  W.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and  50  N.  from  Albany. 

Edmeston,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Watered  by 
Wharton's  Creek  and  the  Unadilla  River.  The 
surface  is  hilly;  the  soil  sandy  loam.  15  miles 
W.  from  Cooperstown,  and  77  from  Albany. 

Edmonds,  Me.,  Washington  co.  Situated  be- 
tween Cobscook  Bay  and  E.  Machias. 

Edmonson  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Brownsville. 


IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


361 


Bounded  N.  by  Grayson  co.,  E.  by  Hart,  S. 
by  Warren,  and  W.  by  Butler.  Watered  by  Green 
Eiver  and  its  tributaries,  and  Nolin  and  Bear 
Creeks.  Soil  productive.  v 

Edwards  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Albion.  Bounded 
N.  by  Richland  co.,  E.  by  Bon  Pas  Creek, 
separating  it  from  Wabash  co.,  S.  by  White,  and 
W.  by  Wayne  co.  Watered  ou  the  W.  by  the 
Little  Wabash  River.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil 
productive. 

Edwards,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  E.  and  W.  branches  of  the 
Oswegatchie  River.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the 
soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of  grass.  24  miles 
S.  from  Canton  village,  and  194  N.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Edwardsville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Addison  co. 

Effingham  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Springfield. 
Bounded  N.  by  Scriven  co.,  E.  by  the  Savannah 
River,  separating  it  from  South  Carolina,  S.  by 
Chatham  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Ogeechee  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Bryan  and  Bullock  counties. 

Effingham  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Ewington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Shelby  co.,  E.  by  Jasper,  S. 
by  Clay,  and  W.  by  Fayette  co.  Drained  by 
the  Little  Wabash  River  and  its  branches.  Sur- 
face slightly  uneven  ;  soil  fertile  on  the  margins 
of  the  streams,  but  at  very  high  flood  liable  to 
inundation. 

Effingham,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  There  are  several 
mountains,  of  considerable  elevation,  in  this  town. 
Ossipee  River  passes  through  it,  over  which  is  a 
toll  bridge.  Its  former  name  was  Leavitt  Town. 
There  is  a  large  pond  near  the  Ossipee  River,  and 
Province  Pond  lies  between  Effingham  and  Wake- 
field.  60  miles  N.  E.  from  Concord,  and  5  N. 
from  Ossipee. 

Egg  Harbor,  Great,  N.  J.,  Atlantic  co.  The 
surface  of  this  town  is  level,  and  for  several  miles 
from  the  shore  marshy  ;  the  remainder  is  dry  and 
sandy. 

Egg  Harbor,  Little,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.  Bass 
River,  and  other  streams  flowing  into  Little  Egg 
Harbor,  drain  this  town.  Surface  level  and  sandy. 
35  miles  S.  E.  from  Mount  Holly. 

Egremont,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  Part  of  this 
township  is  mountainous,  rough,  and  cragged  5 
some  parts  are  undulating,  some  level,  and  most 
of  the  land  is  fit  for  the  plough  or  grazing.  Green 
River  passes  through  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the 
town,  and  with  several  bi*ooks  and  ponds,  affords 
it  a  water  power  sufficient  for  domestic  uses. 
This  town  was  first  settled  by  the  Dutch,  and 
afterwards  by  the  English,  about  the  year  1730. 
140  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Boston,  and  25  S.  by 
W.  from  Pittsfield. 

Elba,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  Oak  Orchard  Creek 
waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  undulat- 
ing, and  the  soil  somewhat  sandy.  7  miles 
N.  from  Batavia,  and  250  W.  by  N.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Elbert  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Elberton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Franklin  co.,  E.  by  the  Savannah  River, 
separating  it  from  South  Carolina,  and  S.  and  W. 
by  Broad  River,  separating  it  from  Lincoln, 
Wilkes,  Oglethorpe,  and  Madison  counties.  Sur- 
face hilly ;  soil  mostly  productive. 

Elberton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Elbert  co.  Ill  miles  N.  N. 
B.  from  Milledgeville. 

Elbridge,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Watered  by 
the  outlet  of  Skancatcles  Lake.  The  surface  is 
slightly  uneven,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Indian  an- 
tiquities of  considerable  interest  are  found  in  this 
46 


vicinity.     13  miles  W.  from  Syracuse,  and  149 
W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

El  Dorado  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Antonia.  IM 
the  mountains  E.  of  the  Sacramento,  between 
Dry  Creek  of  the  Moquelumne  and  Middle  Fork 
of  American  River. 

_  Elizabeth,  As.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  White  River,  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation,  and  a  little  below  the  mouth  of  Big 
Black  River.  118  miles  N.  E.  from  Little  Rock. 

Elizabeth  City,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Pasquotank  co.  On 
Pasquotank  River,  20  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
has  a  water  communication  with  Norfolk,  Va.; 
by  means  of  the  Pasquotank  River,  Dismal 
Swamp  Canal,  and  Elizabeth  River.  215  miles 
E.  by  N.  from  Raleigh.  It  trades  with  the  West 
Indies  in  pine  lumber. 

"Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Newark  Bay  and  Staten  Island  Sound, 
and  is  drained  by  Bound  and  Morss  Brooks. 
Soil  rich,  and  partly  marshy. 

Elizabeth,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  Monongahela  River,  14  miles  S.  from 
Pittsburg,  and  192  W.  from  Harrisburg.  Many 
steamboats  are  built  here,  and  by  a  slack  water 
navigation  boats  of  a  large  class  cdtne  up  to  this 
place.  There  are  manufactures  of  glass  ware, 
woollen  goods,  flour,  &c. 

Elizabeth,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Between  Trout 
Creek  on  the  E.,  and  Hammer  Creek  on  the  W.. 
and  is  drained  by  Middle  and  Segiock  Creeks. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  gravel  and  red  shale. 

Elizabeth  City  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Hampton. 
This  is  one  of  the  eight  shires  into  which  Vir- 
ginia was  divided  in  1634.  It  is  bounded  N. 
by  York  co.,  E.  by  Chesapeake  .Bay,  S.  by 
Hampton  Roads,  and  W.  by  Isle  of  Wight  co. 
It  has  a  level  surface,  and  good  soil. 

Elizabethport,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  On  Staten  Isl- 
and Sound,  near  the  junction  of  Newark  Bay,  and 
47  miles  N.  E.  from  Trenton.  A  railroad  from 
this  place  connects  with  Easton,  Pa.,  on  the  Del- 
aware River.  There  is  daily  communication,  by 
steamboats,  with  New  York  city. 

Elizabethtown,  Is.,  c.  h.  Hardin  co.  219  miles 
S.  S.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Elizabethtown,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Bladen  co.  On  the 
W.  side  of  Cape  Fear  River.  40  miles  above 
Wilmington,  and  99  S.  from  Raleigh. 

Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  seat  of  justice  of  Essex 
co.  On  Elizabethtown  Creek,  2£  miles  from  its 
entrance  into  Staten  Island  Sound.  This  beau- 
tiful place  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  streets, 
and  has  many  fine  buildings,  among  which  are 
the  Court  House,  the  First  and  Second  Presby- 
terian, and  the  Episcopal  Churches.  This  was 
the  third  settlement  made  in  New  Jersey,  and 
for  many  years  was  the  largest  and  most  flour- 
ishing place  in  the  province.  The  first  public 
buildings  of  the  jurisdiction  of  East  Jersey, 
were  here,  and  the  first  General  Assembly  met 
here  from  1668  to  1682.  The  First  Presbyterian 
Church  is  the  oldest  congregation  in  the  state 
organized  for  worship  in  the  English  language. 
During  the  revolution  this  town  was  greatly  har- 
assed, and  its  church  edifice,  standing  where  the 
noble  building  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
now  stands,  was  fired  by  the  torch  of  a  refugee, 
and  burned  to  the  ground.  The  College  of  New 
Jersey,  afterwards  located  at  Princeton,  com- 
menced its  existence  here.  The  building  in 
which  its  first  exercises  were  held  was  also 
burned  down  during  the  war. 


362 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Vessels  of  30  tons  come  up  to  Elizabethtown, 
and  vessels  of  300  tons  to  Elizabethport,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  creek.  From  this  port  a  railroad, 
passing  through  Elizabethtown,  extends  26  miles, 
to  Somerville.  Elizabethtown  is  on  the  New 
Jersey  Eailroad,  between  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia, 15  miles  from  the  former,  72  from  the 
latter,  and  42  N.  E.  from  Trenton. 

Elizabethtown,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Essex  co.  Watered 
by  Boquet  Kiver  and  some  of  its  branches.  The 
surface  is  broken  by  the  Clinton  range  of  moun- 
tains, which  passes  through  it  from  N.  to  S., 
some  of  the  peaks  being  elevated  about  1500  feet 
above  the  surrounding  plains.  Excellent  iron 
ore  is  found  here  in  large  quantities.  126  miles 
N.  from  Albany. 

Elizabethtown,  Te.,  c.  h.  Carter  co.  On  Wau- 
tauga,  a  branch  of  Holston  Eiver.  301  miles  E. 
from  Nashville.  In  the  vicinity  are  large  iron 
works. 

Elk,  Pa.,  Warren  co.  Located  between  the 
Alleghany  River  on  the  E.  and  S.,  and  Cone- 
wango  Creek  on  the  W.  The  soil  on  the  streams 
is  very  fertile. 

Elk  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Ridgeway.  On  the 
height  of  land  between  the  eastern  and  western 
waters.  N.  central  part.  Watered  on  the  E.  by 
Susquehanna  Creek  and  its  tributaries,  flowing 
into  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  sources  of  Clarion  River,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Alleghany.  Hilly,  but  fertile  in  the 
valleys.  Thinly  peopled. 

Elk  Creek,  Pa.,  Venango  co.  The  Six  Mile 
Run,  and  Canoe,  Beaver,  and  Dyer  Paint  Creeks, 
water  this  town.  Surface  level ;  soil  loam.  122 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Elk  Creek,  Pa.,  Erie  co.  Drained  by  Cussa- 
wago  and  Conneaut  Creeks.  On  the  margin 
of  the  latter  salt  springs  are  found.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  gravelly  loam.  256  miles  S.  W.  from 
Erie,  and  16  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Elkhart  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Goshen.  Bounded 
N.  by  Michigan,  E.  by  La  Grange  and  Noble 
counties,  S.  by  Kosciusko,  and  W.  by  St.  Joseph 
co.  St.  Joseph  and  Elkhart  Rivers  and  their 
branches  water  this  county,  the  surface  of  which 
is  a  mixture  of  woodland  and  prairie. 

Elkhorn,  Wn.,  c.  h.  Walworth  co.  68  miles 
S.  E.  from  Madison. 

Elkland,  Pa.,  Tioga  co.  Watered  by  Cowa- 
nesque  and  Crooked  Creeks,  branches  of  Tioga 
River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  gravel,  clay,  and  loam. 
170  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Elk  Ridge  Landing,  Md.,  Anne  Arundel  co. 
On  the  S.  side  of  Patapsco  River,  at  the  head  of 
tide  water.  7  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Baltimore, 
and  30  N.  N.  W.  from  Annapolis.  Connected  by 
railroads  with  Baltimore  and  Washington  ;  also 
with  Cumberland,  on  the  route  to  Ohio.  The 
Patapsco  is  crossed  at  this  place  by  a  splendid 
viaduct  of  granite,  700  feet  long,  with  8  arches. 
There  are  here  extensive  iron  works. 

Elkton,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Todd  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Elk  Creek,  a  branch  of  Red  River.  187  miles 
S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Elkton,  Md.,  c.  h.  Cecil  co.  Situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  two  main  branches  of  Elk  River, 
at  the  head  of  tide  water.  On  the  railroad,  44 
miles  from  Philadelphia. 

Elkjay,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Gilmer  co.  170  miles  N.  W 
from  Milledgeville. 

Elle.nburg^JZ.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  English  River 
and  some  other  streams  water  this  town.  25 


miles  N.  from  Plattsburg,  and  188  N.  N.  E. 
from  Albany. 

Ellery,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Chautauque  Lake.  Drained  by  several  small 
creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil  good. 
342  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Ellicott,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Chautauque  Lake.  Watered  by  Cassa- 
daga  Creek  and  the  outlet  of  the  lake.  The 
surface  is  undulating,  the  soil  sandy  loam.  330 
miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany,  and  18  S.  E.  from 
Maysville. 

Ellicotfs  Mills,  Md.,  Anne  Arundel  co.  On 
Patapsco  River.  40  miles  N.  W.  from  Annapo- 
lis. There  are  numerous  mills  and  manufacto- 
ries here,  amidst  much  romantic  scenery. 

Ellicottville,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Great  Valley  Creek  and  some  of  its 
branches.  The  surface  is  mostly  undulating, 
the  soil  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grass  and 
grain.  292  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Ellington,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  Ellington  was 
taken  from  East  Windsor  in  1786,  and  was  that 
part  of  East  Windsor  called  the  Great  Marsh. 
The  soil  is  light  and  dry,  but  considerably  fer- 
tile. It  is  generally  level,  but  the  eastern  part  is 
hilly  and  mountainous.  The  scenery  in  this 
town  embraces  considerable  variety,  and  is  un- 
commonly interesting  and  beautiful.  The  El- 
lington School,  for  boys,  situated  in  a  very  neat 
village,  is  in  high  repute.  12  miles  N.  E.  from 
Hartford. 

Ellington,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Clear  Creek 
flows  nearly  through  the  centre  of  this  town. 
The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  sandy  loam. 
20  miles  E.  from  Maysville,  and  320  S.  of  W. 
from  Albany. 

Elliot,  Me.,  York  co.  On  Salmon  Falls  River. 
A  good  farming  town.  108  miles  S.  W.  from 
Augusta. 

Elliotsville,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  This  place  is 
81  miles  from  Augusta. 

Ellisburg,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  The  N.  and  S. 
branches  of  Sandy  Creek  flow  through  this 
town,  affording  excellent  hydraulic  power.  The 
surface  is  level ;  the  soil  fertile  loam.  20  miles 
S.  W.  from  Watertown,  and  166  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Ellsworth,  Me.,  c.  h.  Hancock  co.  On  both 
sides  of  Union  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation. 
The  soil  is  good,  and  the  situation  convenient 
for  ship  building,  which  is  largely  carried  on  here, 
many  ships  employed  in  the  freighting  business 
being  owned  by  the  inhabitants.  There  are 
some  manufactures,  and  a  good  deal  of  trade, 
81  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Augusta. 

Ellsworth,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  This  town  is 
mountainous.  The  principal  elevation  is  Carr's 
Mountain.  A  small  stream  issues  from  West 
Branch  Pond,  and  runs  into  the  Pemigewasset, 
at  Campton.  The  soil,  though  in  some  parts 
sterile,  produces  grain.  Maple  sugar  is  mado 
here.  59  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Concord,  and 
about  12  N.  from  Plymouth. 

Ellsworth,  O.,  Trumbull  co.  This  township 
is  bounded  by  Jackson  on  the  N.,  Canfield  E., 
Salem  S.,  and  Berlin  W.  It  is,  the  first  in  the 
4th  range  of  townships  in  the  Connecticut  West- 
ern Reservation.  It  is  181  miles  N.  E.  from 
Columbus,  and  15  S.  from  Warren. 

Elmira,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Chemung  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Chemung  River,  and  drained  by  Newton's 
Creek,  one  of  its  tributaries.  The  surface  is 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


363 


rather  hilly,  and  the  soil  extremely  fertile  in  the 
valleys.     198  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Elmore,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  Fordway  or  Elmore 
Mountain  lies  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  town- 
ship, and  is  a  considerable  -elevation.  The  re- 
maining part  of  the  surface  is  accessible,  and  not 
very  uneven.  It  is  mostly  timbered  with  hard 
wood,  and  the  soil  is  of  a  middling  quality.  A 
part  of  the  waters  of  this  township  pass  off  into 
the  Eiver  Lamoille,  and  a  part  into  Winooski 
River.  Mead's  Pond  lies  in  the  north-western 
part,  and  covers  about  300  acres.  There  are 
three  other  small  ponds  within  the  township. 
Iron  ore  is  found  in  abundance.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  in  July,  1790.  Smiles  S- from 
Hydepark,  and  37  N.  from  Montpelier. 
'El  Passo  County,  Ts.  Western  part. 
Elsinboro1,  N.  J.,  Salem  co.  Allo way's  and 
Salem  Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  level  and  marshy,  and  the  soil  rich 
loam.  3  miles  N.  E.  from  Salem. 

Elyria,  O.,  c.  h.  Lorain  co.,  was  named  from 
the  Hon.  Heman  Ely,  who  laid  it  out.  It  is  a  well- 
built  place,  situated  between  the  branches  of  Black 
River,  distant  from  Columbus  130  miles  N.  E. 

Elyton,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  At  the  head  of 
Catoochee  or  Valley  Creek.  54  miles  N.  E. 
from  Tuscaloosa. 

Emanuel  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Swainsboro', 
Bounded  N.  by  Washington,  Jefferson,  and  Burke 
counties,  E.  by  Bullock  co.,  S.  by  Tatnall  and 
Montgomery,  and  W.  by  Laurens  co.  Surface 
level,  and  watered  by  Ogeechee,  Cannonchee,  and 
Ohoopee  Rivers  and  their  branches.  Soil  sandy 
and  barren. 

Embden,  Me.,    Somerset  co.    A  fine  township, 
with  two  villages  on  the  W.  side  of  Kennebec 
River.    46  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Augusta. 
Eminence,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Shannon  co. 
Emmaus,  Pa..  Lehigh  co.     A  Moravian  village, 
at  the  foot  of  South  Mountain.      87  miles  E.  by 
N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Emmettsburg,  Md.,  Frederick  co.  80  miles  N. 
W.  from  Annapolis.  The  site  of  Mount  St. 
Mary's  College,  and  St.  Joseph's  Female  Insti- 
tute. (See  Colleges.} 

Enfield,  Ct,  Hartford  co.  This  town  was  first 
settled,  1681,  by  emigrants  from  Salem,  Ms.  It 
formerly  belonged  to  Massachusetts,  and  was 
a  part  of  Springfield.  The  first  bridge  across  • 
Connecticut  River  was  built  in  1808,  connecting 
Enfield  with  Suffield.  The  surface  is  generally 
level,  and  the  soil  moist  and  fertile.  The  street 
where  most  of  the  inhabitants  reside  is  very  pleas- 
ant, wide,  and  well  shaded.  The  village  near  the 
river  was  commenced  about  1831.  It  is  watered 
by  Scantic  River.  18  miles  N.  from  Hartford. 
"  Enfield,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  Incorporated  1835. 
E  afield,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  This  town  was 
formerly  part  of  Belchertown  and  Greenwich, 
and  lies'  between  them.  Two  branches  of  Swift 
River  meet  in  this  town,  and  give  it  a  water 
power,  which  adds  much  to  its  beauty  and  wealth. 
There  are  two  pleasant  villages  here,  and  several 
eminences  from  which  fine  views  may  be  had  of 
this  section  of  country.  15  miles  E.  from  North- 
ampton, and  71  W.from  Boston. 

Enfield,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  diversified,  and  watered  by  ponds  and 
streams,  stored  with  fish.  Mascomy  Pond  is  a 
beautiful  collection  of  water,  four  miles  in  length, 
and  of  various  breadth,  interspersed  with  islands, 
and  checkered  with  inlets.  Its  eastern  banks  are 


covered  with  trees.  Along  the  western  bank, 
between  the  pond  and  Montcalm,  extends  the 
turnpike  road,  the  whole  distance  through  a 
beautiful  village,  shaded  to  the  north,  on  either 
side,  by  a  growth  of  trees.  Mascomy  River 
empties  into  this  pond.  On  the  W.  bank  is  a 
Shakers'  settlement.  Copper  and  other  valua- 
ble minerals  are  found  here.  Mountain  Pond, 
on  the  summit  of  Montcalm,  is  200  rods  long, 
and  100  wide.  First  settlers,  Nathaniel  Bicknell, 
Jonathan  Paddleford,  and  Elisha  Binghara.  10 
miles  S.  E.  from  Dartmouth  College,  and  42  N. 
W.  from  Concord. 

Bnfield,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  The  surface  of 
this  town  is  undulating,  and  watered  by  a  few 
small  streams.  The  soil  is  a  productive  loam.  5 
miles  W.  from  Ithaca,  and  175  W.  from  Albany. 

Enosburg,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  The  surface  is 
pleasantly  diversified  with  hills  and  valleys ;  but 
the  soil  is  better  adapted  to  grass  than  grain.  It  is 
well  watered  by  Missisco  and  Trout  Rivers,  and 
two  other  considerable  streams.  These  streams 
afford  numerous  and  excellent  mill  privileges. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  in  the  spring  of 
1797,  by  emigrants  mostly  from  other  townships 
in  the  state.  85  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Montpe- 
lier, and  37  N.  E.  from  Burlington. 

Ephratah,  N.  Y.,  Fulton  co.  Zimmerman's 
and  Garoga  Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface 
of  which  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  sandy  loam.  It 
is  located  6  miles  W.  from  Johnstown  village,  and 
51  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Ephratah,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  This  town  was 
settled  by  a  religious  sect  called  Tunkers,  or 
Dunkers.  (See  Hayward's  Book  of  Religions.) 

Epping,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  This  town 
was  formerly  a  part  of  Exeter.  The  soil  in  gen- 
eral is  very  good.  Lamprey  River,  at  the  W.,  re- 
ceives the  Patuckaway,  and  runs  through  the 
whole  length  of  the  town.  Another  river  runs 
through  the  N.  part,  and  from  that  circumstance 
is  called  North  River.  29  miles  S.  E.  from  Con- 
cord, and  20  W.  from  Portsmouth. 

Epsom,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  surface  of 
the  town  is  generally  uneven.  The  principal 
eminences  are  called  McCoy's  Fort,  Nat's  and 
Nottingham  Mountains.  The  soil  is  in  general 
good.  Great  and  Little  Suncook  are  the  only 
streams  deserving  the  name  of  rivers.  Here  are 
3  ponds,  Chestnut,  Round,  and  Odiorne's.  Brown 
oxides,  sulphuret  of  iron,  varieties  of  quartz, 
feldspar,  and  schorl  are  found  here.  Terra  de 
senna  is  found  here  ;  it  constitutes  a  very  hand- 
some and  durable  paint  for  cabinet  work.  First 
settlers,  Theodore  Atkinson  and  others.  12  miles 
E.  from  Concord. 

Equality,  Is.,  c.  h.  Gallatin  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Saline  Creek.  187  miles  S.  S.  E.  from 
Springfield.  Salt  is  made  here. 

Erie  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Buffalo.  Bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Niagara,  E.  by  Genesee  and  Wyo- 
ming, S.  by  Cattaraugus  co.,  and  W.  by  Lake 
Erie.  It  is  watered  by  the  Niagara  River  and 
Buffalo,  Cayuga,  Cattaraugus,  Cazenove,  Seneca, 
Ellicott's,  Cauquaga,  and  Tonawanda  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  hilly  in  the  S.,  but  is 
mostly  level  or  gently  undulating.  The  soil  is 
generally  fertile,  yielding  large  crops  of  grass 
and  grain,  and  abundance  of  fruit.  There  are 
no  minerals  of  great  value  in  this  county.  It 
contains  several  Indian  reservations,  which  are 
mostly  inhabited  by  the  Seneca ^  tribe.  The 
Erie  "Canal  here  communicates  with  the  lake, 


364 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


and  a  branch  extends  into  the  city  of  Buffalo. 
The  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Kailroad  is  part- 
ly, and  the  Buffalo  and  Black  Eock  Railroad 
wholly,  within  this  county. 

Erie  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Sandusky  city.  N. 
part  on  Sandusky  Bay  and  Lake  Erie.  Drained 
by  Huron  and  Vermilion  Rivers.  Level  and 
fertile.  The  W.  part  crossed  by  three  railroads 
running  from  Sandusky  city  S.  S.  W.  and  W. 

Erie,  0.,  Sandusky  co.  Located  on  the  N. 
side  of  Portage  River,  near  Lake  Erie.  It  was 
organized  in  1833,  and  settled  by  the  Canadian 
French.  16  miles  N.  E.  from  Lower  Sandusky. 

Erie  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Erie.  Bounded  N. 
by  Lake  Erie  and  New  York,  E.  by  Warren  co., 
S.  by  Crawford  co.,  and  W.  by  Ohio.  Surface 
undulating,  and  watered  by  Conneaut,  Elk,  Wal- 
nut, and  other  creeks  flowing  into  Lake  Erie,  and 
French  Creek,  flowing  into  the  Alleghany  River. 
Soil  mostly  sand  and  clay,  well  suited  to  the 
growth  of  grass. 

Erie,  Pa.,  shire  town  of  Erie  co.  On  the  shore 
of  Lake  Erie,  272  miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg, 
90  miles,  on  the  lake,  S.  W.  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
and  94  N.  E.  from  Cleveland,  0.  Erie  is  built 
upon  a  bluff  pleasantly  overlooking  Presque  Isle 
Bay,  the  peninsula  of  which  forms  it,  and  the 
broad  expanse  of  the  lake  beyond.  The  site  is 
level,  and  the  town  is  regularly  laid  out  with  broad 
and  handsome  streets.  The  public  buildings 
are  generally  fine  specimens  of  architecture,  and 
many  of  the  private  residences  are  elegant,  mak- 
ing this  one  of  the  pleasantest  places  in  Penn- 
sylvania. The  Reed  Hotel,  after  the  plan  of  the 
Astor  House,  in  New  York,  is  a  splendid  estab- 
lishment. The  town  contains  the  usual  county 
buildings ;  a  splendid  Doric  temple,  of  marble, 
formerly  used  by  a  branch  of  the  U.  S.  Bank  of 
Pa.,  now  by  the  Erie  Bank ;  an  academy ;  and 
several  churches  of  different  denominations. 

This  place  has  good  commercial  advantages, 
being  on  one  of  the  best  harbors  of  Lake  Erie, 
which  is  generally  free  from  ice  a  month  earlier 
than  that  of  Buffalo ;  and  being  connected,  by  a 
canal,  with  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Beaver,  and  thence  by  the  river  with  Pittsburg, 
and,  by  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  with  Philadelphia. 
The  canal  basin"  connected  with  the  harbor  at 
Erie,  is  2000  feet  long  by  1000  feet  wide.  It  is 
connected  by  railroad  with  Buffalo  on  the  E., 
and  with  Cleveland  on  the  W. 

During  the  war  of  1812,  Erie  was  an  impor- 
tant military  and  naval  station.  Here,  with 
most  incredible  despatch,  was  built  the  fleet  with 
which  Commodore  Perry  gained  his  victory  on 
Lake  Erie,  on  the  10th  of  September,  1813. 
Scarcely  70  days  from  the  time  the  timber  was 
Standing  in  the  forest,  the  whole  squadron,  con- 
sisting of  3  brigs,  5  schooners,  and  1  sloop,  was 
ready  for  action. 

Erin,  N.  Y.,  Chemung  co.  Watered  by  Cayu- 
ta  Creek  and  some  other  small  streams.  The 
eurface  is  hilly  ;  the  soil  hardly  of  medium 
quality.  8  miles  E.  from  Elmira",  and  190  W. 
by  S.  from  Albany. 

Errol,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  This  town  is  situated 
on  the  W.  of  Umbagog  Lake.  Several  streams 
unite  here  with  the  Androscoggin.  The  surface 
is  rough ;  the  soil  cold  and  hard  to  till.  First 
Bettlers,  Timothy  Rugglcs  and  others,  February 
28,  1774.  Distances,  30  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Lan- 
caster, and  108  from  Concord. 

Erring,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.     Until  1838,  the  ter- 


ritory of  this  town  was  called  "  Erving's  Grant." 
It  is  watered  on  its  S.  side  by  Miller's  River,  a 
beautiful  mill  stream,  and  Connecticut  River 
washes  its  N.  W.  corner.  There  is  much  ele- 
vated land  in  the  town,  affording  excellent  pas- 
turage. 10  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Greenfield,  and 
80  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  railroad. 

Erwin,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Situated  at  the 
junction  of  Conhocton  and  Tioga  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Bath,  and 
210  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Escambia  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Pensacola.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  Alabama,  E.  by  Escambia  Riv- 
er, separating  it  from  Santa  Rosa  co.,  S.  by 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Perdido  River, 
separating  it  from  Alabama.  The  surface,  near 
the  coast,  is  level,  but  in  the  interior  more  ele- 
vated. The  soil  is  mostly  sterile. 

Esopus,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Hudson.  Watered  by  Wallkill  and  Rondout 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  rather  hilly ;  the  soil 
mostly  sandy  clay  and  loam.  7  miles  S.  from 
Kingston,  and  68  S.  from  Albany. 

Essex,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  On  Connecticut 
River,  7  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  town 
of  Saybrook.  37  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Hartford. 
It  has  considerable  shipping  and  trade,  and 
something  is  done  at  ship  building. 

Essex  County,  Ms.  Salem,  Ipswich,  and  New- 
buryport,  shire  towns.  This  county  is  bounded 
N.  W.  by  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  S.  W.  by  Mid- 
dlesex co. ;  S.  by  Suffolk  co.,  E.  and  N.  E.  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  S.  E.  by  Massachu- 
setts Bay.  There  is  much  good  land  in  this 
county,  but  its  surface  is  rocky  and  uneven. 
It  has  an  extensive  sea-coast,  indented  with  nu- 
merous bays,  inlets,  and  capacious  harbors.  It 
is  more  densely  populated  than  any  county  of 
its  size  in  the  U.  S.  It  has  great  wealth,  and  its 
commerce  and  fisheries  are  unrivalled  by  any 
section  of  country,  of  its  extent,  on  the  globe. 
It  has  many  beautiful  ponds,  and  commanding 
elevations,  and  its  seaboard  is  the  delight  of 
every  beholder.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Merrimac,  Ipswich,  and  the  Shawsheen. 

Essex,  Ms..  Essex  co.  This  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Ipswich,  and  is  watered  by  a  little  river 
called  Chebacco,  which  empties  into  Squam. 
Bay,  and  gives  it  some  mill  privileges,  and  navi- 
gable accommodations.  Essex  is  a  pleasant, 
flourishing  town,  and  contains  many  fine  farms. 
It  is  a  great  place  for  building  small  vessels  em- 
ployed in  the  fisheries. 

Essex  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Newark.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Passaic  and  Bergen  counties,  E.  by 
Bergen  and  Richmond,  S.  by  Middlesex,  and 
W.  by  Somerset  and  Morris  counties.  Watered 
by  the  Passaic.  Rahway,  and  some  other  rivers, 
which  afford  fine  water  power.  Surface  moun- 
tainous ;  soil  mostly  red  shale. 

Essex  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Elizabethtown. 
Bounded  on  the  N.  by  Clinton  co,  E.  by  Lake 
Champlain,  S.  by  Wan-en,  and  W.  by  Frank- 
lin and  Hamilton  counties.  It  contains  sev- 
eral small  lakes,  and  is  watered  by  Au  Sable. 
Boquet,  Saranac,  and  several  smaller  rivers,  and 
the  head  waters  of  the  Hudson.  The  surface  is 
hilly  and  mountainous,  much  the  highest  peaks 
in  the  state  occurring  in  this  county.  Mount 
Marcy,  in  the  town  of  Keene,  is  elevated  5467 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  soil  is 
fertile  on  the  borders  of  the  lake,  but  sterile  in 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


365 


the  interior.  Its  principal  riches  are  its  mineral 
productions,  in  which  it  surpasses  any  county  in 
the  state.  Iron  ore  of  different  kinds,  graphite,  and 
marble  are  among  the  most  important  deposits. 

Essex,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  On  the  W.  border  of 
Lake  Champlain.  Watered  by  Boquet  River. 
The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil  good  on  the  E.  part. 
10  miles  N.  E.  from  Elizabethtown,  and  135  N. 
N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Essex  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Guildhall.  This  coun- 
ty is  bounded  N.  by  Canada,  E.  and  S.  by  Con- 
necticut River,  which  separates  it  from  Coos 
co.,  N.  H.,  S.  W.  by  Caledonia  co.,  and  W. 
by  Orleans  co.  This  county  is  the  least  popu- 
lous in  the  state,  with  the  exception  of  Grand 
Isle  co.  The  settlements  are  mostly  confined 
to  the  towns  lying  along  Connecticut  River. 
The  county  is  in  general  very  uneven,  and  the 
soil  rocky  and  unproductive.  It  comprehends 
that  part  of  the  country  called  Upper  Coos,  which 
lies  on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  River.  Nul- 
hegan  River  is  the  principal  stream,  which  is 
wholly  within  the  county.  This  and  several 
smaller  tributaries  of  the  Connecticut  water  the 
eastern  parts.  Passumpsic,  Moose,  and  Clyde 
Rivers,  and  several  streams,  water  the  other  parts. 
Essex  co.  presents  a  great  variety  of  magnifi- 
cent scenery. 

Essex,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  There  are  no 
mountains,  and  but  few  hills  in  this  township. 
The  S.  and  W.  parts  are  timbered  principally 
with  pine.  The  soil  is  dry  and  sandy,  but  pro- 
duces good  rye  and  corn.  The  remaining  part 
of  the  township  is  timbered  with  hard  wood,  and 
is  more  natural  to  grass.  Winooski  River  wash- 
es the  S.  boundary.  In  this  river  are  two  falls. 
The  lower,  called  Hubbell's  Falls,  afford  several 
valuable  mill  privileges.  Brown's  River,  Ste- 
ven's, Alder,  and  Crooked  Brooks  are  considerable 
streams.  On  Winooski  River  are  beautiful  tracts 
of  intervale.  The  first  permanent  settlement 
was  made  in  1783,  by  Messrs.  Smiths,  Winchels, 
and  Willard.  The  settlers  were  principally  from 
Salisbury,  Ct.  7  miles  N.  E.  from  Burling- 
ton. The  Vermont  Central  Railroad  passes 
through  the  town. 

Essex  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Tappahannock. 
Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  Rappahannock  River, 
separating  it  from  King  George,  Westmoreland, 
and  Richmond  counties,  S.  by  Middlesex  co., 
and  W.  by  King  and  Queen,  and  Caroline  coun- 
ties. Surface  rather  uneven ;  soil  fertile  on  the 
streams,  but  elsewhere  sandy  and  sterile. 

Estill  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Irvine.  Bounded  N. 
by  a  branch  of  the  Kentucky  River,  separating  it 
from  Clark  co.,  E.  by  Montgomery  and  Owsley 
counties,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Madison  co.  Drain- 
ed by  the  Kentucky  River  and  its  tributaries. 

Estillville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Scott  co.  On  Moccassin 
Creek,  a  branch  of  Clinch  River.  W.  by  S.  from 
Richmond  344  miles. 

Etna,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  A  farming  town. 
63  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Eugene,  la.,  Vermilion  co.  On  the  S.  side  of 
Big  Vermilion  River,  l£  miles  from  the  Wabash 
River,  and  85  miles  W.  from  Indianapolis;!  The 
river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  this  place. 

Eutaw.  Aa.,  c.  h.  Greene  co. 

Eulalia,  Pa.,  Potter  co.  The  E.  branch  of  Sin- 
nemahoning  River  and  its  tributaries  water  this 
town.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  vegetable  mould  and 
loam.  187  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

)  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.    On  the  border  of  Lake 


Erie.  Watered  by  Big  and  Little  Sister  Creeks 
and  some  other  small  streams.  The  surface 
is  hilly;  the  soil  very  productive.  16  miles 
S.  from  Buffalo,  and  293  W.  from  Albany. 

Evansville,  la.,  c.  h.  Vanderburg  co.  On  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  great  North 
Bend,  below  the  mouth  of  Green  River,  and  172 
miles  S.  W.  by  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Evesham,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  Watered  by 
Rancocus  and  Raines's  Creeks  and  the  head 
branches  of  Little  Egg  Harbor.  Surface  level ; 
soil  chiefly  good  sandy  loam.  34  miles  S.  from 
Trenton. 

Exeter,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  A  good  farming 
town.  65  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The  compact 
part  of  the  town  lies  about  the  falls,  which  sep- 
arate the  fresh  from  the  tide  water  of  a  branch  of 
the  Piscataqua,  known  by  the  name  of  Exeter 
River.  Above  the  falls,  this  stream  assumes  the 
name  of  Great  River.  At  the  Mis  are  several 
large  manufacturing  establishments,  and  me- 
chanical operations  are  largely  carried  on  in 
the  town.  The  soil  is  good,  though  various. 
Phillips  Academy,  in  Exeter,  was  founded  by 
the  liberal  donations  of  John  Phillips,  LL.  D., 
in  1781.  Exeter  has  at  all  periods  of  its  his- 
tory possessed  eminent  and  useful  men.  Some 
of  the  first  lawyers  and  jurists,  antiquarians  and 
scholars,  have  received  their  early  education  at 
its  literary  institution.  The  village  is  handsome, 
and  affords  a  pleasant  place  of  residence.  The 
Maine  Railroad  passes  through  it.  First  set- 
tlers, John  Wheelwright  and  others,  in  1638.  40 
miles  S.  E.  by  E.  from  Concord,  and  14  S.  W. 
from  Portsmouth. 

Exeter,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Watered  by  Cana- 
deraga  Lake,  Butternut  and  Wharton's  Creeks, 
and  several  other  small  streams.  The  surface  is 
elevated  and  hilly  ;  soil  well  adapted  to  grazing. 
10  miles  N.  W.  from  Cooperstown,  and  78  W. 
from  Albany. 

Exeter,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Drained  by  Manokesy 
and  Roush  Creeks,  tributaries  of  the  Schuylkill 
River.  Surface  hilly  or  undulating  ;  soil  tolera- 
bly fertile. 

Exeter,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Drained  by  Gardner's 
Creek  and  Cascade  Run,  tributaries  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna  River,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  E., 
and  is  traversed  by  the  Shawney  Mountains,  on 
the  E.  side  of  which  are  found  beds  of  anthracite 
coal.  The  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  S.  part  of 
this  town  was  the  scene  of  the  celebrated  battle 
of  Wyoming,  fought  in  1778.  129  miles  N.  N. 
E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Exeter,  R.  I.,  Washington  co.  This  is  an  agri- 
cultural and  manufacturing  town.  The  town  is 
very  large,  being  12  by  5  miles.  The  surface  is 
much  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys  ;  the  soil  is 
a  gravelly  loam,  and  very  productive  of  all  the 
varieties  common  to  the  climate.  The  products 
of  the  dairy  are  considerable.  Branches  of  Wood 
River  give  this  town  a  good  water  power.  24 
miles  S.  W.  from  Providence. 

Fabius,  Mo.,  Marion  co. 

Fabius,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  This  town  is 
drained  by  the  head  branches  of  Tioughnioga 
River.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  favorable 
to  the  growth  of  grass.  Remains  of  ancient  fortifi- 
cations are  found  here.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Syra- 
cuse, and  121  W.  from  Albany. 

Fairfax,   Vt.,  Franklin  co.      The  surface  is 


366 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


somewhat  uneven,  and  the  soil  light  and  easily 
cultivated,  producing  good  corn  and  rye.  Its 
principal  streams  are  the  River  Lamoille,  Brown's 
Kiver,  Parmelee's  and  Stone's  Brooks,  all  of 
which  afford  good  mill  privileges.  The  great 
falls,  in  the  Lamoille,  88  feet  in  30  rods,  are  situ- 
ated in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  town.  In  this  town 
are  2  pleasant  villages.  Broadstreet  Spafford 
and  his  two  sons,  Nathan  and  Asa,  came  into 
this  township  from  Piermont,  N.  H.,  in  1783. 
They  soon  after  removed  their  families  here.  37 
miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  12  S.  E.  from 
St.  Albans. 

Fairfax  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Fairfax.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Potomac  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Maryland,  E.  by  the  District 
of  Columbia,  S.  W.  by  Ocoquan  River,  separ- 
ating it  from  Prince  William  co.,  and  N.  W. 
by  Loudon  co.  The  interior  is  watered  by  Dif- 
ficult Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Potomac.  Surface 
rough  and  hilly ;  soil  mostly  of  poor  quality. 

Fairfax,  Va.,  c.  h.  Fairfax  co.  121  miles  N. 
from  Richmond. 

Fairfield  County,  Ct.  Fairfield  and  Danbury 
are  the  shire  towns.  This  county  is  bounded  N. 
by  Litchfield  co.,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Housatonic 
River,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Long  Is'land  Sound, 
and  W.  by  the  state  of  New  York.  This  is  a  fine 
farming  section  of  country,  agreeably  diversified 
in  regard  to  surface,  with  a  strong  fertile  soil, 
and  possesses  great  natural  agricultural  resources. 
Fairfield  co.  extends  nearly  40  miles  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  and  enjoys  great  facilities  for  navi- 
gation and  the  fisheries.  The  beautiful  Housa- 
tonic washes  its  N.  E.  boundary,  and  the  Sauga- 
tuck,  Norwalk,  Mill,  Pequonoc,  and  other  rivers 
afford  it  an  ample  water  power.  It  contains 
many  villages  of  superior  beauty,  and  abounds 
in  scenery  of  an  interesting  character.  First  set- 
tled 1639. 

Fairfield,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  This  is  the  shire 
town,  and  comprises  three  parishes,  Fairfield,  the 
seat  of  justice,  Green's  Farms,  and  Greenfield. 
Its  Indian  name  was  Unquowa.  The  surface  of 
the  town  is  undulating  and  very  pleasant.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  well  cultivated,  and  productive  of 
wheat  and  rye,  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits  and 
vegetables  for  New  York  market.  Black  Rock 
Harbor  is  safe  and  easy  of  entrance  for  vessels 
drawing  19  feet  of  water  at  common  tides.  There 
is  but  little  water  power  in  Fairfield,  except  that 
produced  by  the  tide. 

In  the  year  1637,  the  tract  of  country  which 
now  forms  the  town  of  Fairfield  was  discovered 
by  Captain  Mason  and  the  troops  of  Massachu- 
setts and  Connecticut  under  his  command,  when 
they  pursued  the  Pequots  to  the  swamp  in  this 
town  Bearing  the  name  of  "Pequot  Swamp." 
This  is  the  spot  made  memorable  by  the  great 
fight  that  took  place  there  between  those  troops 
and  the  Pequots,  terminating  in  the  almost  en- 
tire destruction  of  that  once  powerful  and  warlike 
nation  of  savages.  There  are  no  Indian  marks 
left  by  which  this  swamp  can  be  traced  as  the 
place  of  their  extermination,  except  a  mound  of 
earth  in  the  centre  of  it,  considered  as  a  place  of 
safety,  evidently  the  effect  of  art,  with  a  raised 
footpath  leading  from  it  to  the  surrounding  high 
grounds.  21  miles  S.  W.  from  New  Haven, 
on  the  New  Haven  and  New  York  Railroad. 

Fairfteld,  N.  J..  Cumberland  co.  Watered  by 
Cohansey,  Nantuxet.  and  Cedar  Creeks.  Sur- 
face level  and  sandy,  with  a  marshy  strip  border- 


ing on  Delaware  Bay.    12  miles  S.  by  W.  from 
Trenton. 

Fairfield,  N.  Y.,  Hei-kimer  co.  Drained  by 
West  Canada  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and 
somewhat  rocky ;  the  soil  fertile,  and  well  adapt- 
ed to  grass.  10  miles  N.  from  Herkimer,  and  81 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Fairfield,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Kennebec  River,  watered  by  a  small  stream  run- 
ning into  the  Kennebec,  and  by  a  branch  of  Wa- 
terville  River.  This  is  a  fertile  township  of  land, 
with  a  pleasant  village.  26  miles  N.  from  Augus- 
ta, to  which  the  Kennebec  is  navigable. 

Fairfield,  0.,  Greene  co.  On  a  spacious  plain 
surrounded  by  hills  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  Mad  Riv- 
er. 57  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Columbus. 

Fairfield,  Pa.,  Westmoreland  co.  Drained  by 
streams  flowing  into  Conemaugh  River,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  N.  E.  Surface  mostly  level ; 
soil  calcareous  loam. 

Fairfield  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Winnsboro'. 
Bounded  N.  by  Chester  district,  E.  by  Lancaster 
and  Kershaw  districts,  S.  by  Richland  district,  and 
W.  by  Broad  River,  separating  it  from  Lexing- 
ton, Newberry,  and  Union  counties.  Watered  by 
Wateree,  Little,  and  Broad  Rivers.  Soil  very 
productive. 

Fairfield,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  Black  Creek  and 
Fairfield  River  cross  this  to.wnship,  and  afford 
good  mill  privileges.  Smithfield  Pond,  in  the 
westerly  part  of  the  town,  is  about  3  miles  long  and 
\h  broad.  The  township  was  originally  covered 
with  hard  wood.  The  surface  is  uneven,  but  very 
little  of  it  is  so  broken  as  to  be  unfit  for  cultiva- 
tion. The  soil  is  generally  good.  The  first  set- 
tler of  this  town  was  Mr.  Joseph  Wheeler.  He 
moved  into  it  with  his  family  in  March,  1788.  45 
miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  27  N.  N.  E. 
from  Burlington. 

Fairfield  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Lancaster,  situ- 
ated a  little  S.  E.  of  the  centre  of  the  state,  on 
the  height  of  land  between  the  Muskingum  and 
Scioto  Rivers,  having  Licking  co.  on  the  N.. 
Perry  on  the  E.,  Hocking  on  the  S.  E.  and  S., 
and  Pickaway  and  Franklin  on  the  W.  The  prin- 
cipal streams  are  the  head  waters  of  the  Hock- 
hocking  River,  which  runs  S.  E.  into  the  Ohio 
The  western  and  northern  parts  are  mostly  level, 
and  the  soil  highly  fertile.  The  middle  and  east- 
ern portions  are  more  undulating,  but  still  with  a 
good  soil ;  while  the  southern  becomes  hilly  and 
broken,  with  a  thin  soil,  composed,  in  many  places, 
of  sand  and  gravel.  The  staple  productions  of 
the  county  are  wheat  and  the  various  grains, 
potatoes,  and  tobacco. 

Among  the  physical  features  of  this  county  is 
one  which  is  worthy  of  notice,  consisting  of 
abrupt,  precipitous,  and  conical  ledges  of  rock,  • 
covered  with  little  or  no  vegetation,  interspersed 
in  a  promiscuous  manner  in  every  direction. 
One  of  these,  about  a  mile  N.  E.  from  Lancaster, 
is  very  remarkable,  rising  to  the  height  of  about 
200  feet.  A  writer  on  the  geology  of  the  state 
says,  "  What  is  properly  called  the  sandstone 
formation  terminates,  near  Lancaster,  in  immense 
detached  mural  precipices,  like  the  remains  of 
ancient  islands.  One  of  these,  called  Mount 
Pleasant,  seated  on  the  border  of  a  large  plain, 
affords,  from  its  top,  a  fine  view  of  the  adjacent 
country.  The  base  is  a  mile  and  a  half  in  cir- 
cumference, while  the  apex  is  only  about  30  by 
100  yards,  resembling,  at  a  distance,  a  huge  pyr- 
amid. These  lofty  towers  of  sandstone  are  like 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


367 


so  many  monuments  to  point  out  the  boundaries 
of  that  ancient  Western  Mediterranean  which  once 
covered  the  present  rich  prairies  of  Ohio."  Mount 
Pleasant  is  tolerably  easy  of  ascent  from  the  N.  E., 
and  is  much  resorted  to  by  tourists  and  parties 
of  pleasure  for  the  extensive  prospect  of  the  sur- 
rounding country  which  it  commands.  Lancaster 
is  supplied  from  this  mountain  with  abundance 
of  building  stone  and  sand. 

The  main  trunk  of  the  Ohio  Canal  traverses 
the  N.  W.  section  of  this  county,  and  the  Hock- 
hocking  Canal,  which  is  a  branch  from  the  same, 
passing  S.  E.  through  Lancaster  to  Logan,  on 
the  Hockhocking  Elver,  opens  a  channel  of 
transportation  directly  through  the  centre  of  the 
county. 

Fairfield  co.  was  constituted,  by  proclama- 
tion of  Governor  St.  Clair,  December  9,  1800. 
Lancaster,  which  had  been  laid  out,  in  the  fall  of 
the  same  year,  by  Ebenezer  Zane,  was  designated 
as  the  county  seat ;  and,  as  the  tide  of  emigra- 
tion was  at  this  time  setting  in  with  great  force, 
the  town  experienced  a  rapid  growth.  It  is  re- 
lated of  the  early  inhabitants,  that,  in  the  absence 
of  temperance  statutes,  they  met  and  enacted  the 
following  :  "  That  any  person  of  the  town  found 
intoxicated  should,  for  every  such  offence,  dig  a 
stump  out  of  the  streets,  or  else  suffer  personal 
chastisement  "  —  a  law  which  either  in  the  keep- 
ing or  breaking  must  happily  have  enured  to  the 
benefit  of  the  town. 

Fairhaven,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  Previous  to  1812, 
this  town  was  a  part  of  New  Bedford.  The  vil- 
lages of  Fairhaven  and  Bedford,  at  the  head  of 
Buzzard's  Bay,  were  laid  out  about  the  year  1764, 
on  opposite  sides  of  the  Acushnet  River,  which 
expands  between  the  two  villages,  and  forms  a 
safe  and  commodious  harbor  of  nearly  a  mile  in 
breadth.  At  Acushnet  village,  in  this  town,  is  a 
good  water  power  Fairhaven  is  connected  with 
New  Bedford  by  a  bridge  across  the  Acushnet ; 
also  by  a  steam  ferry.  This  is,  indeed,  a  fair 
haven;  from  the  circumstance  of  its  beauty  it 
was  thus  justly  named. 

Fair  Haven,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  The  surface  of 
the  township  consists  of  swells  and  vales.  The 
soil  is  various,  consisting  of  gravel,  sand,  and 
marl  Along  the  rivers  the  soil  is  alluvial,  and 
very  productive.  There  is  a  variety  of  timber. 
The  principal  streams  are  Poultney  and  Castle- 
ton  Rivers.  About  one  mile  above  Fair  Haven 
village,  Castleton  River  receives  the  waters  of 
Lake  Bombazine,  and  one  mile  W.  of  the  village, 
it  joins  Poultney  River,  and,  after  running  3  miles 
farther,  falls  into  the  lake.  Between  the  junc- 
tion of  these  streams  and  the  lake  are  two  con- 
siderable falls.  The  settlement  commenced  in 
1779,  by  people  from  Connecticut  and  Massa- 
chusetts. 1 6  miles  W.  from  Rutland. 

Fairmount,  Va.,  c.  h.  Marion  co.  On  the  Mo- 
nongahela  and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

/'airport,  0.,  Painesville  township,  Lake  co., 
was  called  Grandon  for  a  short  time  after  it  was 
laid  out.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Erie,  also  on  the  E.  bank  of  Grand 
River,  at  its  mouth.  Considerable  business  is  car- 
ried on  here.  There  is  an  excellent  harbor,  and  it 
is  a  regular  place  of  landing  and  embarkation  for 
passengers  between  the  western  country  and  the 
state  of  New  York.  Distances  170  miles  N.  E. 
from  Columbus,  and  32  N.  E.  from  Cleveland. 
This  is  the  port  of  Painesville,  and  connected 
with  it  by  a  railroad  3  miles  long. 


Fairlee,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  This  is  a  rough  and 
mountainous  township,  with  very  little  produc- 
tive land,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  River, 
and  connected  with  Orford,  N.  H.,  by  a  bridge 
across  that  river.  Fairlee  Pond  is  2  miles  in 
length,  and  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  in  1766,  by  Mr. 
Baldwin.  Distances  17  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Chel- 
sea, and  31  S.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Fairview,  Pa.,  Erie  co.  On  Lake  Erie,  and 
drained  by  Walnut  and  Elk  Creeks.  Surface 
hilly  ;  soil  gravelly  loam.  267  miles  N.  W.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Fairview,  Pa.,  York  co.  Surface  somewhat 
hilly,  and  watered  by  Yellow  Breeches,  Fishing, 
and  Newberry  Creeks  ;  soil  gravel  and  calcareous 
loam.  17  miles  N.  W.  from  York. 

Fairview,  0.,  Guernsey  co.  105  miles  E.  from 
Columbus. 

Fall  River,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  Port  of  entry. 
54  miles,  by  railroad,  S.  from  Boston,  18  S.  E. 
from  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  18  N.  N.  E.  from 
Newport.  Population  in  1810, 1296  ;  1820, 1594  : 
1830,4158;  1840,  6738;  1850,  11,522. 

This  flourishing  town  lies  at  the  head  of  the 
eastern  arm  of  the  Narraganset  Bay,  called 
Mount  Hope  Bay,  where  it  receives  the  Taunton 
River.  It  has  taken  its  name  from  another  river 
which  here  falls  into  the  bay  from  the  E.,  by  a 
descent  over  its  rocky  bed,  in  less  than  half  a 
mile,  of  over  130  feet.  This  river  forms  the  out- 
let of  Watuppa  Ponds,  which  lie  about  2  miles 
E.  of  the  village.  The  area  of  these  ponds  is 
about  5000  acres ;  and  their  principal  supply  for 
the  fine  water  power  which  they  create  is  from 
perpetual  internal  springs.  The  town  of  Fall 
River  is  almost  without  a  parallel  in  respect  to 
the  union  of  an  extensive  hydraulic  power,  with 
a  position  immediately  upon  navigable  waters. 
The  river,  for  almost  its  entire  length,  flows  from 
the  ponds  upon  a  granite  bed,  and  for  much  of 
the  distance  it  is  confined  between  high  granite 
banks.  This  water  power,  therefore,  has  all,  or 
nearly  all,  to  be  occupied  between  these  banks  ; 
and  the  wheels,  upon  which  it  is  brought  to  act, 
are  placed  directly  in  the  bed  of  the  river.  The 
whole  of  this  fall  is  now  occupied  by  large  man- 
ufacturing establishments,  generally  occupying 
each  a  separate  dam,  and  some  of  them  extend- 
ing entirely  across  the  river,  from  bank  to  bank ; 
and  so  rapidly  do  they  succeed  each  other,  that, 
there  is  scarcely  left  between  the  buildings  suf- 
ficient room  for  light  and  air. 

It  is  a  characteristic  of  this  river,  that  while  it 
affords  an  almost  uniform  and  constant  supply 
of  water,  it  is  never  subject  to  excess  ;  and  there- 
fore no  injury  or  inconvenience  has  ever  been 
experienced  from  so  peculiar  a  location  of  the 
mills.  The  great  business  of  Fall  River,  and 
that  mainly  which  has  given  to  it  its  present 
importance,  is  manufacturing.  The  hydraulic 
power  of  the  river,  although  comparatively  the 
volume  of  water  is  not  large,  is,  nevertheless, 
owing  to  the  steadiness  of  the  supply  and  the 
certainty  with  which  it  can  be  controlled,  avail- 
able to  a  much  greater  extent  than  usual.  Steam 
power  has  also  been  introduced  and  applied  to 
the  carrying  on  of  some  large  operations. 

The  principal  ma/mfactures  are  of  cotton, 
wool,  and  iron,  with  the  printing  of  calico  and 
the  making  of  machinery.  From  50,000  to 
75,000  spindles  are  employed  in  the  cotton  man- 
ufacture. The  calico  printing  works  turn  out 


36S 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


about  300,000  yards  a  week.  At  the  woollen 
factory,  satinets  and  cassimeres  are  made  in 
large  quantity.  The  machine  shop  employs  over 
100  hands,  and  turns  out  machinery  of  the  best 
quality,  and  of  every  description,  but  principally 
for  the  cotton  manufactories.  But  the  largest 
establishment,  and  that  which  excites  the  most 
curiosity  here,  is  one  for  the  manufacture  of  iron. 
These  works  are  operated  wholly  by  steam,  and 
employ  between  400  and  500  hands,  working  up 
into  nails,  hoops,  rods,  castings,  &c.,  from  10,000 
to  1 2,000  tons  of  iron  annually.  FJall  River  has 
also  its  full  share  of  "shop  manufactures.  There 
is  likewise  a  manufactory  of  sperm  oil  and 
candles. 

The  interests  of  navigation  at  this  place  are 
also  considerable.  The  harbor  has  a  sufficient 
depth  of  water  for  ships  of  the  largest  class,  and 
is  capacious  enough  almost  to  accommodate  the 
ships  of  the  whole  world.  It  is  one  of  the  places 
which  was  formerly  examined,  and  received  fa- 
vorable consideration,  by  the  government,  as  an 
eligible  site  for  a  naval  depot,  especially  with  a 
view  of  constructing  a  dry  dock  under  the  old 
system.  A  number  of  vessels  from  this  port  are 
engaged  in  the  whale  fishery.  Those  owned 
here,  and  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade,  are  nu- 
merous :  besides  a  large  number,  some  of  them 
of  a  large  class,  which  are  employed  to  bring 
lumber,  coal,  iron,  and  other  articles  consumed 
by  the  manufacturers  and  others  in  the  place. 

Fall  River  is  well  built.  The  surface  being 
elevated  and  uneven,  affords  fine  situations  for 
dwellings  ;  and,  for  a  manufacturing  town,  the 
location  is  pleasant  and  healthy.  The  churches, 
10  or  12  in  number,  are  all  of  them  neat,  well 
situated,  and  commodious.  Several  of  them  are 
large  and  elegant. 

This  place  has  within  its  immediate  vicinity 
an  abundance  of  fine  granite,  equal  in  quality  to 
any  in  the  country.  This  granite  is  extensively 
wrought,  giving  employment  to  numerous  per- 
sons. The  immense  fortifications  at  Newport 
have  been  mainly  constructed  with  granite  ob- 
tained at  this  place.  It  is  also  extensively  used 
for  building  purposes  in  the  village.  Some  very 
extensive  granite  buildings,  particularly  one  for 
a  market  and  town  hall,  have  been  erected  of 
this  material,  which  would  suffer  but  little  in 
comparison  with  buildings  for  like  purposes  in 
the  city  of  Boston. 

Fall  Eiver  was  formerly  a  part  of  Freetown, 
and  was  incorporated  by  its  present  name  about 
the  year  1802.  Soon  after,  the  name  was  changed 
to  Troy,  and  by  this  name  the  place  was  desig- 
nated for  about  30  years.  But  the  village,  which 
continues  to  be  called  Fall  River/becoming  at 
length  the  point  of  chief  importance,  this  name 
was  again  given  to  the  town,  by  act  of  the  legis- 
lature. 

On  Sunday,  July  2,  1843,  this  place  was  visit- 
ed by  one  of  the  most  destructive  fires,  in  pro- 
portion to  its  size,  which  has  ever  occurred  in 
this  country.  About  200  buildings,  including 
1  factory,  1  large  hotel,  and  3  churches,  were 
consumed.  The  energy  and  resources  of  the 
citizens  have  been  evinced  by  the  rapidity  with 
which  the  place  rose  from  its  ashes,  and  attained 
an  increase  even  upon  its  former  extent. 

Fall  River  is  on  one  of  the-^reat  daily  routes, 
by  railroad  and  steamboat,  between  Boston  and 
New  York,  and  is  variously  connected  with  that 
beautiful  network  of  railroads  by  which  all  the 


most  important  points  in  New  England  are 
brought  into  easy  communication  with  each 
other. 

Folk)  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  On  the  Delaware  River, 
opposite  Trenton,  and  drained  by  Scott's  and 
Penn's  Creeks.  Surface  undulating;  soil  loam 
and  sand. 

Falls,  Pa.,  Wyoming  co.  Bounded  W.  by  the 
Susquehanna  River,  and  drained  by  Buttermilk 
Falls  Creek,  which  has  a  perpendicular  descent 
of  30  feet.  Surface  uneven  or  mountainous  ; 
soil  well  adapted  to  grass  and  grain.  153  miles 
S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Falls  County,  Ts.    New. 

Fallsburg,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  Neversink 
River  and  some  of  the  head  branches  of  Rondout 
Creek  water  this  town.  The  surface  is  hilly ; 
soil  mostly  gravelly  loam.  8  miles  N.  from 
Monticello,  and  108  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Fallston,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  Situated  on  the  W. 
bank  of  Beaver  River,  and  has  good  mill  privi- 
leges. 229  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Falmouth,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Pendlcton  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  the  main  branch  of  Licking  River  with  it* 
S.  W.  fork.  60  miles  N.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Falmouth,  Me.     See  Appendix,  No.  4. 

Falmouth,  Ms.,  Barnstablc  co.  It  is  a  pleasant 
town  on  Vineyard  Sound.  Two  streams  afford 
the  town  water  power ;  also  40  ponds,  some  of 
fresh  and  some  of  salt  water,  which  are  well 
stocked  with  fish.  The  scenery  around  some  of 
these  ponds  is  delightful;  one  of  them  is  of 
sufficient  depth  of  water  for  ships  of  any  class 
The  Indian  name  of  this  place  was  Saccanesset. 
Wood's  Hole,  in  this  town,  lies  about  4  miles  S. 
W.  from  Falmouth  village.  It  is  a  good  harbor, 
and  is  much  frequented  by  vessels,  and  by  inva- 
lids in  search  of  sea  air  and  bathing.  22  miles  S. 
W.  from  Barnstable,  and  70  S.  S.  E.  from  Boston. 

Falmouth,  Va.,  Stafford  co.  On  the  N.  side  of 
the  Rappahannock  River,  just  below  the  falls, 
and  64  miles  N.  from  Richmond.  There  are 
large  flouring  establishments  here. 

Fannet,  Pa.,  Franklin  co.  Tuscarora  Creek 
waters  this  town.  Surface  mountainous,  having 
Tuscarora  Mountain  on  its  W.  border ;  soil  cal- 
careous loam  and  slate.  16  miles  N.  from  Cham- 
bersburg. 

Fannin  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Bonham.  On  the 
north-eastern  border  of  the  state. 

Farmersville,  La.,  c.  h.  Union  parish.  On  the 
N.  side  of  Bayou  d'Arbonne.  333  miles  N.  W. 
from  New  Orleans. 

Farmersville,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Drained 
by  the  head  waters  of  Genesee  River.  Elevated 
and  hilly.  274  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Farmvitte,  Va,,  Prince  Edward  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Appomattox  River.  70  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Richmond.  A  large  capital  and  many 
hands  are  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  to- 
bacco. The  river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to 
Petersburg. 

Farmingdale,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  Formed  in 
1852,  from  parts  of  Gardiner,  West  Gardiner,  and 
Hallowell. 

Farmington,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  The  first  set- 
tlers of  this  town  were  from  Hartford,  being 
emigrants  from  the  neighborhood  of  Boston, 
Ms.  They  located  themselves,  in  1640,  on  the 
luxuriant  meadows  of  the  Tunxis,  or  Farming- 
ton  River,  10  miles  W.  from  Hartford.  The 
township  was  purchased  of  the  Tunxis  Indian?, 
a  numerous  and  warlike  tribe.  At  its  ineorpo 


IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


ration,  in  1645,  the  township  comprised  15  miles 
square  ;  since  which  the  pleasant  towns  of  South- 
ington,  Berlin,  Bristol,  Burlington,  and  Avon 
have  been  taken  from  the  original  territory  of 
Farmington. 

Farmington  River  rises  in  the  highlands  in  the 
N.  part  of  Berkshire  co.,  Ms.,  and  after  meander- 
ing delightfully  through  the  towns  of  New  Hart- 
ford and  Burlington,  in  a  S.  E.  direction,  it 
changes  its  course  at  Farmington  to  the  N.,  and 
passing  Avon  and  Simsbury  to  the  border  of 
Granby,  it  again  turns  abruptly  to  the  E.,  and 
meets  the  Connecticut  at  Windsor.  This  is  a 
beautiful  and  fertilizing  stream,  and  gives  to  the 
towns  through  which  it  passes,  but  particularly 
to  Farmington,  large  tracts  of  rich  alluvial 
meadows. 

Farmington  village  is  a  delightful  place,  on  an 
elevated  plain,  surrounded  by  high  hills.  It  is 
connected  with  New  Haven  by  railroad. 

Round  Hill,  in  the  meadows,  near  the  village, 
is  a  natural  curiosity.  It  rises  abruptly  to  the 
height  of  60  feet,  is  nearly  circular  in  its  form, 
and  covers  12  acres. 

Farmington,  Io.,  Van  Buren  co.  On  the  Des 
Moines  River.  Iron  ore,  coal,  and  building  stone 
abound  in  this  vicinity. 

Farmington,  Me.,  See  Appendix,  No.  6. 

Farmington,  Mo.,  c.  h.  St.  Francis  co.  S.  E. 
from  Jefferson  City  139  miles. 

Farmington,  N.  H.     See  Appendix,  No.  8. 

Farmington,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Mud  Creek 
and  a  small  branch  of  Canandaigua  outlet  water 
this  town.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  fer- 
tile, but  difficult  to  till.  The  Auburn  and  Roch- 
ester Railroad  crosses  the  S.  W.  angle.  7  miles 
N.  from  Canandaigua. 

Fauquier  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Warrenton. 
Bounded  N.  by  Warren,  Clarke,  and  Loudon 
counties,  E.  by  Prince  William,  S.  by  Stafford 
and  Culpepper,  and  W.  by  Rappahannock  co. 
Watered  by  the  Ocoquan  and  the  head  branches 
of  the  Rappahannock  River.  Surface  agreeably 
diversified  ;  soil  tolerably  fertile. 

Fayette  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Fayette  Court 
House.  Bounded  N.  by  Marion  and  Walker 
counties,  E.  by  Walker,  S.  by  Tuscaloosa  and 
Pickens  counties,  and  W.  by  Mississippi.  Sipsey 
and  Battahatchy  Rivers  and  Luxapatilla  Creek 
water  this  county.  Surface  slightly  uneven ;  soil 
fertile. 

Fayette  Court  House,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.  2 
miles  W.  from  Sipsey  River,  and  40  N.  W.  from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Fayette  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Fayetteville. 
Bounded  N.  by  be  Kalb  co.,  E.  by  Henry,  *S.  by 
Pike,  and  W.  by  Flint  River,  separating  it  from 
Coweta.  and  partly  from  Campbell  co.  The  sur- 
face is  level,  and  soil  fertile. 

Fayette  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Vandalia.  Bounded 
N.  by  Montgomery  and  Shelby  counties,  E.  by 
Effingham  and  Clay,  S.  by  Marion  and  Clinton 
counties,  and  W.  'by  Bond  and  Montgomery 
counties.  Watered  by  Kaskaskia  River  and  its 
tributaries.  Surface  level,  consisting  partly  of 
prairies,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  Kaskaskia, 
liable  to  inundation. 

Fayette  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Connersville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Henry  and  Wayne  counties,  E. 
by  Union,  S.  by  Franklin,  and  W.  by  Rush  co. 
Watered  by  White  River  and  its  head  branches, 
which  afford  extensive  hydraulic  power. 

Fayette  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  West  Union.    In 


the  N.  E.  angle.  Watered  by  Turkey  River  and 
its  branches. 

Fayette  County,  Ky.;  c.  h.  at  Lexington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Scott  and  Harrison  counties,  E. 
by  Bourbon  and  Clark,  S.  by  the  Kentucky 
River,  separating  it  from  Madison  co.,  and  W. 
by  Jessamine  co.  Surface  an  elevated  table 
land,  watered  by  the  head  branches  of  Elkhorn 
River  and  other  streams  flowing  into  the  Ken- 
tucky. Soil  of  excellent  quality. 

Fayette,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  A  good  township 
of  land.  17  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Fayette,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  80  miles  S.  W. 
from  Jackson,  and  25  N.  E.  from  Natchez. 

Fayette,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Howard  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Bonne  Fernme  Creek.  61  miles  N.  W.  from 
Jefferson  City.  Favette  College  is  located  here. 
See  Colleges. 

Fayette,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Cayuga,  and  W.  by  Seneca  Lake.  Seneca 
River  and  some  of  its  branches  water  the  town 
on  the  N.  The  surface  is  level ;  soil  fertile.  178 
miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Fayette  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Washington.  Clin- 
ton and  Green  counties  bound  it  on  the  W.,  Pick- 
away  and  Ross  on  the  E.,  Highland  on  the  S., 
and  Madison  co.  on  the  N.  The  land  is  level, 
and  of  a  good  quality,  and  is  watered  by  Deer 
and  Paint  Creeks.  Emigrants  from  Virginia 
and  Kentucky  settled  here  about  the  year  1805. 

Fayette  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Union.  Bounded 
N.  by  Westmoreland  co.,  E.  by  Somerset  co.,  S.  by 
Virginia,  and  W.  by  the  Monongahela  River, 
separating  it  from  Greene  and  Washington  coun- 
ties. Drained  by  the  Youghiogeny  River,  and 
Dunlap,  Brown's,  Redstone,  and  Cook's  Creeks. 
At  the  Ohiopile  Falls  the  Youghiogeny  River 
descends  60  feet  within  the  space  of  a  mile. 
The  surface  of  this  county  is  partly  mountain- 
ous, Laurel  Hill  and  the  Chestnut  Ridge  lying 
in  the  E.  part.  The  soil  is  fertile. 

Fayette,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by 
branches  of  Charter's  Creek.  Surface  hilly, 
abounding  with  coal;  soil  loam.  214  miles  W. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Fayette  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Somerville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Tipton  and  Haywood  counties,  E.  by 
Hardeman  co.,  S.  by  Mississippi,  and  W.  by 
Shelby  co.  Watered  by  Loosahatchy  and  Wolf 
Rivers.  Soil  fertile.  A  railroad  extends  from 
La  Grange,  in  this  county,  to  Memphis,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  a  side  branch  extends  to 
Somerville. 

Fayette  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  La  Grange.  S. 
central.  On  both  banks  of  the  Colorado. 

Fayette  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Fayetteville, 
Bounded  N.  by  Nicholas  co.,  E.  by  Greenbrier, 
S.  by  Mercer  and  Logan,  and  W.  by  Logan  and 
Kanawha  counties.  Watered  by  New  and  Gau- 
ley,  head  branches  of  the  Great  Kanawha  River, 
and  by  Clear  and  March,  branches  of  Coal 
River.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  on  New 
River,  2  miles  from  Fayetteville,  is  a  projection 
called  Long  Point,  the  top  of  which,  consisting 
of  a  flat  rock  covering  2  acres,  is  elevated  1500  feet 
above  the  water  of  the  river.  At  another  place, 
a  perpendicular  rock,  called  Hawk's  Nest,  or  Mar- 
shall's Pillar,  rises  1100  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  same  river.  Some  interesting  remains  of 
ancient  fortifications  are  also  found  in  this  county. 

Fayetteville,  As.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  Situated 
on  the  N.  W.  side  of  White  River.  196  miles 
N.  W.  from  Little  Rock. 


370 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


Fayetteville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.  On  a  branch 
of  Flint  River.  85  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Fayetteville,  N.  C.,  seat  of  justice  of  Cumber- 
land co.  On  the  W.  side  of  Cape  Fear  River, 
at  the  head  of  uninterrupted  boat  navigation, 
60  miles  S.  from  Raleigh.  The  town  is  pleasantly 
situated  about  a  mile  from  the  river,  and  is  reg- 
ularly laid  out,  with  streets  100  feet  in  width. 
An  arsenal  of  construction  has  been  established 
here  by  the  government.  There  is  a  good  water 
power,  on  which,  besides  the  shops  of  the  arsenal, 
there  are  a  number  of  cotton  factories,  flouring 
mills,  grist  mills,  and  saw  mills.  It  has  an  ac- 
tive trade  in  grain,  flour,  naval  stores,  and  tobacco. 
A  considerable  portion  of  this  place  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1831.  An  appeal  was  made, 
with  much  success,  to  the  sympathies  of  the  peo- 
ple throughout  the  United  States,  and  about 
$90,000  were  contributed  for  the  relief  of  the 
sufferers. 

Fayetteville,  0.,  Perry  township,  Brown  co.  25 
miles  N.  from  Georgetown. 

Fayetteville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Lincoln  co.     On  the  N. 
side  of  Elk  River.     86  miles  S.  from  Nashville. 
Fayetteville,  Vt.,  c.  h.  Windham  co.    In  the 
town  of  Newfane.    115  miles  S.  from  Montpelier. 
Fayetteville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.     2  miles  W. 
from  New  River,  a  little  above  its  junction  with 
Gauloy  River,  and  289  miles  W.  from  Richmond. 
Fayston,  Vt.,  Washington  co.    Fayston  is  gen- 
erally too  mountainous  to  be  much  cultivated. 
Along  the  borders  of  some  of  the  branches  of 
Mad  River,  which  rises  here,  is  some  arable  land. 
The  town  was  settled  in  1798,  by  Lynde  Wait, 
Esq.     16  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and 
25  S.  E.  from  Burlington. 

Fenner,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Watered  by  Chitte- 
nango  and  Canaseraga  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
undulating  ;  soil  of  good  quality.  8  miles  N.  W. 
from  Morrisville,  and  115  W.  by  N.from  Albany. 
Fentress  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  Jamestown.  Bounded 
N.  by  Kentucky,  E.  by  Campbell  co.,  S.  by  Mor- 
gan and  Putnam,  and  W.  by  Overton  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Obey's  River  and  White  Oak  Creek, 
branches  of  Cumberland  River. 

Ferdinand,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  This  town  was 
chartered  in  1761.  Paul's  Stream  affords  it  a 
good  water  power,  but  the  land  is  so  mountain- 
ous, rocky,  cold,  and  swampy,  that  people  do  not 
choose  to  cultivate  it. 

Ferguson,  Pa.,  Centre  co.  Spring  Creek  and 
its  branches  water  this  town.  Surface  mountain- 
ous, and  abounding  with  iron  ore ;  soil  calcareous 
loam  in  the  valleys.  1 1  miles  S.  from  Bellefonte. 
Ferrisbury,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  This  township  is 
•watered  principally  by  Otter,  Little  Otter,  and 
Lewis  Creeks.  In  Little  Otter  Creek  are  4,  and 
in  Lewis  Creek  3  commodious  falls,  on  which 
mills  and  other  machinery  are  erected.  Lake 
Champlain  is  on  the  western  boundary.  In  this 
township  is  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  lake, 
called  Basin  Harbor.  The  surface  of  the  north 
eastern  part  is  somewhat  hilly.  The  remaining 
parts,  especially  the  western,  are  remarkably 
level.  No  township  in  the  state  has  afforded 
more  or  better  timber  for  market  than  this.  The 
soil  is  various.  It  is  a  good  grazing  township. 
A  part  of  this  town  was  annexed  to  Panton  in 
1847.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made 
in  1784  and  1785,  by  emigrants  from  Bennington, 
in  this  state,  and  from  Connecticut.  16  miles  N. 
W.  from  Middlebury,  and  34  W.  from  Montpelier. 


Fincastle,  Va.,  c.  h.  Botetourt  co.  On  the  S.  E. 
slope  of  Catawba  valley,  175  miles  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Findlay,  Pa..  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by  Mon- 
ture's  Run,  and  branches  of  Racoon  Creek.  Sur- 
face hilly  ;  soil  loam.  15  m.  N.  W.  from  Pittsburg. 

Finley,  0.,  c.  h.  Hancock  co. 

Fishing  Creek,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  Drained  by 
Fishing  Creek.  Surface  mountainous ;  soil  gravel 
and  clay.  101  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  This  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  wealthiest  inland  towns  in  the 
state.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hud- 
son River,  and  drained  by  the  Fishkill  and  Wap- 
pinger's  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating  on  the 
N.,  and  on  the  S.  hilly  and  mountainous.  There 
are  several  quarries  of  iron  ore,  marble,  and  black 
lead.  The  soil  is  uncommonly  fertile.  10  miles 
S.  from  Poughkeepsie,  and  88  S.  from  Albany. 

Fishkill  Landing,  N.  Y.,  in  Fishkill,  Dutchess 
co.  On  the  Hudson  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Fish- 
kill  Creek,  90  miles  S.  from  Albany.  A  steam 
ferry  connects  this  place  with  Newburg,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Hudson. 

Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  King's  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  mostly  level ;  the  soil  productive  when 
properly  tilled.  4  miles  S.  E.  from  Brooklyn, 
and  149  S.  from  Albany. 

Fitchburg,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Lunenburg.  A  large  branch  of  the 
Nashua,  and  two  smaller  streams,  pass  through 
the  town,  and  afford  it  an  extensive  and  con- 
stant water  power.  Over  the  Nashua  are  a 
large  number  of  dams,  and  the  river  in  the 
course  of  two  miles  puts  in  motion  a  number  of 
cotton  and  other  factories.  This  is  a  very  flour- 
ishing and  growing  town,  having  received  a 
great  impulse  since  the  completion  of  the  rail- 
roads by  which  it  is  connected  with  Boston, 
Worcester,  Lowell,  and  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut. Near  the  principal  village  is  an  im- 
mense quarry  of  excellent  granite.  The  surface 
is  uneven ;  the  soil  strong  and  fertile.  In  some 
parts  the  hills  are  large,  high,  and  steep.  Roll- 
stone  and  Pearl  Hills  are  the  principal  ones.  49 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  24  N.  from 
Worcester. 

Fitzwilliam,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  Camp  and 
Priest  Brooks  are  the  principal  streams.  South 
Pond,  230  rods  long,  and  of  various  width  ;  Slip's 
Pond,  200  rods  long  and  100  wide  ;  Rockwood's 
Pond,  and  Collin's  Pond,  are  the  only  natural 
collections  of  waters.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil 
rocky,  and  suitable  for  grazing  and  tillage.  There 
is  very  valuable  meadow  land  found  here.  Near 
the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  large  hill,  noted  for 
its  romantic  prospect.  Gap  Mountain,  on  which 
are  found  various  stones  suitable  for  whetstones, 
lies  partly  in  this  town.  First  settlers,  James 
Reed,  John  Fassett,  Benjamin  Bigelow,  and 
others,  in  1760.  13  miles  S.  E.  from  Keene,  and 
60  S.  W.  from  Concord.  The  Cheshire  Railroad 
passes  through  it. 

Flatbush,  N.  Y.,  King's  co.,  L.  I.  8  miles  S.  E. 
from  New  York  city.  The  seat  of  justice  for 
King's  co.  was  here  until  1832,  when  it  was  re- 
moved to  the  city  of  Brooklyn.  Jt  is  a  small  but 
pleasant  town,  containing  two  churches,  and  an 
academy  of  long-established  reputation.  The 
Dutch  Reformed  Church  is  of  gray  stone,  with 
tower,  bell,  and  spire.  From  its  vicinity  to  New 
York,  this  is  a  pleasant  place  of  resort  in  the 
warm  season.  Prospect  Hill,  half  a  mile  N.  W. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


371 


of  the  village,  about  200  feet  in  height,  overlooks 
four  of  the  adjacent  towns,  and  affords  an  exten- 
sive prospect  out  to  sea. 

Near  the  N.  W.  boundary  is  the  battle  ground 
where  the  battle  of  Long  Island  was  fought  in 
1776.  under  the  immediate  command  of  Generals 
Putnam  and  Sullivan ;  which,  issuing  unfavor- 
ably for  the  Americans,  led  to  the  masterly  retreat 
of  the  troops,  under  Washington,  from  Long 
Island. 

Flatlands,  N.  Y.,  King's  co.,  embraces  Barren 
and  some  other  small,  marshy  islands.  The  sur- 
face is  level ;  soil  productive,  when  properly  cul- 
tivated. 8  miles  S.  E.  from  Brooklyn,  and  153 
S.  from  Albany. 

Fleming  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Flemingsburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Mason  and  Lewis  counties,  E.  by 
Carter,  S.  by  Morgan  and  Licking  River,  separ- 
ating it  from  Bath  co.,  and  W.  by  Nicholas  co. 
Surface  mountainous  in  the  E.  and  S.  portions ; 
soil  fertile,  being  based  upon  limestone. 

Fleming,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  On  the  W.  border 
of  Owasco  Lake.  Drained  by  Crane  Brook  and 
some  other  small  streams.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating ;  soil  clay  loam  of  good  quality.  4  miles 
S.  from  Auburn,  and  160  W.  from  Albany. 

Flemingsburg,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Fleming  co.  On  Stock- 
ton Run,  1  mile  from  its  junction  with  Fleming 
Creek,  and  95  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Frankfort. 

Flemington,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  of  Hunterdon  co.  This 
town,  25  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Trenton,  is  very 
pleasantly  situated  on  an  undulating  plain,  one 
mile  N.  of  which  is  a  high  eminence  which  over- 
looks the  village  and  surrounding  country,  and 
affords  a  delightful  view  of  it.  The  village  is 
mostly  built  on  one  street,  which  has  many  hand- 
some dwellings,  and  is  marked  by  a  general  ap- 
pearance of  neatness  and  thrift.  The  court  house 
is  a  spacious  stone  building,  with  a  Doric  portico, 
in  the  basement  of  which  is  the  county  prison. 
There  are  two  copper  mines  near  this  place.  The 
soil  of  the  surrounding  country  is  red  shale,  and 
tolerably  productive. 

Fletcher,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  The  River  La- 
moille  just  touches  upon  the  southern  extremity 
of  this  township.  Metcalf  Pond  is  about  one  mile 
long  from  N.  to  S.,  and  one  third  of  a  mile  wide 
from  E.  to  W.  It  discharges  its  waters  at  the  S. 
end,  forming  one  of  the  head  bi-anches  of  Black 
Creek.  This  stream,  Fairfield  River,  and  Stone's 
Brook  are  the  principal  waters.  The  surface  of 
this  township  is  considerably  broken.  The  town 
was  chartered  to  Moses  Rolinson,  John  Fay,  and 
others,  in  1781.  The  settlement  was  commenced 
in  1784.  22  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and 
about  18  S.  E.  from  St.  Albans. 

Florence,  Aa.  Shire  town  of  Lauderdale  co. 
On  the  N.  side  of  the  River  Tennessee,  imme- 
diately below  the  Muscle  Shoals.  It  is  situated 
on  an  elevated  plain,  100  feet  above  the  river. 
The  streets  are  100  feet  wide,  and  cross  each  other 
at  right  angles.  Except  when  the  water  is  low, 
steamboats  ascend  from  the  Ohio  to  this  place  ;  so 
that  it  carries  on  some  trade  with  New  Orleans. 
Above  Florence,  there  is  a  railroad  from  Tuscum- 
bia,  nearly  opposite,  on  the  river,  to  Decatur,  a 
distance  of  46  miles,  to  avoid  the  shoals  ;  above 
which  the  river  is  again  navigable  as  far  as  Knox- 
ville,  Te.  At  Chattanooga,  near  the  S.  border  of 
Tennessee,  the  boats  connect  with  an  extensive 
railroad  route  through  the  N.  part  of  Georgia  to 
Augusta,  and  thence  to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  a  dis- 
tance, in  the  whole,  of  about  440  miles.  For  an  in- 


terior location,  Florence  is  well  situated  for  busi- 
ness. 

Florence,  N.  Y,  Oneida  co.  "Watered  by  trib- 
utaries of  Fish  Creek.  The  surface  is  slightly 
uneven.  33  miles  N.  W.  from  Utica,  and  127 
from  Albany. 

Florida,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.,  comprises  a  part 
of^Zoar,  an  unincorporated  district.  This  town- 
ship is  situated  on  the  height  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tain range  ;  its  surface  is  broken,  and  its  climate 
severe.  Hoosic  Mountain,  1448  feet  above  Deer- 
field  River,  which  washes  its  eastern  boundary, 
and  other  mountains  in  the  town,  offer  to  the  be- 
holder some  of  the  finest  Alpine  scenery  in  the 
state.  125  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Boston,  and  22 
N.  N.  E.  from  Pittsfield. 

Florida,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  The  Mohawk 
River  and  Schoharie  Creek  water  this  town.  Sur- 
face undulating ;  soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of 
wheat.  8  miles  S.  E.  from  Fonda,  and  34  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Floyd  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Rome.  Bounded  N. 
by  Chatooga  and  Walker  counties,  E.  by  Murray 
and  Cass,  S.  by  Paulding  co.,  and  W.  by  Aa. 
The  Oostanaula  and  Etowah  unite  to  form  the 
Coosa,  in  this  county,  which  is  also  watered  by  Ce- 
dar and  Chatooga  Creeks.  Surface  uneven ;  soil 
rich  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Floyd  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  New  Albany.  In- 
corporated in  1819,  and  bounded  N.  by  Washing- 
ton and  Scott  counties,  E.  by  Clark  co.,  S.  E.  by 
the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  Ky.,  and  S. 
and  W.  by  Harrison  co.  Watered  by  Silver,  and 
the  head  branches  of  Indian  Creek.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  rich. 

Floyd  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Prestonburg.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Morgan  and  Johnson  counties,  E.  by 
Pike,  S.  by  Letcher,  and  W.  by  Perry  and  Brea- 
thitt.  Watered  by  the  head  branches  of  Kentucky 
and  Licking,  and  the  W.  fork  of  Big  Sandy  Riv- 
er. Surface  high  and  hilly. 

Floyd,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  On  the  N.  side  of 
the  Mohawk.  Watered  on  the  E.  by  Nine  Mile 
Creek.  The  surface  is  rolling ;  the  soil  fertile, 
and  particularly  suitable  for  grass.  8  miles  N 
from  Utica,  and  100  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Floyd  County,  Va.,  c.h.  at  Jacksonville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Montgomery,  E.  by  Franklin.  S.  by 
Patrick  and  Carroll,  and  W.  by  Pulaski  co.  Sur- 
face mountainous,  and  watered  by  Little  River 
and  its  tributaries  ;  soil  suitable  for  grazing. 

Floyd,  Va.,  c.  h.  Floyd  co.  215  miles  W.  S.  W 
from  Richmond. 

Flushing,  N.  Y,  Queen's  co.  Bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Long  Island  Sound.  Flushing  and  Little 
Neck  Bays,  with  the  streams  flowing  into  them, 
also  water  this  town.  The  surface  is  mostly  level ; 
soil  well  tilled  and  productive.  6  miles  W.  from 
North  Hempstead,  and  156  S.  from  Albany. 

Fluvanna  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Palmyra.  In- 
corporated in  1777,  and  bounded  N.  by  Albe- 
marle  and  Louisa  counties,  E.  by  Goochland  co., 
S.  by  James  River,  separating  it  from  Cumber- 
land and  Buckingham  counties,  and  W.  by  Albe- 
marle  co.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Ravenna  River. 
Surface  mostly  rough ;  soil  good  on  the  rivers. 
Gold  is  found  in  this  region. 

Fonda,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  On  the 
N.  side  of  Mohawk  River,  and  on  the  railroad 
from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  42  miles  W.  from  Alba- 
ny. This  is  a  prosperous  manufacturing  place. 

Fond  du  Lac  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Fond  du 
Lac.  Bounded  N.  by  Winnebago  and  Cal- 


372 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c. 


umet  counties.  E.  by  Sheboygan,  S.  by  Washing- 
ton and  Dodge,  and  W.  by  Marquette  co.  Wa- 
tered on  the  N.  E.  by  Lake  Winnebago,  and 
drained  by  Rock  and  Milwaukee  Rivers,  and 
Crocodile  and  Martin's  Creeks.  Surface  mostly 
level,  and  in  parts  swampy. 

Fond  du  Lac,  Wn.,  Fond  du  Lac  co.  At  the 
head  of  Winnebago  Lake.  98  miles  N.  E.  from 
Madison. 

Fordham,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  On  the  line 
of  the  Haerlem  Railroad,  12£  miles  from  New 
York  City  Hall.  The  site  of  St.  John's  College. 
See  Colleges. 

Forest  County,  Pa.  New.  Had  but  561  in- 
habitants by  the  census  of  1850. 

Forestburg,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  Drained  by 
Neversink  River  and  some  other  streams.  The 
surface  is  hilly ;  soil  sandy  loam.  8  miles  S.  from 
Monticello,  and  127  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Forks,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Located  near  the 
junction  of  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  Rivers,  and 
drained  by  Bushkill  Creek  and  its  branches.  Sur- 
face level ;  soil  loam. 

Forsyth,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  A  little  S.  from 
the  Towelagge,  a  branch  of  Ockmulgee  River,  and 
55  miles  W.  from  Milledgeville.  Connected  with 
Macon  by  railroad.  45  miles  distant. 

Forsyth.  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Gumming.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Lumpkin  co.,  E.  and  S.  by  the  Chat- 
tahoochee  River,  separating  it  from  Hall  and 
Gwinnett  counties,  and  W.  by  Cherokee  co. 
Drained  by  Chattahoochee  and  Etowah  Rivers 
and  branches. 

Forsyth,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Taney  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  White  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Swan  Creek, 
and  201  miles  S.  from  Jefferson  City. 
Forsyth  County,  N.  C.  New. 
Fort  Ann,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Bounded 
by  Lake  George  on  the  N.  W.,  and  is  watered  by 
Wood  Creek ;  the  Champlain  Canal  also  passes 
through  this  town.  Surface  diversified  with  hills, 
mountains,  valleys,  and  plains  ;  soil  varied  as 
the  surface.  12  miles  N.  from  Sandy  Hill,  and 
60  N.  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Fort  Bend  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Richmond.  In 
the  S.  middle  part  of  the  state,  on  both  banks 
of  the  Brazos. 

Fort  Covington,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Salmon 
and  Little  Salmon  Rivers  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  level,  and  the  soil  of  good 
quality.  /The  Canada  line  bounds  it  on  the  N. 
14  miles  N.  W.  from  Malone,  and  223  N.  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Fort  Des  Moines,  Io.,  c.  h.  Polk  co.  At  the 
junction  of  Racoon  and  Des  Moines.  It  is  a 
beautiful  place,  at  the  head  of  navigation  of  the 
Des  Moines  River,  within  30  miles  of  the  geo- 
graphical centre  of  the  state,  of  which  it  will 
probably  be  the  capital  at  no  distant  day.  The 
valley  of  the  Des  Moines  is  unsurpassed  in  fer- 
tility, and  Fort  Des  Moines  is  already  the  seat  of 
a  large  inland  trade.  120  miles  W.  from  Iowa 
City. 

Fort  Edward,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  On  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Hudson.  Drained  by  the  Moose- 
kill  and  some  other  small  streams.  The  surface 
is  somewhat  undulating;  soil  of  good  quality, 
4  miles  S.  from  Sandy  Hill,  and  47  N.  N.  E! 
from  Albany. 

Fort  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  King's  co.  Situated 
at  the  western  extremity  of  Long  Island,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Narrows,  through  which  is  the 
main  entrance  into  New  York  Harbor.  There  is 


small  village  here  connected  with  the  Fort, 
which  enjoys  a  fine  view  of  the  lower  bay  and  of 
;he  ocean,  and  is  one  of  the  many  places  of  re- 
sort for  the  people  of  New  York  in  the  summer 
season.  See  New  York. 

Fort  Madison,  Io.,  Lee  co.,  on  the  W.  bank 
)f  the  Mississippi  River,  contains  the  ruins  of  a 
fortification,  now  hardly  visible,  erected  in  1808, 
as  a  defence  against  the  Indians,  who  compelled 
the  garrison  to  burn  the  fort  in  1813. 

Fort  Miller,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  the  Hudson  River,  where  is  a  descent 
of  about  20  feet,  also  a  dam  for  feeding  the 
Champlain  Canal. 

Fort  Plain,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  On  the  S. 
bank  of  the  Mohawk  River,  on  th6  Erie  Canal. 

Fort  Smith,  As.,  Crawford  co.  165  miles  W. 
N.  W.  from  Little  Rock,  and  66  miles  S.  E.  from 
Fort  Gibson.  This  place  is  situated  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  Arkansas  River,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Poiteau,  a  small  river  from  the  S.,  on  the  ex- 
treme W.  border  of  the  state.  It  is  the  site  of  an 
extensive  fortification,  erected  by  the  govern- 
ment for  the  protection  of  their  western  frontier 
settlements. 

Fort  Wayne,  la.,  c.  h.  Allen  co.  In  a  fertile 
region,  on  the  S.  side  of  Maumee  River,  and  on 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  131  miles  N.  N. 
E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Foster,  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  This  is  a  large  ag- 
ricultural and  manufacturing  town,  finely  watered 
by  Hemlock  Brook,  Ponongansett  and"  Moosup 
Rivers.  The  surface  of  the  town,  in  many  parts, 
is  rough  and  uneven,  but  the  soil  is  well  calculated 
for  the  productions  of  the  dairy.  In  the  western 
part  are  extensive  forests  of  valuable  timber. 
There  are  a  number  of  pleasant  villages  on  the 
borders  of  the  numerous  streams.  First  settled 
in  1717  ;  incorporated  in  1781.  Foster  was  named 
in  compliment  to  the  Hon.  Theodore  Foster, 
formerly  a  senator  of  the  United  States.  15 
miles  S.  W.  from  Providence. 

Fountain  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Covington.  In- 
corporated in  1825.  Bounded  E.  by  Tippecanoe 
and  Montgomery  counties,  S.  by  Park  co.,  and 
W.  and  N.  by  the  Wabash  River,  separating  it 
from  Vermilion  and  Warren  counties.  Drained 
by  Coal  and  Shawnee  Creeks,  branches  of  the 
Wabash  River,  and  good  mill  streams.  Surface 
slightly  uneven ;  soil  of  excellent  quality.  The 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  traverses  this  county. 

Fowler,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Drained  by  the 
Oswegatchie  River  and  some  of  its  tributaries. 
The  surface  is  slightly  uneven ;  soil  mostly  good. 
22  miles  S.  from  Canton,  and  186  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Foxbortf,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  In  this  town  are  a 
number  of  pleasant  ponds,  and  several  small 
streams  which  empty  into  Taunton  River.  These 
all  produce  considerable  water  power.  The  Bos- 
ton and  Providence  Railroad  passes  through  the 
town.  The  depot  is  21  i  miles  S.  S.  W.  from 
Boston,  and  19$  N.  by  E.  from  Providence. 

Foxcroft,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Piscataquis  River,  opposite  Dover.  77  miles 
N.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Foxville,  Va.,  Fauquier  co.  On  the  Rappahan- 
nock  River.  30  miles  above  Fredericksburg,  and 
1 1 6  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Richmond.  Here  is  a 
white  sulphur  spring,  and  a  quarry  of  slate.  The 
manufactures  are  considerable. 

Framingham,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  beau- 
tiful town  is  distinguished  for  its  agricultural, 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


373 


manufacturing,  and  mechanical  progress.  The 
soil  is  various,  but  generally  strong  and  fertile. 
The  surface  is  not  very  uneven,  though  there 
are  several  elevated  and  pleasant  hills.  Nobscot 
and  Bare  Hills  command  extensive  and  rich  views. 
In  the  S.  and  S.  E.  parts  are  several  pleasant 
ponds.  The  principal  stream  is  Sudbury  River. 
Saxonville,  in  this  town,  is  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful and  flourishing  villages  in  New  England. 
Long  Pond,  which  supplies  Boston  with  water, 
lies  partly  in  this  town.  The  Framingham 
Academy,  in  the  centre  village,  is  a  useful  and 
popular  seminary.  21  miles  W.  from  Boston, 
and  23  E.  from  Worcester. 

Francestown,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  The  two  S. 
branches  of  the  Piscataquog  rise  in  this  town. 
Pleasant  and  Haunted  Ponds  are  considerable 
collections  of  water.  The  land  is  uneven,  and 
in  many  parts  stony,  but  the  soil  is  warm  and 
moist.  The  highest  land  is  Crotched  Mountain, 
the  summits  of  which  are  more  than  600  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Common,  in  the  centre  of 
the  town.  One  of  the  summits  is  covered  with 
wood  ;  the  other  is  almost  a  solid  ledge  of  rocks. 
There  is  in  the  easterly  part  of  this  town  a  very 
extensive  and  valuable  quarry  of  soapstone,  re- 
sembling, when  polished,  verd  antique  marble. 
En  the  N.  part  good  black  lead,  and  in  the  S. 
rock  crystal  have  been  found.  Garret  and  soap- 
stone  are  also  found  here.  The  local  situation 
of  this  town  is  very  eligible  for  business.  It 
derived  its  name  from  Frances,  the  wife  of  the 
last  Governor  Wentworth.  12  miles  N.  W.  from 
Amherst,  and  28  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Franconia,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  This  town  is 
mountainous.  Its  streams  are  branches  of  the 
Lower  Amonoosuck  River.  Here  are  several 
ponds  ;  one  of  which,  called  Ferrin's,  is  the  source 
of  the  middle  branch  of  Pemigewasset  River. 
The  mountains  adjoining  the  Notch  are  called 
Mounts  Lafayette  and  Jackson.  On  the  latter  is 
the  celebrated  "  Profile,"  or  4i  Old  Man  of  the 
Mountain."  It  is  situated  on  a  peak  of  solid 
rock,  1000  feet  high,  and  almost  perpendicular. 
On  this  peak,  Nature,  in  her  wildest  mood,  ex- 
hibits the  profile  of  the  human  face.  See  Fashion- 
able Resorts.  The  village  in  this  place,  lying  in  a 
hollow,  is  remarkable  for  its  cold  weather.  It 
owes  its  rise  and  prosperity  to  the  discovery  and 
working  of  a  rich  vein  of  granular  magnetic  iron 
ore.  First  settlers,  Captain  Artemas  Knight, 
Lemuel  Barnett,  Zebedee  Applcbee,  and  others, 
in  1774.  28  miles  N.  E.  from  Haverhill,  and  95 
N.  from  Concord. 

Franconia,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  This  town 
is  watered  by  Indian,  Pike,  and  Shippack  Creeks, 
and  the  N.  E.  branch  of  the  Perkiomen  Creek. 
Surface  level ;  soil  red  shale.  88  miles  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Frankford,  N.  Y.,  Sussex  co.  Papakating 
Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Wallkill  River,  waters 
this  town.  Surface  hilly  on  the  W.,  but  else- 
where level ;  soil  very  productive,  being  based 
upon  lime  and  slate. 

Frankford,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  Watered  by 
Conedogwinit  Creek  and  its  branches.  Blue 
Mountain  lies  partly  in  the  N.  part  of  this  town, 
and  McClure's  Gap  on  the  E.  boundary;  it 
has  also  a  sulphur  spring  near  the  centre. 

Frankford,  Pa.,  Oxford,  Philadelphia  co.  On 
Tacony  Creek,  which  affords  water  power.  5 
miles  N.  E.  from  Philadelphia,  and  104  E.  by  S. 
from  Harrisburg. 


Frankfort,  la.,  c.  h.  Clinton  co.  On  the  S. 
fork  of  Wildcat  Creek,  N.  N.  W.  from  Indianap- 
olis, 42  miles. 

Frankfort,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Franklin  co.  Capital  of 
the  state. 

Frankfort,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  An  excellent  town- 
ship with  two  villages  on  the  W.  side  of  Penob- 
scot  River.  It  is  the  highest  point  to  which  ves- 
sels can  ascend  during  the  icv  season  of  the  year. 
12  miles  below  Bangor. 

Frankfort,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  eo.  Situated  7 
miles  W.  from  Herkimer,  and  87  W.  N.  W.  from 
Albany.  The  surface  on  the  S.  is  broken  and 
hilly,  but  upon  the  N.,  in  the  valley  of  the  Mo- 
hawk, are  fertile  meadows.  The  principal  village 
is  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  this  river,  on  the 
line  of  the  Erie  Canal.  There  are  manufacto- 
ries here  for  making  cotton  and  woollen  goods, 
and  machinery,  under  a  company  incorporated  in 
1834,  with  a  capital  of  $200,000. 

Frankfort,  0.,  Wells  township,  Guernsey,  lies 
on  the  old  road  leading  from  Zanesville  to 
Wheeling,  in  Virginia,  about  15  miles  E.  from 
Cambridge. 

Frankfort,  0.,  Concord  township,  Ross  co. 
This  town  is  pleasantly  located  on  the  N.  fork  of 
Paint  Creek,  on  elevated  land,  and  occupies  the 
same  spot  of  the  old  Indian  town  of  Chillicothe. 
Near  here  are  several  large  mounds. 

Franklin  County,  Aa.,  Russell ville,  shire  town. 
Bounded  N. '  by  the  Tennessee  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Lauderdale  co.,  E.  by  Lawrence  co., 
S.  by  Marion  co.,  and  W.  by  Mississippi.  Sur- 
face hilly,  and  drained  by  Cedar,  Bear,  Little 
Bear,  and  Spring  Creeks  ;  soil  fertile. 

Franklin  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Ozark.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Washington  and  Madison  counties,  E. 
by  Johnson,  S.  by  Scott,  and  W.  by  Crawford  co. 
The  Arkansas  River  traverses  the  middle  of 
this  county,  from  E.  to  W.  Surface  rough  and 
hilly ;  soil  fertile  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Franklin,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  Shetucket 
River  separates  this  town  from  Lisbon.  The  sur- 
face of  Franklin  is  uneven  ;  the  soil  a  gravelly 
loam,  more  fit  for  grazing  than  tillage.  There  is 
a  woollen  factory  on  Beaver  Brook,  a  branch  of 
the  Shetucket;  but  the  chief  business  of  the  peo- 
ple is  rearing  sheep,  and  other  agricultural  pur- 
suits. 34  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Franklin  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Appalachicola, 
Incorporated  in  1832.  Bounded  N.  and  E.  by 
Gadsden  co.,  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W. 
by  Calhoun  co.  The  Appalachicola  River  forms 
part  of  its  W.  boundary.  The  land  is  low  and 
swampy,  interspersed  with  numerous  ponds.  Soil 
very  fertile  on  the  margins  of  the  rivers.  This 
county  embraces  the  islands  of  St.  George  and 
St.  Vincent. 

Franklin  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Carnesville.  This 
county  was  incorporated  in  1788,  and  is  bounded 
N.  E.  by  the  Tugaloo,  a  head  branch  of  the  Sa- 
vannah River,  separating  it  from  S.  C.,  S.  E.  and  S. 
by  Elbert  and  Madison  counties,  and  W.  by  Hall 
and  Habersham  counties.  Drained  by  the  N. 
fork  of  Broad  River.  Surface  hilly;  soil  pro- 
ductive. 

Franklin  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Frankfort.  This 
county  was  incorporated  in  1818,  and  is  bounded 
N.  by  Jefferson  co.,  E.  by  Hamilton  and  Gal- 
latin,  S.  by  Williamson,  and  W.  by  Jackson  and 
Perry  counties.  Watered  by  Big  Muddy  River 
and  "its  tributaries,  and  the  S.  fork  of  Saline 
Creek.  Soil  of  good  quality. 


374 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


Franklin  County,  la,  c.  h.  at  Brookville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Fayetteand  Union  counties,  E.  by  Ohio, 
S.  by  Dearborn  and  Ripley  counties,  and  W. 
by  Decatur  co.  Drained  by  branches  of  the 
White  Water  River,  which  afford  fine  mill  privi- 
leges. Surface  level  or  undulating  ;  soil  fertile. 
The  White  Water  Canal  crosses  this  county. 

Franklin,  la.,  c.  h.  Johnson  co..  occupies  a 
high  bluff,  on  the  E.  side  of  Young's  Creek, 
20  miles  S.  from  Indianapolis. 

Franklin  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Frankfort.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Henry  and  Owen  counties,  E.  by  Scott, 
S.  by  Woodford  and  Anderson,  and  W.  by  Shelby 
co.  '  Surface  hilly,  and  watered  by  Kentucky  and 
Eikhorn  Rivers  ;  soil  fertile. 

Franklin,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Simpson  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Drake's  Creek,  a  branch  of  Barren  River. 
164  miles  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Franklin  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Winnsboro'.  N. 
E.  central.  Between  Bayou  Bceuf  of  Red  River, 
and  Bayou  Macon,  the  W.  branch  of  the  Tensas. 

Franklin,  La.,  c.  h.  St.  Mary's  parish.  Located 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Bayou  Teche.  144  miles 
W.  by  S.  from  New  Orleans. 

Franklin  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Farmington.  In 
the  W.  part  of  the  state,  including  the  height  of 
land  between  the  Androscoggin  and  Kennebec. 
Undulating,  with  mountainous  tracts,  with  nu- 
merous ponds  and  mill  streams.  Soil  generally 
good.  The  northern  part  bordering  on  Canada 
is  still  unsettled. 

Franklin,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  At  the  head  of 
Taunton  Bay,  the  most  northerly  part  of  French- 
man's Bay.  15  miles  E.  from  Ellsworth. 

Franklin  County,  Ms.,  c.  h.  at  Greenfield.  This 
was  a  part  of  Hampshire  co.  until  1811.  The 
surface  is  elevated;  the  Green  Mountain  range 
intersects  it  from  N.  to  S.,  presenting  some  of  the 
wildest  and  most  picturesque  scenery  in  the 
state,  The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile ;  its  rich 
alluvial  valleys  produce  the  finest  crops  of  grain 
and  grass,  while  its  mountain  sides  afford  rich 
pasturage.  Few  sections  of  our  country  equal 
the  county  of  Franklin  in  the  extent  and  value 
of  its  hydraulic  power.  The  noble  Connecticut 
pierces  its  centre  from  N.  to  S.,  the  romantic  and 
powerful  Deerfield  pours  its  volume  of  water 
from  the  W.,  while  Miller's  River  comes  in  from 
the  E.,  with  its  rapid  current,  joins  the  two  former 
near  the  heart  of  the  county,  and  passes  to  the 
ocean.  These  rivers,  combined  with  their  nu- 
merous tributaries,  watering  every  section  of  the 
county,  produce  a  water  power  of  great  extent 
and  usefulness. 

Franklin.  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  Charles  River  and 
several  of  its  branches  meander  through  this 
town,  and  give  to  it  fine  mill  seats  and  a  con- 
stant flow  of  water.  This  town  was  a  part  of 
Wrentham  until  1778.  There  are  in  the  town 
some  very  pleasant  villages,  and  some  eminences 
from  which  are  fine  views  of  the  surrounding 
country.  This  town  was  named  in  honor  of  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Franklin.  Soon  after  its  incorpo- 
ration, a  hint  was  given  to  the  doctor,  then  in 
France,  that  a  present  of  a  bell  would  be  accept- 
able to  the  town  for  the  honor  conferred.  The 
doctor  sent  the  town  some  valuable  books,  and 
observed  that  he  presumed  the  people  of  Frank- 
lin were  more  fond  of  sense  than  sound.  27 
miles  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  17  S.  W.  from 
Dedham. 

Franklin  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Meadville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Jefferson  and  Copiah  counties, 


E.  by  Lawrence  and  Pike,  S.  by  Amite  and  Wil- 
kinson, and  W.  by  Adams  co.  Watered  by  tribu- 
taries of  the  Homochitto  and  the  head  branches 
of  Amite  River.  Surface  undulating;  soil  ster- 
ile, except  on  the  margins  of  the  rivers. 

Franklin  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Union.  The 
Missouri  River  bounds  this  county  on  the  N., 
separating  it  from  Warren  and  St.  Charles  coun- 
ties. St.  Louis  and  Jefferson  counties  bound  it 
on  the  E.,  Washington  and  Crawford  on  the  S., 
and  Gasconade  on  the  W.  Drained  by  the  Ma- 
ramec  and  Bourbeuse  Rivers,  the  latter  being  a 
good  mill  stream,  and  by  some  smaller  tributaries 
of  the  Missouri.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  mostly 
fertile. 

Franklin  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Louisburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Warren  co.,  E.  and  S.  E.  by 
Nash,  S.  W.  by  Wake,  and  W.  by  Granville  co. 
Tar  river  traverses  the  middle  of  this  county, 
and  Fishing  Creek  forms  part  of  its  N.  boundary. 
Surface  level ;  soil  productive. 

Franklin,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.,  is  a  place  of 
considerable  and  increasing  business.  The  junc- 
tion of  the  Winnipiseogee  and  Pemigewasset 
Rivers,  in  this  town,  form  the  Merrimac,  creating 
on  both  streams  an  extensive  and  valuable  water 
power. 

A  famous  peat  bog  is  in  this  town.  Plumbago, 
&c.,  has  been  found  here.  The  Northern  Rail- 
road passes  through  the  centre.  This  town  was 
taken  from  the  towns  of  Salisbury,  Andovcr. 
Sanbornton,  and  Northfield.  1 9  miles  N.  by  N.  W. 
from  Concord  by  the  Northern  Railroad. 

The  descent  of  the  Winnipiseogee  branch,  from 
the  lake  to  its  junction  with  the  Pemigewasset, 
is  232  feet.  The  confluent  stream  bears  the  name 
of  Merrimac,  and  pursues  a  S.  course,  78  miles, 
to  Chelmsford,  Ms. ;  thence  an  E.  course,  35 
miles,  to  the  sea  at  Newburyport.  On  the  N. 
line  of  Concord,  the  Contoocook  discharges  its 
waters  into  the  Merrimac.  The  Soucook  be- 
comes a  tributary  in  Pembroke,  and  the  Suncook 
between  Pembroke  and  Allenstown.  The  Pis- 
cataquog  unites  in  Bedford;  the  Souhegan  in 
Merrimac;  and  a  beautiful  river,  called  Nashua, 
in  Nashua.  The  tributaries  which  enter  in  Mas- 
sachusetts are  the  Concord  at  Lowell,  the  Spiggot 
at  Methuen,  the  Shawsheen  at  Andover,  and 
the  Powow,  between  Amesbury  and  Salisbury. 
The  principal  tributaries  are  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  river,  all,  except  the  Concord,  rising  in  the 
highlands  between  the  Connecticut  and  Merri- 
mac. There  are  numerous  falls  in  this  river,  the 
most  noted  of  which  are  Garven's  in  Concord, 
Bow  Falls  in  Hooksett,  Amoskeag  Falls  in  Goffs- 
town  and  Manchester,  Pawtucket  Falls  at  Low- 
ell, and  the  falls  at  Lawrence.  The  river  was 
formerly  much  used  for  boat  navigation,  in  con- 
junction with  the  Middlesex  Canal,  aided  by 
canals  round  the  principal  falls ;  but  since  the 
introduction  of  railroads,  this  method  of  trans- 
portation has  been  abandoned,  and  the  water  is 
now  employed  solely  for  propelling  machinery. 
Already  upon  the  banks  of  this  river  have  risen 
the  flourishing  and  fast-growing  cities  of  Man- 
chester, Lowell,  and  Lawrence,  and  there  is  still 
a  large  amount  of  water  pow6r  unemployed. 
The  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  the  outlet  from  which 
is  under  the  control  of  the  water  power  compa- 
nies, furnishes  an  inexhaustible  reservoir  for  keep- 
ing up  the  supply  of  water  in  the  driest  seasons. 
See  Pemigewasset  River. 

The  Merrimac,  whose  fountains  are  nearly  on 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


375 


a  level  with  the  Connecticut,  being  much  shorter 
in  its  course,  has  a  far  more  rapid  descent  to  the 
sea  than  the  latter  river.  Hence  the  intervales 
on  its  borders  are  less  extensive,  and  the  scenery 
less  beautiful,  than  on  the  Connecticut.  It  is, 
however,  a  majestic  river.  Its  width  varies  from 
50  to  120  rods.  The  tide  flows  up  to  Haverhill, 
a  distance  of  16  miles  from  the  sea,  and  the 
mouth  of  the  river  forms  the  harbor  of  Newbury- 
port.  the  bar  of  which  prevents  the  entrance  of 
vessels  drawing  more  than  15  or  16  feet  of  water. 
The  name  Merrimac  signifies,  in  the  Indian  lan- 
guage, a  sturgeon,  a  species  of  fish  which  abounds 
in  tlie  tide  water. 

Franklin,  N.  J.,  Gloucester  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Maurice  and  Great  Egg  Harbor 
Rivers,  and  by  Raccoon  Creek.  Surface  level; 
soil  mostly  sandy  and  poor.  15  miles  S.  E.  from 
Woodbury. 

Franklin,  N.  J.,  Bergen  co.  The  surface  of 
this  town  is  undulating ;  the  soil  mostly  fertile, 
being  composed  of  gravel,  sand,  and  loam,  based 
upon  sandstone.  13  miles  N.  W.  from  Hack- 
ensack. 

Franklin,  N.  J.,  Somerset  co.  Millstone  and 
Raritan  Rivers,  and  Six  Mile  Run  water  this 
town.  Surface  somewhat  uneven,  and  on  the 
S.  W.  hilly.  7  miles  S.  E.  from  Somcrville. 

Franklin,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  Watered  by  Po- 
hatcong  and  Musconetcong  Creeks. 

Franklin  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h,  at  Malone.  Formed 
from  Clinton  co.  in  1808.  Bounded  N.  by  Lower 
Canada,  E.  by  Clinton  and  Essex,  S.  by  Essex 
and  Hamilton,  and  W.  by  St.  Lawrence  co.  Wa- 
tered by  numerous  lakes  and  ponds,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are  the  Upper  and  Lower  Saranac 
Lakes,  and  by  Chateaugay,  Salmon,  Trout,  Deer, 
St.  Regis,  and  Racket  Rivers,  flowing  into  the 
St.  Lawrence,  which  washes  its  N.  W.  corner, 
and  also  by  the  Saranac,  flowing  into  Lake 
Champlain.  Surface  chiefly  level  on  the  N.,  but 
hilly  and  mountainous  in  the  middle  and  S. 
The  soil  is  diversified,  but  much  of  it  very  fertile. 
The  mountains  abound  in  the  best  of  iron  ore,  and 
;he  surface  is  heavily  timbered  in  some  parts. 

Franklin,  -N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Oleout  Creek 
ind  its  branches  water  this  town.  The  soil  is 
/ertile  loam.  12  miles  W.  from  Delhi,  and  93 
8.  W.  from  Albany. 

Franklin,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Drained  by 
Salmon  and  Saranac  Rivers  and  some  of  their 
tributaries.  It  also  contains  several  small  lakes. 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous  ;  soil  vari- 
ous. 25  miles  S.  E.  from  Malone,  187  N.  from 
Albany. 

Franklin  County,  0.,  c.  h.  Columbus.  Situ- 
ated nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  state,  having 
Delaware  co.  on  the  N.,  portions  of  Licking  and 
Fairfield  on  the  E.,  Pickaway  on  the  S.,  and 
Madison  on  the  W.  It  is  23  miles  square.  The 
surface  is  generally  level,  and  in  many  pai'ts  low 
and  wet,  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  to  rais- 
ing grain.  The  county  is  drained,  however,  by 
several  streams,  upon  the  banks  of  which  is  much 
arable  land  and  many  finely-cultivated  farms. 
The  Scioto  River  passes  through  the  centre  of 
the  county,  from  N.  to  S.  The  Whetstone  River, 
and  other  small  streams  and  creeks,  running 
nearly  in  the  same  direction,  drain  other  portions 
of  the  county. 

This  county  was  first  settled  in  1797.  It  was 
constituted  a  county,  being  taken  from  the  then 
existing  county  of  Ross,  March  30,  1803.  Some- 


thing has  since  been  taken  from  its  area,  in  con- 
stituting the  surrounding  counties,  reducing  it  to 
its  present  limits.  The  Ohio  Canal  passes  across 
the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  county,  and  a  branck 
from  it  is  brought  to  the  centre  at  Columbus. 
The  national  road  passes  through  it  from  E.  to 
W.  This  tract  was  once  the  residence  of  the 
Wyandot  Indians,  who  had  a  large  town  on  the 
site  of  the  city  of  Columbus,  and  cultivated  ex- 
tensive fields  of  corn  on  the  river  bottoms  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Scioto. 

Franklin,  0.,  a  township  of  Portage  co.,  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  state.  The  Cuyahoga  River  passes 
diagonally  through  it,  affording  much  valuable 
water  power,  which  is  improved  for  manufactur- 
ing purposes  at  the  two  villages  of  Franklin 
Mills  and  Carthage.  The  Mahoning  Canal 
passes  through  the  township,  falling  into  the 
Cuyahoga  for  a  part  of  the  distance.  Brady's 
Pond,  so  called,  is  a  small  but  beautiful  sheet 
of  water,  about  2^  miles  from  Franklin  Mills, 
from  the  fine  white  sand  on  the  shores  of  which 
glass  is  manufactured.  About  30  miles  S.  E. 
from  Cleveland. 

Franklin  Mills,  0.,  Portage  co.  At  the  falls 
of  Cuyahoga  River,  and  on  the  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio  Canal.  At  these  falls  there  is  a  great 
water  power.  Much  business  is  done  here.  134 
miles  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Franklin  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Chambersburg. 
Incorporated  in  1784.  Bounded  N.  by  Perry 
and  Cumberland  counties,  E.  by  Adams  co.,  S. 
by  Maryland,  and  W.  by  Bedford  co.  It  is 
drained  by  Conecocheague  and  Conedogwinit 
Creeks  and  their  branches,  affording  great  hy- 
draulic power.  South  and  Tuscarora  or  Cove 
Mountains  are  the  only  considerable  elevations. 
Soil  very  fertile,  being  based  upon  limestone. 
White  marble  is  found  here,  and  iron  ore  is 
abundant. 

Franklin,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Venango  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  French  Creek,  at  its  junction  with  Alle- 
ghany  River.  Steamboats  come  up  to  this  place 
from  the  Ohio.  There  is  a  communication  by 
river  and  canal  to  Lake  Erie.  210  miles  W.  N\ 
W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Franklin,  Pa.,  York  co.  Drained  by  a  branch 
of  Bermudian  Creek.  4  miles  S.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Franklin,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Conewago  and 
Conecocheague  Creeks,  and  some  branches  of 
Marsh  Creek,  water  this  town.  Surface  level; 
soil  red  shale. 

Franklin,  Pa.,  Fayette  co.  Watered  by  the 
Youghiogeny  River  and  Redstone  Creek.  It  has 
a  hilly  surface  and  loamy  soil.  9  miles  N.  from 
Union. 

Franklin,  Pa.,  Greene  co.  Ten  Mile  Creek 
and  its  branches  water  this  town.  Surface  un- 
dulating ;  soil  loam. 

Franklin,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  Watered  on 
the  S.  boundary  by  the  W.  branch  of  the  Little 
Juniata  River,  and  drained  by  Warrior's  Run  and 
Spruce  Creek.  Surface  mountainous ;  soil  cal- 
careous loam. 

Franklin  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Winchester.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Bedford  and  Coffee  counties,  E.  by  Marion 
co.,  S.  by  Alabama,  and  W.  by  Lincoln  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Duck  River,  and  Rock,  Elk,  and  Paint 
Creeks.  Surface  rough  and  uneven,  having  Cum- 
berland Mountain  on  its  S.  E.  border ;  soil  fertile. 

Franklin,  Te.,  c.  h.  Williamson  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Harpeth  River.  1 8  miles  S.  from  Nashville. 


376 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


Franklin  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Albans.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  by  Lower  Canada,  E.  by  Or- 
leans co.,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Lamoille  co.,  S.  by 
Chittenden  co.,  and  W.  by  Lake  Champlain.  The 
Missisco  River  passes  through  the  northern  part 
of  the  county,  and  the  Lamoille  its  most  southern 
section.  Although  the  surface  is  somewhat 
broken,  and  in  some  parts  mountainous,  yet  the 
soil  is  productive  of  wheat  and  grass.  In  this 
county  marble  and  iron  ore,  of  excellent  qualities, 
are  found. 

Franklin,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  The  River  Rocher, 
or  Rock  River,  rises  in  this  township,  and  falls 
into  Missisco  Bay  in  Highgate.  It  is  also  wa- 
tered by  several  small  branches  of  Missisco  and 
Pike  Rivers.  A  large  pond  lies  near  the  centre, 
3  miles  long  and  about  1  wide.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  in  1789,  by  emigrants  mostly 
from  Massachusetts.  60  miles  N.  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier,  and  17  N.  N.  E.  from  St.  Albans. 

Franklin  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  Rocky  Mount. 
Bounded  N.  by  Roanoke  and  Bedford  counties, 
E.  by  Pittsylvania,  S.  by  Henry  and  Patrick,  and 
W.  by  Floyd  and  Montgomery  counties.  Watered 
by  streams  flowing  into  Staunton  River,  which 
forms  its  N.  E.  boundary. 

Franklinville,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Drained 
by  Ishua  and  Great  Valley  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  undulating ;  soil  very  fertile  loam.  8  miles  E. 
from  Ellicottville,  and  279  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Frankstown,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  This  town 
is  watered  by  the  Frankstown  branch  of  the  Ju- 
niata  River,  which  passes  through  the  Franks- 
town  Gap  of  Dunning's  Mountain,  and  by  Beaver 
Dam  Creek.  116  miles  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Frederica,  Ga.,  Glynn  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
St.  Simon's  Island,  and  contains  the  ruins  of  a 
fort  built  by  General  Oglethorpe  in  1736.  S.  E. 
from  Milledgeville  229  miles. 

Frederick  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Frederick. 
Bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  Carroll  co., 
S.  by  Montgomery  co.  and  the  Potomac  River, 
separating  it  from  Virginia,  and  W.  by  Washing- 
ton co.  Surface  mostly  level,  and  drained  by 
Monococy  River  and  Cotoctin  Creek  and  their 
branches.  Soil  chiefly  fertile,  being  well  adapted 
to  grazing  and  the  growth  of  grain. 

Frederick,  Md.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Frederick  co.  Situated  on  Carroll  Creek,  3  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  Monococy  Creek,  43  miles 
W.  from  Annapolis,  and  61  W.  by  N.  from  Balti- 
more. It  lies  on  the  old  travelled  road  between 
Baltimore  and  Wheeling,  and  a  short  distance  N. 
of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  a  branch  3  miles  long  at  a 
point  near  the  Monococy  Viaduct.  Frederick  is 
laid  out  with  regularity,  in  broad  streets  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles,  and  contains  a  number 
of  elegant  public  and  private  buildings,  among 
which  are  the  edifices  of  12  or  14  churches  of  dif- 
ferent denominations.  The  buildings  are  mostly 
of  stone  or  brick.  Many  of  the  streets  are  paved. 
The  trade  of  this  place  is  quite  extensive,  render- 
ing it  one  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the 
state. 

Frederick,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  77  miles  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Frederick  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Winchester. 
Bounded  N.  by  Hampshire,  Morgan,  and  Berke- 
ley counties,  E.  by  Clarke,  S.  by  Warren  and 
Shenandoah,  and  W.  by  Hardy  and  Hampshire 
counties.  The  Shenandoah  River  bounds  this 
county  on  the  S.  and  S.  E.,  and  Opequan,  Sleepy, 


and  Back  Creeks,  branches  of  the  Potomac,  rise 
here.  The  surface  is  much  diversified,  being  moun- 
tainous on  the  W. ;  the  soil  is  mostly  very  fertile. 

Fredericksburg,  Va.  City,  and  seat  of  justice 
of  Spottsylvania  co.  Situated  in  a  pleasant  valley 
on  the  S.  W.  side  of  Rappahannock  River,  62 
miles  E.  by  N.  from  Richmond,  and  56  S.  S.  W. 
from  the  city  of  Washington.  It  is  at  the  head 
of  tide  water  on  the  river,  about  150  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  just  below  the  falls,  from  which  it 
derives  a  good  water  power.  The  Rappahannock 
is  navigable  for  vessels  of  140  tons  to  the  foot  of 
these  falls,  and  vessels  come  up  and  lie  at  the 
wharves,  within  a  few  yards  of  the  public  ware- 
houses. A  canal  is  partly  completed  to  extend 
from  this  point  to  Fox's  Mills  on  the  river,  35 
miles  above. 

Fredericksburg  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  com- 
pactly built.  The  principal  public  buildings  are 
a  court  house,  a  market  house,  an  orphan  asylum, 
and  churches  of  the  Episcopal,  Presbyterian, 
Methodist,  and  Baptist  denominations.  Many 
of  the  buildings  are  of  brick ;  others  are  of  stone, 
from  the  extensive  quarries  in  the  vicinity.  This 
city  possesses  a  prosperous  trade,  Avhich  is  chiefly 
in  the  various  kinds  of  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco. 
Gold  is  among  the  valuable  exports  of  this  port, 
considerable  quantities  of  which  are  mined  in 
this  region  of  country.  Fredericksburg  was 
founded  in  1727,  and  named  in  honor  of  Prince 
Frederick,  the  father  of  George  III. 

Fredericktown,  0.,  Knox  co.  A  thriving  vil- 
lage on  the  W.  bank  of  Vernon  River,  and  sur- 
rounded by  fertile  and  beautiful  land. 

Fredonia,  la.,  c.  h.  Crawford  co.,  occupies  a 
high  bluff  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Ohio  River,  at 
the  Great  Horseshoe  Bend,  and  122  miles  S% 
from  Indianapolis. 

Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  2  miles  E. 
from  Lake  Eric,  and  323  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 
An  inflammable  spring  at  this  place  furnishes  gas 
for  lighting  the  streets  and  dwellings. 

Freedom,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  Freedom  is  an 
uneven  township,  but  has  some  good  farms.  It 
is  bounded  in  part  by  the  Ossipee  Lake  and 
River.  This  town  was  formerly  called  North 
Effiingham  60  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Concord. 

Freedom,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  A  good  township  of 
land.  25  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Freedom,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.,  contains  sev- 
eral small  lakes,  and  is  drained  by  Clear  Creek 
and  some  other  small  streams.  The  surface  is 
chiefly  level ;  soil  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to 
grass.  269  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Freedom,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  On  the  E.  bank  of 
the  Ohio.  2  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Beaver 
River,  and  224  W.  by  N.  from  Harrisburg.  Here 
are  large  manufactories  of  steam  engines  and 
boilers,  and  steamboats  of  the  largest  size  are 
built. 

Freehold,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Monmouth  co.  Soil  good 
sandy  loam.  The  battle  of  Monmouth  was  fought 
in  this  town,  June  28,  1778.  35  miles  S.  E.  from 
Trenton. 

Freehold,  Upper,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  Fertile 
in  the  W.,  sandy  and  sterile  in  the  S.  E. 

Freeman,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  62  miles  N.  W. 
from  Augusta. 

Freeport,  Me.     See  Appendix,  No.  5. 

Freeport,  Is.,  c.  h.  Stephenson  co.  On  Peeka- 
tonica  River.  200  miles  N.  from  Springfield.  . 

Freeport,  O.,  Harrison  co.,  lies  on  Big  Still- 
water  Creek,  100  miles  from  Columbus.  There 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


377 


is  a  railroad  from  this  place  to  Bridgeport,  on 
the  Ohio  River. 

Frecport,  Pa.,  Armstrong  co.  At  the  junction 
of  Buffalo  Creek  with  Alleghany  River.  196 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg.  The  Penn- 
sylvania Canal  here  crosses  the  creek  by  an 
aqueduct. 

Freestone  County,  Ts.     New. 

Freetown,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Assonet,  and  it  was  first  settled  in  1659. 
This  town  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Taunton  River. 
The  New  Bedford  and  Taunton  Railroad  passes 
about  3  miles  N.  E.  from  Assonet  village,  at  the 
head  of  a  small  bay  of  that  name,  and  the  prin- 
cipal place  of  business  in  the  town.  Assonet 
River  falls  into  the  bay  at  the  village,  which, 
with  the  bay  and  Taunton  River,  affords  the  vil- 
lage good  mill  seats  and  navigable  facilities. 
The  soil  is  light.  It  is  the  seat  of  various  man- 
ufactures in  iron,  leather,  and  cabinet  furniture. 
12  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  New  Bedford,  and  43 
S.  from  Boston. 

Fremont,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Yolo  co.  On  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Sacramento,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Feather 
River. 

Fremont,  Io.,  c.  h.  Benton  co. 

Freemont  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Sidney.  In  the 
S.  W.  corner  of  the  state. 

Freemont,  0.,  c.  h.  Sandusky  co.  Connected  by 
railroad  with  Sandusky  City. 

French  Creek,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Watered 
by  a  creek  of  the  same  name.  The.  surface  is 
hilly;  soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of  grass.  18 
miles  S.  W.  from  Mayville,  and  355  W.  by  S. 
from  Albany. 

French  Creek,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  French  and 
Sandy  Creeks  drain  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  level,  and  the  soil  clay  and  loam  of  in- 
different quality.  223  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Friendship,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  coast,  at 
the  head  of  Muscongus  Bay.  48  miles  S.  E.  from 
Augusta. 

Friendship,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Drained  by 
Campan's  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Genesee  River. 
Surface  undulating;  soil  argillaceous  mould, 
yielding  large  crops  of  grass.  10  miles  S.  W. 
from  Angelica,  and  266  W.  from  Albany. 

Frostburg,  Md.,  Alleghany  co.  176  miles  N. 
W.  from  Annapolis.  Hereabouts  are  extensive 
beds  of  semi-bituminous  coal,  largely  wrought, 
and  connected  by  railroad  with  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal,  and  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road at  Cumberland. 

Fryeburg,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  On  both  sides  of  the 
Saco,  which,  from  its  very  winding  course,  runs 
between  30  and  40  miles  in  its  limits.  The 
principal  village  is  in  a  plain,  surrounded  by 
lofty  hills.  Lovewell's  Pond,  famous  in  the 
history  of  the  Indian  wars,  lies  a  short  distance 
from  'the  village.  75  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Augusta. 

Fulton  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Pilot  Hill. 

Fulton  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Lewiston.  Bounded 
N.  by  Knox  co.,  E.  by  Peoria  co.,  S.  E.  and  S.  by 
the  Illinois  River,  separating  it  from  Mason  co., 
and  W.  by  Schuyler,  McDonough,  and  Warren 
counties.  Drained  by  Spoon  River  and  Copperas 
Creek.  Surface  undulating,  consisting  partly  of 
prairies ;  soil  very  fertile. 

Fulton  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Rochester,  shire 
town.  Bounded  N.  by  Marshal  co.,  E.  by  Kos- 
ciusko  and  Miami,  S.  by  Cass,  and  W.  by  Pulas- 
48 


ki  co.  Surface  level,  and  watered  by  the  Tip- 
pecanoe  River. 

Fulton  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Hickman.  In  the 
S.  W.  corner  of  the  state.  Level. 

Fulton,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Itawamba  co.  On  the  E.  fork  of 
Tombigbee  River.  210  miles  N.E.  from  Jackson. 

Fulton  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Johnstown.  This 
county  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Hamilton  co., 
E.  by  Saratoga,  S.  by  Montgomery,  and  W.  by 
Herkimer  co.  It  was  incorporated  from  Mont- 
gomery co.  in  1838.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
mountainous,  being  crossed  by  the  "  Klips,"  or 
Mayfield  Mountains,  a  branch  of  the  Clinton  or 
Adirondack  range.  It  is  drained  by  the  Sacan- 
daga  River,  and  numerous  tributaries  of  the  Mo- 
hawk and  West  Canada  Creek:  The  soil  is 
generally  strong  and  productive. 

Fulton,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Oswego  River.  190  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. The  river  here  has  a  fall  of  about  20  feet, 
producing  a  good  water  power. 

Fulton,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Watered  by 
Schoharie  Creek  and  some  of  its  branches,  on 
one  of  which  there  is  a  fall  of  100  feet.  The  sur- 
face is  rather  hilly ;  the  soil  fertile  in  the  valleys. 
9  miles  S.  W.  from  Schoharie,  and  42  W.  from 
Albany. 

Fulton,  O.,  Hamilton  co.  Situated  on  the 
Ohio  River,  above  and  adjoining  Cincinnati. 
The  township  lies  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  fol- 
lowing the  bend  of  the  river  about  two  miles  and 
a  half,  and  extending  inland  only  about  half  a 
mile  to  the  top  of  the  river  hill.  The  town  is 
built  principally  on  one  street,  being  separated 
only  by  an  interval  of  about  a  mile  between  its 
western  limits  and  the  suburbs  of  Cincinnati 
There  are  extensive  lumber  yards  in  Fulton,  and 
several  steam  saw  mills,  by  which  a  profitable 
business  is  done.  But  the  greatest  business  of 
the  place  is  that  of  steamboat  building.  A  large 
proportion  of  the  Cincinnati  built  boats  are  the 
product  of  the  yards  in  this  industrious  village. 
The  turnpike  through  this  town  is  a  great 
thoroughfare  of  travel,  and  of  transportation  by 
wagons,  to  and  from  the  city.  The  Little  Miami 
Railroad,  and  the  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  and  San- 
dusky Railroad,  both  enter  Cincinnati  through 
this  town.  Population  in  1840,  1506;  in  1850, 
3223. 

Fulton  County,  0.  New.  Taken  from  the  W. 
part  of  Lucas.  On  the  N.  W.  border  of  the  state 

Noble  County,  O.    New. 

Fulton  County,  Pa.  New.  Taken  from  Bed- 
ford, E.  part.  On  the  S.  line  of  the  state,  in 
a  valley  between  two  ranges  of  the  Alleghanies. 
Watered  by  tributaries  of  the  Potomac. 

Fultonville,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  the  Mohawk  River,  on  the  Erie  CanaL 
43  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Gadsden  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Quincy.  Georgia 
bounds  this  county  on  the  N.,  the  Ocklockony 
River  separating  it  from  Leon  and  Wakulla 
counties  on  the  E.,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Franklin  co.  on  the  S.,  and  the  Appalachicola 
River,  separating  it  from  Washington  and  Jack- 
son counties,  on  the  W.  Surface  mostly  low, 
and  in  parts  marshy ;  the  soil  bordering  on 
some  of  the  streams  'is  of  good  quality.  Dog 
Island,  lying  off  the  coast,  belongs  to  this  county. 

Gaines,  N.  Y.,  Orleans  co.  Drained  by  some 
small  tributaries  of  Oak  Orchard  Creek.  The 
surface  is  chiefly  level ;  the  soil  of  good  quality 


378 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


3  miles  N.  from  Albion,  and  254  W.  by  N.  from 
Albany. 

Gainesboro',  Te.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Cumberland  River.  73  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Nashville. 

Gainesville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Hall  co.  3  miles  E.  from 
the  Chattahoochee  Kiver,  and  118  N.  N.  W.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Gainesville,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Allen's 
Creek  and  a  branch  of  the  Genesee  River  water 
this  town.  The  surface  is  somewhat  hilly  and 
uneven ;  soil  very  favorable  to  the  growth  of 
grass.  7  miles  S.  from  Warsaw,  and  248  W. 
from  Albany. 

Galen,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Clyde  River  and  the 
Erie  Canal  pass  through  this  town.  The  surface 
is  hilly  ;  soil  sandy  loam.  5  miles  E.  from  Lyons, 
and  172  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Galena,  Is.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Jo. 
Daviess  co.  180  miles  W.  from  Chicago,  and 
230  N.  W.  from  Springfield.  Pleasantly  situated 
on  Fever  River,  about  5  miles,  by  the  course  of 
the  river,  above  its  confluence  with  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  though  not  more  than  2£  miles  from  the 
Mississippi  in  a  direct  line.  The  Fever  River, 
which  has  the  resemblance  of  a  canal,  100  feet 
wide,  is  navigable  to  Galena  for  large  steamboats 
at  all  stages  of  the  water.  This  is  the  commer- 
cial emporium  of  the  great  lead  region  lying  in 
Northern  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  The  city  was 
laid  out  in  1826.  It  has  a  court  house,  jail, 
an  academy,  and  churches  of  the  Presbyterian, 
Methodist,  Baptist,  Episcopalian,  and  Roman 
Catholic  denominations.  The  Galena  and  Chi- 
cago Union  Railroad,  under  contract  to  be  finished 
in  1852,  will  terminate  at  Galena.  This  will 
bring  Galena  within  72  hours  of  Boston  and  New 
York.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  when  built, 
will  connect  with  the  Chicago  and  Galena  road; 
thus  opening  a  railroad  communication  S.  to 
the  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois. 
Population  in  1840,  1500;  in  1850,  6000. 

Gallatin  Count}],  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Equality.  Incor- 
porated in  1812,  and  bounded  N.  by  Hamilton 
and  White  counties,  E.  by  the  Wabash  and 
Ohio  Rivers,  separating  it  from  Kentucky,  S. 
by  Hardin  and  Pope,  and  W.  by  William  and 
Franklin  counties.  Soil  chiefly  sandy,  and  un- 
derlaid with  slate.  Salt  springs  are  found  here. 

Gallatin  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.at  Warsaw.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from 
Indiana,  and  by  Boone  co.,  E.  by  Grant  co..  S. 
by  Owen,  and  W.  by  Carroll  co.  It  has  an  un- 
dulating surface  and  fertile  soil. 

Gallatin,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Daviess  co.  On  the  W.  fork 
of  Grand  River.  1 89  miles  N.  W.  from  Jefferson 
City. 

Gallatin,  N.  Y,  Columbia  co.  Watered  by 
Charlotte  Lake  and  Roeliff  Jansen's  and  Dove 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  rather  hilly ;  soil  various. 
15  miles  S.  E.  from  Hudson,  and  44  S.  from  Al- 


Gallatin,  Te.,  c.  h.  Sumner  co.  3  miles  N.  from 
the  Cumberland  River,  and  26  N.  E.  from  Nash- 
ville. 

Gallia  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Gallopolis.  Athens 
and  Meigs  counties  bound  it  on  the  N.,  the  Ohio 
Eiver  on  the  E.,  and  Lawrence  and  Jackson 
counties  on  the  S.  and  W.  It  was  settled  in  1790, 
by  people  from  France,  from  which  circumstance 
it  derives  its  name,  France  anciently  being  called 
Gaul.  The  Ohio  River,  Racoon  Creek,  and 
several  smaller  streams  supply  this  county  with 


water.  In  the  northern  part  the  land  is  good, 
but  elsewhere  it  is  hilly,  and  has  a  poor  soil. 

Gallopolis,  0.,  c.  h.  Gallopolis  co.,  meaning  French 
city,  because  settled  by  French,  is  situated  pleas- 
antly on  a  western  eminence  of  the  Ohio  River. 
It  is  remarkable  for  containing  within  its  bounds 
a  large  semi-globular  mound,  1 8  or  20  rods  in 
circumference  at  its  base.  From  Columbus  it 
is  distant  102  miles  S.  E. 

Galloway,  N.  J.,  Atlantic  co.  Nacote  Creek 
drains  this  town.  Surface  level,  the  S.  part  con- 
sisting of  a  sandy  salt  marsh. 

Galveston,  Ts.  City.  200  miles  S.  E.  from  Aus- 
tin, the  capital  of  the  state.  Situated  on  the  eastern 
extremity  of  an  island  upon  the  S.  side  of  Gal- 
veston Bay,  near  the  entrance  to  the  bay  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  flourishing  city,  the 
commercial  metropolis  of  the  state  to  which  it 
belongs,  is  now  beginning  to  take  rank  among 
the  places  of  first  importance  in  this  respect  upon 
the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States.  The 
harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Gulf  coast,  hav- 
ing about  14  feet  of  water  on  the  bar  at  low  tide. 
It  enjoys  the  best  facilities  for  communication 
with  the  interior,  and  with  all  the  principal  places 
on  the  coast.  There  are  regular  lines  of  steam- 
boats plying  between  Galveston  and  New  Orleans, 
also  to  other  ports  along  the  coast,  and  up  the 
bay  and  river  to  Houston,  from  which  it  is  dis- 
tant about  80  miles.  This  city,  settled  no  longer 
ago  than  1837,  has  rapidly  increased  in  trade  and 
population ;  and,  from  the  superiority  of  its  har- 
bor, and  the  enterprising  spirit  of  its  capitalists 
and  merchants,  is  destined  to  attain  an  early  pre- 
eminence in  wealth  and  influence. 

Galveston  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Galveston.  In 
S.  E.  angle,  on  the  coast. 

Galway,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Chuctenunda 
and  a  branch  of  Kayaderosseras  Creek  water  this 
town.  Surface  hilly;  soil  clay  loam.  12  miles 
W.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and  36  N.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Gambier,  0.,  Knox  co.  Pleasant.  56  miles 
N.  E.  from  Columbus.  Kenyon  College  is  situ- 
ated here.  See  Colleges. 

Gardiner,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  the  Kennebec  River,  at  the  head  of  ship  navi- 
gation. 4  miles  below  Hallowell,  and  6  below 
Augusta.  It  was  incorporated  in  1802,  and 
named  after  Dr.  S.  Gardiner,  one  of  the  proprie- 
tors of  the  old  Plymouth  patent.  The  Cobbesse- 
contee,which  enters  the  Kennebec  at  this  place,  fur- 
nishes an  extensive  water  power,  which  is  largely 
employed  in  sawing  timber,  and  for  some  other 
purposes.  The  business  part  of  the  city  is  full 
of  activity  and  enterprise.  The  buildings,  some 
of  them  very  handsome,  on  a  gentle  rise  from  the 
river,  are  beautifully  located,  and  command  a 
fine  prospect.  Gardiner  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  thrifty  places  in  the  state.  It  is  connected 
by  railroad  with  Augusta,  Bath,  and  Portland. 
Population  in  1850,  8231. 

Gardner,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  took  its  name 
in  memory  of  Colonel  Thomas  Gardner,  of  Cam- 
bridge, who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 
It  was  formerly  parts  of  Westminister,  Ashburn- 
ham,  Winchendon,  and  Templeton.  The  face  of 
the  town  is  uneven  ;  but  though  rocky,  the  soil  is 
strong  and  fertile,  producing  in  abundance  all 
the  grasses  and  grains  common  to  the  climate. 
Bakersville  and  Gardnerville  are  pleasant  vil- 
lages. The  former  lies  near  a  delightful  pond. 
Otter  River,  a  branch  of  Miller's  River,  several 


IN   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


379 


smaller  streams,  and  some  springs,  give  the  town 
good  mill  privileges,  and  produce  much  good 
meadow.  10  miles  W.  from  Fitchburg,  and  60 
W.  by  N.  from  Boston,  by  tbe  Fitchburg "Railroad. 

Garland,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  On  the  head  wa- 
ters of  the  Kenduskeag.  74  miles  N.  E.  by  N. 
from  Augusta,  and  27  N.  W.  from  Bangor. 

Garrard  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Lancaster.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  the  Kentucky  River,  separating  it  from 
Jessamine  co.,  E.  by  Paint  Lick  Creek,  separat- 
ing it  from  Madison  co.,  S.  by  Laurel  and 
Rock  counties,  and  W.  by  Dicks  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Lincoln  and  Doyle  counties. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile. 

Gasconade  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Hermon. 
Bounded  N.  by  Grand  River,  separating  it  from 
Montgomery  co.,  E.  by  Franklin  and  Crawford 
counties,  S.  by  Crawford,  and  W.  by  Osage  co. 
Drained  by  Gasconade  and  Bourbeuse  Rivers, 
and  their  branches.  Surface  mostly  rough  and 
uneven ;  soil  very  fertile  on  the  streams.  Iron 
ore,  sulphur,  saltpetre,  limestone,  and  other  min- 
erals are  found  here. 

Gaston  County,  N.  C.  New.  Taken  from  Lin- 
coln. On  the  southern  border  of  the  state.  In- 
cludes the  height  of  land  between  the  Yadkin  and 
Catawba. 

Gaston,  N.  C.,  Northampton  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  the  Roanoke  River,  87  miles  N.  E.  from 
Raleigh.  The  railroad  from  Petersburg  to  Ra- 
leigh crosses  the  Roanoke  here. 

Gates  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Gatesville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Virginia,  E.  by  Camden  and  Pasquo- 
tank  counties,  S.  by  Perquimans  and  Chowan, 
and  W.  by  Chowan  and  Blackwater  Rivers, 
separating  it  from  Hertford  co. 

Gates,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  chiefly  sandy.  3  miles  W.  from  Rochester, 
and  220  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Gauley  Bridge,  Va.,  Nicholas  co.  At  the  falls 
of  the  Great  Kanawha  River,  and  junction  of 
the  Gauley,  277  miles  W.  from  Richmond.  The 
Kanawha  is  navigable  to  this  place,  where  it  has 
a  fall  of  22  feet  perpendicular,  giving  a  great 
water  power. 

Geauga  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Chardon.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Lake  Erie,  E.  by  Ashtabula  and  Trum- 
bull  counties,  S.  by  Portage,  and  W.  by  Cuya- 
hoga  co.  The  name  of  this  county  signifies 
Grand,  in  the  Indian  language,  and  that  is  the 
name  of  the  principal  river ;  there  are  several 
smaller  ones  besides.  The  soil  is  good,  well  wa- 
tered, and  covered  with  timber.  Iron  is  found  in 
great  abundance. 

Geddes,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  On  the  Erie 
Canal,  2  miles  W.  of  Syracuse,  in  the  township 
of  Salina,  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1832.  It 
is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  head  of  Onondaga 
Lake.  The  village  has  grown  up  rapidly,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  discovery  at  this  place  of  saline 
springs,  from  which  large  quantities  of  salt  are 
made  by  solar  evaporation.  See  Salina. 

Gcnesee  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Flint.  Bounded 
N.  by  Saginaw  and  Tuscola  counties,  E.  by  La- 
pier,*  S.  by  Oakland  and  Livingston,  and  W.  by 
Shiawassee  co.  Watered  by  Flint  and  Shia- 
wassee  Rivers,  the  former  affording  good  hy- 
draulic power.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  rich 
sandy  loam. 

Genesee  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Batavia.  Taken 
from  Ontario  county  in  1802,  and  itself  divid- 
ed in  1841,  the  S.  part  forming  Wyoming  co. 
Bounded  on  the  N.  by  Orleans,  E.  by  Monroe 


and  Livingston.  S.  by  Wyoming,  and  W.  by  Erie 
counties  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  watered 
by  Allen's,  Black,  and  Tonawanda  Creeks.  On 
each  side  of  the  last-named  stream  is  an  Indian 
reservation  lying  mostly  in  this  county.  The  soil 
is  chiefly  rich,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  the  growth  of  wheat.  The 
Tonawanda  Railroad  crosses  the  W.  part  of  this 
county  to  Batavia. 

Genesee  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1846.  Situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Gene- 
see  River,  and  contains  some  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful and  romantic  scenery  in  the  W.  part  of  the 
state. 

Genesee,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Swan  and  Lit- 
tle Genesee  Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface 
of  which  is  elevated  and  broken ;  the  soil  sandy 
loam.  20  miles  S.  W.  from  Angelica,  and  280 
W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  c.  h  Livingston  co.  Watered  by 
some  small  tributaries  of  the  Genesee  River. 
The  surface  is  diversified  ;  the  soil  remarkably 
rich  and  fertile  in  the  valley  of  the  Genesee.  226 
miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Geneva,  N.  Y.,  in  Seneca  township,  Ontario 
co.  Beautifully  situated  at  the  N.  W.  extremity 
of  Seneca  Lake.  199  miles  W.  from  Albany,  and 
126  E.  from  Buffalo.  The  ground  on  which  it  is 
built  rises  gradually  from  the  lake  shore,  until 
it  attains  to  an  elevation  of  about  100  feet.  The 
business  part  of  the  place  lies  at  the  foot  of  this 
declivity,  near  to  the  lake  shore.  That  which  is 
chiefly  occupied  for  residences  by  the  inhabitants 
lies  upon  the  more  elevated  ridge,  and  the  plain 
above  it,  parallel  to  the  border  of  the  lake ;  af- 
fording a  fine  view  of  this  lovely  sheet  of  water, 
which  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
lakes  of  New  York,  and  is  here  about  two  miles 
wide.  The  land  W.  of  the  village  rises  in  a  suc- 
cession of  terraces,  as  though  formed  at  different 
periods  by  the  lake  shore,  when  this  body  of  wa- 
ter may  have  been  more  elevated,  and  covered 
more  ground  than  it  now*  does.  These  slopes 
are  highly  cultivated,  and  ornamented  here  and 
thei-e  with  handsome  buildings.  The  village 
itself,  in  its  natural  situation,  in  the  picturesque 
and  charming  scenery  which  surrounds  it,  and 
in  the  accessories  which  art,  culture,  and  wealth 
have  added  to  its  embellishments,  combines  al- 
most every  feature  of  attractiveness  that  can  be 
desired  as  a -place  of  residence. 

The  following,  from  the  notes  of  a  traveller 
through  this  part  of  the  country  in  1800,  while 
it  will  add  something  to  our  description,  illus- 
trates the  taste  and  judgment  which  were  exer- 
cised in  laying  out  the  place  :  "  Geneva,"  he  says, 
"  is  divided  into  upper  and  lower  town.  The 
first  establishments  were  on  the  margin  of  the 
lake,  as  best  adapted  to  business ;  but  Captain 
Williamson,  struck  with  the  peculiar  beauty  of 
the  elevated  plain  which  crowns  the  high  bank 
of  the  lake,  and  the  many  advantages  which  it 
possesses  as  a  site  for  a  town,  began  here  to  lay 
out  his  building  lots  parallel  with  and  facing  the 
lake.  These  lots  are  three  quarters  of  an  acre 
deep,  and  half  an  acre  in  front.  One  article  in 
the  agreement  with  Captain  Williamson  is,  that 
no  buildings  shall  be  erected  on  the  east  side  of 
the  street,  that  the  view  of  the  lake  may  be  kept 
open.  Those  who  purchase  a  lot  have  also  the 
option  of  purchasing  such  land  as  lies  between 
their  lot  and  the  lake,  —  a  convenience  and  ad- 
vantage which  I  suppose  few  will  forego, — the 


380 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


quantity  not  being  great,  and  consisting  princi- 
pally of  the  declivity  of  the  bank,  which,  for  the 
most  part,  is  not  so  steep  as  to  unfit  it  for  pastur- 
age or  gardens." 

This  wise  forecast  of  the  proprietor,  not  to 
mention  any  thing  else,  has  secured  to  Geneva 
one  of  its  most  beautiful  ornaments,  in  those  ter- 
raced gardens,  or  hanging  gardens,  as  they  have 
sometimes  been  called,  which,  in  the  south  part 
of  the  upper  street,  extend,  in  front  of  the  dwell- 
ings, quite  down  to  the  margin  of  the  lake.  Few 
places  in  this  country  afford  such  beautiful  situa- 
tions for  residences  as  this  part  of  Geneva. 

The  village  was  incorporated  in  1812.  It  has 
from  15  to  20  streets,  a  beautiful  public  square 
enclosed,  and  many  large  and  elegant  buildings. 
The  buildings  of  Geneva  College  are  situated  on 
the  summit  of  the  elevation  which  rises  from  the 
lake,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Main  Street, 
a  site  rarely  surpassed  for  all  the  purposes  of 
such  an  institution.  The  buildings  are  three  in 
number,  besides  a  building  on  the  same  street 
for  the  medical  department.  See  Colleges. 

There  arc  churches  in  Geneva  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian, Dutch  Reformed,  Associate  Reformed,  Epis- 
copal, Methodist,  Baptist,  Universalist,  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  denominations.  There  are  several 
excellent  hotels,  banking  and  insurance  offices, 
numerous  stores,  a  steam  flouring  mill,  furnaces, 
breweries,  and  many  other  mechanic  and  manu- 
facturing establishments. 

A  steamboat  plies  regularly  upon  the  lake, 
running  up  and  down  daily  to  Jefferson,  at  its 
southern  extremity.  At  that  end  the  lake  is  con- 
nected by  a  canal  with  Crooked  Lake,  and  thence 
by  the  Chemung  Canal  and  feeder  with  the  rail- 
road at  Corning,  leading  to  Blossburg,  Pa.  By 
this  channel  of  communication  a  large  quantity 
of  coal  from  the  Blossburg  mines  passes  through 
Geneva  to  market.  The  Cayuga  and  Seneca 
Canal  unites  the  waters  of  the  lake  at  Geneva 
with  Cayuga  Lake,  and  with  the  Erie  Canal  at 
Montezuma,  a  distance  of  20  miles.  The  railroad 
from  Albany  to  Buffalo  passes  through  the  N. 
part  of  the  village,  near  the  canal  basin.  Such 
are  the  facilities  of  business  and  travel  by  which 
this  beautiful  spot  is  rendered  accessible  from  all 
parts  of  the  country.  See  Seneca  Lake. 

Gentry,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Gentry  co. 

Gentry  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Gentry.  On  the 
N.  W.  border  of  the  state,  on  the  head  waters  of 
Grand  River. 

Georgetown,  D.  C.  City  and  port  of  entry.  On 
the  N.  E.  side  of  the  Potomac,  200  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  2  E.  of  Washington,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  Rock  Creek.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Washington  College,  and  has  also  a  nunnery, 
attached  to  which  is  a  private  academy.  George- 
town is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation,  on 
the  Potomac,  and  communicates  with  the  interior 
by  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal.  It  has  con- 
siderable trade  and  navigation,  but  has  been 
nearly  stationary  for  the  past  30  years.  Popu- 
lation in  1850,  8366. 

Georgetown,  De.,  c.  h.  Sussex  co.  Between 
the  sources  of  Nanticoke  and  Indian  Rivers.  41 
miles  E.  of  S.  from  Dover. 

Georgetown,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Scott  co.  On  the  N. 
branch  of  Elkhorn  River.  17  miles  E.  from 
Frankfort.  Georgetown  College  is  here.  See 
Colleges. 

Georgetown,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.,  comprises  two 
Islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec,  between 


that  and  the  Sheepscot.  It  has  an  excellent 
harbor.  46  miles  S.  from  Augusta. 

Georgetown,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  On  a  branch  of 
Parker  River.  31  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Boston, 
with  which  it  connects  by  railroad.  Noted  for 
the  manufacture  or  boots  and  shoes. 

Georgetown,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Pettis  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  the  S.  fork  of  La  Mine  River.  67  miles 
W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Georgetown,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Watered  by 
the  head  branches  of  Ostelic  River.  The  surface 
is  hilly ;  soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of  grass. 
10  miles  S.  W.  from  Morrisville,  and  108  W. 
from  Albany. 

Georgetown,  O.,  c.  h.  Brown  co.  1  mile  from 
White  Oak  Creek,  about  7  from  the  Ohio  River, 
and  107  S.  S.  W.  from  Columbus. 

Georgetown  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Georgetown. 
Bounded  N.  by  Williamsburg  and  Horry  dis- 
tricts, E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  by  Charleston 
district,  and  W.  by  Williamsburg  district.  Wa- 
tered by  Great  Pedee  and  Waccamaw  Rivers, 
and  the  Santee  River,  which  flows  along  its  S. 
boundary.  Surface  level,  and  in  parts  marshy ; 
soil  fertile. 

Georgetown,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Georgetown  district. 
A  port  of  entry  on  the  W.  side  of  Winyaw  Bay, 
at  the  mouth  "of  Sampit  Creek,  and  152  miles 
E.  S.  E.  from  Columbia.  Vessels  drawing  11 
feet  of  water  come  into  the  harbor,  and  it  receives 
the  trade  of  an  extensive  back  country  by  the 
rivers  flowing  into  Winyaw  Bay. 

Georgia,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  On  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  40  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

German,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Surface  hilly. 
126  miles  from  Albany. 

German  Flats,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  On  the 
S.  side  of  the  Mohawk  River.  The  surface  is 
undulating,  except  on  the  borders  of  the  river, 
where  are  extensive  alluvial  flats.  The  Erie 
Canal  passes  through  this  town.  3  miles  S.  from 
Herkimer  village,  and  83  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Germanton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Stokes  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  the  Town  Fork  of  Dan  River.  123  miles 
N.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Germantown,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  The  surface 
of  this  town  is  undulating ;  soil  clay  loam  of 
good  quality.  10  miles  S.  from  Hudson,  and  39 
from  Albany. 

Germantown,  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.  Watered 
by  Wissihickon  and  Wingohocking  Creeks.  Sur- 
face hilly;  soil  alluvial  and  loamy.  A  battle 
took  place  here  in  October,  1777.  in  which  700 
Americans  and  500  British  were  killed.  6  miles 
N.  W.  from  Philadelphia,  and  104  E.  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Germany,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Watered  by  Piney 
and  the  head  branches  of  Conewago  Creek. 
Surface  level ;  soil  gravel  and  calcareous  loam. 
10  miles  S.  E.  from  Gettysburg. 

Gerry,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Cassadaga 
Creek  and  some  of  its  branches  flow  through 
this  town.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  gravelly 
loam.  13  miles  E.  from  Maysville,  and  326  W. 
by  S.  from  Albany. 

Gettysburg,  Pa.,  seat  of  justice  of  Adams  co. 
35  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Harrishurg,  52  N.  W. 
from  Baltimore,  and  114  W.  from  Philadelphia, 
It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  in  the  midst 
of  a  fertile  and  well-cultivated  country,  and  at 
the  intersection  of  several  important  turnpike 
roads.  It  is  a  plain  town,  but  neatly  and  well 
built.  The  public  buildings,  besides  the  usual 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


381 


county  buildings,  are  a  bank,  an  academy,  the 
edifices  of  the  Pennsylvania  College,  and  of  the 
theological  seminary  of  the  German  Lutheran 
church,  and  churches  of  the  Presbyterian,  Lu- 
theran, Seceders',  and  Methodist  denominations. 
These  buildings  are  all  of  brick,  except  the 
county  prison.  Considerable  business  is  done 
here  in  the  various  mechanical  pursuits.  The 
place  was  formerly  celebrated  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  carriages  of  all  kinds,  but  this  branch 
of  business  has  very  much  declined  with  the 
changes  in  the  mode  of  travelling.  For  an  ac- 
count of  the  college  and  theological  seminary  at 
Gettysburg,  see  Colleges. 

Ghent,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Drained  by  Clav- 
erack  Creek.  The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven  ; 
soil  gravelly  loam.  8  miles  N.  E.  from  Hudson, 
and  26  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Gibson  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Princeton.  Incor- 
porated in  1813.  Bounded  N.  by  White  River, 
separating  it  from  Knox  co.,  E.  by  Pike  and 
Warrick  counties,  S.  by  Vanderburg  and  Posey, 
and  W.  by  the  Wabash  River,  separating  it 
from  Illinois.  Surface  undulating,  and  drained 
by  Patoka  and  Big  Pigeon  Creeks. 

Gibson,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  This  is  a  hilly 
town,  drained  by  Tunkhannock  and  Lackawan- 
nock  Creeks.  Soil  gravel  and  clay.  177  miles 
N.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Gibson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Trenton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Obion  and  Weakley  counties,  E.  by  Car- 
roll, S.  by  Madison  and  Haywood,  and  W.  by 
Dyer  co.  Surface  undulating,  and  watered  by 
branches  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Creeks. 
Soil  fertile. 

Gilead,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  Between  two  moun- 
tains, on  both  sides  of  Androscoggin  River. 
There  is  some  good  land  on  the  river,  but  the 
chief  part  of  the  township  is  fit  only  for  grazing. 
The  expense  of  transportation  of  fuel  down  the 
mountains,  in  a  slippery  time,  is  very  trifling. 
Gilead  lies  71  miles  W.  from  Augusta,  and  25 
S.  S.  W.  from  Paris.  Incorporated  1804. 

Gilead,  O.,  Wood  co.  On  the  S.  E.  bank  of 
Maumee  River.  136  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Co- 
lumbus. There  is  great  water  power  obtainable 
here.  The  river  is  navigable  for  small  steam- 
boats above  this  place  to  Fort  Wayne,  though 
between  this  and  Perrysburg  below  it'is  not  navi- 
gable. The  Maumee  Canal  passes  by  it. 

Giles  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Pulaski.  Bounded  N. 
by  Maury  and  Marshall  counties,  E.  by  Lincoln 
Co.,  S.  by  Alabama,  and  W.  by  Lawrence  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Richland  and  some  other  branches  of  Elk 
Creek.  Surface  slightly  uneven ;  soil  fertile. 

Giles  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Parisburg.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1806.  Bounded  N.  by  Botetourt  and 
Monroe  counties,  E.  by  Montgomery,  S.  by  Pu- 
laski. Wythe,  and  Tazewell,  and  W.  by  Mercer 
co.  Watered  by  New  River,  on  the  banks  of 
which  are  some  celebrated  white  sulphur 
springs.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  mountain- 
ous ;  soil  rocky  and  sterile  on  the  high  lands,  but 
fertile  in  the  valleys. 

Giles,  Va.,  c.  h.  Giles  co.  On  the  S.  bank  of 
New  River,  just  above  its  passage  through  Peter's 
Mountain,  and  240  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Gilford,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  Belknap  co.  The  soil  is 
generally  productive.  There  are  two  ponds  here, 
Little  and  Chattleboro'.  Gunstock  and  Miles 
Rivers,  rising  in  Suncook  Mountains,  and  flowing 


N.  into  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  are  the  principal 
streams.  There  are  two  islands  in  the  lake,  be- 
longing to  Gilford,  one  of  which  has  been  con- 
nected to  the  main  land  by  a  bridge  30  rods  in 
length.  Four  bridges  across  the  Winnipiseogee 
connect  the  town  with  Meredith.  First  settlers, 
James  Ames  and  S.  S.  Gilman.  The  Concord 
and  Montreal  Railroad  passes  through  this  town. 
25  miles  from  Concord. 

Gill.,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  Gill  was  taken  from 
Greenfield  in  1793,  and  is  separated  from  it  by 
Fall  River,  a  good  mill  stream.  It  is  opposite  to 
Montague,  which  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecti- 
cut River,  and  between  which  and  Gill  are 
Turner's  Falls,  alike  celebrated  for  their  beauty 
and  magnitude.  The  town  was  named  in  com- 
pliment to  Moses  Gill,  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  state.  The  Connecticut  at  this  place  turns 
abruptly  in  its  course,  and  spreads  out  a  large 
tract  of  intervale  of  great  value.  Around  this 
town  are  lofty  elevations,  from  which  splendid 
landscapes  are  obtained.  5  miles  N.  E.  from 
Greenfield. 

Gillespie  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Fredericksburg. 
A  central  county. 

Giltner  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Ellijay.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina,  E.  by 
Union  and  Lumpkin  counties,  S.  by  Cherokee, 
and  W.  by  Cass  and  Murray  counties.  The 
Coosawatee  and  Aquokee  Rivers  and  their 
branches  water  this  county. 

'Gilmer  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Glenville.  In  the 
W.  part  of  the  state.  Rough  and  hilly.  Drained 
by  the  Little  Kenhawa  and  its  confluents,  which 
pass  through  it  from  E.  to  W. 

Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  Belknap  co.  Besides  the 
Winnipiseogee,  this  town  is  watered  by  the  Sun- 
cook  and  Soucook  Rivers.  The  Suncook  rises 
in  a  pond  near  the  top  of  one  of  the  Suncook 
Mountains,  elevated  900  feet  above  its  base. 
The  water  of  this  pond  falls  into  another  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain,  of  1  mile  in  length  and  half 
a  mile  wide.  Passing  from  this  it  falls  into  an 
other,  covering  about  500  acres,  from  which  it  me- 
anders through  the  town.  This  town  is  hilly  and 
rocky ;  soil  hard,  but  fruitful.  There  are  several 
mineral  springs  here.  An  academy  was  found- 
ed here  October  13,  1762.  Porcupine  Hill,  in 
this  town,  exhibits  a  romantic  precipice.  First 
settlers,  Benjamin  and  John  Mudgett,  Orlando 
Weed,  and  others,  in  1771.  20  miles  N.  N.  E, 
from  Concord,  and  8  S.  S.  W.  from  Gilford. 

Gilman,  N.  Y.,  Hamilton  co.  This  town  con- 
tains several  small  lakes.  Mount  Emmons  is 
situated  in  the  N.  part.  A  large  part  of  the  town 
is  wilderness.  6  miles  E.  from  Lake  Pleasant, 
and  68  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Gilsum,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.,  is  a  small  town- 
ship, 10  miles  E.  from  the  Connecticut.  The  soil 
is  fertile,  and  produces  good  crops  of  grass  and 
grain.  Ashuelot  River  affords  a  good  water 
power.  Gilsum  was  granted  to  Messrs.  Gilbert, 
Sumner,  and  others-  From  the  combination  of 
the  first  syllable  of  the  names  of  those  men,  it 
derives  its  name.  First  settlers,  Josiah  Kilburn, 
Pelatiah  Pease,  Obadiah  Wilcox,  Ebenezer  Dew- 
ey,  and  Jonathan  Adams,  in  1764.  80  miles  S. 
W.  by  W.  from  Concord,  and  about  9  N.  from 
Keene. 

Glasgow,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Barren  co.  A  little  E.  of 
the  Beaver  branch  of  Green  River,  and  123 
miles  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 


382 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  <*c. 


Glastenbury,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  This  town,  pre- 
vious to  its  incorporation  in  1690,  had  been  at- 
tached to  Wethersfield.  It  lies  on  the  E.  side  of 
Connecticut  River,  opposite  to  Wethersfield.  It 
has  some  fine  land  on  Connecticut  River ;  and  the 
river  road,  through  its  entire  extent,  from  East 
Hartford  to  Portland,  is  one  thickly-settled  and 
pleasant  street.  The  face  of  the  uplands  is 
rough,  but  generally  productive.  About  a  mile 
and  a  half  from  Connecticut  River,  and  8  miles 
from  Chatham  Freestone  Quarry,  in  a  romantic 
spot  between  the  hills,  is  a  beautiful  village  con- 
nected with  the  Hartford  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany. Roaring  Brook,  at  this  place,  passes 
through  a  very  narrow  defile,  affording  a  great 
and  constant  water  power.  From  the  hills 
around  this  village  a  great  variety  of  delightful 
scenery  is  observable. 

"  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  town  there  is  a  pond 
of  about  a  mile  in  circumference,  called  Diamond 
Pond,  from  the  circumstance  of  there  being  small 
pebbles  or  stones  around  its  margin  having  a 
peculiar  brilliancy.  Near  the  centre  of  the  town 
there  is  a  mineral  spring,  which,  though  it  has 
acquired  no  celebrity  abroad,  has  been  thought, 
by  men  of  science  who  have  examined  it,  to  pos- 
sess valuable  medicinal  qualities  ;  and  for  more 
than  100  years  has  been  known  by  the  name  of 
the  '  Pool  of  Neipseic.' 

Eastbury  is  an  ancient  ecclesiastical  parish, 
embracing  the  eastern  portion  of  the  town. 

Glastonbury,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  This  fe  a 
township  of  mountainous  land,  more  fit  for  the 
residence  of  wild  beasts  than  human  beings.  Its 
waters  flow  both  into  Deerfield  River  and  Wai- 
loom's  Creek.  The  town  was  chartered  in  1761. 
9  miles  N.  E.  from  Bennington,  and  25  N.  W. 
from  Brattleboro'. 

Glen  Cove,  N.  Y.,  Queen's  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Hempstead  Harbor,  at  the  head  of  Glen  Cove. 
176  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Albany.  A  place  of  re- 
sort from  New  York  city  in  the  summer  months. 

Glenn,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Mohawk  River,  and  E.  by  Scho- 
harie  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil  mostly 
clay  loam.  3  miles  S.  from  Fonda,  and  44  N. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Glenburn,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  Formerly  called 
Button.  On  both  sides  of  the  great  bend  of  the 
Kenduskeag,  which  affords  water  power.  Soil 
good.  10  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Bangor. 

Glenn's  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  the  Hudson  River,  54  miles  N.  from  Al- 
bany. The  falls  here  have  a  descent  of  50  feet, 
affording  a  great  water  power,  which  is  improved 
for  mills  and  manufactories  of  various  kinds. 
The  scenery  at  the  falls  is  very  picturesque.  A 
bridge,  500  feet  in  length,  crosses  the  Hudson  at 
this  point,  affording  a  fine  view  of  the  water 
tumbling  over  the  rocks.  An  abundance  of  the 
finest  black  marble  is  found  here. 

Glenville,  N.  Y.,  Schenectady  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  the  Mohawk  River.  Watered  on  the  E. 
by  Aelplass  Creek.  The  surface  is  rather  hilly  ; 
soil  sandy  loam.  4  miles  W.  from  Schenectady. 

Glenville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Gilmer  co.  On  the  Little 
Kenhawa.  about  40  miles  S.  W.  from  the  Ohio. 

Gloucester,  Ms.,  Essex  co.,  is  an  important 
maritime  town.  The  Indians  called  it  Winga- 
ersheek.  This  was  the  first  spot  inhabited  by 
English  settlers  on  the  N.  side  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  its  harbor  having  been  improved  as  a  fish- 


ing station  as  early  as  1624.  Gloucester  Harbor 
is  capacious,  easy  of  access  at  any  season  of  the 
year,  and  of  sufficient  depth  of  water  for  the  lar- 
gest merchantmen.  Nautical  men  pronounce  it 
one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  coast.  Until  the 
incorporation  of  Rockport  in  1840,  this  town 
comprised  the  whole  of  Cape  Ann,  which  was 
named  by  Prince  Charles  out  of  respect  for  his 
mother.  There  are  a  number  of  small  islands  at 
its  eastern  extremity,  on  one  of  which,  Thatcher's 
Island,  are  two  light-houses.  The  village  of 
Anisquam,  or  Squam,  lies  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
cape  ;  it  has  a  safe  harbor.  Near  this  village  is  a 
beach  of  between  2  and  3  miles  in  length,  com- 
posed of  white  sand,  which  is  much  used,  and 
makes  a  beautiful  appearance  as  you  approach  the 
shore.  The  village  of  Gloucester  Harbor  is 
beautifully  located  on  the  S.  side  of  the  cape,  32 
miles  N.  E.  from  Boston  by  water.  14  from  Sa- 
lem, and  28  from  Boston  by  land,  with  both 
which  places  it  is  connected  by  railroad.  Glou- 
cester is  rapidly  becoming  a  fashionable  resort 
in  summer  months.  The  sea  views  from  the 
village  are  very  extensive.  The  cod  and 
mackerel'  fisheries,  particularly  the  latter,  are 
extensively  carried  on  from  this  town,  which 
takes  the  lead  in  this  business.  It  has  also  an 
extensive  trade  with  the  southern  ports,  with 
Surinam,  and  with  the  British  provinces. 

Gloucester  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Woodbury. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  Camden,  S.  E.  by  Atlantic,  S. 
W.  by  Salem  co.,  and  N.  W.  by  the  Delaware 
River,  separating  it  from  Pennsylvania.  Drained 
by  Cooper's,  Mantua,  Big  Timber,  and  Racoon 
Creeks,  and  the  head  branches  of  Great  Egg 
Harbor  River.  The  soil  is  sandy  and  unproduc- 
tive, except  on.  the  borders  of  the  Delaware, 
where  it  is  very  fertile. 

Gloucester,  N.  J.,  Gloucester  co.  Cooper's  and 
Big  Timber  Creeks  drain  this  town.  Surface 
level;  soil  sand  and  loam,  the  N.  part  yielding 
good  harvests  of  vegetables  and  fruit.  10  miles 
S.  E.  from  Woodbury. 

Gloucester,  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  The  surface 
of  the  town  is  somewhat  broken  by  hills,  but  the 
soil  is  well  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes,  par- 
ticularly to  grazing.  Gloucester  furnishes  large 
supplies  of  various  products  for  market.  There 
are  fine  forests  in  several  parts  of  the  town,  and 
large  quantities  of  ship  and  other  timber  are  con- 
veyed to  Providence  and  other  places.  The  Che- 
pachet  and  some  smaller  streams  give  Gloucester 
a  good  water  power. 

Gloucester  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Gloucester.  In- 
corporated in  1652,  and  bounded  N.  by  Middlesex 
co.,  E.  by  Matthews  co.  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  S. 
W.  by  York  River,  separating  it  from  York  and 
James  City  counties,  and  N.  W.  by  King  and 
Queen  co. 

Gloucester,  Va.,  c.  h.  Gloucester  co.  85  miles 
E.  from  Richmond. 

Glover,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  This  town  is  hilly, 
and  the  soil  is  more  fit  for  grazing  than  tillage. 
There  are  in  the  town  branches  of  Barton's,  Pas- 
sumpsic,  Lamoille,  and  Black  Rivers,  and  several 
ponds.  The  settlement  was  commenced  about 
the  year  1797,  by  Ralph  Parker,  James  Vance, 
Samuel  Cook,  and  Samuel  Conant.  10  miles 
S.  E.  from  Irasburg,  and  38  N.  E.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Glynn  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Brunswick.  Bounded 
N.  by  the  Alatamaha  River,  separating  it  from 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


383 


Mclntosh  co.,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  by 
Scilla  River,  separating  it  from  Camden  co.,  and 
W.  by  Wayne  co.  Drained  by  Turtle  River  and 
Buffalo  Creek,  its  main  branch.  Surface  flat,  and 
in  some  parts  marshy.  Si.  Simon's  and  Jykill 
Islands  belong-  to  this  county. 

Gnadenhutten,  0.,  Tuscarawas  co.  Some  Mo- 
ravian missionaries  fn-st  established  this  town.  It 
lies  on  the  eastern  bank  of  Tuscarawas  River.  50 
miles  N.  E.  from  Zanesville,  and  90  E.  by  N.  from 
Columbus.  Lock  No.  17  of  the  Ohio  and  Erie 
Canal  is  one  mile  above  this  town,  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  river. 

Goffstown,  N.  H.  Hillsboro'  co.  Piscataquog 
is  the  principal  river.  Large  quantities  of  lum- 
ber are  floated  down  this  river  to  the  Merrimac. 
There  are  two  considerable  elevations  in  the 
town,  named  by  the  Indians  Un-can-nu-nuc.  On 
the  rivers  are  tracts  of  valuable  intervale.  Back 
from  them  are  extensive  plains;  producing  abun- 
dant crops.  The  village  of  Amoskeag  is  in  this 
town,  on  the  W.  side  of  Merrimac  River,  opposite 
Manchester,  to  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge. 
At  this  place  are  the  celebrated  Amoskeag  Falls. 
Amoskeag  is  a  place  of  considerable  business, 
and  must  eventually  become  the  mart  of  large 
manufacturing  operations.  12  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Amherst,  and  15  S.  from  Concord. 

Golansville,  Va.,  Caroline  co.  33  miles  N.  from 
Richmond.  In  the  neighborhood  of  this  place 
are  two  mineral  springs. 

Golconda,  Is.,  c.  h.  Pope  co.  On  the  S.  side  of 
Lusk  Creek.  215  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Goldsloro\  Me.    See  Appendix.  No.  7. 

Goliad  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Goliad.  Southern 
part.  On  both  sides  of  the  St.  Antonio. 

Gonzales  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Gonzales.  S.  cen- 
tral. On  both  sides  the  Guadalupe. 

Gonzales,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Gonzales  co. 

Goochland  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Goochland. 
Bounded  N.  by  Louisa  and  Hanover  counties,  E. 
by  Henrico,  S.  by  the  James  River,  separating  it 
from  Powhatan  and  Cumberland  counties,  and 
W.  by  Fluvanna  co.  Drained  by  Tuckahoe,  Do- 
ver, and  Byrd  Creeks,  and  several  other  small 
streams,  affording  hydraulic  power.  The  surface 
is  diversified,  and  much  of  the  soil  of  good  qual- 
ity. Coal  of  superior  quality  and  gold  exist  here. 

Goochland,  Va.,  c.  h.  Goochland  co.  1  mile  N. 
from  James  River,  and  30  W.  N.  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Goodhope,  0.,  Hocking  co.  A  township  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  county. 

Gordon  County,  Ga.  New.    In  the  N.  W.  angle. 

Gordonsville,  Va.,  Orange  co.  At  the  E.  base  of 
South- West  Mountain,  on  a  head  branch  of  North 
Anna  River,  N.  W.  from  Richmond  74,  and  S. 
W.  by  W.  from  Fredericksburg  50  miles.  The 
Louisa  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Gorham,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  9  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Portland,  and  63  S.  W.  from  Augusta. 
The  Cumberland  and  Oxford  Canal  passes 
through  it.  The  soil  is  superior,  and  it  has  man- 
ufactures of  cottons,  woollens,  leather,  stoves,  and 
gunpowder.  Connected  with  Portland  by  railroad. 

Gorham,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.,  is  a  rough  and  unpro- 
ductive township,  lying  on  the  northerly  base  of 
the  White  Mountains.  Several  streams  descend 
from  the  mountains  through  this  town  into  the 
Androscoggin.  It  was  formerly  called  Shelburne 
Addition.  96  miles  N.  E.  from  Concord,  and  20 
E.  from  Lancaster. 

Gorham,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.    Watered  by  Flint 


Creek,  and  some  small  tributaries  of  Canandai- 
gua  Lake.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating; 
soil  fertile.  8  miles  S.  E.  from  Canandaigua,  and 
187  W.  from  Albany. 

Goshen,  Ct,  Litchfield  co.  First  settled  1738; 
incorporated  1749.  Ivy  Mountain,  in  Goshen, 
is  considered  the  most  elevated  point  of  land  in 
the  state  ;  its  summit  presents  an  extensive  and 
delightful  prospect.  "  Goshen  is  the  most  ele- 
vated township  in  the  state,  but  not  generally 
mountainous ;  the  surface  being  undulating,  af- 
fording an  interesting  diversity  of  hills  and  vales. 
The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  deep,  strong,  and  fer- 
tile, admirably  adapted  for  grazing.  This  is  one 
of  the  best  towns  for  the  dairy  business  in  the 
state.  Large  quantities  of  cheese  are  annually 
made,  the  fame  of  which  is  widely  and  justly 
celebrated,  and  the  inhabitants  are*  generally  in 
prosperous  circumstances.  In  neatness,  in  and 
about  their  dwellings,  and  in  the  appearance  of 
general  comfort  and  prosperity,  they  are  not  ex- 
ceeded, if  equalled,  by  any  town  in  the  state." 
32  miles  W.  from  Hartford. 

Goshen,  la.,  c.  h.  Elkhart  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Elkhart  River.  152  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Goshen,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.,  is  a  small  moun- 
tainous township,  from  which  several  branches  of 
the  Westfield  River  take  their  rise.  There  is  much 
fine  timber  land  in  the  town.  Although  the  sur- 
face is  rough,  the  soil  is  excellent  for  grazing.  12 
miles  N.  W.from  Northampton,  and  102  W.  from 
Boston. 

Goshen,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  From  Sunapee 
Mountain,  in  the  E.  part  of  this  town,  spring  many 
small  streams,  which  unite  in  forming  Sugar  Riv- 
er. Rand's  Pond  is  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town. 
The  soil  is  good  for  grass.  The  crops  of  the  first 
settlers  were  sometimes  entirely  destroyed  by  ear- 
ly frosts.  At  a  certain  time  of  scarcity,  Captain 
Rand  went  to  Walpole  after  grain,  and  being  de- 
tained by  a  violent  snow  storm,  his  family  were 
obliged  to  live,  without  provision,  for  6  days,  dur- 
ing which  time  Mrs.  Rand  sustained  one  of  his 
children,  5  years  old,  by  the  milk  from  her  breast, 
having  a  short  time  before  buried  her  infant  child. 
First  settlers,  Captain  Benjamin  Rand,  William 
Lang,  and  Daniel  Grinclle  in  1769.  From  Concord 
42  miles  W.  by  N.,  and  about  10  S.E.from  New- 
port. 

Goshen,  N.  Y-,  c.  h.  Orange  co.  It  is  watered 
by  a  few  small  streams,  and  contains  the 
"Drowned  Lands,"  lying  on  the  banks  of  the 
Wallkill.  The  surface  is  hilly  in  some  parts,  with 
extensive  flats  in  others.  The  soil  is  favorable  to 
the  growth  of  grass,  and  this  vicinity  is  celebrated 
for  its  fine  dairies.  104  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Goshen,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Leicester  and  Phila- 
delphia Rivers  supply  this  town  with  mill  privi- 
leges. The  lands  along  the  rivers  are  very  good, 
but  in  general  they  are  too  mountainous  for  prof- 
itable cultivation.  Some  minerals  are  found  in 
this  town.  A  part  of  Goshen  was  annexed  to 
Rochester,  in  1847.  No  permanent  settlement 
was  commenced  here  till  1800.  31  miles  S.  W. 
from  Montpelier. 

Gosport,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  See  Isle  of 
Shoals. 

Gouverneur,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Watered 
by  the  Oswegatchie  River,  which  makes  a  great 
bend  in  this  vicinity.  The  surface  is  generally 
level;  soil  mostly  of  a  good  quality.  18  miles 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


S.  W.  from  Canton,  and   180  N.  W.  from  Al- 
banv. 

Grafton,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  A  new  town.  In- 
corporated in  1852. 

Grafton,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  formerly  an 
Indian  reservation,  and  until  1735  was  called 
Hassanamisco.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in 
most  parts  rocky.  The  most  prominent  hills  are 
Chestnut,  near  the  centre,  George,  on  the  E.,  and 
Brigham  Hill,  on  the  W.  part  of  the  town.  The 
soil  is  moist,  strong,  and  very  productive  of  all 
sorts  of  grain  and  grass.  This  is  one  of  the  best 
townships  of  land  in  the  county.  Grafton  has  an 
hydraulic  power  of  great  extent  and  value.  The 
Biackstone  River  and  Canal  pass  through  the 
southern  section  of  the  town.  The  Quinsiga- 
mond,  the  outlet  of  a  pond  of  that  name,  in 
Shrewsbury,  passes  from  N.  to  S.  through  the 
town,  with  a  descent  of  between  50  aad  60  feet. 
On  this  stream,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  is  New 
England  Village ;  and  at  its  junction  with  the 
Biackstone,  at  the  S.  part  of  the  town,  is  the  vil- 
lage of  Farnumsville.  These  villages  are  distant 
from  each  other  about  4  miles  ;  they  possess  an 
abundant  water  power,  and  are  very  neat  and 
flourishing  manufacturing  villages.  The  central 
village  is  on  elevated  ground,  and  very  pleasant. 
It  lies  3  miles  S.  E.  from  New  England  Village, 
through  which  the  Millbury  Branch  Railroad 
passes.  From  New  England  Village,  about  a 
mile  from  the  Grafton  depot,  on  the  Boston  and 
Worcester  Railroad,  to  Worcester,  is  7  miles  N. 
W.,  and  to  Boston  37  miles  E.  N.  E. 

Grafton  County,  N.  H.  Haverhill  and  Plym- 
outh, county  towns.  It  is  58  miles  in  length, 
and  its  greatest  breadth  is  30  miles.  Bounded  N. 
by  the  county  of  Coos  and  the  Connecticut  River, 
E.  by  Coos,  Can-oil,  and  Belknap,  S.  by  Merrimac 
and  Sullivan,  and  W.  by  the  state  of  Vermont 
and  Connecticut  River.  Grafton  co.  is  watered 
by  Connecticut,  Pemigewasset,  Lower  Amonoo- 
suck  Rivers,  and  many  smaller  streams.  Squam 
and  NeAvfound  Lakes  are  the  largest  collec- 
tions of  water.  There  are  numerous  elevations, 
the  principal  of  which  are  Gardner's,  Peaked, 
Moosehillock,  Cushman's,  Blue  Mount,  Carr's, 
Morse,  and  Cardigan.  A  large  portion  of  this 
county  is  mountainous  and  hilly,  but  it  is  produc- 
tive. The  first  settlement  was  "made  at  Lebanon. 
It  received  its  name  in  honor  of  Augustus  Henry 
Fitzroy.  Duke  of  Grafton. 

Grafton,  N.  II.,  Grafton  co.,  is  watered  by 
branches  of  Smith's  and  Mascomy  Rivers,  also  by 
Heard's  River.  There  are  5  ponds.  The  largest  is 
from  200  to  300  acres,  and  is  called  Grafton.  Two 
are  named  Mud  Ponds.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and 
in  some  parts  mountainous  ;  the  soil  rocky.  In 
this  town  is  a  remarkable  ledge,  called  the  Pin- 
nacle. At  Glass  Hill,  a  valuable  quarry  of  isin- 
glass or  mica  is  found.  First  settlers,  Captain 
Joseph  Hoyt,  and  Captain  Alexander  Pixly  and 
wife,  in  1772. 

Grafton,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  ThePoeston 
Kill,  and  some  other  small  streams,  water  this 
town.  The  surface  is  hilly  ;  soil  clay  loam.  14 
miles  E.  from  Troy,  and  20  N.  E.  from  Albany. 
Grafton,  Vt,  Windham  co.  Grafton  is  finely 
watered  by  Saxton's  River,  which  is  formed  in 
the  town  by  the  union  of  several  streams,  and  by 
a  branch  of  Williams  River.  Soapstone  of  an 
excellent  quality  is  very  abundant  in  this  place 
This  town  contains  two  pleasant  and  flourishing 
Tillages,  and  a  great  variety  of  mineral  treasure. 


It  is  90  miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  18  N. 
from  Newfane.  The  Rutland  Railroad  passes 
through  this  town. 

Granby,  Ct,,  Hartford  co.  16  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Hartford.  It  was  formed  from  Simsbury, 
in  1786,  and  comprises  that  part  of  it  which  con- 
tained the  famous  Simsbury  mine,  the  old  state 
prison  of  Connecticut.  This  cavern  once  occu- 
pied as  a  prison  is  again  worked,  as  formerly,  as 
a  copper  mine. 

Granby,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.,  was  formerly  tho 
second  parish  of  South  Hadley.  From  a  pond  in 
theN.  E.  corner  of  the  town  originates  a  pleasant 
stream,  passing  the  foot  of  Mt.  Holyoke  on  tho 
S.,  and  empties  into  the  Connecticut  at  South 
Hadley.  The  surface  is  pleasant,  and  the  soil  pro- 
ductive. There  is  a  pleasant  village  near  its  cen- 
tre. 85  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Boston,  and  12  N 
by  E.  from  Springfield. 

Granby,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Oswego  River,  and 
some  other  small  streams,  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  sandy 
loam.  15  miles  S.  from  Oswego,  and  158  W.  by 
N.  from  Albany. 

Granby,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  Granby  is  nearly  allied 
to  Ferdinand,  both  in  location  and  the  character 
of  the  soil ;  it  lies  the  next  town  S.  of  it.  This 
town  was  settled  a  few  years  previous  to  1800. 
12  miles  W.  from  Guildhall,  and  68  N.  E.  from 
Montpelier. 

Granger,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Drained  by  the 
Genesee  River  and  several  small  tributaries 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  sandy  and  clay  loam.  10 
miles  N.  from  Angelica,  and  250  W  from  Albany. 

Granger  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Rutledge.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Clinch  River,  separating  it  from  Clai- 
borne  co.,  E.  by  Hawkins  co.,  S.  by  Holston  Riv- 
er, separating  it  from  Jefferson  co.,  and  W.  by 
Knox  and  Anderson  counties.  Surface  rough  and 
hilly ;  soil  of  superior  quality  on  the  margins  of 
the  rivers. 

Grand  Gulf,  Mi.,  Claiborne  co.  On  a  bend  in 
the  Mississippi  River,  called  Grand  Gulf.  360 
miles  by  river  above  New  Orleans,  and  65  miles 
S.  by  W.  from  Jackson. 

Grand  Haven,  Mn.,  Ottawa  co.  On  Grand  Riv- 
er, 80  rods  from  its  entrance  into  Michigan  Lake. 
Steamboats  touch  here.  213  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
Detroit. 

Gh-and  Isle  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  North  Hero. 
This  county  comprises  a  group  of  islands  in 
Lake  Champlain,  and  a  point  of  land  jutting  into 
the  N.  part  of  that  lake,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Can- 
ada line,  on  which  Alburg  is  situated.  Most  of 
the  land  is  level,  and  excellent  for  grazing  and  til- 
lage. Grand  Isle  has  no  considerable  streams,  but 
its  navigable  facilities  are  very  great.  It  was  first 
settled  about  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war. 

Grand  Isle,  Vt.,  Grand  Isle  co.  The  soil  is  very 
fertile ;  it  produces  fine  crops  of  grain,  and  an 
abundance  of  fruit  and  cider.  Marble,  limestone, 
rock  crystals,  &c.,  are  found  here.  Grand  Isle 
contains  the  only  water  mill  in  the  county.  This  is 
a  fine  place  for  fishing  and  fowling.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  about  the  year  1783,  by 
emigrants  from  New  Hampshire  and  the  south- 
ern part  of  Vermont.  50  miles  N.  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier, and  18  N.  by  W.  from  Burlington. 

Grant  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1831,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Wabash  and 
Huntington  counties,  E.  by  Wells  and  Blackford, 
S.  by  Delaware  and  Madison,  and  W.  by  Rich 
ardville  and  Miami  counties.  The  surface  is 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


385 


level,  and  drained  by  the  Missisinewa  and  its 
branches. 

Grant  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Williams  town. 
Bounded  N.  by  Boone  and  Kenton  counties,  E.  by 
Pendleton,  S.  by  Pendleton  and  Owen,  W.  by 
Owen  and  Gallatin.  Watered  by  Eagle  Creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Kentucky  River. 

Grant  County,  Wn.,  c.  hr  at  Lancaster.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  the  Wisconsin  River,  separating  it  from 
Crawford  and  Richland  counties,  E.  by  Iowa  and 
La  Fayette  counties,  S.  by  Illinois,  and  S.  W.  and 
W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  separating  it  from 
Iowa.  Drained  by  Blue,  Platte,  and  Grant  Rivers. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  lead  ore  abundant. 

Grantham,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  There  are  7  or 
8  ponds  here,  the  largest  of  which  is  called  East- 
man's, and  contains  nearly  300  acres  ;  another 
contains  nearly  200.  Croydon  Mountain  is  in 
this  town ;  on  its  summit  is  a  natural  pond,  of 
about  80  acres.  On  the  E.  side  is  a  medicinal 
,  visited  by  hundreds  in  the  summer  season, 
soil  is  productive,  especially  on  the  W.  of 
the  mountain,  and  is  most  favorable  for  wheat. 
First  settlers,  William  Symmes  and  63  others. 
12  miles  S.  E.  from  Dartmouth  College,  and  40 
N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Granville,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.,  is  quite  moun- 
tainous. In  the  valleys  are  some  tracts  of  good 
land  for  cultivation,  and  the  highlands  produce 
good  pasturage.  Valley  Branch  and  Hubbard's 
River  unite  in  this  town,  and  form  an  important 
tributary  to  Farmington  River.  This  township 
was  sold  to  James  Cornish,  in  1686,  by  Toto,  an 
Indian  chief,  for  a  gun  and  16  brass  buttons.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1738.  Granville  East  village 
is  neatly  located  on  elevated  ground,  17  miles  W. 
S.  W.  from  Springfield,  and  115  W.  S.  W.  from 
Boston. 

Granville  County,  N.  C.,  Oxford  shire  town. 
Bounded  N.  by  Va.,  E.  by  Warren  and  Franklin 
counties,  S.  by  Wake,  and  W.  by  Orange  and 
Person  counties.  Drained  by  Tar,  and  branches 
of  Neuse  and  Roanoke  Rivers. 

Granville,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Watered  by 
Pawlet  River.  The  surface  is  uneven  ;  soil  of 
good  quality.  16  miles  N.  from  Salem,  and  63 
N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Granville,  Pa..  Bradford  co.  147  miles  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Granville,  Pa..  Mifflin  co. 

Granville,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  White  River  is 
formed  here,  by  the  union  of  several  considerable 
branches.  One  of  these  has  a  fall  of  100  feet. 
A  considerable  part  of  the  surface  of  the  town- 
ship is  mountainous.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced soon  after  the  close  of  the  revolution,  by 
Reuben  King  and  others.  22  miles  S.  W.  from 
Montpelier,  and  16  S.  E.  from  Middlebury. 

Graves  County.  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Mayfield.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  McCraken  co.,  E.  by  Marshall  and  Cal- 
loway  counties,  S.  by  Tennessee,  and  W.  by  Hick- 
man  and  Btxllard  counties.  Surface  level,  and 
drained  by  Mayfield  Creek  ;  soil  productive. 

Gravesend,  N.  Y.,  King's  co.  Surface  level  and 
marshy,  broken  near  the  shore  by  some  barren 
sand  hills.  Coney  Island,  which  forms  a  part  of 
the  town,  is  much  resorted  to  for  sea  bathing  and 
fishing  during  the  summer.  8  miles  S.  from 
Brooklyn,  and  153  from  Albany. 

Gray,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  This  is  a  fine  farm- 
ing town,  watered  by  branches  of  North  Yarmouth 
and  Presumpscut  Rivers,  and  containing  a  large 
part  of  Little  Sebago  Pond.  It  lies  17  miles  N. 
49 


by  W.  from  Portland,  and  44  S.  W.  from  Augus- 
ta. Incorporated  1778.  Gray  is  a  pleasant  town, 
and  a  place  of  considerable  trade  and  some  manu- 
factures. 

Grayson  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Mayfield.  Bounded 
N.  by  a  branch  of  Green  River,  separating  it  from 
Breckenbridge  co.,  E.  by  Hardin.  Laurel,  and  Hart, 
S.  by  Edmonson  and  Butler,  and  W.  by  Ohio  co. 

Grayson,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Carter  co.,  lies  half  a  mile 
W.  from  Little  Sandy  River,  and  128  miles  E. 
from  Frankfort. 

Grayson  County,  Ts.  On  the  northern  border, 
on  Red  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Lower 
Wachita. 

Grayson  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Greenville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Smythe  and  Wythe  counties,  E.  by  Car- 
roll co.,  S.  by  N.  C.,  and  W.  by  Washington  co. 
Drained  by  New  River  and  its  branches.  Surface 
elevated  and  mountainous. 

Grayson,  Va.,  c.  h.  Grayson  co.  On  the  S.  bank 
of  New  River,  261  miles  S.from  Richmond. 

Great  Barrington,  Ms..  Berkshire  co.  This  large 
and  ancient  town  was  the  seat  of  the  county 
courts  from  1761  to  1787,  and  was  once  known  by 
the  name  of  Housatonnock.  It  is  finely  watered 
by  the  Housatonic,  Williams,  and  Green  Rivers. 
Near  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  town  lies  Long  Pond, 
whose  outlet,  joined  with  Sceknonk  Brook,  makes 
a  good  mill  stream.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  some 
parts  are  mountainous,  and  unfit  for  cultivation. 
But  the  greater  part  of  the  township  is  under  cul- 
tivation, and  its  soil  is  strong  and  fertile  on  the 
banks  of  the  rivers  and  brooks.  Good  iron  ore 
is  found  in  the  town,  and  beautiful  variegated 
marble.  There  are  many  mountains  in  this  town, 
which  render  its  general  features  highly  pic- 
turesque and  romantic.  Monument  Mountain  has 
a  greater  interest  than  the  rest,  on  account  of  a 
beautiful  Indian  maiden  having  thrown  herself 
from  a  cliff  of  it,  through  the  influence  of  a  pas- 
sionate love  for  a  cousin,  whom  the  religion  of 
the  natives  would  not  allow  her  to  marry.  By 
the  Housatonic  and  Western  Railroad,  it  is  50 
miles  to  Albany,  and  174  to  Boston. 

Great  Bend,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  Salt  Lick  Creek  with  the  Susquehanna 
River.  191  miles  N.  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

Great  Crossings,  Ky.,  Scott  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  Elkhorn  Creek,  15  miles  N.  E.  from  Frankfort. 
The  Choctaw  Academy  is  here,  sustained  by  the 
United  States  out  of  the  Indian  annuities  for  the 
instruction  of  Indians. 

Great  Falls,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  In  the  town 
of  Somersworth.  34  miles  E.  from  Concord.  A 
large  and  beautiful  manufacturing  village.  See 
Somersworth. 

Great  Valley,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Watered 
by  the  Alleghany  River,  and  Great  Valley  and 
Tunangwant  Creeks.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
diversified  ;  soil  various.  Rock  City,  a  great  nat- 
ural curiosity,  is  situated  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  this 
town.  It  is  crossed  by  the  New  York  and  Erie 
Railroad.  6  miles  S.  from  Ellicottville,  and  299 
W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Greece,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Lake  Ontario,  E.  by  the  Genesee  River,  and 
watered  by  several  small  streams.  The  surface 
is  undulating;  soil  mostly  sandy.  6  miles  N. 
from  the  city  of  Rochester,  and  255  N.  of  W. 
from  Albany. 

Greene  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Eutaw.  Bounded 
N.  by  Pickens  and  Tuscaloosa,  E.  by  Perry,  S. 
by  Marengo  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Tombigbe«  River, 


386 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


separating  it  from  Sumpter  co.  Surface  hilly, 
ffnd  drained  by  the  Black  Warrior  or  Tuscaloosa 
River.  Soil  bordering  on  the  rivers  very  fertile. 

Greene  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Gainsville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Missouri,  E.  by  St.  Francis  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Missouri  and  Mississippi  co.,  S. 
by  Poinsett  co.,  and  W.  by  Lawrence  and  Ran- 
dolph counties.  Surface  level,  and  watered  on 
the  W.  by  Cache  River  and  its  "branches. 

Greene  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Greensboro'.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Clarke  and  Oglethorpe  counties,  E.  by 
Taliaferro,  S.  by  Hancock  co.,  and  W.  by  the 
Oconee  River,  separating  it  from  Putnam  and 
Morgan  counties.  Surface  slightly  uneven ;  soil 
fertile. 

Greene  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Carrollton.  Incor- 
porated in  1821.  Bounded  N.  by  Scott  and  Mor- 
gan counties,  E.  by  Macoupin,  S.  by  Jersey  co., 
and  W.  by  the  Illinois  River,  separating  it  from 
Calhoun  and  Pike  counties.  Surface  mostly 
level,  and  drained  by  creeks  flowing  into  the 
Illinois  River.  Soil  fertile. 

Greene  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Bloomfield.  Bounded 
N.  by  Clay  and  Owen  counties,  E.  by  Monroe 
and  Lawrence,  S.  by  Martin  and  Davies.  and  W. 
by  Sullivan  co.  Drained  by  Eel  River,  the  W. 
fork  of  White  River,  and  Richland  Creek.  Sur- 
face mostly  level ;  soil  fertile. 

Greene  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Greensburg.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Laurel  and  Marion  counties,  E.  by  Ca- 
sey and  Adair,  S.  by  Adair  and  Barren,  and  W. 
by  Hart  co.  Surface  undulating,  and  watered 
by  Green  River  and  its  branches ;  soil  fertile. 

Greene,  Me.,  Kenncbec  co.  Greene  has  several 
ponds,  but  no  good  mill  privileges.  It  lies  on 
the  E.  side  of  Androscoggin  River.  6  miles 
above  Lewiston,  and  22  S.  W.  from  Augusta. 
It  is  an  excellent  farming  town.  Incorporated 
in  1788. 

Greene  County,  Mi.,  c.h.at  Leakesville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Wayne  co.,  E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by  Jack- 
son, and  W.  by  Perry  co.  Drained  by  Pascagoula 
River  and  its  branches.  Soil  sandy  and  sterile. 

Greene  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Springfield.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Polk  and  Dallas  counties,  E.  by  Wright, 
S.  by  Taney,  and  W.  by  Lawrence  and  Dade 
counties.  Watered  by  branches  of  Osage  and 
White  Rivers.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  chiefly  fertile. 

Greene,  N.  J.,  Sussex  co.  Watered  by  branches 
of  Pequest  Creek,  and  by  Hunt's  and  Grass 
Ponds.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous.  7  miles 
S.  W.  from  Newton. 

Greene  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Catskill.  Taken 
from  Albany  and  Ulster  counties  in  1800.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Albany  co.,  E.  by  the  Hudson 
River,  S.  by  Ulster,  and  W.  by  Delaware  and 
Schoharie  counties.  Watered  by  Catskill,  Cox- 
sackie  and  Schoharie  Creeks.  Surface  hilly  and 
mountainous  on  the  S.  and  W.,  being  covered  by 
the  Catskill  Mountains,  the  highest  peaks  of 
which  are  in  this  county.  The  soil  of  the  moun- 
tains is  sterile,  that  of  the  lower  lands  and  val- 
leys very  fertile. 

Greene,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Chenango  River 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  mostly  of 
good  quality.  20  miles  S.  W.  from  Norwich, 
and  126  from  Albany. 

Green  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Xenia.  Clark  co. 
bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Fayette  on  the  E.,  Clinton 
and  Warren  on  the  S.,  and  Montgomery  co.  on 
the  W.  Yellow  Springs,  a  fashionable  watering- 
place,  is  found  in  this  county.  Little  Miami  and 


Mad  River,  and  numerous  small  streams,  furnish 
it  with  an  abundant  supply  of  water.  It  is  set- 
tled mostly  by  farmers,  and  is  a  very  prosperous, 
healthy  county. 

Greene  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Waynesburg.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Washington  co.,  E.  by  the  Monongahela 
River,  separating  it  from  Fayette  co.,  and  S.  and 
W.  by  Virginia.  Drained  by  Ten  Mile,  Drunk- 
ard's, Fish,  and  Wheeling  Creeks.  Surface  rough 
and  mountainous  ;  soil  fertile. 

Greene  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Greenville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Hawkins  and  Sullivan  counties,  E.  by 
Washington  co.,  S.  by  North  Carolina  and  Union 
co.,  and  W.  by  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by  No- 
lachucky  River  and  Licking  Creek.  Surface 
high  and  much  diversified. 

Greene  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Stanardsville. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  Madison,  S.  E.  by  Orange, 
S.  W.  by  Albemarle,  and  N.  W.  by  Rockingham 
co.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  productive. 

Greene  County,  Wn.,  c.h.  at  Monroe.  Bounded 
N.  by  Dane  and  E.  by  Rock  co.,  S.  by  Illinois, 
and  W.  by  Lafayette  co.  Drained  by  Peckaton- 
akee  River  and  Sugar  Creek.  A  considerable 
part  of  the  surface  is  prairie  land.  Copper  and 
lead  ores  are  found  here. 

Greenbrier  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Lewisburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Nicholas  and  Pocahontas  coun- 
ties, E.  by  Alleghany,  S.  by  Monroe,  and  W.  by 
Fayette  co.  Watered  by  Greenbrier  and  the 
branches  of  Gauley  River.  Surface  rough,  ele- 
vated, and  mountainous. 

Greenbush,  township  and  village,  N.  Y.,  Rens- 
selaer  co.  On  the  E.  side  of  the  Hudson,  oppo- 
site Albany.  The  village  is  the  terminus  of  the 
Western  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Albany,  with 
which  it  connects  by  ferry.  There  is  also  a  rail- 
road communication  with  the  city  of  New  York 
and  with  Troy.  The  township  is  hilly,  with  a 
soil  of  clay  loam,  gravel,  and  sand. 

Greenburg,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  the  Hudson,  and  watered  by  Bronx  and 
Saw  Mill  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil  of 
good  quality.  5  miles  W.  from  White  Plains, 
and  130  S.  from  Albany. 

Green  Castle,  la.,  c.  h.  Putnam  co.  On  high 
table  land.  1  mile  E.  from  the  Walnut  Fork 
of  Eel  River,  and  47  miles  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Greenfield,  la.,  c.  h.  Hancock  co.  Half  a  mile 
W.  from  Brandywine  Creek,  and  20  miles  E.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Greenfield,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  This  town  was 
incorporated  in  1834.  It  was  No.  38  on  the 
Bingham  Purchase. 

Greenfield,  Ms.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.,  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Con- 
necticut River.  It  was  formerly  a  part  of 
Deerfield,  and  was  taken  from  it  in  1753.  Pre- 
vious to  that  time  it  was  called  Green  River. 
Fall  River  passes  the  eastern  border  of  the  town 
from  the  N.,  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut ; 
Green  River  also,  from  the  N.,  passes  through 
the  town,  and  meets  the  Deerfield.  These  rivers 
afford  the  town  a  fine  hydraulic  power.  The 
surface  is  generally  plain ;  it  has  some  rising 
grounds,  but  none  abrupt.  There  are  large  inter- 
vales on  Green  River,  of  superior  excellence. 
The  other  lands  produce  good  crops  of  grain, 
and  afford  excellent  pasturage.  The  village  of 
Greenfield  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  on 
the  margin  of  Green  River,  and  surrounded  by 
beautiful  intervale.  The  Greenfield  Institute,  a 
seminary  for  young  ladies,  is  in  this  town.  90 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


387 


miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  41  N.  from 
Springfield. 

Greenfield,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  Contoocook 
River  forms  part  of  the  W.  boundary,  and  sepa- 
rates this  town  from  Hancock.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile. The  hills  afford  excellent  pasturage ;  the 
valleys  and  plains  are  favorable  for  grain.  Hops 
are  raised  in  great  abundance.  Part  of  Crotched 
and  Lyndeboro'  Mountains  are  in  this  town. 
There  are  5  ponds :  the  largest  is  about  1  mile 
in  length  and  half  of  a  mile  in  width.  First  set- 
tlers, Captain  Alexander  Parker,  Major  A.  Whit- 
temore,  Simeon  Fletcher,  and  others,  in  1771. 
14  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Amherst,  and  38  S.  W. 
from  Concord. 

Greenfield, .  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Drained  by 
Kayaderosseras  Creek.  The  surface  is  broken 
by  ridges  of  the  Kayaderosseras  and  Palmerton 
Mountains.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  10 
miles  N.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and  40  N.  from 
Albany. 

Greenfield,  0.,  Highland  co.  Situated  on  ele- 
vated land,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Paint  Creek,  and 
is  considered  a  healthy  place.  Near  the  town 
limestone  quarries  are  found.  17  miles  from 
Hillsboro',  and  55  S.  by  W.  from  Columbus. 

Greenfield,  Pa.,  Bedford  co.  This  town  is 
drained  by  Bob's  and  Dunning's  Creeks,  and  the 
Frankstown  branch  of  the  Juniata  River.  Sur- 
face hilly  and  broken,  having  some  spurs  of  the 
Alleghany  range  on  the  N.E.,  Dunning's  Moun- 
tain on  the  E.,  and  the  Alleghany  on  the  W. 
Soil  loam  and  clay.  23  miles  N.  from  Bedford. 

Greenfield,  Pa.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  the  N. 
fork  of  French  Creek.  352  miles  N.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Greenfield,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  On  the  S.  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  drained  by  Elk- 
wood  Brook  and  the  branches  of  Tunkhannock 
and  Lackawannock  Rivers.  Soil  fertile,  and 
well  adapted  to  grazing.  30  miles  N.  E.  from 
Wilkesbarre. 

Greenland,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The  soil 
is  remarkably  good.  The  orchards,  farms,  and 
gardens  are  valuable.  5  miles  W.  S.  W.  from 
Portsmouth,  and  45  E.  S.  E.  from  Concord.  The 
Eastern  Railroad  passes  through  this  town. 

Greenport,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  It  is  near  the 
N.  E.  end  of  Long  Island.  There  is  a  railroad 
from  this  place  to  Brooklyn,  opposite  New  York. 
It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  engaged  in  the 
whaling  and  coasting  trade.  246  miles  S.  E. 
from  Albany. 

Greenport,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  The  Hudson 
River  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
hilly,  and  the  soil  clay,  gravel,  and  loam.  It 
partly  environs  the  city  of  Hudson.  30  miles 
from  Albany. 

Greensboro1,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.  44  miles  N. 
by  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Greensboro1,  la.,  c.  h.  Decatur  co. 

Greensboro1,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.  89  miles 
S.  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Greensboro\  La.,  c.  h.  St.  Helena. 

Greensboro1,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Choctaw  co.  Watered 
by  a  head  branch  of  Big  Black  River.  110  miles 
N.  E.  from  Jackson. 

Greensboro\  N.  C.,  Guilford  co.,  lies  between 
the  N.  and  S.  forks  of  Buffalo  Creek.  82  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Greensburg,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Westmoreland  co.  168 
miles  W.  from  Harrislmrg. 

Greensboro1,   Vt,  Orleans  co.    The  surface  is 


uneven,  but  the  elevations  are  not  generally 
abrupt.  The  land  is  well  timbered  ;  the  soil  of 
a  middling  quality.  The  River  Lamoille  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  several  streams  in  this  town. 
Caspian  Lake,  or  Lake  Beautiful,  lies  in  the  S. 
part,  and  discharges  its  waters  to  the  E.  into  the 
Lamoille,  affording  a  number  of  valuable  mill 
privileges,  around  which  has  grown  up  a  beauti- 
ful little  village.  This  pond  is  about  3  miles 
long  and  1&  broad.  Elligo  Pond,  lying  mostly 
in  the  western  part  of  Greensboro',  is  about  1 
mile  long,  and  forms  the  head  waters  of  Black 
River.  These  ponds  produce  abundance  of  fine 
trout.  There  are  several  other  small  ponds  in 
the  north  part  of  the  town,  which,  at  present, 
form  the  head  waters  of  the  Lamoille.  The  first 
settlement  was  begun  in  the  spring  of  1789,  when 
Messrs.  Ahbel  and  Aaron  Shepard  removed, 
with  their  families,  from  Newbury  to  this  place. 
15  miles  S.  from  Irasburg,  and  27  N.  E.  from 
Montpelier. 

Greensville  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Hicksford.  In- 
corporated from  Brunswick  co.  in  1784.  Bounded 
N.  by  Dinwiddie  and  Sussex  counties,  E.  by 
Sussex  and  Southampton.  S.  by  North  Carolina, 
and  W.  by  Brunswick  co.  Watered  by  Notto- 
way,  Brunswick,  and  Meherin  Rivers. 

Greenup  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Greenupsburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from 
Ohio,  E.  by  the  Big  Sandy,  separating  it  from 
Virginia,  S.  by  Carter  co.,  and  W.  by  Lewis 
co.  Surface  hilly,  and  watered  by  Little  Sandy 
and  Tyger's  Creeks.  The  soil  bordering  the 
streams  is  fertile,  and  coal  and  iron  ore  abound 
among  the  hills. 

Greenup,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Greenup  co. 

Greenville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Butler  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Sepulgah  River.  141  miles  S.  S.  E.  from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Greenville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Meriwether  co.  102  miles 
W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Greenville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Bond  co.  On  the  E.  fork 
of  Shoal  Creek.  74  miles  S.  from  Springfield. 

Greenville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Muhlenburg  co.  On  a 
branch  of  Green  River.  105  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Frankfort. 

Greenville,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Washington  co. 

Greenville,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Pitt  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  Tar  River,  35  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  102 
miles  E.  by  S.  from  Raleigh. 

Greenville,  N.  Y.,  Greene  co.  Drained  by  Pro- 
vost and  Catskill  Creeks.  The  surface  is  broken 
and  hilly;  soil  clay  loam,  suitable  for  grass.  15 
miles  N.  W.  from  Catskill,  and  26  S.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Greenville,  0.,  c.  h.  Dark  co.  On  a  creek  of 
the  same  name,  just  below  its  junction  with  Mud 
Creek,  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Greenville,  where 
General  Wayne  concluded  the  Indian  treaty  of 
August  3, 1795,  which  insured  tranquillity  on  the 
western  frontier.  It  is  93  miles  W.  from  Colum- 
bus, and  75  N.  from  Cincinnati. 

Greenville,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Greenville  district,  lies 
near  the  source  of  Reedy  River.  107  miles  W. 
N.  W.  from  Columbia. 

Greenville  District,  S.  C.  N.  W.  part.  Drained 
by  branches  of  the  Saluda,  which  washes  it  on 
the  W.  It  contains  the  sources  of  many  of  the 
north-western  tributaries  of  the  Congaree.  Soil 
undulating  and  fertile. 

Greenville.  Te.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.,  is  the  seat'of 
Greenville  College,  and  lies  258  miles  E.  from 
Nashville.  See  Colleges. 


388 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Greenwich,  Ct,  Fairfield  co.  The  settlement 
of  this  town  commenced  in  1640.  It  was  incor- 
porated by  Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch  governor  at 
New  York,  in  1665.  It  comprises  three  parishes 
or  villages  —  West  Greenwich,  Greenwich  on  the 
E.,  and  Stanwich  on  the  N.  West  Greenwich, 
on  Horse  Neck,  so  called  from  a  peninsula  on 
the  Sound  formerly  used  as  a  horse  pasture,  is 
the  largest  and  most  important  part  of  the  town. 
Greenwich  is  watered  by  Byram  River,  the  boun- 
dary line  between  the  town  and  the  state  of  New 
York,  and  the  most  southern  part  of  New  Eng- 
land. At  the  outlet  of  Byram  River,  on  the 
New  York  side,  is  a  place  called  Sawpits,  a  noted 
landing-place  on  the  Sound,  28  miles  N.  E.  from 
New  York.  Miannus  Creek  and  other  smaller 
streams  water  the  town. 

"  Putnam's  Hill  is  situated  in  West  Greenwich, 
about  5  miles  W.  from  Stamford,  on  the  main 
road  to  New  York.  This  place  is  celebrated  for 
the  daring  exploit  of  General  Putnam,  who  de- 
scended this  precipice  when  pursued  by  the  Brit- 
ish dragoons." 

Greenwich  is  a  rough  and  uneven  township, 
with  a  productive  soil.  It  presents  some  wild 
scenery  along  the  road,  and  many  beautiful  views 
of  Long  Island  Sound. 

Greenwich,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  There  are 
some  elevated  lands  in  this  town,  and  the  surface 
generally  is  rugged  and  uneven,  but  the  soil  is 
strong  and  fertile.  Two  branches  of  Swift  River 
water  the  town  abundantly.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Quabin.  The  first  settlers  were  from  the 
north  of  Ireland.  20  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  North- 
ampton, and  73  from  Boston. 

Greenwich,  N.  J.,  Cumberland  co.  Newport, 
Stow,  Mill,  Cohansey,  and  Pine  Mount  Creeks 
water  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  level, 
and  the  soil  of  excellent  quality.  73  miles  S.  S. 
W.  from  Trenton. 

Greenwich,  N.  J.,  Gloucester  co.  Mantua,  Re- 
paupo,  Clonmel,  Raccoon,  and  Crab  Creeks 
drain  this  town.  7  miles  S.  W.  from  Woodbury. 

Greenwich,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  Delaware  River,  and  drained  by  Lopat- 
cong,  Pohatcong,  and  Musconetcong  Creeks,  and 
crossed  by  the  Morris  Canal.  Surface  hilly, 
containing  marble,  soapstone,  and  iron ;  soil  fer- 
tile. South  Mountain  lies  in  this  town.  10 
miles  S.  from  Belvidere. 

Greenwich,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Hudson.  Watered  on  the  S.  by  the 
Battenkill.  The  surface  is  rather  hilly ;  soil  fer- 
tile, gravelly  loam.  10  miles  W.  from  Salem, 
and  35  N.  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Greenwich,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Saconcy,  Mill,  and 
other  small  creeks,  affording  water  power,  drain 
this  town.  Surface  hilly;  soil  gravelly  loam. 
18  miles  N.  E.  from  Read'ing. 

Greenwood,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  A  township  of 
good  land.  58  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Augusta. 

Greenwood,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Bennett's  Creek 
waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly, 
and  the  soil  well  adapted  to  grass.  30  miles 
S.  W.  from  Bath,  and  251  from  Albany. 

Greenwood,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Fishing  Creek.  92  miles  N.  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Greenwood,  Pa.,  Perry  co.  10  miles  N.  E.  from 
Bloomfield. 

Gregg,  Pa.,  Centre  co.  Drained  by  Sinking 
Creek.  Surface  mountainous  ;  soil  calcareous 
loam. 


Greig,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  Drained  by  Otter  and 
Fish  Creeks,  and  Moose  River,  all  tributaries  of 
Black  River.  The  surface  is  broken  and  hilly ; 
soil  various.  12  miles  S.  E.  from  Martinsburg, 
and  123  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Griggstown,  N.  J.,  Somerset  co.  It  is  on  the 
E.  side  of  Millstone  River.  20  miles  N.  N. 
E.  from  Trenton.  The  Delaware  and  Raritaa 
Canal  passes  here.  A  copper  mine  has  been 
wrought  in  the  vicinity. 

Griggsville,  Is.,  Pike'co.  Near  Illinois  River.  4 
miles  W.  from  Phillips  Ferry,  and  61  miles  W. 
from  Springfield. 

Grimes  County,  Ts. 

Griswold,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  This  town 
was  taken  from  Preston  in  1815,  and  is  separated 
from  Lisbon  by  Quinnebaug  River.  The  Po- 
chaug,  a  sluggish  stream,  passes  through  the 
town.  The  principal  village,  which  is  very  neat 
and  pretty,  containing  about  900  inhabitants,  is 
called  Jewett  City.  The  city  lies  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Quinnebaug,  at  this  place  a  very  power- 
ful stream.  This  little  city  is  said  to  be  very 
prosperous  in  its  manufacturing  and  commer- 
cial concerns.  Surface  hilly;  soil  a  gravelly 
loam.  46  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Groton,  Ct.,  New  London  co.,  lies  at  the 
mouth  of  the  River  Thames,  in  the  harbor  of  New 
London,  and  opposite  to  that  city,  on  the  E. 
The  lands  are  generally  hilly  and  rocky,  with 
some  fertile  tracts  on  the  margin  of  the  Thames. 
There  are  several  villages  —  Groton  Bank,  oppo- 
site New  London,  Portersville,  on  Mystic  River, 
and  Pequonnuck.  The  Pequonnuck  and  Mystic 
Rivers  pass  through  the  town,  and  empty  into 
Long  Island  Sound.  Previous  to  its  incorpora- 
tion, in  1705,  Groton  was  a  part  of  New  London. 

On  Groton  Heights  is  Fort  Griswold,  one  of 
the  defences  of  New  London  Harbor.  A  granite 
monument,  placed  130  feet  above  tide  water,  and 
127  feet  high,  commemorates  Colonel  Ledyard 
and  the  other  brave  defenders  of  this  place,  massa- 
cred in  1781,  after  its  surrender  to  the  traitor 
Arnold. 

Groton,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  beautiful 
town,  watered  by  the  Nashua,  is  pleasantly  va- 
riegated ;  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  excedingly  pro- 
ductive. There  are  valuable  paper  mills  in  the 
town,  and  a  fine  quarry  of  soapstone.  The  vil- 
lage, in  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  handsomely 
situated  on  one  principal  street,  which  runs  from 
S.  E.  to  N.  W.  It  is  on  an  extensive  and  regular 
swell  of  land,  and  commands  delightful  views  of 
the  surrounding  country.  The  Groton  Academy, 
in  this  place,  was  incorporated  in  1793.  32  miles 
N.  W.  from  Boston,  14  W.  by  S.  from  Lowell,  and 
3i  N.  from  the  depot  of  the  railroads  which  pass 
through  the  S.  part  of  the  town,  affording  com- 
munication with  Boston,  Lowell,  Worcester,  and 
Nashua. 

Groton,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  Baker's  River  and 
several  small  streams,  which  fall  into  Newfound 
Lake,  water  this  town.  There  is  but  one  pond 
of  any  consequence  lying  wholly  in  this  town. 
First  settlers,  James  Gould,  Captain  E.  Mellen, 
Jonas  Hobart,  Phineas  Bennett,  and  Samuel 
Farley,  in  1779.  Groton  was  granted,  in  1776, 
to  George  Abbott  and  others,  by  the  name  of 
Cockermouth.  10  miles  S.  W.  from  Plymouth, 
and  45  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Groton,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  Watered  by  Fall 
Creek  and  some  other  small  streams.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating ;  soil  gravelly  loam  of  good 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


389 


quality  13  miles  N.  E.  from  Ithaca,  and  160 
W.  from  Albany. 

Groton,  Vt..  Caledonia  co.  On  Wells  River, 
and  some  of  its  branches,  which  afford  mill  privi- 
leges. The  surface  is  uneven,  rough,  and  stony. 
16  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Montpelier. 

Grove,  N.  Y.,  AHeghany  co.,  is  watered  by 
Cashaque  and  Canaseraga  Creeks.  Surface  un- 
dulating ;  soil  chiefly  sandy  loam.  13  miles  N. 
from  Angelica,  and  257  W.  from  Albany. 

Groceland,  Ms.  Incorporated  in  1852.  Taken 
from  Bradford. 

Groveland,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  Watered  on 
the1  N.  E.  by  Coneseus  Lake,  and  S.  by  Canase- 
raga Creek.  The  surface  is  high  and  uneven  ; 
soil  various.  6  miles  S.  from  Geneseo,  and  232 
W.  from  Albany. 

Grundy  County.  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Morris.  Bounded 
N.  by  Kendall  co.,  E.  by  Will,  S.  by  Livingston, 
and  W.  by  Lasalle  co.  Surface  level,  and  watered 
by  the  Illinois  River  and  its  branches;  soil  of 
excellent  quality. 

Grundy  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Trenton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Mercer  co.,  E.  by  Sullivan  and  Linn,  S.  by 
Livingston,  and  W.  by  Davies  and  Harrison 
counties.  This  county  consists  mostly  of  fertile 
prairie  land,  and  is  watered  by  the  E.  fork  of 
Grand  River,  Medicine  and  Muddy  Creeks. 

Grundy  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Altamonta. 

Guadalupe  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Sequin.  S.  cen- 
tral. On  the  Upper  Guadalupe. 

Guernsey  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Cambridge.  Tus- 
carawas  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Belmont  on  the  E., 
Morgan  on  the  S.,  and  Muskingum  and  Co- 
shocton  counties  on  the  W.  It  was  settled  by 
some  emigrants  from  the  Island  of  Guernsey, 
from  which  place  it  derives  its  name.  The  land 
is  of  good  quality,  but  hilly,  and  is  watered  by 
Wills  Creek  and  its  branches ;  it  has  a  variety 
of  soil. 

Guilderland,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  Drained  on 
the  E.  by  Norman's  Kill.  The  surface  is  mostly 
level ;  soil  sandy,  and  rather  sterile.  10  miles 
W.  from  Albany. 

Guildhall,  Vt.,  c.  h.  Essex  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Connecticut  River,  and  is  united  to  Lancaster, 
N.  H.,  by  two  bridges  across  the  river.  The  town 
is  watered  by  several  small  streams,  and  the  sur- 
face is  quite  uneven  and  stony,  except  a  tract 
of  intervale  on  the  river.  Cow  and  Burnside 
Mountains  are  considerable  elevations.  There 
is  a  pleasant  village  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  in  1764.  68 
miles  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Guilford,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  This  town,  the 
Menunkatuc  of  the  Indians,  was  first  settled  in 
1639.  The  town  was  settled  by  a  party  of  Non- 
conformists from  England,  at  the  head  of  which 
w-as  the  Rev.  Henry  Whitfield.  Guilford  borough 
was  incorporated  in  1815.  It  is  handsomely  lo- 
cated, two  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound,  on  a 
tract  of  alluvial  plain,  and  near  a  small  stream 
called  the  Menunkatuc.  Guilford  is  a  place  of 
resort  for  sea  air  and  bathing.  The  accommoda- 
tions are  very  good.  The  scenery  in  the  vicinity 
of  Sachem's  Head  is  wild  and  picturesque.  The 
soil  of  Guilford  is  well  adapted  to  agricultural 
pursuits.  16  miles  E.  from  New  Haven. 

Guilford,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  Watered  by  the 
Piscataquis  and  some  of  its  upper  branches.  71 
miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  45  N.  W.  from 
Bangor. 

Guilford  County,  N.  C.,  c.   h.  at  Greensboro'. 


Bounded  N.  by  Rockingham,  E.  by  Orange,  S.  by 
Randolph,  and  W.  by  Davidso'n  and  Stokes 
counties.  Watered  by  the  head  branches  of 
Deep  and  Haw  Rivers.  Here  was  fought,  in  1781, 
the  celebrated  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House. 

Guilford,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Bounded  on 
the  E.  by  Unadilla  River.  The  surface  is  hilly 
and  broken ;  soil  generally  productive.  10  miles 
S.  E.  from  Norwich,  and  105  W.  bv  S.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Guilford,  Pa.,  Franklin  co.  Bounded  on  the 
W.  by  the  E.  branch  of  Conecocheague  Creek, 
and  drained  by  several  mill  streams.  Surface 
level ;  soil  based  upon  limestone  and  slate.  6 
miles  S.  E.  from  Chambersburg. 

Guilford,  Vt.,  Windham  co. &  The  soil  is  warm 
and  fertile.  There  are  in  this  town  good  mill 
sites  on  Green  River,  and  branches  of  Broad 
Brook,  a  medicinal  spring,  and  various  kinds  of 
minerals.  This  town  was  chartered  April  2, 
1754,  to  54  proprietors,  principally  of  Massachu- 
setts. The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Micah 
Rice  and  family,  in  September,  1761.  50  miles 
S.  from  Windsor,  and  31  S.  E.  from  Bennington. 

Guyandotte,  Va.,  Cabell  co.  On  the  point  of 
land  at  the  junction  of  Ohio  and  Guyandotte  Riv- 
ers, 359  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Gwynned,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Drained  by 
Wissahickon  and  Towamensing  Creeks.  Sur- 
face undulating  5  soil  sandy  loam.  95  miles  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Gwinnett  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Lawrence ville. 
Bounded  N.  E.  bv  Hall  and  Jackson  counties,  S. 
E.  by  Walton  and  Newton,  S.  W.  by  De  Kalb, 
and  N.  W.  by  the  Chattahoochee  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Forsyth  co.  Drained  by  branches  of 
Chattahoochee,  Ockmulgee,  and  Oconee  Rivers. 

Haliersham  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Clarksville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Union  co.,  N.  E.  by  South  Car- 
olina, S.  E.  and  S.  by  Franklin  and  Hall  coun- 
ties, arid  W.  by  Lumpkin  co.  Watered  on  the 
N.  E.  boundary  by  the  Turoree,  a  branch  of 
Tugaloo  River,  and  drained  by  the  head  branches 
of  the  Chatahoochee  River.  Surface  moun- 
tainous. 

Hackensack,  N.  J.,  Bergen  co.  On  the  W.  side  or 
Hackensack  River.  76  miles  N.  E.  from  Trenton. 

Haddam,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  Incorporated 
1668.  This  is  one  of  the  county  towns,  and  lies 
on  both  sides  of  Connecticut  'River.  Haddam 
Society,  on  the  W.  side,  is  the  largest  part  of  the 
town,  and  is  the  seat  of  justice.  That  part  of 
Haddam  on  the  E.  side  is  called  Haddam  Neck. 
There  is  but  little  alluvial  land  in  Haddam 
The  principal  part  of  the  township  is  hilly  and 
stony,  with  considerable  forests  There  art 
valuable  quarries  of  flagging  stone  on  both  sides 
of  the  river.  There  are  many  vessels  built  at 
Haddam.  The  timber  in  this  quarter  of  thfi 
county  is  well  adapted  for  that  purpose.  Th« 
village  of  Haddam  is  pleasant,  and  has  a  good 
prospect  of  the  river.  23  miles  S.  from  Hartford 

Hadley,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.,  is  a  pleasant  towt. 
on  the  E.  bank  of  Connecticut  River,  and  united 
to  Northampton  by  a  handsome  bridge,  108C 
feet  in  length.  The  village  is  situated  on  a 
peninsula  formed  by  a  bend  of  the  river.  It  hai 
a  wide  street  of  about  a  mile  in  length,  well  built 
and  shaded  by  beautiful  elms.  Hadley  contain! 
extensive  tracts  of  the  finest  land  in  the  state 
Its  meadows,  which  are  annually  overflowed  b) 
the  river,  are  very  fertile,  and  exceedingly  pro 


390 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


ductive.  Two  small  streams  afford  the  town 
Borne  water  power.  Its  Indian  name  was  Nor- 
nottock.  Had  ley  was  a  retreat  for  the  celebrated 
Goffe  and  Whalley,  two  of  the  judges  who  con- 
demned Charles  I."  88  miles  W.  from  Boston. 

Hadley,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Situated  at  the 
junction  of  Sacandaga  and  Hudson  Rivers.  A 
branch  of  the  Kayaderosseras  Mountains  crosses 
this  town.  26  miles  N.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and 
56  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Haerlem,  N.  Y.,  New  York  co.  7£  miles  N. 
from  New  York.  See  New  York  City. 

Hagtrstown,  Md.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  On  the 
W.  bank  of  Antietam  Creek.  101  miles  N.  W. 
from  Annapolis,  and  26  N.  W.  from  Frederick. 

Hague,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  Bounded  on  the  E. 
by  Lake  George.  The  surface  is  broken  by  the 
Kayaderosseras  Mountains,  which  cover  a  large 
part  of  the  town.  28  miles  N.  from  Caldwell, 
and  90  N.  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Hains,  Pa.,  Centre  co.  Watered  by  2  small 
creeks,  which  disappear  among  the  crevices  of 
Limestone  Kock.  Surface  mountainous  ;  soil 
calcareous  loam  in  the  valleys.  19  miles  E.  from 
Bellefonte. 

Half  Moon,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  Hudson  River.  The  surface  is 
mostly  level ;  soil  sandy  loam  and  clay  of  good 
quality.  15  miles  S.  E.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and 
18  N.  from  Albany. 

Half  Moon,  Pa.,  Centre  co.  Bald  Eagle  Creek 
and  Half  Moon  Run  water  this  town.  Surface 
mountainous,  a  ridge  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains forming  the  W.  boundary ;  soil  calcareous 
loam  in  the  valleys.  99  miles  N.  W.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Halifax,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  Halifax  was  for- 
merly part  of  Plympton,  Middleboro',  and  Pem- 
broke. Its  Indian  name  was  Monponsit.  Two 
branches  of  Taunton  River,  the  Winetuxet  and 
another,  give  this  town  a  water  power.  There 
are  2  villages  in  the  town,  and  several  ponds, 
which  cover  about  1700  acres.  The  Monponsit, 
a  small  part  of  which  lies  in  Hanson,  is  a  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  water,  more  than  2  miles  long,  and 
half  a  mile  wide.  Pickerel  have  been  taken 
from  this  pond  weighing  more  than  7  pounds 
each.  The  Old  Colony  Railroad  passes  through 
the  town.  28  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Boston,  and  9 
N.  W.  from  Plymouth. 

Halifax  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  ajt  Halifax.  Bounded 
N.  and  E.  by  the  Roanoke  River,  separating  it 
from  Northampton  and  Bertie  counties,  S.  by 
Edgecombe  and  Nash,  and  W.  by  Warren  co. 
Watered  by  Roanoke  River  and  Fishing  Creek 
and  branches.  Soil  fertile. 

Halifax,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Halifax  co.  Situated  on 
the  W.  bank  of  Roanoke  River,  at  the  head  of 
sloop  navigation,  and  6  miles  below  the  great 
falls.  80  miles  N.  E.  from  Raleigh.  A  canal 
round  the  falls  renders  the  river  navigable  for 
boats  130  miles  above  this  place. 

Halifax,  Pa..  Dauphin  co.  Located  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  drained  by 
Armstrong  Creek.  Surface  hilly,  having  Peter's 
Mountain  on  the  S. ;  soil  red  shale.  23  miles 
N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Halifax,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  This  township  is 
•watered  by  North  and  Green  Rivers.  They  are 
Doth  large  and  commodious  mill  streams.  In 
the  branch  of  North  River  is  a  succession  of  cas- 
cades, extending  about  100  rods.  The  falls  are 
from  15  to  20  feet  each.  The  surface  is  uneven, 


but  there  are  no  mountains  worthy  of  notice. 
On  the  margin  of  North  River  is  a  cavern,  called 
Woodward's  Cave,  or  Dun's  Den.  The  soil  is 
generally  of  a  good  quality,  well  adapted  to  the 
production  of  grass.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1761,  by  Abner  Rice,  from  Worcester 
co.,  Ms.  125  miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  15 
S.  from  Newfane. 

Halifax  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Halifax.  Bounded 
N.  by  Staunton  River,  separating  it  from  Camp- 
bell and  Charlotte  counties,  E.  by  Mecklenburg 
co.,  S.  by  North  Carolina,  and  W.  by  Pittsylva- 
nia  co.  Watered  by  Dan  and  Bannister  Rivers 
and  their  tributaries.  Soil  fertile. 

Halifax,  Va.,  c.  h.  Halifax  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  Bannister  River.  127  miles  S.  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Hall  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Gainesville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Hnbersham  co.,  E.  by  Habershatn  and 
Jackson,  S.  by  Gwinnett,  and  W.  by  Forsyth  and 
Lumpkin  counties.  Watered  on  the  W.  border 
by  the  Chattahoochee  River,  and  N.  W.  by  its 
two  head  branches,  the  Sooque  and  Chestatee. 
Surface  hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  very  fertile 
in  some  portions. 

Hallowell,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  This  city  is  situ- 
ated on  both  sides  of  the  Kennebec  River,  between 
Augusta  and  Gardiner,  2  miles  below  the  former, 
and  4  miles  above  the  latter.  The  houses  are 
mostly  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river.  The  streets 
run  parallel  with  the  river,  and  the  ground  ascends 
200  feet  from  the  lower  street  or  business  part  of 
the  city.  On  this  street  are  numerous  stores,  con- 
structed principally  of  brick.  Most  of  the  dwell- 
ing houses  are  on  the  back,  or  elevated  streets ; 
they  are  built,  as  are  the  churches,  with  good  taste, 
and  being  surrounded  by  beautiful  groves,  make 
a  fine  appearance.  The  varied  views  of  the  river, 
of  the  neighboring  towns,  and  of  a  fertile  country 
of  hills  and  vales,  presented  from  the  high  grounds 
on  each  side  of  the  village,  furnish  an  exhibition 
of  scenery  of  uncommon  beauty.  Hallowell  is 
about  3  miles  in  width,  and  extended  back,  on  each 
side  of  the  river,  5  miles,  but  the  part  on  the 
eastern  bank  became,  in  1850.  the  town  of  Chelsea. 
Incorporated  in  1771,  and  then  included  all  the  ter- 
ritory of  Augusta,  and  a  part  of  Gardiner.  From 
this  place  the  brave  but  traitorous  Arnold  marched 
on  an  expedition  against  Canada,  in  1776. 

There  are  6  or  7  churches  in  Hallowell,  of  as 
many  different  denominations.  There  exists  a 
flourishing  academy  here,  which  has  held  a  preem- 
inent rank  ever  since  it  was  incorporated,  in  1791. 
About  4  miles  from  the  village,  and  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  river,  is  the  "  Togus  Mineral  Spring," 
which,  within  a  few  years  past,  has  become  aiuch 
frequented  by  invalids  and  others  seeking  health, 
or  amuseme'nt  and  relaxation.  The  waters, 
which  are  impregnated  with  sulphur,  have  been 
found  very  efficacious.  A  spacious  house  of  en-' 
tertainment  has  been  erected  near  the  spring, 
which  is  often  thronged  in  the  summer  months. 
The  principal  public  house,  in  the  centre  of  Hal- 
lowell, is  the  Hallowell  House,  which  is  a  large 
and  elegant  granite  building,  furnishing  every 
desirable  accommodation. 

Steamboats  ply  from  this  place  to  Portland  and 
Boston  during  the  season  of  navigation.  Tho 
Eastern  Railroad,  from  Boston  and  Portland, 
extends  through  it  as  far  as  Augusta.  A  num- 
ber of  vessels,  owned  here,  are  engaged  in  the 
freighting  business,  and  others  run  as  packets 
to  various  places.  Vessels  drawing  9  feet  of 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


391 


water  can  come  to  the  wharves,  in  the  centre  of 
the  village.  The  granite  quarries  at  Hallowell 
have  been  worked  for  twenty  years  or  more,  with 
great  success.  The  granite  is  of  a  light  color, 
and  easily  wrought.  In  some  years  $100,000 
worth  of  it  have  been  transported.  The  Hall 
of  Justice,  in  New  York,  familiarly  known  as 
"  the  Tombs,"  is  constructed  of  this  stone. 

As  Hallowell  and  Augusta  are  so  closely  united 
in  all  their  various  interests  and  pursuits,  what 
we  have  said  of  the  favorable  position  of  Au- 
gusta, and  of  its  future  prospects,  is  applicable 
here.  With  common  success  in  our  national 
affairs,  and  with  a  continuation  of  that  spirit  of 
enterprise,  every  day  manifested  on  the  banks 
of  the  Kennebec,  it  is  safe  to  predict  that  within 
a  very  few  years  there  will  be  a  continuous  vil- 
lage from  the  Kennebec  dam  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Cobbcssccontee,  at  Gardiner.  Population  in 
1820,  2919;  1850,4769. 

Hamburg,  As.,  c.  h.  Ashley  co. 

Hamburg.  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  Smokes, 
Bush,  and  Cayuga  Creeks,  tributaries  of  Lake 
Erie,  which  bounds  it  on  the  W.  The  surface  is 
undulating ;  soil  fertile,  yielding  large  crops  of 
grass,  grain,  and  fruit.  8  miles  S.  from  the  city 
of  Buffalo,  and  281  W.  from  Albany. 

Hamburg,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Near  the  Schuyl- 
kill  Water  Gap.  68  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Hamburg,  S.  C.,  Edgefield  district.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Savannah  River,  opposite  Augusta,  Ga., 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge  1000  feet 
long.  It  is  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower 
towns.  The  upper  is  on  an  abrupt  acclivity,  60 
or  70  feet  in  height,  and  the  lower  part,  where 
most  of  the  business  is  done,  is  on  the  bank  of 
the  river.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  handsomely 
built,  and  has  a  large  business.  79  miles  S.  W. 
from  Columbia. 

Hamden,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  New  Haven  in  1786.  It  is  situated 
between  the  E.  and  W.  Rock  ranges  of  moun- 
tains, the  southern  terminus  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tain range.  The  soil  in  many  parts  is  easy  of 
cultivation,  but  in  general  it  is  more  adapted  to 
grazing  than  tillage.  Minerals  are  found  here, 
among  which  are  specimens  of  very  pure  copper. 
Mill  River  affords  numerous  sites  for  water 
works.  Whitneysville,  about  2  miles  from  New 
Haven,  is  admirably  located  for  manufacturing 
operations.  Mount  Carmel,  a  noted  elevation,  8 
miles  N.  from  New  Haven,  affords  an  extensive 
prospect. 

Hamden,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Drained  by  the 
W.  branch  of  the  Delaware  River.  A  broken 
and  mountainous  town,  with  quite  a  variety  of 
soil.  7  miles  S.  from,  Delhi  village,  and  85 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Hamilton  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Jasper.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Georgia,  E.  and  S.  by  the  Little  Su- 
wannee  River,  separating  it  from  Columbia  co., 
and  W.  by  the  Withlacoochee  River,  separating 
it  from  Madison  co.  Watered,  through  the  in- 
terior, by  the  Allapahaw  River.  Soil  fertile. 

Hamilton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Harris  co.  At  the  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Oak  Mountain.  126  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Hamilton  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  McLeansboro'. 
Incorporated  in  1821,  and  bounded  N.by  Wayne 
co.,  E.  by  White,  S.  by  Gallatin,  and  W.  by 
Franklin  and  Jefferson  counties.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Little  Wabash  River  and  Saline 


Creek.    In  the  N.  part  is  a  swamp  of  some  size. 
Soil  of  rather  poor  quality. 

Hamilton  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Noblesville.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Richardville,  E.  by  Madison,  S. 
by  Hancock  and  Marion,  and  W.  by  Boone  co. 
Drained  by  the  W.  fork  of  White  River  and  its 
branches.  The  surface  consists  partly  of  prairies. 

Hamilton,  Ms.,  Essex  co.,  was  formerly  a  part 
of  Ipswich,  and  called  Ipswich  Hamlet.  Ips- 
wich River  passes  its  western  and  northern  bor- 
der, and  Miles's  River,  running  N.,  passes  into  it. 
The  town  was  named  in  honor  of  Alexander 
Hamilton.  The  people  of  this  town  are  mostly 
agriculturists,  and  they  cultivate  an  excellent 
soil,  with  a  pleasant  surface.  Hamilton  lies,  by 
the  Eastern  Railroad,  20  miles  N.  by  E.  from 
Boston,  and  14  S.  from  Newburyport. 

Hamilton,  Ml,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  About  a  mile 
E.  from  Tombigbee  River,  and  156  miles  N.  E. 
from  Jackson. 

Hamilton,  N.  J.,  Atlantic  co.  This  town  ii 
watered  by  Great  Egg  Harbor.  Surface  level ; 
soil  sandy.  30  miles  S.  E.  from  Woodbury. 

Hamilton  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Lake  Pleasant. 
Incorporated  in  1838.  Bounded  N.  by  St.  Law- 
rence and  Franklin,  E.  by  Essex  and  Warren,  S. 
by  Fulton,  and  W.  by  Herkimer  co.  Its  princi- 
pal lakes  are  Indian,  Racket,  Long,  Piseco,  and 
Lake  Pleasant ;  its  rivers,  Indian,  Sacandaga, 
Moose,  and  Racket.  Surface  elevated,  and  in 
parts  hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  fertile  along 
the  borders  of  the  rivers  and  lakes. 

Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Drained  by  the 
head  branches  of  Chenango  River.  The  surface 
is  somewhat  hilly  5  soil  fertile,  calcareous  loam. 
10  miles  S.  E.  from  Morrisville,  and  96  W.  from 
Albany. 

Hamilton  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Cincinnati.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Butler,  E.  by  Clermont  co.,  S.  by 
the  Ohio  River,  and  W.  by  the  state  of  Indiana. 
It  is  a  small  but  populous  county,  and  is  watered 
by  the  Little  and  Big  Miamies  and  Whitewater 
Rivers,  Mill  and  Deer  Creeks,  and  their  branches. 
The  land  is  of  a  good  quality,  and  well  adapted 
for  the  cultivation  of  grain. 

Hamilton,  0.,  c.  h.  Butler  co.  On  the  S.  E. 
bank  of  the  Great  Miami  River.  102  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Columbus.  Connected  with 
Cincinnati  by  the  Miami  Canal,  which  passes 
through  it.  A  large  and  flourishing  place. 

Hamilton,  0.,  Franklin  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
the  Scioto  River,  S.  of,  and  adjoining,  Mont- 
gomery. It  is  a  rich  farming  township.  Tha 
Columbus  lateral  canal  and  the  stage  road  U 
Chillicothe  pass  through  it  from  N.  to  S. 

Hamilton,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Bounded  N.  and 
W.  by  Conewago  Creek,  and  drained  by  Beaver 
Run.  Surface  level ;  soil  reddish  gravel  and 
flint.  12  miles  N.  E.  from  Gettysburg. 

Hamilton  Ban,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Bounded  E. 
by  Marsh  Creek,  and  N.  by  its  S.  branch,  and  is 
drained  by  Toms  and  Middle  Creeks  and  Muddy 
Run.  Surface  level;  soil  calcareous  loam  and 
gravel.  Iron  and  copper  ores  and  a  few  mineral 
springs  are  found  here. 

Hamilton,  Pa.,  Monroe  co.  Drained  by  McMi- 
"chael,  Cherry,  and  Pokon  Creeks,  branches  of 
the  Delaware  River.  Surface  much  diversified ; 
soil  gravel  lv. 

Hamilton,  Pa.,  Franklin  co.  Watered  by  the 
main  branch  of  Conecocheague  Creek  and  tfs 
tributary  Black  Creek.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  cal- 
careous loam  and  slate. 


392 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &C., 


Hamilton,  Pa.,  McKean  co. 

Hamilton  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Dallas.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Blcdsoe  and  Rhea  counties,  E.  by 
Bradley  co.,  S.  by  Georgia,  and  W.  by  Marion 
co.  Watered  by  the  Tennessee  River  and  sev- 
eral small  tributaries,  the  largest  of  which  is 
Chickamauga  Creek. 

Hammond,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  wa- 
tered on  the  E.  by  Black  Lake.  The  surface  is 
level ;  soil  very  productive.  26  miles  S.  W. 
from  Canton,  and  184  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Hampden,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  Penobscot  River,  below  and  adjoining 
Bangor.  A  flourishing  town,  62  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Augusta. 

Hampden  County,  Ms.,  c.  h.  Springfield.  This 
county,  until  1812,  was  the  southern  part  of 
Hampshire  co.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Hampshire 
co.,  E.  by  Worcester  co.,  S.  by  Tolland  and 
Hartford  counties,  Ct.,  and  W.  by  Berkshire  co. 
Connecticut  River  passes  from  N.  to  S.  through  the 
centre  of  the  county ;  the  Westrield  from  the  W., 
the  Chickopee  from  the  E.,  with  the  Quinnebaug 
and  other  rivers  in  different  parts  of  the  county, 
afford  it  an  immense  water  power.  The  West- 
ern Railroad  and  Connecticut  River  Railroad 
pass  each  other  in  this  county,  nearly  at  right 
angles.  With  these  facilities,  the  county  of 
Hampden  takes  a  high  stand  among  the  manu- 
facturing and  agricultural  districts  in  New  Eng- 
land. Some  parts  of  this  county  are  mountain- 
ous, but  the  principal  part  is  rather  undulating 
than  hilly.  Its  highlands  produce  excellent  food 
for  cattle,  and  its  intervale  lands  are  very  supe- 
rior in  fertility  and  production. 

Hampshire  County,  Ms.,  c.  h.  at  Northampton. 
This  ancient  county,  although  its  limits  have 
been  greatly  reduced  by  the  erection  of  Frank- 
lin and  Hampden  counties,  is  still  increasing 
in  agricultural,  commercial,  and  manufacturing 
strength.  Located  in  the  centre  of  the  alluvial 
basin  of  the  noble  Connecticut,  blessed  with  a 
rich  and  variegated  soil,  and  great  water  power, 
this  must  ever  remain  one  of  the  most  independ- 
ent counties  in  New  England.  The  Western 
Railroad  passes  the  western  boundary  of  the 
county,  and  a  series  of  railroads,  extends  from 
its  centre  to  Long  Island  Sound.  This  county 
is  bounded  S.  by  Hampden,  W.  by  Berkshire,  N. 
by  Franklin,  and  E.  by  Worcester  counties. 

Hampshire  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Romney.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  the  N.  branch  and  main  stream 
of  the  Potomac  River,  separating  it  from  Mary- 
land, E.  by  Morgan  and  Frederick  counties,  and 
S.  and  W.  by  Hardin  co.  Drained  by  the  S. 
branch  and  some  other  tributaries  of  the'Potomac 
River.  Surface  mountainous,  particularly  in 
the  E.  part ;  but  the  soil  in  the  valleys  is  of  ex- 
cellent quality. 

Hampstead,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  This  town 
lies  partly  on  the  height  of  land  between  Merri- 
mac  and  Piscataqua  Rivers.  Wash,  Argly,  and 
Island  Ponds  are  in  this  town.  In  Island  is  a 
valuable  farm,  containing  300  acres.  This  town 
was  granted  by  Governor  Benning  Wentworth, 
and  named  by  him  after  a  village  5  miles  N.  of 
London,  England.  First  settlers,  Messrs.  Emer- 
•on,  Ford,  Heath,  and  others,  in  1728.  30  miles 
S.  E.  from  Concord,  and  12  S.  W.  from  Exeter. 
Hampton,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Windham  and  Pomfret  in  1786.  The 
people  are  generally  agriculturists,  with  a  good 


strong  soil  of  an  uneven  surface.  The  village  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  high  ground.  Hampton 
has  good  mill  scats  on  a  branch  of  Shetucket 
River.  35  miles  E.  of  Hartford. 

Hampton,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The  soil  is 
well  adapted  to  tillage  and  mowing,  and  about 
one  fifth  of  the  territory  is  a  salt  marsh.  Hamp- 
ton is  pleasantly  situated  ;  many  eminences  afford 
romantic  views  of  the  ocean,  Isle  of  Shoals,  and 
sea-coast  from  Cape  Ann  to  Portsmouth.  Its 
beaches  have  long  been  the  resort  of  invalids  and 
parties  of  pleasure.  Boar's  Head  is  an  abrupt 
eminence,  extending  into  the  sea.  The  Indian 
name  of  this  town  was  Winnicumct.  First  set- 
tlers, emigrants  from  the  county  of  Norfolk.  10 
miles  S.  W.  from  Portsmouth,  and  46  S.  E.  from 
Concord. 

Hampton  Falls,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The 
soil  is  generally  good.  This  town  was  originally 
a  part  of  Hampton.  First  settlers,  see  Hampton. 
50  miles  S.  E.  from  Concord,  and  6  S.  E.  from 
Exeter. 

Hampton,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Separated 
on  the  N.  from  the  state  of  Vermont  by  Poultney 
River.  The  surface  is  somewhat  hilly ;  the  val- 
leys fertile.  26  miles  N.  from  Salem,  and  73  N. 
E.  from  Albany. 

Hampton,  Va.,  c.h.  Elizabeth  City  co.  Situated 
on  the  W.  side  of  Hampton  River,  about  1  mile 
from  its  mouth,  and  94  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Hamptonburg,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  Bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  Wallkill,  and  watered  by  Murder- 
er's Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating ;  soil  very 
fertile.  4  miles  N.  E.  from  Goshen,  and  100  S.  S. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Hancock  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Sparta.  Bounded 
N.  by  Greene  and  Taliaferro  counties,  E.  by  the 
Ogee'chee  River,  separating  it  from  Wan-en  co.,  S. 
by  Washington  and  Milledgeville  counties,  and 
W.  by  the  Oconee  River,  separating  it  from  Put- 
nam co.  Drained  by  branches  of  the  Oconee  and 
Ogeechee  Rivers. 

Hancock  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Carthage.  Incor- 
porated in  1825,  and  bounded  N.  by  Henderson 
co.,  E.  by  McDonough  and  Schuyler,  S.  by  Mar- 
quette  and  Adams,  and  W.  by  "the  Mississippi 
River,  separating  it  from  Mississippi  and  Iowa. 
Watered  by  Bear  and  Crooked  Creeks  and 
branches,  the  former  a  tributary  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, and  the  latter  of  the  Illinois  River.  Soil  rich 
in  the  W.  part. 

Hancock  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Greenfield.  Incor- 
porated in  1828,  and  bounded  N.  by  Hamilton 
and  Madison  counties,  E.  by  Henry  and  Rush,  S. 
by  Shelby,  and  W.  by  Marion.  Watered  by  Blue 
River  and  Sugar  and  Brandywine  Creeks,  good 
mill  streams.  Surface  mostly  level ;  soil  fertile. 

Hancock  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Hawesviile. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it 
from  Indiana,  E.  by  Breckenridge  co.,  S.  by  Gray- 
son  and  Ohio  counties,  and  W.  by  Owen  co. 
Watered  on  the  S.  boundary  by  Rough  Creek,  a 
branch  of  Green  River,  and  W.  by  Blackford's 
River.  Surface  hilly,  containing  coal  and  iron 
ore. 

Hancock  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Ellsworth.  E. 
part  of  the  state  bordering  on  Penobscot  Bay  and 
River,  and  the  coast  to  the  eastward,  which  is 
deeply  indented  with  many  islands  and  excellent 
harbors.  Union  River  flows  S.  through  the  mid- 
dle of  it. 

Hancock,  Me.,  Aroostook  co. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


393 


Hancock,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  head  waters 
of  Frenchman's  Bay.  85  miles  E.  from  Augusta. 

Hancock,  Md.,  Washington  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Potomac  River.  125  miles  N.  W. 
from  Annapolis. 

Hancock,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.,  is  a  mountainous 
town ;  and  in  some  parts  of  it  the  mountains 
are  so  abrupt  that  the  inhabitants,  in  passing 
from  one  end  of  it  to  the  other,  are  obliged  to 
travel  out  of  the  town,  and  even  through  a  part 
of  the  state  of  New  York.  Although  the  surface 
of  the  town  in  many  parts  is  too  rough  for  culti- 
vation, yet  there  is  much  good  grazing  on  the 
sides  of  the  mountains.  There  is  n  narrow  val- 
ley in  Hancock,  about  7  miles  in  length,  of  great 
beauty  and  fertility.  Here  are  some  of  the  best 
farms  in  the  county,  and  here  are  seated,  in  a 
delightful  village,  a  family  of  more  than  200 
Shakers.  10  miles  N.  W.  from  Pittsfield,  whence 
to  Boston  is  151  miles,  by  the  railroad. 

Hancock  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Shieldsboro'. 
Bounded  N.  by  Marion  co..  E.  by  Harrison,  S. 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Lake  Borgne,  and 
W.  by  Pearl  River,  separating  it  from  Louisiana. 
Surface  undulating  on  the  N.,  and  level  on  the 
S. ;  soil  of  poor  quality. 

Hancock,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  The  soil  is 
various,  but  generally  productive.  The  land  is 
diversified,  and  affords  many  good  farms.  Con- 
toocook  and  its  branches  furnish  this  town  with 
water.  There  are  two  ponds  here,  which  furnish 
ft  variety  of  fish.  This  town  was  named  after 
Governor  Hancock,  of  Boston,  who  was  one  of 
the  original  proprietors.  First  settler,  John 
Grimes,  in  May,  1764.  36  miles  S.  W.  from 
Concord,  and  22  N.  W.  from  Amherst. 

Hancock,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  A  large  town, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Papacton  branch 
with  the  main  stream  of  the  Delaware  River. 
The  surface  is  broken  and  mountainous.  24 
miles  S.  from  Delhi,  and  129  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Hancock  County, O.,  c.  h.  at  Findlay.  Seneca 
and  Crawford  counties  bound  it  on  the  E.,  Wood 
on  the  N.,  Hardin  on  the  S.,  and  Putnam  co.  on 
the  W.  It  has  a  good  soil,  which  is  well  watered 
by  tributaries  from  Blanchard's  River. 

Hancock,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Emerson's  branch 
of  White  River,  the  sixth  branch  of  the  same,  and 
Leicester  River,  all  rise  near  the  S.  W.  corner  of 
this  township.  Middlebury  River  also  heads  in 
the  western  part.  These  streams  afford  several 
very  good  mill  privileges.  The  whole  of  the 
township  lies  upon  the  Green  Mountains,  but 
the  principal  ridge  is  on  the  western  side.  The 
surface  of  Hancock  is  high  and  broken,  and  but 
a  small  portion  of  it  suitable  for  tillage  ;  it,  how- 
ever, produces  good  grass.  The  settlement  was 
commenced  in  the  year  1778.  15  miles  S.  E. 
from  Middlebury,  and  30  S.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Hancock  County,  Aa.    New. 

Hancock  County,  Te.  New.  Taken  from  Clai- 
borne.  On  the  N.  E.  border  of  the  state. 

Hancock  County,  Va.  New.  Taken  from 
Brooke.  In  the  extreme  N.  W.  corner  of  the 
state,  between  the  Ohio  and  the  Pennsylvania 
line. 

Hannibal,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Watered  by 
several  small  creeks,  which  flow  into  Lake  On- 
tario. The  surface  is  undulating ;  soil  fertile. 
12  miles  S.  from  Oswego,  and  168  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Hanover,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  The  North  River 
•eparates  this  town  from  Pembroke,  on  the  S., 
50 


and  affords  it  a  good  water  power.  The  surface 
is  quite  level,  with  gentle  swells,  affording  white 
oak  and  pine  timber;  the  soil  is  diluvial,  and 
with  good  management  is  made  quite  productive. 
The  anchors  of  our  favorite  ship,  "  Old  Iron- 
sides," were  made  in  this  place.  "  Hanover  Four 
Corners,"  a  handsome  village  on  the  banks  of 
the  river,  is  quite  a  business  place,  and  lies  22 
miles  S.  E.  from  Boston,  and  14  N.  W.  from 
Plymouth.  The  Old  Colony  Railroad  passes 
near  it. 

Hanover,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  The  Connecticut 
River  separates  Hanover  from  Norwich,  Vt.,  to 
which  place  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge  across 
the  river.  This  is  the  principal  stream ;  there 
are,  besides,  Mink,  Slate,  and  Goose  Pond 
Brooks.  In  the  Connecticut  River  are  several 
islands  ;  the  largest  is  called  Parker's.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified,  well  improved,  and  the  greatest 
part  suitable  for  farms.  There  is  but  a  small 
proportion  of  waste  land,  less,  perhaps,  than  in 
any  other  town  in  the  county.  It  is  estimated 
that  nearly  one  half  is  under  impi-ovement. 
Moose  Mountain  is  a  considerable  elevation,  ex- 
tending across  the  town  from  N.  to  S.  The  prin- 
cipal village  is  in  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  town, 
on  a  beautiful  and  extensive  plain,  half  a  mile 
from  Connecticut  River,  and  180  feet  above  the 
level  of  its  waters.  Vegetable  substances  are 
found  in  this  plain  from  50  to  80  feet  deep. 
Most  of  the  houses  of  the  villages  are  built 
round  a  square,  level  area  of  12  acres,  upon 
which,  also,  the  buildings  of  the  college  front, 
making  together  a  very  handsome  appearance. 
See  Colleges.  First  settleVs,  Colonel  Edward  Free- 
man, Benjamin  Davis,  Benjamin  Rice,  Gideon 
Smith,  and  Asa  Parker,  in  1765.  69  miles  N. 
from  Concord,  and  30  S.  from  Haverhill. 

Hanover,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  Watered  by 
Black's,  Crosswick's,  and  a  branch  of  Rancocus 
Creeks.  Surface  level ;  soil  sand  and  sandy 
loam.  12  miles  N.  E.  from  Mount  Holly. 

Hanover,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  Watered  by  Whip- 
pany  and  Parsipany  Rivers,  flowing  into  the 
Rockaway,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface 
hilly  on  the  N.  W. ;  soil  clay,  gravel,  and  loam 
5  miles  N.  from  Morristown,  and  57  N.  N.  E.  from, 
Trenton. 

Hanover,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Lake  Erie  and  Cattaraugus  Creek,  and 
is  drained  by  Silver  and  Black  Walnut  Creeks. 
The  surface  of  the  S.  part  is  elevated  and  hilly ; 
the  soil  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  borders  of  the 
lake  is  rich  alluvion.  This  vicinity  is  celebrated 
for  its  large  forest  trees.  26  miles  N.  E.  from 
Maysville,  and  315  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Hanover,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Bounded  on 
the  S.  E.  by  Manokissy  Creek.  Surface  level; 
soil  fertile  calcareous  loam. 

Hanover,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Drained  by 
Herman's  and  Indian  Creeks,  branches  of  the 
Ohio  River.  Surface  hilly,  abounding  with  coal; 
soil  loam.  22  miles  N.  W.  from  Washington. 

Hanover  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Hanover.  Bound- 
ed N.  and  E.  by  North  Anna  River,  separating  it 
from  Caroline  and  King  William  counties,  S.  by 
New  Kent  and  Henrico  counties,  and  W.  by 
Goochland  and  Louisa  counties.  Watered  on 
the  S.  by  a  branch  of  James  River.  Surface 
hillv ;  soil  much  diversified. 

Hanover,  Va.,  c.  h.  Hanover  co.,  occupies  an 
elevated  position  near  Pamunky  River,  and  20 
miles  N.  from  Richmond. 


394 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,    TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


Hanover,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  Drained  by  Big  and 
Little  Traviss,  branches  of  Raccoon  Creek.  Sur- 
face undulating  ;  soil  calcareous  loam. 

Hanover,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Bounded  W.  by 
Beaver  Creek,  and  drained  by  Manaday  Creek 
and  Bow  Run,  branches  of  Swatara  Creek.  Sur- 
face undulating;  soil  argillaceous  loam  and 
sandstone.  15  miles  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Hanover,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Drained  by  Nanti- 
coke  and  Soloman's  Creeks,  mill  streams  flow- 
ing into  the  Susquehanna  River,  which  bounds  it 
on  the  N.  W.  Surface  mountainous,  abounding 
with  anthracite  coal. 

Hanover.  Pa.,  Lehigh  co.  Drained  by  Cale- 
soque  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Lehigh  River. 
Surface  level;  soil  rich  calcareous  loam. 

Hanson,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.,  was  taken  from 
Pembroke  in  1820.  There  are  several  large  and 
handsome  ponds  in  the  town,  and  several  small 
streams,  which  give  it  some  water  power.  Part 
of  Monponset  Pond  lies  in  Hanson,  from  which, 
and  other  ponds  in  the  town,  a  variety  of  fish  are 
taken.  In  these  ponds  are  large  beds  of  bog  iron 
ore.  24£  miles  S.  E.  from  Boston,  and  12f  N. 
W.  from  Plymouth  by  the  Old  Colony  Railroad. 
Harbor  Creek,  Pa..  Erie  co.  Drained  by  a  num- 
ber of  small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Erie, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  6  miles  N.  E.  from 
Erie,  and  219  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Hardeman  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Bolivar.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Haywood  and  Madison  counties,  E.  by 
McNairy  co.*S.  by  Mississippi,  and  W.  by  Fayette 
co.  Watered  by*  the  Big  Hatchy  River  and  its 
tributaries.  Surface  mostly  level ;  soil  sandy  and 
sterile. 

Hardin  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Elizabethtown. 
Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Gallatin  co.,  S.  E.  and 
S.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  Ken- 
tucky, and  W.  by  Pope  co.  Drained  by  Big 
Creek,  a  mill  stream  flowing  into  the  Ohio  River. 
Surface  rough  and  elevated.  Iron  and  lead  are 
abundant. 

Hardin,  Is.,  c.  h.  Calhoun  co. 
Hardin  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Elizabethtown. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Ohio  River  from  Indiana,  E. 
by  the  Rolling  Fork  of  Salt  River,  separating  it 
from  Jefferson  and  Bullitt  counties,  S  by  Laurel 
and  Grayson,  and  W.  by  Breckenridge  and 
Meade  counties.  Drained  by  branches  of  Green 
River. 

Hardin  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Kenton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Hancock,  E.  by  Crawford  and  Marion,  S. 
by.  Union  and  Logan,  and  W.  by  Allen  counties. 
It  was  organized  in  1833.  and  has  much  valuable 
land,  which  is  watered  by  the  Scioto,  Miami,  and 
Tymochtee  Rivers,  and  Blanchard's  and  Hoy 
Creeks. 

Hardin,  O.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co.  85  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Columbus. 

Hardinsburg,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Breckenridge  co.  Half 
a  mile  E.  from  Hardin's  Creek.  10  miles  from 
the  Ohio  River,  and  115  W.  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 
Hardin  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Savannah.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Henderson  and  Perry  counties,  E.  by 
Wayne  co..  S.  by  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  W. 
by  McNairy  co.  Watered  by  White  Oak  River, 
Swift  Creek,  and  other  small  streams  flowing  into 
the  Tennessee  River,  which  traverses  this  county 
from  N.  to  S. 

Hardwick,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Although  the 
face  of  this  town  is  rough,  it  has  no  very  high 
lands,  and  its  soil  is  deep,  loamy,  moist,  and  very 
fertile.  This  is  one  of  the  best  grazing  townships 


in  the  county.  It  was  settled  in  1 736,  and  was  first 
called  Lambstown,  from  the  name  of  one  of  its 
first  proprietors.  Its  Indian  name  was  Wom- 
bemesisecook.  There  are  a  number  of  small 
streams  in  the  town.  Ware  River  washes  its  E. 
and  S.  boundaries,  and  2  large  ponds,  one  of 
which  is  called  Pottabong,  2  miles  in  length,  is 
well  stored  with  fish.  From  Furnace  village,  in 
Hardwick,  to  the  Brookfield  depot,  on  the  Western 
Railroad,  is  about  8  miles  S. ;  from  thence  to  Bos- 
ton is  67  miles. 

Hardwick,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  Pelinskill,  Beaver 
Brook,  and  the  Bear  branch  of  Pequest  Creek 
water  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and 
the  soil  fertile.  15  miles  N.  E.  from  Belvidere. 

Hardwick,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  Hardwick  ia 
finely  watered  by  Lamoille  River,  which  gives  the 
town  valuable  mill  sites.  The  soil  is  generally 
very  good,  and  produces  a  variety  of  exports. 
There  are  in  this  town  3  small  villages,  called  the 
Street,  or  Hazen's  Road,  Stevensville,  and  La- 
moilleville ;  the  latter  is  the  largest.  There  is  a 
mineral  spring  in  the  S.  part  of  the  town.  About 
the  year  1790,  the  first  permanent  settlement  was 
made,  by  several  families  of  the  name  of  Norris, 
from  New  Hampshire.  12  miles  N.  W.  from 
Danville,  and  28  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Hardy  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Moorefield.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  the  N.  branch  of  the  Potomac  River, 
separating  it  from  Maryland,  and  by  Hampshire 
co.,  E.  by  Frederick  and  Shenandoah  counties,  S. 
by  Rockingham  and  Pendleton  counties,  and  W. 
by  Randolph  co.  Watered  by  the  N.  and  S. 
branches  of  the  Potomac  River,  and  by  streams 
flowing  into  them.  Some  of  the  land  bordering 
the  streams  is  fertile,  but  the  greater  part  is  rough, 
rocky,  and  sterile. 

Harjdyston,  N.  J.,  Sussex  co.  Watered  by  the 
Wallkill  River,  and  two  of  its  branches  rising  in 
ponds  in  this  town.  Surface  mountainous,  being 
crossed  by  the  Hamburg  or  Wallkill  Mountains. 

Harford  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Belair.  Bounded 
N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  the  Susquehanna 
River  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  separating  it  from 
Cecil  co.,  S.  by  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  W.  by  Bal- 
timore co.  Watered  by  Deer  Creek,  Binum's 
and  Winter's  Runs,  and  the  Little  Falls  of  Gun- 
powder. Some  of  these  streams  afford  good 
mill  sites.  The  soil  is  diversified,  and  on  Deer 
Creek  the  scenery  is  very  beautiful  and  singular, 
the  banks  being  formed  of  perpendicular  rock 
from  200  to  300  feet  in  height.  Limestone,  iron, 
and  chromate  of  iron  are  abundant  in  some  por- 
tions of  this  county. 

Harford,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  Watered  by 
Martin's,  Partner's,  and  Van  Winkle's  Creeks, 
all  mill  streams,  and  branches  of  Tunkhannoek 
Creek.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg  175  miles. 

Harlan  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Pleasant. 
Bounded  N.  by  Perry  and  Letcher  counties,  E. 
and  S.  by  Virginia,  and  W.  by  Knox  co.  Wa- 
tered by  the  Cumberland  River  and  its  branches. 
Surface  very  high,  and  broken  by  the  Laurel 
Ridge  on  the  N.  W.,  and  the  Cumberland  Moun- 
tains on  the  E.  and  S. 

Harlan,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Harlan  co. 

Harmar,  O.,  Washington  co.  It  is  on  the 
site  of  old  Fort  Harmar,  on  the  S^  bank  of  the 
Muskingum  River.  164  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Co- 
lumbus. The  first  fortification  erected  by  the 
Americans  in  Ohio. 

Harmony,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  A  fertile  town- 
ship, 53  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


395 


Harmony,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  58  miles  N.  by 
W.  from  Trenton. 

Harmony,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  E.  by  Chautauque  Lake,  and  drained  by 
Goose  and  Little  Broken  Straw  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  rolling;  soil  sandy  loam  and  clay.  10 
miles  S.  from  Maysville,  and  338  W.  by  S.  from 
Albany. 

Harmony,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  The  Susque- 
hanna  River,  and  Starucca  and  Conewanta 
Creeks,  its  tributaries,  water  this  town.  Sur- 
face hilly,  having  Oquaga  Mountain  on  the 
N.W. 

Harpers  Ferry,  Va.,  Jefferson  co.  At  the  pas- 
sage of  Potomac  River  through  the  Blue  Ridge. 
173  miles  N.  from  Richmond.  See  Fashiona- 
ble Resorts. 

Harpersfield,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Delaware 
and  Charlotte  Rivers  water  this  town,  the  surface 
of  which  is  hilly  and  broken,  and  the  soil  rich 
loam.  18  miles  N.  E.  from  Delhi,  and  62  S.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Harpswell,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.,  comprises  a 
promontory  in  Casco  Bay,  and  several  islands 
surrounding  it.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  in  sum- 
mer the  town  is  resorted  to  by  invalids  and  par- 
ties of  pleasure.  22  miles  N.  E.  from  Portland 
by  water,  and  4  S.  E.  from  Brunswick. 

Harwich,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  This  town  is 
situated  upon  the  S.  side  of  the  cape,  and  formerly 
included  the  town  of  Brewster,  from  which  it  was 
separated  in  1803..  It  was  settled  by  emigrants 
from  Eastham  and  Plymouth  in  1647.  Harwich 
is  most  abundantly  supplied  with  pure  fresh 
water,  having  within  its  limits  no  less  than  8 
ponds,  of  from  1  to  6  miles  in  circumference,  be- 
sides a  considerable  number  of  inferior  ones. 
Long  Pond,  which  divides  Brewster  from  Har- 
wich, is  the  source  of  Herring  River.  It  is  3 
miles  long,  and  abounds  with  fish,  and  is  on  an 
elevation  of  10  feet  above  the  sea.  All  these 
ponds  are  of  the  greatest  purity.  The  surface  is 
gently  undulating,  more  level  than  that  of  other 
towns  on  the  cape,  and  is  mostly  covered  with 
oak  and  pine  wood.  The  soil  is  light,  and  well 
adapted  to  fruit  trees.  Harwich  contains  3  hand- 
some and  thriving  villages.  The  academy  in  the 
central  village  is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  archi- 
tecture, of  the  Doric  order.  30  miles  N.  from 
Nantucket  Harbor,  from  which  island  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  "  Shoals  "  and  the  Vineyard  Sound 
Channel.  14  miles  E.  from  Barnstable. 

Harrietstown,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  This  town 
contains  Lower  Saranac  and  several  other  small 
lakes,  which  are  the  sources  of  Racket  and  Sar- 
anac Rivers.  It  was  incorporated  from  Duane 
in  1841.  and  a  large  part  of  it  is  a  wilderness. 
35  miles  S.  from  Malone,  and  190  N.  by  W.  from 
Albany. 

Harrington,  N.  J.,  Bergen  co.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Hudson  River,  and  drained  by  the  Hack- 
ensack  and  its  branches.  Along  the  Hudson  ex- 
tend the  Palisades,  which  are  here  elevated  400 
feet.  The  surface  elsewhere  is  level,  and  the 
soil  rich  loam. 

Harris  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Hamilton.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Troup,  E.  by  Talbot,  S.  by  Muscogee 
co.,  and'  W.  by  the  Chattahoochee  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Alabama.  Drained  by  Long,  Flat 
Shoal,  Mulberry,  Pine,  and  other  creeks  flowing 
into  the  Chattahoochee.  Pine  Mountain  trav- 
erses the  N.  part  of  this  county. 

Harris  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Houston.     S.  E. 


part.  Touches  Galveston  Bay.  Watered  by 
San  Jacinto  and  Buffalo  Bayou. 

Harrisburg,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  Drained  by 
Deer  Creek,  and  has  a  productive  soil.  12  miles 
N.  W.  from  Martinsburg,  and  140  from  Albany. 

Harrisburg,  capital  of  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  seat  of  justice  for  Dauphin  co.,  is 
situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna 
River,  about  100  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Phila- 
delphia. Population  in  1800,  1472;  in  1810, 
2287;  in  1820,  2990;  in  1830,  4311  ;  in  1840, 
6020;  in  1850,  8000.  The  town  is  built  on  a 
peninsula  formed  by  the  Susquehanna  on  the  W. 
side,  and  Paxton  Creek  on  the  E.  The  northern 
part  of  the  site  is  a  gently-swelling  hill,  while  the 
southern  gradually  sinks  to  a  level  plain,  extend- 
ing towards  the  junction  of  the  creek  with  the 
river.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  several 
streets  running  parallel  to  the  river,  and  others 
crossing  them  at  right  angles.  The  situation 
commands  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  of  the 
surrounding  country.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal 
passes  along  the  vale  of  the  Paxton  Creek,  E.  of 
the  town. 

The  Susquehanna  is  here  divided  into  two 
channels  by  an  island  called  Foster  Island  ;  and 
a  fine  bridge,  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  including 
the  crossing  of  the  island,  connects  Harrisburg, 
from  the  foot  of  Market  Street,  with  Cumberland 
co.,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  This  bridge 
was  finished  in  1817,  at  a  cost  of  $192,000.  An- 
other bridge  over  the  Susquehanna,  built  in  1837 
for  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad,  but  having 
also  a  way  for  ordinary  travel,  enters  the  town 
two  squares  below.  This  is  an  immense  struc- 
ture, nearly  4000  feet  in  length,  having  23  spans, 
averaging  173  feet,  and  two  arched  viaducts,  one 
53  and  the  other  84  feet  wide.  The  railroad 
track  passes  upon  the  top  of  the  bridge,  and  a 
double  carnage  way  is  beneath.  The  cost  of  this 
bridge  was  but  a  little  short  of  $100,000.  This 
railroad  connects  Harrisburg  with  Chambers- 
burg,  56  miles,  W.  by  S.,  and  there  unites  with 
the  Franklin  Railroad,  extending  to  Hagerstown, 
in  Maryland.  Harrisburg  is  also  connected  by 
lines  of  railroad  communication  with  Philadel- 
phia on  the  E.,  and  with  Pittsburg  on  the  W.  It 
is  brought  into  connection  with  a  large  portion 
of  the  interior  of  the  state,  as  well  as  of  the  ad- 
joining states,  and  of  the  west,  by  the  great  Penn- 
sylvania Canal,  with  its  various  branches. 

The  State  House  at  Harrisburg  is  a  building 
of  imposing  appearance,  having  the  advantage 
of  a  fine  situation  in  the  most  elevated  part  of 
the  town,  facing  towards  the  river,  to  which  the 
ground  gradually  descends.  The  edifice  consists 
of  a  main  building,  and  two  wings  which  were 
intended  to  be  connected  with  the  centre  by  walls, 
and  are  so  placed  that  their  porticoes  are  all  in  a 
range  upon  the  front.  The  main  building  is  180 
feet  front  by  80  feet  deep,  and  two  stories  high. 
The  chambers  of  the  legislature  are  in  the  lower 
story,  and  the  upper  is  appropriated  to  the  Gov- 
ernor's room,  and  two  rooms  for  the  state  library, 
which  contains  about  10,000  volumes.  The 
wings  are  appropriated  to  the  public  offices. 

The  front  of  the  main  building  is  decorated 
with  a  circular  portico  of  six  Ionic  columns,  4 
feet  in  diameter  and  36  feet  high.  The  edifice  is 
surmounted  by  a  beautiful  dome,  the  top  of  which 
is  108  feet  from  the  ground.  From  the  cupola  is 
presented  one  of  the  finest  prospects  in  the  state. 

The  other  public  edifices  are  the  Court  House, 


396 


COUNTIES,   CITIES.   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


formerly  occupied  as  a  State  House;  the  Ma- 
sonic Hall,  which  is  a  large  and  handsome  build- 
ing ;  two  Banks  ;  the  new  Penitentiary,  which  is 
one  of  the  most  substantial  and  elegant  buildings 
in  the  state,  built  in  the  style  of  a  Norman  castle ; 
the  Lancasterian  School  House,  a  large  two-story 
brick  edifice,  erected  by  the  state ;  and  several 
handsome  church  edifices.  Of  religious  denomi- 
nations in  Harrisburg  there  are  the  Lutheran, 
Presbyterian,  Episcopalian,  German  Reformed, 
Methodist,  Baptist,  Unitarian,  and  Roman  Cath- 
olic. 

There  is  an  aqueduct  for  supplying  the  town 
with  water  from  the  Susquehanna  River,  called 
the  Mount  Airy  Waterworks.  The  water  is 
forced  into  the  reservoir  by  a  steam  engine,  and 
distributed  over  the  town  in  iron  pipes.  The 
reservoir  is  on  a  hill  N.  of  the  capital,  90  feet 
above  the  river,  and  will  contain  1,532,195  gallons. 
These  works  cost  about  $120,000. 

Harrisburg  was  laid  out,  to  be  the  shire  town 
of  Dauphin  co.,  in  1785.  The  original  proprietor 
of  the  soil  was  John  Harris,  from  whom  the  town 
is  named.  The  ground  on  which  the  Capitol  now 
stands  was  given  by  him  for  the  public  use.  It 
was  established  as  the  seat  of  government  for  the 
itate  February  21,  1810. 

Harrison  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Corydon.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Washington  co.,  E.  by  Floyd,  S.  E.  and 
S.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  Ken- 
tucky, and  W.  by  Crawford  co.  Drained  by 
Blue  River,  and  Big  and  Little  Indian  and  Bucks 
Creeks.  Surface  hilly  or  uneven  ;  soil  tolerably 
good,  and  on  the  streams  quite  rich. 

Harrison  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Cynthiana. 
Bounded  N.  by  Pendleton  and  Bracken  counties, 
E.  by  Nicholas,  S.  by  Bourbon,  and  W.  by  Scott 
co.  Watered  on  the  N.  E.  by  Licking  River,  and 
drained  by  its  S.  fork  and  branches.  Soil  mostly 
fertile. 

Harrison,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  Crooked  River 
passes  the  E.  side  of  this  town,  and  the  waters 
of  Long  Pond  are  its  western  boundary.  This 
is  a  good  township  of  land.  Incorporated  1805. 
Harrison  has  Otisfield  on  the  E.,  and  is  75  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  45  N.  W.  from 
Portland. 

Harrison  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Mississippi  City. 
Bounded  N.  by  Perry  co.,  E.  by  Jackson,  S.  by 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Hancock  co. 
Drained  by  Wolf  and  Red  Rivers,  and  the  Beloxi 
and  its  branches.  Surface  level;  soil  sandy. 

Harrison,  N.  J.,  Hudson  co.  Situated  between 
the  Hackensack  and  Passaic  Rivers.  Has  a 
level  and  marshy  surface. 

Harrison,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Drained  by 
Mamaroneck  Creek  and  Blind  Brook.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  level,  and  the  soil  productive. 
3  miles  E.  from  White  Plains,  and  134  S.  from 
Albany. 

Harrison  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Cadiz,  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Carroll,  Tuscarawas,  and  Jefferson, 
E.  by  Jefferson.  S.  by  Belmont  and  Guernsey, 
and  W.  by  Tuscarawas.  The  land  is  elevated, 
and  has  no  large  streams  of  water. 

Harrison  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Morchall.  Near 
the  E.  border,  on  the  Upper  Sabine. 

Harrison,  Te.,  c.  h.  Hamilton  co. 

Harrison  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Clarksburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Tyler  and  Marion  counties,  E. 
by  Barbour,  S.  by  Lewis,  and  W.  bv  Ritchie  and 
Tyler  counties.  Drained  by  the  W.  fork  of  the 
Monongahela  River  and  its  branches,  and  by  the 


head  branches  of  Middle  Island  Creek.  Surface 
uneven ;  soil  fertile. 

Harrisonburg,  La.,  c.  h.  Catahoola  parish.  On 
the  W.  side  of  Ouchitta  River.  236  miles  N.  W. 
from  New  Orleans. 

Harrisonville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  River.  127  miles  S.  S. 
W.  from  Springfield. 

Harrisonville,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Cass  co. 

Harrodsburg,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Mercer  co.  On  a  small 
branch  of  Salt  River,  8  miles  S.  from  Kentucky 
River,  and  is  the  seat  of  Bacon  College.  S.  from 
Frankfort  31  miles.  See  Harrodsburg  Springs, 
and  Colleges. 

Hart  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Mumfordsville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Laurel  co.,  E.  by  Greene,  S.  by 
Barren,  and  W.  by  Edmonson.  Surface  level, 
and  watered  by  Green  River  and  Bacon  Creek ; 
soil  of  excellent  quality. 

Hartford  County,  Ct.,  c.  h.  at  Hartford.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  by  Hampden  co.,  Ms., 
E.  by  Tolland  co.,  S.  by  the  counties  of  Mid- 
dlesex and  New  Haven,  and  W.  by  the  coun- 
ty of  Litchfield.  This  is  considered  the  most 
important  and  valuable  county  in  the  state,  in 
regard  to  the  variety  and  richness  of  its  soil,  and 
the  high  state  of  culture  it  has  attained.  It 
was  constituted  in  1666,  since  which,  Tolland 
co.  and  parts  of  Middlesex,  Windham,  Litch- 
field, and  New  London  have  been  detached.  Its 
present  limits  comprise  an  area  of  about  727 
square  miles.  Besides  the  Connecticut,  which 
traverses  its  whole  length,  the  Farmington,  Hack- 
anum,  Podunk,  Scantic,  and  other  streams,  water 
the  county  in  almost  every  direction.  On  these 
streams  important  manufacturing  establishments 
have  sprung  up,  and  unite  with  the  agricultural 
interest  and  river  trade  in  rendering  this  county 
the  centre  of  a  large  and  flourishing  business. 

Hartford,  Ct.,  city,  c.  h.  Hartford  co.  On  the 
W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  50  miles  above 
its  mouth,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  and  coasting 
navigation.  The  river  is  navigable  as  far  as 
Hartford  by  steamboats  of  1000  tons'  burden, 
and  other  coasting  and  sea-going  vessels  of  light 
draught.  It  is  34  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  New  Haven, 
44  N.  W.  from  New  London,  73  W.  from  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  124  W.  S.  W.  from  Boston,  128  S.  E. 
from  Albany,  and  118  N.  E.  from  New  York.  It 
is  one  of  the  capitals  of  the  state,  the  legisla- 
ture meeting  here  and  at  New  Haven  alter- 
nately, in  May  of  each  year,  the  odd  years  at 
Hartford  and  the  even  years  at  New  Haven. 
The  state  offices  and  records  are  kept  at  Hart- 
ford. The  corporate  limits  of  the  city  extend 
along  the  river  from  N.  to  S.,  over  a  mile,  and 
from  the  river  W.  three  fourths  of  a  mile,  em- 
bracing about  700  acres.  In  1810,  the  popula- 
tion was  3955;  in  1820,  4726;  in  1830,  7076; 
in  1840,  9468;  in  1850,  17,966.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  upon  a  gently-rising  eminence,  sloping 
eastwardly  to  Connecticut  River,  and  broken 
into  graceful  undulations  on  its  western  limits. 
It  contains  73  streets  and  lanes,  a  portion  of 
them  running  nearly  parallel  to  the  river,  and 
others  generally  crossing  them  E.  and  W.  Main 
Street,  which  extends  from  N.to  S.  quite  through 
the  city,  and  divides  it  into  nearly  equal  divis- 
ions, is*  the  great  thoroughfare,  and  the  seat  of 
the  principal  retail  trade.  It  is  broad  and  nearly 
straight,  and  for  more  than  a  mile  presents  an 
almost  unbroken  range  of  brick  and  stone  edi- 
fices, many  of  which  are  elegant.  On  this  street 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


397 


are  the  principal  public  buildings  and  churches. 
State  Street,  also  a  broad  avenue  extending  from 
Main  Street  E.  to  Connecticut  Kiver,  contains 
many  elegant  buildings,  and  is  the  seat  of  an 
active  business.  Near  its  junction  with  Main 
Street,  it  divides  into  two  branches,  enclosing 
the  State  House  and  the  Public  Square.  Com- 
merce Street  runs  along  the  bank  of  the  river, 
is  connected  by  a  branch  track  with  the  several 
railroads  entering  the  city,  and  has  a  large  and 
commodious  freight  depot  upon  the  wharf,  at  the 
terminus  of  the  branch  track,  substantially  built 
of  brown  freestone  and  brick.  Asylum  Street, 
extending  W.  from  Main  Street  to  the  general 
railroad  depot,  is  compactly  occupied  by  large 
brick  and  freestone  edifices,  and  is  the  seat  of  a 
very  extensive  and  heavy  business,  chiefly  in 
cotton  and  woollen  domes-tic  fabrics.  The  city, 
as  a  whole,  is  substantially  and  compactly  built, 
of  brick  and  stone,  and  exhibits  a  larger  number 
of  elegant  edifices  and  more  elaborate  architect- 
ure than  most  cities  of  its  size. 

Hartford  Bridge,  which  connects  the  city  with 
East  Hartford  from  the  foot  of  Morgan  Street, 
is  a  substantial  wooden  structure,  1000  feet  in 
length. 

Among  the  public  buildings,  the  State  House 
is  conspicuous.  It  stands  in  the  centre  of  the 
city,  enclosed  in  a  beautiful  park  surrounded 
by  an  ornamental  iron  railing,  and  adorned  with 
fine  shade  trees.  It  is  built  of  stone  and  brick ; 
order  Roman  Doric,  length  114  feet,  width  76 
feet,  height  of  walls  54  feet,  with  two  porticoes 
each  38  by  17  feet.  On  the  basement  a  hall  ex- 
tends through  the  building  from  E.  to  W.,  having 
on  the  N.  side  a  court  room,  and  on  the  S.  the 
public  offices  of  the  comptroller,  treasurer,  and 
school  commissioner,  and  the  governor's  room. 
On  the  second  floor,  on  the  N.  side  of  a  cor- 
responding hall,  is  the  House  of  Representatives 
chamber,  on  the  S.  the  Senate  chamber,  and  in 
the  western  portico  the  office  of  the  state  secre- 
tary. In  the  Senate  chamber  is  one  of  the  best 
original  paintings  of  Washington  ever  executed, 
painted  by  Stewart.  The  State  House  was 
erected  in  1792.  The  cupola  of  this  building 
commands  one  of  the  richest  and  most  exten- 
sive landscape  views  in  the  country,  embracing 
the  scenery  of  the  Connecticut  River  with  its 
broad  alluvial  valley,  crowned  with  luxuriant 
vegetation  for  many  miles  in  every  direction,  and 
terminating  only  with  the  far  distant  blue  high- 
lands. 

The  City  Hall,  on  Market  Square,  is  an  ele- 
gant structure  of  Grecian  architecture ;  the  base- 
ment occupied  as  a  city  market,  the  second  floor 
as  the  city  and  police  court  rooms  and  other 
public  offices,  and  the  third  floor  as  the  public 
city  hall. 

Wadsworth  Athenaeum,  standing  on  the  W. 
side  of  Main  Street,  is  a  noble  building,  of  light- 
gray  granite,  in  the  castellated  Gothic  style  of 
architecture,  devoted  to  historical  and  literary 
purposes.  The  north  compartment  is  occupied 
by  the  "  Young  Men's  Institute,"  the  basement 
as  lecture  rooms,  and  the  second  floor  for  their 
library,  containing  some  10,000  volumes ;  the 
centre  compartment  contains  a  gallery  of  paint- 
ings, and  other  rooms  devoted  also  to  the  fine 
arts  and  sculpture ;  the  south  compartment  is 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  Connecticut  His- 
torical Society,  and  contains  in  its  archives  a 
large  and  highly  interesting  collection  of  histori- 


cal antiquities,  besides  some  5000  volumes,  and 
multitudes  of  ancient  documents,  pamphlets,  and 
manuscripts.  This  building  derives  its  name 
from  the  late  Daniel  Wadsworth,  Esq.,  who 
gave  the  site  upon  which  it  stands. 

Trinity  College  is  situated  on  a  gentle  emi- 
nence in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  city.  See  Colleges. 

The  American  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
is  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  city,  though 
outside  of  the  corporate  limits,  as  is  also  the 
Retreat  for  the  Insane.  The  Asylum  was  the 
first  institution  for  the  instruction  of  deaf  mutes 
ever  established  in  this  country.  It  was  founded 
in  1817,  chiefly  through  the  instrumentality  of 
the  late  Rev.  Thomas  H.  Gallaudet,  LL.  D.,  its 
first  principal,  who  visited  Europe  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  the  requisite  information.  On 
his  return  in  1816,  he  was  accompanied  by  Mr. 
Laurent  Clerc,  a  deaf  mute,  who  had  been  a  suc- 
cessful teacher  for  several  years  in  Paris,  under 
the  Abbe  Sicard.  He  was  at  once  secured  as  an 
associate  instructor  with  Mr.  Gallaudet,  and  the 
institution  rose  rapidly  into  public  favor  and 
confidence  —  the  number  of  7  deaf  mutes,  with 
which  it  commenced,  soon  increasing  to  140, 
from  all  sections  of  the  Union.  Congress,  in 
1819,  granted  to  the  Asylum  a  township  of  land 
in  Alabama,  which  has  since  been  invested  in  a 
permanent  fund.  The  main  building  was  erect- 
ed in  1820.  It  is  130  by  50  feet,  and  4  stories 
high.  Several  other  buildings,  workshops,  &c., 
have  been  since  erected.  The  number  of  pupils 
averages  about  200.  This  institution  is  an  orna- 
ment to  the  city,  the  state,  and  the  country,  and 
an  enduring  monument  of  the  Christian  philan- 
thropy and  wisdom  of  its  now  departed  founder. 

The  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  but  little  less 
interesting  in  the  scale  of  human  benevolence, 
stands  on  a  commanding  but  easy  eminence 
half  a  mile  S.  W.  of  the  city.  The  site  is  admi- 
rably chosen,  overlooking  one  of  the  most  serene 
and  lovely  landscapes  which  can  any  where  be 
found.  In  one  direction,  the  eye  embraces  the 
city,  with  its  spires,  turrets,  and  towers  ;  in  others, 
extensive  views  of  the  Connecticut  Valley  and 
River,  with  its  floating  burden  of  steamers  and 
other  vessels  ;  in  others  still,  a  number  of  thriv- 
ing farming  villages,  embowered  amid  orchards 
and  deep  foliage,  from  whence  the  numerous 
white  cottages  and  farm  houses  seem  to  peep 
forth ;  and  in  the  immediate  foreground  the 
scenery  is  enriched  by  the  ornamental  and  taste- 
ful lawns  and  gardens  of  the  institution,  embra- 
cing some  17  acres,  beautifully  adorned  with 
shrubbery  and  trees,  and  diversified  with  serpen- 
tine walks  and  carriage  ways.  The  main  build- 
ing is  about  410  feet  long,  consisting  of  a  centre 
building  50  feet  square,  3  stories  above  the  base- 
ment, flanked  with  wings  extending  N.  and  S. 
2  and  3  stories  high,  144  by  30  feet,  and  termi- 
nating with  two  angular  end  buildings  or  halls, 
one  at  each  end,  120  by  36  feet.  The  males 
occupy  the  north,  and  the  females  the  south 
wings  and  halls,  exclusively,  except  such  patients, 
of  both  sexes,  as  have  separate  attendants,  and 
rooms  in  the  centre  building.  The  institution 
accommodates  200  patients,  and  is  considered  a 
model  one  of  its  highly-beneficent  class.  It  was 
founded  in  1822. 

The  celebrated  "  Charter  Oak  "  is  among  the 
objects  of  interest  in  Hartford.  The  original 
charter  which  it  concealed  and  saved  ia  still  in  a 
good  state  of  preservation,  in  the  office  of  the 


398 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


state  secretary.  Within  the  ample  scope  of  the 
capital  C  with  which  the  manuscript  charter  com- 
mences, there  is  a  spirited  likeness  of  Charles  II., 
executed  by  the  original  scribe,  entirely  with  a 
pen. 

There  were,  in  1852,  21  churches  of  the  various 
denominations,  and  one  Jewish  synagogue. 

There  are  2  savings  institutions,  with  a  joint 
capital  and  deposits  of  over  $2,000,000 ;  5  fire 
insurance  companies,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $1,750,000;  5  life  insurance  companies,  with 
an  aggregate  original  and  accumulated  capital 
of  $2,138,100.  The  railroads  which  centre  here, 
and  whose  stock  is  to  a  great  extent  owned  in  the 
city,  are  the  Hartford,  New  Haven,  and  Spring- 
field, and  the  Hartford,  Providence,  and  Fishkill ; 
the  former  connecting  at  New  Haven  with  the 
New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  and  at 
Springfield  with  the  Connecticut  River  Rail- 
road, and  the  Western  Railroad  between  Boston 
and  Albany.  The  junction  or  main  depot  of 
these  roads  is  an  elegant  structure  of  brown  free- 
stone, in  the  Italian  Campenilli  style  of  archi- 
tecture ;  length  from  N.  to  S.  360  feet ;  width, 
fronting  S.  on  Asylum  Street,  94  feet ;  cost, 
$60,000.  For  Banks,  See  Banks. 

There  are  also  18  other  incorporated  com- 
panies, having  an  aggregate  capital  of  about 
$2,000,000,  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial enterprises,  besides  a  vast  number  of 
heavy  manufacturing  and  mechanical  establish- 
ments, unincorporated,  among  which  the  pistol 
factory  of  Samuel  Colt,  Esq.,  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  his  world-renowned  "  revolver,"  Sharp's 
celebrated  rifle  factory,  Tracey  and  Fales's  ex- 
tensive car  factory,  and  Woodruff  and  Beach's 
mammoth  iron  foundery,  stand  conspicuous.  The 
amount  of  articles  manufactured  within  the  city, 
for  the  year  ending  June  1,  1850,  as  appears 
from  the  last  census  returns,  was  $3,619,389; 
and  from  the  rapid  increase  of  this  interest  in 
the  city  it  is  now  (1852)  estimated  at  one  quarter 
more.  The  book  trade  is  also  very  extensive. 

The   city  is   divided   into   six  wards,  and   is 

der  the  corporate  government  of  a  mayor, 
chosen  once  in  two  years,  six  aldermen,  twenty- 
four  common  councilmen,  a  clerk,  treasurer,  au- 
ditor, collector,  judge,  and  two  sheriffs,  chosen 
annually.  The  Court  of  Common  Council, 
which  is  the  municipal  legislative  body,  is  com- 
posed of  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  councilmen, 
who  meet  in  one  assembly  semi-monthly. 

The  Indian  name  of  Hartford  was  Suckiaug. 
It  was  first  settled  by  the  English  in  the  autumn 
of  1635,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Newtown, 
after  the  town  of  that  name  in  Massachusetts, 
(now  Cambridge,)  from  whence  they  migrated. 
In  February,  1637,  the  General  Court  gave  it 
the  present  name  of  Hartford,  in  honor  of  Mr. 
Stone,  one  of  the  principal  settlers,  who  was 
born  in  Hartford,  England.  The  Dutch  had, 
however,  explored  the  river,  and  had  erected  a 
rude  fort  on  what  is  still  called  "  Dutch  Point," 
in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  city,  prior  to  1633.  It 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1784. 

Besides  its  college,  it  has  the  best  system  of 
public  schools  in  the  state,  entirely  free  to  every 
resident  pupil,  embracing  every  grade  from  the 
little  u  Primary,"  up  to  the  noble  "  Free  High 
School,"  furnished  with  an  ample  scientific  and 
philosophical  apparatus,  and  prepared  to  advance 
students  of  either  sex  to  a  high  grade  of  scien- 
tifical  or  classical  educational  attainment ;  all 


supported  partly  from  the  public  fund,  and  part- 
ly by  a  general  tax  on  property. 

A  project  is  on  foot  for  bringing  to  Hartford 
the  water  of  the  Connecticut  from  Enfield,  12 
miles  above,  where  the  river  has  a  rapid  of  32 
feet  descent,  as  well  to  supply  the  city  with  water 
as  for  hydraulic  use.  This  would  give  to  the  city- 
immense  advantages  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. See  Windsor  Locks. 

Hartford,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Ohio  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  Rough  Creek,  near  the  junction  of  Mead 
Creek,  and  154  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Hartford,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  excellent 
township  is  watered  by  ponds  and  small  streams. 
It  lies  31  miles  W.  from  Augusta,  and  15  N.  E. 
from  Paris. 

Hartford,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Drained  by 
some  small  branches  of  Wood  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  hilly ;  soil  clay  and  sandy  loam. 
14  miles  N.  from  Salem,  and  56  N.  N.  E.  from 
Albany. 

Hartford,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  Hartford  is  wa- 
tered by  White  and  Quechee  Rivers,  which  are 
the  only  streams  of  consequence.  They  both 
afford  very  valuable  privileges  for  mills.  The 
surface  is  broken,  but  the  soil  is  rich  and  warm. 
The  timber  is  principally  white  pine,  beech,  ma- 
ple, and  birch.  The  gulf  formed  by  the  passage 
of  Quechee  River,  through  a  considerable  hill,  is 
a  curiosity.  There  are  several  villages  in  the 
town ;  the  largest  are  White  River  village  and 
Quechee  village.  The  former  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  the  banks  of  White  River,  about  1  mile 
from  its  mouth.  The  river  is  here  crossed  by  a 
handsome  bridge.  Quechee  village  is  situated 
around  a  considerable  fall  in  Otta-Quechee  Riv- 
er, about  5  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  first 
settlers  were  Elijah,  Solomon,  and  Benajah 
Strong.  They  emigrated  from  Lebanon,  Ct., 
and  came  into  this  township  with  their  families 
in  1764.  42  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Montpelier,  and 
14  N.  from  Windsor.*  The  railroad  from  Boston 
to  Burlington,  via  Montpelier,  crosses  the  Con- 
necticut here,  and  is  crossed  by  the  road  up  and 
down  the  river. 

Hartland,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  It  lies  in  a  moun- 
tainous part  of  the  state ;  most  of  the  land  is 
cold,  and  fit  only  for  grazing.  A  branch  of 
Farmington  River  passes  through  the  town,  and 
forms  what  is  called  Hartland  Hollow,  a  deep 
ravine,  presenting  some  bold  and  picturesque 
scenery.  22  miles  N.  W.  from  Hartford. 

Hartland,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  A  good  town- 
ship. 42  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta. 

Hartland,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  It  is  drained  by 
Johnson's  and  Eighteen  Mile  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  level ;  soil  calcareous  and  sandy  loam. 
8  miles  N.  E.  from  Lockport,  and  272  W.  by  N. 
from  Albany. 

Hartland,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  This  is  a  rich 
farming  township.  Surface  pleasantly  diversi- 
fied with  hills  and  valleys.  Connecticut  River 
washes  the  eastern  boundary,  and  at  Quechee 
Falls,  on  this  stream,  are  several  mills.  Quechee 
River  runs  across  the  N.  E.  corner,  and  Lull's 
Brook  through  the  southern  part  of  the  town, 
and  afford  some  of  the  best  mill  privileges  in  the 
state.  A  valuable  bed  of  paint  has  been  discov- 
ered here.  The  settlement  of  the  township  was 
commenced  in  May,  1763,  by  Timothy  Lull, 
from  Dummerston,  Vt.  50  miles  S.  S.  E.  from 
Montpelier,  and  9  N.  from  Windsor.  The  Con 
necticut  River  Railroad  passes  through  the  town. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


399 


Hartsville,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Wright  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Wood's  Fork  of  Gasconade  River. 

Hartwick.  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  The  Susquehan- 
na  River  and  Otsego  Cree.k  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  sandy  loam, 
very  fertile  in  the  valleys.  5  miles  S.  W.  from 
Cooperstown  village,  and  75  W.  from  Albany. 
In  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Susquehanna,  73  miles  W.  from  Albany,  is  the 
seat  of  a  literary  and  theological  seminary  under 
the  care  of  the  Lutherans.  See  Theological  Schools. 

Harvard,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  taken  from 
Stow,  Lancaster,  and  Groton  in  1732,  and  re- 
ceived its  name  in  honor  of  the  founder  of  Har- 
vard College.  The  town  has  a  warm,  strong, 
and  fertile  soil,  but  its  surface  is  somewhat 
rocky  and  broken  by  hills.  The  Nashua  washes 
its  western  boundary.  The  town  is  also  watered 
by  a  small  stream  called  Still  River,  and  some 
ponds.  Bare  Hill  Pond,  a  fine  sheet  of  water,  3 
miles  in  circumference,  containing  2  small  islands 
and  affording  some  water  power,  lies  a  little  to 
the  eastward  of  Still  River  village.  Hell  Pond, 
so  called  from  its  great  depth,  90  feet,  and  Rob- 
bins's  Pond  lie  at  the  N.  part  of  the  town. 
These  ponds  contain  fine  perch  and  pickerel. 
A  fine  blue  slate  is  found  here.  Still  River  vil- 
lage, in  Harvard,  lies  6  miles  W.  from  the  Little- 
ton depot,  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad,  and  31  £ 
miles  from  Boston.  A  society  of  Shakers  reside 
in  the  N.  part  of  the  town. 

Harwinton,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  Har-win-ton 
derived  its  name  from  3  syllables  taken  from  the 
names  of  Hartford,  Windsor,  and  Farmington. 
It  was  first  settled  in  1731,  incorporated  1737. 
Harwinton  is  situated  on  high  ground,  abounding 
with  granite  rocks,  and  more  fit  for  grazing  than 
tillage. 

Hastings,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Drained  by 
Salmon  Creek  and  several  small  tributaries  of 
Oneida  Lake.  The  surface  is  level;  soil  favor- 
able to  the  growth  of  grass.  20  miles  S.  E.  from 
Oswego,  and  150  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Hatfield,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.,  was  formerly 
a  part  of  the  town  of  Hadley.  It  lies  on  the  W. 
side  of  Connecticut  River.  The  surface  is  level, 
with  a  soil  of  an  excellent  quality,  a  good  part 
of  which  is  choice  intervale.  Haydensville,  at 
the  S.  W.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  neat  village, 
watered  by  Mill  River.  5  miles  N.  from  North- 
ampton. 

Hatfield,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Watered  by 
Neshaming  and  Towamensing  Creeks.  Surface 
undulating  ;  soil  sandy  loam. 

Havana,  Is.,  c.  h.  Mason  co.,  occupies  a  high, 
sandy  ridge  on  the  E.  bank  of  Illinois  River, 
opposite  the  mouth  of  Spoon  River,  and  45  miles 
N.  N.  W.  from  Springfield.  * 

Haverford,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  \Vatered  by 
Cobb's  and  Darby  Creeks.  Surface  hilly;  soil 
rich  sandy  loam.  95  miles  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Haverhill,  Ms.,  Essex  co.,  is  a  town  of  uncom- 
mon beauty.  It  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of 
Merrimac  River,  over  which  are  two  handsome 
bridges.  It  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
Merrimac  River.  Little  River  and  other  streams 
give  Haverhill  a  fine  hydraulic  power.  The  soil  is 
very  good  and  highly  cultivated.  From  "  Gold- 
en Hill,"  and  "Silver's  Hill,"  two  of  the  most 
commanding  eminences  in  the  town,  the  land- 
scape scenery  is  delightful.  Near  the  centre  of 
the  town  are  Plug,  Round,  and  Great  Ponds ; 
and,  in  the  W.  parish,  Creek  Pond.  The  two 


latter  are  celebrated  for  their  beautiful  scenery 
and  fine  fish.  These  ponds  cover  an  area  of  780 
acres.  At  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  on  the  brow 
of  a  hill,  is  a  large  rock  called  the  "  Corner 
Stone,"  located  at  the  corner  of  4  towns.  16 
miles  N.  E.  from  Lowell,  and  32  N.  from  Boston, 
by  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad. 

Haverhill,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  This  is  one  of 
the  shire  towns,  and  is  watered  by  Oliverian  and 
Hazen  Brooks.  The  soil  is  suited  to  every  spe- 
cies of  cultivation  common  to  the  climate.  There 
is  a  quarry  of  granite  suitable  for  mill  stones 
and  buildings,  and  a  bed  of  iron  ore,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Benton,  bordering  this  town.  The  prin- 
cipal village  is  called  Haverhill  Corner ;  in  it  is 
a  beautiful  common,  of  an  oblong  square ;  the 
situation  is  elevated,  overlooking  the  adjacent 
country  for  many  miles.  There  is  also  another 
village,  on  a  street  nearly  a  mile  in  length, 
straight  and  very  level.  Several  of  the  early 
settlers  were  from  Newbury  and  Haverhill,  Ms., 
from  which  latter  place  this  town  derived  its 
name.  Fine  crystals,  are  found  here.  First 
settler,  Captain  John  Hazen,  in  1764.  Distances 
31  miles  N.  W.  from  Plymouth,  and  99  N.  N.  W. 
from  Concord,  by  railroad.  It  also  has  railroad 
connection  with  New  York,  Montreal,  and  Boston. 

Haverstraw,  N.  Y.,  Rockland  co.  Watered  by 
2  or  3  small  tributaries  of  the  Hudson  River, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Stony  Point,  an  im- 
portant military  post  during  the  revolutionary 
war,  is  in  this  town.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
mountainous,  being  partly  covered  by  the  Dun- 
derberg  Mountain.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is 
chiefly  clay  loam  of  good  quality.  7  miles  N. 
from  New  City,  and  116  S.  from  Albany. 

Havre  de  Grace,  Md.,  Hartford  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  Susquehanna  River,  at  its  entrance  into 
Chesapeake  Bay.  It  is  on  the  railroad  between 
Wilmington  and  Baltimore,  and  at  the  termina- 
tion of  the  Susquehanna  Canal. 

Hawkins  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Rogersville.  It 
is  bounded  by  Virginia,  E.  by  Sullivan  co.,  S. 
by  Greene  and  Jefferson,  and  W.  by  Grainger 
and  Claiborne  counties.  Surface  mountainous, 
and  drained  by  Holston  and  Clinch  Rivers  and 
branches. 

Hawley,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  lies  on 
the  Green  Mountain  range,  and  is  the  source 
of  some  of  the  head  waters  of  Deerfield  River. 
The  surface  is  rough,  but  the  soil  good.  There 
is  good  iron  ore  in  the  town.  14  miles  W.  by  S. 
from  Greenfield,  and  104  W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 

Haywood  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Waynesville. 
On  the  western  border.  A  highly-elevated  tract ; 
in  its  lowest  portions  1500  feet  above  the  ocean. 
Separated  from  Tennessee  by  the  Smoky  ridge. 
Touches  the  Blue  Ridge  on  the  S.  Drained  by 
the  Big  Pigeon  branch  of  the  French  Broad,  one 
of  the  south-eastern  tributaries  of  the  Tennessee. 
Among  the  inhabitants  are  710  Cherokee  Indians. 

Haywood  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Brownsville. 
W.  part  watered  by  the  Forked  Deer  and 
Hatchee,  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  which 
flow  through  it.  Flat  and  fertile. 

Hays  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  San  Marcus. 

Heard  County,  Ga.,  c  .  h.  at  Franklin.  Bounded 
N.  by  Carroll  co.,  E.  by  Coweta,  S.  by  Troup, 
and  W.  by  Alabama.  The  Chattahoochee  River 
traverses  this  county.  Surface  level ;  soil  tolera- 
blv  good. 

'Heath,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  Heath  is  a  moun- 
tainous township.  Some  of  the  head  waters  of 


400 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


the  W.  branch  of  Deerfield  River  flow  through 
it.  13  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Greenfield,  and 
103  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Boston. 

Heathsville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Northumberland  co.  Near 
the  head  of  Coan  River.  98  miles  E.  by  N.  from 
Richmond. 

Hebron,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  Hop  River,  a  branch 
of  the  Willirnantic,  waters  this  town.  The  vil- 
lage of  Hebron,  with  its  Gothic  church,  is  pleas- 
ant and  commands  a  good  prospect.  The  sur- 
face of  the  town  is  hilly,  but  fertile.  North  Pond, 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  handsome  sheet 
of  water.  Hebron  was  first  settled  1704  ;  incor- 
porated 1707.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Hebron,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  is  a  good  farm- 
ing town,  lying  S.  E.  from  Paris  about  7  miles,  and 
42  W.  S.  W.  from  Augusta.  Incorporated  1792. 

Hebron,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  A  considerable 
part  of  Newfound  Lake  lies  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
this  town.  It  has  no  river,  nor  any  important 
streams.  Nearly  one  half  of  the  town  was  in- 
cluded in  the  grant  of  Cockermouth,  now  Gro- 
ton.  The  remaining  part  was  taken  from 
Plymouth.  9  miles  S.  W.  from  Plymouth,  and 
40  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Hebron,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Watered  by 
Black  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil  sandy 
loam,  yielding  good  crops  of  grass  and  grain. 
8  miles  N.  from  Salem,  and  52  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Hebron,  O.,  Licking  co.  At  the  intersection  of 
the  Ohio  Canal  with  the  national  road.  It  is  9 
miles  from  Newark,  and  27  from  Columbus. 

Hector,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  On  the  S.  E. 
border  of  Seneca  Lake.  Drained  by  several 
small  creeks.  The  surface  is  high  and  somewhat 
uneven  ;  soil  suitable  for  grass.  14  miles  W. 
from  Ithaca  village,  and  186  W.  from  Albany. 

Heidelburg,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Tulpehocken,  Spring, 
and  Cacoosing  Creeks  water  this  town.  Surface 
hilly  in  some  portions ;  soil  rich  calcareous  loam 
and  gravel,  well  suited  to  the  growth  of  grass 
and  grain. 

Heidelburg.  Pa..  Lebanon  co.  Drained  on  the 
N.  E.  by  Mill,  a  branch  of  Tulpehocken  Creek, 
and  on  the  S.  W.  by  Hammer  Creek,  a  branch  of 
the  Conestoga  River,  both  mill  streams.  Surface 
level ;  soil  good. 

Heidelburg,  Pa.,  Lehigh  co.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Lehigh  River,  and  drained  by  Trout  and 
Jordan's  Creeks.  The  Blue  Ridge  crosses  the 
N.  part  of  this  town,  and  at  the  N.  E.  extremity 
is  the  Lehigh  Water  Gap.  Soil  gravelly. 

Heidelburg,  Pa.,  York  co.  Codorus  and  Ham- 
mer Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface  of  which 
is  level,  and  the  soil  a  rich  calcareous  loam.  15 
miles  S.  W.  from  York. 

Helena,  As.,  c.  h.  Philips  co.  On  the  W.  bank 
of  Mississippi  River.  122  miles  E.  from  Little 
Rock. 

Hellam,  Pa.,  York  co.  Bounded  N.  W.  by  Co- 
dorus Creek,  and  N.  E.  by  the  Susquehanna  Riv- 
er, and  drained  by  Grist  Creek.  Surface  level ; 
soil  fertile,  being  based  upon  limestone.  29  miles 
S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Hemlock,  Pa..  Columbia  co.  Mahoning,  Great 
and  Little  Fishing,  and  Hemlock  Creeks  drain 
this  town,  and  along  its  S.  border  run  the  Sus- 
quehanna River  and  State  Canal.  Surface  va- 
ried ;  soil  clay  and  loam. 

Hempjield,  Pa.,  Westmoreland  co.  Bush,  and 
Big  and  Little  Sewickly  Creeks  water  this  town. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  gravel  and  loam. 

Hempstead  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Washington. 


Bounded  N.  by  Pike  co.,  E.  by  Clark  and  Wash- 
ita,  S.  by  Lafayette,  and  W.  by  Sevier  co.  Wa- 
tered on  the  N.  E.  by  the  Little  Missouri  and 
branches,  and  W.  by  Red  River.  Soil  mostly  poor. 

Hempstead,  L.  I.,  Queen's  co.,  N.  Y.  Situated 
22  miles  E.  from  the  city  of  New  York,  and  167 
miles  S.  by  E.  from  Albany.  The  township  is 
large,  extending  across  Long  Island,  including 
several  villages,  and  an  extensive  heath  of  15,000 
acres,  called  Hempstead  Plains,  which  lies  un- 
tilled,  and  is  occupied  as  a  common  pasturage 
ground.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  light, 
but  capable  of  being  rendered  highly  productive 
by  cultivation.  It  is  drained  by  several  streams 
running  S.  into  Hempstead  Bay,  Jamaica  Bay, 
and  the  Atlantic.  There  are  several  islands  be- 
longing to  this  town,  the  largest  of  which  are 
Hog  Island  and  Great  Island,  near  the  Atlantic 
shore.  On  the  same  shore  are  Rockaway  Beach 
and  Long  Beach,  which  are  places  of  much  re- 
sort from  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn 
during  the  summer  months. 

The  principal  village,  and  that  which  bears  the 
name  of  the  town,  is  delightfully  situated  on  the 
southern  margin  of  the  great  Hempstead  Plains. 
It  contains  a  Presbyterian,  an  Episcopal,  and  a 
Methodist  church,  an  academy  and  a  female 
seminary.  A  branch  railroad.  2  miles  long,  con- 
nects this  place  with  the  Long  Island  Railroad, 
It  is  a  most  agreeable  and  healthful  place  of  resi- 
dence in  the  summer  season. 

North  Hempstead  is  another  village  in  this 
town,  situated  at  the  head  of  Hempstead  Harbor, 
on  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island,  where  there  is  a 
small  population,  and  considerable  business  in 
manufacturing,  and  in  sloop  navigation  on  the 
Sound. 

Henderson  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Henderson. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from 
Indiana,  E.  by  Owen  co.,  S.  by  Madison,  and  W. 
by  Union.  Green  River  traverses  the  N.  E.  part 
of  this  county,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  E.  boun- 
dary. Canoe  River  waters  the  central  portions, 
and  Highland  Creek  waters  its  S.  W.  border. 

Henderson,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Henderson  co.  On  the 
S.  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  44  miles  above  the* 
mouth  of  the  Wabash,  and  197  miles  from  Frank- 
fort. 

Henderson  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Henderson- 
villc.  Bounded  N.  by  Buncombe,  and  E.  by 
Rutherford  co.,  S.  by  South  Carolina,  and  W.  by 
Macon  and  Hayvvood  counties.  Watered  by 
French  Broad  River  and  tributaries.  Surface 
mountainous  ;  soil  good,  and  particularly  well 
adapted  to  grazing. 

Henderson,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  This  town 
comprises  Stony,  Gallop,  and  Little  Gallop 
Islands,  ia  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  drained  by  Stony 
and  LittlPStony  Creeks.  The  surface  is  level ; 
soil  rich  sandy  loam.  15  miles  S.  W.  from  Wa- 
tertown,  and  162  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Henderson,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  The  Juniata 
River  forms  the  S.  W.  and  W.  boundary  of  this 
town. 

Henderson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Lexington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Carroll,  E.  by  Perry,  S.  by  Hardin 
and  McNairy,  and  W.  by  Madison  co.  Drained 
by  Big  Sandy  River,  the  head  branches  of  Beech 
River,  and  the  S.  fork  of  Forked  Deer  River. 
Surface  mostly  level ;  soil  fertile,  yielding  good 
crops  of  grass,  grain,  and  grapes. 

Henderson  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Buffalo.  In  the 
N.  E.  angle.  On  the  upper  waters  of  Trinity. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


401 


Henderson  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Oquaka.  On  the 
N.  W.  border.  Washed  by  the  Mississippi. 

Hendersonville,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Henderson  co.  On 
French  Broad  River.  490  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

Hendriclcs  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Danville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Boone,  E.  by  Marion,  S.  by  Morgan, 
and  W.  by  Putnam  and  Montgomery  counties. 
Drained  by  Eel  Eiver,  and  White  Lick  and 
Mud  Creeks,  affording  good  hydraulic  power. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  fertile. 

Hennepin,  Is.,  Putnam  co.  On  the  E.  bank  of 
Illinois  River,  at  the  great  bend,  and  on  the  bor- 
der of  De  Pru  prairie.  N.  from  Springfield  118 
miles.  At  a  moderate  stage  of  water,  steamboats 
go  up  to  this  place. 

Henniker,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  Few  places  af- 
ford better  prospects  for  the  successful  operation 
of  water  machinery  than  this  town.  Contoocaok 
River  passes  through  its  centre.  There  are  sev- 
eral ponds  of  considerable  size.  Long  Pond  is  the 
largest,  being  between  1  and  2  miles  in  length, 
and  from  40  to  80  rods  wide.  Craney  Hill  is  the 
principal  elevation.  It  is  mostly  in  a  state  of 
cultivation.  The  soil  of  the  hills  is  favorable  for 
wheat ;  the  valleys  produce  good  crops  of  corn. 
Henniker  received  its  present  name  from  Gov- 
ernor Wentworth,  in  hon*orof  his  friend  Henniker, 
probably  John  Henniker,  Esq.,  a  merchant  in 
London,  and  a  member  of  the  British  Parliament. 
First  settler,  James  Peters,  in  1761.  Distances, 
23  miles  N.  W.  from  Amherst,  and  15  W.  from 
Concord. 

Henrico  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Richmond.  Bound- 
ed N.  and  N.  E.  by  the  Chickahominy  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Hanover  and  New  Kent  counties, 
S.  E.  by  Charley  City  co.,  S.  and  S.  W.  by  James 
River,  separating  it  from  Chesterfield  co.,  and  N. 
W.  by  Goochland  co.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
various. 

Henrietta,  Mn.,  Jackson  co. 

Henrietta,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Watered  on  the 
W.  by  the  Genesee  River.  The  surface  is  roll- 
ing ;  soil  very  fertile.  10  miles  S.  from  Roches- 
ter, and  228  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Henrietta,  0.,  Lorain  co.  This  township  is 
situated  on  the  great  E.  and  W.  mail  road.  35 
miles  W.  from  Cleveland,  and  133  N.  E.  from 
Columbus. 

Henry  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Abbeville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Barbour  co.,  E.  by  the  Chattahoochee 
River,  separating  it  from  Georgia,  S.  by  Florida, 
and  W.  by  Dale  co.  Soil  sterile,  and  watered 
by  branches  of  the  Chattahoochee  River. 

Henry  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  McDonough.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  De  Kalb,  E.  by  Newton  and  Butts,  S. 
by  Pike,  and  W.  by  Fayette  co.  The  Ockmulgee 
River  forms  its  N.  E.  boundary.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Ockmulgee  and  Flint  Rivers. 

Henry  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Morriston.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Whitesides,  E.  by  Bureau,  S.  E.  by 
Stark,  S!  by  Knox,  and  W.  by  Mercer  and  Rock 
Island  counties.  Watered  by  Rock.  Green,  and 
Edwards  Rivers.  The  N.  part  of  this  county  is 
low  and  marshy,  but  in  some  portions  the  soil  is 
fertile. 

Henry  County,  la,,  c.  h.  at  New  Castle.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Delaware  co.,  E.  by  Randolph  and 
Wayne,"  S.  by  Fayette  and  Rush,  and  W.  by 
Hancock  and  Madison  counties.  Drained  by 
Flat  Rock  and  Blue  Rivers  and  Fall  Creek,  af- 
fording some  water  power.  Surface  slightly  un- 
even in  some  parts,  but  mostly  level. 

Henry  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Pleasant. 
51 


Bounded  N.  by  Washington  and  Louisa  counties, 
E.  by  Des  Moines,  S.  by  Lee,  and  W.  by  Van  Bu- 
ren  and  Jefferson  counties.  Watered  by  Che- 
cauque  or  Skunk  River  and  its  branches,  and 
Big  Brush  and  Little  Cedar  Creeks.  Surface 
high  and  rolling  ;  soil  Very  fertile. 

Henry  County,  Ky..  c.  h.  at  New  Castle.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Carroll  co.,  E.  by  Owen  and  Franklin,  S. 
by  Shelby,  and  W.  by  Oldham  and  Trimble  coun- 
ties. The  Kentucky  River  forms  its  N.  E.  boun- 
dary, and  its  branches,  with  those  of  the  Little 
Kentucky,  drain  the  surface  of  this  county. 

Henry  County,  Mo.,  c.h.  at  Clinton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Johnson  co.,  E.  by  Benton,  S.  by  St.  Clair, 
and  W.  by  Bates  and  Van  Buren  counties. 
Drained  by  Grand,  a  branch  of  Osage  River. 

Henry  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Napoleon.  This  coun- 
ty is  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  state,  and  is 
well  watered  by  several  small  streams  and  the 
Maumee  River,  which  passes  through  its  centre 
from  W.  to  E.  In  some  parts,  the  soil  is  very 
rich  and  productive.  It  is  a  flourishing  county, 
and  has  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  passing 
through  it. 

Henry  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Paris.  Bounded  N. 
by  Kentucky,  E.  by  the  Tennessee  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Steward  co.,  and  by  Benton  co.,  S. 
by  Carroll,  and  W.  by  Weakley  co.  Drained  by 
the  Big  and  Little  Sandy  Rivers,  and  the  middle 
and  S.  forks  of  Obion  River. 

Henry  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Martinsville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Franklin,  E.  by  Pittsylvania  co.,  S.  by 
North  Carolina,  and  W.  by  Patrick  co.  Drained 
by  Smith's  and  Mary's,  and  branches  of  Dan 
River. 

Henry  Clay,  Pa.,  Fayette  co.  The  Yiough- 
iogeny  River  and  branches  water  this  town.  Sur- 
face mountainous ;  soil  gravel. 

Hepburn,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  Watered  on  its 
boundaries  by  Plunket's,  Loyalsock,  and  Lyco- 
ming Creeks.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous ; 
soil  gravel  and  slate.  9  miles  N.  from  Williams- 
port. 

Herculaneum,  Mo.,  Jefferson  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  Mississippi  River.  30  miles  below  St. 
Louis,  and  160  miles  from  Jefferson  City.  A 
great  mart  of  the  surrounding  lead  region.  There 
are  several  shot  factories  here. 

Hereford,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Watered  by  Perkio- 
men  Creek  and  its  W.  branch.  On  the  N.  E.  is 
Shroub's  Mountain.  80  miles  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

HerUmer  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Herkimer. 
This  county  was  incorporated  in  1791,  but  has 
since  been  enlarged.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  St. 
Lawrence,  E.  by  Hamilton,  Fulton,  and  Mont- 
gomery, S.  by  Otsego,  and  W.  by  Oneida  and 
Lewis  counties.  It  contains  numerous  lakes  and 
ponds,  whch  are  the  sources  of  Black,  Moose,  In- 
dependence, and  Beaver  Rivers,  and  West  Cana- 
da Creek.  The  Mohawk  Rives  also  crosses  its 
S.  part.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous,  being 
traversed  by  Adirondack  range ;  soil  extremely 
fertile  in  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk,  and  in  the 
N.  parts  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grass. 
This  county  affords  iron  ore,  gypsum,  lead,  and 
in  the  vicinity  of  Little  Falls  are  found  most 
exquisite  specimens  of  rock  crystal.  The  Utica 
and  Schenectady  Railroad  here  follows  the  N., 
and  the  Erie  Canal  the  S.  shores  of  the  Mohawk 
River. 

HerJcimer,  N.  Y,  c.  h.  Herkimer  co.  On  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Mohawk  River,  and  watered 


402 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


by  West  Canada  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly  on 
the  N.,  and  the  soil  extremely  fertile  along  the 
valley  of  the  Mohawk.  80  miles  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Herman,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  A  good  township 
of  land,  7  miles  W.  from  Bangor.  A  large  pond 
and  the  Sowadabscook  River  water  its  S.  W. 
corner.  Incorporated  1814. 

Herman,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  The  surface 
of  this  town  is  rolling,  and  drained  by  a  few 
small  streams ;  the  soil  clay  loam,  favorable  to 
the  growth  of  grass.  15  miles  S.  from  Canton, 
and  199  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Hernando,  Mi.,  c.  h.  De  Soto  co.  18  miles  E. 
of  Mississippi  River,  and  202  from  Jackson. 

Herrick,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  Drained  by  the 
head  branches  of  Lackawannock  River.  Surface 
hilly,  Elk  Mountain  lying  in  the  S.  W.  part ;  soil 
day  and  gravel.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Montrose. 
Hertford  County,^.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Winton.  Bounded 
N.  and  E.  by  the  Chowan  River,  separating  it 
from  Gates  and  Chowan  counties,  S.  by  Bertie, 
and  W.  by  Northampton  co.  Drained  by  branches 
of  the  Chowan  River. 

Hertford,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Perquimans  co.  On  the 
S.  side  of  Perquimans  River,  near  its  entrance 
into  Perquimans  Bay.  194  miles  N.  E.  by  E.  from 
Raleigh. 

Heuvelton,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  On  Os- 
wegatchie  River.  7  miles  from  Ogdensburg,  and 
203  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Hickman  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Clinton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Ballard,  E.  by  Graves  co.,  S.  by  Ten- 
nessee, and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Missouri.  Watered  by  Little  Obion 
River  and  branches,  and  Bayou  Desha  Creek. 

Hickman  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Centreville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Dickson  co.,  E.  by  Williamson 
and  Maury,  S.  by  Lawrence  and  Wayne,  and  W. 
by  Perry  and  Humphrey  counties.  Watered  by 
Duck  River  and  its  tributaries. 

Hickory  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Hermitage.  S.  W. 
central.  Pomme  de  Terre  River,  a  tributary  of 
the  Osage,  runs  N.  through  it. 

Hicksford,  Va.,  c.  h.  Greenville  co.  On  the 
S.  W.  of  Meherin  River,  62  miles  S.  from  Rich- 
mond. The  Petersburg  Railroad  here  crosses 
the  Meherin,  on  a  magnificent  stone  viaduct. 

High  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  On  Rondout 
Creek,  69  miles  S.  from  Albany.  It  has  a  good 
water  power.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal 
passes  here. 

Highgate,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  The  Missisco  River 
passes  through  the  township.  About  6  miles 
above  Swanton  Falls  is  a  fall  in  the  river  of  about 
40  feet,  affording  some  excellent  mill  privileges. 
Rock  River  is  in  the  N.  part  of  the  township. 
The  soil  is  mostly  sandy,  and  covered  with  pine, 
except  along  the  course  of  the  Missisco  River, 
where  the  timber  is  hemlock,  ash,  &c.,  and  in  the 
S.  E.  corner,  which  constitutes  a  part  of  what  is 
called  Hog  Island,  and  is  marshy.  Bog  iron  ore 
is  found  in  great  abundance.  The  first  settlers 
were  Germans,  mostly  soldiers  who  had  served 
in  the  British  army  during  the  revolution,  but 
the  time  of  their  settlement  is  not  known.  The 
town  was  chartered  in  1763.  70  miles  N.  W. 
from  Montpelier,  and  12  N.  from  St.  Albans. 

Highland  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Hillsboro'.  Clinton 
and  Fayette  counties  bound  it  on  the  N.,  Ross 
and  Pike  on  the  E.,  Adams  and  Brown  on  the  S., 
and  Brown  co.  on  the  W.  It  takes  its  name 
from  its  elevated  position,  and  has  rolling  land, 


well  watered  by  permanent  springs  and  the  head 
waters  of  Paint,  Brush,  and  Whiteoak  Creeks, 
and  the  E.  fork  of  Little  Miami. 

Highland  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Monterey.  North- 
ern central  part.  On  elevated  table  land,  rough 
and  sterile,  containing  the  interlocking  head 
springs  of  the  Potomac,  (S.  branch,)  and  of  the 
James  River. 

Hill,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  Watered  by  Pemige- 
wasset  and  Smith's  Rivers,  and  several  small 
streams.  Eagle  Pond  is  the  only  one  of  note. 
Ragged  Mountain  is  of  considerable  elevation. 
The  soil  in  some  parts  is  rich  and  fertile ;  it  is  gen- 
erally good.  At  the  S.  E.  section  is  a  flourishing 
village,  situated  on  a  spacious  street,  1  mile  in 
length.  This  town  was  granted,  September  14, 
1753,  to  87  proprietors,  who  held  their  first  meet- 
ing at  Chester.  As  most  of  the  inhabitants  be- 
longed to  that  place,  it  was  called  New  Chester, 
until  January,  1837.  First  settlers :  Captain 
Gushing  Favor  and  Carr  Huse,  Esq.,  settled  in 
1768.  24  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Concord,  and  44 
S.  S.  E.  from  Haverhill. 

Hillsboro1  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Tampa.  Bounded 
N.  by  Benton,  E.  by  Musqueto,  S.  by  Munroe 
co.,  and  W.  by  the  Gmlf  of  Mexico.  Watered 
in  the  N.  interior  by  Tampa  Bay,  and  drained 
by  Hillsboro',  Alafia,  and  Asterual  Rivers.  Soil 
various,  being  very  fertile  in  some  parts. 

Hillsboro1,  Is.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  64  miles 
S.  from  Springfield. 

Hillsboro',  Mi.,  c.  h.  Scott  CO. 

Hillsboro'',  Mo.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Big  River.  132  miles  E.  from  Jefferson 
City. 

Hillsboro',  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Orange  co.  On  the  Eno, 
a  branch  of  Neuse  River.  40  miles  N.  W.  from 
Raleigh. 

Hillsboro'  County,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  at  Amherst. 
Merrimac  co.  is  on  the  N.,  Rockingham  on  the 
E.,  the  state  of  Massachusetts  on  the  S.,  and 
Cheshire  co.  on  the  W.  The  surface  is  generally 
uneven,  though  there  are  but  few  lofty  mountains. 
Lyndeboro',  Unconconock,  and  Crotched  are  of 
considerable  altitude.  This  county  is  well  wa- 
tered by  Merrimac,  Nashua,  Souhegan,  and  Pis- 
cataquog  Rivers.  Massabesick  Lake  lies  on  the 
E.  boundary  of  Manchester.  There  are  numer- 
ous ponds  here ;  the  largest  are  Gregg's,  Pleas- 
ant, Babboosuck,  and  Potanipo.  This  county 
possesses  many  advantages  for  manufacturing 
establishments.  Its  settlement  was  made  at 
Nashua,  lately  Dunstable,  some  years  before  the 
war  with  King  Philip,  in  1665.  It  received  its 
name  from  the  Earl  of  Hillsboro',  one  of  the 
privy  council  of  George  III. 

Hillsboro',  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  This  town  is 
well  watered  by  Contoocook  and  Hillsboro'  Riv- 
ers, which  streams  form  a  junction  on  the  S. 
line  of  the  town.  The  land  is  uneven,  but  affords 
many  good  farms.  Fine  plumbago  is  found  here. 
Four  pleasant  villages  are  in  this  town.  .The 
largest  is  called  Hillsboro'  Bridge,  is  situated  on 
both  sides  of  Contoocook  River,  and  has  con- 
siderable trade.  First  settlers,  Jas.  M'Calley, 
Sam.  Gibson,  Robt.  M'Clure,  Jas.  Lyon,  and 
others,  in  1741.  23  miles  N.  W.  from  Amherst, 
and  30  W.  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Hillsboro',  N.  J.,  Somerset  co.  Bounded  N.  by 
the  S.  branch  of  the  Raritan,  and  E.  by  Millstone 
River,  and  drained  by  Roy's  Brook,  a  branch  of 
Millstone  River.  Surface  level  on  the  E.,  and 
hilly  on  the  W;  soil  red  shale  and  clay  loam. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


403 


HUtsboro1,  O.,  c.  h.  Highland  co.  Near  the 
source  of  Rocky  Fork  of  Paint  Creek,  and  is 
noted  for  its  elevated  and  healthy  situation.  62 
miles  S.  W.  from  Columbus,  and  36  W.  by  S. 
from  Chillicothe. 

Hill&barc?,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  203  miles  W. 
from  Hamsburg.  On  the  national  road  on  the 
high  land,  1002  feet  above  the  Ohio  River  at 
Wheeling. 

Hillsdale  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Jonesville.  In- 
corporated in  1835.  Bounded  N.  by  Calhoun 
and  Jackson  counties,  E.  by  Lenawee  co.,  S.  by 
Ohio,  and  W.  by  Branch  co.  Drained  by  St. 
Joseph  River,  of  Lake  Michigan,  St.  Joseph,  a 
branch  of  Maumee  River,  Hog  and  Sandy  Rivers, 
Little  St.  Joseph,  Goose  and  Tiffin's  Creeks,  and 
the  S.  branch  of  the  Kalamazoo  River.  Surface 
high  and  undulating ;  soil  fertile  sandy  loam. 
This  county  contains  iron  ore,  and  sandstone 
suitable  for  grindstones. 

Hillsdale,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Hillsdale  co.  This  village 
is  on  the  outlet  of  St.  Joseph,  or  Baubese  Lake, 
near  the  mouth  of  French  Creek,  on  the  Southern 
Michigan  Railroad,  and  98  miles  W.  S.  W.  from 
Detroit.  It  has  extensive  water  power. 

Hillsdale,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Copake  and 
Ancrarn  Creeks  water  this  town,  which  is  partly 
covered  by  the  Taghkanic  Mountain.  The  soil 
consists  chiefly  of  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  13 
miles  E.  from  Hudson,  and  43  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Hilltown,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Watered  by  branches 
of  Nishaminy  Creek.  100  miles  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Hinds  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Raymond.  Bounded 
N.  by  Madison  co.,  E.  by  Pearl  River,  separating 
it  from  Franklin  co.,  S.  by  Copiah,  and  W.  by 
Claiborne  and  Warren  counties.  The  Big  Black 
River  forms  the  N.  W.  boundary.  Surface  level ; 
soil  mostly  fertile. 

Hinesburg,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  There  is  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  town  a  high  ridge  of  rough  land, 
called  Richard  Mountain.  The  W.  part  has  gen- 
erally a  level  surface,  interspersed  with  small 
hillocks.  In  the  eastern  part  the  land  is  hilly 
and  broken,  containing,  however,  a  good  share 
of  feasible,  fertile,  and  valuable  land.  The  for- 
ests consist  of  hard  timber,  generally.  There 
were  some  beaver  meadows,  one  of  which  con- 
tained between  100  and  200  acres.  The  princi- 
pal streams  are  Lewis  Creek,  Laplat  River,  and 
Pond  Brook,  which  afford  an  abundant  water 
power.  The  first  inhabitants  were  a  Mr.  Isaac 
Lawrence  and  family,  from  Canaan,  Ct.  They 
came  here  before  the  revolutionary  war,  left 
when  the  war  commenced,  and  returned  in  1783. 
12  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Burlington,  and  36  W. 
from  Montpelier.  The  Rutland  Railroad  passes 
through  this  town. 

Hinesville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Liberty  co.  14  miles 
N.  E.  from  Riceboro',  and  196  S.  E.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Hingham,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  Hingham  is  a 
pleasant  town  on  Boston  Harbor.  It  was  first 
settled  in  1633,  and  named  after  a  town  in  Eng- 
land. This  town  is  remarkable  for  the  health 
and  longevity  of  its  inhabitants.  There  is  a 
well-endowed  academy  here,  named,  from  its 
founder,  Derby  Academy.  An  elegant  steam 
packet  plies  between  Hingham  and  Boston  for  9 
months  of  the  year.  The  passage  among  the 
islands  is  truly  delightful.  Turkey,  Baker's, 
Otis,  Pleasant,  and  Squirrel  Hills  present  ex- 
tensive and  delightful  views  of  the  bay  and  sur- 


rounding country.  12  miles  S.  E.  from  Boston 
by  water,  and  14  by  land,  over  the  South  Shore 
Railroad. 

Hinsdale,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  This  town  lies 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Green  Mountain  range, 
and  is  watered  by  a  branch  of  Housatonic  River. 
On  the  banks  of  this  stream  and  its  tributaries  is 
excellent  meadow  land.  This  town  was  formerly 
a  part  of  old  Partridgefield,  now  Peru,  and  was 
first  settled  about  the  year  1762.  It  was  named 
after  the  worthy  and  Rev.  Theodore  Hinsdale, 
who  came  and  gathered  a  church  in  1795.  143 
miles  W.  from  Boston,  and  8  E.  by  S.  from  Pitts- 
field. 

Hinsdale,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Drained  by 
Ischua  and  Olean  Creeks,  and  contains  a  small 
lake,  called  the  Reservoir.  The  surface  is  hilly ; 
soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of  grass.  15  miles 
S.  E.  from  Ellicottville,  and  281  W.  by  S.  from 
Albany. 

Hinsdale,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  This  town  is 
well  watered  with  springs  and  rivulets  of  the 
purest  water.  The  Connecticut  washes  its  west- 
ern border,  and  the  Ashuelet  runs  through  the 
centre,  forming  a  junction  with  the  Connecticut 
a  little  below  the  bend  called  Cooper's  Point. 
Kilburn  and  Ash  Swamp  Brooks  are  found  here. 
There  are  several  islands  in  the  Connecticut  in 
this  town.  On  the  N.  line  of  Hinsdale  is  West 
River  Mountain ;  in  it  are  found  iron  ore  and 
some  other  minerals.  S.  of  Ashuelet  is  Stebbin's 
Hill,  a  tract  of  excellent  land.  On  the  point  of 
a  hill  not  far  from  the  Connecticut  River  are  to 
be  seen  the  remains  of  an  Indian  fortification. 
Hinsdale  was  originally  a  part  of  Northfield,  and 
received  its  name  from  Colonel  Ebenezer  Hins- 
dale, one  of  the  principal  inhabitants.  75  miles 
S.  W.  by  W.  from  Concord,  and  about  15  S.  W. 
from  Keene,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
railroad.  / 

Hiram,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  town  lies  on 
both  sides  of  a  branch  of  Saco  River,  86  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  40  S.  W.  from 
Paris.  The  township  is  fertile,  and  productive  of 
wool  and  wheat.  Incorporated  1807. 

Hiram,  O.,  Portage  co.,  is  a  fertile,  well-cul- 
tivated township,  having  Geauga  on  the  N.  It  is 
148  miles  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 

HitchcocTcville,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  On  the  W. 
branch  of  Farmington  River,  which  affords  good 
water  power.  N.  W.  from  Hartford  26  miles. 
An  enterprising  manufacturing  place. 

Hoboken,  N.  J.,  Hudson  co.  This  fine  summer 
resort  lies  on  the  W.  bank  of  Hudson  River, 
opposite  New  York  city,  and  60  miles  N.  E.  from 
Trenton.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Hocking  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Logan.  Fairfield 
and  Perry  counties  bound  it  on  the  N.,  Athens  on 
the  E.,  Jackson  on  the  S.,  and  Ross  co.  on  the 
W.  Part  of  the  land  is  hilly  and  broken,  but 
that  which  lies  on  the  Hockhocking  River  is  fer- 
tile and  valuable.  The  head  waters  of  Raccoon 
and  Salt  Creeks  are  found  here.  The  county 
was  established  in  1818. 

Holmesville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Appling  co.  177  miles 
S.  S.  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Holmesville,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Pike  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Bogue  Chitto  River.  87  miles  S.  from  Jack- 
son. 

Honeybrook,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Brandywine  River.  Surface  gently 
iloping ;  soil  sandy  loam.  38  miles  N.  W.  from 
Philadelphia. 


404 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


Hodgdon^le.,  Aroostook co.  Incorporated  1832. 
179  miles  from  Augusta. 

Holden,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  A  new  town.  Taken 
from  Brewer  in  1852. 

Holden,  Ms.,  "Worcester  co.,  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Worcester,  and  was  called  North  Worces- 
ter until  1740.  The  surface  of  this  town  is 
broken  by  hills  ;  the  soil  is  very  good,  producing 
a  variety  of  hard  wood  and  some  pine.  There 
are  several  beautiful  ponds  in  the  town,  some  of 
which  are  the  sources  of  Quinepoxet  River,  and 
which,  united,  form  the  S.  branch  of  the  Nashua. 
These  waters,  with  branches  of  the  Blackstone, 
give  the  town  a  good  hydraulic  power.  6  miles 
N.  N.  W.  from  Worcester,  and  50  from  Boston. 

Holderness,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  The  soil  is 
hard,  and  not  easily  cultivated,  but  when  subdued 
is  quite  productive.  The  Pemigewasset  and 
Squam  Rivers,  and  several  other  streams,  fertilize 
the  soil.  There  are  three  ponds  here  ;  also  beau- 
tiful scenery  and  fine  fishing.  First  settler, 
William  Piper,  in  1763.  6  miles  N.  E.  from 
Plymouth.  The  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad 
passes  through  the  town.  36  miles  from  Concord. 
Holland,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  This  is  a  small, 
mountainous,  well-watered  town,  and  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Brimfield.  The  Quinebaug 
River  passes  nearly  through  the  centre  of  the 
town,  and  receives  the  waters  of  Mill  and  Stevens's 
Brooks.  Gould  and  Holland  Ponds  are  hand- 
some sheets  of  water,  and  add  much  to  the  high- 
land scenery  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  strong. 
23  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Springfield,  and  70  S.  W. 
by  W.  from  Boston. 

Holland,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Drained  by  Cazenove 
and  Seneca  Creeks.  The  surface  is  elevated ; 
soil  sandy  loam  and  moist  clay.  24  miles  S.  E. 
from  Buffalo,  and  281  W.  from  Albany. 

Holley,  N.  Y.,  Orleans  co.  The  Erie  Canal 
passes  over  Sandy  Creek  at  this  place,  by  means 
of  an  embankment  75  feet  above  the  bed  of  the 
stream.  W.  N.  W.  from  Albany  240  miles. 

Hdlidaysbvrg,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Blair  co.  The  termi- 
nation of  the  eastern  section  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal. 

Holland,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  This  is  an  excellent 
township  of  land,  producing  in  great  abundance 
all  the  varieties  common  to  the  climate.  There 
is  a  large  pond  situated  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the 
town,  and  several  small  ponds.  The  streams  are 
small,  part  flowing  N.  into  Canada,  and  part  S. 
into  Clyde  River.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1800,  by  Edmund  Eliot  and  Joseph 
Conal.  18  miles  N.  E.  from  Irasburg,  and  58 
N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Hollis,  Me.,  York  co.  This  town  lies  on  the 
W.  bank  of  Saco  River,  and  contains  numerous 
mill  sites.  It  lies  30  miles  N.  from  York.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Waterboro',  and  on  the 
N.  by  Limington  and  Buxton.  Quantities  of 
lumber  of  various  kinds,  and  wood,  annually  pass 
to  market  from  this  place  by  the  Saco  River. 

Hollis,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  Nashua  and 
Nisitissit  Rivers  water  this  town.  There  are  four 
ponds,  named  Flint's,  Penichork,  Long,  and 
Rocky  Ponds.  There  is  a  pleasant  village  near 
the  centre  of  the  town.  The  original  name  of 
Hollis  was  Nisitissit,  its  Indian  name.  It  has  a 
variety  of  soils.  First  settler,  Captain  Peter 
Powers,  in  1731.  8  miles  S.  from  Amherst,  and 
38  S.  from  Concord. 

Holliston,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  The  surface  is 
pleasantly  diversified ;  the  soil  good  and  well  cul- 


tivated. A  number  of  small  streams  give  the 
town  some  water  power,  and  Winthrop's  Pond 
some  pleasant  scenery-  This  town  was  formerly 
;he  western  parish  of  Sherburne.  It  was  first 
settled  in  1710,  and  named,  at  its  incoi-poration 
n  1724,  after  Thomas  Hollis,  of  London,  a  patron 
of  Harvard  College.  20  miles  S.  from  Concord, 
and  23  S.  W.  by  S.  from  Boston. 
Holmes  County,  Fa.  New. 
Holmes  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Lexington.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Carroll  co.,  E.  by  the  Big  Black  River, 
separating  it  from  Attala  co.,  S.  by  Yazoo  co.,  and 
W.  by  the  Yazoo  River,  separating  it  from  Wash- 
'.ngton  co. 

Holmes,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Pike  co. 
Holmes  Hole,  Ms.,  Dukes  co.  A  safe  and 
spacious  harbor  on  the  N.  side  of  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, in  the  town  of  Tisbury,  much  resorted  to  by 
ships  passing  between  New  York  and  the  east- 
ward. There  is  a  sufficient  depth  of  water  for 
vessels  of  the  largest  class.  S.  S.  E.  from  Bos- 
ton 89  miles. 

Holmes  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Millersburg.  Wayne 
co.  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Stark  and  Tuscarawas 
on  the  E.,  Coshocton  on  the  S.,  and  Knox  and 
Richland  on  the  W.  The  soil  is  good.  It  was 
organized  in  January,  1825,  and  is  watered  by 
the  Killbuck,  Lake  Fork  of  Mohican,  Paint 
Creek,  Salt  Creek,  Martin's  Run,  Double  Eyes 
Fork,  Honey  Run,  Casey's  Run,  Indian  Creek, 
Rush  Run,  Shrimlin's  Run,  Wolf  Creek,  and 
Crab  Apple.  Iron  ore  and  coal  stone  abound. 
Holmesville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Appling  co. 
Holyoke,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  Situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  Connecticut  River,  9  miles  above 
Springfield,  and  107  miles  W.  from  Boston. 

This  flourishing  place  has  been  created  from 
nothing,  within  a  few  years  past,  by  the  enter- 
prise of  a  number  of  capitalists,  who  projected, 
and  have  brought  to  an  advanced  stage  of  its 
execution,  a  magnificent  scheme  for  the  founding 
of  a  manufacturing  city  on  the  falls  in  the  Con- 
necticut at  this  spot,  long  known  as  the  "  Hadley 
Falls."  The  village  of  South  Hadley  Falls,  in 
the  town  of  South  Hadley,  is  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river,  where  some  application  of  this  in- 
comparable privilege  has  been  in  use,  for  manu- 
facturing purposes,  for  several  years.  It  was  not, 
however,  until  1848,  that  any  thing  was  done  of 
all  which  is  now  to  be  seen  on  the  Holyoke  side. 
Up  to  that  time,  this  spot,  which  lay  within  the 
precincts  of  the  rural  parish  of  Ireland,  in  the 
N.  part  of  West  Springfield,  was  one  of  the 
most  retired  and  quiet  spots  on  the  banks  of  the 
Connecticut.  The  Hadley  Falls  Company,  act- 
ing under  a  charter  granted  by  the  Massachusetts 
legislature,  April  28,  1848,  with  an  authorized 
capital  of  $4,000,000,  has  here  developed  the  most 
extensive  water  power  which  has  ever  been 
brought  into  operation  in  the  United  States. 
This  company  owns  about  1200  acres  of  land, 
and  by  the  erection  of  a  dam  30  feet  in  height, 
and  placed  at  the  head  of  natural  rapids,  com- 
mands a  head  and  fall  of  about  60  feet  within  the 
distance  of  three  fourths  of  a  mile.  The  power 
which  is  thus  rendered  available  for  manufactur- 
ing purposes  is  estimated  to  be  sufficient  to  drive 
1,250,000  spindles  for  No.  14  cotton  yarn,  with 
looms  and  preparatory  machinery.  So  that  56 
mills  of  the  first  class,  each  containing  18,500 
spindles,  may  be  supplied  with  land  and  water 
power,  besides  machine  shops  and  other  works. 
The  dam  across  the  Connecticut  River  is  1018 


IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


405 


feet  in  length  between  the  abutments,  and  30  feet 
high.  Through  suitable  guard  gates  the  water 
is  admitted  to  the  canals^which  are  140  feet  wide 
and  15  feet  deep.  The  power  being  divided  be- 
tween two  levels,  the  whole,  water  may  be  used 
twice.  The  length  of  the  two  canals,  when  fully 
extended,  will  be  about  7000  feet  each,  with  a 
raceway  of  the  same  dimensions  ;  and  every  1000 
feet  of  the  canals  will  supply  convenient  location 
for  four  mills. 

The  Hadley  Falls  Company  have  erected  two 
large  mills,  each  268  feet  long,  68  feet  wide,  and 
5  stories  in  height;  one  of  which  contains  about 
19;000  spindles,  with  looms  for  the  manufacture 
of  heavy  cotton  goods  ;  and  the  other  about 
30,000  spindles,  with  looms  'for  the  manufacture 
of  fine  lawns  and  muslins.  Their  machine  shop 
is  448  feet  long,  60  feet  wide,  and  3  stories  high, 
besides  a  large  furnace  and  blacksmith's  shop,  and 
is  filled  with  machinery  and  tools  of  the  best 
description.  A  large  number  of  brick  boarding 
houses  of  the  first  class,  offices,  storehouses,  £c., 
have  been  erected  by  the  company,  besides  nu- 
merous dwelling  houses  and  stores  by  the  increas- 
ing population  of  the  place. 

On  a  finely-elevated  portion  of  the  plot,  lying 
W.  of  the  canals  and  mills,  and  exempt  from  all 
annoyance  by  the  business  operations  of  the 
place,  is  that  portion  of  the  town  which  is  occu- 
pied with  dwellings,  hotels,  churches,  and  other 
public  buildings.  This  is  laid  out.  with  beautiful 
regularity,  into  public  squares  and  streets,  at  right 
angles  with  each  other.  A  hotel  has  been  erected 
162  feet  in  length,  and  4  stories  high,  well  ar- 
ranged and  conveniently  situated  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visitors  ;  and  houses,  stores,  churches, 
and  buildings  of  every  description  required  by 
the  inhabitants,  are  being  rapidly  multiplied. 

use  of 
on 

the  most  elevated  ground,  into  which  the  water 
is  raised  by  a  forcing  pump,  operated  by  a  water 
wheel  at  the  dam.  The  reservoir  has  a  capacity 
of  two  and  a  half  millions  of  gallons. 

The  Connecticut  River  Railroad  passes  through 
the  place,  and  the  greatest  part  of  it  is  built  at 
such  an  elevation  as  to  allow  the  avenues  of  the 
town  to  pass  beneath  ;  thus  avoiding  the  danger 
arid  inconvenience  of  a  railroad  on  the  same  grade 
with  the  streets.  A  continuous  railroad  com- 
munication is  open  through  this  place  to  Mon- 
treal on  the  N.  and  New  York  on  the  S.,  to  Boston 
on  the  E.,  and  to  the  great  lakes  on  the  W. 

The  great  amount  of  water  power  here  avail- 
able, the  convenience  of  its  development  and 
application,  and  the  admirable  situation  of  the 
town,  are  advantages  which  render  Holyoke  one 
of  the  most  desirable  locations  for  the  establish- 
ment of  manufactures  in  the  country. 

Homer,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Claiborne. 

Homer,  N.  Y.,  Cortland  co.  "Watered  by 
Tioughnioga  River  and  some  of  its  branches. 
The  surface  is  level  ;  soil  fertile  sandy  and  clay 
loam.  5  miles  N.  from  Cortland,  and  141  W. 
from  Albany. 

Honeoye  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  On  Honeoye 
Creek,  which  has  a  perpendicular  descent  of  30 
feet  in  the  centre  of  the  village.  W.  by  N.  from 
Albany  214  miles.  Here  are  numerous  manu- 
factures, and  an  extensive  quarry  of  fine  building 
stone. 

Honesdale,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  A  flourishing  place 
on  Lackawaxen  Creek.  172  miles  N.  E.  from 


,  . 

The  town  is  supplied  with  water  for  the  use 
the  inhabitants,  from  a  reservoir  constructed 


Harrisburg.  At  the  junction  of  the  Lackawaxen 
Railroad  with  the  Delaware  Canal. 

Hooksett,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  River  Mer- 
rimac  passes  through  this  town.  Hooksett  Falls 
are  here  ;  the  descent  of  water  is  about  16  feet  in 
30  rods.  From  an  eminence  called  the  Pinnacle 
there  is  a  delightful  landscape.  There  is  a  pleas- 
ant village  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river.  Over 
the  river,  at  this  place,  are  two  bridges,  one  of 
which  is  for  the  Concord  Railroad.  Hoeksett 
Canal  is  in  this  town.  It  is  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
in  length.  8  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Concord,  and  9 
N.^from  Manchester  by  the  Concord  Railroad. 
It  is  already  a  flourishing  manufacturing  place, 
though  much  of  the  water  power  remains  unem- 
ployed. 

Hoosic,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  Drained  by 
Hoosic  River  and  some  of  its  branches.  The 
surface  is  hilly ;  soil  well  adapted  to  grazing.  22 
miles  N.  E.  from  Troy,  and  28  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Hoosic  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  On  both 
sides  of  Hoosic  River,  which  falls  40  feet  at  this 
place,  affording  fine  privileges.  N.  E.  from  Al- 
bany 35  miles. 

Hope,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  A  good  township.  44 
miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Hope,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  Watered  by  a  branch 
of  Beaver  Brook.  66  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Tren- 
ton. 

Hope,  N.  Y.,  Hamilton  co.  The  Sacandaga 
River  flows  through  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  somewhat  hilly,  and  the  soil  rather 
sterile,  except  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacandaga. 
15  miles  S.  E.  from  Lake  Pleasant,  and  60  N.  N. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Hopewell,  N.  J.,  Cumberland  co.  Bounded  on 
the  E.  and  S.  by  Cohansey  Creek,  and  drained 
by  Mount's  and  Mill  branches  of  Cohansey 
Creek.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil  clay  loam. 

Hopewdl,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  The  outlet  of 
Canandaigua  Lake  and  some  of  its  tributaries 
water  this  town.  Surface  rolling ;  soil  clay  loam 
upon  a  basis  of  lime.  5  miles  E.  from  Canandai- 
gua, and  1 90  E.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Hopewdl,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  A  hilly  town, 
with  a  slaty  soil.  21  miles  W.  from  Carlisle. 

HopewelL  Pa.,  Bedford  co.  Watered  by  the 
Rayston  branch  of  the  Juniata  River  and  _its 
tributaries,  Surface  mountainous,  containing 
abundance  of  bituminous  coal;  soil  calcareous 
loam  in  the  valleys.  15  miles  N.  E.  from  Bed- 
ford, and  104  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Hopewell,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  A  mountain- 
ous  town ;  soil  calcareous  loam  in  the  valleys 
13  miles  S.  W.  from  Huntingdon. 

Hopewdl,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Brushy  Run, 
and  Buffalo  and  Cross  Creeks,  water  this  town 
Surface  hilly;  soil  loam.  12  miles  N.  W.  from 
Washington. 

Hopewell,  Pa.,  York  co.  Watered  by  the  head 
branches  of  Deer  Creek.  Surface  undulating; 
soil  a  rich  loam.  14  miles  S.  E.  from  York. 

Hopkins  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Madisonville.  W 
part  of  the  state.  Has  the  Green  River  on  its 
northern  border. 

Hopkins  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Tarrant. 

Hopldnsville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Christian  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Little  River.  204  miles  S.  W.  from 
Frankfort. 

Hopkinton,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town  waa 
first  settled  about  1710,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Edward  Hopkins,  a  donor  to  the  funds  of  Harvard 
University.  Its  Indian  name  was  Maguncook, 


406 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


The  soil  is  very  good,  and  the  surface  variegated 
and  elevated.  Branches  of  the  Charles,  the  Con- 
cord, and  the  Blackstone  rise  in  this  town,  and, 
although  their  streams  here  are  not  large,  they 
afford  the  town  a  good  water  power.  The  min- 
eral springs  in  this  town  have  become  celebrated. 
They  contain  carbonic  acid,  and  carbonate  of 
lime  and  iron.  These  are  3  in  number,  each  dif- 
fering in  its  properties  from  the  other.  They  are 
situated  near  White  Hall  Pond,  which  abounds 
in  fine  fish  of  various  kinds.  30  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Boston,  and  14  E.  by  S.  from  Worcester. 

Hopkinton,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  Contoocook 
River  and  its  branches,  Warner  and  Blackwater, 
pass  through  the  town.  On  these  streams  are 
valuable  intervale  and  meadow  land.  The  prin- 
cipal village  is  7  miles  from  the  State  House  in 
Concord.  In  the  W.  part  of  the  town  is  a  thriv- 
ing village,  on  Contoocook  River,  known  as  Hill's 
Bridge  or  Contoocookville,  where  is  a  valuable 
water  power.  First  settlers,  emigrants  from 
Hopkinton,  Ms.,  in  1740.  28  miles  N.  from  Am- 
herst,  and  7  W.  from  Concord. 

Hopkinton,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Watered 
by  the  Racket  and  St.  Regis  Rivers.  The  sur- 
face and  soil  are  extremely  varied,  the  S.  part 
being  the  most  level,  and  having  the  best  soil. 
25  m.  E.from  Canton,  and  234  N.W.from  Albany. 

Hopkinton,  R.  I.,  Washington  co.  Wood  RiveV, 
a  valuable  mill  stream,  passes  through  this  town. 
The  soil  of  the  town  .is  generally  well  adapted 
for  grazing  and  the  cultivation  of  grain.  It  pro- 
duces^ large  quantities  of  fruit  and  excellent  cider. 
Shad  and  alewives  are  taken  in  Paucatuck  River. 
There  are  several  ponds  within  the  town.  Con- 
siderable wood  and  timber  are  sent  to  market 
from  this  place. 

Hopkinton  City,  at  the  S.  part  of  the  town,  on 
the  Tommaquag  branch  of  Charles  River,  is  very 
pleasant  and  flourishing. 

Horicon,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
the  Hudson.  Watered  on  the  N.  by  Schroon 
Lake,  which  lies  mostly  in  this  town.  It  con- 
tains also  Brant,  and  several  other  small  lakes. 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous,  a  large 
part  being  waste.  28  miles  N.  from  Caldwell, 
and  90  N.  from  Albany. 

Hornby,  N.  Y..  Steuben  co.  Drained  by  Mead's 
Creek  and  some  smaller  streams.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  well  adapted  to  grazing.  18  miles  S.  E. 
from  Bath,  and  196  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Hornellsville,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by 
Canisteo  River  and  some  of  its  branches.  The 
surface  is  somewhat  hilly  and  broken.  20  miles 
W.  from  Bath,  and  236  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Horry  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Conwaysboro'. 
Little  Pedee  forms  its  W.  boundary,  and  the 
Waccamaw,  a  branch  of  the  Great  Pedee,  drains 
the  S.  and  E.  portions.  Surface  level ;  soil  sandy 
and  wet. 

Horsham,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Drained  by 
Pennypack  and  a  branch  of  Neshaminy  Creek. 
Surface  level;  soil  calcareous  loam.  118  miles 
E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Hot  Springs  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Hot  Springs. 
Bounded  N.  by  Perry  co.,  E.  by  Saline,  S.  by 
Dallas  and  Clark,  and  W.  by  Montgomery.  Sur- 
face rough  and  hilly.  Watered  by  the  Wachita 
River  and  branches. 

Houghton  County,  Mn.,  includes  the  mining 
district  on  Keewaiwona  Point,  projecting  into 
Lake  Superior.  The  principal  settlement  is  at 
Eagle  River. 


Houlton,  Me.,  c.  h.  Aroostook  co.  About  90 
miles  W.  of  N.  from  Calais,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  good  road,  and  120  N.  N.  E.  from 
Bangor.  It  is  on  the  boundary  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  is  a  U.  S.  military  station.  The  dis- 
tance to  Fredericton,  N.  B.,  is  75  miles  W.N.  W. 
The  land  is  fertile,  and  the  town  thriving. 

Houma,  La.,  c.  h.  Terre  Bonne  parish.  On  the 
W.  side  of  Bayou  Terre  Bonne.  132  miles  S- 
W.  from  New  Orleans. 

Houndsfield,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Black  River,  and  W.  by  Lake  Ontario. 
Surface  mostly  level ;  soil  clay  and  sandy  loam. 
6  miles  W.  from  Watertown,  and  160  N.  W 
from  Albany. 

Houston  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Perry.  Bounded 
N.  by  Bibb  co.,  E.  by  the  Ockmulgee  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Twiggs  co.,  and  by  Pulaski  co., 
S.  by  Dooley,  and  W.  by  Macon  and  Crawford 
counties.  Drained  by  branches  of  the  Ockmul- 
gee River. 

Houston,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Chickasaw  co.  On  the  head 
branches  of  Octibbeha  Creek.  145  miles  N.  E. 
from  Jackson. 

Houston,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Texas  co. 

Houston  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Crockett.  E.  cen- 
tral, between  Trinity  and  Neches  Rivers. 

Houston,  Ts..  c.  h.  Harris  co.  This  flourishing 
place  is  situated  on  the  Buffalo  Bayou,  which 
opens  into  the  N.  W.  arm  of  Galveston  Bay,  and 
about  80  miles  from  the  city  of  Galveston,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  regular  steam  communi- 
cation. Being  in  the  centre  of  an  extensive  cot- 
ton-growing region,  it  has  a  large  and  increasing 
business  as  a  depot  for  this  important  article  of 
commerce. 

Howard  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Kohomo. 

Howard  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Fayette.  Bounded 
N.  by  Chariton  and  Randolph  counties,  E.  bv 
Boone  co.,  S.  and  W.  by  the  Missouri  River, 
separating  it  from  Cooper  and  Saline  counties. 
Drained  by  Great  Manitou  and  Bonne  Femme 
Rivers,  and  Salt  Creek. 

Howard,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Drained  by  sev- 
eral small  branches  of  Canisteo  and  Conhocton1 
Rivers.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  clay  loam,  well 
adapted/to  the  growth  of  grass  and  grain.  10 
miles  W.  from  Bath  village,  and  228  W.  by  S, 
from  Albany. 

Howard,  Pa.,  Centre  co.  Watered  by  Bald 
Eagle  Creek  and  its  branches,  and  by  Marsh  and 
Beach  Creeks.  The  main  ridge  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  passes  through  this  town.  Soil  cal- 
careous loam  in  the  valleys.  97  miles  N.  W. 
from  Harrisburg. 

HowelL,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Livingston  co.  51  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Detroit. 

Howell,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  Drained  by 
Shark,  Mettecunk,  and  Manasquan  Rivers.  Sur- 
face level ;  soil  chiefly  sandy  loam  and  clay. 

Howland,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  This  is  a  large 
township  of  good  land,  in  which  the  Piscataquis 
and  Seboois  Rivers  form  a  junction.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  former,  about  50  rods  from  the  Pe- 
nobscot, are  several  saw  mills.  The  banks  of  the 
river  are  low  and  very  beautiful.  Howland  was 
incorporated  in  1 826.  It  lies  1 1 7  miles  N.  E.  from 
Augusta,  and  34  N.  from  Bangor. 

Hubbardston,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Formerly 
a  part  of  Rutland,  named  after  Thomas  Hub- 
bard,  of  Boston,  a  principal  proprietor.  Hub- 
bardston is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  height 
of  ground  between  Connecticut  River  and  tha 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


407 


gea,  and  about  1 000  feet  above  them.  The  surface 
is  varied  by  hills  and  valleys,  commanding  wide 
and  beautiful  prospects.  There  is  probably  no 
town  in  New  England,  so- elevated,  which  pos- 
sesses so  great  a  water  power.  There  are 
springs,  brooks,  and  rivers  in  almost  every 
direction.  Meadow  and  Canneystone  Brooks, 
Burnshirt  and  Otter  Rivers,  are  good  mill  streams. 
There  is  some  choice  meadow  land  in  the  town, 
and  the  soil  is  generally  good.  About  a  mile 
and  a  half  S.  E.  from  the  handsome  village,  near 
the  centre  of  the  town,  lies  Great  Asnaconcomick 
Pond,  covering  about  300  acres.  About  a  mile 
N.  E.  from  this  is  Moose  Horn  Pond,  circular  in 
form,  and  around  which  there  are  appearances 
of  an  ancient  wall.  20  miles  N.  N.  W.  from 
Worcester,  and  52  W.  by  N.  from  Boston,  by 
the  old  road. 

Hubbardston,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  50  miles  S.  W. 
from  Montpelier,  and  10  N.  W.  from  Rutland. 

Hudson,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  The  land  is 
easy  of  cultivation.  On  the  Merrimac  are  fine 
intervales,  of  a  deep,  rich  soil.  Distant  from  the 
river,  the  land  is  hilly  and  broken.  There  are  2 
ponds,  Little  Massabesick  and  Otternick.  The 
Merrimac  River  forms  its  western  boundary,  and 
on  its  banks  the  first  settlements  were  made. 
This  town  was  formerly  called  Nottingham  West. 
First  settlers,  Messrs.  Blodgett,  Winn,  Lovewell, 
Colburn,  Hill,  Greely,  Cross,  Cumings,  Pollard. 
Marsh,  and  Merrill.  17  miles  S.  E.  from  Am- 
herst,  and  40  S.  from  Concord. 

Hudson,  N.  Y.  City  and  seat  of  justice  for  Co- 
lumbia co.  Situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Hudson 
River,  on  fine  navigable  waters,  116  miles  N. 
from  New  York  city,  and  29  S.  from  Albany. 
Population  in  1820,  2900;  in  1830,  5392;  in 
1840,  5672;  in  1850,  6289.  The  ground  on 
which  the  city  stands  is  elevated  about  60  feet 
above  the  river,  terminating  in  a  bold  promon- 
tory in  front,  upon  the  brow  of  which  a  beautiful 
public  ground  has  been  laid  out,  and  ornamented 
with  trees  and  shrubs,  commanding  a  fine  view 
of  the  river,  of  Athens  opposite,  and  of  the  dis- 
tant landscape,  extending  to  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains on  the  N.  and  W.  Upon  either  side  of 
this  promontory,  which  is  formed  of  a  silicious 
slate  rock,  the  river  makes  up,  and  forms  the  two 
considerable  bays  called  South  Bay  and  North 
Bay,  and  Avhich  have  a  sufficient  depth  of  water 
for  large  vessels.  Around  the  margins  of  these 
bays,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  promontory  along 
the  river  bank,  are  the  quays,  which  are  carried 
out  on  a  line  with  the  base  of  the  hill. 

From  the  promenade  on  the  lofty  bank  of  the 
river,  the  city  extends  back,  by  a  gradual  ascent, 
about  one  mile,  to  a  smoothly  rounded  hill,  called 
Prospect  Hill,  about  200  feet  high,  which  com- 
mands an  entire  view  of  the  place.  The  streets 
are  straight,  and  cross  each  other  at  right  angles. 
The  central  and  principal  street,  running  S.  E. 
from  the  promenade,  is  Warren  Street,  which  is 
closely  and  handsomely  built  upon,  and  near 
its  upper  end,  upon  the  N.  side,  has  an  extensive 
public  square.  The  court  house  in  Hudson  is 
a  spacious  and  handsome  structure,  situated  on 
a  small  public  square  near  the  centre  of  the  S. 
side  of  the  city.  This  building,  including  the 
wings,  presents  a  front  of  116  feet.  The  main 
edifice,  40  feet  by  60,  and  60  feet  high,  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  dome  40  feet  high,  towering  above 
the  other  buildings  of  the  city.  The  front  en- 
trance is  decorated  by  a  portico  with  6  Ionic 


columns.  The  material  used  for  the  front  is  the 
Stockbridge  marble  ;  and  for  the  other  parts  the 
blue  limestone  of  the  neighborhood,  which  fur- 
nishes here  a  fine  material  for  ornamental  ar- 
chitecture. There  are  a  number  of  handsome 
church  edifices,  of  which  the  Presbyterians,  the 
Episcopalians,  the  Methodists,  the  Baptists,  and 
the  Universalists  have  one  each.  There  are  2 
markets,  2  banks,  an  academy,  a  female  semina- 
ry, and  3  or  4  extensive  public  houses,  besides 
others  of  less  note.  The  city  is  well  supplied 
with  pure  water,  which  is  brought  in  iron  pipes 
from  a  fountain  at  the  foot  of  Becraft's  Moun- 
tain, 2  miles  distant. 

Hudson  was  founded  in  1784,  by  a  company 
of  30  enterprising  emigrants  from  Providence, 
R.  I.,  and  from  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, in  Massachusetts.  It  had  a  rapid  growth, 
and  great  prosperity  in  business,  for  many  years, 
until  the  interests  of  commerce,  and  especially 
of  the  whale  fishery,  in  which  it  had  a  large 
capital  invested,  experienced  a  check;  after 
which  its  prosperity  declined  for  a  time,  until  its 
enterprise  had  found  new  channels  to  some  ex- 
tent. It  is  now  rising  again  by  a  gradual  and 
healthful  advancement. 

The  construction  of  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire 
Railroad,  which  connects  this  place  with  the 
Western  Railroad  between  Boston  and  Albany, 
34  miles  long,  has  opened  new  facilities  of  travel 
and  trade  to  this  pleasant  city.  The  resources 
of  Berkshire  co.,  in  iron,  lime,  and  marble,  are 
abundant,  and  are  in  demand  in  all  the  Atlantic 
cities.  By  this  road  an  eligible  route  of  travel 
is  opened 'from  New  York  to  the  New  Lebanon. 
Springs,  and  to  many  of  the  most  important 
places  in  Massachusetts.  Hudson  was  incorpo- 
rated as  a  city  in  1785,  the  year  after  its  settle 
ment  was  commenced,  with  a  mayor,  aldermen 
and  recorder ;  but  the  charter  has  been  repeated 
ly  amended  since  that  time. 

Hull,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  This  town  comprises 
the  peninsula  of  Nantasket,  which  forms  the  S. 
E.  side  of  Boston  Harbor.  It  extends  N.  by  W. 
from  Cohasset,  nearly  5  miles,  and  is  celebrated 
for  its  beautiful  beach  4  miles  in  length,  and  for 
its  shell  fish  and  sea  fowl.  The  town  lies  be- 
tween two  hills  of  fine  land,  near  Point  Alderton, 
opposite  Boston  light-house.  On  one  of  the  hills 
in  this  place  is  a  well,  90  feet  deep,  which  is  fre- 
quenily  almost  full  of  water.  Hull  was  a  mart 
of  commerce,  and  the  residence  of  eminent  men, 
six  years  before  Boston  bore  its  present  name,  and 
four  years  before  Salem  became  a  town.  The 
steamer  which  plies  between  Boston  and  Hing- 
ham  stops  at  this  place.  9  miles  E.  S.  E.  from 
Boston  by  water,  and  21  by  land. 

Hume,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by  the 
Genesee  River  and  some  of  its  branches.  Sur- 
face undulating  ;  soil  clay  loam,  producing  large 
crops  of  grass  and  grain.  14  N.  from  Angelica, 
and  26  W.  from  Albany. 

Humphrey,  N.  Y.-,  Cattaraugus  co.  The  Fire 
Mile  Run  and  Great  Valley  Creek  water  this 
town,  the  surface  of  which  is  undulating,  and  the 
soil  suitable  for  grass.  8  miles  S.  E.  from  Elli- 
cottville,  and  300  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Humphreys  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Reynoldsburg, 
Bounded  N.  by  Steward,  E.  by  Dickson  and 
Hickman,  S.  by  Perry  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Tennes- 
see River,  separating  it  from  Benton  co.  Drained 
by  Duck  Creek  and  its  branches. 

Hunt  County,  Ts.}  c.  h.  at  Grenville. 


408 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


Hunter,  N.  Y.,  Greene  co.  Drained  by  some 
of  the  head  branches  of  Schoharie  Creek.  The 
surface  is  mountainous,  being  covered  by  the 
Catskill  range  of  mountains.  The  highest  peak, 
called  Bound  Top,  is  elevated  3804  feet  above 
the  Hudson.  Soil  mostly  sterile.  18  miles  W. 
from  Catskill,  and  55  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Flemington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Warren  and  Morris  counties, 
E.  by  Somerset,  S.  by  Mercer  co.,  and  W.  by  the 
Delaware  River,  separating  it  from  Pennsylva- 
nia. Drained  by  the  S.  branch  of  the  Raritan 
and  its  tributaries,  and  by  small  creeks  flowing 
into  the  Delaware.  Surface  mountainous  in  the 
N.  and  level  in  the  S.  portions ;  soil  mostly  of 
excellent  quality. 

Huntingdon  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Huntingdon. 
Incorporated  in  1787,  and  bounded  N.  by  Cen- 
tre co.,  E.  by  Mifflin,  Juniata,  and  Perry,  S.  by 
Bedford,  and  W.  by  Blair  co.  "Watered  *  by  the 
main  and  Raystown  branch  of  the  Juniata  River. 
The  Pennsylvania  Canal  runs  parallel  to  the  Ju- 
niata River  through  this  county.  Surface  moun- 
tainous in  some  parts  ;  soil  mostly  fertile.  Iron 
ore,  lead,  bituminous  coal,  alum,  and  salt  exist  here. 

Huntingdon,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Huntingdon  co.  On 
the  W.  side  of  the  Frankstown  branch,  at  its  en- 
trance into  Juniata  River,  and  92  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Harrisburg.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal  and 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  pass  through  it. 

Huntingdon,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Bounded  "W.  by 
Bermudian  Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil  gravel  and 
calcareous  loam.  12  miles  N.  E.  from  Gettsyburg. 

Huntingdon,  Pa.,  Luzcrne  co.  North  Mountain 
lies  in  the  N.,  and  Knob  Mountain  in  the  S.  E. 
part  of  this  town.  The  rest  of  the  surface  is  un- 
dulating, and  the  soil  fertile. 

Huntingdon,  Te.j  c.  h.  Carroll  co.  On  the  S. 
fork  of  O'bion  River.  98  miles  W.  from  Nashville. 

Huntington,  Ct,  Fairneld  co.  This  is  a  town- 
ship of  uneven  surface,  but  well  adapted  to  agri- 
cultural purposes,  to  which  the  inhabitants  are 
principally  devoted. 

Huntington  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Huntington.  In- 
corporated in  ^  832,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Whit- 
ley  co.,  E.  by  Allen  and  Wells,  S.  by  Grant,  and 
W.  by  Wabash.  Watered  by  the  Wabash  and 
its  branches,  Salmaina  and  Little  Rivers.  The 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  also  traverses  this  coun- 
ty. Surface  level  or  undulating. 

Huntington,  la.,  c.  h.  Huntington  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Wabash  River.  105  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Huntington,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  A  large  town, 
extending  across  the  widest  part  of  Long  Island, 
and  including  Oak  Island  Beach.  It  is  indented 
by  several  large  bays  on  the  N.,  and  watered  on 
the  S.  by  some  small  streams  flowing  into  the  Great 
South  Bay.  The  surface  is  somewhat  hilly  ;  the 
soil  various.  35  miles  W.  from  Riverhead,  and 
198  S.  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Huntersville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Pocahontas  co.  On 
Knapp's  Creek,  6  miles  from  its  mouth,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  1800  feet  above  the  Atlantic.  W.  N. 
W.  from  Richmond  190  miles. 

Huntsville,  Aa.,  shire  town  of  Madison  co. 
About  180  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Montgomerv, 
and  150  N.  byE.  from  Tuscaloosa.  It  is  a  neat 
and  thriving  place,  situated  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  state,  about  10  miles  N.  of  the  Tennessee 
River,  and  30  miles  from  the  railroad  at  Decatur, 
which  runs  to  Tuscumbia.  It  is  principally  built 
of  brick,  and  many  of  the  houses  are  elegant  and 


costly.  Among  the  public  buildings,  it  contains 
a  court  house  of  Grecian  architecture,  which  cost 
$45,000  ;  a  banking  house  of  hewn  stone,  with  an 
Ionic  portico,  built  at  a  cost  of  $80,000  ;  a  hand- 
some market  house ;  a  U.  S.  land  office ;  an  acad- 
emy ;  and  several  churches.  The  streets  are 
McAdamized,  and  kept  remarkably  clean.  The 
town  is  abundantly  supplied  with  pure  and  cool 
water  from  a  spring,  which  breaks  out  at  the  foot 
of  a  rock  with  force  sufficient  to  drive  a  forcing 
pump  for  elevating  and  distributing  it  to  all  the 
dwellings.  A  fine  McAdamized  road,  commen- 
cing 4  miles  N.  of  the  town,  passes  through  it, 
and  extends  to  the  Tennessee  River. 

Hurley,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Esopus  Creek  wa- 
ters this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and 
the  soil  fertile.  6  miles  W.  from  Kingstown  vil- 
lage, and  60  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Huron,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Lake  Ontario.  Port  Bay  lies  wholly,  and 
East  and  Sodus  Bays  partly,  within  this*  town. 
Surface  level ;  soil  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  14 
miles  N.  from  Lyons,  and  lt>5  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Huron  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Norwalk.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Lake  Erie,  is  very  fertile,  and  is 
watered  by  the  Huron  and  Vermilion  Rivers,  La 
Chapelle,  Old  Woman's,  Pipe,  and  Cold  Creeks. 
Sandusky  Bay  is  on  the  northern  boundary,  and 
it  has  two  excellent  harbors  on  the  shore  of  Lake 
Erie.  Emigrants  from  Connecticut  and  other 
N.  E.  States  were  the  first  settlers.  All  the  tract 
called  fire  land  lies  within  this  county.  The  rail- 
road from  Cincinnati  to  Lake  Erie  passes  through 
the  county,  and  it  is  a  rising,  prosperous  region. 

Huron  County,  Mn.,  includes  the  projection  be- 
tween Saginaw  Bay  and  Lake  Huron. 

Huron,  0.,  Huron  co.  The  situation  of  this 
town  causes  it  to  be  a  place  of  great  importance  ; 
it  is  located  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the 
mouth  of  Huron  River,  aud  has  an  excellent  ar- 
tificial harbor.  Commercial  business  is-  carried 
on  here  to  a  large  extent ;  it  has  improved  rapid- 
ly for  a  few  years  past.  47  miles  W.  from  Cleve- 
land, and  120  from  Columbus. 

Hi/annis,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.,  in  the  town  of 
Barnstable.  5  miles  S.  E.  from  Barnstable  court 
house,  and  77  S.  E.  from  Boston. 

Htjde  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Lake  Landing. 
Bounded  N.  by  Washington  and  Tyrrell  counties, 
E.  and  S.  by  Pamlico  Sound,  and  W.  by  Beau- 
fort co.  Surface  flat  and  marshy. 

Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Hudson.  Watered  by  Crum  Elbow 
Creek  and  some  other  small  streams.  The  sur- 
face is  somewhat  hilly  and  uneven,  and  the  soil 
of  a  good  quality  along  the  border  of  the  river. 
6  miles  N.  from  Poughkeepsie  village,  and  68  S. 
from  Albany. 

Hydepark,  Vt,  c.  h.  Lamoille  co.  The  La- 
moille,  Green,  and  other  rivers  give  this  town 
a  great  water  power.  The  soil  is  generally  of 
a  good  quality,  and  easily  cultivated.  There 
are  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town  12  ponds, 
containing  from  1  to  50  acres,  besides  sever- 
al smaller  ones.  Some  of  them  have  names, 
such  as  Great,  Clear,  George's,  Zack's,  Mud 
Pond.  Hydepark  village  is  situated  in  the  S.  W. 
part  of  the  town,  on  a  beautiful  elevated  plain. 
This  town  has  a  valuable  water  power,  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  country  rich  in  agricultural 
and  mineral  productions.  The  settlement  was 
commenced  by  John  McDaniel,  Esq.,  who  re- 
moved his  family  here  July  4,  1787.  He  emi- 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


409 


grated  from  Northfield,  N.  H.  The  town  was 
named  Hyde's  Park  in  the  charter,  as  a  compli- 
ment to  Captain  Jedediah  Hyde,  the  first  named 
in  that  instrument.  27  miles  N.  from  Montpelier. 

Iberville  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Plaquemine. 
Bounded  N.  by  Point  Coupee,  East  and  West 
Baton  Kouge  parishes,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  Ascension 
parish,  and  S.  and^  W.  by  the  Atchafalaya  Kiver, 
separating  it  from  St.  Martin's  and  St.  Landry 
parishes.  Drained  by  outlets  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  which  flows  through  the  E.  part.  Surface 
level,  and  too  low  for  cultivation,  except  on  the 
borders  of  the  streams,  where  the  soil  is  fertile. 

Iberville,  La.,  c.  h.  Iberville  parish.  92  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  New  Orleans. 

Independence  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Batesville. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  Lawrence  co.,  E.  by  Big  Black 
and  White  Rivers,  separating  it  from  Jackson  co., 
S.  by  White  co..  W.  by  Van  Buren,  and  N.  W. 
by  Izard  co.  White  River  crosses  this  county 
from  N.  W.  to  S.  E. 

Independence,  la.,  c.  h.  Buchanan. 
Independence,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Kenton  co.     82  miles 
N.  N.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Independence,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  It  is 
situated  6  miles  S.  from  the  Missouri  River, 
near  the  W.  boundary  of  the  state,  134  miles  W. 
from  Jefferson  City,  the  capital,  and  264  miles, 
by  the  nearest  land  route,  W.  from  St.  Louis. 
The  distance  from  St.  Louis,  by  the  river,  is  about 
370  miles.  This  is  the  place  of  departure  for 
the  Santa  Fe  traders,  and  a  point  from  which 
many  of  the  emigrants  to  California  start  on 
their  overland  route,  through  the  S.  pass  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  ;  and  many  of  their  supplies, 
of  course,  are  obtained  here. 

The  distances  from  St.  Louis,  by  Independence, 
on  this  entire  route,  to  Astoria,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia  River,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  as 
given  in  Appleton's  United  States  Traveller's 
Guide,  published  in  1850,  are  as  follows  :  — 

ST.  LOUIS,  Miles.          Miles. 

To  JEFFERSON  CITY,  156 

INDEPENDENCE,  214          370 

Kansas  River  Landing,  12          382 

By  Land. 

Kansas  River  Crossing,  75  457 

Platt  River,  220  677 

Forks  of  River,  15  692 

Chimney  Rock,  155          847 

Scott's  Bluff,  22    '       869 

Fort  Laramie,  60          929 

Red  Butter,  155         1084 

Rock  Independence,  50         1134 

South  Pass,  (Fremont's,)          110         1244 
Green  River,  69         1313 

Beer  Springs,  191         1504 

.Fort  Hall,  50         1554 

American  Falls,  22         1576 

Fishing  Falls.  125         1701 

Lewis  River  Crossing,  40         1741 

Fort  Boisse,  130        1871 

Burnt  River,  70        1941 

Grand  Rond,  68         2009 

Fort  Wala  Wala,  90         2099 

Umatilla  River,  25        2124 

John  Day's  River,  70        2194 

Falls  River,  20         2214 

The  Dalles,  26        2234 

Cascades,  45        2279 

Fort  Vancouver,  55        2334 

ASTORIA,  100        2434 

52 


Independence,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  Watered  by 
Pequest  Creek,  and  its  tributary  Bacon  Creek. 
Surface  hilly  on  the  E.  and  W.,  with  a  valley  be- 
tween. 14  miles  N.  E.  from  Belvidere. 

Independence,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Cryder's 
and  Independence  .Creeks  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  elevated  and  rolling;  soil 
clay  loam.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Angelica,  and 
258  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Independence,  Va.,  c.  h.  Grayson  co. 

Indian  Key,  Fa.,  Dado  co.  This  village  is  sit- 
uated on  a  pleasant  island  containing  about  7 
acres.  The  foundation  is  entire  Madrepore  rock, 
but  it  has  been  covered  with  rich  mould  from  the 
channel,  and  is  cultivated  with  good  success.  It 
lies  75  miles  N.  E.  from  Key  West,  and  75  S.  W. 
from  Cape  Florida. 

Indian  River,  Fa.,  St.  Lucie  co.  The  only  post 
office  in  the  county  is  here. 

Indian  Springs,  Ga.,  Butts  co.  This  favorite 
watering-place  is  situated  10  miles  W.  from  the 
Ockmulgee  River,  at  the  confluence  of  two  small 
streams,  which  form  one  of  its  tributaries.  W. 
from  Milledgeville  52  miles.  The  waters  are 
impregnated  with  sulphur,  and  are  efficacious  in 
cutaneous  complaints. 

Indiana,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Indiana  co.  155  miles  W. 
N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Indiana  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Indiana.  Bounded 
N.  by  Jefferson,  E.  by  Clearfield  and  Cambria, 
S..by  Westmoreland,  and  W.  by  Armstrong  co. 
Drained  by  the  head  waters  of  the  W.  branch  of 
the  Susquehanna  and  by  branches  of  Cone- 
mangh  River.  Surface  hilly,  containing  abun- 
dance of  coal  and  salt,  and  small  quantities  of  iron 
ore.  The  soil  is  mostly  very  fertile,  being  com- 
posed of  loam,  gravel,  sand  and  clay. 

Indiana,  Pa,,  Alleghany  co.  Drained  by  Deer, 
Long,  Squaw,  and  Pine  Creeks.  Surface  hilly  ; 
soil  loam.  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Pittsburg. 

Indianapolis,  capital  of  the  state  of  Indiana, 
and  seat  of  justice  for  Marion  co.  It  is  situated 
very  near  the  geographical  centre  of  the  state, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  W.  fork  of  White  River, 
which  is  navigable,  except  at  low  water,  for  steam- 
boats from  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  Rivers  to  this 
place.  The  ground  on  which  it  is  built,  together 
with  the  suburbs,  embracing,  all  together,  four 
sections  of  land,  according  to  the  government 
surveys,  was  secured  to  the  state  of  Indiana  by 
a  compact  with  the  United  States,  in  1820,  when 
it  was  covered  with  a  dense  forest,  as  a  perma- 
nent seat  of  government.  In  the  spring  of  1821, 
the  town  was  laid  out  and  surveyed  by  commis- 
sioners appointed  for  that  purpose.  The  original 
plat  of  the  town,  which  is  on  an  extended  plain, 
was  a  mile  square ;  but  it  has  since  been  extended 
in  different  directions  beyond  these  limits.  It 
was  laid  out  into  regular  "four-acre  squares,  each 
to  contain  12  lots  ;  and  these  squares  were  divid- 
ed through  the  middle  by  alleys,  from  E.  to 
W,  30  feet  wide,  and  from  N."  to  S.  15  feet 
wide.  The  streets,  in  general,  were  laid  out  90 
feet  in  width.  Washington  Street,  which  passes 
through  the  centre,  and  is  the  great  business 
street,  is  120  feet  in  width.  Through  this  street 
the  great  national  road  passes.  Near  the  centre 
of  the  town  a  square  has  been  appropriated,  as  a 
site  for  the  mansion  "of  the  governor  of  the  state. 
In  the  centre  of  this  square  stands  the  Governor's 
House,  on  ground  slightly  elevated,  60  feet  square, 
and  having  four  elegant  fronts.  A  circular  street, 
80  feet  wide,  encompasses  this  enclosure,  and  four 


410 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


streets  extend  from  it  diagonally,  towards  the 
four  corners  of  the  city. .  The  streets,  with  the 
exception  of  these  four,  all  intersect  each  other  at 
right  angles.  They  bear  the  names  of  the  differ- 
ent states  of  the  Union. 

The  State  House  a$  Indianapolis  is  beautifully 
located,  in  the  centre  of  one  of  the  40  acre  squares, 
handsomely  laid  out  and  enclosed.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  splendid  buildings  in  the  west.  It  is 
180  feet  long,  80  feet  wide,  and  40  feet  high,  to 
the  top  of  the  cornice,  and  is  surmounted  with  a 
handsome  dome.  It  is  on  the  model  of  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens,  with  the  omission  of  the  col- 
umns on  the  sides  ;  for  which  pilasters,  13  in 
number,  are  substituted.  On  each  front  there  is 
a  beautiful  portico,  with  10  Doric  columns.  The 
two  halls  for  the  legislature  are  in  the  second 
story,  to  Avhich  the  entrance  is  through  a  hall  and 
rotunda  in  the  centre.  The  Court  House,  which 
was  formerly  occupied  as  the  State  House,  is  also 
a  handsome  building.  Some  of  the  church  edi- 
fices are  large  and  of  fine  appearance. 

Indianapolis  is  the  centre  of  a  number  of  stage 
routes  from  different  sections  of  the  west,  and 
is  fast  becoming  a  place  of  extensive  business. 
It  is  connected  by 'railroad  with  Madison,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  a  distance  of  86  miles ;  being  by 
this  route  about  150  miles  from  Cincinnati,  and 
about  the  same  distance  from  Louisville,  Ky. 
The  railroad  will  soon  be  completed  to  connect  it 
with  Peru,  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal. 

Indianola,  la.,  c.  h.  Warren  co. 

Industry,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  borders 
N.  W.  on  Saudy  Eiver,  and  is  a  valuable  tract  of 
land.  It  lies  32  miles  N.  W.  from  Augusta,  and 
is  bounded  S.  W.  by  Farmington.  Industry  was 
incorporated  in  1 803  :  it  has  a  pleasant  village. 

Ingham  County,  Mn..  c.  h.  at  Vevay.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1838.  Bounded  N.  by  Clinton  and 
Shiawassbe  counties,  E.  by  Livingston,  S.  by 
Jackson,  and  W.  by  Eaton  co.  Watered  by  Pine, 
Swampy,  and  Portage  Lakes,  and  Ked  Cedar, 
Willow,  Mud,  and  Sycamore  Creeks.  Surface 
mostly  level,  and  soil  fertile. 

Ionia  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Ionia.  Bounded  N. 
by  Montcalm,  E.  by  Clinton,  S.  by  Eaton  and 
Barry,  and  W.  by  Kent  co.  Drained  by  Grand 
River  and  its  tributaries.  Surface  slightly  undu- 
lating ;  soil  of  excellent  quality. 

Ionia,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Ionia  co.  On  both  sides  of 
Grand  River.  136  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Detroit. 

Iowa  City,  Io.  Capital  of  the  state,  and  seat 
of  justice  of  Johnson  co.  It  stands  on  the  E. 
bank  of  Iowa  River,  88  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Bur- 
lington, and  50  miles  W.  from  Davenport,  these 
towns  being  on  the  Mississippi.  This  place  was 
hunting  ground  for  the  Indian  until  1839,  when 
it  was  selected  by  the  legislature  to  be  the  seat 
of  government.  Within  one  year  from  that 
time  it  contained  between  500  and  700  in- 
habitants, with  two  hotels,  stores,  mechanics' 
shops,  &c.,  and  it  hfes  continued  ever  since  rapidly 
to  increase.  The  first  plateau  from  the  river, 
about  100  yards  in  width,  is  reserved  as  a  public 
promenade.  There  is  then  an  elevation  of  about 
12  feet,  and  a  second  elevation  of  about  18  feet 
upon  which  the  city  is  built.  Upon  the  brow  of 
this  second  natural  terrace,  Capitol  Street  is  laid 
out,  120  feet  in  width,  and  is  intersected  at  right 
angles  by  Iowa  Avenue,  of  the  same  width.  The 
State  House,  on  Capitol  Street,  and  fronting  Iowa 
Avenue,  is  an  elegant  building,  constructed  of 
'birdseye  marble,"  at  a  cost  of  about  $120,000; 


and  is  every  way  worthy  of  being  the  capitol  of 
a  great  and  wealthy  state,  such  as  Iowa  in  the 
future  must  become.  It  is  120  feet  long  by  60 
feet  wide,  and  two  stories  high  above  the  base- 
ment. It  is  of  the  Grecian  Doric  order  of  archi- 
tecture, and  is  surmounted  with  a  dome  resting 
on  22  Corinthian  columns.  Among  the  other 
public  buildings  are  the  court  house  and  jail, 
and  academy,  and  seven  very  handsome  church 
edifices.  The  location  is  a  bealitiful  and  healthy 
one.  By  an  act  of  the  Iowa  legislature,  the 
State  University  is  to  be  located  here. 

The  Davenport  and  Council  Bluffs,  and  the 
Dubuque  and  Keokuk  Railroads  will  pass  through 
Iowa  City.  Steamboats  frequently  ascend  the 
river  to  this  place.  About  a  mile  above  the  city 
there  is  an  excellent  water  power,  which  is  im- 
proved to  drive  a  large  merchant  and  custom 
flouring  mill,  a  saw  mill,  and  other  machinery. 

Iowa  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Marengo.  S.  E.  part. 
Watered  by  the  Iowa  and  branches. 

Iowa  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Mineral  Point 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Wisconsin  River,  separating 
it  from  Richland  and  Sauk  counties,  E.  by  Dane 
co..  S.  by  Lafayette,  and  W.  by  Grant  co.  The 
N.  part  is  drained  by  small  tributaries  of  the 
Wisconsin,  and  the  S.  part  by  Pekatonokee  and 
Fever  Rivers.  There  are  some  fertile  prairies  in 
this  county,  and  lead  and  copper  ores  abound. 

Ipswich,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  town  was  bought 
by  John  Winthrop,  Jr.  in  1638,  of  an  Indian  sag- 
amore, named  Masconnomet,  for  20  pounds.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1633,  and  named  after  the 
town  of  Ipswich,  in  England.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Agawam,  signifying  a  fishing  station.  Ipswich 
is  one  of  the  shire  towns  of  the  county,  a  port  of 
entry,  and  a  place  long  noted  for  its  enterprise  iu 
commerce  and  manufactures.  Ipswich  River  pass- 
es through  the  town,  and  flows  into  a  bay  of  the 
same  name.  The  river  affords  a  good  water  pow- 
er, and  at  its  mouth  is  an  excellent  harbor.  The 
surface  is  pleasantly  interspersed  with  hills  and 
vales  ;  the  soil  is  of  a  good  quality.  The  village 
of  Ipswich  is  very  pleasant.  It  lies  on  both  side* 
of  the  river,  which  is  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge, 
with  two  arches,  built  in  1764,  at  a  cost  of  1000 
pounds.  The  Ipswich  Female  Seminary  is  situ- 
ated in  the  centre  of  the  village.  Distances.  25 
miles  E.  from  Lowell,  and  25  from  Boston  by  tb» 
Eastern  Railroad. 

Ira,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  The  surface  of  this  town 
is  undulating,  and  watered  by  a  few  small  streams ; 
soil  mostly  sandy  loam  of  good  quality.  20  miles 
N.  from  Auburn,  and  160  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Ira,  Vt,  Rutland  co.  This  township  is  ele- 
vated ;  it  contains  good  land  for  rearing  cattle. 
Castleton  River  and  Ira  Brook  wash  a  part  of  tha 
town,  but  afford  no  valuable  mill  privileges.  The 
town  was  organized  in  1779.  From  Montpelier 
40  miles  S.  W..  and  8  S.  W.  from  Rutland. 

Irasburg,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  Irasburg  is  some- 
what diversified  with  gentle  hills  and  valleys. 
The  soil  is  easy  to  cultivate,  and,  in  general,  pro- 
duces good  crops.  Black  River  passes  through 
the  township  in  a  north-easterly  direction,  and 
Barton  River  just  touches  upon  the  eastern  cor- 
ner. Nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  township  is  a 
small  village.  The  settlement  was  commenced  a 
little  previous  to  the  year  1800.  Distance  from 
Montpelier,  42  miles  N.  E. 

Iredett  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Statesville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Wilkes  and  Surry  counties,  E.  by  Davie 
and  Rowan,  S.  by  Mecklenburg,  and  W.  by  Ca- 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


411 


tawba  and  Caldwell  counties.  Watered  on  the  S 
W.  border  by  Catawba  River,  and  drained  by 
branches  of  the  South  Yadkin. 

Irondcquoit,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Lake  Ontario,  E.  by  Irondequoit  Bay, 
and  W.  by  the  Genesee  River.  The  surface  is 
chiefly  level ;  soil  gravelly  and  sandy  loam.  5 
miles  N.  from  the  city  of  Rochester,  and  220  W 
by  N.  from  Albany. 

Iroquois  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Montgomery. 
Bounded  N.  by  Will  co.,  E.  by  Indiana,  and  S.  and 
W.  by  Vermilion  co.  Watered  by  the  Iroquois 
River  and  branches,  Kankakee  River,  and  Sugar 
and  Spring  Creeks.  Much  of  the  land  is  fertile 
prairie. 

Irvine,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Estill  co.  On  thts  N.  side  of 
Kentucky  River.  68  miles  S.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Irivin  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Irwinville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Dooly,  Pulaski,  and  Telfair,  E.  by  Telfair 
and  Ware,  S.  by  Lowndes,  and  W.  by  Baker  and 
Lee  counties.  Watered  by  the  head  branches  of 
Santilla,  Alapahaw,  Withlacoochee,  and  Oclock- 
ony  Rivers  ;  the  Ockmulgee  River  also  runs  along 
its  N.  E.  boundary. 

Irwin,  Pa.,  Venango  co.  This  is  a  level  town, 
watered  by  Scrub  Grass  Creek;  soil  loam.  12 
miles  S.  W.  from  Franklin. 

Irwinsvilte,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Irwin  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Alapahaw  River.  105  miles  S.  from  Milledgeville. 

Irwinton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Wilkinson  co.  4  miles  W. 
from  the  Oconee  River,  between  Commissioner's 
and  Big  Sandy  Creeks,  and  20  miles  S.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Isle  La  Motte,  Vt.,  Grand  Isle  co.  An  island 
in  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  Avcstern  part  of  the 
county.  It  was  chartered  by  this  name  to  Ben- 
jamin Wait  and  others,  October  27,  1789.  The 
settlement  was  commenced  about  the  year  1785, 
and  the  town  was  organized  about  the  year  1790. 
There  are  no  streams  on  the  island.  A  marsh 
oxtends  across  it,  which  abounds  with  excellent 
cedar.  The  rocks  are  limestone.  28  miles  N.  W. 
from  Burlington,  and  13  nearly  W.  from  St.  Al- 
bans. 

Isle  of  Wight  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Isle  of  Wight. 
Bounded  on  the  N.  by  Surry,  and  on  the  E.  by 
Nansemond  counties,  on  the  N.  E.  by  James  Riv- 
er, separating  it  from  Warwick,  and  W.  by  Black- 
water  River,  separating  it  from  Southampton. 

Islesboro\  Me.,  Waldo  co.,  comprises  several  isl- 
ands in  Penobscot  Bay.  56  miles  E.  from  Augusta. 

Isllp,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  Washed  on  the  S.  by 
the  Great  South  Bay.  Surface  level ;  soil  light 
and  sandy.  28  miles  W.  from  Riverhead,  and 

197  S.  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Issaquena  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Tallulah.     New. 

Italy,  -N.  Y.,  Yates  co.  Watered  by  Flint 
Creek,  and  on  the  N.  W.  by  Canandaigua  Lake. 
Surface  somewhat  hilly ;  soil  clay  loam  upon  a 
basis  of  slate.  15  miles  W.  from  Penn  Yan,  and 

198  from  Albany. 

Itasca  County,  Ma.,  includes  the  sources  of  the 
Mississippi. 

Itawamba  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Fulton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tishamingo  co.,  E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by  Mon- 
roe co.,  and  W.  by  Pontotoc.  Surface  slightly 
uneven,  and  watered  by  the  head  branches  of  the 
Tombigbee  River ;  soil  fertile. 

Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  shire  town  of  Tompkins  co.,  lies 
at  the  head  of  Caynga  Lake,  170  miles  W.  by  S. 
from  Albany,  and  277  miles,  by  railroad,  N.  W. 
from  New  York.  The  lake  extends  S.  into  the 
town  about  2  miles.  Around  its  head  are  fine 


alluvial  flats,  containing  about  3000  acres.  Back 
of  these  flats  the  hills  rise  gradually,  on  three 
sides,  to  an  elevation  of  about  500  feet,  exhibiting 
some  of  the  most  magnificent  scenery,  especially 
as  the  landscape  presents  itself  to  the  eye  upon 
the  lake.  Back  of  the  hills  the  surface  "is  undu- 
lating, and  the  soil  of  excellent  quality.  Several 
considerable  streams,  which  drain  the  township, 
pour  their  waters  over  the  hills  in  their  course 
towards  the  lake  ;  and  by  their  beautiful  cascades 
and  stupendous  cataracts,  add  much  to  the  pic- 
turesque features  of  the  scenery.  The  largest  of 
these  are  the  Cascadilla,  Fall  Creek,  and  Six 
Mile  Creek.  The  Cascadilla,  in  one  place,  tum- 
bles over  a  succession  of  ledges,  in  the  form  of  a 
gigantic  stairway,  through  a  descent  of  100  feet. 
Near  the  N.  end  of  the  village,  Fall  Creek  de- 
scends over  rocks,  within  a  distance  of  one  mile, 
438  feet ;  in  the  course  of  which  the  whole  sheet 
of  water  is  at  once  precipitated  over  a  perpendic- 
ular fall  of  116  feet. 

The  village  of  Ithaca,  founded  about  1800,  by 
Simeon  De  Witt,  surveyor  general  of  the  state, 
and  incorporated  in  1821,  is  very  beautifully  sit- 
uated, about  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  head 
of  the  lake.  Small  vessels  and  steamboats  can 
come  up  to  the  village  by  the  Cayuga  Inlet.  It 
lies  partly  on  the  alluvial  plain,  and  partly  on  the 
rising  acclivities  behind  it.  It  is  handsomely  laid 
out,  having  •  two  or  three  fine  avenues  running 
from  the  lake  to  and  through  the  village,  and 
forming  a  part  of  the  streets,  which  are  numerous, 
and  cross  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  houses 
are  tastefully  and  neatly  built ;  and  many  of  the 
streets  are  lined  with  beautiful  shade  trees,  form- 
ing vistas  which  open  charming  views  of  the  ad- 
jacent hills.  That  portion  of  the  place  which 
lies  upon  the  hill  commands  a  fine  view  of  the 
lake,  the  valley,  the  inlet,  and  the  surrounding 
country,  which  is  highly  cultivated. 

Within  the  chartered  limits  of  Ithaca,  there  ex- 
ists hydraulic  power  equal  to  any  in  the  state,  for 
extent  and  facility  of  application.  The  water 
power  on  Fall  Creek  alone,  it  is  said,  is  capable 
of  operating  133,000  spindles,  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year.  There  are  at  present  on  this  and  the  other 
streams  which  pass  by  Ithaca  into  the  lake,  sev- 
eral large  manufacturing  establishments,  among 
which  are  cotton  and  woollen  mills,  flouring  mills, 
furnaces  and  machine  shops,  plaster  mills,  and 
mills  for  the  manufacture  of  paper,  sashes  and 
blinds,  oil,  tobacco,  &c. 

This  place  is  very  advantageously  situated  for 
trade.  By  means  of  Cayuga  Lake,  and  the  Cayu- 
ga and  Seneca  Canal,  it  communicates  with  the 
Erie  Canal.  A  beautiful  steamboat  for  conveying 
passengers,  runs  daily  on  the  lake,  from  Ithaca  to 
Cayuga  Bridge,  a  distance  of  42  miles,  where  it 
meets  the  railroad  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.  A 
railroad  extends  S.  29  miles  to  Owego,  on  the 
Susquehanna  River,  where  it  intersects  the  Great 
Erie  Railroad,  and  thus  opens  a  continuous  rail- 
road communication  from  Ithaca  to  Jersey  City, 
opposite  New  York. 

Izard  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Athens.  Bounded 
N.  by  Fulton  co.,  E.  and  S.  by  Lawrence,  Inde- 
pendence, and  Van  Buren,  and  W.  by  Searcy  co. 
Watered  by  White  River  and  its  tributaries,  and 
by  some  streams  flowing  into  the  Big  Black. 

Jacinto,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Tishamingo  co.  At  the  head 
of  Tuscumbia  Creek.  233  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Jackson. 


412 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


Jacksbord1,  Te..  c.  h  Campbell  co. 

Jackson  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Bellefonte.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  .Tennessee,  E.  by  De  Kalb  co.,  S.  by 
Marshall,  and  W.  by  Madison.  Tennessee  River 
flows  near  its  E.  and  on  its  S.  border,  and  Flint 
River  on  its  S.  W.  It  is  also  watered  by  Rac- 
coon Creek  and  Paint  Rock  Creek  and  branches. 
Surface  mountainous. 

Jackson  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Elizabeth.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Lawrence,  E.  by  Poinsett,  S.  by  St. 
Francis  co.;  and  W.  by  White  and  Big  Black 
Rivers,  separating  it  from  White  and  Independ- 
ence counties.  Cache  River  runs  nearly  through 
the  centre  of  this  county. 

Jackson  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Marianna.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Alabama,  E.  by  the  Chattahoochee  and 
Appalachicola  Rivers,  separating  it  from  Georgia 
and  Gadsden  co.,  S.  by  Washington  co.,  and  W. 
by  the  Choctawhatchee  River,  separating  it  from 
Walton  co.  Drained  by  Spring,  Holmes,  and 
Sandy  Creeks.  Surface  somewhat  uneven  on  the 
W.,  but  elsewhere  level ;  soil  rich  on  the  margins 
of  the  streams,  and  of  excellent  quality  in  some 
other  portions. 

Jackson  County,  Ga.,  c<  h.  at  Jefferson.  Bounded 
N.  E.  by  Madison  co.,  S.  E.  by  Clarke,  S.  W. 
by  Gwinnett,  and  N.  W.  by  Hall.  Branches  of 
Oconee  and  Appalachce  Rivers  traverse  its  surface. 

Jackson,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Butts  co.  A  few  miles  W. 
from  Ockmulgee  River,  and  67  miles  W.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Jackson  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Brownsville.  In- 
corporated in  1816,  and  bounded  N.  by  Perry,  E. 
by  Franklin  and  Williamson,  S.  by  Union  co., 
and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  separating  it 
from  Missouri,  and  by  Randolph  co.  Drained 
by  Muddy  River  and  its  branches,  on  the  bor- 
der of  which,  near  Brownsville,  salt  is  found. 
The  N.  E.  portions  are  partly  prairie  land. 

Jackson  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Brown stown.  In- 
corporated in  1815,  and  bounded  N.  by  Brown 
and  Bartholomew  counties,  E.  by  Jennings,  S.  by 
Washington,  and  W.  by  Lawrence  co.  Surface 
undulating,  and  drained  by  Muscatauck  River 
and  the  Driftwood  Fork  of  White  River,  and  Salt 
and  White  Creeks.  Soil  fertile. 

Jackson  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Bellcvue.  Bounded 
N.  by  Dubuque  co.,  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River, 
S.  by  Clinton,  and  W.  by  Jones  co.  The  Maco- 
quetais  River  and  branches  drain  the  surface, 
which  is  rich  in  mineral  products,  the  chief  of 
which  are  iron,  tin,  copper,  zinc,  gypsum,  and 
porcelain  clay.  The  water  in  this  county  is  re- 
markably pure,  and  the  soil  very  fertile. 

Jackson,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Breathitt  co. 

Jackson  Parish,  La.  Northern  central.  On 
the  height  of  land  between  the  Wachita  and 
Dugdemona. 

Jackson,  La.,  c.  h.  East  Feliciana  parish.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Thompson's  Creek,  and  is  the  seat  of 
Louisiana  College.  124  miles  N.  W.  from  New 
Orleans. 

Jackson,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  An  interior  township 
of  good  land.  49  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Jackson  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Jackson.  This 
county  was  incorporated  in  1832,  and  is  bounded 
N.  by  Eaton  and  Ingham  counties,  E.  by  Wash- 
tenaw,  S.  by  Lenawee  and  Hillsdale,  and  W.  by 
Calhoun  co.  Grand  River  and  branches,  Kala- 
mazoo  and  Raisin  Rivers,  and  Portage,  Goose, 
and  Sandstone  Creeks,  besides  several  small 
lakes,  water  the  surface,  which  is  chiefly  undu- 
.ating.  Limestone  abounds  here.  Soil  fertile. 


Jackson,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  On  Grand 
River,  which  affords  a  good  hydraulic  power. 
79  miles  W.  from  Detroit. 

Jackson  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Jackson.  Bounded 
N.  by  Greene  co.,  E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Harrison  and  Perry  coun- 
ties. It  is  well  watered  by  the  Pascagoula  River 
and  branches,  but  the  soil  is  sterile,  producing 
little  but  pine  trees  and  cotton. 

Jackson,  Mi.,  capital  of  the  state,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Hinds  co.  It  stands  on  the  W.  side 
of  Pearl  River,  which  is  navigable  for  boats  to 
this  place  It  is  about  45  miles  E.  of  Vicksbm'g, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  with  which  point  it  is 
connected  by  a  railroad.  The  town  is  regularly 
laid  out,  upon  a  level  spot  about  half  a  mile  square, 
and  distant  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the 
river.  The  State  House  is  an  elegant  structure, 
which  is  said  to  have  cost  $600.000.  Besides 
this  the  State  Penitentiary,  a  large  and  hand- 
some building,  the  Governor's  House,  the  United 
States  land  office,  the  Court  House,  the  Method- 
ist and  Baptist  Churches,  are  public  buildings 
which  are  ornamental  to  the  place.  A  railroad 
extends  E.  to  Brandon  14  miles. 

Jackson  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Independence,, 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Missouri  River,  separating  it 
from  Clay  co.,  E.  by  Lafayette  and  Johnson,  S. 
by  Van  Buren  co.,  and  W.  by  Indian  territory. 
Surface  undulating,  and  drained  by  Big  and  Lit- 
tle Blue  Rivers,  and  Fire  Prairie  Creek;  soil 
productive. 

Jackson,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Cape  Girardeau  co.  10  miles 
W.  from  Mississippi  River,  on  a  branch  of  White- 
water River. 

Jackson,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Northampton  co.  108  miles 
N.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Jackson,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  On  the  E.  side  of  the 
White  Mountains.  The  surface  is  uneven,  but 
the  soil  rich  and  productive.  Ellis's  River  is  the 
principal  stream.  The  principal  elevations  are 
Black,  Baldface,  and  Tfyorn  Mountains.  Jack- 
son was  formerly  called  Adams.  Excellent  tin 
ore  is  found  in  this  town.  First  settler,  Benja- 
min Copp,  in  1779.  90  miles  N.  E.  from  Concord, 
and  40  S.  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Jackson,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  The  surface 
of  this  town  is  somewhat  hilly  ;  soil  clay  and 
sandy  loam.  5  miles  S.  from  Salem,  and  42 
N.  E'.  from  Albany. 

Jackson  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Jackson.  Hock- 
ing and  Athens  bound  it  on  the  N.,  Athens  and 
Gallier  on  the  E.,  Lawrence  and  Scioto  on  the 
S.,  and  Pike  and  Ross  counties  on  the  W.  It 
was  established  in  February,  1816.  The  land  is 
well  adapted  for  farming,  although  it  is  hilly  and 
uneven.  Little  Raccoon,  Little  Scioto,  Salt  and 
Symmes  Creek,  are  the  most  important  streams. 
Millstone  grit  and  stone  coal  are  found  in  great 
plenty.  Iron  ore  is  also  found  in  some  parts. 

Jackson,  0.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  63  miles  S.  S. 
E.  from  Columbus,  and  28  S.  E.  from  Chillicothe. 

Jackson,  Pa.,  Cambria  co.  Surface  undulating : 
soil  calcareous  loam  and  clay. 

Jackson,  Pa..  Columbia  co.  Watered  by  branches 
of  Fishing  Creek. 

Jackson,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Drained  by  Pow- 
ell's and  Armstrong's  Creeks,  branches  of  the 
Susquehanna  River.  Surface  diversified  with 
hills  and  valleys,  having  Berry  Mountain  on  the 
N.,  and  Peter's  on  the  S. ;  soil  gravelly  on  the 
hills,  and  sandy  loam  in  the  valleys. 

Jackson,  Pa.,  Lebanon  co.    Tulpehocken  and 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


413 


Swatara  Creeks  water  this  town,  and  the  Union 
Canal  crosses  it  from  E.  to  W.  Surface  level ; 
soil  calcareous  loam.  7  miles  E.  from  Lebanon. 

Jackson,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  Lackawannock 
and  Tunkhannock  Creeks  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly ;  soil  gravel  and  clay. 
181  miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Jackson,  Pa.,  Tioga  co.  Surface  hilly,  and 
watered  by  Seely's  and  Mill  Creeks ;  soil  loam 
and  gravel. 

Jackson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Gainesboro'. 
Bounded  N.  by  Kentucky,  E.  by  Overton  co.,  S. 
by  Putnam,  and  W.  by  Smith  and  Ma  con  coun- 
ties. Cumberland  River  and  its  branches  water 
this  county. 

Jackson,  Te.,  c.  h.  Madison  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Forked  Deer  Kiver.  134  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Nashville. 

Jackson  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Texana.  On  La 
Vacca  River. 

Jackson  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Eipley.  Bounded 
N.  E.  by  Wood  co.,  S.  E.  by  Kanawha,  S.  W.  by 
Mason,  and  N.  W.  by  the  Ohio  River.  Big  Sand 
and  Big  Mill  Creeks,  and  a  tributary  of  Little 
Kanawha  River,  drain  this  county. 

Jackson,  Va.,  c.  h.  Jackson,  co.  336  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Jacksonboro\  Ga.,  c.  h.  Scrivcn  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Brier  Creek.  116  miles  E.  S.  E.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Jacksonville.  A  a.,  c.  h.  Benton  co.  2  miles  E. 
from  Tallasseehatchee  Creek,  and  139  E.  N.  E. 
from  Tuscaloosa. 

Jacksonville,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Duvall  co.  On  the  N.  W. 
bank  of  St.  John's  River.  252  miles  E.  from 
Tallahassee. 

Jacksonville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Morgan  co.  33  miles  W. 
from  Springfield,  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  prairie, 
the  seat  of  Illinois  College.  See  Colleges.  One 
of  the  largest  inland  towns  in  the  state,  and  con- 
nected with  the  Illinois  River  and  with  Spring- 
field by  railroad. 

Jaffrey,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  The,  Grand  Mo- 
nadnock  lies  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  this  town,  and 
in  Dublin.  Innumerable  streams  of  water  issue 
from  it;  the  largest  rises  100  rods  from  the  sum- 
mit, and  descends  in  a  S.  E.  direction.  The  soil 
of  Jaffrcy  is  uneven,  affording  numerous  mead- 
ows and  'rich  pastures.  There  are  several  ponds 
in  Jaffrey.  Out  of  3  issue  streams  sufficient  to 
carry  mills.  In  the  largest,  which  is  400  rods 
long,  and  140  wide,  is  an  island  comprising  about 
10  acres.  About  l£  miles  S.  E.  from  the  moun- 
tain is  the  "  Monadnock  Mineral  Spring."  It 
preserves  so  uniform  a  temperature  as  never  to 
have  been  known  to  freeze.  The  spring  is  slightly 
impregnated  with  carbonate  of  iron  and  sulphate 
of  soda,  and  where  it  issues  from  the  earth  yellow 
ochre  is  thrown  out.  Jaffrey  received  its  name 
from  George  Jaffrey,  Esq.,  of  Portsmouth,  one 
of  the  original  proprietors.  First  settlers,  Mr. 
Grant  and  John  Davison,  in  1758.  46  miles 
S.  W.  by  S.  from  Concord,  and  about  15  S.  E. 
from  Keene. 

Jamaica  Plains,  Ms.,  in  the  town  of  West  Rox- 
bury,  Norfolk  co.  3£  miles  S.  W.  from  Boston, 
by  railroad.  Has  many  beautiful  country  seats. 

Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  Queen's  co.  This  town  con- 
tains the  greater  part  of  Jamaica  Bay,  into  which 
flows  several  small  streams.  The  surface  is  hilly 
on  the  N..  and  on  the  S.  are  extensive  salt 
marshes.  The  soil  is  chiefly  sandy  loam  of  good 
quality.  Its  W.  part  contains  the  Union  Race 


Course.     8  miles  E.  from  Brooklyn,  and  158  S 
from  Albany. 

Jamaica,  Vt,  Windham  co.  West  River  passes 
through  this  township,  and,  together  with  its  trib- 
utaries, affords  excellent  mill  privileges.  The 
surface  is  broken  and  mountainous,  and  the  ele- 
vations rocky ;  but  the  soil  is  in  general  warm 
and  productive.  A  range  of  primitive  limestone 
passes  through  the  township.  There  is  a  pleasant 
and  flourishing  village  near  the  centre  of  the 
town.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in  1780, 
by  people  from  Mendon,  Ms.,  and  its  vicinity. 
90  miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  14  N.  W.  from 
Newfane. 

James  City  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Williamsburg. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  York  River,  separating  it  from 
Gloucester  co.,  S.  E.  by  York  co.,  S.  and  W.  by 
James  and  Chickahominy  Rivers,  separating  it 
from  Surry  and  Charles  City  counties,  and  N.  W. 
by  New  Kent  co. 

Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  On  the 
S.  E.  end  of  Chautauque  Lake,'at  its  outlet.  331 
miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany.  A  manufacturing 
place,  in  the  shops  of  which  are  produced  almost 
every  variety  of  fabrics,  wares,  agricultural  im- 
plements, and  household  utensils.  A  steamboat 
runs  to  Mayaville,  21  miles,  at  the  western  end 
of  the  lake. 

Jamestown,  R.  I.,  Newport  co.  This  town  com- 
prises Connanicut,  a  beautiful  island  in  Narra- 
ganset  Bay,  about  8  miles  in  length ;  its  average 
breadth  is  about  a  mile.  The  soil  is  a  rich  loam, 
and  peculiarly  adapted  for  grazing,  and  the  pro- 
duction of  Indian  corn  and  barley.  The  inhab- 
itants of  this  island  are  remarkable  for  their  in- 
dustry and  agricultural  skill,  which,  united  with 
the  fertility  of  the  soil  and  the  location  of  the 
island,  renders  it  a  delightful  place.  The  dis- 
tance from  the  town  or  island  to  Newport  and 
South  Kingston  is  about  a  mile  each  way  ;  to 
each  of  those  places  a  ferry  is  established.  The 
island  was  purchased  of  the  Indians  in  1657. 

Jamestown,  Va.,  James  City  co.  This  is  the 
oldest  English  settlement  in  the  United  States. 
having  been  made  in  1608.  It  was  located  on  a. 
point  of  land  extending  into  James  River,  32 
miles  above  its  mouth,  and  is  now  in  ruins,  con- 
taining the  remains  of  a  church  steeple  and  grave- 
yard, some  ancient  fortifications,  and  2  or  3  old 
houses.  8  miles  S.  W.  from  Williamsburg,  and 
65  E.  S.  E.  from  Richmond. 

Janesville,  Wn.,  c.  h.  Rock  co.  On  Rock  River. 
A  flourishing  place,  30  miles  S.  W.  from  Madison. 
Jasper  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  atMonticello.  Bounded 
N.  by  Newton  and  Morgan  counties,  E.  by  Put- 
nam, S.  by  Jones  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Ockmulgee 
River. 

Jasper  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Newton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Cumberland,  E.  by  Crawford,  S.  by  Rich- 
land,  and  W.  by  Clay  and  Effingham  counties. 
Surface  flat,  and  rather  low,  two  thirds  being 
prairie.  Embarrass  River  drains  this  county. 

Jasper  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Rensselaer.  Bounded 
N.  by  the  Kankakee  River,  separating  it  from 
Lake  and  Porter  counties,  E.  by  Stark,  Pulaski, 
and  White  counties,  S.  by  Benton  co.,  and  W. 
by  Illinois.  Drained  by  the  Iroquois  River,  and 
Pine  and  Sugar  Creeks. 

Jasper,  la.,  c.  h.  Dubois  co.  On  the  N.  W. 
side  of  Patoka  Creek.  124  miles  S.  S.  W.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Jasper  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Newton.     S.  central 

Jasper  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Paulding.    Bounded 


414 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c. 


N.  by  Newton  co.,  E.  by  Clarke,  S.  by  Jones 
and  W.  by  Smith.  Drained  by  tributaries  of 
Leaf  Kiver. 

Jasper  County,  Mo.,  Jasper  shire  town.  Bounded 
N.  by  Bates  co.,  E.  by  Cedar,  Dade,  and  Law- 
rence, S.  by  Newton  co.,  and  W.  by  Indian  terri- 
tory. Surface  undulating,  and  watered  by  a 
branch  of  Neosho  River ;  soil  fertile. 

Jasper,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.    Watered  by  Ben- 
nett's and  Tuscarora  Creeks.     Surface  undulat- 
ing ;   soil  gravelly  loam,  and   clay.      18   miles 
S.  W.  from  Bath,  and  240  W.  by  S.  from  Albany 
Jasper,  Te.,  c.  h.  Marion  co.    On  the  W.  side  of 
Sequatchy  River.   114  miles  S.  E.  from  Nashville. 
Jasper   County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Jasper.     On  the 
middle  E.  border,  between  the  Sabine  and  Naches. 
Java,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.    Drained  by  Sen 
eca  and  the  head  branches  of  Cattaraugus  Creek. 
The  surface  is  rolling ;  soil  clay  loam.     15  miles 
S.  W.  from  Warsaw,  and  263  W.  from  Albany. 

Jay  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Jay.  Bounded  N.  by 
Wells  and  Adams  counties,  E.  by  Ohio,  S.  by 
Randolph,  and  W.  by  Delaware  and  Blackford 
counties.  Drained  bv  Salainie  River  Soil  chief- 
ly fertile. 

Jay,  la.,  c.  h.  Jay  co.  On  the  N.  side  of  Salamie 
River.  100  miles  N.  E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Jay,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  Jay  lies  at  a  bend  of 
Androscoggin  River,  29  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
Augusta,  and  12  S.  S.  W.  from  Farmington. 

Jay,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  The  E.  branch  of  the 
Au  Sable  River  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  broken  by  the  Adirondack  range  of 
mountains.  Along  the  borders  of  the  river  are 
some  extensive  and  fertile  plains.  18  miles  N. 
from  Elizabeth,  and  153  N.  from  Albany. 

Jay,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  A  part  of  this  town  is 
very  mountainous — Jay's  Peak,  lying  in  the  S. 
W.  part ;  the  other  part  is  good  arable  land,  and 
would  produce  good  crops  if  well  cultivated.  A 
number  of  streams  issue  from  the  mountain,  and 
produce  an  ample  water  power.  Previous  to  the 
last  war  with  Great  Britain,  5  or  6  families  had 
settled  in  this  township,  but  during  the  war  they 
nearly  all  left  it.  A  few  families  have  since  re- 
turned, and  the  settlement  has  been  advancing. 
16  miles  N.  W.  from  Irasburg,  and  50  N.  from 
Montpelier. 

Jefferson  City,  Mo.  Capital  of  the  state,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Cole  co.  130  miles  W.  of  St. 
Louis.  It  is  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  about  9  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Osage  River.  The  distance  to  St.  Louis  by 
steamboat  is  154  miles.  It  is  built  on  elevated 
and  uneven  ground,  offering  many  handsome 
situations  for  private  residence.  The  public  build- 
ings arc  the  State  House,  a  spacious  and  elegant 
house  for  the  governor,  the  state  penitentiary, 
an  academy,  and  churches  of  various  denomina- 
tions. The  place  is  rapidly  growing  in  popula- 
tion, business,  and  wealth. 

Jefferson  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Elyton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Blount  co.,  E.  and  S.  by  St.  Clair  and  Shel- 
by, and  W.  by  Tuscaloosa  and  Walker  counties. 
Drained  by  Locust  Fork  of  Black  Warrior  River 
and  its  tributaries. 

Jefferson  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Pine  Bluffs. 
Bounded  N.  by  Pulaski,  E.  by  Arkansaw,  S.  by 
Desha  and  Dallas,  and  W.  by  Dallas  and  Saline 
counties.  The  Arkansas  River  flows  nearly 
through  the  centre  of  this  county,  which  is  also 
watered  by  branches  of  Bayou,  Bartholomew,  and 
Saline  Rivers. 


Jefferson  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Monticello. 
Bounded  N.  by  Georgia,  E.  by  Oscilla  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Madison  co.,  S.  by  Appalachec 
Bay,  and  W.  by  Wakulla  and  Leon  counties. 
Mickasuky  Lake  lies  in  the  W.  part,  and  its  out- 
let, united  with  several  other  streams,  and  afford 
ing  some  water  power,  sinks  into  the  earth,  and 
disappears  2  miles  S.  E.  from  the  lake.  Soil  fer* 
tile  in  many  portions. 

Jefferson  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Louisville. 
Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Warren,  Richmond,  and 
Burke  counties,  S.  by  a  branch  of  Ogeechee 
River,  separating  it  from  Emanuel  co.,  and  W. 
by  Washington  co.  Brier  Creek  runs  on  its  N. 
E.  border,  and  Ogeechee  River  and  branches. 
Reedy  and  Mill  Creeks,  drain  the  interior. 

Jefferson,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Oconee  River.  95  miles  N.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Jefferson  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Vernon. 
Bounded  N.  by  Marion,  E.  by  Wayne  and  Ham- 
ilton, S.  by  Franklin,  and  W.  by  Berry  and 
Washington  counties.  Branches  of  Big  Muddy 
and  Little  Wabash  water  this  county,  of  which 
one  third  of  the  surface  is  prairie,  and  the  soiJ 
tolerably  fertile. 

Jefferson  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Madison.  Incor- 
porated in  1809,  and  bounded  N.  by  Jennings 
and  Ripley,  E.  by  Switzerland  co.,  S.  by  the 
Ohio  River  and  Clark  co.,  and  W.  by  Scott  co. 
Surface  diversified  and  drained  by  branches  of 
Muscatauck  River,  by  Indian  Kentucky,  and 
Big  and  Lewis  Creeks.  Soil  fertile. 

Jefferson  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Fairfield.  Incor- 
porated in  1839,  and  bounded  N.  by  Keokuck  and 
Washington  counties,  E.  by  Henry,  S.  by  Van 
Buren,  and  W.  by  Warello  co.  Drained  by 
Checauque  or  Skunk  River  and  tributaries.  Soil 
fertile.  Limestone  and  anthracite  coal  are  found 
here. 

Jefferson  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Louisville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Oldham  co.,  E.  by  Shelby,  S.  by 
Bullitt  co.,  and  W.  by  Salt  River,  separating  it 
from  Hardin  co.,  and  the  Ohio  River,  separating 
it  from  Indiana.  Floyd's  Fork  and  Pond  Creek, 
branches  of  Salt  River,  water  this  county,  opposite 
which  are  the  rapids  of  the  Ohio,  having  a  canal 
around  them. 

Jefferson  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Lafayette. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  separating 
it  from  Orleans  parish,  E.  by  Plaquemine  parish, 
S.  by  Barrataria  Bay,  and  W.  by  La  Fourche  In- 
terior and  St.  Charles  parishes.  The  surface  is 
mostly  too  low  for  cultivation,  except  on  the 
Borders  of  the  rivers. 

Jefferson,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  Jefferson  lies  at 
the  head  of  Damariscotta  River,  and  embraces  a 
rge  body  of  water.  It  is  otherwise  watered  by 
several  ponds,  producing  streams  for  mill  seats, 
which  give  to  Jefferson  great  facilities  for  sawing 
and  transporting  lumber.  This  is  a  flourishing 
;own  in  its  trade  and  agricultural  pursuits.  It  is 
sounded  N.  by  Washington,  and  S.  by  New- 
castle. 28  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Jefferson  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Fayette.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  by  Claiborne,  E.  by  Copiah. 
S.  by  Franklin  and  Adams  counties,  and  W.  by 
;he  Mississippi  River,  separating  it  from  Louis- 
.ana.  Drained  by  Bayou  Pierre  and  Homochitto 
Rivers,  and  Fairchild's  and  Cole's  Creeks  and 
jranches.  Soil  poor  in  the  E.,  but  fertile  in  the 
W.  portions. 
Jefferson  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Hillsboro'. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


415 


Bounded  N.  by  St.  Louis  co.,  E.  by  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  S.  by  St.  Genevieve  and  Francois, 
and  W.  by  Washington  and  Franklin  counties. 
Drained  by  Big  River  and  Joachim  Creek.  Sur- 
face rough  and  hilly ;  soil  diversified.  Minerals  of 
different  kinds  and  mineral  springs  are  abundant. 

Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  St.  Louis  co.  This 
U.  S.  military  station  lies  142  miles  E.  from 
Jefferson  City. 

Jefferson,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Ashe  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  New  River.  202  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Jefferson,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  Pondicherry  Pond, 
in  this  town,  is  about  200  rods  in  diameter.  Pon- 
dicherry Bay  is  about  200  rods  wide  and  100 
long.  Around  the  base  of  Mount  Pliny  is  excel- 
lent grazing  and  tillage  land,  and  on  its  S.  W. 
side  are  several  fine  farms,  which  command  a 
delightful  view  of  the  White  Mountains.  Israel's 
River  passes  through  Jefferson,  and  here  receives 
a  considerable  branch.  First  settlers,  Colonel 
Joseph  Whipple,  Samuel  Hart,  and  others,  in 
1773.  98  miles  N.  from  Concord,  and  10  S.  E. 
from  Lancaster. 

Jefferson,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  This  town  is  drained 
by  Rockaway  River,  a  good  mill  stream,  and 
contains  Kurd's  Pond,  which  is  l£  miles  long 
and  1  mile  wide,  and  enters  Hopatcong  Lake, 
which  is  from  3  to  4  miles  long  and  1  mile  wide, 
covering  about  3000  acres.  This  lake  is  a  feeder  to 
the  Morris  Canal.  Iron  ore  abounds  in  the  moun- 
tains. 15  miles  N.  W.  from  Morristown. 

Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Watertown. 
Incorporated  in  1805.  Bounded  on  the  N.  by  St. 
Lawrence,  E.  by  Lewis,  S.  by  Oswego  co.,  and  W. 
by  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and 
is  watered  by  Black,  Chaumont,  and  Perch  Riv- 
ers, and  Sandy  and  Stony  Creeks,  besides  several 
small  lakes.  'The  surface  is  generally  level,  or 
slightly  uneven,  and  the  soil  mostly  a  rich  sandy 
loam.  This  county  is  one  of  the  richest  in  the 
state  in  mineral  productions,  containing  immense 
quantities  of  iron  ore,  besides  several  localities  of 
lead  and  copper. 

Jefferson,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Drained  by 
the  branches  of  Schoharie  Creek,  and  some  of 
the  head  branches  of  the  Delaware  River.  Sur- 
face hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  sandy  loam  of 
indifferent  quality,  except  in  the  valleys.  20  miles 
S.  W.from  Schoharie  village,  and  57  from  Albany. 

Jefferson  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Steubenville,  is 
bounded  N.  by  Carroll  and  Columbiana  counties, 
E.  by  the  Ohio  River,  S.  by  Belmont,  and  W.  by 
Harrison  and  Carroll  counties.  It  has  a  fertile 
soil,  which  produces  fine  crops  of  wheat,  and  is 
watered  by  Yellow,  Cross,  and  Short  Creeks. 

Jefferson,  O.,  Scioto  co.,  borders  on  the  Scioto 
River,  and  is  a  township  well  adapted  to  raising 
grain  and  timber.  In  the  early  settling  of  the 
country,  a  sycamore  tree,  on  the  farm  of  Abra- 
ham Miller,  admitted  at  one  time  within  the  hol- 
low of  the  trunk  14  horses,  all  mounted. 

Jefferaon,  0.,  c.  h.  Ashtabula  co.  10  miles  from 
Lake  Erie,  and  204  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Jefferson  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Brookville.  It  is 
bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Warren  and  Elk  coun- 
ties, E.  by  Clearfield,  S.  by  Indiana,  and  W.  by 
Armstrong  and  Clarion  counties.  Watered  by 
Toby's  and  Clarion  Rivers,  Manoning  and  Big 
and  Little  Sandy  Creeks.  Surface  hilly,  abound- 
ing with  iron  and  coal ;  soil  mostly  fertile  in  the 
valleys. 

Jefferson,  Pa.,  Greene  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
the  Monongahela  River,  and  watered  by  Ten 


Mile  Creek.  Surface  undulating;  soil  loam. 
204  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Jefferson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Dandridge. 
Bounded  N.  by  Hawkins  co.,  E.  by  Greene  and 
Union,  S.  by  Sevier  co.,  and  W.  by  Holston  River, 
separating  it  from  Grainger  co.  The  French 
Broad  River  runs  on  its  S.  W.  border.  Surface 
rough  and  uneven ;  soil  rich  in  some  portions. 

Jefferson  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Beaumont.  In 
the  S.  E.  corner. 

Jefferson  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Charleston. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  the  Potomac  Rivei',  separating 
it  from  Maryland,  S.  E.  by  Shenandoah  River, 
separating  it  from  Loudon  co.,  S.  W.  by  Clarke, 
and  N.  W.  by  Berkely  co.  Watered  on  the  W. 
boundary  by  Opequan  Creek.  Surface  rough  and 
hilly ;  soil  various. 

Jefferson  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Jefferson. 
Bounded  N.  by  Dodge,  E.  by  Waukesha,  S.  by 
Walworth  and  Rock,  and  W.  by  Dane  co. 
Drained  by  Rock  River.  Surface  marshy  in 
some  portions. 

Jeffersonton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Camden  co.  On  the  S. 
bank  of  St.  Ilia  River,  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion. 270  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Jeffersonton,  Va.,  Culpepper  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Rappahannock  River.  112  miles  N.  N. 
W.  from  Richmond.  Lee's  Sulphur  Springs  are 
near  this  place. 

Jeffersonville,  la.,  Clark  co.  On  the  N.  bank  of 
Ohio  River,  just  above  the  rapids,  and  opposite 
Louisville,  Ky.  S.  by  E.  from  Indianapolis  117 
miles,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad. 

Jenner,  Pa.,  Somerset  co.  Surface  undulating, 
and  drained  by  Beaver  Dam  Run,  on  the  borders 
of  which  coal  is  found ;  soil  clay.  12  miles  N. 
W.  from  Somerset. 

Jennings  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Vernon.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1816,  and  bounded  N.  by  Bartholomew 
and  Decatur,  E.  by  Ripley,  S.  by  Jefferson  and 
Scott,  and  W.  by  Jackson  co.  Watered  by  Gra- 
ham's and  the  N.  fork  of  Muscatauck  River  and 
Sand  Creek,  which  afford  valuable  hydraulic 
power.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  calcareous  loam. 
The  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad  passes 
through  this  co. 

Jericho,  Vt,  Chittenden  co.  Jericho  is  watered 
with  springs  and  brooks.  Winooski  River  washes 
the  S.  W.  boundary,  and  Brown's  River,  Little 
River,  and  Mill  Brook  are  within  its  limits.  The 
soil  and  timber  are  various  in  different  parts.  It 
is  a  good  farming  town,  and  well  adapted  to  rais- 
ing most  kinds  of  grain  and  grass.  There  is  a 
village  at  the  centre  of  the  town,  and  another  at 
the  corner,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  town.  The  set- 
tlement of  Jericho  was  commenced  in  1774,  by 
Messrs.  Messenger,  Rood,  and  Brown,  with  their 
families,  from  the  western  part  of  Massachusetts. 
25  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  12  E.  from 
Burlington. 

Jersey  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Jerseyville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Greene  and  E.  by  Macoupin  co.,  S.  by 
Madison  co.  and  the  Mississippi  River,  separating 
it  from  Missouri,  and  W.  by  the  Illinois  River, 
separating  it  from  Calhoun  co.  Watered  on  the 
N.  by  a  branch  of  the  Illinois  River. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.  City  and  seat  of  justice  for 
Hudson  co.,  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Hudson 
River,  opposite  the  city  of  New  York.  The 
ground  on  which  it  is  built  projects  into  the  river, 
having  a  bay  both  N.  and  S.  of  it.  This  penin- 
sula, or  point  of  land,  was  called  by  the  Indians 
Arese-heck,  by  the  Dutch,  sometimes,  Areseck- 


416 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


Houclc,  and  afterwards  Paulus-Hoeclc,  from  which 
comes  Powks  Hook.  From  a  remote  period,  this 
territory  belonged  to  the  Van  Vorst  family.  In 
1804  the  title  was  conveyed  to  the  "Association 
of  the  Jersev  Company,"  which  received  an  act 
of  incorporation  that  year,  and  on  the  28th  of 
January, .  1 820.  an  act  was  passed  to  incorporate 
the  "  City  of  Jersey,"  under  which,  with  various 
alterations  and  amendments,  it  still  continues 
with  a  city  government.  At  the  time  of  its  in- 
corporation it  was  a  mere  village,  with  about  300 
inhabitants.  Since  that  time  various  causes  have 
contributed  rapidly  to  increase  the  business  and 
population  of  the  'place.  This  is  now  the  prin- 
cipal starting-point  of  the  great  line  of  southern 
travel.  The  New  Jersey  Railroad  commences 
here,  which  connects  with  other  railroads  to 
Philadelphia.  The  Ramapo  Railroad  also  com- 
mences here,  uniting  with  and  making  a  con- 
tinuous line  with  the  Erie  Railroad.  This 
also  is  the  terminus  of  the  Morris  Canal,  which, 
after  a  circuitous  route  of  101  miles,  and  a  total 
rise  and  fall  of  1669  feet,  unites  the  waters  of 
the  Delaware  with  the  harbor  of  New  York. 

The  city,  though  small,  is  well  laid  out,  with 
wide  and  convenient  streets,  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles,  and  has  many  handsome  build- 
ings. It  contains  five  or  six  churches,  of  differ- 
ent denominations  ;  a  high  school  for  boys,  and 
a  female  academy,  both  of  which  have  an  ex- 
cellent reputation.  Several  branches  of  manu- 
facture are  carried  on  in  Jersey  City  and  its  sub- 
urbs, upon  an  extensive  scale.  There  is  a  pot- 
tery, where  the  beautiful  Delft  ware  is  made ;  a 
flint  glass  factory,  employing  not  less  than  100 
hands  ;  a  ropewalk,  a  starch  factory,  two  or  three 
iron  founderies,  and  two  or  three  steam  mills  for 
the  manufacture  of  carpets.  Being  closely  con- 
nected with  the  city  of  New  York,  with  which  it 
has  communication  by  steam  ferry  boats  every 
15  minutes,  it  is,  in  fact,  though  in  a  different 
state,  a  suburb  of  that  city.  It  is  connected 
with  the  collection  district  of  New  York,  as  a 
port  of  entry,  together  with  all  that  part  of  New 
Jersey  lying  N.  and  E.  of  Elizabethtown  and 
Staten  Island.  The  British  line  of  ocean  steam- 
ers, running  between  New  York  and  Liverpool, 
have  established  their  dock  at  Jersey  City. 
Population  in  1840,  3050;  in  1850,  6856. 

Jersey  Shore,  Pa.,  Mifflin,  Lycoming  co.  On 
the  N.  side  of  the  TV.  fork  of  Susquehanna  River. 
99  miles  N.  N.  TV.  from  Harrisburg.  This  place 
is  on  the  western  branch  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal,  and  has  considerable  business. 

Jerusalem,  N.  Y.,  Yatcs  co.  Watered  by  a  part 
of  Crooked  Lake  and  a  small  stream  flowing  into 
its  TV.  branch.,  Bluff  Point  lies  in  this  town, 
the  surface  of  which  is  rather  hilly,  and  the  soil 
productive.  5  miles  TV.  from  Penn  Yan,  and 
192  from  Albany. 

Jessamine  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Nicholasville. 
Bounded  N/and  E.  by  Fayette  co.,  S.  and  S.  TV. 
by  the  Kentucky  River,  separating  it  from  Madi- 
son and  Garrard  counties,  and  W.  by  TVoodford 
co.  Drained  by  Jessamine,  Hickman,  and 
branches  of  Clear  Creek.  Surface  somewhat 
uneven ;  soil  productive. 

Jeicett  City,  Ct.,  in  the  town  of  Griswold,  New 
London  co.  On  the  E.  side  of  Quinebaug,  at  its 
junction  with  Patchaug  River,  and  on  the  Nor- 
wich and  Worcester  Railroad.  47  miles  E.  by 
S.  from  Hartford.  There  is  a  fine  water  power 
here,  and  an  active  business  in  manufacturing. 


Jo.  Daviess  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Galena.  Named 
from  an  officer  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Tippeca- 
noe.  The  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Wn.,  E.  by 
Stephenson  co.,  S.  by  Carroll  co.,  and  W.  by  the 
Mississippi  River,  separating  it  from  Iowa.  Sur- 
face undulating  or  hilly,  and  drained  by  Fever 
River  and  Rush's,  Apple,  and  Pine  Creeks :  soil 
productive.  Lead  and  copper  ores  are  abundant. 

Johnson  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Smithfield. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  the  Moccason  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Nash  co.,  E.  by  Wayne  co.,  S.  by 
Sampson,  S.  W.  by  Cumberland,  and  N.  W.  by 
Wake  co.  Watered  by  the  Neuse  River  and  its 
tributaries. 

Johnson  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Clarksville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Newton  co.,  E.  by  Pope,  S.  by  Yell,  and 
TV.  by  Franklin  co.  Watered  by  the  Arkansas 
River  and  some  of  its  branches.  Surface  rough 
and  hilly ;  soil  fertile  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Johnson  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Vienna.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1812,  and  bounded  N.  by  Williamson 
co.,  E.  by  Pope,  S.  by  Massac  and  Alexander, 
and  W.  by  Union  co.  It  is  well  watered.  Sur- 
face generally  level ;  the  soil  in  some  parts  fertile, 
but,  being  low,  is  rather  unhealthy. 

Johnson  Count!/,  la.,  c.h.  at  Franklin.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1822,  and  bounded  N.  by  Marion,  E.  by 
Shelby,  S.  by  Bartholomew  and  Brown,  and  TV. 
by  Morgan  co.  Surface  undulating,  and  drained 
by  Sugar,  Young's,  Stott's,  and  Indian  Creeks. 
Soil  of  excellent  quality.  The  Madison  and  In- 
dianapolis Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Johnson  County,  lo,  *  c.  h.  at  Iowa  City. 
Bounded  N.  by  Linn  co.,  E.  by  Cedar  and  Mus- 
catine,  S.  by  Louisa  and  Washington,  and  W. 
by  Iowa  co.  Surface  uneven,  and  watered  by 
Iowa  River  and  branches  ;  soil  fertile. 

Johnson  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Paintville.  In  the 
E.  part  of  the  state.  Drained  by  affluents  of 
the  W.  fork  of  Big  Sandy,  which  flows  through 
its  eastern  border  from  S.  to  N.  Hilly. 

Johnson  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Warrensburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Lafayette,  E.  by  Pettis,  S.  by 
Henry,  and  TV.  by  Van  Buren  and  Jackson 
counties.  Watered  by  Blackwater  River  -and  ita 
branches,  and  a  branch  of  La  Maine  River. 

Johnson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Taylorsville 
Bounded  N.  by  Virginia.,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  North 
Carolina,  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Carter  and  Sulli 
van  counties.  Watered  by  Watauga,  a  tribu- 
tary of  Holston  River  and  its  branches.  It  con- 
sists mostly  of  valley  land,  having  mountain 
ridges  on  its  N.  W.  and  S.  E.  borders. 

Johnson,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  The  River  La 
moille  enters  this  township  near  the  S.  E.  corner, 
and  running  westerly  about  2  miles,  through  a 
rich  tract  of  intervale,  falls  over  a  ledge  of  rocks 
about  1 5  feet  in  height  into  a  basin  below.  This  if 
called  McConnelPs  Falls.  Thence  it  runs  north 
westerly  over  a  bed  of  rocks  about  100  rods,  nar- 
rowing its  channel  and  increasing  its  velocity, when 
it  forms  a  whirlpool,  and  sinks  uncle*  a  barrier 
of  rocks  which  extend  across  the  river.  The 
arch  is  of  solid  rock,  about  8  feet  wide.  The 
surface  of  this  township  is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  a 
dark  or  yellow  loam  mixed  with  a  light  sand,  is 
easily  tilled,  and  very  productive.  In  the  north- 
eastern part,  soapstone  has  been  discovered. 
The  village  in  Johnson  is  very  pleasant.  It  was 
first  settled  in  1784,  by  a  revolutionary  hero  of 
the  name  of  Samuel  Eaton.  5  miles  N.  W.  from 
Hydepark,  and  32  N.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

"Johnston,   R.  I.,  Providence  co.      This  town 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


417 


lies  5  miles  W.  from  Providence,  from  which 
it  was  taken  in  1759.  It  is  pleasantly  varie- 
gated by  hills  and  vales,  with  a  soil  adapted 
to  the  culture  of  corn  and  barley,  and  particu- 
larly to  all  sorts  of  vegetables  and  fruits,  of 
which  large  quantities  are  annually  sent  to  Prov- 
idence market.  The  quarries  of  freestone  in 
Johnston  are  valuable ;  they  supply  the  wants, 
not  only  of  the  city  and  immediate  vicinity,  but 
distant  places,  with  that  useful  material.  The 
Wonasquatucket  and  Pochasset  Rivers,  with  their 
tributary  streams,  give  this  town  a  good  hydraulic 
power.  Beautiful  manufacturing  villages  are  scat- 
tered along  the  banks  of  these  waters,  present- 
ing to  the  eye  of  the  traveller  the  pleasant  union 
of  our  agricultural  and  manufacturing  interests. 

Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  Fulton  co.  Garoga  and  Cay- 
udutta  Creeks  water  this  shire  town.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly ;  soil  argillaceous  loam.  45  miles 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Johnstown,  Pa.,  Conemaugh,  Cambria  co.  At 
the  entrance  of  Stony  Creek  into  Little  Cone- 
maugh River.  150  miles  W.  from  Harrisburg. 
This  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Portage  Rail- 
road, running  to  Hollidaysburg.  It  connects 
here  with  the  W.  division* of  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal,  which  has  a  large  basin  in  the  centre  of 
the  village. 

Jones  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Clinton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Jasper  and  Putnam  counties,  E.  by  Bald- 
win and  Wilkinson,  S.  by  Twiggs,  and  W.  by 
Bibb  and  Monroe.  The  Ockmulgee  River  runs 
on  its  W.  border.  Drained  by  Cedar  Creek  and 
its  branches,  a  tributary  of  the  Oconee  River,  and 
Falling  and  Walnut  Creeks,  tributaries  of  the 
Ockmulgee  River. 

Jones  County,  Io.,  c.  b.  at  Edinburg.  Bounded 
N.  by  Delaware  and  Dubuque  counties,  E.  by 
Jackson,  S.  by  Cedar,  and  W.  by  Linn.  Wa- 
tered by  Wapsipinecon  and  Makoqueta  Rivers 
and  branches.  Surface  slightly  undulating,  com- 
prising extensive  prairies  ;  soil  fertile. 

Jones  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Ellisville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Smith  and  Jasper  counties,  E.  by 
Wayne,  S.  by  Perry,  and  W.  by  Covington.  Wa- 
tered by  branches  of  Leaf  River. 

Jones  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Trenton.  Bounded 
N.  and  E.  by  Craven  co.,  S.  by  Carteret  and 
Onslow,  and  W.  by  Duplin  and  Lenoir  counties. 
Trent  River  and  its  branches  water  this  county. 
Surface  level,  and  marshy  in  many  parts. 
Jonesboro',  Is.,  c.  h.  Union  co. 
Jonesboro'',  Me.,  Washington  co.  This  town 
has  Chandler's  River  and  the  head  of  English- 
man's Bay  on  the  E.,  Jonesport  on  the  S.,  and 
the  town  of  Addison  on  the  W.  Incorporated 
1809.  It  lies  134  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Augusta, 
and  12  S.  W.  from  Machias. 

Jonesboro'',  Te.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  On  Little 
Limestone  Creek,  I  mile  from  its  source,  and  283 
miles  E.  from  Nashville. 

Jonesport,  Me.,  Washington  co.,  includes  the 
promontory  and  several  islands  on  the  W.  side  of 
Englishman's  Bay.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor. 
138  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Augusta,  and  16  S.  W. 
from  Machias. 

Jonesville,  Mn.,  Hillsdale  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  St.  Joseph  River,  of  Lake  Michigan.  92  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Detroit.  The  Michigan  Southern 
Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Jonesville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Lee  co.  On  a  branch  of 
Powell's  River.  384  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

53 


Jordan's  Saline,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Vanzant  co. 

Juniata  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Mifflin.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1831,  and  bounded  N.  by  Mifflin  and 
Union  counties,  E.  and  S.  by  Northumberland 
and  Perry,  and  W.  by  Huntingdon  and  Mifflin. 
Surface  hilly  and  mountainous,  and  watered  by 
Juniata  River,  Licking,  and  Tuscarora  Creeks ; 
soil  fertile  in  the  valleys. 

Juniata,  Pa.,  Perry  co.  Raccoon,  Buffalo,  and 
Little  Buffalo  Creeks  water  this  town.  Surface 
mountainous;  soil,  in  the  valleys,  slate,  gravel, 
and  calcareous  loam.  39  miles  W,  N.  W.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Junius,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  diversified,  and  the  soil  very  fertile  in 
some  portions.  8  miles  N.  from  Waterloo,  and 
173  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Kalamazoo  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Kalamazoo. 
Incorporated  in  1830,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Alle- 
gan  and  Barry  counties,  E.  by  Calhoun,  S.  by 
St.  Joseph,  and  W.  by  Van  Buren  co.  Surface 
level,  or  slightly  uneven,  and  drained  by  Kalama- 
zoo and  Portage  River,  and  Four  Mile,  Bear,  and 
Gull  Creeks  ;  soil  rich  black  loam. 

Kalamazoo,  Mn.,  shire  town  of  Kalamazoo  co. 
143  miles  W.  from  Detroit,  and  about  132  E.  by 
S.  from  Lansing,  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  a 
flourishing  place,  on  the  great  route  of  the  Michi- 
gan Central  Railroad,  between  Detroit  and  Chi- 
cago. The  village  contains  a  court  house,  jail,  a 
branch  of  the  Bank  of  Michigan,  a  branch  of  the 
Michigan  University,  the  Huron  Literary  Insti- 
tute, and  churches  of  several  denominations.  An 
active  business  is  done  here,  by  one  flouring  mill, 
several  saw  mills,  distilleries,  and  tanneries,  and 
by  a  considerable  number  of  mercantile  estab- 
lishments. 

Kalida,  0.,  c.  h.  Putnam  co. 

Kanawha  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Kanawha  Court 
House,  otherwise  called  Charleston.  Bounded  N. 
by  Jackson  and  Lewis  counties,  E.  by  Braxton 
and  Nicholas,  S.  by  Fayette  and  Logan,  and  W. 
by  Cabell  and  Mason.  Watered  by  Kanawha 
River  and  its  branches,  Elk  and  Coal  Rivers, 
and  numerous  creeks.  This  county  contains 
valuable  saline,  springs  and  large  quantities  of 
coal. 

Kanawha,Va.,  c.  h.  Kanawha  co.,  otherwise  called 
Charleston.  On  the  N.  bank  of  Great  Kanawha 
River,  at  its  junction  with  Elk  River.  313  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Richmond.  The  river  is  here  300 
yards  wide  and  20  feet  deep,  and  is  navigable 
for  steamboats  to  this  place.  There  are  large 
steam  flouring  mills  and  other  mills  here. 

Kanawha  Saline,  Va.,  Kanawha  co.  On  the 
N.  W.  side  of  Kanawha  River.  307  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Richmond.  This  village  is  connected 
with  the  salt  trade  in  the  vicinity. 

Kane  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Geneva.  Formed  from 
De  Kalb,  in  1 836.  Bounded  N.  by  McHeniy  cc., 
E.  by  Cook  and  Du  Page,  S.  by  Kendall,  and 
W.  by  De  Kalb.  Fox  River  and  its  branches 
afford  hydraulic  power. 

Kanesville,  Io.,  c.  h.  Potawatomie  co.  Found- 
ed by  the  Mormons  after  their  expulsion  from 
Illinois,  and  the  point  from  which  they  despatch 
their  emigrant  trains  to  the  Great  Salt  Lake 
valley.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  Catholic 
mission. 

Karthaus,  Pa.,  Clearfield  co.  On  the  N.  bank 
of  the  W.  fork  of  Susquehanna  River.  114  miles 
N.  W.  from  Harrisburg.  Salt  springs  in  the 


418 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c.f 


vicinity,  iron  works,  and  coal  give  this  place 
considerable  trade. 

Kaskaskia,  Is.,  c.  h.  Randolph  co.  On  the 
river  of  the  same  name,  1 1  miles  from  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Mississippi,  and  142  S.  from 
Springfield.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  places 
in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  having  been 
settled  by  the  French  in  1683.  It  contained  as 
many  as  100  families  when  it  was  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  in  1763.  In  the  early  times  of  the  coun- 
try this  was  a  place  of  great  importance.  A 
more  beautiful  site  for  a  town  can  hardly  be  im- 
agined. It  is  on  an  extensive  plain,  in  the  centre 
of  a  gently- slop  ing  basin,  drained  by  a  fine  navi- 
gable stream,  and  surrounded  by  a  country  of 
fertility  and  beauty  unsurpassed.  The  Kaskaskia, 
at  this  point,  approaches  within  about  6  miles  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  afterwards  recedes  again ;  so 
that  the  territory  of  this  town  occupies  a  sort  of 
neck  between  the  two  rivers.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olics have  a  nunnery  here,  and  a  church,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  mostly  of  the  French  descent 
to  this  day. 

Kaufman  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Kaufman.  In 
the  N.  E.  angle  of  the  state.  On  the  head 
waters  of  the  Sabine. 

Keating,  Pa.,  McKean  co.  Traversed  by  the 
Alleghany  River  and  its  tributary,  Potato  Creek. 
Surface  hilly  and  uneven,  with  broad,  fertile  al- 
luvial bottoms. 

Keene,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  Cheshire  co.,  is  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  towns  in  the  state.  The  soil  is 
various  and  generally  good.  Ashuelot  River  has 
its  source  in  a  poiid  in  Washington,  and  dis- 
charges itself  into  the  Connecticut  at  Hins- 
dale,  20  miles  distant  from  Keene.  The  principal 
village  is  situated  on  a  flat,  E.  of  the  Ashuelot, 
nearly  equidistant  from  that  and  the  upland.  It 
is  particularly  entitled  to  notice  for  the  extent, 
wtdt'h,  and  uniform  level  of  ite  streets.  The 
main  street,  extending  one  mile  in  .a  straight  line, 
is  almost  a  perfect  level,  and  is  well  ornamented 
with  trees.  Keene  has  ever  been  an  important 
site  for  inland  trade  :  but  since  the  construction 
of  the  Cheshire  Railroad,  great  additions  to  its 
business  must  be  the  consequence.  First  set- 
tlers, Jeremiah  Hall,  Elisha  Root,  Nathaniel 
Rockwood,  Josiah  Fisher,  and  Nathan  Blake,  in 
1734.  From  Concord,  by  stage,  55  miles,  and 
about  four  hours'  ride  from  Boston  by*  rail- 
road. 

Keene,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  This  large  town  is 
watered  by  the  E.  and  W.  branches  of  the  Au 
Sable  River,  which  afford  immense  water  power, 
also  by  Placid  and  several  smaller  lakes.  The 
highest  peaks  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains  are 
in  this  town,  Mount  Marcy  being  elevated  5467 
feet  above  the  tide  waters  of  the  Hudson.  Iron 
ore  is  found  among  these  mountains  in  great 
quantities.  12  miles  W.  from  Elizabeth,  and  138 
N.  from  Albany. 

Keesville,  N.  Y.,  Essex  and  Clinton  counties. 
On  both  sides  of  Au  Sable  River,  in  the  towns  of 
Au  Sable  and  Chesterfield.  4  miles  W.  from 
Lake  Champlain.  Here  is  an  extensive  water 
power,  on  which  are  large  manufactories  of 
iron. 

Kelly,  Pa.,  Union  co.  Buffalo  Creek  and  its 
branches  water  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
slightly  uneven,  and  the  soil  calcareous  loam.  9 
miles  N.  from  New  Berlin. 

Kemper  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  De  Kalb.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Winston  and  Noxubee  counties,  E.  by 


Pennsylvania,  S.  by  Lauderdale  co.,  and  W.  by 
Neshooa.  The  Sookanitchie  and  a  branch  of 
Oktibbeha  River  water  this  county. 

Kendall  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Yorkville.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating,  and  watered  by  Fox  River. 

Kenduskeag,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  A  new  town, 
taken  from  Levant  in  1852.  10  miles  N.  W.from 
Bangor. 

Kendall,  N.  Y.,  Orleans  co.  On  the  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario.  250  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Kennebec  Count//,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Augusta.  South- 
eastern central,  extending  from  the  Androscoggin 
across  the  Kennebec,  which  flows  S.  through  the 
middle  of  it.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  excellent. 

Kennebec,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  A  new  town, 
formed  from  parts  of  Hallowell,  Augusta,  Red- 
field,  &c.,  in  1850. 

Kennebunk,  Me.,  York  co.  On  the  S.  W.  side 
of  Kennebunk  River,  which  affords  some  water 
power.  It  is  a  port  of  entry,  but  the  harbor  is 
barred,  and  its  commerce,  once  considerable,  has 
greatly  declined.  80  miles  S.  W.  from  Augus- 
ta, and  25  S.  W.  from  Portland. 

Kennebunk  Port,  Me.,  York  co.  On  Kennebunk 
River  opposite  Kennebunk,  and  distant  from  it  4 
miles  N.  E. 

Kennet,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by  Red  Clay 
Creek.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  rich  calcareous  loam. 
28  miles  S.  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Kenosha  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Kenosha.  In  the 
S.  E.  corner  of  the  state. 

Kenosha,  Wn.,  c.h.  Kenosha  co.  Formerly  called 
Southport.  A  flourishing  place,  with  considera- 
ble trade. 

Kensington,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  This  town 
has  no  streams  of  any  note  ;  its  surface  is  pretty 
even.  There  is  much  good  land  fit  for  grazing 
and  tillage.  It  is  a  pleasant  place,  and  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Hampton.  44  miles  S.  E.  from 
Concord,  and  6  S.  of  Exeter. 

Kent,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  First  settled  1738; 
incorporated  1739.  This  is  a  mountainous  town- 
ship, with  some  fine  land  on  the  banks  of  the 
Housatonic,  which  passes  through  its  western 
border.  Good  iron  ore  is  found  here.  The  Hou- 
satonic, calm  and  still,  winding  gracefully  at  the 
foot  of  a  high  and  rugged  mountain,  renders  the 
scenery  from  the  neat  and  quiet  village  highly 
picturesque  and  beautiful. 

"  There  is  in  this  town,"  says  Dr.  Trumbull, 
"  convincing  evidence  that  it  was  a  grand  seat  of 
the  native  inhabitants  of  this  country,  before  In- 
dians, who  more  lately  inhabited  it,  had  any  res- 
idence in  it.  There  are  arrow  heads,  stone  pots, 
and  a  sort  of  knives,  and  various  kinds  of  uten- 
sils, frequently  found  by  the  English,  of  such 
curious  workmanship  as  exceeds  all  the  skill  of 
any  Indians  since  the  English  came  into  this  coun- 
try, and  became  acquainted  with  them.  These 
were  not  only  found  when  the  town  was  first  set- 
tled, but  they  are  still  found  on  the  sides  of  Hou- 
satonic River."  50  miles  W.  from  Hartford. 

Kent  County,  De.,  c.  h.  at  Dover.  Bounded  N. 
by  New  Castle  co.,  E.  by  Delaware  Bay,  S.  by 
Sussex  co.,  and  W.  by  Maryland.  Surface  slight- 
ly uneven,  and  drained  by  Jones,  Little  Duck, 
and  Mother  Kill  Creeks ;  soil  fertile. 

Kent  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Chester.  Bounded 
N.  by  an  arm  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  separating  it 
from  Cecil  co.,  E.  by  Delaware,  S.  by  Chester 
River,  separating  it  from  Queen  Anne  co.,  and 
W.  by  Chesapeake  Bay.  Surface  somewhat  un- 
even ;  soil  diversified. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


419 


Kent  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Grand  Rapids. 
Bounded  N.  by  Neewaggo  and  Meecoosta  counties, 
E.  by  Montcalm  and  lonia/S.  by  Barry  and  Al- 
legan,  and  W.  by  Ottawa  co.  Grand  River  and 
its  branches  water  this  county,  affording  good  wa- 
ter power.  Surface  hilly  or  uneven ;  soil  rich  vege- 
table loam.  It  contains  limestone  and  salt  springs. 

Kent,  N.  Y.,  Putnam  co.  Croton  River  waters 
this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, and  the  soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of 
grass.  4  miles  N.from  Carmel,  and  101  S.  from 
Albany. 

Kent  County,  R.  I,  c.  h.  at  East  Greenwich. 
Extending  from  Narraganset  Bay  to  the  Con- 
necticut line.  E.  part  level;  W.  part  rough  and 
hilly ;  fertile.  Traversed  by  the  Stonington  Rail- 
road. 

Kenton  County,  Ivy.,  c.  h.  at  Independence. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from 
Ohio,  E.  by  the  Licking,  separating  it  from  Camp- 
bell co.,  S.  by  Pendleton  and  Grant  counties,  and 
W.  by  Booue  co.  Surface  slightly  uneven  ;  soil 
fertile. 

Kenton,  0.,  c.  h.  Hard  in  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Scioto  River.  71  miles  N.  W.  of  Columbus. 

Keokuck  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Lancaster.  In  the 
S.  E.  part  of  the  state.  Skunk  River  flows 
through  it  from  W.  to  E. 

Keokuck,  Io.,  Lee  co.  On  the  W.  side  of  Mis- 
sissippi River,  just  below  the  lower  rapids. 

Keosauqua,  Io.,  c.  h.  Van  Buren  co. 

Kershaw  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Camden.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Lancaster  co.,  E.  by  Chesterfield  and 
Darlington,  S.  by  Sumpter  and  Richland,  and 
W.  by  Fairfield  co.  Watered  by  Wateree  River 
and  branches,  and  Lynch  and  Little  Lynch 
Creeks.  The  soil  of  the  uplands  is  sandy,  but 
productive,  while  that  bordering  on  the  rivers  is 
remarkably  fertile. 

Keytesville,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Chariton  co.  2  miles  W. 
from  Grand  Chariton  River,  and  15  miles  from  its 
mouth.  N.  W.  from  Jefferson  City  91  miles. 

Key  West,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  On  the  N.  W. 
end  of  Key  West,  or  Thompson's  Island,  which 
is  one  of  the  Florida  keys.  The  island  is  about 
4  miles  in  length  by  1  mile  in  width.  This  place 
has  a  good  harbor,  admitting  vessels  requiring  27 
feet  of  water.  The  village  was  incorporated  in 
1829,  and  has  considerable  trade.  Salt  is  manu- 
factured here  in  large  quantities  by  solar  evapo- 
ration. Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed 
as  "  wreckers,"  in  saving  the  effects  of  the  nu- 
merous vessels  which  are  wrecked  every  year  on 
the  Florida  Reef.  For  services  thus  rendered, 
these  persons  receive  from  80,000  to  100,000  dol- 
lars annually.  The  entire  island  rests  upon  a 
bed  of  limestone,  which  is  but  a  foot  or  two  be- 
neath the  surface. 

Kilkenny,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  This  place  was 
granted  in  1 744.  It  is  a  poor  town.  120  miles  N. 
from  Concord,  and  about  15  N.  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Killbuck,  0.,  Holmes  co.  A  township  on  Kill- 
buck  Creek,  adjoining  Coshocton  co.,  S.  from 
Millersburg. 

Killingly,  Ct,  Windham  co.  This  town  is 
rough  and  hilly,  but  there  is  a  great  deal  of  beauty 
about  it,  and  its  history  is  full  of  romantic  stories 
relating  to  the  first  settlers  and  the  red  men. 
The  town  is  well  watered  by  the  Quinebaug  and 
its  branches.  There  are  three  villages,  Pleasant 
Valley,  Daysville,  and  Danielsonville,  all  pleas- 
places.  Kil- 
freestone,  and 


ant  and  flourishing  manufacturing  pi 
lingly  contains  excellent  quarries  of  frt 


of  a  slate  rock,  soft,  and  easily  wrought ;  also  of 
a  slate  rock  composed  of  granular  quartz,  almost 
white.  A  rich  bed  of  porcelain  clay  is  found  on 
Mashentuck  Hill,  said  to  equal  French  or  Chinese 
clay.  45  miles  E.  from  Hartford. 

KilUngworih,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town, 
the  Indian  Hammonnasset,  was  first  settled  in 
1663.  It  lies  on  Long  Island  Sound,  with  a  har- 
bor for  small  vessels.  Many  vessels  are  built  at 
this  place.  There  are  1000  acres  of  good  salt 
meadow  in  Killingworth,  and  the  soil  of  the  up- 
lands, although  hard  and  uneven,  is  rendered 
productive  by  industry  and  skilful  management. 
The  village  is  very  pleasant,  with  a  wide  street  a 
mile  and  a  half  in  length,  crossed  about  midway 
by  Indian  River,  a  small  stream  which  enters  the 
harbor.  Killingworth  is  a  healthful,  interesting 
place.  38  miles  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Kilmarnock,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  This  town  is 
well  watered  by  Piscataquis  River  and  the  outlet 
of  Scootum  Lake.  It  lies  103  miles  N.  E.  from 
Augusta,  and  22  N.  N.  E.  from  Dover.  Incor- 
porated 1824. 

Kinderhook,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  About  18 
miles  S.  by  E.  from  Albany.  The  surface  of  this 
township  "is  agreeably  diversified,  with  a  soil  of 
sandy  loam  and  clay,  generally  fertile  and  well 
cultivated.  It  is  drained  by  Kinderhook  Creek, 
which  is  a  large  and  important  mill  stream. 

The  village  of  Kinderhook  is  delightfully  sit- 
uated on  a  plain,  5  miles  E.  of  the  Hudson,  and 
20  S.  from  Albany.  It  was  incorporated  as  a 
village  in  1838.  No  place  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Hudson  exceeds  this  for  the  beauty  of  its  location 
and  salubrity  of  its  climate.  This  is  the  birth- 
place and  residence  of  Ex-President  Van  Buren. 
His  country  seat  is  handsomely  situated,  about  2 
miles  S.  of  the  village. 

Kings  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Brooklyn.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  East  River  and  New 
York  Harbor,  E.  by  Queens  co.,  S.  by  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  and  W.  by  New  York  Bay  and  the 
"Narrows."  Surface  chiefly  level ;  soil  very  pro- 
ductive when  well  tilled.  It  is  watered  by  a  few 
small  streams,  and  contains  a  number  of  bays,  of 
which  Gravesend  and  Jamaica  are  the  principal 
The  Long  Island  Railroad  crosses  the  N.  part  of 
this  county. 

King  and  Queen  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  King  and 
Queen.  Bounded  N.  W.  by  Caroline,  N.  E.  by 
Essex  and  Middlesex,  S.  E.  by  Gloucester,  and 
S.  W.  by  New  Kent  and  King  William  coun 
ties.  Piankatank  and  Mattapony  Rivers,  branch 
es  of  York  River,  form  the  N.  E.  and  S.W.  boun 
daries. 

King  and  Queen,  Va.,  c.  h.  King  and  Queen  co. 
On  a  plain  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  Matta- 
pony  River,  and  53  E.  N.  E.  from  Richmond. 

King  George  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  King  George. 
Incorporated  in  1 720,  and  bounded  N.  and  N.  E'. 
by  the  Potomac  River,  separating  it  from  Mary- 
land, E.  by  Westmoreland  co.,  S.  by  the  Rappa- 
tiannock,  separating  it  from  Essex  and  Caroline 
counties,  and  W.  by  Stafford  co.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  diversified. 

King  George,  Va.,  c.  h.  King  George  co. 

Kingfield,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  A  fine  farming 
township,  E.  of  Mount  Abraham,  and  watered  by 
Seven  Mile  Brook  and  one  of  its  tributaries.  It 
lies  55  miles  N.  W.  by  N.  from  Augusta,  and  25 
N.  from  Farmington.  Incorporated  1808. 

Kingsbury,  Me.  Piscataquis  co.  70  miles  E, 
of  N.  from  Augusta. 


420 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &o., 


Kingsbury,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Half  shire 
town  with  Salem.  Watered  by  the  Hudson 
Kiver  and  a  branch  of  Wood  Creek.  The  surface 
is  mostly  level ;  soil  generally  fertile.  55  miles 
N.  from  Albany. 

King's  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  New  York  co.  At  the 
N.  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  near  a  bridge  cross- 
ing Spuyten  Duval  Creek,  which  connects  the 
East  and  North  Rivers.  N.  from  City  Hall  13 
miles,  and  S.  from  Albany  136.  The  Hudson 
Kiver  Eailroad  passes  through  it. 

Kingsessing,  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.  This  town 
comprises  several  islands  lying  in  the  Delaware 
Eiver,  which  bounds  it  on  the  S.  E.  The  Schuyl- 
kill  Eiver  also  runs  on  its  E.,  and  Darby  Creek 
on  its  W.  border.  Mud  Island,  in  the  Delaware, 
was  the  site  of  Fort  Mifflin,  which  made  an  ob- 
stinate defence  against  the  British  in  1777.  Bor- 
dering on  the  Schuylkill  is  a  fine  botanical  garden, 
founded  by  the  celebrated  naturalist  Bartram. 
The  surface  of  the  town  is  level;  soil  alluvial. 
7  miles  S.  W.  from  Philadelphia,  and  98  E.  by  S. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Kingston,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Autauga  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Autauga  Creek.  86  miles  from  Tusca- 
loosa. 

Kingston,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.,  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Plymouth,  and  set  off  and  called  Jones's 
Kiver  Parish,  in  1717.  The  harbor  of  Kingston, 
in  common  with  that  of  Duxbury,  lies  within  the 
Gurnet,  which  forms  the  northern  boundary  of 
Plymouth  Harbor.  Jones's  Kiver,  a  small  stream, 
the  outlet  of  several  ponds,  gives  the  town  good 
mill  privileges.  Monk's  Hill,  near  the  line  of 
Plymouth,  commands  delightful  views  on  every 
side.  The  village,  which  is  elevated,  presents  fine 
views  of  the  harbor  and  sea.  4£  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Plymouth,  and  33|  S.  E.  from  Boston  by  the 
Old  Colony  Railroad. 

Kingston,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Caldwell  co. 

Kingston,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  There  arc 
several  ponds  in  this  town.  The  largest,  Great 
Pond,  contains  upwards  of  300  acres,  with  an 
island  of  10  or  12  acres,  covered  with  wood. 
There  are  no  high  hills ;  Great  Hill  and  Rock- 
rimmon  Hill  are  the  highest.  The  soil  is  gener- 
ally loamy.  First  settled  in  1694.  38  miles  S. 
E.from  Concord,  and  6  S.  from  the  railroad  depot 
at  Exeter. 

Kingston,  N.  J.,  Middlesex  and  Somerset  coun- 
ties. On  Millstone  Creek,  midway  between 
Philadelphia  and  New  York,  and  14  miles  N.  E. 
from  Trenton.  The  Delaware  and  Karitan  Ca- 
nal passes  through  it. 

Kingston,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Ulster  co.  Bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  Hudson,  and  watered  by  Esopus 
Creek.  Surface  rolling ;  soil  fertile  sandy  loam 
upon  a  basis  of  lime  and  slate.  58  miles  S.  S.  W. 
from  Albany.  This  is  a  landing  place  for  visit- 
ors to  the  Catskill  Mountains. 

Kingston,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Bounded  on  the 
S.  E.  by  the  Susquehanna  River.  Surface  un- 
even; soil  productive.  127  miles  N.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Kingston,  R.  I.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  32  miles 
S.  by  W.  from  Providence. 

Kingston,  Te.,  c.  h.  Roane  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  Clinch  and  Tennessee  Rivers.  143  miles 
E.  by  S.  from  Nashville. 

Kingstree,  S.  C..  c.  h.  Williameburg  district.  On 
Black  River.  105  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Columbia. 

King  William  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  King  Wil- 
liam. This  county  lies  between  Mattapouy  River 


on  the  N.  E.,  separating  it  from  King  and 
Queen  co.,  and  the  Pamunky  on  the  S.  W.,  sep- 
arating it  from  New  Kent  and  Hanover  coun- 
ties. Caroline  co.  bounds  it  on  the  N.  W. 
Drained  by  tributaries  of  Mattapony  and  Pa- 
munky Rivers. 

King  William,  Va.,  c.  h.  King  William  co.  38 
miles  N.  E.  by  E.  from  Richmond. 

Kingwood,  N.  J.,  Hunterdon  co.  Watered  by 
Loakatong  Creek.  Surface  hilly  and  undulat- 
ing; soil  fertile,  consisting  of  red  shale,  clay, 
and  loam.  29  miles  N.  W.  from  Trenton. 

Kinston,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Lenoir  co. 

Kirbij,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  There  are  some 
tracts  of  good  land  in  Kirby,  but  the  township 
is  generally  either  wet  and  cold  or  too  moun- 
tainous for  cultivation.  It  has  a  number  of 
springs,  brooks,  and  a  good  fish  pond.  The 
settlement  was  commenced  about  the  year  1799r 
by  Phineas  Page  and  Theophilus  Grant.  15 
miles  N.  E.  from  Danville,  and  45  N.  E.  from 
Montpelier. 

Kirkland,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  15  miles  N.  N.W. 
from  Bangor. 

Kirkland,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Oriskany  Creek 
waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  varied, 
and  the  soil  fertile  calcareous  loam.  10  miles 
S.  W.  from  Utica,  and  105  W.  by  N.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Kirlcsville,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Adair  co. 

Kiskiminitas,  Pa.,  Armstrong  co.  Bounded 
on  the  S.  E.  by  the  Kiskiminitas  or  Cone- 
maugh  River.  Salt  is  found  in  this  town,  and 
the  Pennsylvania  Canal  traverses  a  part  of  it. 
187  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Kittaning,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Armstrong  co.  On  the 
Alleghany  River.  187  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Kittery,  Me.,  York  co.  A  seaport  town  on  the 
N.  E.  bank  of  the  Piscataqua  River,  being  the 
extreme  south-western  boundary  of  the  state,  on 
the  Atlantic,  adjoining  York  on  the  N.  E.,  and 
Elliot  on  the  N.  W.  It  is  one  of  the  earliest 
settlements  in  the  province,  or  state,  and  had  its 
share  of  trial  and  suffering  with  others  of  their 
days,  from  repeated  incursions  of  the  Indians. 
The  river,  or  inlet,  called  Spruce  Creek,  affords 
a  convenient  harbor  for  vessels  usually  employed 
in  the  coasting  trade  and  fishery,  and  formerly 
considerable  trade  was  carried  on  with  the  West 
Indies  from  this  place ;  but  at  present  there  is 
little  done  in  the  way  of  navigation,  except  in 
ship  building  and  the  fishery.  Kittery  is  divided 
from  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  by  the  Piscataqua.  A 
bridge  connects  it  with  that  place.  Another 
bridge  connects  it  with  Badger's  Island,  on  which 
is  the  United  States  navy  yard.  Kittery  lies  50 
miles  S.  W.  from  Portland. 

Knowlton,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  Paulin's  Kill,  Bea- 
ver Brook,  and  Shawpocussing  Creek  water  this 
town,  and  on  its  N.  border  lies  Blue  Mountain, 
where  is  the  celebrated  Water  Gap.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  calcareous  loam  in  the  valleys,  and 
slaty  in  the  elevated  portions.  66  miles  N.  by 
W.  from  Trenton. 

Knox  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Knoxrille.  Bounded 
N.  by  Henry, 'E.  by  Stark  and  Peoria,  S.  by  Ful- 
ton, and  W.  by  Warren  and  Mercer  counties. 
Watered  by  Spoon  and  Henderson  Rivers  and 
branches.  A  large  part  of  the  surface  is  prairie ; 
soil  fertile. 

Knox  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Vincennes.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1802,  and  bounded  N.  by  Sullivan  and 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


421 


Greene  counties,  E.  and  S.  by  White  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Daviess  and  Pike  counties,  and 
W.  by  the  Wabash,  separating  it  from  Illinois. 
Soil  very  fertile. 

Knox County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Barbourville.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Laurel  and  Clay  counties,  E.  by 
Harlan  co.,  S.  by  Tennessee,  and  W.  by  Whitely 
co.  The  Cumberland  River  traverses  this  county 
from  E.  to  W.,  and  with  its  branches  waters  the 
surface. 

Knox,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  32  miles  N.  E.  by  E. 
from  Augusta.  A  good  farming  town. 

Knox  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Edina.  In  the  N. 
E.  angle  of  the  state,  crossed  by  the  North,  Middle, 
and  South  Fabius,  and  the  N.  fork  of  Salt  River. 

Knox,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  Watered  by  the  Boz- 
akill  and  a  branch  of  Foxes  Creek.  Surface 
broken  and  hilly,  being  partly  covered  by  the 
Helderberg  limestone  ridge,  in  which  there  is 
quite  a  large  cavern.  Soil  mostly  productive. 
18  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Knox  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Vernon.  Rich- 
land  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Coshocton  and  Holmes 
on  the  E.,  Licking  on  the  S.,  and  Delaware  and 
Marion  counties  on  the  W.  The  eastern  part  is 
uneven,  and  the  soil  rather  poor ;  the  western  is 
level,  and  both  are  watered  by  fine  streams.  The 
central  part  has  a  pleasant  variety  of  hills  and 
vales,  and  the  beautiful  Vernon  River,  with  its 
streams,  waters  the  whole  of  it.  In  this  and  the 
western  part  is  found  a  vegetable  mould,  based 
upon  yellow  clay  mixed  with  sand. 

Knox  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Knoxville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Anderson  and  Grainger  counties,  E.  by  Se- 
vier,  S.  by  Blount,  and  W.  by  Roane.  Watered 
by  the  Tennessee  River,  and  Ilolston  and  French 
Broad  Rivers,  its  head  branches,  and  by  Beaver 
Creek,  a  branch  of  Clinch  River.  Surface  mostly 
mountainous  :  soil  very  fertile  on  the  streams. 

Knoxville,  Te.  NCity  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Knox  co.  This  fine  city  is  located  on  the  N. 
bank  of  Holston  River,  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation,  and  4  miles  below  the  entrance  of 
French  Broad  River.  It  is  laid  out  with  regu- 
larity, and  handsomely  built.  The  court  house 
is  a  fine  building.  This  is  the  seat  of  East  Ten- 
nessee College.  (See  Colleges.}  There  are  also 
two  academies  here,  one  for  males  and  one  for  fe- 
males. A  railroad  route  from  Charleston,  S.  C., 
through  Augusta,  Ga.,  has  nearly  reached  this 
place.  183  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Nashville. 

Knoxville,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Crawford  co.  50  miles  S. 
W.  by  W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Knoxville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Knox  co.  On  an  elevated 
prairie.  100  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Springfield. 

Kohomo,  la.,  c.  h.  Howard  co. 

Kortright,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  The  surface 
is  hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  fertile  loam, 
yielding  large  crops  of  grass.  15  miles  N.  from 
Delhi,  and  68  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Kosciusko  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Warsaw.  Tippe- 
eanoe  River  and  other  streams  afford  hydraulic 
power. 

Kosciusko,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Attala  co.  67  miles  N.  E. 
from  Jackson. 

Lackawannock,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  Uneven.  6 
miles  S.  W.  from  Mercer. 

Lackawaxm,  Pa.,  Pike  co.  Watered  by  the 
Delaware  River  and  Lackawaxen  and  other 
Creeks.  182  miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

La  Clerk  County,  Mo.  S.  central.  Crossed 
from  S.  to  N,  by  the  head  waters  of  Gasconade. 


The  N.  W.  part  is  drained  by  tributaries  of  the 
Osage. 

Lacon,  Is.,  c.  h.  Marshall  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Illinois  River.  99  miles  N.  from  Springfield. 

La  Crosse  County,  Wn.  On  the  Mississippi. 
Drained  by  the  La  Crosse. 

Lafayette  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Lewis ville.  Wa- 
tered by  Red  River  and  tributaries.  S.  W.  corner. 

Lafayette,  la.,  c.  h.  Tippecanoe  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Wabash  River,  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation.  The  Wabash  Canal  connects 
this  growing  place  with  Lake  Erie.  10  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  Tippecannoe  River,  and  70 
N.  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Lafayette  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Vermilionville. 
Bounded  N.  by  St.  Landry  co.,  E.  by  St.  Mar- 
tin's and  St.  Mary's  counties,  S.  by  Vermilion 
Bay,  and  W.  by  Vermilion  co.  Surface  flat, 
and  mostly  too  wet  for  agriculture. 

Lafayette,  La.,  city  and  seat  of  justice  of  Jef- 
ferson parish.  This  city  borders  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  and  is  a  suburb  of  the  city  of  New 
Orleans.  It  is  crossed  by  the  New  Orleans  and 
Carrollton  Railroad,  and  lies  2  miles  W.  by  S. 
from  New  Orleans. 

Lafayette  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Oxford.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Tallahatchie  River,  separating  it  from 
Marshall  co.,  E.  by  Pontotoc  co.,  S.  by  Chickasaw 
and  Yalabusha,  and  W.  by  Ponola  co.  Watered 
by  Tallahatchie  and  Yocanapuafa  Rivers  and 
branches.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  productive. 

Lafayette  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Lexington. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Missouri  River,  separating  it 
from  Bay  and  Carroll  counties,  E.  by  Saline  co., 
S.  by  Johnson,  and  W.  by  Jackson  co.  Drained 
by  several  mill  streams  flowing  into  the  Mis- 
souri. Surface  slightly  undulating  ;  soil  rich. 

Lafayette,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Onondaga 
Creek  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
hilly,  and  the  soil  clay  loam.  10  miles  S.  from 
Syracuse  village,  and  134  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Lafayette,  O.,  Williams  co.  Pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  Beaver  Creek;  the  land  is  rolling,  and 
of  an  excellent  quality.  22  miles  from  Napoleon, 
and  21  from  Defiance. 

Lafayette,  0.,  Deer  Creek  township,  Madison 
co.,  is  located  on  the  national  road,  about  21  ^ 
miles  W.  from  Columbus. 

Lafayette  County,  Wn.  On  the  southern  border 
of  the  state.  Watered  by  the  head  streams  of 
the  Pictonica. 

La  Fourche,  Interior  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at 
Thibodeauxville.  Bounded  N.  by  Assumption, 
St.  James,  and  St.  John  Baptist  parishes,  E.  by 
St.  Charles  and  Jefferson  parishes,  S.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Terrebonne  parish 
Watered  by  the  Bayou  La  Fourche  and  othei 
streams.  The  surface  is  flat,  and  mostly  too  wet 
for  cultivation,  except  on  the  borders  of  the 
streams,  where  the  soil  is  rich,  producing  sugar 
and  cotton. 

Lagada,  Te.,  Wilson  co.  30  miles  E.  from 
Nashville. 

La  Grange,  Aa.,  Franklin  co.  On  high  ground. 
16  miles  S.  from  Tennessee  River,  and  136  N.  by 
W.  from  Tuscaloosa.  Site  of  La  Grange  Col- 
lege. See  Colleges. 

La  Grange,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Troup  co.  6  miles  E. 
from  Chattahoochee  River,  on  one  of  its  small 
tributaries.  121  miles  W.  from  Milledgeville.. 

La  Grange  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Lima.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Michigan,  E.  by  Steuben  co., 
S.  by  Noble,  and  W.  by  Elkhart  co.  Watered 


422 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


by  Pigeon,  Fawn,  and    Little  Elkhart  Rivers, 
and  several  small  lakes.      Surface   undulating, 
consisting  of  prairies  on  the  N. ;  the  soil  is  fertile. 
La  Grange,  la.,  c.  h.  La  Grange  co. 
La   Grange,  Me.,   Penobscot  co.     This  town 
is  watered  by  Birch  Stream  and  its  branches. 
95  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

La  Grange,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  Sprout  and 
Wappingcr's  Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface 
of  which  is  somewhat  hilly  and  uneven,  and  the 
soil  productive  gravelly  loam.  7  miles  E.  from 
Poughkeepsie,  and  80  S.  from  Albany. 

Lake  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Little  Fort.  Bounded 
N.  by  Wisconsin,  E.  by  Lake  Michigan,  S.  by 
Cook,  and  W.  by  McHenry  co.  Watered  by 
Des  Plaines  and  Fox  Rivers.  Surface  undu- 
lating, being  mostly  prairie  land. 

Lake  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Crown  Point.  Bounded 
N.  by  Lake  Michigan,  E.  by  Porter  co.,  S.  by 
the  Kankakee  River,  separating  it  from  Jasper 
co.,  and  W.  by  Illinois.  Drained  by  Deep 
River  and  Cedar  and  Eagle  Creeks.  Surface 
mostly  level,  and  in  parts  marshy ;  along  the 
lake  is  a  ridge  of  bluffs  and  sand  hills. 

Lake  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Painesville.  N.  E. 
part  of  the  state.  Has  Lake  Erie  on  the  N.  W. 
Watered  by  Grand  and  Chagrin  Rivers. 

Lake  Pleasant,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Hamilton  co.  This 
is  a  large  township,  about  50  miles  in  length.  It 
is  watered  by  Sacandaga  and  Indian  Rivers,  and 
other  branches  of  the  Hudson.  It  also  contains 
Lakes  Emmons  and  Pleasant,  and  Round  Lake, 
besides  several  smaller  ones.  The  surface  is 
greatly  diversified,  being  mostly  a  wilderness. 
72  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Lake  Providence,  La.,  Carroll  parish.  The  sheet 
of  water  from  which  this  village  takes  its  name 
was  formerly  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  its  outlet,  flowing  to  the  S.,  now  forms  Tensas 
River.  366  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  New  Orleans. 

Lamar,  Pa.,  Clinton  co.  Watered  by  Big 
Fishing  and  Cedar  Creeks.  Surface  mountain- 
ous ;  soil  calcareous  loam  in  the  valleys. 

Lamar  County,  Ts.  In  the  N.  E.  angle  of  the 
state,  bordering  on  Arkansas. 

Lamoille  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Hydepark.  This 
county  was  established  in  1836.  *  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Franklin  and  Orleans  countie's,  E.  by  Or- 
leans and  Caledonia  counties,  S.  by  Washing- 
ton co.,  and  W.  by  Chittenden  and  a  part  of 
Franklin  counties.  This  county  lies  on  the 
Green  Mountain  Range,  and  is  the  source  of 
many  streams.  The  River  Lamoille  passes  nearly 
through  its  centre,  and,  with  its  tributaries,  gives 
the  county  a  great  hydraulic  power.  The  eleva- 
tion of  the  county  renders  the  soil  more  adapted 
for  grazing  than  for  tillage ;  yet  there  are  large 
tracts  of  excellent  meadow  bordering  its  streams. 
Lampeter,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Bounded  S.  E. 
by  Pecquea  Creek,  N.  W.  by  Conestoga  River, 
and  drained  by  Mill  Creek,  a  branch  of  Cones- 
toga  River. 

Lancaster,  Io.,  c.  h.  Keokuck  co. 
Lancaster,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Garrard  co.    Located  a 
few  miles  E.  from  Dick's  River,  and  57  miles  S. 
by  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Lancaster,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Schuyler  co. 
Lancaster,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  is  the 
Weshakim,  or  Washoway,  of  the  Indians,  and  is 
the  oldest  town  in  the  county.  Lancaster  lies 
on  both  sides  of  Nashua  River,  and  has  a  re- 
markably fine  alluvial  soil,  in%  a  high  state  of 
cultivation.  The  village  is  very  beautiful ;  it  is 


neatly  built  on  an  alluvial  plain,  shaded  by  elms, 
surrounded  by  hills,  and  watered  by  a  large  and 
placid  stream.  The  N.  and  S.  branches  of  the 
Nashua  meet  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  and 
produce  a  valuable  water  power.  George  Hill, 
on  the  westerly  side  of  the  town,  comprises  some 
good  farms.  Turner's,  Spectacle,  Fort,  Sandy, 
and  other  ponds,  add  much  to  the  scenery  of 
this  delightful  town.  34  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Boston,  and  25  S.  W.  from  Lowell.  A  railroad 
passes  in  the  neighborhood. 

Lancaster,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  Coos  co.  On  the  south- 
eastern bank  of  Connecticut  River,  which  forms 
and  washes  its  N.  W.  boundary,  a  distance  often 
miles.  Besides  this  the  town  is  watered  by  Is- 
rael's River,  and  several  brooks.  Across 'this 
river  a  bridge  and  several  dams  are  thrown, 
forming  a  valuable  water  power.  There  are 
several  ponds ;  the  largest  is  called  Martin 
Meadow  Pond,  from  Martin,  a  hunter.  This 
communicates  with  Little  Pond.  Lancaster  is 
situated  near  lofty  mountains,  but  is  not  itself 
mountainous.  There  are  3  hills  in  the  S. 
part,  called  Martin  Meadow  Hills.  The  soil 
along  the  Connecticut  is  alluvial,  the  meadows 
extending  back  nearly  three  fourths  of  a  mile. 
The  village  lies  on  a  street  extending  from  the 
bridge  across  Israel's  River  northwardly.  It  is 
pleasant,  and  is  the  site  of  considerable  trade. 
First  settlers,  Captain  David  Page,  Emmons 
Stockwell.  and  Edward  Bucknam,  in  1763.  95 
miles  N.  from  Concord,  and  about  40  N.  E.  from 
Haverhill. 

Lancaster,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Seneca,  Ellicott's, 
and  Cayuga  Creeks  water  this  town.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating;  soil  fertile,  yielding  large 
crops  of  grass  and  grain.  12  miles  E.  from  Buf- 
falo, and  272  W.  from  Albany. 

Lancaster,  0.,  c.  h.  Fairtield  co.  This  town  was 
laid  out  in  1 800.  It  is  a  thriving  place,  pleasant- 
ly located  near  the  source  of  Hocking  River,  in  a 
fertile  valley,  surrounded  by  very  valuable  land. 
This  town  is  connected  with  the  Ohio  Canal  by  the 
Lancaster  Canal.  8  miles  distant :  it  is  also  con- 
nected with  it  by  the  Hocking  Canal.  34  miles  N. 
E.  from  Chillicothc,  and  28  S.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Lancaster.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Dauphin,  Lebanon,  and  Berks 
counties,  S.  E.'  by  Chester  co.,  and  S.  W.  by  the 
Susquehanna  River,  separating  it  from  York  co. 
This  was  the  4th  county  formed  in  the  state, 
and  is  admirably  located,  the  Susquehanna  Riv- 
er running  more  than  40  miles  on  its  border.  It 
is  also  drained  by  Conestoga,  Pecquea,  Cone- 
wago,  and  other  creeks,  affording  fine  water 
power.  Iron  ore  and  sulphate  of  magnesia,  or 
epsom  salts,  are  the  principal  minerals. 

Lancaster,  Pa.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  for 
Lancaster  co.  Situated  near  the  right  bank  of 
the  Conestoga  Creek,  12  miles  E.  of  where  it 
empties  into  the  Susquehanna,  at  Columbia.  It 
is  70  miles  W.  from  Philadelphia,  and  37  miles 
S.  E.  from  Harrisburg,  the  capital  of  the  state, 
Population  in  1820,  6663;  in  1830,  7704;  in 
1840,  8417  ;  in  1850,  12,382. 

This  place  was  for  many  years  the  seat  of 
government  of  Pennsylvania,  until  the  capital 
was  removed  to  Harrisburg,  in  1812.  It  wa*  first 
chartered  as  a  borough  in  1754,  and  incorpo- 
rated as  a  city  in  1818.  It  is  located  on  elevated 
ground,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  W.  of  the  creek> 
and  is  handsomely  laid  out  with  broad  streets, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  which  are 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


423 


chiefly  paved  and  curbed,  and  are  neatly  kept. 
The  two  principal  streets  are  King  and  Queen 
Streets,  at  the  intersection  of  which,  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city,  is  a  handsome  square,  containing 
the  court  house.  Many  buildings  still  remain 
in  the  ancient  style,  as  built  by  the  German 
settlers,  which  are  principally  one  story  brick 
houses,  with  wide  roofs  and  dormer  windows; 
but  the  houses  of  more  recent  date  are  lofty,  and 
many  of  them  elegant,  with  every  modern  con- 
venience and  embellishment.  Besides  the  pecu- 
liarities above  mentioned,  which  had  their  origin 
in  the  fashions  of  the  olden  time,  a  stranger  is 
struck  with  the  number  and  character  of  the 
tavern  signs  which  are  hung  out  in  the  principal 
streets,  and  which,  as  one  writer  remarks,  "form 
a  sort  of  out-door  picture  gallery,"  in  which  "  may 
be  seen  half  the  kings  of  Europe  —  the  king  of 
Prussia,  of  Sweden,  and  the  prince  of  Orange ; 
then  the  warriors  —  Washington,  Lafayette, 
Jackson,  Napoleon,  William  Tell,  and  a  whole 
army  of  others ;  and  then  the  statesmen  —  Jef- 
ferson, Franklin,  and  others;  and  then  comes  the 
Red  Lion  of  England,  leading  a  long  procession 
of  lions,  bears,  stags,  bulls,  horses,  eagles,  swans, 
black,  white,  dun,  and  red ;  not  to  mention  the 
inanimate  emblems,  the  globe,  the  cross-keys, 
the  plough,  the  wheat  sheaf,  the  compass  and 
square,  and  the  hickory  tree."  These  numerous 
inns  were  formerly  much  more  in  demand  than 
at  present ;  when  the  whole  business  of  trans- 
portation was  carried  on  in  wagons,  over  the 
great  Western  Turnpike,  passing  through  this 
place  from  Pittsburg  to  Philadelphia. 

Lancaster  is  an  illustration  of  the  change 
made  in  the  prospects  of  many  an  inland  town 
in  our  country  by  the  introduction  of  railroads. 
When  spoken  of  by  Governor  Pownal,  who  vis- 
ited it  in  1754,  as  already  a  "growing  town,"  with 
fair  promise  of  increase,  some  one,  in  alluding 
to  this  opinion,  remarked,  that  "  from  its  local 
situation,  remote  from  water,  Lancaster  was  not, 
nor  could  it  ever  possibly  become,  a  place  of  busi- 
ness." Such,  until  recent  times,  would  have 
been  the  natural  conclusion  from  the  fact  that  a 
place  had  not  been  located  upon  a  large  navi- 
gable river.  But  the  era  of  internal  improve- 
ments, especially  the  construction  of  railroads, 
has  changed  all  this.  Speaking  of  Lancaster  as 
it  now  appears,  a  descriptive  author  observes, 
"  This  place  well  deserves  the  title  of  a  city ; 
there  is  nothing  rural  in  its  aspect.  The  streets, 
laid  off  at  right  angles,  are  paved  and  lighted ; 
the  houses,  generally  of  brick,  are  compactly  ar- 
ranged ;  and  those  of  modern  date  are  lofty  and 
well  built ;  .  .  .  the  place  is  supplied  with  wa- 
ter by  an  artificial  basin  and  waterworks ;  stores, 
taverns,  and  shops  abound  in  every  quarter ; 
railroad  cars,  stages,  canal  boats,  and  wagons 
are  constantly  arriving  or  departing;  and  all 
together  there  is  that  rattle  and  din  that  remind 
one  of  city  life." 

Among  the  manufactories  of  this  place  are 
two  for  cotton  fabrics,  which  employ  about  900 
persons. 

Lancaster  has  had  the  benefit  of  every  species 
of  internal  improvement  in  the  order  in  which 
they  have  arisen.  The  turnpike  from  this  place 
to  Philadelphia,  completed  in  1794,  at  a  cost  of 
$465,000,  paved  at  first  with  stone,  and  since 
McAdamized,  was  the  first  road  of  the  kind 
built  in  the  United  States.  The  splendid  stone 
bridge  over  the  Conestoga  Creek,  built  by  in- 


dividual enterprise,  in  1799,  was  a  work  of  which, 
at  that  early  period,  the  state  might  have  been 
proud,  and  which  contributed,  in  no  small  meas- 
ure, to  the  prosperity  of  the  place.  T>en  fol- 
lowed, in  1829,  the  improvements  for  rendering 
the  Conestoga  Creek  navigable  from  Lancaster 
to  the  Susquehanna  River,  a  distance  of  18 
miles,  which  was  accomplished  by  means  of  a 
series  of  9  locks,  creating  slack  water  pools,  at  a 
cost  of  about  $75,000.  By  means  of  this  work, 
in  connection  with  a  tide  water  canal  to  Port 
Deposit,  a  navigable  communication  was  opened 
to  Baltimore.  In  1834,  the  Philadelphia  and 
Columbia  Railroad,  passing  by  Lancaster,  was 
opened;  and,  in  1838,  the  railroad  from  Lancas- 
ter to  Harrisburg,  since  extended  to  Pittsburg. 
and  in  another  direction  to  Hagarstown,  in  Ma 
ryland. 

A  college  was  established  at  Lancaster  in 
1787,  called  "Franklin  College,"  for  which  spa- 
cious buildings  were  erected ;  but  it  afterwards 
declined  to  the  rank  of  an  academy  or  high 
school. 

Lancaster  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Lancaster. 
Bounded  N.  by  North  Carolina,  E.  by  Lynche'g 
Creek,  separating  it  from  Chester  district,  S.  by 
Kershaw  district,  and  W.  by  Catawba  River, 
separating  it  from  Chester  district.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Catawba  River  and  Lynche's  Creek. 

Lancaster,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Lancaster  district.  On  a 
small  branch  of  Catawba  River.  72  miles  N.  N. 
E.  from  Columbia. 

Lancaster  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Heathville.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  Richmond  co.,  E.  by  Northum- 
berland co.  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  S.  and  W. 
by  the  Rappahannock  River,  separating  it  from 
Middlesex  co. 

Lancaster,  Va.,  c.  h.  Lancaster  co.  38  miles 
E.  by  N.  from  Richmond. 

Landgrove,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  This  town  is 
on  elevated  land,  at  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  coun- 
ty. Some  of  the  head  branches  of  West  River 
have  their  sources  here.  The  lands  are  too  rough 
and  high  for  much  improvement.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  by  William  Utley  and  family, 
in  June,  1769,  emigrants  from  Ashford,  Ct.  33 
miles  N.  E.  from  Bennington,  and  70  S.  from 
Montpelier. 

Landaff,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  Wild  and  Great 
Amonoosuck  Rivers  pass  through  this  town. 
Landaff  Mountain,  Cobble  and  Bald  Hills  are 
the  principal  elevations.  The  farmers  here  are 
very  industrious,  and  the  soil  well  rewards  them 
for  their  labor.  The  town  of  Landaff  was 
granted,  in  1764,  to  James  Avery  and  others. 
12  miles  N.  E.  from  Haverhill,  and  95  N.  by  W. 
from  Concord. 

Lanesboro1,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.,  was  incorpo- 
rated on  the  20th  of  June,  1765,  and  then  includ- 
ed a  large  part  of  the  present  town  of  Cheshire. 
The  soil  is  of  an  excellent  quality,  mostly  clay 
loam.  The  S.  branch  of  the  Hoosic  rises  in  the 
S.  E.  corner  of  the  town,  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Housatonic  passes  by  the  centre  and  runs  through 
Lanesboro'  Pond  into  Pittsfield.  This  pond  is 
partly  in  the  latter  town.  It  abounds  with  fish. 
The  scenery,  from  various  points,  is  picturesque 
and  delightful.  This  town  affords  iron  ore,  and 
extensive  beds  of  beautiful  white  and  clouded 
marble,  and  graphic  slate.  There  is  in  Lanes- 
boro' a  large  rock,  so  equally  balanced  upon 
another  that  it  can  be  easily  moved.  The  set- 
tlement of  this  town  commenced  in  1754.  5 


424 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


miles  N.  from  Pittsfield,  from  which,  by  the 
Western  Kailroad,  is  151  miles  to  Boston. 

Langdon,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  The  principal 
village  is  3  miles  E.  from  Connecticut  River,  and  6 
from  Bellows  Falls.  A  branch  of  Cold  River 
passes  S.  W.  through  the  town,  and  unites  with 
the  main  branch,  near  the  S.  line.  Langdon  was 
named  in  honor  of  Governor  Langdon.  First 
settlers,  Seth  Walker,  Nathaniel  Rice,  and  Jona- 
than Williard,  in  1773.  18  miles  S.  S.  W.  from 
Newport,  and  56  W.  by  S.  from  Concord. 

Lanier,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Macon  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Flint  River.  76  miles  S.  W.  from  Milledge- 
Yille. 

Lanier,  O.,  Preble  co.,  was  named  for  a  citi- 
zen of  the  county,  Alexander  C.  Lanier,  Esq. 
The  township  was  organized  in  1811,  and  has 
well-cultivated,  well-watered  lands. 

Lansing,  Mn.  Capital  of  the  state.  Situated  on 
Grand  River,  about  55  miles  N.  from  Jackson, 
which  is  on  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  and 
132  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Detroit,  via  Jackson. 
In  1847  the  place  upon  which  it  stands  was 
covered  with  a  thick  forest.  Now  there  are 
about  400  buildings,  including  several  large 
hotels.  Both  steam  and  water  power  are  used 
for  driving  several  flouring  mills  and  saw  mills. 
The  state  house  is  finely  situated  upon  an  emi- 
nence about  50  feet  above  the  river,  overlooking 
the  town.  It  is  a  large  and  handsome  edifice, 
and  is  surrounded  by  an  ample  enclosure,  to  be 
tastefully  laid  out  and  ornamented.  Many  things, 
in  a  town  so  recent,  must  be  yet  rough  and  in- 
complete ;  but  their  outline  is  sufficiently  de- 
veloped to  indicate  the  beauty  which  will  speedi- 
ly adorn  the  new  capital  of  this  rich  and  enter- 
prising state. 

Lansing,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  Drained  by 
Salmon  Creek  and  its  branches.  Surface  hilly  ; 
soil  productive.  8  miles  N.  from  Ithaca,  and  166 
W.  from  Albany. 

Lansingburg,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Hudson ;  the  surface  is  hilly,  ex- 
cept on  the  border  of  the  river,  where  is  an  ex- 
tensive plain  ;  the  soil  mostly  gravelly  and  clay 
loam,  of  good  quality.  3  miles  N.  from  Troy, 
and  9  N.  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Lapeer  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Lapeer.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tuscarora  and  Sanilac  counties,  E.  by  St. 
Clair,  S.  by  Macomb  and  Oakland,  and  W.  by 
Genesee  co.  Watered  by  Flint  River  and 
branches,  Belle  River  and  Mill  Creek.  Surface 
slightly  uneven ;  soil  fertile. 

Lapeer,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Lapeer  co.  Situated 
at  the  junction  of  Flint  River  and  Farmers 
Creek.  61  miles  N.  from  Detroit. 

La  Pointe  County,  Wn.  In  the  N.  W.  corner 
of  the  state,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

La  Porte  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  La  Porte.  'Bound- 
ed N.  W.  by  Lake  Michigan,  N.  by  Michigan,  E. 
by  St.  Joseph  co.,  S.  by  Stark,  and  W.  by  Porter 
co.  Drained  by  Kankakee,  Little  Kankakee, 
and  Gallien  Rivers  and  Trail  Creek. 
Laredo,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Webb  co. 
Laarissa,  Ts.,  Cherokee  co.  This  pleasant  and 
thriving  town  is  situated  in  Eastern  Texas,  25 
miles  N.  from  Rusk,  in  the  same  county,  and  30 
miles  E.  from  Palestine,  in  Anderson  cb.  It  is 
decidedly  the  most  prosperous  inland  village. in 
Eastern  Texas.  It  is  situated  in  the  centre  of 
a  large  body  of  fertile  lands,  well  watered  and 
densely  populated  by  thrifty  farmers,  The  state 
of  society  is  one  of  the  chief  attractions  of  the 


place.  In  a  population  of  about  400.  there  are 
three  regularly-organized  churches  —  a  Presby- 
terian, a  Cumberland  Presbyterian,  and  a  Baptist. 

Larue  County,  Ky.  Central  part.  Washed  on 
the  N.  by  the  Rolling  Fork  of  Salt  River. 

La  Salle  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Ottawa.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1831.  Bounded  N.  by  Lee  and  De  Kalb 
counties,  E.  by  Kendall  and  Grundy,  S.  by  Liv- 
ingston and  Woodford,  and  W.  by  Putnam  and 
Bureau  counties.  Drained  by  Illinois,  Fox,  and 
Vermilion  Rivers,  and  their  bi-anches,  which 
afford  water  power.  Land  mostly  fertile  prairie. 
The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Railroad  traverses 
this  county. 

La  Salle,  Is.,  La  Salle  co.,  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation on  the  Illinois  River,  213  miles  from  its 
mouth,  where  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  ter- 
minates by  a  conjunction  with  the  river.  This  is  a 
new  place,  created  entirely  by  its  being  made  the 
terminus  of  the  canal,  and  is  destined  from  this 
circumstance  to  become  a  place  of  considerable 
importance.  Steamboats  on  the  river,  and  canal 
boats  from  the  lake,  are  continually  arriving  and 
departing ;  and  a  number  of  steamers  are  almost 
always  lading  and  unlading  at  the  wharves.  The 
distance  on  the  canal,  from  this  place  to  Chica- 
go, on  Lake  Michigan,  is  102  miles. 

Latimore,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  This  is  a  level  town, 
watered  by  Bermudian  Creek  and  branches.  Soil 
red  shale.  About  two  miles  S.  from  the  village 
are  York  Sulphur  Springs.  15  miles  N.  E.  from 
Gettysburg. 

Lauderdale  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Florence. 
Bounded  N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Limestone  co., 
and  S.  and  W.  by  the  Tennessee  River,  separating 
it  from  Lawrence  and  Franklin  counties  and  Mis- 
sissippi. Drained  by  Blackwater,  Shoal,  Sec- 
ond, Cypress,  and  other  creeks  flowing  into  the 
Tennessee.  Surface  uneven  ;  soil  of  excellent 
quality.  A  canal  here  extends  around  the  Mus- 
cle Shoals  in  the  Tennessee  River. 

Lauderdale  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Kemper  co.,  E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by  Clarke, 
and  W.  by  Newton  co.  Watered  by  Oktibbeha 
River  and  branches. 

Lauderdale  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Ripley.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Dyer  co.,  E.  by  Gibson,  S.  by  Hay- 
wood  and  Tipton  counties,  and  W.  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  Soil  very  fertile,  and  watered  by 
Forked  Deer  and  Big  Hatchee  Rivers  and  Coal 
Creek. 

Laurel  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  atLoudon.  Bounded 
N.  by  Madison  co.,  E.  by  Clay,  S.  by  Knox  and 
Whitely,  and  W.  by  Rockcastle  Creek,  a  head 
branch  of  Cumberland  River.  In  the  S.  E.  part 
of  the  state.  Watered  by  several  tributaries  of 
the  Cumberland,  namely,  South  Fork,  Little 
Rockcastle,  and  Laurel  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
hilly. 

Laurens  County,  Ga.,  c.h.  at  Dublin.  Bounded 
N.  E.  by  Emanuel,  S.  E.  by  Montgomery,  S.  W.  by 
Pulaski,  and  N.  W.  by  Wilkinson  and  Washing- 
ton counties. 

Laurens,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Watered  by  Ote- 
go  Creek.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  hilly  ; 
soil  rich  sandy  loam.  15  miles  S.  W.  from 
Cooperstown,  and  84  W.  from  Albany. 

Laurens  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Laurensville. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  Ennoree  River,  separating  it 
from  Spartanburg  and  Union  districts,  S.  E.  by 
Newberry  district,  S.  W.  by  Saluda  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Abbeville  district,  and  N.  W.  by 
Greenville  district. 


IN  THE  OTITED   STATES. 


425 


Laurens,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Laurens  district.  On  the 
ridge  which  separates  the  waters  of  Ennoree 
and  Saluda  Rivers.  70  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  from 
Columbia. 

Lausanne,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  "Watered  by 
Lehigh  River  and  Laurel  Run.  Surface  moun- 
tainous ;  soil  gravelly  and  sterile.  The  Beaver 
Meadow  coal  mine  is  in  Spring  Mountain,  in  this 
town.  100  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

La  Vacca  County,  Ts.  S.  central  part  of  the 
Rtate. 

Lawrence  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Moulton.  Bound- 
ed by  the  Tennessee  River,  separating  it  from 
Lauderdale  co.,  E.  by  Morgan,  S.  by  Walker, 
and  W.  by  Franklin  co.  Watered  by  Big  Nance 
and  Town  Creeks  and  branches,  and' by  the  head 
branches  of  Black  Warrior  River. 

Lawrence  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Jackson.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Missouri  and  Randolph  co.,  E.  by  Cache 
River,  separating  it  from  Greene  co.,  S.  by  Jack- 
son and  Independence,  and  W.  by  Izard  and  Ful- 
ton  counties.  Drained  by  Big  Black,  Current, 
and  Strawberry  Rivers.  Surface  level  in  the  E. 
and  uneven  in  the  W.  portions. 

Lawrence  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Louisa.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Carter  co.,  E.  by  Big  Sandy  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Virginia,  S.  by  Johnson,  and  W. 
by  Morgan  co.  Little  Sandy  River  and  Blanefs 
Creek  drain  this  county,  affording  important  wa- 
ter power.  Soil  fertile. 

Lawrence  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Lawrenceville. 
Incorporated  in  1821.  Bounded  N.  by  Crawford 
co.,  E.  by  the  Wabash  River,  separating  it  from 
Indiana,  S.  by  Wabash  co.,  and  W.  by  Richland 
co.  Watered  by  Eox  and  Embarrass  Rivers  and 
Raccoon  Creek.  The  land  is  excellent  in  some 
portions,  but  that  on  the  borders  of  the  streams  is 
liable  to  inundation. 

Lawrence  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Bedford.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Monroe,  E.  by  Jackson  and  Washing- 
ton, S.  by  Orange,  and  W.  by  Martin  and  Greene 
counties.  White  river,  Salt,  Guthrie's,  Leather- 
vrood  and  Beaver  Creeks  water  the  surface, 
which  is  mostly  hilly.  The  streams  afford  wa- 
ter power. 

Lawrence,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  26  miles  N.  «£  W. 
from  Boston.  Population,  1850,  8500.  Pro- 
jected by  the  Essex  Company,  in  1844,  and  in- 
corporated as  a  town  in  1847.  It  contains  1980 
acres  on  the  S.  side  of  Merrimac  River,  taken 
from  Andover,  and  2050  acres  on  the  north  side, 
taken  from  Methuen.  The  Essex  Company  was 
organized  in  April,  1845,  and  the  following  offi- 
cers constituted  its  first  board  :  Hon.  Abbott  Law- 
rence, president ;  Messrs.  Patrick  T.  Jackson, 
William  Sturgis,  Nathan  Appleton,  John  A. 
Lowell,  and  Ignatius  Sargent,  directors ;  and 
Charles  S.  Storrow,  treasurer  and  chief  engineer. 
The  Essex  Company  have  created  a  water  power, 
by  the  erection  of  a  stone  dam,  laid  in  cement, 
35  feet  thick  at  base,  12  feet  6  inches  at  crest,  900. 
feet  long  between  abutments,  with  wings  respec- 
tively 324  feet  and  405  feet,  giving  an  effective 
head  and  fall  of  28  feet  for  the  whole  Merrimac 
River,  and  a  water  power  equaLto  that  at  Low- 
ell, which  is  about  10  miles  above,  on  the  same 
river.  Cost  of  dam,  $250,000.  From  this  dam 
they  convey  water  for  manufacturing  purposes, 
by  a  canal  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river,  5330  feet 
in  length,  100  feet  wide  at  the  upper  end,  60  feet 
wide  at  the  lower  end,  and  12  feet  deep  in  the 
centre.  This  canal  is  parallel  with  the  river,  at 
ft  distance  of  400  feet,  giving  that  space  for  mill 
54 


sites.  The  following  manufacturing  companies 
are  in  operation:  — 

Atlantic  Cotton  Mills.  Capital,  $1,800,000. 
Manufacture  coarse  sheetings*  and  shirtings. 
45,000  spindles,  1200  looms,  employ  1000  oper- 
atives, and  consume  13,000  bales  of  cotton  per 
annum. 

Bay  State  Mills.  Capital,  $1,800,000.  Mami- 
facture  woollen  goods  of  all  kinds.  98  sets  of 
cards,  379  broad,  213  narrow  looms,  employ  2100 
operatives.  Amount  of  wool  consumed  equal  to 
12.000  Ibs.  American  fleece  per  day. 

Essex  Company's  Machine  Shop.  Make  steam 
engines,  locomotives,  cotton  and  woollen  ma- 
chinery of  all  kinds  ;  employ  500  to  800  hands. 

Charter  Paper  Company.  Manufacture  printed 
paper  hangings. 

Besides  these  concerns,  there  is  a  mill  of  the 
Plymouth  Duck  Company,  which  contains  about 
5000  spindles. 

The  Pacific  Mills,  for  the  manufacture  of  fine 
lawns  and  barege  de  laines  for  printing.  50,000 
spindles,  1000  looms. 

The  Essex  Company  are  still  the  owners  of 
the  principal  part  of  the  land  and  water  power. 
Capital,  $1,500,000. 

The  Lawrence  Gas  Light  Company  furnish 
gas  for  lighting  the  mills  and  public  buildings. 
Present  capital,  $55,000. 

Other  smaller  manufactures,  of  various  kinds, 
are  in  operation,  the  most  prominent  of  which 
are  a  steam  saw  mill,  card  factory,  file  shop,  a 
piano-forte  factory,  a  carriage  factory,  and  a  steam 
planing  mill. 

The  school  department  consists  of  1  high 
school,  2  grammar,  2  mixed,  6  middle,  and 
7  primary  schools.  28  teachers  are  employed, 
and  1700  scholars  are  enrolled.  Annual  cost 
$10,000.  The  Town  Hall  is  a  handsome  brick 
edifice,  121  feet  by  64  feet,  and  55  feet  high, 
containing  the  town  offices  on  the  lower  floor, 
and  the  town  hall  above,  with  seats  for  1500 
people. 

Ten  religious  societies  have  been  organized; 
seven  of  which  have  built  handsome  churches. 
A  reservoir  has  been  constructed,  at  a  height  of 
150  feet  above  the  level  of  water  in  the  canal, 
containing  1,395,000  gallons,  to  supply  water  in 
case  of  fire.  This  reservoir  is  kept  filled  by  the 
force  pumps  of  the  different  mills. 

Six  lines  of  railway  diverge  from  this  place 
to  Boston,  Salem,  Newburyport,  Dover,  Portland, 
Manchester,  N.  H.,  and  Lowell,  affording  unsur- 
passed facilities  for  intercourse  and  business. 

A  common,  of  18  acres,  in  the  centre  of  the 
town,  has  been  presented  to  it  by  the  Essex 
Company,  and  trees  have  been  planted,  and  walks 
laid  out,  for  the  benefit  of  future  inhabitants. 

A  generous  donation  of  4  acres  of  land,  in  the 
centre  of  the  town,  has  been  made  by  the  Hon. 
Daniel  A.  White,  of  Salem,  the  proceeds  to  be 
applied  to  the  maintenance  of  a  course  of  public 
lectures,  and  also  of  a  public  library,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  citizens. 

This  town  received  its  name  in  honor  of  the 
Lawrence  family,  well-known  merchants  of  Bos- 
ton, originally  from  Groton,  to  whose  intelligence 
and  enterprise  the  progress  of  Massachusetts  in 
manufactures  has  been  greatly  indebted.  The 
Hon.  Abbott  Lawrence,  one  of  its  members,  has 
ably  represented  the  country  at  the  court  of  St. 
James,  and,  as  well  as  his  elder  brother,  Amos, 
the  founder  of  the  family,  has  been  greatly  dis- 


426 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


tinguished  for  a  liberal,  philanthropic,  and  public- 
spirited  employment  of  his  ample  income. 

Lawrence  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Monticello. 
Bounded  N.  by  Copiah  and  Simpson  counties, 
E.  by  Covington,  S.  by  Marion  and  Pike,  and 
W.  by  Franklin  co.  Soil  various,  and  watered  by 
Pearl  Kiver  and  branches,  and  the  head  branches 
of  Homochitto  Kiver. 

Lawrence  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Vernon. 
In  the  S.  W.  angle  of  the  state,  on  the  height  of 
land  between  the  Sac,  Neosho,  and  White  Rivers. 

Lawrence,  N.  J.,  Mercer  co.  Assunpink  Creek 
and  Stony  Brook  drain  this  town.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  clay  and  loam.  6  miles  N.  E.  from 
Trenton. 

Lawrence,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Drained 
by  Deer  and  St.  Regis  Rivers.  Surface  uneven ; 
soil  of  good  quality.  25  miles  N.  E.  from  Can- 
ton, and  230  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Lawrence  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Burlington.  Jack- 
son co.  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Gallia  on  the  E.,  Scio- 
to  on  the  W.,  and  the  Ohio  River  on  the  S.,  which, 
with  Symmes  and  Indian  Guyandot  Creeks,  are 
the  principal  streams.  The  land  is  barren  and 
hilly.  Irish  and  Dutch  emigrants  from  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Virginia  first  settled  here  about  the 
year  1800.  42  miles  of  this  county  are  bounded 
by  the  Ohio  River.  The  land  near  it  is  good  and 
productive.  Iron  ore  and  stone  coal  are  found 
here  in  great  abundance.  There  has  also  been 
found  a  valuable  bed  of  clay  for  stone  ware. 

Laivrence  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  New  Castle.  On 
the  western  border  of  the  state.  Watered  by 
Chenango  Creek,  (the  E.  branch  of  Beaver  River,) 
which  passes  through  it  from  N.  to  S.  Hilly. 

Lawrence  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Lawrenceboro'. 
Bounded  N.  by  Hickman  and  Maury  counties, 
E.  by  Giles  co.,  S.  by  Alabama,  and  W.  by  Wayne 
co.,  Shoal  Creek  and  its  branches,  some  branches 
of  Sugar  Creek  and  Buffalo  River,  drain  this 
county. 

Lawrenceburg.  la.,  c.  h.  Dearborn  co.  On  the 
N.  bank  of  Ohio  River,  1  mile  below  the  mouth  of 
Great  Miami  river,  and  86  miles  S.  E.  from  In- 
dianapolis. 

Lawrenceburg,  Te.,  c.h.  Lawrence  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Shoal  Creek.  75  miles  S.  S.  W.  from 
Nashville. 

Lawrenceville,  Ga.,'  c.  h.  Gwinnett  co.  Near  the 
sources  of  Yellow  River.  84  miles  N.  W.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Lawrenceville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Lawrence  co. 

Lawrenceville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Brunswick  co.  Wa- 
tered by  a  branch  of  Meherin  River.  S.  S.  W. 
from  Richmond  73  miles. 

Lawsvilie  Centre,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  On 
Snake  Creek.  187  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Har- 
risburg.  On  a  branch  of  the  creek  is  a  salt 
spring. 

LeacocJc,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Pecquea  Creek 
forms  the  S.  E.,  and  Conestoga  River  the  W. 
boundary  of  this  town,  which  is  also  watered  by 
Mill  Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil  clay  and  calca- 
reous loam.  Distant  44  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Leake  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Carthage.  Bounded 
N.  by  Atala  co.,  E.  by  Neshoba,  S.  by  Scott,  and 
W.  by  Madison.  Watered  by  Pearl  River  and 
tributaries. 

Lebanon,  Aa.,  c.  h.  De  Kalb  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Big  Wills  Creek.  112  miles  N.  E.  from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Lebanon,  As.,  c.  h.  Searcey  co.    On  the  S.  side 


of  the  Buffalo  Fork  of  White  River.     95  miles 
N.  by  W.  from  Little  Rock. 

Lebanon,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  First  settled 
about  1700.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  uneven 
—  moderately  hilly.  The  soil  is  of  a  chocolate 
color ;  —  a  rich  deep  mould,  very  fertile,  and  well 
adapted  for  grass.  Husbandry  is  the  principal 
business  of  the  inhabitants.  The  village  is  on  a 
street  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  wide,  pleasant, 
and  interesting.  30  miles  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Lebanon,  Is.,  St.  Clair  co.  71  miles  from  Spring- 
field. The  seat  of  McKendree  College.  See  Col- 
leges. 

Lebanon,  la.,  c.  h.  Boone  co.  25  miles  N.  W. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Lebanon,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Marion  co.  On  a  small 
branch  of  Salt  River.  S.  W.  by  S.  from  Frank- 
fort 59  miles. 

Lebanon,  Me.,  York  co.  This  town  is  bounded 
W.  by  Salmon  Fall  River,  on  the  line  of  New 
Hampshire.  It  is  a  large  agricultural  township, 
with  some  trade  and  manufactures.  It  lies  50 
miles  S.  W.  by  W.  from  Portland,  and  is  bound- 
ed S.  E.  by  North  Berwick. 

Lebanon,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  The  Connecticut 
and  Mascomy  Rivers  water  this  town,  and  afford 
many  valuable  mill  sites.  The  principal  village 
is  situated  on  a  plain  at  the  head  of  the  falls  of 
Mascomy  River.  It  is  a  pleasant  village,  and  has 
become  an  important  place  in  consequence  of  the 
Northern  Railroad  passing  through  it.  Olcott's 
Falls,  in  the  Connecticut,  in  this  town,  afford  a 
great  water  power,  —  40  feet  fall  in  one  mileu 
These  have  been  locked  and  canalled  by  the 
White  River  Company.  Lyrnan:s  Bridge"  con- 
nects this  town  with  Hartford,  Vt.  A  medicinal 
spring,  a  lead  mine,  and  a  vein  of  iron  ore  have 
been  discovered  here.  Lebanon  was  the  first 
town  settled  on  Connecticut  River  to  the  north  of 
Charlestown.  First  settlers,  Wm.  Downer,  Win. 
Dana,  Levi  Hyde,  Charles  Hill,  Silas  Waterman, 
and  Nathaniel  Porter.  4  miles  S.  from  Dart- 
mouth College,  and  65  N.  W.  from  Concord  by 
the  Northern  Railroad. 

Lebanon,  N.  J.,  Hunterdon  co.  The  south 
branch  of  Raritan  River  and  Spruce  Run  wa- 
ter this  town.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous  ; 
soil  rich  clay  and  loam.  40  miles  N.  by  W.  from 
Trenton. 

Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Chenango  River 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town.  The 
surface  is  hilly ;  soil  clay  loam.  10  miles  S.  from 
Morrisville,  and  103  W.  from  Albany. 

Lebanon,  0.,  c.  h.  Warren  co.  Between  two 
branches  of  Turtle  Creek,  on  a  branch  of  Little 
Miami  River,  and  85  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Co- 
lumbus. 

Lebanon  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Lebanon.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  Schuylkill  and  Berks  counties,  S.  E, 
by  Lancaster,  and  S.  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Dauphin 
co.  Drained  by  Swatara  Creek  and  branches. 
Surface  slightly  uneven  ;  soil  rich.  The  Unioa 
Canal  passes  through  this  county. 

Lebanon,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by  branches 
of  Dyberry  Creek.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  gravelly 
loam. 

Lebanon,  Te.,  c.  h.  Wilson  co.  On  a  branch  of 
Cumberland  River.  32  miles  E.  from  Nashville, 
Cumberland  University  is  located  here.  (Sec 
Colleges.)  There  is  a  large  steam  cotton  factory 
near  this  place. 

Lebanon,  Va.,  c.  h.  Russell  co.  On  a  branch  of 
Clinch  River.  325  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Richmond. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


427 


Ledyard,  Ct..  New  London  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Groton  in  1836.  It  was  formerly 
called  North  Groton.  There'is  a  pretty  village, 
of  some  thirty  houses,  at  Gale's  Ferry,  on  the 
Thames.  This  town  was  named  in  honor  of  two 
brothers,  natives  of  Groton  —  Colonel  Ledyard, 
the  brave  defender  of  Groton  Heights,  in  1781, 
and  John  Ledyard,  the  celebrated  traveller,  who 
died  at  Cairo,  in  Egypt,  in  1789,  aged  38.  John 
Ledyard  was  probably  as  distinguished  a  travel- 
ler as  can  be  found  on  record.  7  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  New  London. 

Ledyard,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Cayuga  Lake,  and  watered  by  several 
small  streams  flowing  into  it.  Surface  rolling; 
soil  fertile  clay  loam  and  marl.  12  miles  S.  W. 
from  Auburn,  and  168  W.  from  Albany. 

Lee  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Starkville.  Bounded 
X.  by  Sumptcr  co.,  E.  by  Dooly,  S.  by  Irwin  and 
Baker,  and  W.  by  Randolph  co.  Flint  River  and 
branches  water  this  county. 

Lee  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Dixon.  Bounded  N. 
by  Ogle  co.,  E.  by  De  Kalb,  S.  by  Lasalle  and 
Bureau,  and  W.  by  Whitesides.  Drained  by 
Rock,  Green,  and  Bureau  Rivers. 

Lee  County,  Iowa.  c.  h.  at  Fort  Madison.  In- 
corporated in  1837.  Bounded  N.  by  Henry  and 
Des  Moincs  counties,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  separating  it  from  Illinois,  S.  W. 
by  Des  Moines  River,  separating  it  from  Missouri, 
and  W.  by  Van  Burcn  co.  Skunk  River  runs 
on  its  N.  E.  border,  and  Sugar,  Half  breed,  and 
Lost  Creeks  drain  the  interior.  Surface  undulat- 
ing :  soil  productive. 

'Lee,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  It  lies  120  miles  N.  E. 
from  Augusta. 

Lee,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.,  was  settled  by  Mr. 
Isaac  Davis,  in  1760.  The  town  was  named  for 
General  Lee,  of  the  revolutionary  army.  It  pre- 
sents a  diversified  appearance,  and  forms  part 
of  the  intervale  between  the  Taconic  and  Green 
Mountain  ranges.  The  Green  Mountain  range 
runs  partly  within  the  eastern  limits  of  the  town ; 
these  mountains  are  for  the  most  part  of  gentle 
acclivity,  and  are  cultivated,  in  some  places,  quite 
to  their  summits.  From  the  base  of  these  moun- 
tains the  surface  is  rather  uneven,  occasionally 
rising  into  hills  of  considerable  height,  but  gen- 
erally descending,  until  it  reaches  the  plain  upon 
the  banks  of  the  Housatonic'.  At  the  N.  E. 
corner  of  the  town  enters  the  Housatonic,  and  it 
passes  out  at  the  S.  W.  corner,  dividing  the  town 
into  two  nearly  equal  parts.  It  receives,  in  its 
passage,  the  waters  of  Washington  Mountain, 
Scott's  Pond,  Greenwater  Pond,  and  Goose  Pond, 
also,  on  the  summit  of  the  mountain,  the  waters 
of  Hop  Brook,  as  well  as  several  other  streams 
of  less  size.  On  each  side  of  the  Housatonic  are 
extcn*ivc  plains  of  rich  alluvial  land.  The  soil 
of  the  uplands  is  a  loam,  interspersed  with  gravel 
and  stones.  Limestone  and  white  and  clouded 
marble  are  found  here.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  towns  in  the  county  or  state ;  its  vil- 
lages are  neat  and  handsome.  10  miles  S.  from 
Pittsticld. 

Lee,  N.  H.,  Stafford  co.  In  the  N.  part  of  this 
town  lies  Wheelwright's  Pond,  containing  about 
165  acres,  and  forming  the  principal  source  of 
Oyster  River.  This  pond  is  memorable  for  the 
battle  which  was  fought  near  it,  in  1690,  between 
a  scouting  party  of  Indians  and  two  companies 
of  rangers,  under  Captains  Floyd  and  Wiswall. 
Lamprey,  Little,  North,  and  Oyster  Rivers  water 


this  town.  31  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Concord,  and 
12  S.  W.  from  Dover. 

Lee,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Drained  by  Canada 
and  Fish  Creeks.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
sandy  loam  and  clay.  22  miles  N.  W.  from 
Utica,  and  115  from  Albany. 

Lee  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Jonesville.  Bounded 
E.  by  Russell  and  Scott  counties,  S.  by  Ten- 
nessee, and  W.  and  N.  by  Kentucky.  This  coun- 
ty is  situated  in  the  valley  between  Cumberland 
and  Powell's  Mountains,  and  is  drained  by  Pow- 
ell's River  and  branches. 

Leeds,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  This  is  a  large  and 
flourishing  agricultural  town,  finely  watered  by  a 
large  and  beautiful  pond.  The  outlet  of  this 
pond  into  the  Androscoggin  gives  the  town  a 
good  water  power,  for  saw  mills  and  other  manu- 
factories. The  villages  in  Leeds  are  very  neat 
and  pleasant.  The  soil  is  fertile  and  productive. 
Leeds  was  incorporated  in  1802.  It  lies  30  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Leesburg,  Va.,  c.  h.  Loudon  co.  On  an  ele- 
vated plain  at  the  base  of  Kittoctan  Mountains. 
14  miles  N.  from  the  Potomac  River,  and  153  N. 
from  Richmond. 

Lehigh  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Allentown.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  the  Lehigh  River,  separating  it  from 
Northampton  co.,  S.  E.  by  Bucks  co..  S.  W.  by 
Berks,  and  N.  W.  by  Carbon.  It  lies  mostly  in 
the  valley  between  South  and  Blue  or  Kittany 
Mountains.  Surface  diversified,  and  watered  by 
branches  of  the  Lehigh  River  ;  soil  very  fertile  in 
some  portions. 

Lehigh,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Bounded  W. 
by  the  Lehigh  River,  and  drained  by  Indian 
Creek,  fn  the  N.  W.  corner  of  this  town  is  the 
Lehigh  Water  Gap.  Surface  hilly  in  parts ;  soil 
calcareous  loam  and  gravel. 

Lehigh  Gap,  Pa.,  Carbon  co.  At  the  passage 
of  Lehigh  River  through  Blue  Mountain.  104 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg.  The  chasm 
through  which  the  river  here  passes  is  1200  fee* 
deep,  and  the  scenery  of  the  most  romantic  de 
scription. 

Lehighton,  Pa.,  Carbon  co.  On  an  elevated 
table  land,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Lehigh  River,  half 
a  mile  above  Mahoning  Creek,  and  96  miles  N 
E.  by  E.  from  Harrisburg,  at  the  point  of  June 
tion  of  the  Lehigh  Canal  with  the  railroad  lead 
ing  to  the  coal  miles.  The  old  Moravian  vil- 
lage of  Gnadenhutten  stood  about  three  quarters 
of  a  mile  from  this  place,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Mahoning  Creek,  and  an  old  church  is  still 
standing  on  the  spot. 

Lehman,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Watered  by  Har- 
vey's, Bowman's,  and  Mahoopeny  Cree"ks,  all 
fine  mill  streams,  and  by  Lehman's  Lake,  and 
its  outlet  Lehman's  Creek.  Surface  uneven.  121 
miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Leicester,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  first  settled 
about  the  year  1713.  It  was  at  first  called  Straw- 
berry Hill.  Its  Indian  name  was  Towtaid.  This 
town  is  situated  on  the  height  of  land  between 
the  ocean  and  Connecticut  River,  and  is  famed 
for  its  hills.  These  hills  are  of  a  strong,  deep 
soil,  rather  cold  and  wet,  but  well  adapted  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  various  grains,  grasses,  and 
fruits  common  to  the  climate.  The  most  noted 
elevations  are  Strawberry,  Indian,  Bald,  Moose, 
and  Gary's  Hills,  and  Mount  Pleasant.  The 
town  is  watered  by  springs,  rivulets,  and  several 
large  brooks,  which  take  their  rise  in  this  town, 
and  empty  into  the  Chicopee,  the  Quinebaug,  and 


428 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


the  Blackstone.  These,  with  the  aid  of  several 
large  reservoirs  which  have  been  constructed, 
afford  valuable  mill  sites.  The  village  on  Straw- 
berry Hill,  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  very 
pleasant,  and  commands  delightful  views  for 
many  miles  around.  Here  is  situated  an 
academy,  founded  in  1784.  Clappville,  a  busy, 
pleasant  village,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  lies  4 
miles  S.  from  Strawberry  Hill  village,  and  53 
W.  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

Leicester,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  the  Genesee  River.  The  surface  on  the 
W.  is  elevated,  sloping  towards  the  river ;  soil  of 
good  quality.  5  miles  W.  from  Genesee,  and  232 
from  Albany. 

Leicester,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Leicester  is  wa- 
tered by  a  river  of  its  own  name,  by  Otter  Creek, 
and  by  a  part  of  Lake  Dunmore.  These  waters 
are  too  sluggish  to  afford  the  town  much  water 
power.  The  soil  is  of  a  sandy  loam,  interspersed 
with  some  flats  of  clay.  Along  the  rivers  the 
soil  is  'rich  and  productive.  The  highlands  are 
hard  and  fit  for  grazing.  There  are  in  this  town 
several  beautiful  ponds,  which  abound  in  trout 
and  other  fish.  The  first  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1773.  by  Jeremiah  Parker,  from  Mas- 
sachusetts. 36  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and 
10  S.  by  E.  from  Middlebury.  The  Rutland 
Railroad  passes  through  this  town. 

Lemington,  Vt..  Essex  co.  This  is  a  mountain- 
ous township,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut 
River,  with  a  small  portion  of  intervale.  There 
are  several  brooks  in  the  town,  and  a  beautiful 
cascade  of  50  feet.  There  is  a  mountain  in  the 
town  called  the  "  Monadnock  of  Vermont." 
Generally  not  adapted  to  cultivation.  25  miles 
N.  from  Guildhall,  and  64  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 
Lempster,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  the  eastern  part  mountainous.  The 
soil  is  moist,  and  better  suited  for  grass  than 
grain.  The  town  is  well  watered,  although  its 
streams  are  small.  One  branch  of  Sugar,  and 
the  S.  and  W.  branches  of  Cold  River,  afford 
conveniences  for  water  machinery.  Near  the 
W.  boundary  line  is  a  pond,  320  rods  long,  and 
80  wide.  Sand  Pond  lies  in  this  town  and  Mar- 
low.  First  settlers,  emigrants  from  Connecticut, 
in  1770.  42  miles  W.  from  Concord,  and  about 
12  S.  E.  from  Newport. 

Lenaiuee  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Adrian.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Jackson  and  Washtenaw  counties,  E. 
by  Monroe  co.,  S.  by  Ohio,  and  W.  by  Hillsdale 
co.  Surface  slightly  undulating,  and  watered  by 
Raisin  and  Ottawa"  Rivers ;  soil  fertile,  consist- 
ing of  sand  and  argillaceous  loam.  Iron  ore  is 
found  here. 

Lenoir  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Kingston.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Greene  co.,  E.  by  Pitt  and  Craven,  S 
by  Jones,  and  W.  by  Duplin  and  Wayne  counties 
Watered  by  Neuse  River  and  tributaries. 

Lenoir,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Caldwell  co.  On  the  S 
side  of  Yadkin  River,  near  its  head. 

Lenox,  Ms.,  c.  h.  Berkshire  co.  It  was  first  set- 
tled in  1750,  and  received  the  family  name  of  the 
Duke  of  Richmond.  The  land  in  the  N.  and  W 
parts  is  hilly,  in  some  parts  stony,  and  in  some 
broken.  The  soil  is  more  favorable  to  grass  than 
grain.  The  town  abounds  in  limestone,  also 
various  kinds  of  marble,  and  an  abundance  of 
iron  ore.  The  Housatonic  passes  through  th< 
town  from  N.  to  S.,  and  furnishes  a  small  wate 
power.  The  centre  of  the  town  is  very  hand 
some.  It  is  built  upon  a  hill,  on  two  streets 


ntersecting  each  other  nearly  at  t  right  angles, 
jenox  has  fine  mountain  air,  and 'is  surrounded 
>y  equally  fine  mountain  scenery.  6  miles  S. 
rom  Pittsfield,  and  157  W.  from  Boston,  by 
ittsfield  and  the  W"estern  Railroad. 
Lenox,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Partly  bounded  on 
he  N.  by  Oneida  Lake,  and  is  watered  by 
^owasalon  and  Oneida  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
evel,  or  slightly  uneven  ;  the  soil  mostly  fertile. 
2  miles  N.  from  Morris ville,  and  125  W.  by  N. 
rom  Albany. 

Lenox,   Pa.,    Susquehanna    co.      Drained    by 
Funkhannock   Creek    and    branches.       Surface 
illy ;  soil   gravel   and   clay.     1 70   miles   N.  N. 
W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Leominster,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  formerly  a 
^  art  of  the  town  of  Lancaster.  The  first  house 
was  built  by  Gorham  Haughton,  in  1725.  The 
urface  is  rather  plain  than  hilly ;  the  greatest 
levation  is  Wauhnoosnook  Hill,  in  the  westerly 
>art  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  clayey,  and  gen- 
jrally  of  a  good  quality.  The  town  is  well 
watered  in  every  part  by  springs  and  rivulets. 
The  Wauhnoosnook,  a  branch  of  the  Nashua 
River,  and  the  N.  branch  of  the  Nashua  pro- 
duce fine  mill  privileges.  A  rich  alum  rock  has 
jeen  found  in  this  town.  The  village  in  the 
centre  of  the  town  makes  a  fine  appearance.  It 
ies  about  a  mile  and  a  half  S.  from  the  Fitch- 
burg  Railroad;  from  thence  to  Boston  is  43 
miles. 

Leon  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Tallahassee.  Bounded 
N.  by  Georgia.  Some  of  the  land  is  fertile. 

Leon,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Cone \vango 
Creek  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
elevated,  but  chiefly  level,  and  the  soil  produc 
tive.  310  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Leon  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Leona.  "E.  central 
part  of  the  state,  between  the  Navasota  and  Trin- 
ity Rivers. 

Leonardtown,  Md.,  c.  h.  St.  Mary's  co.  On  a 
small  branch  of  the  Potomac.  87  miles  S.  from 
Annapolis. 

Le  Ray,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by  In- 
dian and  Black  Rivers.  Surface  undulating; 
soil  easily  cultivated  and  very  productive.  153 
miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Le  Roy,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  Drained  by  Allen's 
Creek.  Mostly  a  level  town,  with  a  fertile  soil, 
yielding  large  crops  of  grain.  10  miles  E.  from 
Batavia,  and  234  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Letcher  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Whitesburg. 
Taken  mostly  from  Perry  co.,  and  incorporated 
in  1842.  Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Perry  and 
Floyd  counties,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Virginia,  and  W. 
by  the  head  branch  of  Kentucky  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Harlan  and  Perry  counties. 

Letterkenny,  Pa.,  Franklin  co.  Surface  chiefly 
level,  and  watered  by  Conedogwinit  and  Raccoon 
Creeks.  Soil  slaty.  Blue  Mountain  covers  the 
W.  part  of  this  town,  which  lies  7  miles  N.  W. 
from  Chambersburg. 

Levant,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  A  fertile  township 
on'  the  Kenduskeag.  10  miles  N.  W.  from 
Bangor. 

Ltoereti,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.,  was  formerly  a  part 
of  Sunderland.  The  surface  is  somewhat  moun- 
tainous ;  the  soil  is  strong  and  well  adapted  for 
pasturage.  The  town  is  watered  by  Roaring 
Brook,  and  several  small  streams.  Roaring 
Brook  is  a  rapid  stream,  on  which  is  a  cascade, 
and  some  wild  scenery.  10  miles  S.  E.  from 
Greenfield,  and  80  W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


429 


Lewis  County.  Ky.,  c.  h.  Clarksburg.  Bounded 
N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  Ohio,  E 
by  Green  up  co.,  S.  by  Craven  and  Fleming,  and 
W.  by  Mason  co.  Drained  by  Salt  Lick  and 
Kinniconick  Creeks,  branches  of  the  Ohio  Eiver. 

Lewis  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Waterloo.  Bounded 
N.  by  Clark  co.,  E.  by  the  Mississippi  Eiver,  S. 
by  Marion  and  Shelby  counties,  and  W.  by  Knox 
co.  Drained  by  Fabius  and  Wyaconda  Rivers, 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  excellent. 

Lewis  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Martinsburg. 
Bounded  on  the  N.  by  Jefferson  and  St.  Law- 
rence, E.  by  Herkimer,  S.  by  Oneida,  and  W.  by 
Oswego  and  Jefferson  counties.  It  is  watered  by 
Black,  Beaver,  Independence,  Moose,  Indian, 
Oswegatchie,  and  Salmon  Rivers,  and  Salmon 
and  Fish  Creeks.  Surface  hilly  and  broken  ;  soil 
diversified,  being  very  fertile  on  the  borders  of 
Black  River.  Iron  ore  and  galena  are  mined  to 
a  considerable  extent. 

Lewis,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  Watered  by  Boquet 
River  and  its  branches.  The  surface  is  diversified 
with  hills  and  mountains ;  the  soil  tolerably 
good.  10  miles  N.  from  Elizabeth,  and  141  from 
Albany. 

Lewis  County,  On.     N.  of  the  Oregon  River. 

Lewis  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Newburg.    New. 

Lewis,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  Lewis  is  an  uninhabited 
township  in  the  N.  part  of  Essex  co.  It  was 
chartered  June  29,  1762.  It  is  mountainous,  and 
has  no  streams  of  consequence  excepting  the  N. 
branch  of  Nulhegan  River,  which  crosses  the  N. 
E.  corner. 

Lewis  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Weston.  Bounded 
N.  by  Ritchie,  Harrison,  and  Barbour  counties. 
E.  by  Randolph,  S.  by  B  rax  ton  and  Kanawha, 
and  W.  by  Wood  co.  Watered  by  the  Little 
Kanawha  River  and  branches,  and  by  the  W. 
and  branches  of  the  E.  fork  of  the  Monongahela 
River.  Surface  rough  and  broken. 

Lewisboro\  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered  on 
the  W.  by  Croton  River  and  some  of  its  branch- 
es. Surface  rather  broken ;  soil  clay  and  sandy 
loam.  18  miles  N.  from  White  Plains,  and  119 
S.  from  Albany. 

Lewisburg,  Pa.,  Union  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
Susquehanna  River,  just  below  the  entrance  of 
Buffalo  Creek,  on  the  West  Branch  Canal,  and 
67  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg.  A  place  of  much 
manufacturing  business. 

Lewisburg,  Te.,  c.  h.  Marshall  co.  54  miles  S. 
of  Nashville. 

Lewisburg,  Va.,  c.  h.  Greenbrier  co.  9  miles 
W.  from  the  White  Sulphur  Springs,  and  214 
miles  W.  from  Richmond.  Here  are  the  cele- 
brated White  Sulphur  Springs  of  Virginia.  See 
Mineral  Springs. 

Lewiston,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
the  Androscoggin,  which  here  descends  47  feet  in 
the  distance  of  12  or  15  rods,  producing  a  great 
water  power,  which  is  already  availed  of  for  cot- 
ton factories,  and  which  promises  to  render  Lew- 
iston  one  of  the  great  manufacturing  towns  of 
New  England.  The  Waterville  Railroad,  branch- 
ing from  the  Portland  and  Atlantic,  passes  through 
it.  The  town  extends  along  the  river  13  miles, 
and  at  the  foot  of  the  falls  is  connected  with  Mi- 
not  by  a  bridge  1000  feet  long.  33  miles  W.  of 
N.  from  Portland. 

Lewiston,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  On  the  Niagara 
River,  opposite  Queenstown,  U.  C.,  at  the  head 
of  navigation,  7  miles  from  Lake  Ontario.  The 
surface  is  level,  with  the  exception  of  a  high  ridge 


extending  from  E.   to  W.     15   miles  W.  from 
Lockport,  and  10  by  railroad  from  Ningara  Falls, 

Lewistown,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Mifflin  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Juniata  River,  at  the  entrance  of  Kishco- 
quillas  Creek.  57  miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 
A  large  and  handsome  place,  with  streets  cross- 
ing each  other  at  right  angles.  The  Pennsyl- 
vania Canal  passes  here. 

Lewisville,  As.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.  A  few  miles 
E.  of  Red  River. 

Lexington,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Ogluthorpe  co.  70  miles 
N.  from  Milledgeville. 

Lexington,  la.,  c.  h.  Scott  co.  1 1  miles  W.  from 
the  Ohio  River,  on  the  head  branches  of  the  Mus 
catauck  Fork  of  White  River.  S.  by  E.  from 
Indianapolis  89  miles. 

Lexington,  Ky.,  city,  and  seat  of  justice  for  Fay 
ette  co.,  is  situated  on  the  Town  Fork  of  Elkhorn 
River,  24  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Frankfort,  and  74 
miles  E.  from  Louisville.  Population  7000. 

It  is  one  of  the  handsomest  places  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  state. 
The  city  is  laid  out  two  miles  square,  with  broad 
streets  intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles, 
many  of  them  paved  and  well  built.  The  main 
street  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  with  a 
width  of  80  feet.  There  are  upon  this  street  many 
splendid  buildings.  In  the  centre  of  the  city  is 
a  public  square,  upon  which  is  a  market  house, 
richly  supplied  from  the  surrounding  country. 
The  district  of  country  in  which  Lexington  is 
situated  is  highly  fertile  and  beautiful  Few  towns 
have  in  this  respect  a  more  delightful  location 
than  this.  It  has  also,  within  itself,  an  air  of  neat- 
ness, opulence,  and  repose,  which  is  grateful  to 
the  eye  and  to  the  heart  of  a  stranger.  The 
churches  and  public  edifices  are  built  mostly  of 
brick,  as  are  a  great  number  of  the  stores  and 
private  dwellings.  Besides  the  court  house  and 
county  prison,  the  city  contains  tho  buildings  of 
several  literary  arid  philanthropic  institutions, 
which  are  highly  ornamental  in  their  architectu- 
ral effect,  as  well  as  indicative  of  intelligence  and 
refinement  in  the  citizens.  Transylvania  Univer- 
sity was  established  here  by  the  legislature  of 
Kentucky,  in  1798,  and  continued,  until  within  a 
few  years,  to  be  a  state  institution.  It  has  lately 
passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church.  The  "  Transylvania  Seminary,"  which 
preceded  the  university,  and  which,  with  the  Ken- 
tucky Academy,  was  merged  in  that  institution 
when  the  state  took  it  up,  was  established  by  the 
legislature  of  Virginia  in  1780,  and  was  the  first 
literary  institution  of  the  kind  established  in  the 
west.  The  university  has  a  medical  department, 
whose  graduates  are  more  numerous  than  those 
of  any  other  institution  in  the  country,  excepting 
two  in  Philadelphia.  The  University  Hall  and 
the  Medical  Hall  are  both  beautiful  buildings. 
The  Lunatic  Asylum,  at  Lexington,  is  one  of  the 
noblest  institutions  in  the  state.  The  buildings 
are  very  extensive  and  commodious,  with  grounds 
embracing  30  acres,  handsomely  improved  and 
ornamented.  Another  handsome  edifice  is  that 
of  the  Masonic  Hall.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  city 
are  numerous  country  seats,  including  that  of 
our  late  distinguished  statesman  Henry  Clay. 
Ashland,  as  the  late  domicile  of  Mr.  Clay  is 
named,  is  on  the  turnpike  road  leading  to 
Richmond,  a  mile  and  a  half  S.  E.  of  the  court 
louse  in  Lexington.  The  house  is  a  spacious 
Drick  mansion,  with  wings,  surrounded  with  lawns 
and  pleasure  grounds,  which  are  planted  with 


430 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


almost  every  variety  of  American  shrubbery  and 
forest  trees.  The  whole  estate  consists  of  500  or 
600  acres  of  the  best  land  in  Kentucky,  upon 
which  its  distinguished  proprietor,  as  a  recreation 
amidst  the  cares  of  public  life,  bestowed  much  skil- 
ful and  successful  husbandry. 

In  the  year  1775,  a  party  of  hunters,  while 
temporarily  encamped  on  one  of  the  branches  of 
the  Elkhorn,  received  intelligence  of  the  first 
blood  shed  in  the  war  of  the  revolution,  at  the 
battle  of  Lexington.  As  expressive  of  their  deep 
interest  in  this  event,  they  gave  this  name,  ever 
after  to  be  memorable  in  their  country's  historv,  to 
the  place  of  their  encampment.  Upon  this  spot 
has  arisen  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  west  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The  settlement  com- 
menced about  four  years  later,  by  the  erection  of 
a  block  house,  and  three  rows  of  cabins,  the  two 
outer  serving  as  the  walls  of  the  fortification.  It 
was  first  incorporated  by  Virginia,  in  1782.  It 
received  its  charter  as  a  city  from  the  legislature 
of  Kentucky,  in  1831.  A  railroad,  by  way  of 
Frankfort,  connects  Lexington  with  Louisville, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  thus  establishing  an  easy  com- 
munication with  the  great  channels  of  business 
and  travel  in  the  west.  Several  fine  McAdam- 
ized  roads  diverge  from  this  city  towards  different 
sections  of  the  state. 

In  1798,  9  years  before  Fulton's  experiment 
upon  the  Hudson,  a  Mr.  West,  an  ingenious  me- 
chanic of  Lexington,  having  constructed  a'steam- 
boat  upon  a  small  scale,  tried  it  in  the  presence 
of  hundreds  of  persons,  upon  the  Town  Fork  of 
the  Elkhorn,  which  had  been  dammed  up  for  the 
purpose ;  when  it  is  said  to  have  "  moved  through 
the  water  with  great  velocity."  This  is  believed 
by  many  to  have  been  the  first  successful  illus- 
tration of  the  application  of  steam  to  navigation. 
Several  of  the  identical  parts  of  Mr.  West's  min- 
iature engine  are  now  to  be  seen  in  the  museum 
of  the  Adelphi  Society,  in  the  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity. 

Lexington,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Cambridge,  and  is  watered  by  several 
branches  of  the'  Shawsheen  River.  The  surface 
is  varied  by  hills  and  valleys,  and  the  soil  is  ren- 
dered productive  by  the  industry  and  skill  of  its 
proprietors.  There  is  considerable  woodland  in 
the  town,  and  extensive  meadows.  Lexington 
will  ever  be  an  interesting  place,  as  here  the  first 
blood  was  shed  in  the  cause  of  American  inde- 
pendence. A  monument  is  erected  on  the  village 
green,  and  on  the  site  of  the  battle.  1 1  miles  by 
railroad  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  15  S.  S.  E.  from 
Lowell. 

Lexington,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Holmes  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  a  branch  of  Yazoo  River.  62  miles  N. 
from  Jackson. 

Lexington,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Lafayette  co.  1  mile  S. 
from  the  Missouri  River,  and  132  W.  N.  W.from 
Jefferson  City. 

Lexington,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Davidson  co.  It  is  on 
the  W.  side  of  Abbott's  Creek,  a  branch  of  Yad- 
kin  River.  117  miles  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Lexington,  N.  Y.,  Greene-co.  Watered  by  Scho- 
harie  Creek  and  some  of  its  head  branches.  The 
surface  is  broken  by  the  Catskill  range  of  moun- 
tains. 28  miles  W.  from  Catskill,  and  50  S.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Lexington  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Lexington. 
Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Broad  and  Congaree  Riv- 
ers, separating  it  from  Fairfield  and  Richland 
districts,  S.  by  Orangeburg  district,  and  W.  by 


Edgefield  and  Newberry  districts.  Drained  by 
Saluda,  which  unites  with  Broad  River  on  the 
W.  border  of  this  district  to  form  the  Congaree. 
The  E.  fork  of  Edisto  River  also  runs  on  its  S. 
W.  border. 

Lexington,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Lexington  district.  On 
a  small  branch  of  Saluda  River.  12  miles  W. 
from  Columbia. 

Lexington,  Va..  Rockbridge  co.  146  miles  W. 
of  Richmond,  on  an  elevated  bank  of  the  W.  side 
of  North  River,  the  seat  of  Washington  College, 
and  of  the  Virginia  Military  Institute.  See  Col- 
leges. 

Leyden,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.,  is  a  mountainous 
township,  on  the  line  of  the  state.  It  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Bernardston.  Two  branches  of 
Deerfield  River,  Green  River,  and  Budington 
Creek  pass  through  the  town,  on  which  are  good 
sites  for  mills.  There  is  some  good  arable  land 
in  the  town,  but  the  greater  part  is  fit  only  for 
grazing.  On  Green  River  is  a  narrow,  rocky  pas- 
sage, called  the  "  Glen,"  a  curious  place,  much 
admired  for  its  romantic  scenery.  Distances,  9 
miles  N.  by  W.  from  Greenfield,  and  about  100 
W.  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Leyden,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  Black  and  Moose 
Rivers  water  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
hilly,  and  the  soil  productive.  15  miles  S.  from 
Martinsburg,  and  116  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Liberty  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Hinesville.  Bound- 
ed N.  and  N.  E.  by  Bryan  co.,  S.  E.  by  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  S.  by  Mclntosh  co.  and  the  Alatamaha 
River,  separating  it  from  Wayne  co.,  and  W.  by 
Tatnall  co.  Surface  level,  and  watered  by  Little 
Cannonchee  River  and  Taylor's  Creek. 

Liberty,  la.,  c.  h.  Union  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Silver  Creek.  72  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Liberty,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  29  miles  E.  from  Au- 
gusta, and  18  W.  S.  W.  from  Bangor. 

Liberty,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Amite  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
the  W.  fork  of  Amite  River.  101  miles  S.-S. 
W.  from  Jackson. 

Liberty,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Clay  co.  159  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Liberty,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  Watered  by  the 
Callicoon  and  other  small  tributaries  of  the  Del- 
aware River,  which  bounds  this  town  on  the  S. 
W.  Surface  mountainous ;  soil  mostly  gravelly 
loam.  15  miles  N.  W.  from  Monticello,  and  128 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Liberty,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  Watered  by  Chil- 
isquaque  and  Mahoning  Creeks.  Surface  mostly 
level ;  soil  clay. 

Liberty,  Pa.,  Tioga  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  hilly;  soil  clay  and  gravel.  123  miles 
N.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Liberty  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Liberty.  In  the  S. 
E.  angle  of  the  state.  On  Galveston  Bay  and 
both  banks  of  the  Trinity. 

Liberty,  Va.,  c.  h.  Bedford  co.  On  a  branch  of 
Otter  River.  W.  by  S.  from  Richmond  142  miles. 

Licking  County,  O.,  c.  h.at  Newark.  Bounded 
N.  by  Knox,  E.  by  Muskingum,  S.  by  Perry  and 
Fairfield,  and  W.  by  Franklin  and  Delaware 
counties  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  is  finely  watered 
by  Licking  Creek,  which  runs  through  every 
part  of  the  county.  Emigrants  from  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Virginia  settled  here  in  1800,  and  they 
were  soon  followed  by  people  from  New  England. 
Large  beds  of  iron  ore  are  found  here. 

Ligonier,  Pa.,  Westmoreland  co.  This  town 
lies  in  a  valley  watered  by  Loyahanna  Creek  and 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


43] 


branches.  Soil  calcareous  loam.  149  miles  W. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Lima,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  Honeoye  Creek 
and  one  of  its  branches  water  this  town.  Surface 
rolling ;  soil  fertile.  12  miles  N.  E.  from  Gene- 
seo,  and  213  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Lima,  0.,  c.  h.  Allen  co.  On  Ottawa  River, 
20  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  100  mil.es  N.  W. 
by  W.  from  Columbus. 

^Limerick,  Me.,  York  co.  Little  Ossipee  River 
waters  this  town.  It  lies  28  miles  W.  from  Port- 
land, 85  S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  15  N.  by  W. 
from  Alfred.  This  is  a  good  farming  town,  with 
a  pleasant  village,  and  an  academy,  incorporated 
in  1812.  The  town  was  incorporated  in  1787. 

Limerick,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Bounded  S. 
by  the  Schuylkill  River.  78  miles  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Limestone  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Athens.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Madison  co.,  S.  by  the 
Tennessee  River,  separating  it  from  Morgan  and 
Lawrence  counties,  and  W.  by  Lauderdale  co. 
Elk  River  and  its  branches,  Swan  River,  and 
Piney  and  Limestone  Creeks  drain  this  county. 

Limestone,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  A  level  town, 
watered  by  Chilisquaque  Creek  and  Limestone 
Run.  Soil  calcareous  loam.  10  miles  N.  W. 
from  Danville. 

Limestone  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Springfield.  A 
central  county.  Between  the  Brazos  and  Trinity 
Rivers. 

Limington,  Me.,  York  co.  This  town  is  bound- 
ed on  the  S.  by  Limerick,  and  is  watered  by  Saco 
River  on  the  S.  and  W.  The  town  has  a  good 
soil,  very  productive  of  hay,  wheat,  and  other 
grain.  It  lies  28  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Portland. 
Lincoln  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Lincolnton. 
Bounded  N.  by  Broad  River,  separating  it  from 
Elbert  co.,  E.  by  the  Savannah  River,  separating 
it  from  South  Carolina  by  Little  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Columbia  co.,  and  W.  by  Wilkes  co. 
Drained  by  Fishing  and  Soap  Creeks,  branches 
of  the  Savannah. 

Lincoln  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Stanford.  Bounded 
N.  by  Doyle,  E.  by  Garrard  and  Rockcastle,  S. 
by  Pulaski,  and  W.  by  Casey  co.  Watered  by 
Dick's  River  and  branches,  and  the  head  branches 
of  Green  River.  Surface  elevated  table  land. 

Lincoln  County,  Me.,  Topsham,  Wiscasset,  and 
Warren  shire  towns.  In  the  S.  W.  part  of  the 
state.  Bounded  S.  by  the  Androscoggin  and  the 
coast  between  the  Kennebec  and  the "  Penobscot, 
comprising  many  rivers,  inlets,  and  excellent  har- 
bors. The  Kennebec,  Muscongus,  Damariscotta, 
Sheepscot,  and  St.  George's  Rivers  flow  S. 
through  it.  The  soil  is  tolerably  fertile,  but 
commerce  and  the  fisheries  chiefly  engross  atten- 
tion. The  Kennebec  Railroad  passes  N.  and  S. 
through  it. 

Lincoln,  Me..  Penobscot  co.  A  large  township 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  Penobscot,  at  the  mouth  of 
Matanawcook,  where  is  a  pleasant  village.  45 
miles  N.  by  E.  from  Bangor. 

Lincoln,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Though  rough,  it 
contains  some  of  the  best  farms  in  the  county. 
Flint's  or  Sandy  Pond,  containing  about  197 
acres,  derived  its  name  from  its  being  situated 
on  the  farm  of  Ephraim  Flint,  one  of  the  ori- 
ginal owners  of  Lincoln.  It  is  a  favorite  resort 
for  pickerel.  From  the  depot  of  the  Fitchburg 
Railroad,  in  this  town,  to  the  centre  village, 
is  about  a  mile  and  a  half;  to  Boston  16£ 
miles. 


Lincoln  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Troy.  Bounded 
N.  W.  and  N.  by  Pike  co.,  E.  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  S.  by  St.  Charles  and  Warren  counties, 
and  W.  by  Montgomery  co.  Watered  by  Cuivre 
River  and  branches. 

Lincoln  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Lincolnton. 
Bounded  N.  by  Catawba  co.,  E.  by  Great  Catawba 
River,  separating  it  from  Iredeil  and  Mecklen- 
burg counties,  S.  by  South  Carolina,  and  W.  by 
Cleaveland  co.  Drained  by  Little  Catawba 
River  and  branches,  Dutchman's  Creek,  and 
Buffalo  Creek,  a  branch  of  Broad  River. 

Lincoln,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.,  is  a  mountainous 
township.  The  middle  branch  of  the  Pemige- 
wasset  passes  through  the  town.  Bog,  Fish,  and 
Loon  Ponds  are  here.  There  are  many  eleva- 
tions, of  which  Kinsman's  Mountain  is  the 
largest.  In  the  N.  part  of  the  town  are  two 
large  gulfs,  made  by  an  extraordinary  discharge 
of  water  from  the  clouds,  in  1774.  The  numer- 
ous "  slips  "  from  the  mountain  commence  near 
the  summit,  and  proceed  to  its  base,  forcing  a 
passage  through  all  obstructions.  The  soil  here 
is  poor.  Wild  animals  are  very  numerous. 
First  settlers  :  this  town  was  granted,  in  1764, 
to  James  Avery  and  others.  80  miles  N.  from 
Concord,  and  about  20  E.  from  Haverhill. 

Lincoln  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Fayetteville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Marshall  and  Bedford  counties, 
E.  by  Franklin  co.,  S.  by  Alabama.,  and  W.  by 
Giles  co.  Watered  by  Elk  River  and  branches. 

Lincoln,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Lincoln  is  consider- 
ably uneven.  The  western  part  is  watered  by 
New  Haven  River,  which  is  formed  here;  and 
several  small  branches  of  Mad  River  rise  in  the 
eastern  part.  The  timber  is  principally  hard 
wood,  with  some  tracts  of  spruce.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  about  the  year  1790.  The 
first  settlers  were  mostly  Quakers.  21  miles  S.  W. 
from  Montpelier,  and  15  N.  E.  from  Middlebury. 

Lincolnton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Lincoln  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Little  Catawba  River.  172  miles  W. 
by  S.  from  Raleigh. 

"  Lincolnville,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Penobscot  Bay.  10  miles  S.  from  Belfast  and 
51  E.  from  Augusta. 

Linden,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Marengo  co.  8  miles  E.  from 
Tombigbee  River,  on  the  S.  side  of  Chickasaw 
Bogue  Creek.  S.  by  W.  from  Tuscaloosa  80  miles. 

Lindley,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by  Tioga 
River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  sandy  loam  and  clay 
The  Corning  and  Blossburg  Railroad  passes 
through  the  centre  of  this  town.  25  miles  S.  E 
from  Bath,  and  221  from  Albany. 

Linklean,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  by 
some  tributaries  of  Ostelic  River.  Surface  slight- 
ly uneven ;  soil  argillaceous  loam.  1 8  miles  N.  W 
from  Norwich,  and  110  W.  from  Albany. 

Linn  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  Incorporated 
in  1837.  Bounded  N.  by  Buchanan  and  Dela- 
ware, E.  by  Jones,  S.  by  Johnson,  and  W.  by 
Benton  co.  Watered  by  Wabesipinica  River, 
Buffalo  Creek,  and  the  Cedar  Fork  of  Iowa  River. 
Surface  slightly  undulating  ;  soil  excellent. 

Linn  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Linneus.  Bounded 
N.  by  Sullivan,  E.  by  Macon,  S.  by  Chariton, 
and  W.  by  Livingston  and  Grundy  counties 
Watered  by  Locust  and  Yellow  Creeks. 

Linn,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Osage  co. 

Linneus,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Linn  co. 

Lisbon,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  This  town  is  7 
miles  N.  from  Norwich,  from  which  it  was  taken 
in  1786.  It  is  watered  by  Quinebaug  and  She- 


432 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c. 


tucket  Rivers,  which  unite  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
town.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  sandy  loam, 
with  some  alluvial  meadow.  This  is  an  excellent 
farming  town. 

Lisbon,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
the  Androscoggin,  6  miles  below  Lewiston  Falls. 
There  are  also  falls  here,  called  the  Five  Miles 
Falls.  There  are  some  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  wool,  and  many  saw  mills.  30  miles  S. 
S.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Lisbon,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.,  is  watered  by  Amo- 
noosuck  River  and  several  smaller  streams.  Here 
are  several  ponds  ;  the  most  noted  is  called  Mink, 
and  affords  mill  sites  at  its  outlet.  The  meadows 
on  Amonoosuck  are  generally  very  productive ; 
the  plain  land  has  a  light,  thin  soil,  requiring  con- 
siderable manure  to  make  it  productive ;  and  the 
uplands  have  a  strong,  good  soil,  which  affords 
many  good  farms.  Blueberry  Mountain  is  the 
principal  elevation.  Large  quantities  of  iron  ore 
and  of  limestone  are  found  here.  Franconia 
Iron  Works  receive  their  supply  of  ore  from  this 
town.  This  town  was  called  Concord  until 
1824.  First  settlers:  Lisbon  was  granted,  in 
1763,  to  Joseph  Burt  and  others.  20  miles  N.  E. 
from  Haverhill,  and  95  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Lisbon,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  W.  by  the  St.  Lawrence  River ;  and  wa- 
tered by  Grass  River  and  several  small  streams. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  fertile  and  heavily  tim- 
bered. Isle  au  Gallope,  lying  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence, belongs  to  this  town.  10  miles  N.  W. 
from  Canton,  and  211  from  Albany. 

Lisle,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  Watered  by  Tiough- 
nioga  River  and  some  of  its  branches.  Surface 
undulating;  soil  well  adapted  for  grazing.  18 
miles  N.  from  Binghampton,  and  140  S.  of  W. 
from  Albany. 

Litchfield  County,  Ct.,  c.  h.  at  Litchfield. 
This  is  the  largest  and  most  elevated  county  in 
the  state.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in  some 
parts  mountainous ;  the  soil  is  chiefly  a  gravelly 
loam,  under  good  cultivation,  and  very  produc- 
tive of  butter,  cheese,  beef,  and  pork.  It  abounds 
in  iron  ore,  which  is  extensively  manufactured. 
This  county  is  watered  by  numerous  ponds,  by 
the  beautiful  Housatonic,  and  by  many  rivers 
rising  in  the  high  grounds.  The  streams  give  a 
valuable  water  power,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
turing establishments  are  found  in  almost  every 
town.  Litchfield  county  was  incorporated  in 
1751.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Berkshire  co.,  Ms.,  E. 
by  Hartford  and  New  Haven  counties,  S.  by  the 
counties  of  New  Haven  and  Fail-field,  and  W.  by 
the  state  of  New  York. 

Litckfidd,  Ct.,  c.  h.  Litchfield  co.  This 
town,  the  Indian  Bantam,  is  elevated,  and  its 
surface  presents  a  diversity  of  hills  and  valleys. 
Bantam  was  first  settled  in  1720,  and  incorpora- 
ted by  its  present  name  in  1734.  The  soil  is 
a  gravelly  loam,  deep,  strong,  and  admirably 
adapted  for  grazing.  Great  Pond  is  a  beautiful 
sheet  of  water ;  it  comprises  an  area  of  900  acres, 
and  is  the  largest  pond  in  the  state.  The  wa- 
ters of  the  Naugatuck,  Shepung,  and  Bantam 
give  the  town  a  good  water  power. 

Litchfield  village,  on  "Litchfield  Hill,"  is  a 
delightful  place.  It  is  situated  on  an  elevated 
plain,  surrounded  by  interesting  scenery,  and 
affords  extensive  prospects.  In  the  W.  part  of 
the  town,  Mount  Tom  rears  a  front  of  700  feet 
above  the  Naugatuck,  presenting  a  panoramic 
landscape  of  great  beauty  and  vast  extent.  Near 


this  town  is  a  mineral  spring  "  which  is  saturated 
with  iron  and  sulphur."  A  law  school  of  great 
respectability  was  established  in  this  town,  by 
the  Hon.  Tapping  Reeve,  in  1784.  30  miles  W. 
from  Hartford. 

Litchfield,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Grayson  co.  109  milea 
S.  W.  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Litchfield,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  A  good  farming 
township.  16  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Litchfield,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.,  is  a  small,  fer- 
tile township  on  the  E.  bank  of  Merrimac  River. 
It  has  an  excellent  soil.  There  are  2  ferries  — 
Thornton's,  on  the  post  road  from  Amherst  to 
Portsmouth,  and  Read's,  3  miles  above.  This 
town  was  originally  known  by  the  Indian  name 
of  Natticott,  and  by  the  English  one  of  Bremen's 
Farm.  8  miles  E.  from  Amherst,  and  30  S.  by  E. 
from  Concord.  The  Concord  Railroad  passes 
on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  where  there  is 
a  station. 

Litchfield,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Drained  by 
one  of  the  head  branches  of  the  Unadilla,  and 
several  small  tributaries  of  the  Mohawk  River. 
Surface  hilly;  soil  calcareous  loarn.  10  miles 
S.  W.  from  Herkimer,  and  83  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Litchfield,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  Surface  hilly,  and 
drained  by  branches  of  Wepassining  Creek ;  soil 
gravelly  loam.  156  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Little  Compton,  R.  I.,  Newport  co.  This  very- 
pleasant  town,  the  Indian  Seaconnet,  lies  on  the 
ocean,  at  the  eastern  entrance  into  Narraganset 
Bay.  The  soil  of  the  town  is  uncommonly  fertile. 
Seaconnet  Rocks,  at  the  south-eastern  extremity 
of  the  town,  where  a  breakwater  has  been  erected 
by  government,  are  well  known  to  sailors,  and 
memorable  as  the  place  where  a  treaty  was  made 
between  the  English  and  the  queen  of  the  power- 
ful Seaconnet  tribe  in  1674.  That  tribe  is  now 
extinct.  Seaconnet  Rocks  are  their  only  monu- 
ment. Little  Compton  is  becoming  celebrated 
as  a  place  of  resort,  in  summer  months,  for  sea 
air  and  bathing,  and  very  justly  so,  for  very  few 
parts  of  our  coast  exhibit  a  more  interesting 
location.  9  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Newport. 

Little  Beaver,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  A  branch  of 
Little  Beaver  Creek  waters  this  town.  Surface 
undulating ;  soil  rich  calcareous  loam. 

Little  Falls,  N.  J.,  Passaic  co.  The  Passaic 
River  has  a  fall  of  33  feet  at  this  place,  affording 
great  hydraulic  power.  The  Morris  Canal  passes 
here.  79  miles  N.  E.  by  E.  from  Trenton. 

Little  Rock,  As.  Capital  of  the  state,  and  seat 
of  justice  of  Pulaski  co.  On  the  S.  side  of  the 
Arkansas  River,  about  150  miles  from  its  mouth, 
where  it  enters  the  Mississippi.  The  river  is 
navigable  for  steamboats  to  this  place  at  all 
stages  of  the  water.  The  town  is  built  upon  a 
high  bluff,  from  1 50  to  200  feet  above  the  river. 
It  is  said  to  be  the  first  place  above  the  moutH 
of  the  river  in  which  rocks  are  found.  It  Ji  laid 
out  upon  a  regular  plan,  and  contains  i,ne  state 
house,  court  house,  jail,  and  other  public  offices 
for  the  state  and  county,  a  United  States  arsenal, 
a  United  States  land  office,  a  penitentiary,  and 
churches  of  all  the  principal  denominations. 
This  place  was  laid  out  and  settled  in  1820. 

Littleton,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  Littleton  extends 
on  the  Connecticut  River  about  14  miles.  There 
are  3  bridges  over  the  river.  The  beautiful  Con- 
necticut, in  passing  down  the  rapids  called  Fif- 
teen Mile  Falls,  extending  the  whole  length  of 
Littleton,  runs  in  foaming  waves  for  miles  to- 
gether, which  renders  it  impossible  to  ascend  or 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


descend  with  boats  in  safety.  The  Amonoosuck 
waters  the  S.  part,  having  on  its  banks  small 
tracts  of  excellent  intervale.  The  principal  vil- 
lage is  on  this  river,  and  is  called  Glynville. 
Raspberry.  Black,  Palmer's,  and  Iron  Mountains 
are  the  most  prominent  elevations.  Near  Amo- 
noosuck River  is  a  mineral  spring,  the  water  of 
which  is  said  to  be  similar  to  the  Congress  Spring 
at  Saratoga.  Hone  slate  is  found  here  in  great 
abundance  and  purity.  Littleton  is  an  important 
point  for  travellers  passing  from  the  Connecticut 
River  to  and  from  the  White  Mountains.  First 
settler,  Captain  Nathan  Caswell,  about  1774.  30 
miles  N.  by  E.  from  Haverhill,  and  100  N.  N.  W. 
from  Concord. 

Littleton,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  township 
was  granted  in  1714,  and  named  for  George  Lit- 
tleton, a  member  of  the  British  parliament.  Its 
Indian  name  was  Nashobah.  The  surface  is  pleas- 
antly variegated,  containing  a  number  of  beauti- 
ful ponds ;  the  soil  is  not  very  strong.  There  are 

2  pleasant  villages  in  the  town.     The  Fitchburg 
Railroad  passes  through  the  town.  13  miles  N.  W'. 
from  Concord,  and  31  k  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Livermore,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  A  good  township 
of  land  on  both  sides  of  the  Androscoggin,  with 

3  pleasant  villages  and  falls  on  the  river,  produ- 
cing a  large  water  power.     25  miles  W.  from 
Augusta. 

Liverpool,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Onandaga  Lake,  in  the  township  of  Salina,  5 
miles  N.  of  Syracuse.  Incorporated  as  a  village 
in  1830.  The  principal  business  of  the  village 
is  the  manufacture  of  fine  salt  from  the  saline 
springs  situated  here,  and  belonging  to  the  state, 
from  which  vast  quantities  are  produced.  See 
Salina.  The  Oswego  Canal  passes  through  this 
place.  136  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Liverpool,  0.,  Medina  co.  125  miles  N.  E.  by  N. 
from  Columbus.  A  flourishing  place,  with  salt 
springs,  a  petroleum  spring,  and  iron  ore. 

Liverpool,  Pa.,  Perry  co.  Bounded  E.  by  the 
Susquehanna  River,  and  watered  by  a  small 
creek  flowing  into  it.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  slate 
and  gravel  on  the  hills,  and  calcareous  loam  in 
the  valleys.  29  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Livingston,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Sumpter  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Sucarnaehee  River.  68  miles  S.  W.  from 
Tuscaloosa. 

LivingstonCounty,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Pontiac.  Bounded 
N.  by  Lasalle  and  Grundy  counties,  E.  and  S.  by 
Vermilion  and  McLean,  and  W.  by  Woodford 
co.  Watered  by  Vermilion  River  and  tributa- 
ries. Surface  slightly  undulating ;  soil  fertile. 

Livingston  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Salem. 
Bounded  E.  by  Crittenden  and  Caldwell,  S.  by 
Marshall  and  McCracken  counties,  and  W.  and 
N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  Illinois. 
Tennessee  River  runs  on  its  S.  border,  and  Cum- 
berland River  passes  through  it.  Surface  mostly 
level ;  soil  fertile. 

Livingston  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Springfield. 
Bounded  N.  by  St.  Helena  parish,  E.  by  St. 
Tammany,  S.  by  St.  John  Baptist  and  Ascen- 
sion, and  W.  by'East  Baton  Rouge  parish.  Wa- 
tered on  its  S.  E.  border  by  Lakes  Maurepas  and 
Pontchartrain.  and  on  its  S.  and  W.  by  Amite 
River,  flowing  into  Lake  Maurepas.  Drained  by 
small  rivers  flowing  into  the  lakes. 

Livingston  County,  Mn..  c.  h.  at  Howell.  Bounded 

N.  by  Shiawassee  and  Genesee  counties,  E.  by 

Oakfand,  S.  by  Washtenaw,  and  W.  by  Ingham 

co.     Watered  by  Shiawassee,  Cedar,  and  Huron 

55 


Rivers.  Surface  slightly  undulating  ;  soil  fertile. 
Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  S.  E.,  and  salt  in  the 
central  portions. 

Livingston  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Chillicothe. 
Bounded  N.  by  Grundy,  E.  by  Linn  and  Chariton, 
S.  by  Carroll,  and  W.  by  Caldwell  and  Daviess 
counties.  Watered  by  Grand  River  and  tribu- 
taries. Surface  level ;"  soil  of  fine  quality. 

Livingston,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  Bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Passaic  River,  and  drained  by  small 
streams  flowing  into  it.  Surface  mountainous 
and  uneven,  except  on  the  border  of  the  Passaic. 
9  miles  N.  W.  from  Newark,  and  58  N.  E.  from 
Trenton. 

Livingston  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Geneseo. 
Formed  from  Ontario  and  Genesee  counties  in 
1821.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Monroe,  E.  by  On- 
tario, S.  by  Alleghany  and  Steuben,  and  W.  by 
Genesee  and  Wyoming  counties,  and  watered  by 
Genesee  River.  Canaseraga  Creek,  and  Coneseus 
and  Hemlock  Lakes,  with  their  outlets.  Surface 
much  diversified  ;  soil  mostly  of  good  quality, 
and  in  the  Genesee  valley  very  fertile.  Gypsum 
and  bog  iron  ore  exist  here  in  large  quantities, 
and  the  Avon  Sulphur  Springs  have  long  been 
celebrated.  The  Genesee  Valley  Canal  and  a 
side  branch  pass  through  this  county. 

Livingston,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  the  Hudson,  and  watered  by  Ancram  or 
Roeliff  Jansen's  Creek.  The  surface  is  varied ; 
soil  gravel,  clay,  and  loam,  based  upon  lime  and 
slate.  10  miles  S.  from  Hudson. 

Livingston,  Te.,  c.  h.  Overton  co.  100  miles  E. 
by  N.  from  Nashville. 

Livonia,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  Watered  by 
the  outlet  of  Hemlock  Lake  and  a  few  small 
streams  flowing  W.  into  Coneseus  Lake.  Surface 
slightly  uneven  ;  soil  productive.  8  miles  E. 
from  Geneseo,  and  217  W.  from  Albany. 

Locke,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by  the 
inlet  of  Owasco  Lake.  The  surface  is  hilly; 
soil  gravelly  loam,  based  upon  slate.  20  miles 
S.  from  Auburn,  and  153  W.  from  Albany. 

Lockhaven,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Clinton  co.  On  "the  S. 
side  of  Susquehanna  River.  107  miles  N.  W. 
by  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Lockport,  Is.,  Will  co.  On  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal.  34  miles  W.  from  Chicago, 
and  170  N.  E.  by  N.  from  Springfield.  It  is  at 
the  termination  of  the  lake  level,  and  here  the 
canal  has  a  fall  of  20  feet,  by  two  locks.  From 
the  surplus  water  of  the  canal,  and  likewise  of  the 
Des  Plaines  River,  which  has  a  fall  of  15  feet  at 
this  place,  a  large  amount  of  hydraulic  power  is 
obtained. 

Lockport,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Niagara  co.  It  is  watered 
by  Tonawanda  and  a  branch  of  Eighteen  Mile 
Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly  ;  soil  sandy  and  cal- 
careous loam.  This  town  contains  several  large 
quarries  of  fine  building  stone.  277  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Albany. 

Lodi,  N.  J.,  Bergen  co.  This  town  is  bounded 
E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Hackensack,  and  W.  and 
S.  W.  by  the  Passaic  River.  Surface  level.  5 
miles  S.  W.  from  Hackensack. 

Lodi,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.  On  the  E.  shore  of 
Seneca  Lake.  Watered  by  several  streams  flow- 
ing into  Seneca  and  Cayuga  Lakes.  Surface 
rolling ;  soil  clay  loam,  based  upon  lime  and 
slate.  20  miles  S.  from  Waterloo,  and  175  W 
from  Albany. 

Logan  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Postville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tazewell  and  De  Witt  counties,  E.  by  De 


434 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c.t 


Witt  and  Macon,  S.  by  Sangamon,  and  W.  by 
Menard  and  Mason  counties.  Drained  by  Sugar 
Creek  and  other  branches  of  Sangamon  Kiver. 
Surface  level,  including  much  prairie  land. 

Logan  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Russelville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Muhleuburg  and  Butler  counties,  E.  by 
Simpson  co.,  S.  by  Tennessee,  and  W.  by  Todd 
co.  Watered  by  branches  of  Green  and  Cum- 
berland Rivers.  Surface  table  land. 

Logan  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Bellefontaine.  Hardin 
co.  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Union  on  the  E.,  Cham- 
paign on  the  S.,  and  Shelby  on  the  W.  Miami 
and  Mad  Rivers,  Boques,  Mill,  and  Darby  Creeks 
rise  here,  and  water  the  land,  which  is  level  and 
fertile.  This  county  was  named  for  General 
Logan,  of  Kentucky,  and  was  organized  in  1818. 
The  first  settlers  came  from  North  Carolina, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Kentucky,  about  the  year 
1806. 

Logan,  0.,  c.  h.  Hocking  co.  On  the  N.  bank 
of  Hockhocking  River,  1  mile  below  the  Great 
Falls.  It  was  laid  out  in  1816,  and  is  46  miles 
S.  E.  from  Columbus,  and  18  S.  E.  from  Lan- 
caster. 

Logan,  Pa,,  Clinton  co.  Watered  by  Big  Fish- 
ing Creek.  Surface  mountainous ;  soil  calcare- 
ous loam  in  the  valleys.  20  miles  N.  E.  from 
Bellefontaine. 

Logan  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Logan.  Bounded 
N.  by  Cabell  and  Kanawha  counties,  E.  by  Fay- 
ette  and  Mercer,  S.  by  Tazewell,  and  W.  by  the 
Tug  Fork  of  Sandy  River,  separating  it  from 
Kentucky,  and  by  Wayne  co.  Drained  by  Guy- 
andotte  and  Coal  Rivers.  Surface  rough  and 
uneven. 

Logan,  Va.,  c.  h.  Logan  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Guyandotte  River.  351  miles  W.  from  Richmond. 

Logansport,  la.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Cass 
co.  Situated  on  the  Wabash  River,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  Eel  River.  68  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 
The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  passes  through  it, 
giving  it  a  fine  advantage  of  position  for  busi- 
ness. It  has  a  valuable  water  power,  on  which 
are  several  flouring  mills  and  saw  mills.  The 
site  of  the  town  is  on  ground  gradually  rising 
from  the  junction  of  the  rivers,  where  it  is  about 
10  feet  above  high- water  mark,  for  the  distance 
of  100  rods,  to  an  elevation  of  30  or  40  feet, 
which  is  about  the  altitude  of  the  highest  bluffs 
along  the  Wabash  River.  Bridges  here  cross 
both  the  Wabash  and  Eel  Rivers.  The  town 
contains  a  court  house,  jail,  an  academy,  and 
churches  of  the  leading  Christian  denominations. 
It  promises  to  become  one  of  the  principal  towns 
in  northern  Indiana; 

London,  O.,  c.  h.  Madison  co.  27  miles  W.  by 
S.  fj-om  Columbus. 

Londonderry,  N.  H..  Rockingham  co.,  adjoins 
the  E.  line  of  the  county  of  Hillsboro'.  This 
town  has  a  very  fertile  "soil,  and  contains  but 
little  waste  land.  The  principal  stream  is  Beaver 
River,  issuing  from  Beaver  Pond,  a  beautiful 
body  of  water,  nearly  circular  in  form,  and  about 
300  rods  in  diameter.  3  miles  N.  W.  from  this 
pond  are  3  other  small  ponds,  Scoby's,  Upper, 
and  Lower  Shields.  Small  streams  issuing  from 
these  unite  and  fall  into  Beaver  River,  on  which 
are  extensive  and  valuable  meadows.  There  are 
several  other  ponds  in  the  town.  Londonderry 
was  settled  in  1719,  by  a  colony  of  Presbyterians 
from  the  vicinity  of  the  city  of  Londonderry,  in 
the  north  of  Ireland.  16  families,  accompanied 
by  Rev.  James  McGregor,  on  the  day  of  their 


arrival  performed  religious  services  under  an 
oak,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Beaver  Pond.  They  in- 
troduced the  culture  of  the  potato,  a  vegetable 
till  then  unknown  in  New  England  ;  also  the 
manufacture  of  linen  cloth.  In  1828  part  of  this 
town  was  taken  to  form  Derry.  26  miles  S.  S.E. 
from  Concord,  and  35  S.  W.  from  Portsmouth. 

Londonderry,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Surface  level, 
and  watered  by  Doe  Run,  a  branch  of  Brandy- 
wine  River,  and  by  the  head  branches  of  Elk  and 
White  Clay  Creeks.  Soil  sandy  loam. 

Londonderry,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Watered  by 
Conewago  and  Spring  Creeks,  the  latter  afford- 
ing water  power.  Surface  somewhat  hilly ;  soil 
gravel  and  calcareous  loam.  14  miles  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Londonderry,  Pa.,  Lebanon  co.  Bounded  N. 
by  Swatara  Creek,  and  drained  by  Conewago 
and  Quitapahilla  Creeks  and  Klinger^s  Run.  Sur- 
face hilly  on  the  N.  and  S.,  but  more  level  in 
the  central  portions.  Soil  gravel  and  calcareous 
loam.  8  miles  S.  W.  from  Lebanon. 

Londonderry,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  West  River 
passes  through  this  town,  and  receives  several 
tributaries  in  it.  The  land  on  the  streams  is  rich 
and  fertile;  the  uplands  are  good  for  grazing, 
except  those  parts  that  are  mountainous.  There 
are  in  this  town  2  pleasant  villages.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  in  1774,  by  people  from 
Londonderry,  N.  H.  28  miles  S.  W.  from  Wind- 
sor, and  30  N.  E.  from  Bennington. 

London  Grove,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by 
White  Clay  Creek  and  branches.  Surface  un- 
dulating; soil  calcareous  loam.  71  miles  E.  by 
S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  Shrewsbury,  Monmouth 
co.  A  long  beach,  on  the  Atlantic,  50  miles  E. 
from  Trenton,  a  place  of  fashionable  resort  for 
persons  seeking  the  recreations  of  sea  air  and 
bathing. 

Long  Lake,  N.  Y.,  Hamilton  co.  The  territory 
of  this  large  town  is  mostly  a  wilderness,  wa- 
tered by  numerous  streams  and  lakes.  The  sur- 
face is  somewhat  uneven ;  soil  tolerably  fertile. 
35  miles  N.  from  Lake  Pleasant,  and  100  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Longmeadow,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  This  town 
was  formerly  the  second  parish  of  Springfield. 
It  was  first  settled  about  1644,  and  derived  its 
name  from  the  long  meadow  within  the  town. 
Its  Indian  name  was  Massacsick.  Longmeadow 
is  finely  located  on  the  eastern  bank  of  Connecti- 
cut River,  and  has  some  rich  meadow  land.  The 
town  is  watered  by  some  small  streams.  The 
village  is  delightfully  situated  about  a  mile 
from  the  river ;  it  is  built  on  one  wide,  level  street, 
beautifully  shaded  by  tall  native  elms.  The 
Hartford  and  Springfield  Railroad  passes  through 
here,  about  21  miles  from  Hartford  :  to  Spring- 
field it  is  4  miles,  and  from  Springfield  to  Bos- 
ton, by  the  Western  Railroad,  it  is  98  miles. 

Long  Swamp,  Pa..  Berks  co.  Drained  by  Lit- 
tle Lehigh  River.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  gravel  and 
calcareous  loam.  72  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Lorain  County,  O.,  is  bounded  N.  by  Lake 
Erie,  E.  by  Cuyahoga  and  Medina  counties,  S. 
by  Wayne  and  Richland,  and  W.  by  Huron  co. 
The  branches  of  Black  River  and  Beaver  Creek 
rise  in  the  county.  It  was  organized  in  1824,  and 
has  a  rich,  productive  soil.  The  fall  in  Black 
River  furnishes  the  county  with  an  immense  wa- 
ter  power. 


IN  THE  tp^ITED   STATES. 


435 


Lorraine,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by 
Sandy  Creek  and  its  branches.  Surface  hilly  ; 
soil  sandy  loam  and  clay.  15  miles  S.  from  Wa- 
tertown,  and  145  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Los  Angelos  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Puebla  de  Los 
Angelos.  In  the  S.  part  of  the  state. 

Los  Angelos,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Los  Angelos  co.  Former 
Mexican  capital  of  California. 

London,  N.  H.,  Merritnac  co.  Suncook  River 
passes  through  Loudon,  furnishing  valuable  mill 
privileges.  There  is  'some  good  intervale  on  its 
borders.  Loudon  was  originally  a  part  of  Can- 
terbury, and  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Merrimac  Riv- 
er. First  settlers,  Abraham  and  Jethro  Batchel- 
der  and  Moses  Ordway.  About  10  miles  N.  E. 
from  the  state  house  in  Concord. 

Loudon  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Leesburg.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  the  Potomac  River,  separating  it  from 
Maryland,  S.  E.  by  Fairfax  co.,  S.  W.  by  Prince 
William  and  Fauquier,  and  N.  W.  by  Clarke  and 
Jefferson  counties.  Drained  by  Killoctan  and 
Goose  Creeks,  and  branches,  which  afford  good 
water  power.  Surface  mountainous,  the  Blue 
Ridge  lying  on  the  N.  W.  border.  Soil  of  vari- 
ous qualities. 

Louisa  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Wappello.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Johnson  and  Muscatine  counties,  E.  by 
the  Mississippi  River,  separating  it  from  Illinois, 
S.  by  Des  Moines  and  Henry,  and  W.  by  Wash- 
ington co.  Drained  by  Iowa  River  and  branches, 
which  afford  hydraulic  power.  Soil  of  fine  quali- 
ty, especially  on  the  borders  of  the  rivers. 

Louisa,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Lawrence  co.  Located  on 
the  W.  side  of  Big  Sandy  River.  158  miles  E. 
from  Frankfort. 

Louisa  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Louisa  Court 
House.  Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Pamunky 
River,  separating  it  from  Orange  and  Spottsylva- 
nia  counties,  S.  E.  by  Hanover,  S.  W.  by  Gooch- 
land  and  Fluvanna,  and  N.  W.  by  Albemarle  co/ 

Louisburg,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Tar  River.  36  miles  N.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Louisville,  As.,  c.  h.  Lafayette  co. 

Louisvilk,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  On  Rocky 
Comfort  Creek,  just  above  its  junction  with 
Ogeechee  River,  and  53  miles  E.  from  Milledge- 
ville. 

Louisville,  Ky.  City,  port  of  entry,  and  seat 
of  justice  of  Jefferson  co.  It  is  52  miles  W.  by 
N.  from  Frankfort,  the  capital  of  the  state.  The 
population  in  1800  was  800;  1810,  1357;  1820, 
4012;  1830,  10,336;  1840,  21,210;  1850,  43,000. 
Louisville  is  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Ohio 
River,  at  the  head  of  the  rapids.  Opposite  to  the 
city  the  river  is  a  mile  wide,  and  for  many  miles 
above  spreads  out  into  a  most  beautiful  sheet  of 
water.  The  city  is  built  on  a  gradual  ascent  from 
the  river,  about  75  feet  above  low-water  mark, 
with  streets  running  parallel  to  the  river,  nearly 
E.  and  W.,  from  60  to  120  feet  wide,  intersected 
at  right  angles  by  streets  running  up  from  the 
river,  which  are  uniformly  60  feet  wide.  The 
areas  enclosed  by  the  intersecting  streets  are 
420  feet  square ;  which,  however,  are  in  most  in- 
stances subdivided  by  narrower  streets  and  alleys. 
The  public  buildings  of  Louisville  are,  many  of 
them,  of  the  most  convenient  and  elegant  con- 
struction. The  City  Hall,  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  municipal  courts  and  offices,  is  a  spacious 
and  magnificent  building.  The  city  and  county 
prison  is  constructed  on  the  most  approved  mod- 
el of  modern  improvements,  combining  health, 
convenience,  and  security. 


The  Marine  Hospital  is  a  fine  building,  erected 
in  1820,  by  a  grant  of  $40,000  from  the  state ;  a 
donation  for  the  site,  containing  about  7£  acres  of 
ground,  having  been  made  by  two  noble-minded 
citizens.  The  establishment  is  well  endowed, 
admirably  regulated,  and  abundantly  sufficient 
for  all  the  purposes  of  its  design.  There  is  in 
Louisville  a  Medical  Institute,  which  is  well  fur- 
nished with  books  and  apparatus,  and  has  been 
m  very  successful  operation  for  a  number  of 
years.  There  is  here  a  school  for  the  blind,  en- 
dowed by  the  state.  There  are  two  orphan  asy- 
lums, and  a  Magdalen  asylum  ;  a  city  workhouse, 
a  hospital,  a  prison,  several  markets,  and  banking 
houses.  It  has  several  spacious  hotels,  which  are 
among  the  best  in  the  country.  Some  of  the 
church  edifices  are  fine  specimens  of  architecture, 
of  which  there  are  in  the  city  3  Presbyterian,  6 
Methodist,  4  Baptist,  1  Campbellite  Baptist,  2 
Episcopal,  2  Roman  Catholic,  1  Friends,  1  Uni- 
tarian, 1  Universalist,  several  colored  churches, 
I  free  church,  and  a  Jews'  synagogue.  The 
Mercantile  Library  Association  has  a  library  of 
between  4000  and  5000  volumes.  The  Kentucky 
Historical  Society  has  accumulated  a  large  and 
valuable  collection  of  books,  pamphlets,  and  man- 
uscript documents,  connected  with  the  settlement 
and  history  of  the  state.  An  Agricultural  and 
a  Horticultural  Society  have  been  organized. 
The  system  of  free  schools  was  introduced 
into  Louisville  earlier  than  any  where  else 
west  of  the  mountains ;  and  the  city  is  well 
provided  with  the  means  of  education,  which 
are  open  to  children  of  every  age,  and  of  all 
classes.  Large  banking  facilities  have  been 
provided. 

The  principal  business  of  Louisville  is  foreign 
and  domestic  commerce.  It  is  extensively  re- 
sorted to  by  merchants  from  the  river  towns 
above  and  below,  and  from  the  interior  of  the 
adjacent  states,  as  .an  eligible  wholesale  market 
for  dry  goods  and  groceries.  In  this  commerce 
are  employed  more  than  300  steamboats,  besides 
boats  of  other  descriptions  with  which  the  western 
rivers  are  navigated.  The  import  and  export 
trade  of  Louisville,  in  1850,  amounted  to  near 
$50,000,000.  The  exports  consist  of  tobacco,  bag- 
ging, and  bale  rope,  pork,  lard,  bacon,  flour,  whis- 
key, feathers,  flaxseed,  beeswax,  and  live  stock :  to 
which  should  be  added  steam  engines,  sugar  mills, 
and  various  kinds  of  machinery  manufactured 
here.  There  are  several  large  founderies  and  ma- 
chine shops,  in  which  engines  and  machinery  of 
the  best  description  are  produced.  Many  steam- 
boats of  the  largest  class,  every  year,  are  built 
at  Louisville  and  the  adjoining  towns,  and  fur- 
nished with  engines  from  these  establishments. 
Two  extensive  steam  bagging  factories  are  in 
full  operation,  and  several  ropewalks,  converting 
tons  of  raw  hemp  daily  into  bagging,  cordage, 
and  bale  rope.  There  are  manufactories  of  cot- 
ton and  woollen;  a  number  of  flouring  mills, 
breweries,  and  distilleries.  White  lead,  linseed 
and  lard  oil,  starch  and  hydraulic  cement,  tobac- 
co, snuff,  cigars,  &c.,  are*  manufactured  here  in 
large  quantities.  The  book  trade,  printing,  bind- 
ing, and  paper  making,  are  carried  on  with  great 
energy  and  success.  All,  or  nearly  all,  these 
branches  of  manufacture  are  rapidly  extending 
their  business. 

The  city  is  abundantly  supplied  with  excellent 
water,  and  gas  works  have  been  established  for 
lighting  the  city 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,    TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


The  greatest  falls  in  the  Ohio  River  are  those 
just  below  this  city ;  which  are  caused  by  a  bed  of 
limestone  extending  across  the  river,  over  which 
the  waters  pour  with  a  broken  and  irregular 
current,  for  a  distance  of  2  miles,  making  a  de- 
scent of  22  feet,  and,  excepting  one  or  two  months 
during  the  period  of  the  highest  flood,  entirely 
intercepting  the  passage  of  loaded  boats  up  and 
down  the  river.  To  overcome  this  obstruction  to 
the  important  commerce  of  the  Ohio,  the  Louis- 
ville and  Portland  Canal  was  constructed,  ex- 
tending from  the  city  to  Portland,  a  village  lying 
at  the  foot  of  the  falls,  which  was  formerly  the 
port  at  which  the  boats  and  shipping  from  below 
were  obliged  to  stop  and  discharge  their  cargoes. 
The  length  of  the  canal  is  between  2  and  3  miles, 
50  feet  wide  at  the  surface,  and  overcoming  22^ 
feet  of  fall  by  4  locks,  sufficiently  capacious  to  ad- 
mit steamboats  of  the  largest  size.  Almost  the 
entire  line  is  excavated  out  of  the  solid  limestone 
rock,  to  the  average  depth  of  10  feet.  This  great 
and  useful  work  was  finally  completed  in  1833, 
in  a  most  thorough  and  substantial  style  of  exe- 
cution. The  cost  was  $1,000,000.  The  United 
States  are  stockholders  to  the  amount  of  $290,000. 
The  amount  of  business  done  upon  this  river  is  so 
great,  that  this  large  outlay  has  proved  a  most 
judicious  and  profitable  investment.  In  1843, 
the  tolls  received,  since  the  canal  began  to  be 
used  in  1830,  had  amounted  to  $1,225,350.  It  is 
believed  that  these  falls  may  be  made  available 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  an  incalculable 
amount  of  water  power ;  and  that,  at  some  future 
period,  Louisville  may  become  one  of  the  great- 
est manufacturing  cities  in  the  Union. 

In  1778,  a  fort  was  built  at  this  place,  and  a 
settlement  commenced.  For  several' years  the 
inhabitants  were  harassed  by  Indian  hostilities. 
In  1780,  the  legislature  of  Virginia  authorized 
the  laying  out  of  a  town  at  the  falls  of  the  Ohio, 
to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  Louisville,  in 
honor  of  Louis  XVI.,  of  France,  the  first  ally  of 
the  republic.  The  next  year  a  fort  was  built,  and 
the  place  was  made  secure  against  the  assaults  of 
the  Indians.  For  many  years,  owing  to  the  mias- 
mata arising  from  several  surrounding  swamps 
and  ponds,  Louisville  continued  to  be  exceedingly 
unhealthy.  But,  in  1823,  these  local  causes  were 
effectually  removed ;  since  which  time,  it  is  be- 
lieved that  no  large  city  in  the  country  has  been 
more  uniformly  healthy  than  Louisville. 

Louisville,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Winston  co.  On  the  head 
branches  of  Pearl  River.  N.  E.  from  Jackson  92 
miles. 

Louisville,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Bounded 
on  the  N.  W.  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  watered 
S.  by  Grass  River.  Several  islands  lying  in  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  belong  to  this  town.  The 
surface  is  undulating;  soil  fertile  loam,  based 
upon  limestone.  20  miles  N.  from  Canton,  and 
231  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Lovell,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  town  embraces 
Kezer  Pond,  a  large  sheet  of  water,  and  other 
ponds  whose  outlet  is  into  the  Saco,  at  Frye- 
burg.  Lovell  lies  10  miles  N.  from  Fryeburo- 
20  W.  S.  W.  from  Paris,  and  67  W.  S.  W.  from 
Augusta.  Incorporated  1800.  "In  this  town 
are  Lovell's  Falls,  a  great  natural  curiosi- 
ty. Where  the  wa^er  makes  over  into  the  tre- 
mendous basin  below,  it  falls  perpendicularly 
40  feet.  Above  the  falls,  there  is  a  chain  of 
8  ponds,  partly  in  Lovell  and  partly  in  Water- 
ford,  connected  by  small  natural  dams,  1  or  2 


rods  in  width,  through  which  there  are  sluice- 
ways, which  will  admit  the  passage  of  a  common 
sail  boat.  The  scenery  of  the  mountains  and 
ascending  lands  in  the  vicinity  is  rural  and  beau- 
tiful." 

Lovington,  Va.,  c.  h.  Nelson  co.  105  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Richmond. 

Lowell,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  Formerly  called 
Huntsville.  Incorporated  by  its  present  name 
in  1838.  30  miles  E.  of  N.  from  Bangor. 

Lowell,  Ms.  City,  and  one  of  the  seats  of  jus- 
tice of  Middlesex  co.  Situated  on  the  Merrimac 
River,  at  the  point  where  it  receives  the  Concord 
River.  26  miles  N.  W.  from  Boston,  45  N.  N.E. 
from  Worcester,  13  S.  W.  from  Lawrence,  and 
50  S.  S.  E.  from  Concord,  N.  H.  The  rapid 
growth  of  this  city,  the  variety  and  richness  of 
its  manufactures,  and  the  peculiar  character  of 
its  population,  have  rendered  it  an  object  o§ 
interest  and  inquiry  throughout  the  world.  In 
these  respects,  it  stands  unrivalled  in  this  country, 
and  is  well  entitled  to  the  appellation  of  the 
"  Manchester  of  America." 

The  township  was  taken  from  Chelmsford  in 
1826,  and  embraces  a  territory,  including  the  vil- 
lage of  Belvidere,  on  the  opposite  side  of  tho 
Concord  River,  which  has  since  been  annexed  to 
Lowell  from  the  corner  of  Tewksbury,  of  about 
5  square  miles.  The  number  of  inhabitants  on 
this  territory  in  1820  was  less  than  200;  and 
the  whole  valuation  of  property  did  not  exceed 
$100,000.  The  first  purchases,  with  a  view  to 
the  establishment  of  manufactories  here,  were 
made  in  1821.  The  Merrimac  Company,  which 
was  the  first  incorporated,  was  established  in 
1822,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000;  and  the  first 
cloth  woven  was  in  one  of  their  mills,  in  1823. 
There  are  now  12  incorporated  companies  in  Low- 
ell, employing  a  capital  of  nearly  $14.000,000, 
besides  about  $500,000  more  of  other  manufac- 
turing and  mechanical  investments,  which  is  em- 
ployed by  individual  enterprise.  The  population 
in  1830  was  6477;  in  1840,  20,796;  in  1850, 
33,385;  and  at  the  present  time,  (1852,)  not  less 
than  35,000. 

All  the  principal  water  privileges  at  Lowell 
are  owned  by  a  company  called  u  The  Proprie- 
tors of  the  Locks  and  Canals  on  Merrimac 
River."  This  company  was  incorporated  in 
1792,  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  a  canal 
from  the  head  of  Pawtucket  Falls,  so  called, 
in  the  Merrimac  River,  to  the  Concord  River, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Merrimac,  for  the 
purpose  of  affording  a  passage  to  boats  and 
rafts  navigating  the  river.  This  canal  is  a  mile 
and  a  half  long,  60  feet  wide,  and  6  or  8  feet 
deep.  It  is  still  used  to  some  extent  for  tho 
purpose  originally  intended.  But  when  the  de- 
sign was  entertained  of  applying  the  immense 
water  power  thus  created  to  manufacturing  pur- 
poses, .this  company,  having  secured  the  title  to 
a  considerable  area  on  the  south  side  of  tho 
river,  sold  out  to  other  companies  the  sites  for 
mills,  agreeing  to  furnish  them  with  a  certain 
amount  of  water  for  a  stipulated  annual  rent. 
They  also  erected  an  extensive  shop  for  the 
manufacture  of  machinery,  from  which,  in  as 
short  a  time  as  three  months,  they  can  furnish 
the  machinery  complete  for  a  cotton  mill  of 
6000  spindles ;  and  in  the  same  time,  if  required, 
they  also  build  the  mill  itself,  to  the  orders  of  a 
new  company,  and  furnish  it  ready  to  be  oper- 
ated. The  facilities  thus  afforded  contributed 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


437 


rapidly  to  build  up  the  place,  and  the  energy  and 
foresight  of  these  enterprising  capitalists  were 
largely  rewarded. 

This  old  canal  having,  of  late  years,  proved 
in  some  degree  insufficient,  a  new  one  was  con- 
structed in  1847,  of  great  capacity  and  superior 
workmanship,  costing  $640,000.  This  canal  is 
nearly  1  mile  in  length,  averaging  100  feet  wide 
and  15  feet  deep;  and  for  size,  solidity,  and  the 
completeness  of  all  its  arrangements,  is  said  to 
exceed  any  thing  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States. 
The  whole  number  of  mills  belonging  to  the 
12  manufacturing  corporations  of  Lowell,  on 
the  1st  of  January,  1851,  was  50;  containing 
325,500  spindles  and  9906  looms;  the  number 
of  males  employed,  3702 ;  females,  8274 ;  pounds 
of  cotton  consumed  per  week,  575,400 ;  pounds 
of  wool  consumed  per  week,  69,000  ;  making  of 
cotton  cloth,  per  week,  2,190,000  yards;  of 
woollen  cloth,  20,477  yards ;  and  of  carpeting, 
15,000  yards.  The  average  wages  earned  by 
males,  clear  of  board,  is  80  cents  per  day ;  and 
by  females,  clear  of  board,  $2  per  week. — 
These  mills  are  all  now  lighted  with  gas,  and 
warmed  by  steam.  Besides  these  there  are  ex- 
tensive powder  mills,  paper  mills,  and  mills  for 
making  batting,  the  Lowell  bleachery,  a  foun- 
dery  and  planing  mill,  with  a  variety  of  other 
manufactures,  carried  on  by  individual  proprie- 
tors of  large  means,  which  together  employ  as 
many  as  1500  hands. 

The  public  buildings  of  Lowell  are  a  Court 
House,  City  Hall,  Market  House,  a  Hospital,  a 
Mechanics'  Hall,  the  houses  for  public  worship, 
which  are  generally  handsome,  and  the  edifices 
for  the  public  schools.  The  Mechanics'  Hall 
was  erected  by  an  association  of  mechanics,  in- 
corporated as  early  as  1825.  It  is  a  spacious 
and  expensive  building,  in  the  heart  of  the  city, 
furnished  with  a  fine  library  and  reading  room, 
with  philosophical  apparatus  and  a  mineralogi- 
cal  cabinet.  Courses  of  lectures,  literary  and 
scientific,  are  delivered  here.  There  is  also  a 
valuable  library  of  7000  volumes  belonging  to 
the  city,  which  is  open  to  all  persons  for  the 
small  fee  of  fifty  cents  per  annum.  The  Hospi- 
tal was  established  in  1839,  by  the  several  manu- 
facturing companies,  for  the  convenience  and 
comfort  of  persons  employed  by  them,  when 
sick ;  where,  for  a  very  small  price,  an  experi- 
enced physician  and  nurses  are  provided. 

Perhaps  nothing  has  contributed  more  to  en- 
courage industry,  frugality,  and  thrift,  among  the 
operatives,  than  the  institutions  for  Savings,  of 
which  there  are  now  two  in  Lowell.  The  labor- 
ers are  the  principal  depositors  in  these  banks, 
the  greater  part  being  females.  The  number 
of  depositors  November  1,  1851,  was  6224;  and 
the  amount  of  deposits  $812,598.63. 

The  fire  department  in  this  city  is  very  effi- 
cient and  well  organized.  A  reservoir  of  great 
capacity  has  been  constructed  on  the  high  ground 
in  Belvidere,  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  a 
ready  supply  of  water  to  any  part  of  the  city  in 
case  of  fires*.  The  water  is  carried  into  the  res- 
ervoir by  forcing  pumps  from  the  Lowell  Ma- 
chine Shop,  and  thence  distributed  through  pipes 
to  the  hydrants  in  the  city. 

The  number  of  churches  in  Lowell  of  all  de- 
nominations is  23.  The  population,  although  so 
largely  composed  of  young  persons  but  recently 
removed  from  the  counsels  and  restraints  of  the 
parental  roof,  is  superior  to  that  of  most  cities, 


for  general  intelligence,  sobriety  and  correct  de- 
portment 

For  nothing,  perhaps,  does  Lowell  deserve 
more  credit  than  for  her  liberal  provision  for  the 
public  schools.  This  wise  policy  was  early 
adopted,  and  has  perseveringly  enlarged  its  op- 
erations with  the  growth  of  the  city.  From 
$1200.  the  amount  appropriated  for  the  support 
of  the  public  schools  in  1827,  the  annual  appro- 
priation in  1850  had  risen  to  $43,000.  These 
schools  consist  of  a  high  school,  10  grammar 
schools,  and  46  primary  schools.  The  total  ex- 
penditures of  the  city  for  1850  was  $178,614. 

The  place  where  Lowell  stands  was  known 
in  the  early  annals  of  the  country  as  one  of  the 
best  fishing  grounds  of  the  Indians  in  all  New 
England.  The  "Apostle  Eliot "  speaks  of  one 
or  two  excursions  which  he  made  to  u  Pawtucket 
Falls/'  to  become  acquainted  with  the  tribes  of 
Indians  from  the  interior,  and  to  teach  them  the 
principles  of  Christianity.  They  continued  even 
to  a  late  day,  after  the  country  around  began  to 
be  settled,  to  retain  their  title  to  a  right  at  this 
fishing  ground.  There  are  still  evident  marks, 
it  is  said,  of  a  trench  which  once  enclosed  a 
large  area,  about  the  junction  of  Merrimac  and 
Concord  Rivers,  which  was  expressly  reserved 
for  the  use  of  the  Indians.  How  altered  now 
the  scene  !  How  different  the  enterprise,  which 
brings  such  multitudes  to  sojourn  at  these  falls ! 

Lowell  must  be  considered  as  a  magnificent 
and  most  successful  experiment  of  an  American 
manufacturing  city,  upon  which  our  countrymen 
look  with  pride  and  foreigners  with  admiration. 
To  its  founders,  a  few  Boston  capitalists,  be- 
longs the  credit  of  establishing  a  wise  system  of 
means  to  produce  at  once  the  most  successful 
pecuniary,  social,  and  moral  results ;  in  a  great 
measure  precluding  the  evils  of  ignorance,  degra- 
dation, and  vice,  which  were  once  thought  insep- 
arable from  large  manufacturing  towns.  No 
community,  for  the  period  of  its  existence,  has 
enjoyed  more  of  the  substantial  comforts  of  life, 
or  possesses  better  intellectual  and  moral  advan- 
tages, than  Lowell.  It  has  become  an  honor  to 
the  state  in  which  it  is  located,  and  a  model  to 
the  manufacturing  cities  springing  up  around  it, 
and  in  other  parts  of  the  land.  May  this  great 
and  industrious  city  always  continue  to  be  wor- 
thy of  the  title  given  it  by  the  Hon.  Edward 
Everett,  in  his  Memoirs  of  FKANCIS  C.  LOWELL, 
from  whom  it  derives  its  name  — "  The  noble, 
City  of  the  Arts." 

Lowell,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  The  Missisco  River 
originates  in  a  small  pond,  nearly  on  the  line 
between  this  township  and  Eden,* and  taking  a 
northerly  course,  and  receiving  a  number  of 
considerable  tributaries,  enters  Westfield  neai 
its  S.  E.  corner.  Although  encompassed  bj 
mountains  on  all  sides,  except  the  N.  E.,  much 
of  the  township  is  handsome  land,  easy  to  tilJ 
and  generally  productive.  At  the  grist  mill 
near  the  centre  of  Lowell,  the  whole  river  passes 
through  a  hole  in  the  solid  rock.  This  natural 
bridge  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  fall  in  the  rivei 
of  about  10  feet.  The  first  permanent  settle 
ment  was  made  in  1806,  by  Major  William 
Caldwell.  9  miles  S.  W.  from  Irasburg,  and 
40  N.  from  Montpelier. 

Lower  Chichester,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  Surfac* 
level,  and  watered  by  Hook,  a  branch  of  Naa- 
man's  Creek  ;  soil  loam. 

Lower  Dublin,  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.    Penny 


438 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


pack  Creek  and  Saw  Mill  Run  flow  through 
this  town,  affording  water  power.  Surface  gently 
uneven  ;  soil  sandy  loam. 

Lower  Macunyy,  Pa.,  Lehigh  co  Surface  level ; 
»oil  calcareous  loam. 

Lower  Mahantango,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  Deep 
and  Swatara  Creeks  water  this  town,  which  is 
crossed  by  Broad  and  Sharp's  Mountains.  Soil 
red  shale,  and  fertile  in  the  valleys.  Anthracite 
coal  exists  here.  55  miles  N.  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Lower  Makefield,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Bounded  on 
the  E.  by  Delaware  River.  Surface  undulating ; 
•oil  clay  and  sandy  loam. 

Lower  Merion,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Schuyl- 
kill Kiver  and  Mill  and  Cobb's  Creeks  water  this 
town,  which  has  an  undulating  surface  and  rich, 
loamy  soil.  It  lies  93  miles  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Lower  Nazareth,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Manookisy  Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil 
calcareous  loam. 

Lower  Oxford,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Octarara  and  Elk  Creeks.  Surface 
somewhat  uneven  ;  soil  loam. 

Lower  Paxton,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Beaver  and 
Paxton's  Creeks  water  this  town,  and  Blue 
Mountain  lies  on  its  N.  border.  6  miles  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Lower  Providence,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Per- 
kiomen  Creek,  on  the  borders  of  which  lead  is 
found,  and  Shippack  Creek,  water  this  town. 
Surface  hilly  ;  soil  red  shale. 

Lower  Salford,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Watered 
by  branches  of  Perkiomen  and  Shippack  Creeks. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  loam  and  red  shale. 

Lower  Saucon,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Watered 
by  Lehigh  River  and  Saucon  Creek  and  branches. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  gravel  and  calcareous  loam. 
99  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Lower  St.  Clair,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Monongahela  and  Ohio  Rivers,  and 
drained  by  Chartier's  Creek  and  Saw  Mill  River. 
Surface  hilly  ;  soil  loam.  Coal  is  abundant. 

Lower  Swatara,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Bounded 
S.  W.  by  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  drained 
by  Spring  and  other  creeks.  Surface  hilly ;  soil 
slate  and  calcareous  loam.  5  miles  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Low  Hill,  Pa.,  Lehigh  co.  Surface  hilly ;  soil 
gravel.  88  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Lowndes  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Haynesville.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  Alabama  River,  separating  it 
from  Autauga  co.,  E.  by  Montgomery  and  Pike 
counties,  S.  by  Butler,  "and  W.  by  Wilcox  and 
Dallas  counties.  Drained  by  branches  of  Ala- 
bama River. 

Lowndes  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Troupsville.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  Irwin  co.,  E.  by  Ware,  S.  by 
Indiana,  and  W.  by  Thomas  and  Baker  counties. 
Alapaha  and  Withlacoochee  Rivers,  branches  of 
the  Suwannee,  flow  through  this  county. 

Lowndes  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Columbus.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Monroe  co.,  E.  by  Alabama,  S. 
by  Noxubee,  and  W.  by  Oktibbeha  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Tombigbee  River  and  branches.  Sur- 
face undulating ;  soil  productive. 

Lowville,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Black  River.  Surface  rolling;  soil  good,  and, 
on  the  banks  of  the  river,  very  fertile.  7  miles  N. 
from  Martinsburg,  and  132  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Lubec,  Me.,  Washington  co.  In  the  N.  E.  cor- 
ner of  the  state,  at  the  entrance  of  Passama- 
quoddy  Bay.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  easy 


of  access,  and  never  obstructed  by  ice.  Tho 
principal  village  occupies  a  point  of  land  jutting 
into  the  harbor,  and  makes  a  fine  appearance. 
It  is  largely  engaged  in  navigation,  and  has  a 
thriving  business.  3  miles  S.  from  Eastport,  31 
S.  E.  from  Calais,  and  1 73  E.  by  N.  from  Augusta. 

Lucas  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Chariton.  Southern 
central. 

Lucas  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Maumee  City.  Sit- 
uated in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state,  having 
the  Maumee  River  for  its  S.  E.  boundary,  and 
for  its  N.  boundary  the  state  line,  dividing  it 
from  Michigan.  It  has  been  recently  constituted 
a  county,  being  a  part  of  the  former  territory  of 
Wood  and  Henry  counties.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level,  a  portion  of  it  covered  by  the  Black 
Swamp,  and  a  portion  of  the  northern  part  dry 
and  sandy.  In  this  county,  not  far  from  tho 
present  locality  of  Maumee  City,  was  fought, 
August  20,  1794,  the  "  Battle  of  the  Fallen  Tim- 
bers," in  which  the  Americans,  under  General 
Wayne  and  General  Scott,  gained  an  important 
victory  over  the  Indians,  assisted  by  Canadian 
militia  and  volunteers.  This  part  of  the  Mau- 
mee valley  was  also  the  theatre  of  important 
operations  in  the  war  of  1812.  This  county  is 
at  present  but  sparsely  settled,  but  is  destined,  at 
no  distant  day,  to  become  populous  and  wealthy. 

Ludlow,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  This  was  formerly 
a  part  of  Springfield,  and  called  Stony  Hill 
The  town  is  watered  by  branches  of  Chicopee 
River,  and  by  that  river  itself,  at  the  S.  part  of 
the  town,  where  is  situated  a  flourishing  manu- 
facturing village.  The  surface  of  the  town  is 
pleasant,  with  some  elevations  on  its  eastern 
section.  The  soil  is  good  and  productive.  The 
North  Wilbraham  depot,  on  the  Western  Rail- 
road, is  near  the  village  in  Ludlow.  9  miles 
from  Springfield,  and  89  from  Boston. 

Ludlow,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  Black  River  passes 
through  the  centre  of  the  town,  and  has  many  valu- 
able mill  sitesv  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  it 
widens  into  4  large  basins,  the  largest  in  Ludlow 
being  nearly  circular,  and  1  mile  in  diameter, 
known  as  the  Ludlow  and  Plymouth  Ponds.  In 
the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  town  is  the  "  Tiney  Pond," 
several  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river, 
and  nearly  half  a  mile  in  diameter.  There  is 
another  large  collection  of  water  in  the  western 
part  of  the  town,  and  several  extensive  bogs  upon 
both  sides  of  the  river.  The  soil  upon  tlie  river 
is  alluvial,  and  throughout  the  town  is  fertile. 
The  prevailing  rock  is  mica  slate.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  in  1784-5,  by  emigrants 
from  Massachusetts.  61  miles  S.  from  Montpe- 
lier,  and  18  S.  W.  from  Windsor. 

Ludlowville,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  On  Salmon 
Creek,  which  has  a  fall  of  nearly  100  feet  at  this 
place.  W.  by  S.  from  Albany  172  miles. 

Lumberland,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  Bounded  on 
the  S.  W.  by  the  Delaware  River,  and  watered  by 
Mongoup  River  and  several  other  tributaries  of 
the  Delaware.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  heavily 
timbered  ;  soil  gravelly  loam.  12  miles  S.  W. 
from  Monticello,  and  125  from  Albany. 

Lumberton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Robeson  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Lumber  River.  91  miles  S.  by  W.  from 
Raleigh. 

Lumpkin  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Dahlonega.  It 
is- bounded  N.  by  Union,  E.  by  Habersham  and 
Hall,  S.  by  Forsyth.  and  W.  by  Cherokee  and 
Gilmer  counties.  Watered  by  Etowah  and  Ches- 
tatee  Rivers  and  branches.  Surface  hilly ;  soil 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


439 


very  rich  on  the  streams.  Gold  dust  of  a  superior 
quality  is  found  here. 

Lunenburg,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  was 
originally  apart  of  "Turkey  Hills,"  or  Fitch- 
burg,  and  was  so  called  in  compliment  to  George 
II.,  or  to  his  title  of  Duke  of  Lunenburg.  Many 
of  the  first  settlers  were  emigrants  from  Scot- 
land and  Ireland.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Though 
the  land  is  generally  high,  yet  by  reason  of  its 
cohesive  texture,  and  having  a  clayey  stratum 
within  a  few  feet  of  its  surface,  it  retains  moisture 
sufficient  for  vegetation  through  the  whole  sum- 
mer, unless  in  seasons  of  severe  drought.  There 
are  3  handsome  ponds,  but  the  town  is  singularly 
destitute  of  water  power.  Lunenburg  is  a  flour- 
ishing town,  with  a  pleasant  village  near  its  cen- 
tre. This  village  is  5  miles  N.  W.  from  Shirley 
depot,  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad,  and  37  from 
Boston. 

Lunenburg.  Vt.,  Essex  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Connecticut  River,  and  watered  by  Neal's  Branch 
and  Pond,  and  Catbow  Branch,  good  mill 
streams.  Some  of  the  land  is  very  good,  but  the 
most  of  it  is  stony.  It  is  good  for  grazing. 
This  town  was  probably  settled  as  early  as  1770. 
13  miles  S.  from  Guildhall,  and  55  N.  E.  by  E. 
from  Montpelier. 

Lunenburg  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Lewistown.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  Nottoway  River,  separating  it 
from  Prince  Edward  and  Nottoway  counties,  E. 
by  Dinwiddie  and  Brunswick  counties,  S.  by 
Meherin  River,  separating  it  from  Mecklenburg, 
co.,  and  W.  by  Charlotte  co.  Drained  by  small 
streams  flowing  into  Nottoway  and  Meherin 
Kivers. 

Lunenburg,  Va.,  c.  h.  Lunenburg  co.  78  miles 
8.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Lurgan,  Pa.,  Franklin  co.  Watered  by  the  N. 
and  S.  branches  of  Conedogwinit  Creek.  Sur- 
face mostly  slaty  valley  land.  13  miles  N.  from 
Chambersburg. 

Luray,  Va.,  c.  h.  Page  co.  It  is  situated 
on  Ha'wksbill  Creek.  130  miles  N.  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Luzerne,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
the  Hudson  River,  and  watered  by  a  chain  of 
small  lakes  extending  from  Lake  George  to  the 
Hudson.  It  is  a  hilly  town,  the  E.  part  being 
covered  by  the  Palmertown  Hills.  6  miles  S.  W. 
from  Caldwell,  and  55  N.  from  Albany. 

Luzerne  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Wilkesbarre. 
Bounded  N.  by  Wyoming  and  Susquehanna 
counties,  E.  by  Wayne  and  Monroe,  S.  by  Car- 
bon and  Schuylkill,  and  W.  by  Northumberland, 
Columbia,  and  Lycoming  counties.  Watered  by 
Susquehanna  and  Lehigh  Rivers.  The  surface 
is  much  diversified,  and  anthracite  coal  is  abun- 
dant ;  soil  fertile  in  the  valleys. 

Luzerne,  Pa.,  Fayette  co.  In  the  great  bend  of 
the  Monongahela  River,  which  bounds  it  N.  and 
W.  It  is  also  watered  by  Dunlap's  Creek.  Sur- 
face level ;  soil  calcareous  loam.  12  miles  N.  W. 
from  Uniontown. 

Lycoming  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Williamsport. 
Bounded  N.  by  Tioga  and  Bradford  counties,  E. 
by  Wyoming  and  Luzerne,  S.  by  Columbia, 
Northumberland,  and  Union,  and  W.  by  Clinton 
co.  Watered  by  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna and  its  tributaries.  A  canal  passes 
through  this  county,  and  unites  with  the  Penn- 
sylvania Canal  at  the  mouth  of  the  Juniata. 
Surface  rough  and  mountainous ;  soil  fertile  in 
the  valleys. 


Lycoming,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  Watered  by 
Lycoming  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River.  Surface  mostly  mountainous ;  soil  rich 
calcareous  loam  in  the  valleys. 

Lykens,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Wiconisco,  Little, 
and  Mahantango  Creeks  water  this  town.  Sur- 
face mountainous,  containing  coal ;  soil  red  shale. 
26  miles  N.  from  Hamburg. 

Lyman,  Me.,  York  co.  This  is  a  pleasant  town, 
watered  by  several  ponds,  which  empty,  some 
into  the  Saco,  and  others  into  the  Kennebunk 
and  Mousum.  It  lies  87  miles  S.  W.  from  Au- 
gusta, 5  E.  from  Alfred,  and  6  N.  N.  W.  from 
Kennebunk. 

Lyman,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.,  is  situated  on  Con- 
necticut River.  Lyman's  Mountain  is  in  this 
town :  from  it  the  N.  W.  branch  of  Burnham's 
River  has  its  source.  There  are  several  ponds 
in  the  E.  part  of  Lyman,  through  the  largest  of 
which  Burnham's  River  has  its  course.  The 
lower  bar  of  Fifteen  Mile  Falls  is  in  this  town. 
Carleton's  Falls  are  several  miles  below;  and 
below  these  is  Stevens's  Ferry,  which  communi- 
cates with  Barnet.  The  scenery  in  this  town  is 
wild  and  romantic.  Lyman  was  granted,  in  1761, 
to  a  number  of  proprietors,  of  whom  was  Daniel 
Lyman,  from  whom  it  probably  received  its  name 
13  miles  N.  from  Haverhill,  and  100  N.  E.  from 
Concord. 

Lyme,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  Lyme  is  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Connecticut  River,  on  the  E. 
side,  opposite  to  Saybrook.  It  is  a  pleasant 
town,  generally  of  good  soil,  but  greatly  diversi- 
fied in  regard  to  surface  ;  some  parts  are  moun- 
tainous and  rocky,  while  others  are  level,  with 
large  tracts  of  salt  meadow.  The  town  is  watered 
by  several  streams  and  ponds,  and  the  shores  on 
the  sound  and  river  are  indented  by  small  bays 
and  harbors,  which  afford  the  town  some  naviga- 
ble privileges.  There  are  several  neat  villages  in 
the  town.  Incorporated  1667.  Its  Indian  nam« 
was  Nehantic.  Among  the  first  settlers  was  Mat- 
thew Griswold,  the  ancestor  of  two  governors,  and 
of  a  numerous  and  highly  respected  family  in  the 
state.  40  miles  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Lyme,  N.  H..  Grafton  co.  The  soil  here  is 
similar  to  that  of  other  towns  on  Connecticut 
River,  with  this  difference,  that  there  is  a  less 
proportion  of  intervale,  and  a  less  difference  be- 
tween that  directly  adjoining  the  river  and  the 
other  parts  of  the  town.  Three  small  streams 
pass  through  the  town.  There  are  two  small 
ponds ;  the  largest  is  called  Port's.  Here  is  an 
elevation  called  Smart's  Mountain.  The  town 
received  its  name  from  Lyme,  Ct.  First  settlers, 
Walter  Fairfield,  John  and  William  Sloan,  and 
others,  from  Connecticut.  20  miles  S.  from 
Haverhill,  and  55  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Lyme,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by  Chau 
mont  and  St.  Lawrence  Rivers,  and  comprises 
Fox  and  Grenadier  Islands,  lying  in  Lake  On- 
tario, which  bounds  the  town  on  the  S.  Surface 
slightly  uneven ;  soil  fertile  sandy  and  marly 
loam.  12  miles  W.  from  Watertown,  and  172 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Lynchburg,  Va.,  Campbell  co.  On  the  S.  side  of 
James  River,  20  miles  below  its  passage  through 
the  Blue  Ridge,  and  1 16  W.  from  Richmond.  The 
James"  River  and  Kanawha  Canal  is  in  operation 
between  this  place  and  Richmond,  Avith  five  pack- 
et boats  for  passengers,  leaving  and  arriving  every 
day  except  Sundays.  The  town  is  handsomely 
situated,  on  ground  ascending  from  the  river  in 


440 


COUNTIES,   CITIES.   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &o., 


the  midst  of  bold  and  beautiful  scenery,  within 
view  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Peaks  of  Otter. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1805,  and  has  risen  to  the 
rank  of  a  flourishing  commercial  mart.  The 
buildings,  both  public  and  private,  are  substan- 
tial and  elegant,  indicative  of  the  wealth,  intelli- 
gence, and  taste  of  the  inhabitants.  Seven  or 
eight  of  the  prevailing  religious  denominations 
have  churches  here.  There  are  six  or  seven 
large  hotels,  a  large  cotton  factory,  an  iron 
foundery,  several  extensive  flouring  mills,  and 
about  thirty  tobacco  factories,  in  which  from 
35,000  to  40,000  boxes  of  tobacco  are  manufac- 
tured annually.  Lynchburg  has  an  extensive 
trade  with  the  N.,  the  N.  W.,  and  S.  parts  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  with  the  adjacent  parts  of  Ohio,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  North  Carolina.  A  bridge 
crosses  the  James  River  in  front  of  the  town  ; 
and  by  a  dam,  some  distance  above,  water  is 
taken  out  of  the  river,  and  raised,  by  machinery, 
through  an  ascending  pipe  2000  feet  long,  to  an 
elevation  253  feet  above  the  stream,  for  the  sup- 
ply of  the  inhabitants.  A  water  power  is  also 
created  by  this  dam  which  is  capable  of  extensive 
application  to  manufacturing  purposes. 

Lyndeboro1,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  This  is  an 
elevated  township,  having  a  considerable  moun- 
tain, which  divides  it  from  E.  to  W.  There  is 
below  the  mountain  a  plain,  where  there  is  a 
small  village,  pleasantly  situated  near  Piscata- 
quog  River.  The  soil,  though  stony,  is  deep  and 
strong,  and  excellent  for  grazing.  The  streams 
are  small.  In  1753,  Benjamin  Lynde,  Esq.,  of 
Salem,  purchased  a  large  part  of  the  township 
and  adjoining  lands.  Prom  him  the  place  took 
the  name  of  Lyndeboro'.  First  settlers :  the 
earliest  names  were  Putnam,  Chamberlain,  and 
Cram.  10  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Amherst,  and 
30  S.  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Lyndon,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Drained  by 
Ischua  and  Oil  Creeks.  Surface  undulating  ; 
soil  sandy  loam  and  clay.  18  miles  E.  from 
Ellicottville,  and  274  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Lyndon,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  Lyndon  is  one  of 
the  best  townships  in  the  state ;  its  surface  is  un- 
dulating, with  a  soil  of  rich  loam,  free  from 
stone,  and  easy  to  cultivate.  It  is  well  watered 
by  the  Passumpsic  and  some  of  its  tributaries. 
Two  important  falls  of  that  river  are  in  the  town, 
one  of  65  feet  in  the  distance  of  30  rods,  the  other 
of  18  feet.  These  are  called  Great  and  Little 
Falls,  and  afford  a  water  power  of  great  extent. 
Agaric  mineral,  used  for  chalk,  and  a  good  sub- 
stitute for  Spanish  white,  is  found  here.  The 
principal  village  is  very  pleasant,  and  the  seat  of 
considerable  business.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced by  Daniel  Cahorn,  Jr.,  in  1788.  14  miles 
N.  E.  from  Danville,  and  44  N.  E.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Lynn,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  city  lies  on  the  N. 
shore  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  9 "miles,  by  the 
Eastern  Railroad,  N.  N.  E.  from  Boston,  and  5 
miles  S.  from  Salem.  It  extends  6  miles  on  the 
sea,  this  portion  of  the  township  being  a  plane, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  a  chain  of  hold,  rocky 
hills,  chiefly  composed  of  porphyry.  Beyond  this 
rocky  barrier  lies  an  extensive  tract  of  woodland, 
into  which  Lynn  extends  about  5  miles.  Its  In- 
dian name  was  Saugus.  It  is  surrounded  al- 
most by  water,  having  the  River  Saugus  on  the 
W.,  the  harbor  on  the  S.,  the  ocean  on  the  S.  E., 
and  a  chain  of  large  ponds,  called  the  "  Lakes  of 
Lynn,"  on  the  N.  From  the  S.  side  a  peninsula, 


with  a  splendid  beach,  extends  four  miles  into  the 
ocean,  at  the  extremity  of  which  is  the  celebrated 
watering-place  Nahant.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 
On  another  projection  of  this  romantic  shore,  is 
Phillips's  Point,  which  also  is  a  place  of  fashiona- 
ble resort  in  the  summer  season.  A  mineral 
spring  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town  is  also  a  place  of 
much  celebrity. 

The  city  is  neatly  built,  on  wide  and  pleasant 
streets,  and  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and 
beautiful  places  in  New  England.  The  popula- 
tion in  1790  Avas  2291  ;  1800,  2837  ;  1810,  4087  ; 
1820,  4515  ;  1830,  6138  ;  1840;  9367  ;  1850,  14,257. 

There  are  in  Lynn  15  churches  of  various  de- 
nominations, nine  or  ten  principal  school  houses, 
an  academy,  banks,  insurance  offices,  and  a  large 
number  of  literary,  social,  and  beneficent  so- 
cieties. This  place  has  risen  to  wealth  and  im- 
portance by  the  industry  and  enterprise  of  its 
people  in  the  manufacture  of  shoes,  for  which 
it  has  been  longer  celebrated  than  any  other 
town  in  the  country.  The  manufacture  of  ladies' 
shoes  was  commenced  here  before  the  revolution- 
ary war.  Previous  to  the  war,  the  market  for 
Lynn  shoes  was  principally  confined  to  Nc\v 
England,  except  that  a  few  were  sent  to  Phila- 
delphia. Many  individuals  with  small  capital 
carried  on  the  business  in  their  own  families ; 
fathers,  sons,  apprentices,  with  one  or  two  jour- 
neymen perhaps,  all  in  one  small  shop,  forming 
the  whole  establishment.  After  the  revolution, 
the  business  assumed  a  different  aspect.  Enter- 
prising individuals  embarked  in  it  on  a  more 
enlarged  scale,  building  large  shops,  and  em- 
ploying a  great  number  of  journeymen.  Master 
workmen  exported  their  shoes  to  the  south,  and 
to  other  parts  of  the  country,  so  that  the  shoes 
from  Lynn  soon  took  the  place  of  the  English 
and  other  imported  shoes. 

There  are  in  Lynn  upwards  of  130  principal 
shoe  manufacturers  and  merchants,  giving  em- 
ployment in  this  species  of  industry  to  about 
10,000  persons,  of  both  sexes.  More  than 
3,000,000  pairs  of  ladies'  and  misses'  shoes  are 
made  there  annually.  From  300,000  to  400,000 
pairs  besides  are  purchased  from  other  towns  for 
the  trade,  making  an  annual  business,  in  this 
article  alone,  of  nearly  $2,500.000. 

The  other  principal  business  of  Lynn  is  the 
cod  and  mackerel  fishery,  which  is  often  very 
productive. 

From  the  eminences  back  of  the  city  a  most 
enchanting  prospect  is  presented  to  the  eye,  com- 
prehending the  harbors  of  Boston  and  Salern^ 
with  their  numerous  islands;  the  spires  and 
domes  of  those  cities,  and  nearly  the  whole  com- 
pass of  Massachusetts  Bay,  with  the  Blue  Hills 
and  the  outline  of  Cape  Cod  stretching  along 
the  southern  horizon.  Jutting  out  into  the  sea,  a 
few  furlongs  on  the  S.,  appear  the  rugged  cliffs 
of  Nahant,  and  the  hard,  polished  beachleading  to 
it,  like  a  narrow  footpath  of  sand  upon  the  waters. 

Lynn  County,  On.  In  the  valley  of  the  Willa- 
mette. 

Lynnfield,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  was  formerly 
the  N.  parish  of  Lynn,  and  called  Lynn  End, 
The  town  is  watered  by  Ipswich  and  Saugus 
Rivers  and  two  very  handsome  ponds.  The  sur- 
face is  uneven,  but  the  soil  is  strong  and  fertile. 
Lynnfield  contains  large  tracts  of  woodland,  and 
no  town,  so  near  the  city,  presents  more  wild  and 
romantic  scenery.  13  miles  N.  from  Boston,  and 
8  W.  by  N.  from  Salem. 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


441 


Lyons,  Mn.,  Ionia  co.  On  both  sides  of  Grand 
River,  100  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  at  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation.  The  river  has  a  fall  at 
this  place,  affording  good  hydraulic  power.  134 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Detroit. 

Lyons,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  Mud  Creek  and  the  Canandaigua  outlet, 
which  form  Clyde  River.  Surface  hilly;  soil 
fertile  sandy  and  calcareous  loam.  171  miles 
N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Lysander,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Bounded  on 
the  S.  by  Seneca  River.  Surface  chiefly  level, 
and  soil  of  good  quality.  15  miles  N.  W.  from 
Syracuse,  and  158  from  Albany. 

McArthurslown,  0.,  c.  h.  Vinton  co.  71  miles 
S.  E.  from  Columbus. 

McConnelsville,  0.,  c.  h.  Morgan  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Muskingum  River,  on  a  pleasant  spot, 
from  10  to  30  feet  above  high  water.  75  miles  S. 
E.  from  Columbus,  and  38  N.  W.  from  Marietta. 

McCraken  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Paducah. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it 
from  Illinois,  E.  by  Marshall,  S.  by  Graves,  and 
W.  by  Ballard  co.  Drained  by  Clark's  River 
and  branches.  Surface  level ;  soil  fertile. 

McDonald,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Barry  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  a  small  branch  of  White  River.  200  miles 
S.  W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

McDonald  County,  Mo.  In  the  S.  W.  corner 
of  the  state.  Watered  by  branches  of  Elk  River, 
a  tributary  of  the  Neosho. 

McDonough,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Henry  co.  Between 
Towelagga  and  South  Ockmulgee  Rivers.  65 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Milledgeville. 

McDonough  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Macomb.  Incor- 
porated in  1829.  Bounded  N.  by  Henderson  and 
Warren  counties,  E.  by  Fulton,  S.  by  Schuyler,  and 
W.  by  Hancock  co.  Watered  by  Crooked  River 
and  branches.  Most  of  the  land  is  fertile  prairie. 

McDowell  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  In 
the  W.  part  of  the  state.  On  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Contains  the  westernmost 
sources  of  the  Catawba. 

McHenry  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  McHenry. 
Bounded  N.  by  Wn.,  E.  by  Lake  co.,  S.  by 
Kane  and  De  Kalb,  and  W.  by  Boone  co. 
Watered  by  Des  Plaines  and  Fox  Rivers  and 
branches,  and  the  N.  branch  of  Chicago  River. 
The  soil  on  the  E.  side  of  Fox  River  is  clay,  and  on 
the  W.  rich  sandy  loam.  Limestone  is  abundant. 

Mclndoes  Falls,  Vt.  In  the  town  of  Barnet, 
Caledonia  co.  At  the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
Connecticut,  and  on  the  Passumpsic  Railroad.  46 
miles  E.  by  N.  from  Montpelier. 

Mclntosh  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Darien.  Bounded 
N.  W.  and  N.  E.  by  Liberty  co.,  S.  E.  by  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  and  S.  W.  by  the  Alatamaha  River, 
separating  it  from  Glynn  and  Wayne  counties. 
South  Newport  River" runs  on  its  N.  E.  border, 
and  Sapclo  River,  Jones  and  Doctor's  Creeks 
drain  the  interior.  Surface  level ;  soil  produc- 
tive. Sapelo,  Black  Bend.  Wolf,  and  several 
other  islands,  belong  to  this  county. 

Mc.Kean  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Smithport.  In- 
corporated in  1804.  Bounded  N.  by  New  York, 
E.  by  Potter  and  Clinton  counties,  S.  by  Elk, 
and  W.  by  Warren  co.  Watered  by  Alleghany 
River  and  branches,  and  by  Sinnemahoning 
Creek,  a  head  branch  of  the  W.  fork  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna.  Surface  hilly,  abounding  with  iron, 
coal,  and  salt ;  soil  suitable  for  grazing. 

McKean,  Pa.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  Walnut 
56 


Creek  and  branches,  and  by  Elk  Creek.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  gravelly  loam.  9  miles  S.  from  Erie, 
and  265  N.  W.  by'W.  from  Harrisburg 

Machias,  Me.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  On  Ma- 
chias  River.  It  contains  numerous  saw  mills,  and 
has  an  extensive  trade  in  lumber.  It  is  also  a 
place  where  ship  building  is  largely  carried  on, 
and  the  falls  of  the  river  above  the  tide  water 
afford  considerable  water  power.  It  formerly 
included  Machias  Port  and  East  Machias.  143 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Machias  Port,  Me.,  Washington  co.  146  miles 
E.  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  3  S.  of  Machias.  It 
has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  a  great  number  of 
saw  mills. 

Mackinac  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Mackinac.  This 
county  embraces  the  whole  upper  peninsula  of 
Michigan  lying  beyond  the  Straits  of  Mackinac, 
and  between  parts  of  Lakes  Michigan  and  Supe- 
rior, containing  about  13,500  square  miles,  and 
likewise  several  islands  in  the  straits,  which  are 
about  40  miles  long,  between  Lake  Michigan 
and  Lake  Huron,  and  4  miles  wide,  in  the  nar- 
rowest part.  Mackinac  Island  is  elevated  about 
300  feet  above  the  lake.  A  settlement  was  com- 
menced here  in  1764.  The  interior  is  yet,  to  a 
great  extent,  a  wilderness. 

Mackinac,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Mackinac  co.  This  vil- 
lage, 300  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Detroit,  occupies 
the  S.  E.  extremity  of  an  island  of  the  same 
name,  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Lake  Huron.  It 
has  a  fine,  spacious  harbor,  is  the  centre  of  an 
extensive  fur  trade,  and  exports  large  quantities 
of  fish.  Fort  Mackinac  stands  on  a  rocky  emi- 
nence, 150  feet  above  the  village,  commanding 
the  passage  of  the  straits.  This  has  long  been  a 
station  of  the  Roman  Catholic  missions.  The 
Protestant  mission  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  havo 
also  established  schools  here. 

McLean  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Bloomington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Woodford  and  Livingston  coun- 
ties, E.  by  Vermilion  and  Champaign,  S.  by 
Platt,  De  Witt,  and  Logan,  and  W.  by  Taze- 
well  co.  Watered  by  Mackinaw  River  and 
Kickapoo  and  Salt  Creeks.  Surface  slightly  un- 
dulating, a  large  part  being  prairie  ;  soil  fertile. 

McLeansboro*,  Is.,  c.  h.  Hamilton  co.  On  a 
head  branch  of  the  N.  fork  of  Salina  Creek.  S.  S. 
E.  from  Springfield  156  miles. 

McMinn  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Athens.  Hiwassee 
River  and  its  branches  water  this  county. 

McMinnville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Warren  co.  75  miles  S. 
E.  from  Nashville. 

McNairy  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Purdy.  Bounded 
N.  by  Madison  and  Henderson,  and  E.  by  Hardin 
co.,  S.  by  Mississippi,  and  W.  by  Hardeman  co. 
Drained  by  tributaries  of  Big  Hatchee. 

McNutt,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Sunflower  co. 

Macomb  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Clemens 
Incorporated  in  1818.  Bounded  N.  by  Lapeer 
and  St.  Clair  counties,  E.  by  St.  Clair  co.  and 
Lake  St.  Clair,  S.  by  Wayne,  and  W.  by  Oakland 
co.  Drained  by  Clinton  River  and  its  branches 
Surface  level  in  the  E.,  but  more  hilly  and  un- 
even in  the  W.  portions.  Soil  mostly  very  fertile, 
and  well  adapted  to  grass  and  grain.  Saline 
springs  are  found  here. 

Macon  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Tuskegee.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tallapoosa  and  Chambers,  E.  by  Russell, 
S.  by  Barbour  and  Pike,  and  W.  by  Montgomery 
co.  Watered  by  Tallapoosa  River  and  branches, 
and  by  branches  of  Chattahoochee  and  Chocta^ 
hatchie  Rivers. 


442 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Macon  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Lanicr.  Bounded 
N.  by  Talbot  and  Crawford  counties,  E.  by  Hous- 
ton, S.  by  Dooly  and  Sumpter,  and  W.  by  Mari- 
on co.  Flint  River  traverses  this  county  from 
N.  to  S.,  and  with  its  branches  waters  the  sur- 
face. 

Macon,  Ga.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Bibb 
co.,  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation  on  the 
Ockmulgee  River,  30  miles  S.  W.  from  Milledge- 
ville.  The  town  is  built  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge,  about  400 
feet  in  length.  This  place  has  had  a  very  rapid 
growth  since  1822,  when  there  was  but  a  single 
cabin  on  the  site  where  it  now  stands.  By  its 
population  it  now  ranks  among  the  largest  places 
in  the  state.  Besides  the  county  buildings,  which 
are  large  and  handsome,  there  is  an  elegant  mar- 
ket house,  and  5  or  6  churches.  A  great  amount 
of  cotton  is  shipped  from  this  place,  employing  8 
or  10  steamboats  on  the  Ockmulgee,  besides  tow 
boats  and  pole  boats.  There  are  10  or  12  foreign 
commission  houses,  with  a  large  capital  em- 
ployed, and  many  stores  occupied  with  an  exten- 
sive retail  trade.  This  city  is  connected  by  rail- 
roads with  Savannah,  191  miles;  Augusta,  165 
miles,  and  Charleston,  300  miles ;  with  Mont- 
gomery, on  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Alabama, 
276  miles ;  and  with  other  important  points  on 
the  Chattahoochee  and  Tennessee  Rivers. 

Macon  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Decatur.  Bounded 
N.  by  De  Witt,  E.  by  Platt  and  Moultrie,  S.  by 
Shelby  and  Christian,  and  W.  by  Christian,  San- 
gamon,  and  Logan  counties.  Watered  by  Kas- 
kaskia  River,  by  the  N.  fork  of  Sangamon  River, 
and  by  Salt  Creek.  The  surface  is  chiefly  level, 
and  soil  fertile. 

Macon  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Bloomington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Adair  and  Knox,  E.  by  Shelby, 
S.  by  Randolph  and  Chariton,  and  W.  by  Linn 
co.  Chariton  and  East  Chariton  Rivers,  and  the 
branches  of  Salt  River,  water  this  county. 

Macon  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Franklin.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Haywood  and  Henderson 
counties,  S.  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and 
W.  by  Cherokee  co.  Watered  by  the  head 
branches  of  Tennessee  River.  Surface  elevated, 
and  in  parts  mountainous. 

Macoupin  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  Carlinville.  Incor- 
porated in  1829.  Bounded  N.  by  Morgan  and 
Sangamon  counties,  E.  by  Montgomery,  S.  by 
Madison,  and  W.  by  Jersey  and  Greene  counties. 
Watered  by  Macoupin  Creek  and  branches,  and 
by  the  head  branches  of  Cahokia  and  Wood 
Creeks.  Surface  gently  undulating ;  soil  mostly 
Of  excellent  quality. 

Macunay,  Pa.,  Lehigh  co.  Surface  level,  and 
watered  by  Jordan  and  Little  Lehigh  Creeks. 
Soil  fertile  calcareous  loam.  83  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Madawaska  Plantation,  Me.  Aroostook  co. 
On  the  St.  John's,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Madawaska. 

Madbury,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally productive.  In  some  parts  of  the  town, 
bog  iron  ore  and  red  and  yellow  ochre  have  been 
found.  Bellamy  Bank  River  is  the  only  stream 
of  any  magnitude,  and  Barbadoes  Pond  the  only 
considerable  body  of  water.  This  pond  lies  be- 
tween Dover  and  Madbury,  and  is  120  rods 
long  and  50  wide.  Madbury  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Dover.  36  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Con- 
cord, and  about  3  miles  from  the  railroad  depot 
at  Dover. 


Madbury,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  36  miles  E.  S 
E.  from  Concord. 

Madison  County,  Aa.,  c.h.  at  Huntsville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Jackson  co.,  S.  by  the 
Tennessee  River,  separating  it  from  Marshall 
and  Morgan  counties,  and  W.  by  Limestone  co. 
Watered  by  Flint  River  and  other  branches  of 
the  Tennessee.  Surface  somewhat  hilly ;  soil 
very  fertile. 

Madison  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Sevierville.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Missouri.  E.  by  Carroll  and  New- 
ton, S.  by  Franklin,  and  W.  by  Washington  and 
Benton  counties.  Watered  by  White  River  and 
branches. 

Madison,  Ct,  New  Haven  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Guilford  in  1826.  The  soil  is  stony, 
and  naturally  hard  to  cultivate ;  but  it  is  made 
quite  productive  by  the  use  of  whitefish,  ploughed 
in.  These  fish  appear  in  the  Sound  about  the 
1st  of  June,  and  continue  3  or  4  months.  They 
are  taken  in  great  quantities,  and  are  considered 
an  excellent  manure.  They  were  first  thus  used 
about  the  year  1798.  This  place  has  a  small 
harbor  and  some  navigation.  Ship  building  is 
the  most  important  mechanical  pursuit.  18  miles 
E.  by  S.  from  New  Haven. 

Madison  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Madison.  Bounded 
N.  by  Georgia,  E.  by  Suwanee  River,  separating 
it  from  Columbia,  Alachua,  and  Levy  counties, 
S.  and  S.  W.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by 
Oscilla  River,  separating  it  from  Jefferson  co. 
This  county  contains  numerous  small  lakes, 
and  has  good  water.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
sterile  in  the  central  portions,  but  fertile  elsewhere. 

Madison,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Madison  co. 

Madison  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Danielsville.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Franklin,  E.  by  Elbert,  S.  by  Ogle- 
thorpe  and  Clarke,  and  W.  by  Jackson  co. 

Madison,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Morgan  co.  41  miles  N.  N. 
W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Madison  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  Edwardsville.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Jersey,  Macoupin,  and  Montgom- 
ery counties,  E.  by  Bond  and  Clinton,  S.  by  St. 
Clair  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Missouri.  Drained  by  Cahokia, 
Silver,  and  Wood  Creeks,  and  their  branches. 

Madison  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Andersontown. 
Bounded  N.  by  Grant,  E.  by  Delaware,  S.  by 
Hancock,  and  W.  by  Hamilton  and  Richardville 
counties.  Watered  by  White  River  and  its  trib- 
utaries, which  afford  hydraulic  power.  Surface 
level ;  soil  productive. 

Madison,  la.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Jef- 
ferson co.  On  the  N.  side  of  the  Ohio  River.  86 
miles  S.  from  Indianapolis,  92  W.  from  Cincin- 
nati, and  41  E.  from  Louisville.  This  place  is 
well  situated  on  a  bend  of  the  river,  above  tho 
reach  of  the  highest  floods.  In  the  rear  of  the 
city  the  hills  rise  abruptly  to  the  height  of  250 
feet.  This  is  the  S.  terminus  of  the  Madison 
and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  which  extends  by 
branches  in  different  directions  beyond  Indian- 
apolis, N.  and  W.  Madison  is  handsomely  built, 
mostly  with  brick.  The  streets  are  broad  and 
straight,  and  several  of  them  are  paved.  The 
principal  public  buildings  are  a  court  house, 
jail,  a  branch  of  the  State  Bank,  and  5  or  6 
church  edifices.  It  is  a  place  of  much  enterprise 
and  success  in  business.  Large  manufacturing 
operations  are  carried  on  here  by  steam  power, 
among  which  are  iron  founderies,  cotton  facto- 
ries, a  steam-engine  factory,  flouring  mills,  oil 
mills,  &c.  A  great  business  is  done  here  in  the 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


443 


slaughtering  and  packing  of  hogs,  which  are 
driven  in  large  droves  from  the  interior.  The 
advantages  for  commerce  which  this  place  pos- 
sesses must  secure  to  it,  as  the  resources  of  the 
state  are  more  and  more  developed,  a  steady  in- 
crease of  prosperity  and  wealth. 

Madison  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Winterset.  S. 
central  part  of  the  state. 

Madison  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Richmond.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Kentucky  River,  separating  it 
from  Jessamine  and  Fayette  counties,  E.  by 
Estill  co.,  S.  by  Laurel,  and  W.  by  Rockcastle 
and  Garrard  counties.  Drained  by  branches  of 
the  Kentucky  River. 

Madison  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Richmond.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Carroll  parish,  E.  by  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  separating  it  from  Missouri,  S.  by 
Tensas  parish,  and  W.  by  the  Bayou  Macon, 
separating  it  froni  Franklin  and  Carroll  parishes. 
Drained  by  Roundaway  Bayou. 

Madison,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Kennebec  River.  34  miles  N.  from  Augusta. 

Madison  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Canton.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Atala,  and  E.  by  Leake  co.,  S.  E.  by 
Pearl  River,  separating  it  from  Franklin  co.,  S. 
by  Hinds  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Big  Black  River, 
separating  it  from  Yazoo  co. 

Madison  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Fredericktown. 
Bounded  N.  by  Francois,  E.by  Cape  Girardeau,  S. 
by  Wayne,  and  W.  by  Reynolds  co.  Watered  by 
St.  Francis  and  Whitewater  Rivers  and  branches. 

Madison  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Eaton.  Formed 
from  Chenango  co.  in  1806.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Oneida,  E.  by  Oneida  and  Otsego,  S. 
by  Chenango,  and  W.  by  Onondaga  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Oneida  Lake,  which  lies  on  the  N.. 
boundary,  and  by  the  streams  flowing  into  it, 
and  S.  by  the  head  branches  of  Unadilla,  Che- 
nango, Ostelic,  and  Tioughnioga  Rivers.  Surface 
rather  level  in  the  N.  parts,  but  more  hilly  in  the 
S.,  being  crossed  by  an  elevated  ridge.  Soil  fer- 
tile, especially  in  the  valleys.  Gypsum  and  wa- 
ter limestone  are  the  most  important  mineral 
productions,  and  marl  and  bog  iron  ore  are  found 
in  several  places.  Near  Chittenango  village  are 
2  celebrated  sulphur  springs.  The  Erie  Canal, 
and  Syracuse  and  Utica  Railroad  pass  through 
the  N.  part  of  this  county. 

Madison  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  London.  Union 
bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Franklin  and  Pickaway  on 
the  E.,  Fayette  on  the  S.,  and  Greene,  Clark,  and 
Champaign  counties  on  the  W.  It  was  settled 
in  the  year  1815 ;  the  land  is  excellent  for  grazing, 
and  is  watered  by  Darby  and  Deer  Creeks. 

Madison,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  Watered  by  Lit- 
tle Fishing  and  Mahoning  Creeks.  Surface  quite 
uneven ;  soil  loam  and  clay.  10  miles  N.  from 
Danville. 

Madison  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Jackson.  Bounded 
N.  by  Gibson  and  Carroll,  E.  by  Henderson, 
S.  by  McNairy  and  Hardeman,  and  W.  by  Hay- 
wood  co.  Drained  by  the  S.  fork  of  Forked 
Deer  and  its  branches. 

Madison  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Madison.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  and  E.  by  Rappahannock  and  Culpep- 
per,  S.  E.  by  Orange,  S.  W.  by  Madison,  and  N. 
W.  by  Page  co.  Watered  by  Robertson's,  and 
other  branches  of  Rapid  Ann  Rivers.  Surface 
somewhat  uneven ;  soil  of  medium  quality. 

Madison,  Va.,  c.  h.  Madison  co.  97  miles  N. 
W.  from  Richmond. 

Madison,  Wn.  Capital  of  the  state,  and  seat 
of  justice  of  Dane  co.,  80  miles  W.  from  Milwau- 


kie,  and  90  miles  N.  E.  from  Galena,  Illinois.  It 
is  pleasantly  situated  between  two  small  lakes, 
which  constitute  the  third  and  fourth  of  the  chain 
denominated  "  the  Four  Lakes,"  which  are  among 
the  sources  of  the  Rock  River.  There  is  a  regu- 
lar and  gentle  descent  each  way  from  the  site  on 
which  the  town  is  built  to  the  lakes  on  either  side, 
affording  a  delightful  prospect  of  the  water.  The 
town  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  a  handsome  cen- 
tral square,  914  feet  on  a  side,  and  streets  inter- 
secting each  other  at  right  angles.  The  first 
improvements  here  were  made  by  the  general 
government,  when  Wisconsin  was  organized  as  a 
territory.  Having  selected  this  spot  as  the  ter- 
ritorial seat  of  government,  appropriations  were 
made  for  laying  out  the  town,  enclosing  the  pub- 
lic square,  and  erecting  a  capital  in  its  centre. 
This  handsome  edifice  is  of  stone,  two  stories 
high  above  the  basement,  surmounted  with  a 
dome,  which  can  be  seen  at  the  distance  of  10 
miles  in  every  direction.  In  1837,  the  contractor 
with  the  government  for  building  the  capital,  with 
40  men  and  5  females,  started  from  Milwaukie, 
and  cut  their  way  through  the  wilderness  in  a  te- 
dious journey  of  11  days,  to  commence  their  un- 
dertaking. The  growth  of  the  place  has  been 
rapid,  and  its  prosperity  substantial.  It  has  now 
churches  for  several  of  the  principal  religious  de- 
nominations, many  handsome  hotels,  stores,  and 
public  buildings,  and  is  a  great  thoroughfare  of 
travel  between  important  points  on  Lake  Michigan 
and  Green  Bay  on  the  E.  and  N.,  and  the  Upper 
Mississippi  on  the  W. 

Madison  Springs,  Ga.,  Madison  co.  99  miles 
N.  from  Milledgeville.  The  chalybeate  waters  here 
are  efficacious  in  the  cure  of  many  complaints  ; 
and  good  accommodations  are  provided  to  render 
a  residence  at  the  springs  agreeable. 

Madisonville,  Ky.,  c.  n.  Hopkins  co.  On  high 
land  between  Green  and  Tradewater  Rivers.  127 
miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Madisonville,  La.,  St.  Tammany  parish.  A  sea- 
port on  Chefonte  River,  a  northern  tributary  of 
Lake  Pontchartrain.  35  miles  N.  from  New  Or- 
leans. 

Madrid,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Watered  by 
Grass  River  and  several  small  streams  flowing 
into  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N. 
W.  The  Isle  au  Rapid  Plat  and  some  smaller 
Islands  are  attached  to  this  town.  Surface  slight- 
ly undulating ;  soil  fertile  loam.  12  miles  N. 
from  Canton,  and  227  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Mahaska,  Io..  c.  h.  at  Askaloosa.     S.  central. 

Mahoning  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Enfield.  On  the 
N.  E.  border.  The  N.  E.  corner  is  traversed  by 
the  W.  fork  of  Beaver  River  and  the  Ohio  and 
Pennsylvania  Canal. 

Mahoning,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  Bounded  S.  by  the 
Susquehanna  River,  and  drained  by  Mahoning 
Creek.  Surface  varied ;  soil  gravel  and  clay. 

Mahoning,  Pa.,  Indiana  co.  Watered  by  Great 
and  Little  Mahoning  Creeks,  and  on  the  border* 
of  the  latter  iron  ore  is  found.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  clay.  173  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Maiden  Creek,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Watered  by  the 
Schuylkill  River  and  its  tributary,  Maiden  Creek. 
Surface  level ;  soil  calcareous  loam.  60  miles  E> 
from  Harrisburg. 

Maidstone,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  Watered  by  Paul's 
Stream  and  Maidstone  Lake.  The  settlement 
here  is  mostly  confined  to  the  margin  of  Connec- 
ticut River,  along  which  a  road  passes  through 
the  township.  The  settlement  was  probably  com- 


444 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


mcnced  about  the  year  1770.    3  miles  N.  from 
Guildhall,  and  71  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Maiden,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town  is  con- 
nected with  Charlestown  by  a  bridge  across  Mys- 
tic River,  of  2420  feet  in  length,  built  in  1787. 
It  was  formerly  a  part  of  Charlestown,  and  called 
Mystic  Side.  Maiden  has  a  rich  soil,  varied  sur- 
face, and  good  water  power.  There  are  two  de- 
lightful and  flourishing  villages  in  the  town, 
flirough  both  of  which  the  Maine  railroad  passes. 
5  miles  from  Boston. 

Maiden,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
Hudson  River,  43  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Albany. 
Leather  and  flagging  stone  pavements  are  export- 
ed from  this  place  in  large  quantities. 

Ma/one,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Canada,  and  is  drained  by  Salmon  and 
Trout  Rivers.  The  Ogdensburg  Railroad  passes 
through  it.  61  miles  E.  from  Ogdensburg,  and 
212  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Malta,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Drained  by  the 
outlet  of  Round  and  Ballston  or  Long  Lakes, 
and  by  Anthony's  Kill.  Saratoga  Lake  also  lies 
on  the  N.  E.  boundary.  Surface  undulating ;  soil 
clay  loam  and  sand.  6  miles  S.  E.  from  Balls- 
ton  Spa,  and  24  N.  from  Albany. 

Mamakating,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  Watered  by 
Bashe's  Kill,  nearly  parallel  to  which  runs  the 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal.  The  surface  is 
hilly  and  mountainous,  Shawangurik  Mountain 
lying  in  the  E.,  and  a  high  ridge  in  the  W.  part. 
12  miles  E.  from  Monticello,  and  101  S.  S.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Mamaroneck,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Bounded 
on  the  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  drained  by 
Mamaroneck  Creek.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  clay 
and  sandy  loam.  7  miles  S.  from  White  Plains, 
and  138  S.  from  Albany. 

Manayunk,  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.  On  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  River.  7  miles  N. 
N.  W.  from  Philadelphia,  and  99  miles  E.  by  S. 
from  Harrisburg.  The  waste  water  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill Canal  makes  a  large  water  power.  The 
Norristown  Railroad  passes  through  this  place. 
There  is  a  large  amount  of  manufacturing  and 
other  business  done  here. 

Manchester,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  An  important 
manufacturing  town  on  the  Hockanum.  The 
first  cotton  mill  in  this  state  was  built  here  in 
1794.  The  face  of  the  town  is  uneven,  but  the 
soil,  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  is  quite  produc- 
tive. 9  miles  E.  from  Hartford. 

Manchester,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Clay  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Goose  Creek,  a  branch  of  Kentucky  River,  and 
119  miles  S.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Manchester,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  town  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Salem,  called  Jeffrey's  Creek, 
and  was  settled  by  William  Jeffrey,  as  early  as 
1628.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  rocky,  but 
pleasantly  diversified;  the  soil  is  various,  but 
generally  good.  Massachusetts  Bay  is  on 
the  S.  of  this  town.  The  harbor  here  is  well 
protected.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
a  southern  declivity  towards  the  harbor.  Man- 
chester is  celebrated  for  producing  the  magnolia, 
a  beautiful  flowering  tree,  rarely  found  in  New 
England.  It  is  about  a  dozen  feet  in  height,  with 
deep-green  leaves  and  white  flowers.  It  possesses 
a  delicious  fragrance,  and  flowers  about  the  first 
of  July.  8  miles  N.  E.  from  Salem,  and  22  N.  E. 
from  Boston.  The  railroad  between  Beverly  and 
Gloucester  passes  through  the  town. 

Manchester,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.   This  town  lies 


on  the  E.  side  of  Merrimac  River,  on  which  it  is 
bounded,  9  miles  ;  it  is  otherwise  bounded  N.  by 
Hooksett,  E.  by  Chester,  and  S.  by  Litchfield. 

Massabesick'Lake  lies  at  the  E.  of  the  town. 
It  is  a  fine  sheet  of  water,  with  many  islands,  and 
presenting  some  of  the  finest  prospects  in  this 
part  of  the  state.  This  lake  or  pond  is  divided 
into  two  nearly  equal  parts  by  a  narrow  strait 
crossed  by  a  bridge  ;  each  of  these  parts  is  about 
3  miles  long  by  1  mile  wide.  Its  outlet,  the  Cohas 
Brook,  is  a  fine  mill  stream,  and  the  only  con- 
siderable stream  rising  in  the  town. 

The  soil  of  a  considerable  part  of  the  town  is 
light  and  sandy.  The  intervales  on  the  river  are 
inconsiderable,  but  of  easy  cultivation  and  pro- 
ductive, and  the  swells  afford  some  fine  farms. 

The  Amoskeag  Falls,  between  Manchester  and 
Goffstown,  are  the  largest  on  the  Merrimac.  At 
an  ordinary  stage  of  the  watef,  the  fall  to  the 
foot  of  the  locks  is  47  feet,  and  the  whole  fall  in 
the  distance  of  a  mile  is  54  feet.  A  permanent 
stone  dam  is  erected  across  the  river  at  the  head 
of  the  falls,  and  on  the  E.  side,  guard  gates  of 
most  substantial  masonry  are  constructed,  through 
which  the  water  passes  into  a  spacious  basin  con- 
nected with  the  upper  canal  for  the  use  of  the 
mills,  and  with  the  Amoskeag  Canal  for  pur- 
poses of  navigation. 

The  upper  canal  is  4950  feet  long,  75  feet  wide 
at  the  basin,  from  which  it  is  gradually  narrowed 
to  45  feet,  is  10  feet  deep,  and  walled  "throughout 
with  stone.  The  lower  canal,  which  occupies  the 
place  of  the  Amoskeag  Canal,  is  7500  feet  long, 
of  a  size  and  depth  corresponding  with  the  upper 
canal,  and  constructed  in  a  similar  manner.  The 
fall  from  the  upper  into  the  lower  canal  is  20 
feet,  and  from  the  latter  into  the  river  varies  from 
20  to  30  feet.  The  water  power  is  estimated  by 
competent  engineers  to  be  sufficient  to  drive 
216,000  spindles,  with  all  the  machinery  to  com- 
plete the  manufacture  of  the  cloth.  The  rapid 
fall  of  the  river  below  prevents  any  obstruction 
from  back  water. 

There  are  now  in  operation  at  this  place  7 
large  cotton  mills,  4  owned  and  operated  by 
the  Amoskeag  Manufacturing  Company,  and  3 
by  the  Stark  Mills  Corporation,  containing  105,000 
spindles  and  3000  looms,  employing  640  males 
and  3500  females,  consuming  annually  36,000 
bales  cotton,  635,000  pounds  potato  starch, 
31,000  gallons  sperm  oil,  6700  cords  wood,  1200 
tons  anthracite  coal,  and  producing  39,500,000 
yards  of  sheeting,  shirting,  ticking,  denims,  me- 
rino stripes,  and  cotton  flannel. 

There  are  connected  with  these  mills  an  ex- 
tensive blue  dyeing  establishment,  long  ranges 
of  cotton  warehouses  and  buildings  for  repair 
shops  and  counting  houses,  numerous  blocks  of 
boarding  houses  for  the  operatives,  containing 
166  tenements,  all  of  which  buildings  are  built  of 
bricks  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  with  slated 
roofs,  and  well  adapted  for  the  purposes  for 
which  they  are  used. 

There  is  a  large  machine  shop  and  foundery 
owned  by  the  Amoskeag  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, in  which  are  employed  500  hands,  and  con- 
sumes 350  tons  bar  iron  and  steel,  400  tons  an- 
thracite coal,  3000  tons  pig  iron,  30,000  bushels 
charcoal,  and  can  furnish  annually  25  locomo- 
tives and  the  machinery  necessary  for  a  25,000 
spindle  mill.  There  are  blocks  of  houses  con- 
taining 66  tenements  for  the  help  employed  in  the 
shop  and  foundery,  and  more  in  contemplation. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


445 


The  mousseline  de  laine  works  owned  by  the 
Manchester  Print  Works  Corporation  include  two 
large  mills,  print  works,  dye  house,  and  bleach 
house,  with  the  necessary  appurtenances.  These 
mills  contain  48,000  spindles,  1230  looms,  and  to- 
gether with  the  print  works  connected  therewith 
give  employment  to  600  males  and  1150  females, 
and  consume  annually  about  600,000  pounds  of 
cotton,  1,100,000  pounds ,of  wool,  4000  cords  of 
wood,  1000  tons  of  coal,  10,000  gallons  of  olive 
oil,  8000  gallons  of  sperm  oil,  6000  gallons  of 
whale  oil,  60,000  pounds  of  oil  soap,  and  60,000 
pounds  of  starch,  and  produce  about  10,000,000 
yards  of  mousseline  de  laines  and  fine  prints,  that 
are  celebrated  for  the  brilliancy  of  their  colors 
and  the  taste  displayed  in  the  patterns. 

Since  the  beginning  of  the  year  1839,  a  large 
village  has  grown  up  near  the  mills,  in  which  are 

8  meeting   houses    erected   at   an   expense   of 
more  than  $50,000,  for  the  use  of  the  Congrega- 
tionalists,    Baptists,    Universalists,    Methodists, 
Freewill  Baptists,  Episcopalians,  and  Unitarians. 
Several  of  these  are  large  and  handsome  buildings. 

9  school  houses  afford  accommodations  for  15 
schools,  and  upwards  of  900  scholars.     There  are 
4  large  hotels,  75  stores,  and  more  than  400  pri- 
vate dwellings.    A  town  house  90  by  68  feet,  2 
stories  high,  with  a  spacious  town  hall,  cupola, 
clock,  bell,  &c.,  erected  in  1841,  at  an  expense  of 
$23,000,  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  August,  1842, 
and  is  now  rebuilt. 

The  village  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  plain 
about  90  feet  above  the  river,  the  boarding 
houses  of  the  corporations  occupying  the  slope 
towards  the  canals.  It  is  laid  out  upon  a  plan 
at  once  neat  and  convenient.  The  principal 
street  is  100  feet  wide,  and  extends  more  than  a 
mile  N.  and  S.,  and  from  60  to  100  rods  distant 
from  the  river;  10  other  streets  intersect  this  at 
right  angles,  and  4  others  run  parallel  to  it.  These 
streets  are  about  50  feet  wide.  Four  large 
squares  have  been  laid  out  for  public  use.  some 
of  which  are  enclosed  and  planted  with  trees. 

A  public  cemetery,  called  the  Valley,  contain- 
ing 20  acres,  at  a  short  distance  from  the  village, 
is  a  beautiful  spot.  It  is  intersected  by  a  deep 
valley  and  a  running  stream,  and  is  laid  but  with 
winding  paths  and  avenues.  It  is  always  a  place 
of  great  resort,  and  of  just  pride  to  the  citizens. 

An  Athenaeum  was  established  in  January, 
1844,  which  has  a  library  of  2200  volumes,  and 
a  reading  room  for  periodicals  and  newspapers ; 
and  a  law  library  has  been  commenced,  which  has 
now  about  400  volumes. 

Two  free  bridges  across  the  Merrimac  connect 
this  town  with  Goffstown  and  Bedford.  These 
are  new  and  handsome  structures,  erected  at  an 
expense  of  more  than  $28,000. 

The  villages  of  Piscataquog  and  Amoskeag,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  river,  are  connected  by  these 
bridges  with  Manchester,  and,  in  fact,  constitute 
with  it  but  one  place  of  business. 

At  the  mouth  of  the  Cohas  is  a  thriving  vil- 
lage growing  up  around  the  mills  on  that  stream. 

The  growth  of  the  city  of  Manchester  is 
unrivalled  by  any  place  in  this  country  except 
Lowell,  and  is  a  magnificent  specimen  of  the  en- 
terprise and  skill  of  the  New  England  people. 
The  population  within  the  limits  in  1838  was 
about  50  ;  in  1848,  it  contained  12,000  inhabi- 
tants ;  in  1850,  13,933.  Manchester  was  incor- 
porated as  a  city  in  1846. 

Manchester  is  on  the  great  Northern  Railroad, 


58  miles  from  Boston  and  17  from  Concord.  It 
is  also  connected  by  railroad  with  the  Boston 
and  Maine  Railroad,  direct  to  Lawrence,  Ms.,  27 
miles,  and  thence  to  Salem,  Ms.,  23  miles,  where 
it  is  connected  with  the  Eastern  Railroad. 

Manchester,  N.  J.,  Passaic  co.  Incorporated  in 
1836.  It  is  watered  by  Ramapo,  Pompton,  and 
Passaic  Rivers,  which  afford  extensive  water  priv- 
ileges. Surface  hilly  and  mountainous. 

Manchester,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Drained  by  the 
Canandaigua  outlet.  Clifton  Springs,  situated  in 
the  E.  part  of  this  town,  are  quite  celebrated.  8 
miles  N.  E.  from  Canandaigua. 

Manchester,  Te..  c.  h.  Coffee  co.  On  the  head 
waters  of  Duck  River.  68  m.  S.  E.  from  Nashville. 

Manchester,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  One  of  the 
county  towns.  Situated  between  the  Green  Moun- 
tains on  the  E .,  and  Equinox  Mountain  on  the 
W.  There  are  two  neat  villages  in  this  valley. 
The  town  is  watered  by  the  Battenkill  and  its 
branches,  and  affords  good  mill  sites.  The  soil 
along  the  watercourses  is  good,  but  the  principal 
part  of  the  town  is  better  for  grazing  than  tillage. 
Here  are  large  quarries  of  beautiful  marble,  and 
a  curious  cavern  ;  also  a  variety  of  minerals.  25 
miles  N.  by  E.  from  Bennington,  and  about  40 
W.  from  Bellows  Falls,  across  the  mountains. 

Manchester,  Va.,  Chesterfield  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  James  River,  opposite  Richmond.  There 
are  numerous  manufactories  here,  among  which 
are  those  of  cotton  seed  oil,  tobacco,  and  flour. 

Manhattanvillc,  N.  Y.,  New  York  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Hudson  River,  and  has  a  good  landing. 
8  miles  N.  from  the  City  Hall,  New  York.  The 
New  York  Lunatic  Asylum  is  located  near  this  vil- 
lage. There  is  an  extensive  white  lead  factory  here. 
The  Hudson  River  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Manheim,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  Mohawk  River,  and  drained  by  East 
Canada  Creek,  one  of  its  tributaries.  This  is  a 
hilly  town,  with  a  fertile  soil.  10  miles  E.  from 
Herkimer,  and  70  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Manheim,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Watered  by  Great 
Conestoga  on  its  E.,  and  Little  Conestoga  Creek 
on  its  S.  W.  border.  Moravia  Creek  also  traverses 
its  N.  E.  corner.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  cal- 
careous loam  and  clay.  33  miles  E.  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Manheim,  Pa..  York  co.  Watered  by  Hammer, 
a  branch  of  Codorus  Creek.  Surface  undulating; 
soil  rich  loam.  16  miles  S.  W.  from  York. 

Manheim,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  Watered  by  the 
Schuylkill  and  tributaries ;  gravelly  and  barren. 

Manitoivoc  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  atManitowoc.  On 
the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  opposite  Lake 
Winnebago. 

Manlivs,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Chittenango  and 
Limestone  Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  somewhat  rolling,  and  the  soil  uncom- 
monly fertile.  10  miles  E.  from  Syracuse,  by 
railroad,  and  120  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Mannington,  N.  J.,  Salem  co.  Surface  level, 
and  watered  by  Salem  River  and  Mannington 
Creek  ;  soil  rich  loam.  6  miles  N.  E.  from  Salem. 

Manny,  La.,  c.  h.  Sabine  parish.  30  miles  S. 
W.  from  Natchitoches. 

Manor,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Drained  by  streams 
flowing  into  Conestoga  River,  which  forms  its  S. 
E.  boundary.  6  miles  S.  W.  from  Lancaster. 

Mansfield,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  Mansfield,  the  In- 
dian Naicbesetuck,  was  taken  from  Windham  in 
1703.  The  face  of  the  town  is  uneven,  and  some 
of  the  hills  have  considerable  elevation.  Tho 


446 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


town  is  watered  by  Willimantic  River,  and  the 
Natchaug  and  its  tributaries  —  Mount  Hope  and 
Fenton.  A  larger  quantity  of  silk  is  manufac- 
tured here  than  in  any  other  place  in  the  United 
States.  This  branch  of  industry  was  introduced 
into  the  country  by  Dr.  Aspinwall,  of  this  place, 
above  70  years  since,  who  established  the  rais- 
ing of  silk  worms  in  New  Haven,  Long  Island, 
and  Philadelphia.  27  miles  E.  from  Hartford. 

Mansfield,  La.,  c.  h.  De  Soto  co. 

Mansfield,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.,  was  originally  the 
north  parish  of  the  town  of  Norton.  Mansfield  is 
watered  by  several  branches  of  Taunton  River. 
The  soil  is  thin,  and  the  surface  level.  About 
the  year  1836,  a  mine  of  anthracite  coal  was  dis- 
covered here  in  digging  a  well.  Among  a  varie- 
ty of  berries,  which  flourish  in  Mansfield,  is  the 
white  whortleberry,  rarely  known  to  exist  in  any 
other  place.  The  New  Bedford  and  Taunton 
Railroad  meets  the  Boston  and  Providence  Rail- 
road in  the  centre  of  the  town.  1  1  miles  N.  W. 
from  Taunton,  and  24  S.  from  Boston. 

Mansfield,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  Drained  by 
Black's,  Craft's,  and  Assiscunk  Creeks,  branches  of 
the  Del  aware  River.  Along  the  river  is  a  kind  of 
clay  which  makes  superior  fire  bricks.  Surface 
level  ;  soil  sand,  clay,  and  loam  of  good  quality. 
7  miles  N.  from  Mount  Holly. 

Mansfield,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  Musconetcong 
and  Pohatcong  Creeks  water  this  town,  which  is 
also  traversed  by  the  Morris  Canal.  Surface 
mountainous,  containing  iron  ore  and  a  chalybe- 
ate spring.  Soil  rich  calcareous  loam.  48  miles 
N.  N.  W.  from  Trenton. 

Mansfield,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Watered 
by  branches  of  Cattaraugus  Creek  and  of  the  Al- 
leghany  River.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil  sandy 
loam,  yielding  good  crops  of  grass  and  grain. 
5  miles  W.  from  Ellicottville,  and  297  S.  of  W. 
from  Albany. 

Mansfield,  O.,  c.  h.  Richland  co.  Pleasantly 
situated  on  elevated  ground.  63  miles  N.  E. 
from  Columbus. 

Marathon,  N.  Y.,  Cortland  co.  Watered  by 
Tioughnioga  River  and  some  of  its  branches. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  sandy  loam.  15  miles 
S.  E.  from  Cortland,  and  145  W.  from  Albany. 

Marblehead,  Ms.,  Essex  co.,  was  originally  a 
part  of  Salem,  and  for  some  time  after  its  settle- 
ment was  called  Marble  Harbor.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Salem  Harbor,  E.  and  S.  by  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  and  W.  by  Salem  and  Salem  Har- 
bor. The  surface  is  exceedingly  irregular  and 
rocky,  and  considerably  elevated.  The  harbor,  in 
front  of  the  town,  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  and 
half  a  mile  wide,  formed  by  a  narrow  neck  at  the 
S.  W.,  which  separates  it  from  Lynn  Bay,  and 
connects  the  town  with  Great  Neck,  is  deep  and 
excellent,  capable  of  being  entered  at  all  times 
by  ships  of  the  largest  size,  and  by  a  breakwater, 
constructed  in  1845,  for  the  protection  of  Little 
Harbor,  will  be  rendered  a  safe  retreat  from 
storms.  This  harbor  is  protected  by  Fort  Sew- 
all,  near  its  entrance.  Marblehead  has  always 
been  noted  for  the  enterprise  of  its  people  in  the 
fisheries.  The  village  is  very  pleasant  in  summer, 
and  an  excellent  place  to  witness  the  raging  of 
the  ocean  in  a  storm.  A  railroad  passes  from  this 
town  to  Salem,  4  miles,  and  to  Boston,  16  miles. 

Marbletown,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Drained  by  Esopus 
and  Rondout  Creeks,  and  is  crossed  by  the  Shawan- 
nk  Mountain.  The  soil  is  productive.  7  miles 
W.  from  Kingston,  and  65  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 


gu 
S. 


Marcellus,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Drained  by 
Nine  Mile  Creek.  A  hilly  town,  with  a  fertile 
soil.  10  miles  S.  W.  from  Syracuse,  and  140  N. 
of  W.  from  Albany. 

Marcy,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Watered  by  Nine 
Mile  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Mohawk  River^  which 
forms  its  S.  boundary.  Surface  hilly,  the  Hassen- 
cleaver  Mountain  partly  covering  it ;  soil  chiefly 
clay  and  sandy  loam.  6  miles  N.  from  Utica, 
and  100  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Marengo  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Linden.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Greene,  E.  by  Perry,  Dallas,  and  Wil- 
cox,  S.  by  Clarke  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Tombig- 
bee  River,  separating  it  from  Washington  and 
Sumpter  counties.  The  Warrior  River  runs  on 
its  N.  W.  border.  Soil  sterile. 

Marengo,  Io.,  c.  h.  Iowa  co. 

Marianna,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Chipola  River.  77  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Tallahassee. 

Marietta,  Io.,  c.  h.  Marshall  co. 

Marietta,  0.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  On  both  sides 
of  the  Muskingum,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Ohio. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out  with  wide  streets,  and  neatly 
and  compactly  built.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in 
the  state,  having  been  laid  out  in  1788,  and  named 
after  the  unfortunate  Marie  Antoinette,  queen  of 
Louis  XVI.  After  50  years  of  very  slow  prog- 
ress, it  has  recently  taken  a  decided  start,  and  the 
arrangements  for  railroad  communication  with 
Cincinnati,  Wheeling,  Pittsburg,  Baltimore,  and 
Philadelphia  promise  to  enhance  its  importance, 
104  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Columbus,  and  300  by 
the  river  above  Cincinnati. 

Marietta,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  On  the  N.  E.  bank 
of  Susquehanna  River,  above  the  junction  of 
Little  Chiques  Creek,  and  27  miles  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Marion  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Pikeville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Franklin  co.,  E.  by  Walker,  S.  by  Fayetto 
co.,  and  W.  by  Mississippi.  Watered  by  Bear 
Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Tennessee  River,  and  by 
Buttahatchie  River  and  branches. 

Marion,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Perry  co.  58  miles  S.  from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Marion  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Yellville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Missouri,  E.  by  Fulton  co.,  S.  by  Searcy, 
and  W.  by  Carroll  co.  Drained  by  White  River 
and  its  branches. 

Marion,  As.,  c.  h.  Crittenden  co.  6  miles  W. 
from  the  Mississippi  River,  and  140  E.  N.  E.  from 
Little  Rock. 

Marion  County,  Ca.  In  the  N.  peninsula,  be- 
tween the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  and  the  Ocean. 

Marion  County,  Fa.  In  the  centre  of  the  pen- 
insula. 

Marion  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Tazewell.  Bounded 
N.  by  Talbot,  E.  by  Macon,  S.  by  Sumpter  and 
Stewart,  and  W.  by  Muscogee  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Flint  River. 

Marion,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Twiggs  co.  41  miles  S.  S, 
W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Marion  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Salem.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1823;  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Fayette, 
E.  by  Clay  and  Wayne,  S.  by  Jefferson,  and  W. 
by  Washington,  Clinton,  and  Fayette  counties. 
Watered  by  Kaskaskia  River  and  branches,  and 
the  Skillet  Fork  of  Little  Wabash  River.  A 
large  part  of  the  surface  is  prairie  land. 

Marion,  Is.,  c.  h.  Williamson  co.  172  miles 
S.  S.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Marion  County,  la.,  c.  h.'  at  Indianapolis. 
Bounded  N.  by  Boone  and  Hamilton  counties, 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


447 


E.  by  Hancock  and  Shelby,  S.  by  Johnson  and 
Morgan,  and  W.  by  Hendricks  co.  Drained  by 
the  W.  fork  of  White  River,  and  by  Fall  and 
Eagle  Creeks.  Surface  level ;  soil  of  excellent 
quality. 

Marion,  la.,  c.  h.  Grant  co.  On  Missisinewa 
River,  25  miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Wa- 
bash,  and  73  N.  N.  E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Marion,  Io.,  c.  h.  Linn  co.  4  miles  E.  from 
Cedar  River. 

Marion,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Knoxville.     S.  central. 

Marion  County.  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Lebanon.  A  cen- 
tral county.  Watered  by  the  Rolling  Fork  of 
Salt  River  and  its  tributaries. 

Marion,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Crittenden  co. 

Marion,  As.,  c.  h.  Crittenden  co. 

Marion,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  A  new  town,  taken 
from  Rochester. 

Marion  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Columbia.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Lawrence  and  Covington,  E.  by  Perry, 
S.  by  Harrison  and  Hancock  counties,  S.  W.  by 
Louisiana,  and  W.  by  Pike  co.  Drained  by 
Pearl  and  Leaf  Rivers"  and  Black  Creek.  Soil 
fertile  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Marion,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Lauderdale  co.  On  the 
head  branches  of  Oktibbeha  Creek.  E.  from 
Jackson  1 10  miles. 

Marion  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Palmyra.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Lewis  co.,  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River, 
separating  it  from  Illinois,  S.  by  Rails  and  Mon- 
roe, and  W.  by  Shelby  co.  Drained  by  South 
Fabius  and  North  Rivers,  branches  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. Surface  undulating ;  soil  very  rich. 

Marion,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Cole  co.  On  the  S.  bank  of 
Missouri  River.  15  miles  N.  W.  from  Jefferson 
City. 

Marion  City,  Mo.,  Marion  co.  The  landing  for 
the  town  of  Palmyra.  It  extends  l£  miles  along 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi. 

Marion  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Monroe.  Mid- 
way of  the  southern  border. 

Marion,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  McDowell  co. 

Marion,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Surface  uneven  ; 
watered  by  a  branch  of  Mud  Creek ;  has  a  soil 
well  adapted  for  grain,  14  miles  N.  W.  from 
Lyons,  and  1 95  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Marion  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  Cranford 
is  on  the  N.,  Richland  on  the  E.,  Hardin  on  the 
W.,  and  Delaware  and  Union  counties  on  the  S. 
It  was  constituted  in  February,  1820,  and  settled 
the  same  year ;  but  it  was  not  organized  until 
January,  1824.  The  principal  waters  are  the 
Scioto,  Little  Scioto,  and  Whetstone  Rivers. 
The  land  is  rich  and  fertile,  and  part  of  it  is 
an  open  plain  ;  it  is  well  improved. 

Marion  County,  On.  In  the  valley  of  the  Wil- 
lamette. 

Marion  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Marion  Court 
House.  Bounded  N.  E.  by  North  Carolina,  S.  E. 
by  the  Little  Pedee  River,  separating  it  from 
Horry  district,  S.  W.  by  Great  Pedee  River  and 
Lynch's  Creek,  separating  it  from  Georgetown 
and  Williamsburg  districts,  and  N.  W.  by  Dar- 
lington and  Marlboro'  districts.  Surface  level, 
and  in  some  portions  marshy. 

Marion,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Marion  district.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Catfish  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Great  Pe- 
dee River,  and  146  miles  E.  from  Columbia. 

Marion  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Jasper.  Bounded 
N.  by  Warren  and  Bledsoe,  and  E.  by  Hamilton 
co.,  S.  by  Georgia  and  Alabama,  and  W.  by 
Franklin  and  Coffee  counties.  Drained  by  Ten- 
nessee and  Sequatchie  Rivers  and  branches. 


Marion  County,  Te.  New ;  taken  from  Smith 
co.  In  the  N.  central  part  of  the  state. 

Marion  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Fairmount.  N. 
W.  part.  Includes  part  of  the  vnlley  of  the  Up- 
per Monongahela,  the  two  forks  of  which  unite 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  county,  and  thence  flow  N. 
through  it.  Hilly.  Crossed  from  E.  to  W.  by  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Marion,  Va.,  c.  h.  Smyth  co.  On  the  Middle 
Fork  of  Holston  River.  W.  by  S.  from  Richmond 
275  miles. 

Mariposa  County,  Ca.  About  the  banks  of  the 
San  Joaquin. 

Marksville,  La.,  c.  h.  Avoyelles  parish. 

Marlboro\  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  Marlboro1  was 
taken  from  3  towns  which  belonged  to  3  different 
counties,  in  1803.  The  surface  of  the  town  is 
hilly  and  stony,  and  the  lands  best  adapted  for 
grazing.  Dark  Hollow,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  town,  presents  some  wild  scenery  of  more 
teiTor  than  beauty.  14  miles  S.  E.  from  Hart- 
ford. 

Marlboro',  Ms.,  was  granted  to  some  people  at 
Sudbury  in  1655.  Its  Indian  name  was  Okom- 
makamesitL  The  town  is  remarkable  for  its  fine 
undulating  surface  and  fertile  soil.  The  Assa- 
bet  River  waters  the  western  part  of  the  town, 
and  affords  Feltonville,  a  flourishing  manufactur- 
ing village,  a  fine  water  power.  The  town  is 
otherwise  watered  by  several  small  streams,  and 
a  number  of  beautiful  ponds.  The  villages  are 
handsome,  and  largely  engaged  in  the  shoe  trade, 
and  other  manufactures.  27  miles  W.  from  Bos- 
ton, and  14  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Marlboro1,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  There  are  sev- 
eral ponds  in  this  town,  which  are  the  sources 
of  some  of  the  branches  of  Ashuelot  River. 
The  soil  is  rocky,  but  good  for  grazing.  6  miles 
S.  E.  from  Keene,  and  58  S.  W.  from  Concord. 
The  Cheshire  Railroad  passes  through  the  town. 

Marlboro1,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Hudson  River,  and  is  watered  by  the 
Old  Man's  Kill,  one  of  its  branches.  Surface 
hilly  ;  soil  clay  loam,  based  upon  slate.  20  miles 
S.  from  Kingston,  and  88  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Marlboro1,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Watered  by 
Perkiomen  and  Swamp  Creeks.  Surface  undu- 
lating, containing  iron  ore  ;  soil  red  shale. 

Marlboro1  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Bennettsville. 
Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  North  Carolina,  S.  E. 
by  Marion  district,  S.  W.  and  N.  W.  by  the  Yad- 
kin  River,  separating  it  from  Darlington  and 
Chesterfield  districts. 

Marlboro1,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  The  town  is 
well  watered  by  the  W.  branch  of  West  River, 
Whetstone  Brook,  and  Green  River.  It  has  a 
good  soil,  and  is  very  productive  in  grain.  Here 
are  a  pleasant  village,  several  fine  trout  ponds, 
various  kinds  of  minerals,  and  medicinal  springs. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  in  the  spring  of 
1763,  by  Abel  Stockwell,  from  West  Springfield, 
Ms.,  and  Thomas  Whitmore,  from  Middleton, 
Ct.  8  miles  S.  from  Newfane,  and  24  E.  from 
Bennington. 

Marlow,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  Ashuelot  River 
passes  through  almost  the  whole  length  of  this 
town.  There  are  no  ponds  of  note,  nor  any 
mountains.  The  soil  is  wet,  but  productive. 
There  are  excellent  tracts  of  meadow  land  on 
Ashuelot  River,  and  other  streams.  The  land  is 
uneven,  and  produces  the  various  kinds  of  grain. 
First  settlers,  Joseph  Tubbs,  Samuel  and  John 
Gustin,  N.  Royce,  N.  Miller,  Nathan  Huntley, 


448 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


and  others.  15  miles  N.  from  Keene,  and  50 
W.  by  S.  from  Concord. 

Marquette  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Marquette. 
Bounded  E.  by  Winnebago  and  Fond  du  Lac, 
and  S.  by  Dodge  and  Portage  counties,  and  W. 
and  N.  by  Puckaway  Lake  and  Fox  Eiver,  sep- 
arating it  from  Portage  co. 

Marshall  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Warren  ton. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Tennessee  River,  separating 
it  from  Madison  and  Jackson  counties,  E.  by  De 
Kalb  co.,  S.  by  Blount,  and  W.  by  Morgan  co. 
Drained  by  small  streams  flowing  into  the  Ten- 
nessee River. 

Marshall  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Lacon.  Illinois 
River  runs  on  the  W.  border  of  this  county. 

Marshall,  Is.,  c.  h.  Clarke  co.  123  miles  E.  S 
E.  from  Springfield,  on  the  national  road. 

Marshall  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Plymouth.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  St.  Joseph  co.,  E.  by  Kosciusko,  S.  by 
Fulton,  and  W.  by  Stark  co.  Watered  by  Yel- 
low and  Tippecanoe  Rivers. 

Marshall,  lo ,  c.  h.  at  Marietta.     Central. 

Marshall  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Benton.  W. 
part  of  the  state.  Washed  on  the  N.  E.  by  the 
Tennessee  River. 

Marshall,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Calhoun  co.  105  miles 
W.  of  Detroit.  On  the  Northern  Michigan 
Railroad. 

Marshall  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Holly  Springs. 
Bounded  N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Tippah  and 
Pontosoc  counties,  S.  by  the  Tallahatchie  River, 
separating  it  from  Lafayette  co.,  and  W.  by  Po- 
nolo  and  De  Soto  counties.  Watered  by  the 
head  branches  of  Tallahatchie  and  Coldwater 
Rivers.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil  productive. 

Marshall,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Saline  co.  87  miles  N.  W. 
from  Jefferson  City. 

Marshall,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Drained  by  the 
Oriskany  Creek,  and  is  also  crossed  by  the  Che- 
nango  Canal.  The  surface  is  rolling ;  soil  rich 
sandy  loam.  12  miles  S.  W.  from  Utica,  and 
106  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Marshall  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Lewisburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Williamson  co.,  E.  by  Bedford, 
S.  by  Lincoln  and  Giles,  and  W.  by  Maury  co. 
Watered  by  Duck  River  and  tributaries.  Surface 
undulating ;  soil  productive. 

Marshall  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Elizabethtown. 
Bounded  N.  by  Ohio  co.,  E.  by  Pennsylvania,  S. 
by  Tyler  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Ohio.  Drained  by  Grave  Creek  and 
other  small  branches  of  the  Ohio.  Surface  hilly; 
soil  well  adapted  to  grazing  and  the  growth  of 
grain. 

Marshficld,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  Until  its  in- 
corporation in  1641,  this  town  was  a  part  of 
Duxbury,  and  was  called  Green's  Harbor,  or 
Rexham.  Its  Indian  name  was  Missancatucket, 
North  River  separates  Marshficld  from  Scituate 
on  the  N.,  and  Massachusetts  Bav  bounds  it  on 
the  N.  E.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified. 
South  and  North  Rivers  give  to  Marshfield  a 
good  water  power.  The  lamented  WEBSTER'S 
country  seat  was  situated  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
town,  about  12  miles  N.  from  Plymouth. 

Marslifield,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  The  surface 
of  this  township  is  very  uneven.  That  part  of  it 
W.  of  the  river  is  timbered  with  hard  wood,  and 
the  soil  is  good.  E.  of  the  river  the  timber 
consists  principally  of  evergreens,  and  the  sur- 
face is  broken,  wet,  and  stony.  The  town  is  wa- 
tered principally  by  Winooski  River.  Here  in 
this  stream  is  a  fall,  said  to  be  500  feet  in  the 


distance  of  30  rods.  In  the  N.  E.  part  of  the 
town  is  a  considerable  natural  pond.  The  rocks 
are  principally  slate  and  granite.  In  the  N.  part 
of  the  town  is  a  pleasant  village.  The  town  waa 
granted  to  the  Stot-kbridge  tribe  of  Indians  Oc- 
tober 16,  1782,  and  chartered  to  them  June  22, 
1790.  The  township  was  purchased  of  the  In- 
dians by  Isaac  Marsh,  Esq.,  of  Stockbridge,  Ms., 
from  whom  the  town  derives  its  name,  for  £140, 
and  was  deeded  to  him  July  29,  1789.  The  im- 
provements were  commenced  here  in  the  spring 
of  1790,  by  Martin  and  Calvin  Pitkin,  from  East 
Hartford,  Ct.  15  miles  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Marshpee  District,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  A  tract 
of  22  square  miles,  reserved  for  the  Marshpeo 
Indians.  It  was  incorporated  in  1834  as  a  dis- 
trict, the  people  having  the  privilege  of  choosing 
their  own  officers,  and  managing  their  own  affairs, 
assisted  by  a  commissioner  appointed  by  the 
state.  The  land  cannot  be  sold  without  the  con- 
sent of  all  the  inhabitants,  who  are  only  102  by 
the  census  of  1850,  — the  largest  remnant  of  New 
England  Indians  west  of  the  Penobscot,  —  and  of 
these  only  five  or  six  are  of  pure  blood. 

The  land  is  good  for  grain,  and  is  well  watered 
by  Marshpee  and  Quoshmet  Streams,  and  numer- 
ous ponds.  It  lies  on  the  ocean,  12  miles  S.  W. 
from  Barnstable. 

Martic,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Beaver,  Muddy, 
and  Pecquea  water  this  town,  affording  good 
hydraulic  power.  The  Susquehanna  River  also 
runs  on  its  S.  W.  border.  Surface  hilly ;  soil 
calcareous  loam.  10  miles  S.  from  Lancaster. 

Martin  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Pleasant. 
Bounded  N.  by  Green,  E.  by  Lawrence  and  Or- 
ange, S.  by  Dubois,  and  W.  by  Daviess  co.  The 
E.  fork  of  White  River  drains  this  county,  its 
branches  affording  water  power.  The  surface  E. 
of  White  River  is  rough  and  hilly,  and  W.  level, 
or  slightly  uneven. 

Martin  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Williamston.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  the  Roanoke  River,  separating  it  from 
Bertie  co.,  E.  by  Washington  co.,  S.  by  Beaufort 
and  Pitt,  and  W.  by  Edgecombe  co.  Surfaco 
level,  and  some  portions  marshy. 

Martinez,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Contra  Costa  co. 

Martinsburg,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Lewis  co.  Watered  by 
Martin's  Creek,  a  branch  of  Black  River,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface  undulating ;  soil 
rich  loam,  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grain. 
142  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Martinsburg,  Va.,  c.  h.  Berkley  co.  21  miles 
N.  W.  from  Harper's  Ferry,  and  169  N.  by  W. 
from  Richmond. 

Martinville,  la.,  c.  h.  Morgan  co.  On  a  beau- 
tiful plain  about  half  a  mile  E.  from  the  E. 
branch  of  White  River. 

Martinville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Henry  co.  On  Smith's 
River,  a  branch  of  Dan  River.  194  miles  S.  W. 
from  Richmond. 

Maryland,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Schenevas  Creek 
waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly, 
Crumhorn  Mountain  lying  in  the  W.  part.  Tho 
soil,  consisting  of  clay  loam,  is  fertile  in  the  val- 
leys. 12  miles  S.  from  Cooperstown,  and  66  W. 
from  Albany. 

Marysville,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Yuba  co.  On  the  Yuba, 
just  above  its  confluence  with  the  Feather 
River. 

Marysville,  O.,  c.  h.  Union  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Mill  Creek,  a  branch  of  Little  Scioto 
River.  30  miles  N.  W.  from  Columbus. 

Maryville,   Te.,  Blount    co.      On    a     branch 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


449 


of  Pistol  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Little  River.  18 
miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Knoxville.  This  is  the  seat 
of  the  Southwestern  Theological  Seminary.  See 
Theological  Seminaries. 

Mason  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Bath.  W.  central 
part  of  the  state.  In  the  angle  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  Sangamon  with  the  Illinois. 

Mason  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Washington. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  E.  by  Lewis,  S. 
by  Fleming,  and  W.  by  Nicholas  and  Bracken 
counties.  Drained  by  North  Lick,  a  branch  of 
Licking  River. 

Mason  County,  Mn.  On  the  E.  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  half  way  from  the  head  to  the  foot. 

Mason,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  The  surface  is 
uneven ;  the  hills  are  chiefly  large  swells,  with 
narrow  valleys  between  them.  The  streams  are 
rapid.  There  are  no  natural  ponds.  Souhegan 
is  the  principal  stream,  affording  many  fine  mill 
sites.  The  soil  in  the  E.  part  is  light ;  in  the  W. 
is  a  strong,  deep  soil,  but  stony.  15  miles  S.  W. 
from  Amherst,  and  45  S.  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Mason  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Point  Pleasant. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  Jackson  co.,  S.  E.  by  Kana- 
wha,  S.  W.  by  Cabell  co.,  and  N.  W.  and  N.  by 
the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  Ohio.  Great 
Kanawha  River  and  its  branches,  and  some 
small  branches  of  the  Ohio,  water  this  county. 
Surface  rough  :  soil  mostly  fertile.  Salt  is  found 
near  the  Kanawha. 

fifasonville,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Watered  by 
come  small  branches  of  the  Delaware  and  Sus- 
quehanna  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
mountainous.  23  miles  W.  from  Delhi,  and 
105  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Massanutton,  Va.,  Page  co.  188  miles  N.  W. 
from  Richmond.  Near  this  village  is  a  stream 
from  Massanutton  Mountain,  which  has  an  un- 
broken fall  of  nearly  50  feet,  presenting  a  most 
beautiful  spectacle. 

Massena,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Racket  and 
Grass  Rivers  water  this  town,  which  comprises 
2  large  islands,  lying  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River, 
and  contains  a  sulphur  spring  of  some  celebrity. 
Surface  slightly  uneven  ;  soil  fertile  loam,  based 
upon  lime.  28  miles  N.  from  Canton,  and  236 
N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Massillon,  O.,  Stark  co.,  is  on  the  Ohio  Canal 
65  miles  S.  from  Cleveland,  and  116  N.  E.  from 
Columbus.  This  place  was  laid  out  in  1826. 
It  is  now  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and  in- 
viting places  in  the  interior  of  Ohio.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  large  commercial  and  manufactur- 
ing business,  contains  iron  works  and  flouring 
mills  extensive  business  blocks,  good  hotels, 
fine  churches,  a  model  Union  School,  splendid 
private  residences,  and  all  the  adornments  of 
shrubbery,  shade,  and  good  taste,  which  charac- 
terize an  intelligent,  enterprising,  and  prosperous 
people.  The  location  of  the  town  on  the  Tus- 
carawas  River  is  a  beautiful  one,  and  affords 
good  soil  and  a  variety  of  landscape,  with  choice, 
sightly  building  spots  in  abundance.  Many  of 
these  are  occupied  and  improved  with  rare  taste. 
Superior  building  stone  abounds  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity  of  Massillon,  and  the  public  and 
private  improvements  are  of  the  most  durable 
character.  A  substantial  stone  bridge  has  re- 
cently been  finished  over  the  Tuscarawas. 

The  Union  School  at  Massillon  is  deservedly 
the  pride  of  all  the  citizens.  It  was  one  of  the 
first  established  in  Ohio,  and  stands  first  in  site, 
building,  and  good  management.  All  the  chil- 


dren of  the  town  are  free  scholars,  and  may 
advance  from  the  primary  to  the  highest  depart- 
ment. Over  500  attend  regularly. 

Massillon  is  known  as  the  Wheat  City,  and 
justly  so.  No  town  in  the  state,  or  in  the  Union, 
it  is  said,  is  the  market  of  such  large  quantities 
of  wheat,  direct  from  the  hands  of  the  producers, 
as  Massillon.  The  receipts  from  wagons  alone 
some  days  have  been  as  high  as  thirty  thousand 
bushels.  The  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
running  from  this  place  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and 
connecting  with  the  railroad  from  Cleveland 
to  Pittsburg,  brings  Massillon  into  connection 
with  all  the  great  lines  of  steam  communication 
through  the  east  and  west. 

Matagorda  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Matagorda. 
S.  part.  On  the  coast  and  includes  both  banks 
of  the  Lower  Colorado. 

Matteawan,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  On  Fishkill 
Creek,  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  landing  on  the 
Hudson  River.  The  creek  falls  40  feet,  and  gives 
a  great  water  power,  improved  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  stuffs  for  hats,  machinery,  &c. 

Matthews  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Matthews.  This 
county  consists  of  a  peninsula  situated  between 
Piankatauck  Bay  on  the  N.,  Chesapeake  Bay  on 
the  E.,  Mobjack  Bay  on  the  S.,  and  Gloucester 
co.  on  the  W. 

Mauch  Chunk,  Pa.,  Carbon  co.  Township  and 
village.  In  the  midst  of  the  Schuylkill  coal  fields. 
The  surface  is  mountainous,  the  soil  gravel. 
The  village  is  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Lehigh 
River,  at  the  head  of  the  Lehigh  Canal,  in  a 
deep  and  romantic  ravine,  between  rocky  moun- 
tains, which  rise  precipitously  800  or  1000  feet 
An  inclined  plane  and  a  railroad  9  miles  long  ex- 
tend to  the  coal  mines. 

Maumee  City,  O-,  c.  h.  Lucas  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Maumee  River,  and  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation, which  is  here  interrupted  by  the  rapids. 
The  place  has  considerable  trade,  for  which  its 
location  on  the  river,  and  on  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal,  gives  it  good  facilities.  The  canal 
is  here  connected  with  the  river  by  a  side  cut. 
The  water  power  at  this  place  is  very  extensive, 
and  is  partially  improved  for  several  flouring 
mills  and  factories.  8  miles  S.  from  Toledo,  and 
124  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Columbus. 

Maurice  River,  N.  J.,  Cumberland  co.  Bounded 
S.  by  Delaware  Bay,  and  W.  by  Maurice  River, 
and  drained  by  Tuckahoe  and  Tarkill  Creeks, 
tributaries  of  Maurice  River.  Surface  level; 
soil  clay  and  loam  on  the  streams,  and  sandy 
elsewhere.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Bridgeton. 

Maury,  La.,  c.  h.  Sabine  parish. 

Mauri/  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Columbia.  Bounded 
N.  by  Williamson  co.,  E.  by  Marshall,  S.  by 
Giles  and  Lawrence,  and  W.  by  Hickman  co. 
Well  watered  by  Duck  River  and  branches. 

Maxatawny,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Drained  by  Maiden 
Creek  and  its  tributary  Sacony  Creek,  both  mill 
streams.  Surface  level ;  soil  rich  calcareous 
loam  and  gravel.  74  miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Mayfidd,  N.  Y.,  Fulton  co.  Watered  by  sev- 
eral streams  flowing  into  the  Sacandaga  River.  It 
is  a  hilly  and  mountainous  town,  the  N.  part 
being  traversed  by  a  range  of  hills  called  the 
Mayfield  Mountains  ;  soil  chiefly  sandy  and  clay 
loam,  a  miles  N.  E.  from  Johnstown,  and  52 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

May's.  Landing,,  'N.  J.,  c.  h.  Atlantic  co.  Situ- 
ated on  both  sides  of  Great  Egg  Harbor  River, 
at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation.  16  miles  from 


450 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


the  ocean,  and  73  miles  S.  from  Trenton.  It 
has  a  considerable  wood  and  lumber  trade. 

Maysville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Clay  co.  Near  the  Little 
Wabash  River,  on  the  margin  of  Twelve  Mile 
Prairie.  122  miles  S.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Maysville,  Ky.,  Mason  co.  This  city  is  located 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  is  enclosed 
in  the  rear  by  a  ridge  of  high  hills.  It  has 
3  streets  running  parallel  with  the  river,  and 
others  crossing  them  at  right  angles.  The  har- 
bor for  boats  is  good ;  and  a  large  part  of  the 
goods  imported  into  the  N.  E.  section  of  the 
state  are  landed  here.  There  are  some  manu- 
factures of  leather,  cotton,  flour,  &c.  81  miles 
N.  E.  by  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Maysville,  Mo.,  c.  h.  De  Kalb  co. 

Maysville,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Chautauque  co.  At  the 
N.  end  of  Chautauque  Lake.  344  miles  W.  by 
S.  from  Albany.  A  steamboat  plies  on  the  lake 
between  this  place  and  Jamestown,  at  the  other 
end  o'f  the  lake. 

Mead  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Brandenburg.  Bound- 
ed N.  W.  and  N.  E.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Indiana,  E.  by  Hardin  co.,  and  S.  and 
W.  by  Breckenridge  co.  Drained  by  Otter  and 
Spring  Creeks,  and  other  small  branches  of  the 
Ohio. 

Meadville,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  Homochitto  River.  80  miles  S.  W.  from 
Jackson. 

Meadville,  Pa.,  seat  of  justice  of  Crawford  co., 
37  miles  S.  from  Erie,  and  234  N.  by  W.  from 
Harrisburg.  Pleasantly  situated  on  the  E.  side 
of  French  River,  from  which  it  gradually  rises 
to  its  central  part,  where  is  a  handsome  public 
square,  containing  about  5  acres.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  square  stands  the  court  house,  which  is  a 
fine  edifice  of  brick  and  hammered  stone,  orna- 
mented with  a  cupola.  The  place  has  7  or  8 
churches,  an  academy,  a  state  arsenal,  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  stores.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Allegheny  College.  See  Colleges. 

Mechanicsburg,  O.,  Champaign  co.  36  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Columbus. 

Mecklenburg  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Charlotte. 
Bounded  N.  by  Iredell  co.,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  Ca- 
barrus  and  Union  counties,  and  S.  W.  and  W.  by 
Catawba  River,  separating  it  from  South  Caroli- 
na and  Lincoln  co.  Drained  by  branches  of  the 
Catawba  River.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  fer- 
tile. Rich  gold  ore  is  found  here. 

Mecklenburg  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Boydton. 
Bounded  N.  by  Meherin  River,  separating  it  from 
Lunenburg  co.,  E.  by  Brunswick  co.,  S.  by  North 
Carolina,  and  W.  by  Halifax  and  Charlotte  coun- 
ties. Drained  by  the  Roanoke  River  and  its 
branches. 

Medfield,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  was  a  part  of 
Dedham,  and  called  Dedham  village  until  its  in- 
corporation. It  is  a  pleasant,  flourishing  town, 
watered  by  Charles  and  Stop  Rivers,  containing 
a  good  soil  and  diversified  surface.  8  miles  S. 
W.  from  Dedham,  and  17  S.  S.  W.  from  Boston. 
The  Norfolk  County  Railroad  passes  near  this 
town. 

Medford,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  beautiful 
town  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on 
Mystic  River.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  in  a 
high  state  of  cultivation.  Winter  Hill,  memora- 
ble as  the  place  of  encampment  of  General  Bur- 
goyne  and  his  army,  after  their  capture  at  Sara- 
toga, borders  the  town.  It  is  125  feet  above  tide 
water,  and  presents  a  view  of  great  extent  and 


beauty.  Medford  has  long  been,  and  still  is,  dis- 
tinguished for  ship  building.  It  is  connected 
with  Boston  by  railroad,  and  is  the  locality  of 
many  beautiful  country  seats.  5  miles  N.  W. 
from  Boston,  and  14  E.  by  S.  from  Concord. 

Medina  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Medina.  Bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Cuyahoga  and  Lorain,  E.  by  Por- 
tage, S.  by  Wayne  and  Stark,  and  W.  by  Lorain 
counties.  The  Ohio  Canal  passes  through  the 
S.  E.  corner  of  it,  and  the  other  waters  are  Black 
and  Rocky  Rivers. 

Medina  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Castroville.  In 
the  W.  central  part  of  the  state.  Watered  by  the 
Medina,  an  upper  tributary  of  the  San  Antonio. 

Medway,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  was  attached 
to  Medfield  until  its  incorporation  as  a  town  in 
1713.  The  surface  is  undulating,  with  soil  of  a 
moderate  quality.  Medway  is  finely  watered  by 
Charles  River  on  the  E.  and  S.,  and  otherwise 
by  its  branches.  There  are  a  number  of  pleas- 
ant villages  in  Medway.  Factory  village  is  a 
place  of  considerable  business.  There  are  man- 
ufactures of  cotton,  woollens,  boots,  shoes, 
scythes,  bells,  cabinet  wares,  ploughs,  &c.,  to  the 
annual  value  of  half  a  million  dollars  or  more. 
22  miles  S.  E.  from  Boston,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  the  Norfolk  County  Railroad. 

Meigs  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Pomeroy.  Washed 
by  the  Ohio  River,  and  the  interior  parts  by  Shade 
and  Leading  Creeks. 

Meigs  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Dccatur.  Bounded 
W.  by  the  Tennessee  River,  separating  it  from 
Rhea  co.  Surface  hilly;  soil  productive. 

Melendez,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Benton  co. 

Melmore,  O.,  Eden  township,  Seneca  co.,  is  a 
thriving  place  on  the  N.  bank  of  Honey  Creek.  80 
miles  N.  from  Columbus,  and  8  S.  E.  from  Tiffin. 

Melonville,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Orange  co. 

Melrose,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  A  new  town, 
formed  from  the  N.  part  of  Maiden,  on  the  Maine 
Railroad.  7  miles  from  Boston.  A  new  and 
handsome  village,  principally  inhabited  by  per- 
sons doing  business  in  Boston. 

Memphis,  Te.,  Shelby  co.  On  the  Mississippi 
River.  135  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Nashville.  It 
is  built  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Pickering,  upon 
an  elevated  bluff,  called  the  Fourth  Chickasaw 
Bluff,  immediately  below  the  mouth  of  Wolf 
River,  near  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  state.  This 
place  is  increasing  rapidly,  and  becoming  an  im- 
portant mart  of  trade.  Large  quantities  of  cot- 
ton are  brought  from  the  interior  to  this  port, 
and  sent  off  in  various  directions.  This  place  is 
favorably  situated  to  obtain  timber  for  ship 
building*  and  the  river  is  deep  enough  to  float 
the  largest  ships,  when  built,  down  to  New  Or- 
leans. A  U.  S.  naval  depot  is  located  here,  to 
which  is  attached  a  ropewalk  1400  feet  in  length. 

Menard  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Petersburg.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Mason  co.,  E.  by  Logan,  S.  by 
Sangamon  and  W.  by  Cass  co.  Watered  by 
Sangamon  River  and  its  branches. 

Mendham,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  Watered  by  the 
head  streams  of  the  N.  branch  of  the  Raritan 
River,  and  by  branches  of  Whippany  River. 
Surface  hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  clay  and 
calcareous  loam.  56  miles  N.  from  Trenton. 

Mendon,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Mendon  is  the 
oldest  town  in  the  county,  except  Lancaster.  It 
was  originally  settled  by  people  from  Braintree 
and  Weymouth.  Nipmug  was  its  original  name. 
May  15,  1667,  this  plantation,  which  was  then 
called  Quinshepauge,  was  incorporated  by  th« 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


451 


mame  of  Mendon,  probably  after  Mendham,  in  the 
county  of  Suffolk,  England.  The  face  of  the  town 
is  fertile,  producing  large  crops  of  hay  and  grain, 
and  has  for  a  long  time  been  noted  for  the  variety 
and  abundance  of  its  winter  apples.  This  is  a 
pleasant,  healthy,  and  flourishing  town.  32  miles 

5.  W.from  Boston,  and  18  S.  E.from  Worcester. 
Mendon,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.    Irondequoit  and 

Honeoye  Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  of  good  quali- 
ty. 12  miles  S.  from  Rochester,  and  209  N.  of 
W.  from  Albany. 

Mendon,  Vt,  Rutland  co.  There  is  some  good 
land  in  the  town,  but  it  is  generally  too  high  up 
the  Green  Mountains  for  cultivation.  Mendon 
was  chartered  to  Joseph  Banker  and  others,  Feb- 
ruary 23,  1781,  by  the  name  of  Medway.  Par- 
ker's Gore  was  annexed  to  it,  and  the  whole 
incorporated  into  a  township  by  the  name  of 
Parkerstown,  November  7, 1804;  and,  November 

6,  1827,  the  name  was  altered  to  Mendon.     47 
miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Mentz,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Bounded  on  the  N. 
and  W.  by  the  Seneca  River,  and  watered  by 
the  Owasco  outlet.  The  Erie  Canal  crosses  the 
Owasco  outlet  by  a  stone  aqueduct,  in  this  town, 
and  the  Montezuma  Salt  Springs  lie  a  short  dis- 
tance N.  from  the  canal,  and  communicate  with 
it  by  a  side  branch.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
rich,  sandy  loam.  8  miles  N.  from  Auburn,  and 
156  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Mercer  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Millersburg.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Rock  Island  co.,  E.  by  Henry  and 
Knox,  S.  by  Warren  and  Henderson  counties, 
and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  separating  it 
from  Iowa.  Drained  by  Edwards  and  Pope 
River  and  the  N.  fork  of  Henderson  River.  Sur- 
face undulating,  much  of  the  middle  and  E.  por- 
tions consisting  of  prairies ;  soil  very  fertile. 

Mercer  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Harrodsburg.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  Anderson,  E.  by  Woodford 
and  Garrard,  S.  by  Lincoln  and  Casey,  and  W. 
by  Marion  and  Washington  counties.  Bounded 
N.  E.  by  Kentucky  River,  and  drained  by  head 
branches  of  Salt  River.  Soil  of  excellent  quality. 

Mercer,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  32  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Augusta. 

Mercer  County,  Mo.  On  the  N.  border,  of  the 
state.  On  the  upper  waters  of  Crooked  Fork  of 
Grand  River. 

Mercer  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Trenton.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Somerset  co.,  E.  by  Middlesex  and  Mon- 
mouth,  S.  by  Burlington,  W.  by  the  Delaware 
River,  separating  it  from  Pennsylvania,  and  N. 
W.  by  Hunterdon  co.  Drained  by  Assunpink 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Delaware,  and  by  a  head 
branch  of  Millstone  River,  a  tributary  of  the 
Raritan. 

Mercer  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Mercer.  Is  distin- 
guished for  its  large  extent  of  water  power,  for 
its  bituminous  cannel  coal,  iron  ore,  lime,  and 
fine  soil,  and  especially  for  its  being  the  county 
where  the  Chenango  or  Mercer  potato  was  first 
produced  from  the  potato  ball.  They  were  pro- 
duced upon  the  banks  of  the  Neshanock  Creek, 
which  enters  into  the  Chenango,  and  are  called 
there  the  Neshanock  potato.  Bounded  N.  by 
Crawford  co.,  E.  by  Venango  and  Butler,  S.  by 
Beaver  co..  and  W.  by  Ohio.  Drained  by  Ma- 
honing  River,  by  Chenango  Creek  and  branches, 
and  by  Deer,  Sandy,  and  Slippery  Rock  Creeks. 
Surface  uneven ;  soil  fertile,  and  particularly 
adapted  to  grazing 


Mercer  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Mary's.  Van- 
wert  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Dark  on  the  S.,  Allen 
and  Shelby  counties  on  the  E.,  and  the  state  of 
Indiana  on  the  W.  The  land  is  level,  riqh,  and 
fertile,  and  is  watered  by  the  St.  Mary's  and 
Wabash  Rivers  and  their  branches. 

Mercer,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Mercer  co.  Near  Neshan- 
dock  Creek.  57  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Pittsburg, 
and  234  W.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Mercer  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Princeton.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  New  River,  separating  it  from  Mon- 
roe co.,  S.  E.  by  Giles,  S.  by  Tazewell,  and  W. 
and  N.  W.  by  Logan  and  Fayette  counties. 
Drained  by  Blue  Stone  and  East  Rivers,  and 
Lick  Creek,  all  branches  of  New  River. 

Mercersburg,  Pa.,  Montgomery  township,  Frank- 
lin co.  On  a  branch  of  Conecocheague  Creek. 
1 5  miles  S.  W.  from  Chambersburg,  and  62  S. 
W.  from  Harrisburg.  Marshall  College  is  located 
here.  See  Colleges. 

Meredith,  N.  H.,  Belknap  co  There  is  in  this 
town  a  pond  adjoining  Centre  Harbor,  about  2 
miles  long  and  1  wide,  emptying  into  the  lake 
near  the  village.  Besides  this,  there  are  several 
smaller  ponds.  There  is  probably  no  town  in 
the  country  more  pleasantly  and  advantageously 
situated,  or  of  a  better  soil,  than  Meredith.  The, 
Winnipiseogee  Lake  and  River  bound  it  on  the 
N.  and  E.  Near  the  upper  part  of  the  town,  the 
traveller  passing  along  the  road  is  presented  with 
a  beautiful  landscape.  On  the  E.  and  S.  E.,  the 
placid  Winnipiseogee,  the  largest  lake  in  New 
Hampshire,  with  its  numerous  islands,  arrests 
the  eye,  and  bounds  the  circle  of  vision  in  a  S. 
E.  direction.  On  the  N.  E.,  Ossipee  Mountain 
rises  to  view.  On  the  N.,  the  prospect  is  inter- 
cepted by  Red  Hill.  Meredith  Bridge  is  a  hand- 
some and  flourishing  village,  and  the  seat  of 
much  business.  The  water  power  of  Meredith  is 
immense.  It  is  connected  with  the  principal  vil- 
lage of  Gilford,  by  a  bridge  over  the  Winnipiseo- 
gee. The  railroad  from  Concord  to  Montreal 
passes  through  this  town.  By  the  Concord  and 
Montreal  Railroad,  24  miles  N.  from  Concord, 
and  1  mile  N.  W.  from  Gilford. 

Meredith  Village,  N.  H.,  in  Meredith,  Belknap 
co.  At  the  outlet  of  Winnipiseogee  Lake,  37 
miles  N.  from  Concord.  See  Meredith,  N.  H. 

Meredith,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Drained  by  sev- 
eral small  tributaries  of  the  E.  branch  of  the 
Delaware,  and  by  Oleout  Creek,  a  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna  River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  suitable 
for  grazing.  6  miles  N.  from  Delhi,  and  77  S. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Meriden,  Ct,  New  Haven  co.  17  miles  N.  E. 
from  New  Haven,  17  S.  W.  from  Hartford,  on 
the  Quinepiac  River,  and  the  Hartford  and  New 
Haven  Railroad.  Hilly,  but  fertile.  A  flourish- 
ing manufacturing  town,  particularly  of  hard- 
ware, of  which  it  produces  a  large  value  and 
great  varietv. 

Meriwether  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Greenville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Coweta  co.,  E.  by  Flint  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Pike  co.,  S.  E.  by  Talbot,  S.  W. 
by  Harris,  and  W.  by  Troup  co.  Drained  E.  by 
branches  of  Flint,  and  W.  by  branches  of  Chat- 
tahoochee  River. 

Merrimac  County,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  at  Concord.  N. 
by'Grafton  and  Belknap  counties,  E.  by  Strafford 
and  Rockingham,  S.  by  Hillsboro',  and  W. 
by  Sullivan.  Its  greatest  length  is  36  miles ;  its 
breadth,  at  the  broadest  part,  26  miles.  The 
surface  is  uneven;  the  soil  very  fertile.  The 


452 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


northerly  part  is  rough  and  mountainous.  Kear- 
sage  is  the  highest  mountain,  its  summit  being 
about  2400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
RaggedJMountains,  so  called  from  their  appear- 
ance, lie  N.  E.  of  Kearsage,  and  between  Andover 
and  Hill.  They  are  nearly  2000  feet  high,  at 
the  N.  points  of  the  range.  .Beat's  Hill,  Suna- 
pee,  Catamount,  and  Peak  are  the  other  most 
considerable  elevations.  A  part  of  Lake  Suna- 
pee  lies  in  Newbury ;  and  there  are  numerous 
ponds  interspersed  throughout  the  whole  territory. 
The  Merrimac  River  meanders  through  nearly 
the  centre  of  the  county,  and  forms  the  boundary 
some  distance  at  the  N.  E.  part.  It  receives 
*rom  the  W.  Blackwater  and  Contoocook  Rivers, 
and  from  the  E.  Soncook  and  Suncook,  and  other 
smaller  streams. 

Merrimac,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  The  Merri- 
mac waters  the  E.  borders  of  this  town,  opening 
a  communication  by  water  from  this  place  to 
Boston.  Souhegan  also  passes  through  it,  and 
has  fine  water  privileges.  Babboosuck  Brook 
empties  into  Souhegan  River,  and  Penichook 
Brook  forms  the  southern  boundary.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  and  there  are  fine  intervales  on  the  Merri- 
mac. This  town  claims  the  first  manufacture,  in 
this  region,  of  Leghorn  bonnets.  They  were 
first  made  by  the  Misses  Burnaps.  Some  of 
their  bonnets  sold  at  auction  for  $50  each.  The 
first  house  in  this  town  was  erected  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  river  for  a  house  of  traffic  with  the 
Indians.  6  miles  S.  E.  from  Amherst,  and  28  S. 
from  Concord,  by  railroad.  The  railroad  between 
Lowell  and  Concord  passes  through  this  town. 

Methuen,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  On  the  N.  bank  of 
the  Merrimac.  It  was  taken  from  Haverhill  in 
1725.  In  this  town  is  a  pleasant  and  flourishing 
village,  on  both  sides  of  Spigot  River,  which 
here  has  a  fall  of  36  feet,  over  a  rocky  precipice. 
The  natural  resources  of  the  town  are  various — 
a  fertile  soil,  abundance  of  wood,  and  inexhaust- 
ible beds  of  excellent  peat.  The  site  of  the  vil- 
lage is  very  elevated,  and  commands  an  extensive 
prospect  of  the  beautiful  and  romantic  scenery 
with  which  it  is  environed.  It  adjoins  the  city 
of  Lawrence  on  the  N.  25  miles  N.  by  W.  from 
Boston,  and  20  N.  W.  by  N.  from  Salem. 

Metropolis  City,  Is.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  On  the 
Ohio  River. 

Mexico,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  town  lies  on  the 
N.  side  of  Androscoggin  River,  and  is  watered 
by  two  of  its  tributaries.  It  has  a  good  soil  and 
a  good  water  power.  It  lies  47  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Augusta,  and  20  N.  from  Paris.  Incorpo- 
rated 1818. 

Mexico,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Audrain  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Salt  River.  47  miles  N.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Mexico,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Drained  by  Salmon 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  Lake  Ontario,  which  bounds 
this  town  on  the  N.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
productive.  16  miles  E.  from  Osweo-o,  and  152 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Miami  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Peru.  Bounded  N. 
by  Kosciusko  co.,  E.  by  Wabash  and  Grant,  S. 
by  Richardville,  and  W.  by  Cass  and  Fulton 
counties.  Drained  by  Wabash,  Eel,  and  Missis- 
sinewa  Rivers.  The  Erie  and  Wabash  Canal 
also  passes  through  this  county.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  very  fertile. 

Miami  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Troy.  Shelby  is  on 
the  N.,  Champaign  and  Clark  on  the  E.,  Mont- 
gomery on  the  S.,  and  Dark  on  the  W.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1807,  and  settled  in  1799, 


by  John  Knorp,  from  Pennsylvania,  and  Shadrach 
Hudson,  from  New  Jersey.  It  is  well  improved, 
very  productive,  and  is  watered  by  the  Miami 
Canal  and  River,  South-west  Branch,  Spring, 
Honey,  and  Lost  Creeks. 

Miami,  O.,  Hamilton  co.  119  miles  W.  S. 
W.  from  Columbus.  It  is  on  the  W.  bank  of 
Miami  River,  about  15  miles  from  its  junction 
with  the  Ohio.  The  Miami  is  here  crossed  by 
a  bridge.  A  McAdamized  turnpike  leads  to  Cin- 
cinnati, 14  miles  E. 

Miamisburg,  O.,  Montgomery  co.  This  is  a 
very  flourishing,  pleasant  town,  on  the  E.  bank 
of  the  Great  Miami  River.  The  Miami  Canal 
passes  through  it,  and  a  very  large  artificial 
mound  is  within  its  limits.  80  miles  from  Co- 
lumbus, and  40  from  Cincinnati. 

Michigan  City,  la.,  Laporte  co.  157  miles  N. 
N.  W.  from  Indianapolis.  This  place,  which  is 
on  the  S.  shore  of  Michigan,  is  the  only  harbor 
in  the  state.  It  is  at  the  mouth  of  Trail  Creek, 
and  was  laid  out  in  1835.  It  is  well  situated  for 
trade,  as  a  lake  port,  and  is  now  connected  both 
with  the  Michigan  Central  and  the  Michigan 
Southern  Railroads,  which  unite,  and  pass  through 
this  place  to  Chicago,  41  miles  W. 

Middleboro1,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  This  is  the 
largest  town  in  the  commonwealth.  Middle- 
boro' was  so  named  from  the  circumstance  that 
Nemasket,  the  central  Indian  village  in  the 
town,  was  half  way  between  the  seat  of  the  Pil- 
grims in  Plymouth  and  the  seat  of  the  great  In- 
dian sachem,  Massasoit,  towards  Mount  Hope, 
near  Bristol,  Rhode  Island.  The  Nemasket 
River  flows  through  the  town,  and  there  are  sev- 
eral handsome  villages  in  different  parts.  The 
great  ponds,  for  which  this  town  has  been  dis- 
tinguished, are  Sowampset,  Quiticasset,  Perksha, 
and  Poekaninna;  also  Long  Pond.  Some  of 
the  streams  on  which  the  manufactures  are  con- 
ducted are  these :  Whetstone,  Ravens,  Bartlett, 
Fall  Brook,  Trout  Brook,  and  Stillwater.  On 
the  rocks  in  this  town  are  the  prints  of  naked 
hands  and  feet.  The  first  planters  of  Middleboro' 
came  mainly  from  Plymouth.  Middleboro'  Four 
Corners,  a  large  and  handsome  village,  lies  36 
miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Boston.  The  railroad  be- 
tween Boston,  Fall  River,  and  Wareham  passes 
through  this  village.  From  the  Four  Corners 
to  Central  village,  is  about  2  miles  N.  E. ;  to 
Eddyville,  4  miles  N.  E. ;  to  Muttock  village,  1 
mile  N. ;  to  Titicut,  4  miles  N.  W. ;  and  to 
Sowampset  village,  near  the  Great  Pond,  is  4 
miles  S.  W.  The  New  Bedford  and  Taunton 
Railroad  passes  through  the  S.  part  of  the  town. 

Middlebourne,  Va.,  c.  h.  Tyler  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Middle  Island  Creek.  307  miles  N.  W. 
from  Richmond. 

Middleburg,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Watered 
by  the  head  branch  of  the  Catskill  Creek,  and 
a  large  pond  or  marsh  called  the  Vly,  from  which 
flows  a  powerful  mill  stream,  emptying  into  Scho- 
harie Creek.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil,  in  the  valleys, 
very  fertile  loam.  6  miles  S.  from  Schoharie, 
and  37  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Middlebury,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Allen's 
Creek  and  a  branch  of  the  Tonawanda  water 
this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  rolling,  and  the 
soil  sandy  and  clay  loam,  yielding  large  crops  of 
grass  and  grain.  6  miles  N.  from  Warsaw,  and 
248  W.  from  Albany. 

Middlebury,  Vt.,  shire  town  of  Addison  co.,  is 
a  large  and  flourishing  town  on  both  sides  of 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


453 


Otter  Creek,  31  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier, 
and  33  S.  S.  E.  from  Burlington.  The  fathers 
of  this  town  were  Colonel  John  Chipman  and 
the  Hon.  Gamaliel  Painter,  who  came  here 
and  settled  in  1773.  The  settlement  advanced 
but  slowly  until  after  the  revolutionary  war  ;  it 
then  began  to  increase,  and  is  now  one  of  the 
most  important  towns  in  the  state.  In  1791  it 
became  the  shire  town  of  the  county,  and  in  1800 
Middlebury  College  was  founded  here.  See  Col- 
leges. The  surface  of  the  town  is  generally 
level.  Chipman's  Hill,  439  feet  above  Otter 
Creek,  is  the  highest  elevation.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile and  productive,  and  furnishes  large  quanti- 
ties of  wool,  beef,  pork,  butter,  and  cheese.  The 
town  is  admirably  watered  by  Otter  Creek  and 
Middlebury  River.  At  the  falls  on  Otter  Creek, 
the  site  of  this  flourishing  village,  are  extensive 
manufacturing  establishments  ;  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  white  and  variegated  marble,  with  which 
the  town  abounds,  are  sawed  and  polished  for 
various  uses,  and  transported  to  market. 

Middlebury  is  well  built,  on  ground  ascending 
gradually  each  way  from  the  creek,  and  present- 
ing many  eligible  sites  for  the  location  of  dwell- 
ings and  public  buildings.  There  are  five  or  six 
churches  of  different  denominations ;  also  one 
or  two  flourishing  academies.  The  Rutland  and 
Burlington  Railroad  passes  through  Middlehury, 
and  connects  it  with  all  the  other  great  routes,  N., 
S.,  and  E. 

Middle,  N.  J.,  Cape  May  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  W.  by  Delaware  Bay,  and  is 
drained  by  Goshen,  Dyer's,  Green,  and  Fishing 
Creeks,  which  empty  into  Delaware  Bay.  Here- 
ford Inlet  also  extends  from  the  Atlantic  in- 
land 4  miles.  Surface  level  and  marshy ;  soil 
sandy. 

Aliddlefield,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  Previous  to 
1783,  this  town  was  a  part  of  Worthington  and 
other  towns.  The  features  of  this  town  are  bold 
and  rough,  but  the  soil  is  strong  and  well  adapt- 
ed for  grazing.  The  town  is  well  watered  by  a 
number  of  the  upper  branches  of  the  W.  branch 
of  Westfield  River.  135  miles  W.  from  Boston, 
and  16  from  Pittsfield. 

Middlejield,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Watered  on  the 
W.  by  Otsego  Lake  and  its  outlet,  and  on  the  E. 
by  Cherry  Valley  Creek.  It  is  a  hilly  town, 
with  a  soil  of  sandy,  calcareous  loam.  3  miles 
E.  from  Cooperstown,  and  59  W.  from  Albany. 

Middle  Haddam,  Ct.  In  the  town  of  Chatham, 
Middlesex  co.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut 
River.  21  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Middle  Paxton,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Drained  by 
Fishing,  Stony,  and  Clark's  Creeks.  Surface 
mountainous;  soil  gravel.  9  miles  N.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Middleport,  c.  h.  Iroquois  co.  192  miles  N.  E. 
of  Springfield. 

Middlesex  County,  Ct.,  Middletown  and  Haddam, 
shire  towns.  This  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Hart- 
ford co.,  E.  by  Hartford" and  New  London  coun- 
ties, S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  W.  by  New 
Haven  co.  The  general  surface  of  the*  county  is 
uneven.  The  soil  is  generally  good,  particularly 
adjacent  to  Connecticut  River.  There  are  many 
small  streams  which  afford  mill  privileges,  fertil- 
izing the  soil  and  giving  beauty  to  the  county. 
The  waters  of  the  Connecticut  afford  it  an  im- 
portant business  in  navigation,  especially  in  the 
coasting  trade. 

Middlesex  County,  Ms.,  Concord,  Cambridge, 


and  Lowell,  shire  towns.  Surface  uneven, 
growing  hilly  on  the  W.;  soil  various,  though 
generally  light.  Highly  cultivated.  The  Mer- 
rimac  enters  the  N.  E.  border,  by  the  afflu- 
ents of  which,  including  the  Nashua  and  Con- 
cord Rivers,  the  county  is  crossed  from  S.  W.  to 
N.  E.  In  the  S.  E.  is  the  Charles  River,  flowing 
into  Boston  Harbor.  The  Maine,  Lowell,  Fitch- 
burg,  and  Worcester  Railroads,  with  their  branch- 
es, afford  easy  communication  with  Boston.  This 
county  abounds  with  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. 

Middlesex  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  New  Bruns- 
wick. Bounded  N.  by  Essex  co.,  E.  by  Staten 
Island  and  Sound,  and  Monmouth  co.,  S.  by 
Monmouth  and  Mercer  counties,  and  W.  by 
Somerset  co.  Drained  by  Raritan  River  and  its 
branches,  Millstone  and  Rahway  Rivers.  Rari- 
tan Bay,  in  the  E.  part,  forms  a  fine  harbor, 
communicating  with  the  ocean  and  with  Staten 
Island  Sound.  Surface  level  in  the  S.  E.,  and 
undulating  in  the  N.  and  N.  E. ;  soil  diversified, 
being  very  fertile  in  some  parts. 

Middlesex,  N.  Y.,  Yates  co.  Bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Canandaigua  Lake,  and  drained  by  West 
Creek.  Surface  somewhat  hilly;  soil  very  rich 
gravelly  loam.  12  miles  W.  from  Penn  Yann, 
and  194  from  Albany. 

Middlesex,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  The  S.  part 
of  Middlesex  is  watered  by  Winooski  River, 
which  furnishes  here  one  of  the  best  stands  for 
mills  in  the  county.  The  N.  branch  of  this  river 
runs  across  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  town.  Mid- 
dlesex is  uneven,  but  the  only  mountain  of  con- 
sequence lies  along  the  line  between  the  town  and 
Waterbury,  and  is  called  the  Hogback.  The 
timber  is  such  as  is  common  to  the  mountain 
towns,  and  the  soil  generally  good.  The  chan- 
nel worn  through  the  rocks  by  Winooski  River, 
between  this  township  and  Moretown,  is  a  con- 
siderable curiosity.  On  the  bank  of  the  Winooski 
River,  at  the  falls,  near  the  middle  of  the  S.  line 
of  Middlesex,  is  a  flourishing  village.  Mr. 
Thomas  Mead  was  the  first  settler.  He  began 
improvement,  in  1781  or  '82,  and  the  next  year 
moved  his  family  here  from  Chelmsford,  Ms. 
6  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier.  The  Cen- 
tral Railroad  passes  through  the  town. 

Middlesex  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Urbanna 
Bounded  N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  Rappahannock 
River,  separating  it  from  Lancaster  co.,  S.  E.  by 
Chesapeake  Bay,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Piankatank 
River,  separating  it  from  Matthews,  Gloucester, 
and  King  and  Queen  counties,  and  N.  W.  by 
Essex  co. 

Middletown,  Ct.  City,  port  of  entry,  and  half 
shire  town* of  Middlesex  co.,  lies  on  the  W.  bank 
of  Connecticut  River.  14  miles  S.  from  Hartford, 
and  24  miles  N.  E.  from  New  Haven.  The  town 
ship  was  originally  about  9  miles  N.  and  S.. 
varying  from  4  to  10  miles  E.  and  W.,  and  em 
bracing  four  parishes  ;  but  that  part  of  the  town 
formerly  known  as  Upper  Middletown,  has'^recent- 
ly  been  constituted  a  distinct  township,  by  the 
name  of  Cromwell.  The  soil  of  Middletown, 
which  rests  on  a  base  of  secondary  red  sand 
stone,  is  generally  good  ;  and  the  surface  is  undu- 
lating, and  in  many  parts  highly  picturesque. 
There  are  fine  meadows,  on  a  considerable  stream 
entering  the  river  N.  of  the  city,  which  contain 
about  650  acres.  On  this  and  other  streams 
there  are  several  manufacturing  establishments ; 
among  which  are  two  or  three, ,  on  a  large  scale, 


454 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


for  the  manufacture  of  arms  for  the  United 
States.  A  range  of  hills  with  a  base  of  granite, 
about  two  miles  below  the  city,  crosses  the  Con- 
necticut, compressing  the  channel  into  a  strait  of 
about  35  rods  in  width,  and  rising  from  400  to 
600  feet  above  the  river.  At  this  point  occurs  an 
inexhaustible  deposit  of  the  finest  feldspar,  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  ware.  Masses  of 
several  hundred  weight  are  often  found,  without 
any  admixture  of  other  minerals. 

The  city  of  Middletown  is  veiy  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  ground  gently  rising  from  the  river, 
which  is  here  from  80  to  100  rods  in  width. 
The  main  street  runs  parallel  with  the  river,  on 
which  are  the  principal  retail  stores,  the  hotels, 
which  are  large  and  handsome,  most  of  the 
houses  of  worship,  the  court  house,  custom  house, 
and  other  elegant  buildings.  Parallel  with  this 
are  other  streets,  both  above  and  below,  which 
are  intersected  by  several,  running  up  from  the 
river,  at  right  angles.  The  more  elevated  por- 
tion of  the  city,  W.  of  the  main  street,  is  adorned 
with  some  of  the  most  splendid  private  mansions 
in  the  state,  having  an  advantage  of  position,  for 
beauty  and  extent  of  prospect,  rarely  equalled. 

The  public  edifices  of  handsomest  architectural 
appearance  are  the  custom  house,  of  Chatham 
freestone ;  the  court  house,  with  a  Grecian  por- 
tico, and  the  Episcopal  Church,  also  of  the 
Chatham  stone.  The  meeting  house  of  the 
South  Congregational  Church  is  a  neat  speci- 
men of  the  Grecian  style.  The  buildings  of  the 
Wesleyan  University  are  on  elevated  ground  in 
the  rear  of  the  city,  overlooking  the  surrounding 
country,  and  presenting  a  handsome  appearance 
as  they  are  seen  from  a  distance.  See  Colleges. 

The*  wharves  at  Middletown  are  commodious 
for  the  shipping,  there  being  10  feet  of  water, 
which  is  sufficient  for  all  vessels  that  can  cross 
the  bar  at  the  river's  mouth.  Steamboats  stop 
here  daily  on  their  trips  between  Hartford  and 
New  York.  A  branch  railroad  connects  this 
place  with  the  railroad  between  Hartford  and 
New  Haven. 

In  March,  1650,  the  lands  in  Mattabesett,  the 
Indian  name  of  Middletown,  were  explored  with 
a  view  to  a  settlement.  Three  years  later  the 
place  received  its  present  name.  In  1760,  there 
were  over  50  families.  The  ancient  burial 
ground,  near  the  river,  N.  of  the  city,  contains 
many  interesting  memorials  of  the  early  settlers. 
Here,  under  a  handsome  monument,  repose  the 
remains  of  Commodore  Macdonough,  the  hero 
of  Lake  Champlain. 

Middleton,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Salem,  Topsfield,  Boxford,  and  An- 
dover,  in  1728.  It  was  formerly  called  Wills 
Hill.  This  is  a  small,  but  pretty  town.  Its  soil 
is  not  by  nature  of  the  first  quality,  but  the  in- 
dustry of  the  people  has  made  it  quite  produc- 
tive. The  surface  is  varied  by  hill  and  dale. 
Ipswich  River  passes  along  its  southern  and 
eastert  borders,  and  receives  the  waters  of  three 
small  tributaries.  There  are  some  fine  ponds  in 
the  town,  and  a  neat  village  near  its  centre. 
From  this  village  to  Salem  is  8  miles  S.  E  to 
Boston  18  S. 

Middleton,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.,  is  a  level  town- 
ship, having  no  high  ground  except  a  part  of 
Moose  Mountain,  which  separates  it  from  Brook- 
field.  There  are  no  rivers  nor  ponds,  and  the  soil 
is  rocky.  Settled  a  short  time  before  the  revolu- 
tion. It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1773.  25 


miles  N.  W.  from  Dover,  and  40  N.  E.  from  Con- 
cord. 

Middletown,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  Watered  on 
the  S.  by  Sandy  Hook  Bay,  and  drained  by 
Swimming  and  Neversink  Rivers.  Bounded  E. 
by  the  sand  beach  called  Sandy  Hook,  and  S.  W. 
by  the  highlands  of  Neversink.  Surface  hilly  in 
the  E.  and  central  portions,  and  elsewhere  level ; 
soil  sand,  clay,  and  loam.  Situated  51  miles  E. 
N.  E.  from  Trenton. 

Middletown,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Watered  by 
the  Papacton  branch  of  the  Delaware  River.  A 
mountainous  town,  with  a  productive  soil.  16 
miles  S.  E.  from  Delhi,  and  79  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Middletown,  O.,  Butler  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Miami  River,  30  miles  N.  from  Cincinnati, 
and  90  W.  S.  W.  from  Columbus.  The  Miami 
Canal  passes  through  this  place.  It  has  some 
manufactures. 

Middletown,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Bounded  W.  by 
Neshaminy  Creek,  and  drained  by  one  of  its 
branches  and  Bristol  Creek.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  clay. 

Middletown,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Near  the  junction 
of  Swatara  and  Susquehanria  Rivers.  10  miles 
S.  E.  from  Harrisburg.  The  Pennsylvania  and 
Union  Canals  unite  here.  The  place  has  an  ac- 
tive trade  in  iron,  coal,  and  lumber. 

Middletown,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Ridley,  and  W.  by  Chester  Creek.  Surface  level ; 
soil  clay  and  loam. 

Middletown,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  Drained  by 
Wyalusing  Creek  and  branches.  Surface  hilly; 
soil  clay  and  gravel. 

Middletown,  R.  I.,  Newport  co.  This  is  the  mid- 
dle township  on  the  Island  of  Rhode  Island.  The 
surface  of  the  town  is  undulating,  and  affords 
many  interesting  and  beautiful  landscapes.  The 
soil  is  a  rich  loam,  very  productive,  and  under  a 
high  state  of  cultivation ;  the  lands  are  highly 
valued,  and  command  a  great  price.  The  inhab- 
itants of  the  town  are  principally  farmers. 

Middletown,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  This  town  lies 
between  two  mountains,  is  watered  by  Poultney 
River,  and  has  a  good  soil  for  grazing.  It  has  a 
neat  and  flourishing  village.  A  settlement  was 
commenced  here,  a  short  time  before  the  revolu- 
tion, by  Thomas  Morgan  and  others.  14  miles 
S.  W.  from  Rutland,  and  45  N.  from  Bennington. 

Middletown  Point,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  A  port 
of  entry,  situated  on  an  elevated  bank  of  Middle- 
town  Creek.  3  miles  from  Raritan  Bay,  and  43 
E.  by  N.  from  Trenton. 

Mifflin  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Lewiston.  Bounded 
N.  by  Centre  and  Union  counties,  E.  by  Juniata 
co.,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Huntingdon  co.  The  Ju- 
niata River  flows  on  the  S.  E.  and  S.  border  of 
this  co.,  and  parallel  to  it  runs  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal.  Surface  rough  and  mountainous  ;  soil 
very  fertile  in  some  portions. 

Mifflin,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Watered  by  Wicon- 
isco  Creek.  Mahan tango  Mountain  forms  the  N., 
and  Berry's  Mountain  the  S.  boundary.  Soil  red 
shale.  23  miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Mifflirfi,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  Bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Blue  Mountains,  and  S.  by  Conedogwinit 
Creek.  Surface  hilly;  soil  slaty.  17  miles  N. 
W.  from  Carlisle. 

Mifflin,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Bounded  N.  E. 
and  S.  E.  by  the  Monongahela  River,  and  drained 
by  Thompson's  and  Strut's  Runs  and  Peter's 
Creek.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  loam.  8  miles  S.  from 
Petersburg. 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


455 


Mifflintown,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Juniata  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Juniata  River.  45  miles  N.  W.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Milan,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  The  Upper  Amonoo- 
snck  and  Androscoggin  Rivers  pass  through  this 
town.  There  are  several  ponds,  and  some  con- 
siderable mountains.  It  was  called  Paulsburg 
until  1824.  First  settlers  :  this  town  was  grant- 
ed in  1771  to  Sir  William  Mayne  and  others. 
150  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Concord,  and  22  N.  E. 
from  Lancaster. 

Milan,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  Watered  by  the 
Sawkill  and  a  branch  of  Roeliff  Jansen's  Creek. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  clay  and  gravelly  loam,  upon 
a  foundation  of  limestone  and  slate.  18  miles  N. 
from  Poughkeepsie,  and  66  S.  from  Albany. 

Milan  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Nashville.  On  the 
left  bank  of  the  Brazos. 

Milford,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  This  is  one  of 
the  towns  which  composed  the  "  Old  Jurisdiction 
of  New  Haven."  The  settlement  commenced  in 
1639.  The  first  purchase  of  land  was  made  of  the 
Indians  for  the  consideration  of  "  6  coats,10  blan- 
kets, 1  kettle,  besides  a  number  of  hoes,  knives, 
hatchets,  and  glasses."  The  Indians  made  a  res- 
ervation of  20  acres  in  the  town,  which  was  sold 
by  them,  in  1661,  for  6  coats,  2  blankets,  and  a 
pair  of  breeches. 

The  Indian  name  of  the  place  was  Wepawaug. 
The  town  is  generally  level,  and  the  soil  produc- 
tive. There  is  a  quarry  of  beautiful  serpentine 
marble  in  the  town,  and  a  harbor  for  small  ves- 
sels. 

Poconock  or  Milford  Point  is  a  noted  place, 
where  are  a  number  of  huts  on  the  beach,  occu- 
pied by  persons  engaged  in  the  oyster  and  clam 
business. 

Milford  village  is  very  pleasant,  and  the  scen- 
ery variegated  and  interesting.  10  miles  S.  W. 
from  New  Haven,  on  the  railroad  to  New  York. 

Milford,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Milford  was  once 
the  E.  parish  of  Mendon.  It  was  called  Wo- 
powage  by  the  Indians,  and  Mill  River  by  the 
whites.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  of  an 
excellent  quality.  A  branch  of  Charles  River 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  town,  Mill  River,  a  branch 
of  the  Blackstone  on  the  W.,  with  numerous 
brooks  and  ponds,  water  the  town  in  every  part, 
and  give  it  a  great  water  power.  The  village  in 
the  centre  of  the  town  is  neat,  and  pleasantly 
situated  near  Cedar  Swamp  Pond.  The  Frater- 
nal Community,  at  Hopedale,  in  this  town,  own 
400  acres  of  land.  28  miles  S.  W.  from  Boston, 
by  the  old  road,  and  18  S.  E.  from  Worcester. 

Milford,  N.  II.,  Hillsboro'  co.  Milford  lies 
on  both  sides  of  Souhegan  River,  which  runs 
through  the  town  from  W.  to  E.,  forming  a  rich 
meadow  or  intervale,  from  a  quarter  to  half  a 
mile  wide.  The  banks  of  this  river  are  annually 
overflowed,  by  which  means  the  soil,  which  is 
black  and  deep,  is  much  enriched.  This  town  has 
exensive  water  privileges,  and  has  become  the 
seat  of  large  manufactures,  and  an  active  trade, 
being  connected  with  Nashua,  Lowell,  and  Boston 
by  railroad.  32  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Concord, 
and  about  5  S.  W.  from  Amherst. 

Mi/ford,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  The  Susquchanna 
River  and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town. 
The  surface  is  hilly ;  soil  in  the  valleys  fertile 
loam.  13  miles  S.  from  Cooperstown,  and  73  W. 
from  Albany. 

Milford,  Pa.,  Somerset  co.  Drained  by  Castle- 
man's  River  and  branches  and  Laurel  Hill  Creek. 


Iron  ore  and  anthracite  coal  are  abundant.    7 
miles  S.  W.  from  Somerset. 

Milford,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Pike  co.  Situated  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Delaware  River.  162  miles  N.  E. 
by  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Milford,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Watered  by  Swamp, 
a  branch  of  Perkiomen  Creek.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  clay  and  gravel. 

Millbury,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  flourishing  towns  in  the 
county.  li  was  formerly  the  N.  parish  in  Sutton. 
The  Blackstone  River  and  Canal  pass  through 
the  town.  The  Blackstone  River,  and  Singletary 
Pond,  which  lies  mostly  in  Sutton,  furnish  excel- 
lent water  privileges.  The  soil  is  fertile,  well  culti- 
vated, and  yields  abundance  of  all  the  varieties 
of  agricultural  products  common  to  this  fruitful 
region.  The  surface  is  delightfully  varied  by  hills 
and  valleys,  decorated  by  lovely  ponds,  and 
spread  out  with  neat  and  prosperous  villages.  The 
Worcester  Railroad  has  a  branch  to  the  centre  of 
the  town.  6  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Worcester,  and 
42  W.  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

Miller  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Tuscambia.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Moniteau  and  Cole  counties,  E.  by  Osage 
and  Pulaski,  S.  by  Pulaski  and  Camden,  and  W. 
by  Camden  and  Morgan  counties.  Watered  by 
Osage  River  and  branches.  Soil  very  fertile  on 
the  streams. 

Millersburg,  Is.,  c.  h.  Mercer  co. 

Millersburg,  O.,  c.  h.  Holmes  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Killbuck  Creek.  87  miles  N.  E.  from  Co- 
lumbus. 

Millersburg,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  Susquehanna  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Wicon- 
isco  Creek.  31  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg.  There  is 
a  railroad  to  the  river  at  this  point  from  the  coal 
mines  in  Lyken's  Valley. 

Milledgeville,  Ga.  City,  capital  of  the  state, 
and  seat  of  justice  of  Baldwin  co.  187  miles  N. 
W.  from  Savannah,  and  89  W.  S.  W.  from  Au- 
gusta. It  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Oconee 
River,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  and  at  the  junc- 
tion of  Fishing  Creek,  193  miles  N.from  Darien, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  city  is  built  upon 
an  uneven  surface,  but  is  laid  out  with  great  regu- 
larity, having  10  streets  running  parallel  with  the 
river,  and  10  others  intersecting  them  at  right  an- 
gles, all  of  which  are  100  feet  wide,  except  Wash- 
ington Street,  in  the  centre,  which  is  120  feet  in 
width.  There  are  3  public  squares,  each  450 
feet  on  a  side,  called  State  House  Square,  Gov- 
ernor's Square,  and  Penitentiary  Square.  In  the 
centre  of  State  House  Square,  which  is  in  an 
elevated  part  of  the  city,  about  three  fourths  of  a 
mile  from  the  river,  stands  the  state  house; 
which  is  a  handsome  Gothic  edifice,  erected  in 
1828,  at  a  cost  of  $1 15,000.  On  this  square  also 
is  an  academy,  an  arsenal,  and  a  powder  maga- 
zine. There  are  churches  of  the  Presbyterian, 
Methodist,  and  Baptist  denominations. 

Milledgeville  was  laid  out  in  1803.  The  first 
house,  of  logs,  was  built  the  next  year,  and  the 
first  framed  house  in  1805.  A  railroad,  17  miles 
long,  to  Gordon,  connects  Milledgeville  with  the 
long  railroad  route  from  Savannah  to  Macon. 

Mills  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Coonville.  In  the  S 
W.  angle,  on  the  Missouri. 

Millsfield,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  Clear  Stream  wa 
ters  its  N.  extremity,  and  Philips  River,  with 
several  small  streams,  the  other  parts.  Here 
are  several  ponds  :  the  largest  is  about  300  rods 
long,  140  wide.  This  town  was  named  from  Sir 


456 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


Thomas  Mills,  a  grantee.  The  surface  is  too 
rough  and  the  climate  too  cold  for  cultivation. 
First  settlers:  Millsfield  was  granted,  in  1774,  to 
George  Boyd  and  81  others.  150  miles  N.  from 
Concord,  and  about  35  N.  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Millville,  N.  J.,  Cumberland  co.  Drained  by 
Maurice  Kiver  and  its  branches,  the  principal  of 
which  is  Manantico  Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil 
sandy  and  rather  sterile.  67  miles  S.  by  W.  from 
Trenton. 

Milo,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  This  is  a  beautiful 
township,  on  the  fertile  banks  of  Sebec  and  Pleas- 
ant Kivers,  at  their  union  with  the  Piscataquis. 
It  lies  103  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  15  N. 
E.  from  Dover.  Incorporated  in  1823. 

Milo,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Yates  co.  Bounded  W.  by 
Crooked  Lake,  and  N.  by  its  outlet.  Surface  un- 
dulating; soil  very  productive.  189  miles  W. 
from  Albany. 

Milton,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  94  miles  from  Au- 
gusta. 

Milton,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  Milton  was  a  part  of 
Dorchester  until  1662.  The  Indians  called  the 
place  Unquety  or  Uncataquisset.  Neponset  Riv- 
er washes  its  northern  border,  and  affords  the 
town  numerous  valuable  mill  sites.  Milton  pos- 
sesses fine  granite.  The  soil  of  the  town  is  strong 
and  fertile  ;  and  the  surface  presents  many  finely- 
cultivated  farms,  and  large  tracts  of  wood  and 
meadow  lands.  Milton  contains  many  elegant 
country  seats,  and  much  delightful  scenery.  The 
views  from  Milton  Hill,  near  the  head  of  the 
Neponset,  and  Blue  Hill,  a  celebrated  land- 
mark for  sailors,  635  feet  above  the  sea,  in  this 
town  and  Canton,  are  among  the  most  admired 
in  our  country.  The  village  called  the  "  Mills," 
comprising  a  part  of  Dorchester,  at  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  Neponset,  is  a  wild,  romantic 
place,  and  the  seat  of  considerable  trade  and  man- 
ufacture. The  village  at  the  railroad,  near  the 
granite  quarry,  in  Quincy,  is  very  pleasant  and 
flourishing.  By  a  new  and  beautiful  bridge, 
called  the  Granite  Bridge,  across  the  Neponset, 
the  distance  to  the  city  is  reduced  to  6  miles. 
There  is  an  academy  in  this  place.  The  first 
paper  mill  in  New  England  was  erected  in  this 
town.  This  interesting  and  pleasant  town  lies  7 
miles  S.  from  Boston,  and  6  E.  from  Dedham. 

Milton,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  The  Salmon  Fall 
River  washes  its  whole  eastern  boundary,  a  dis- 
tance of  13  miles.  Teneriffe,  a  bold  and  rocky 
mountain,  extends  along  the  eastern  part  of  Mil- 
ton, near  which  lies  Milton  Pond,  of  considerable 
size,  connecting  with  Salmon  Fall  River.  This 
town  was  formerly  a  part  of  Rochester.  40  miles 
N.  E.  from  Concord,  and  20  N.  W.  by  N.  from 
Dover. 

Milton,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Shire  town.  "Wa- 
tered by  Kayaderosseras  Creek  and  some  of  its 
tributaries.  Surface  chiefly  level;  soil  sandy 
and  clay  loam.  30  miles  N.  from  Albany. 

Milton,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  Milton  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Lake  Champlain,  and  is  finely  wa- 
tered by  the  River  Lamoille.  The  soil  is  gener- 
ally good.  A  little  distance  from  the  neat  and 
flourishing  village  are  the  Great  Falls,  on  the  La- 
moille. In  the  course  of  50  rods  the  whole  river 
falls  180  feet.  About  the  middle  of  the  rapid  is 
a  small  island,  by  which  the  water  passes  on  each 
gide,  with  great  violence  and  loud  roaring.  There 
is  another  pleasant  village  2  miles  W.  of  the 
falls,  called  Checker  Berry.  The  immense  water 
power  of  this  town,  and  the  facilities  afforded  it 


by  Lake  Champlain  for  an  extensive  commerce, 
added  to  the  advantage  of  railroad  communica- 
tion with  Burlington,  Montreal,  and  Boston,  will, 
doubtless,  render  this  place  a  site  of  important 
business.  A  bridge,  called  the  Sand  Bar  Bridge, 
connects  this  town  with  South  Hero.  The  set- 
tlement of  this  place  was  commenced  Febru- 
ary 15,  1782.  12  miles  N.  from  Burlington,  and 
40  N.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Milwaukie  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Milwaukee. 
Bounded  N.  by  Washington  co.,  E.  by  Lake  Mich- 
igan, S.  by  Racine,  and  W.  by  Waukesha  co. 
Drained  by  Wilwaukie,  Manewakee,  Root,  DCS 
Plaines,  and  Fox  Rivers,  and  branches  of  Rock 
River. 

Milwaukie,  Wn.,  c.  h.  Milwaukie  co.,  situated  on 
the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  95  miles  N.  from 
Chicago,  and  80  miles  E.  from  Madison,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  state.  The  town  lies  on  both  sides  of 
the  Milwaukie  River,  which  here  runs  nearly 
parallel  to  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  empties  into 
it  just  below. 

This  place  is  the  natural  outlet  of  one  of  the 
finest  regions  for  the  production  of  cereal  grains 
in  the  United  States.  Its  growth  has  been  re- 
markably rapid.  In  1834  it  contained  only  two 
log  houses.  A  census  of  the  town,  taken  in  June, 
1846,  showed  a  population  of  9508  ;  and  another 
in  December,  1847,  only  18  months  afterwards, 
of  14,071.  The  population  in  1850  was  22,137. 

The  site  of  Milwaukie  is  eligible  in  various 
respects.  It  commences  about  a  mile  above  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  at  a  point  called  Walker's 
Point,  and  extends  from  a  mile  and  a  half  to  two 
miles  up  the  river,  which  is  sufficiently  wide  and 
deep,  to  a  point  some  distance  above  the  town,  to 
accommodate  a  large  amount  of  shipping.  At 
the  head  of  this  navigable  portion  of  the  river,  a 
dam,  erected  by  the  Milwaukie  and  Rock  River 
Canal  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  a 
slack  water  navigation  about  two  miles  farther 
up  the  stream,  throws  a  large  body  of  water  into 
that  section  of  the  canal  which  courses  into  the 
town,  creating  there  a  water  power  which  is 
estimated  to  be  equal  to  about  100  runs  of  mill- 
stones. The  manufactories  erected  on  this  canal 
have  the  advantage  of  being  also  located  on  the 
bank  of  the  navigable  river,  which  almost  washes 
their  foundations  in  the  rear,  so  that  they  may  be 
approached  by  the  largest  vessels  and  steamboats 
from  the  lakes. 

The  ground  occupied  by  the  town  is  elevated 
and  uneven,  rising  from  the  river  to  the  height  of 
50  to  100  feet,  and  affording  beautiful  situations 
for  residences,  commanding  a  full  view  of  the 
river,  the  bay,  the  lake,  and  the  body  of  the  town 
itself. 

The  Bay  of  Milwaukie  is  an  elliptical  indenta- 
tion of  the  lake  shore  against  the  town,  of  about 
three  miles  in  depth,  and  extending  about  six 
miles  between  its  N.  and  S.  points  or  capes,  suf- 
ficiently separated  from  the  body  of  the  lake  t» 
protect  the  shipping  from  the  effect  of  all  the 
storms  or  gales  of  wind  except  such  as  come 
from  the  east,  which  here  seldom  occur.  The 
river  enters  this  bay  about  half  a  mile  below  its 
centre,  and  the  whole  distance  between  the  mouth 
of  the  river  and  the  commencement  of  the  town 
is  occupied  by  a  low,  impassable  marsh,  by  some 
supposed  once  to  have  been  a  part  of  the  bay. 

This  place,  for  one  of  such  rapid  growth,  is 
finely  built.  From  a  certain  quality  of  the  clay 
which  abounds  here,  the  brick  made  from  it, 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


457 


instead  of  being  of  the  usual  red.  are  of  a  light 
yellow  or  cream  color,  which  gives  to  the  ware- 
nouses  and  solid  portions  of  the  town,  where 
this  material  is  used,  a  peculiarly  bright  and 
beautiful  appearance.  Steamboats  ply  continu- 
ally between  this  place  and  Buffalo,  in  the  season 
of  lake  navigation  ;  and  also  to  connect  it  with 
Chicago  and  other  ports  south,  on  Lake  Michi- 
gan, and  with  the  termini  of  the  Michigan  Cen- 
tral and  Southern  Railroads.  Plank  roads  are 
rapidly  extending  from  this  point  into  the  inte- 
rior ;  a  railroad  is  in  progress  to  the  Mississippi, 
and  one  is  proposed  to  Chicago. 

Mina,  N. Y .,  Chautauque  co.  Watered  by  French 
Creek  and  Finley's  Lake,  a  small  sheet  of  water. 
Surface  uneven;  soil  gravelly  loam  and  clay. 
15  miles  S.  W.  from  Mayville,  and  348  S.  by  W. 
from  Albany. 

Minden,  La.,  c.  h.  Claiborne  parish.  404  miles 
N.  W.  from  New  Orleans. 

Minden,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Mohawk  River,  and  drained  by 
Otsquake  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversified  and 
the  soil  fertile,  particularly  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mohawk,  where  are  some  rich  alluvial  marshes. 
15  miles  W.  from  Fonda,  and  67  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Mineral  Point.  Wn.,  Iowa  co.  On  a  head 
branch  of  Pekatonica  River.  52  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Madison.  Here  are  several  smelting  fur- 
naces for  copper  and  lead. 

Minersville,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  66  miles  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg.  In  the  Schuylkill  coal  field. 

Minerva,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  The  Hudson  River 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly  and  mountainous,  being 
partly  covered  by  the  Adirondack  range,  and  the 
soil  fertile  in  some  of  the  valleys.  30  miles 
S.  W.  from  Elizabeth,  and  92  N.  by  W.  from 
Albany. 

Minot,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  A  large  town- 
ship, on  the  E.  side  of  the  Androscoggin,  opposite 
Lewiston,  with  two  pleasant  villages.  33  miles 
S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  35  N.  from  Portland. 

Minster,  0.,  Mercer  co.  94  miles  W.  N.  \V. 
from  Columbus. 

Mississippi  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Osceola.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Missouri,  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River, 
separating  it  from  Tennessee,  S.  by  Crittcnden 
co.,  and  W.  by  St.  Francis  River,  separating  it 
from  Poinsett  and  Greene  counties.  Whitewater 
River  waters  the  interior. 

Mississippi  County,  Mo.,  c.Ti.  at  Osceola.  On  the 
eastern  border,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio. 

Mobile  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Mobile.  Bounded 
N.  by  Washington  co.,  E.  by  Tombigbee  and 
Mobile  Rivers  and  Mobile  Bay,  separating  it 
from  Clarke  and  Baldwin  counties,  S.  by  Pas- 
cagoula  Bay,  and  W.  by  Mississippi.  Drained 
by  branches'of  the  Mobile  River  on  the  E.,  and 
of  the  Pascagoula  on  the  W.  Surface  hilly  in 
the  N.,  and  undulating  in  the  S.  portions  ;  soil 
sterile. 

Mobile,  Aa.  City,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Mobile  co.  Situated  on  the  W.  side 
of  Mobile  River,  at  its  entrance  into  Mobile  Bay, 
30  miles  N.  of  Mobile  Point,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  bay.  217  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Tuscaloosa, 
160  E.  N.E.  from  New  Orleans,  and  55  W.  by  N. 
from  Pensacola,  Fa.  Population  in  1830,  3194; 
1840,  12,672;  1850,  20,500. 

It  is  the  only  town  of  much  importance  in  the 
lower  part  of  Alabama.    It  is  pleasantly  situated 
58 


on  an  extended  plain,  elevated  15  feet  above  the 
highest  tides,  and  has  a  beautiful  prospect  of 
the  bay,  extending  30  miles,  with  an  average 
width  of  12  miles,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Access 
to  the  town  is  rendered  somewhat  difficult  by  a 
swampy  island  opposite,  so  that  vessels  draw- 
ing more  than  8  feet  of  water  cannot  come 
directly  in,  but  must  pass  up  Spanish  River, 
six  miles,  round  this  island,  into  Mobile  River, 
and  then  drop  down  to  the  city,  into  a  harbor 
perfectly  secure  from  winds,  storms,  or  enemies. 
It  has  about  50  wharves,  and,  next  to  New  Or- 
leans, is  the  largest  cotton  market  in  the  United 
States.  Its  business  and  prosperity  have  in- 
creased with  great  rapidity  since  it  came  under 
the  government  of  the  United  States.  Although 
one  of  the  earliest  settled  towns  in  the  country, 
it  never  became,  under  the  French  and  Spanish 
regime,  which  continued  to  1813,  any  thing  more 
than  a  military  post.  The  churches  of  the 
city  are  of  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Methodist, 
and  Roman  Catholic  denominations.  There  is 
an  academy,  called  Barton  Academy,  a  court 
house,  jail,  custom  house,  a  United  States 
naval  hospital,  and  a  city  hospital.  An  aque- 
duct, by  which  water  is  brought  through  iron 
pipes  2  miles,  supplies  the  city  abundantly  with 
this  element  of  life,  purity,  and  comfort.  "There 
are  many  steamboats  running  between  Mobile 
and  the  more  important  places  above  it,  on  the 
Mobile,  Tombigbee,  and  Alabama  Rivers ;  and 
also  a  line  of  communication  by  steamboats 
with  New  Orleans,  by  the  way  of  Lake  Pont- 
chartrain.  There  are  also  a  great  number  of 
packet  schooners,  which  run  between  Mobile  and 
New  Orleans ;  some  by  the  way  of  the  lake,  and 
some  by  the  Mississippi.  The  great  project, 
now  in  a  state  of  hopeful  progress,  of  construct- 
ing a  railroad  from  this  city  to  Cairo,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Rivers,  to 
connect  with  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  run- 
ning thence,  and  terminating  by  its  northern 
branches  at  Dubuque,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi, 
and  at  Chicago,  on  Lake  Michigan,  cannot  fail, 
when  accomplished,  of  bringing  an  immense  in- 
crease of  business  and  prosperity  to  Mobile. 

This  place  was  ceded  to  the  Americans  by 
Spain  in  1813,  chartered  as  a  town  in  1814,  and 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  181 9.  It  has  suffered 
repeatedly  by  desolating  fires.  In  1827,  170 
buildings  were  consumed;  and  in  1839,  600. 
But  the  town  has  been  rebuilt  with  increased 
convenience  and  beauty. 

Mohawk,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  the  Mohawk  River,  on  the  Erie  Canal.  79 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Mohawk,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Montgomery,  co.  Bound- 
ed on  the  S.  by  the  Mohawk  River.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly  on  the  N.,  and  the  soil  fertile  in  the 
Mohawk  valley.  42  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Moira,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  The  Little  Salmon 
River  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
level,  and  the  soil  sandy  loam.  13  miles  W.  from 
Malone,  and  225  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany,  on  the 
Ogdensburg  Railroad,  from  which  latter  place  it 
is  distant  47  miles. 

Moniteau  County,  Mo.  In  the  central  part  of 
the  state.  On  the  S.  bank  of  the  Missouri. 

Monkton,  Vt.  Addison  co.  The  western  part 
of  the  town  is  watered  by  Little  Otter  Creek, 
and  the  eastern  part  by  Pond  Brook.  Lewis 
Creek  runs  a  short  distance  in  the  north-eastern 
part.  These  streams  afford  but  few  mill  privi- 


458 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


leges.  Monkton  Pond  lies  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
town,  and  is  about  a  mile  in  length  and  half  a 
mile  wide.  A  mountain,  called  the  Hogback, 
extends  along  the  eastern  boundary  of  Monkton, 
and  there  are  several  other  considerable  eleva- 
tions. Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  S.  part  of  this 
township  in  large  quantities.  About  a  mile  N. 
of  the  iron  ore  bed  is  an  extensive  bed  of  rac- 
lin,  or  porcelain  earth.  In  the  S.  part  of  this 
township  is  a  pond,  curiously  located  on  the 
summit  of  a  considerable  hill.  In  the  north- 
western part  is  a  remarkable  cavern.  Monkton 
was  settled  in  1774,  by  John  and  Ebenezer 
Stearns,  Barnabas  Burnham,  and  John  Bishop. 
They  left  during  the  war,  but  returned  in  1784. 
27  miles  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  16  N.  from 
Middlebury.  The  Vermont  Central  Railroad 
passes  through  the  town. 

Monmouth,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  On  the  sources 
of  the  Cobbessecontee.  15  miles  S.  W.  from 
Augusta. 

Monmouth  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Freehold. 
Bounded  N.  by  Staten  Island  Sound,  E.  and  S. 
E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  W.  and  W.  by 
Burlington,  Mercer,  and  Middlesex  counties. 
Drained  by  Millstone  and  South  Rivers,  branches 
of  the  Raritan.  by  Assunpink,  Crosswick's,  and 
Rancocus,  branches  of  the  Delaware,  by  Never- 
sink,  Tom's,  Shrewsbury,  and  Forked  Rivers,  and 
Manasquan.  Cedar,  Oyster,  Westecunk,  and  Man- 
ahocking  Creeks.  Surface  mostly  level ;  soil  al- 
luvial, being  a  mixture  of  sand,  clay,  gravel,  and 
vegetable  mould.  Marl  is  abundant  in  some  parts. 

Monongahela,  Pa.,  Greene  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Monongahela  River,  and  drained  by  Whitley 
Creek.  Surface  undulating;  soil  loamy.  14  miles 
S.  E.  from  Waynesburg. 

Monongahela  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Morgantown. 
Bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  Preston,  S. 
by  Marion,  and  W.  by  Tyler  co.  Drained  by  the 
Monongahela  and  its  tributary,  Cheat  River.  Sur- 
face uneven ;  soil  fertile. 

Monroe  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Monroeville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Wilcox  co.,  E.  by  Butler  and 
Conechu,  S.  by  Baldwin  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Ala 
bama  River  and  Clarke  co.  Drained  by  the  Al- 
abama and  its  tributaries  ;  soil  bordering  on  some 
of  the  streams  fertile. 

Monroe  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Lawrenceville. 
Bounded  N.  by  St.  Francis  and  Pulaski  counties, 
E.  by  Phillips*  S.  by  Desha,  S.  W.  by  Arkansas, 
and  W.  by  Pulaski'  co.  Drained  by  Cache  and 
White  Rivers,  and  branches. 

Monroe,  Ct.  Fairfield  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Huntington  in  1823.  The  soil  is 
good,  and  well  adapted  for  grazing,  but  the  sur- 
face is  rough  and  stony.  Agriculture  is  the  prin- 
cipal business  of  the  inhabitants.  There  are  ex- 
cellent orchards  of  various  kinds  of  fruit  in  the 
town,  a  pleasant  village  on  elevated  ground,  and 
a  classical  school.  15  miles  W.  by  N.  from  New 
Haven. 

Monroe  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Key  West.  The 
main  land  of  this  county  is  bounded  E.  by  Dade  co., 
S.  by  the  Florida  Channel,  and  W.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  also  embraces  the  islands  called  the 
Florida  Keys,  and  an  inundated  tract  of  land 
called  the  Everglades.  In  the  N.  W.  part  is 
some  good  land. 

Monroe  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Forsyth.  Bounded 
N.  by  Butts  co.,  E.  by  Jasper,  Jones,  and  Bibb, 
S.  by  Crawford,  and  W.  by  Upson  and  Pike 
counties.  Drained  by  small  streams  flowing  into 


the  Ockmulgee  River,  which  forms  its  N.  E.  boun- 
dary. 

Monroe,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Walton  co.  Situated  at  the 
head  of  Ockmulgee  River.  61  miles  N.  W.  by  N. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Monroe  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Harrisonville. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  St.  Clair,  S.  E.  by  Randolph 
co.,  and  S.  W.  and  N.  W.  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  separating  it  from  Missouri.  Drained  by 
Horse,  Eagle,  De  Long,  and  Prairie  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  rough  and  hilly  in  the  W.  por- 
tions, but  in  the  E.  there  is  much  good  land. 

Monroe  County,  la.,  c.h.atBlooinington.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Morgan  co.,  E.  by  Brown  and  Jackson, 
S.  by  Lawrence,  and  W.  by  Green  and  Owen 
counties.  Drained  bv  branches  of  the  E.  and 
W.  forks  of  White  RiVer. 

Monroe,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Albia.  S.  E.  part.  Wa- 
tered by  Cedar  Creek  and  other  southern  tribu- 
taries-of  the  Des  Moines. 

Monroe  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Tompkinsville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Barren  co.,  E.  by  Cumberland, 
S.  by  Tennessee,  and  W.  by  Allen  co.  Watered 
by  Cumberland  River,  and  the  Big  Barren  and 
its  branches. 

Monroe,  La.,  c.  h.  Wachita  parish.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Wachita  River,  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation,  and  300  miles  N.  W.  by  N.  from 
New  Orleans. 

Monroe,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  This  town  is  watered 
by  Marsh  River,  a  branch  of  the  Penobscot.  It 
lies  59  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  14  N.  from 
Belfast, 

Monroe,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  Monroe  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Rowe,  and  an  unincorporated 
tract  called  the  "  Gore."  There  is  some  land  in 
the  town  fit  for  the  plough ;  but  being  very  moun- 
tainous, the  greater  part  is  adapted  only  to  graz- 
ing. Monroe  was  named  in  honor  of  James 
Monroe,  late  president  of  the  United  States. 
28  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Greenfield,  and  115  W. 
by  N.  from  Boston. 

Monroe  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Monroe.  Bounded 
N.  by  Washtenaw  and  Wayne  counties,  E.  by 
Lake  Erie,  S.  by  Ohio,  and  W.  by  Lenawee  co. 
Drained  by  Raisin  River,  and  Otter,  Plum,  Stony, 
Sandy,  and  Swan  Creeks.  Surface  level ;  soil 
fertile. 

Monroe,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  This  city  is 
located  on  Raisin  River,  2£  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  has  great  water  privileges.  It  is  connected 
by  a  canal  with  Lake  Erie.  37  miles  S.  S.  W. 
from  Detroit,  and  is  one  of  the  eastern  termini 
of  the  Southern  Michigan  Railroad. 

Monroe  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Athens.  Bounded 
N.  by  Itawamba  co.,  E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by 
Lowndes  co.,  and  W.  by  Chickasaw  co.  Watered 
by  Tombigbee  and  Battahatchee  Rivers. 

Monroe  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Paris.  Bounded 
N.  by  Shelby  and  Marion  counties,  E.  by  Rails, 
S.  by  Audrain,  and  W.  by  Randolph  co.  Drained 
by  Salt  River  and  its  branches.  Surface  undulat- 
ing ;  soil  fertile. 

Monroe,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Union  co. 

Monroe  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Rochester.  Taken 
from  Ontario  and  Genesee  counties  in  1821.  It 
is  bounded  N.  by  Lake  Ontario,  E.  by  Wayne 
co.,  S.  by  Ontario  and  Livingston,  and  W.  by 
Genesee  and  Orleans  counties.  Surface  chiefly 
level,  or  slightly  uneven,  being  crossed  by  the 
Mountain  Ridge  and  Alluvial  Way,  or  Ridge 
Road,  and  watered  by  the  Genesee  River,  and 
several  streams  flowing  N.  into  Lake  Ontario ; 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


459 


soil  mostly  very  feitile,  being  particularly  adapted 
to  the  growth  of  wheat.  Iron  ore,  gypsum,  marl, 
and  sulphur  springs  are  abundant.  The  Erie 
and  Geriesee  Valley  Canals  form  a  junction  at 
Rochester ;  also  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  and 
Ton  a  wan  da  Railroads. 

Monroe,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  The  Ramapo  River, 
a  branch  of  the  Passaic,  waters  this  town.  Sur- 
face hilly  and  broken,  being  partly  covered  by 
the  Highland  range,  and  abounding  in  some 
places  with  iron  ore.  14  miles  S.  E.  from  Go- 
shen,  and  117  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Monroe  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Woods ville.  Bel- 
mont  co.  is  on  the  N.,  Washington  on  the  S., 
Morgan  on  the  W.,  and  the  Ohio  River  on  the 
E.  The  most  important  streams  are  Little  Mus- 
kingum,  Sunfish,  Duck,  and  Wills  Creeks.  The 
soil  is  good.  In  some  parts  the  land  is  level,  in 
others  hilly  and  rough.  Stone  coal  and  iron  ore 
are  found  in  great  plenty. 

Monroe  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Stroudsburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Wayne  and  Pike  counties,  E.  by 
the  Delaware  River,  separating  it  from  New  Jer- 
sey. S.  by  Northampton  and  Carbon,  and  W.  by 
Carbon  and  Luzerne  counties.  Bounded  N.  W. 
by  the  Lehigh,  and  drained  by  branches  of  Le- 
high  and  Delaware  Rivers.  Surface  rough  and 
hilly ;  soil  fertile. 

Monroe,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  Yellow  Breeches 
Creek  waters  this  town,  affording  hydraulic  power. 
Surface  level ;  soil  calcareous  loam.  7  miles  S.  E. 
from  Carlisle. 

Monroe  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Madisonville. 
fBounded  N.  by  Roane  co.,  E.  by  the  Tennessee 
River,  separating  it  from  Blount  co.,  S.  E.  and 
S.  by  North  Carolina,  and  W.  by  Polk  and  Mc- 
Minn  counties.  Drained  by  tributaries  of  the 
Tennessee. 

Monroe  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Union.  Bounded 
N.  by  Greenbrier  co.,  E.  by  Alleghany  and  Bote- 
tourt,  S.  by  Giles  co.,  and  W.  by  New  River, 
separating  it  from  Mercer  co.  Drained  by  Green- 
brier  River.  Surface  elevated  and  mountainous, 
the  Alleghany  range  traversing  the  E.  part ;  soil 
fertile  calcareous  loam,  particularly  adapted  to 
grazing. 

Monroe,  Wn.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.  Watered  by  a 
branch  of  Pekatonica  River.  81  miles  S.  from 
Madison. 

Monroeville,  0.,  Huron  co.  On  Huron  River. 
Connected  with  Sandusky  City  by  railroad.  97 
miles  N.  from  Columbus.  The  river  affords 
good  water  power. 

Monroe  Works,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  On  the 
Erie  Railroad.  105  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Albany. 
Iron  ore  of  good  quality  is  found  in  the  region, 
which  furnishes  the  material  for  large  iron  works 
at  this  place. 

Monson,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  This  town  is  wa- 
tered by  Piscataquis  River  and  Wilson's  Stream. 
Monson  comprises  a  fine  tract  of  land,  and  is 
settled  by  a  worthy  class  of  people.  Incorporated 
1822.  It  lies  83  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta, 
and  20  N.  W.  from  Dover.  A  stage  runs  be- 
tween this  town  and  Bangor  three  times  a  week. 
Distance  from  Monson  to  Bangor,  60  miles ;  to 
Moosehead  Lake,  15. 

Monson.  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  Before  its  incor- 
poration, in  1760,  Monson  was  a  part  of  the 
town  of  Brimfield.  The  surface  is  agreeably  di- 
versified by  hill  and  dale,  with  much  good  soil. 
and  many  excellent  farms.  The  position  of  its 
central  village,  in  a  vale  running  N.  and  S.,  and 


bounded  on  either  hand  by  sloping  hills,  is  beau- 
tiful and  romantic.  A  branch  of  the  Chicopee 
runs  through  the  centre  of  the  town.  Nearly  a 
mile  from  the  centre  of  the  village  is  an  inex- 
haustible quarry  of  granite  of  a  beautiful  quality. 
17  miles  E.  from  Springfield,  and  80  W.  S.  W. 
from  Boston. 

Montague,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  This  town,  pre- 
vious to  1753,  was  the  north  parish  in  Sun- 
derland,  and  was  called  Hunting  Hills.  The 
town  contains  some  fine  plains,  and  large  tracts 
of  good  meadow  on  Connecticut  River,  on  the  E. 
side  of  which  the  town  is  situated.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  partly  by  the  Connecticut,  and  partly 
by  Miller's  River.  Turner's  Falls,  at  the  north- 
erly part  of  the  town,  are  more  interesting  than 
any  in  the  state.  The  canal  for  passing  these 
falls,  3  miles  in  length,  and  75  feet  lockage,  with 
an  immense  dam  across  the  river,  greatly  facil- 
itates the  navigation  on  Connecticut  River. 
This  place  has  great  water  power  and  romantic 
scenery ;  but  the  water  power  remains  as  yet  un- 
improved. The  village  in  the  centre  of  the  town 
lies  83  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Boston,  and  7  S.  E. 
from  Greenfield.  It  is  on  the  railroad  from 
Greenfield  to  Fitchburg. 

Montague,  N.  J.,  Sussex  co.  Mountainous  in 
the  S.  E.  portions.  Soil  fertile,  being  partly  allu- 
vial. 91  miles  N.  from  Trenton. 

Monterey  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Monterey.  On 
the  coast,  S.  of  Monterey  Bay. 

Monterey,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Monterey  co.  Situated  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Monterey,  about  150 
miles  S.  of  San  Francisco.  This  is  an  old  Span- 
ish town,  and  was  for  a  long  time  the  principal 
one  in  California.  The  houses  are  built  on  a 
broad,  gentle  slope  of  land,  about  2  miles  from 
Point  Pinos,  the  southern  extremity  of  the  bay. 
The  land  rises  fast  behind  it,  the  coast  range  ap- 
proaching within  4  miles  of  the  town.  The  har- 
bor is  equal  to  any  in  California.  The  climate  is 
fine,  and  the  town,  though  not  immediately  con- 
nected with  the  mining  region,  is  growing  rapidly. 

Monterey,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  Taken  from  the 
S.part  of  Tyringham  in  1847.  A  mountainous 
township.  15  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Lenox. 

Montei-ey,  Va.,  c.  h.  Highland  co.  About  30 
miles  N.  W.  from  Staunton. 

Montezuma,  Io.,  c.  h.  Poweshick  co. 

Montezuma,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  and  Erie  Canals. 
It  contains  important  salt  springs,  and  is  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Montezuma  Marshes,  which  ex- 
tend 14  miles  along  the  outlet  of  Cayuga  Lake, 
and  along  Seneca  River.  They  are  from  2  to  3 
miles  wide,  and  are  covered  with  high  glass.  The 
village  lies  162  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Montgomery  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Montgomery. 
Bounded  N.  by  Coosa  co.,  E.  by  Macon  and 
Pike,  S.  by  Pike  and  Lowndes,  and  W.  by  Lown- 
des  and  Autauga  counties.  Watered  by  Coosa 
and  Tallapoosa  Rivers  and  branches. 

Montgomery,  Aa.  City,  capital  of  the  state, 
and  seat  of  justice  of  Montgomery  co.  Situated 
at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Ala- 
bama River.  The  town  is  built  on  a  high  bluff. 
It  contains  the  state  house,  the  usual  county 
buildings,  churches  for  5  or  6  denominations^ 
stores,  and  other  buildings,  which  are  of  hand- 
some appearance.  A  large  amount  of  cotton  iu 
annually  shipped  from  this  place.  It  is  con- 
nected by  steamboat  navigation  with  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  on  the  S.,  and,  by  continuous  lines  of 


460 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


tributary,  the  Auchenahatchee,  on  its  S.  and  S. 
W.  border.  Drained  by  the  Oconee  and  branches, 
and  Pendleton  Creek. 

Montgomery  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Hillsboro'. 
Bounded  N.  by  Sangamon  and  Christian  coun- 
ties, E.  by  Shelby  and  Fayett'e,  S.  by  Bond  and 
Madison,  and  W.  by  Macoupin  co.  Shoal  Creek 
and  its  branches,  the  head  waters  of  Macoupin 
Creek,  and  a  branch  of  the  S.  fork  of  Sagamon 
River  water  this  county.  Surface  high  and  un- 
dulating :  soil  fertile. 

Montgomery  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Crawfordsville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Ti'ppecanoe,  E.  by  Boone  and 
Hend ricks,  S.  by  Putnam,  and  W.  by  Parke 
and  Fountain  counties.  Sugar,  Big  and  Little 
Raccoon  Creeks  drain  this  county.  Surface  un- 
dulating ;  soil  fertile. 

Montgomery  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Ster- 
ling. Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Bourbon  and 
Bath  counties,  E.  by  Morgan,  S.  by  Brcathitt  and 
Owsley,  and  W.  by  Estill  and  Clark  counties. 
Drained  by  Red  River  and  branches,  a  branch 
of  Kentucky  River,  and  a  branch  of  Licking 
River. 

Montgomery  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Rockville. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  'the  Patuxent  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Ann  co.,  S.  E.  by  Prince  George  co. 
and  the  District  of  Columbia,  S.  W.  by  the  Poto- 
mac River,  separating  it  from  Virginia,  and  N. 
W.  by  Frederick  co.  Drained  by  branches  of  Po- 
tomac and  Paruxent  Rivers.  Surface  somewhat 
uneven  ;  soil  rather  poor,  except  on  the  streams. 

Montgomery,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  This  is  a  moun- 
tainous township,  well  watered  by  Westfield  Riv- 
er and  Moose  Meadow  Brook,  and  produces  rich 
pasturage.  Montgomery  lies,  by  the  Western 
Railroad,  which  passes  the  S.  W.  border  of  the 
town,  18  miles  N.  W.  from  Springfield,  and  116 
W.  by  S.  from  Boston. 

Montgomery  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Danville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Audrain  and  Pike  counties,  E. 
by  Lincoln  and  Warren,  S.  by  the  Missouri  Riv- 
er, separating  it  from  Gasconade  co.,  and  W. 
by  Callaway  co.  Drained  by  Au  Cuivre  and 
Loutre  Creeks.  Surface  undulating  :  soil  diver- 
sified. 

Montgomery  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Lawrence- 
ville.  Bounded  N.  by  Randolph  co.,  E.  by  Moore, 
S.  by  Richmond,  and  W.  by  the  Yadkin  River, 
separating  it  from  Stanley  co.  Surface  hilly  and 
mountainous,  and  drained  by  branches  of  the 
Yadkin  ;  soil  fertile. 

Montgomery,  N.  J.,  Somerset  co.  Beden's  Brook 
and  branches,  and  Stony  Brook,  water  this  town. 
Surface  hilly  ;  soil  clay,  sand,  and  red  shale.  12 
miles  S.  W.  from  Somerville. 

Montgomery  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Mohawk. 
Formed  from  Albany  co.,  in  1772,  but  since  re- 
duced in  size  by  the  formation  of  new  counties. 
Bounded  N.  by  Fulton,  E.  by  Saratoga  and 
Schenectady,  S.  by  Schenectady  and  Schoharie, 
and  W.  by  Herkimer  co.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Mohawk  River  and  its  branches,  the  principal  of 
which  are  East  Canada,  Otsquake  and  Schoharie 
railroad  communication,  with  Charleston  and 
Savannah  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  It  has  thus  be- 
come a  great  thoroughfare  for  travellers  between 
the  north  and  south.  This  city  was  laid  out 
and  began  to  be  settled  in  1817. 

Montgomery  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Ver- 
non.  Bounded  N.  E.  by  Emanuel  co,  S.  E.  by 
Tatnal  and  Appling.  S.  W.  by  Telfair,  and  N. 
W.  by  Laurens  co.  It  has  the  Ockmulgee  and  its 


Creeks.  Surface  rather  hilly  and  mountainous, 
being  partly  covered  by  a  range  of  the  High- 
lands and  the  Klips,  a  branch  of  the  Mayfield 
Mountain  ;  soil  mostly  good,  and  along  the  mar- 
gins of  the  streams  remarkably  fertile.  A  fine 
quality  of  building  stone  is  quarried  here  in  large 
quantities.  The  Erie  Canat  runs  along  the  N., 
and  the  Utica  and  Schenectady  Railroad  the  S. 
side  of  the  Mohawk  River,  through  this  county. 

Montgomery,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  Watered  by 
the  Wallkill.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  well  adapted 
to  grass  and  grain.  10  miles  N.  from  Goshen, 
and  95  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Montgomery  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Dayton.  Mi- 
ami is  on  the  N.,  Green  on  the  E.,  Preble  on  the 
W.,  and  Warren  and  Butler  counties  on  the  S. 
It  was  constituted  and  organized  in  1803.  The 
land  is  generally  level,  and  is  watered  by  the  Mi- 
ami, South- West  Branch,  and  Mad  Rivers,  be- 
sides Wolf,  Hole's,  Bear,  and  Trim  Creeks.  This 
county  is  fast  improving  in  wealth  and  population. 

Montgomery  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.,  at  Norristown. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  Bucks,  and  S.  E.  by  Philadel- 
phia co.,  S.  W.  by  the  Schuylkill  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Chester  co.,  and  N.  W.  by  Berks  co. 
The  Schuylkill  River  affords  extensive  water 
power,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Manatawney, 
Perkiomen,  Wissihickon  and  Pennypack  Creeks. 
Surface  slightly  uneven;  soil  fertile,  especially 
along  the  Schuylkill. 

Montgomery,   Pa.,   Franklin   co.     Drained  by 
Conecoheague  Creek  and  branches.  Surface  level ; 
soil  mostly   calcareous   loam.     16   miles  S.  W^ 
from  Chambers  burg. 

Montgomery,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Drained  by 
Wissihickon,  a  branch  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  by 
the  W.  fork  of  Neshaminy  Creek,  a  branch  of  the 
Delaware.  Surface  level ;  soil  loam  and  red  shale. 

Montgomery  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Clarksville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Kentucky,  E.  by  Robertson  co., 
S.  by  Dickson,  and  W.  by  Steward  co.  Drained 
by  Cumberland  River  and  its  branches,  the  chief 
of  which  is  Red  River. 

Montgomery  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Montgomery. 
On  the  E.  banks  of  the  Brazos  and  Navasota 
and  upper  waters  of  San  Jacinto. 

Montgomery,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  lies 
in  a  mountainous  country,  but  it  has  a  valuable 
tract  of  land  on  Trout  River,  a  good  mill  stream, 
a  branch  of  the  Missisco.  Montgomery  was 
granted  March  13, 1780,  and  chartered  October  8, 
1789,  to  Stephen  R.  Brandley  and  others.  Cap- 
tain Joshua  Clap,  a  revolutionary  officer,  removed 
his  family  from  Worcester  co.,  Ms.,  into  this  town, 
in  March,  1793.  40  miles  N.  from  Montpelier, 
and  27  E.  N.  E.  from  St.  Albans. 

Montgomery  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Christiansbnrg. 
Incorporated  in  1777.  Bounded  N.  by  Giles  and 
Roanoke  counties,  E.  by  Roanoke  and  Franklin, 
S.  by  Floyd  co.,  and  W.  by  New  River,  separating 
it  from  Pulaski  co.  Drained  by  branches  of  New 
and  head  branches  of  Staunton  River.  Surface 
rough  and  mountainous,  having  the  Blue  Ridge 
on  its  E.  border ;  soil  fertile  on  the  streams. 

Monticello,  As.,  c.  h.  Drew  co. 

Monticello,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  On  a  ridge  4 
miles  E.  from  Mickasooky  Lake,  and  29  E.  N.  E, 
from  Tallahassee. 

Monticello,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Jasper  co.  35  miles  W. 
N.  W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Monticello,  la.,  c.  h.  White  co.  On  the  W.  bank 
of  Tippecanoe  River.  73  miles  N.  N  W.  frcra. 
Indianapolis. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


461 


Monticello,  Is.,  c.  h.  Piatt  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Sangamon  River.  y 

Monticello,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Beaver  Creek,  a  branch  of  Cumberland 
Kiver.  110  miles  S.  from  Frankfort. 

Monticello,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Lawrence  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Pearl  River.  85  miles  S.  of  Jackson. 

Monticello,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Lewis  co.  On  the  N.  E 
side  of  North  Fabius  River.  145  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Jefferson  City. 

Monticello,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Sullivan  co.  110  miles 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Monticello,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Fairfield  district.  31 
miles  N.  from  Columbia. 

Montour  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Danville.  In  the 
N.  angle  of  the  state,  between  the  E.  and  W. 
branches  of  the  Susquehanna.  "Washed  on  the 
S.  by  the  former. 

Montrose,  Io.,  Lee  co.  Beautifully  situated  on 
a  prairie,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Mississippi,  oppo- 
site the  late  Mormon  city  of  Nauvoo,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  surrounding 
country  for  20  miles.  Interesting  remains  of  an- 
cient mounds  abound  here. 

Montrose,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Susquehanna  co.  Near 
the  sources  of  Wyalusing  and  Mishoppen  Creeks, 
branches  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  175 
miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Montpelier,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  The  capital 
of  the  state,  and  shire  town  of  the  county.  206 
miles  N.  W.  by  N.  from  Boston  by  railroad. 
Montpelier  became  the  seat  of  government  in 
1805,  and  the  shire  town  of  the  county  in  1811. 
It  is  finely  watered  by  Winooski  River,  and  by 
several  branches  of  that  stream.  These  streams 
afford  a  good  water  power,  on  which  are  manu- 
facturing establishments  of  various  kinds.  The 
surface  of  the  town  is  very  uneven  and  hilly,  but 
not  mountainous.  The  soil  is  very  good  along 
the  streams,  and  the  highlands  produce  excellent 
pasturage.  This  township  was  granted  October 
21,  1780.  The  village  of  Montpelier  is  surround- 
ed by  hills  of  considerable  elevation ;  and  al- 
though it  is  too  low  to  command  an  extensive 
prospect,  is  very  pleasant,  and  quite  romantic  in 
its  appearance.  It  is  located  very  near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  state :  it  is  a  great  thoroughfare  from 
all  directions,  and  commands  a  large  and  valu- 
able interior  trade.  The  buildings  are  in  good 
style,  and  some  of  them  are  very  handsome. 

The  state  house  stands  on  an  elevated  site,  about 
325  feet  from  State  Street,  on  which  it  fronts,  and 
is  alike  beautiful  in  design  and  execution.  The 
yard  and  grounds  pertaining  to  it  are  large  and 
spacious,  and,  in  the  manner  they  are  laid  out, 
give  great  importance  to  the  building.  Through 
the  whole  design,  a  chaste  architectural  character 
is  preserved,  which,  combined  with  the  convenient 
arrangement  of  the  interior  and  the  stability  of 
its  construction,  renders  this  edifice  equal  in 
every  respect  to  any  in  New  England,  and  proba- 
bly to  any  in  the  United  States.  The  building  is 
in  the  form  of  a  cross,  showing  in  front  a  centre, 
72  feet  wide,  and  two  wings,  each  39  feet,  making 
the  whole  length  1 5(5  feet.  The  centre,  including 
the  portico,  is  100  feet  deep;  the  wings  are  50 
feet  deep.  The  six  columns  of  the  portico  are 
6  feet  in  diameter  at  their  base,  and  36  feet  high, 
supporting  an  entablature  of  classic  proportions. 
The  dome  rises  36  feet  above  the  ridge,  making 
the  whole  height  from  the  ground  100  feet.  The 
order  of  architecture  used  is  the  Grecian  Doric, 
and  is  made  to  conform  to  the  peculiar  arrange- 


ment necessary  in  this  building.  The  walls,  col- 
umns,  cornices,  &c.,  are  of  dark  Barre  granite, 
wrought  in  a  superior  manner :  the  dome  and 
roofs  are  covered  with  copper. 

In  the  interior,  the  lower  story  contains  an 
entrance  hall,  rooms  for  the  secretary  of  state, 
treasurer,  auditor,  and  numerous  committee 
rooms.  The  second  or  principal  story  contains 
a  vestibule,  and  stairways,  a  representatives' 
hall,  57  by  67  feet,  with  a  lobby,  and  galleries 
for  spectators ;  a  senate  chamber,  30  by  44  feet, 
with  lobby  and  gallery,  a  governor's  room,  24  by 
20  feet,  with  an  anteroom,  and  a  room  for  his  sec- 
retary adjoining  ;  a  library  room,  18  by  36  feet ; 
rooms  for  the  several  officers  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives,  and  several  committee 
rooms.  The  cost  of  this  building,  including  all 
expenses,  was  about  $132,100;  of  which  the  in- 
habitants of  Montpelier  paid  815,000. 

Montville,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  the  Thames.  35  miles  S.  E.  from  Hart- 
ford, and  8  N.  from  New  London.  Here  is  a  res- 
ervation of  2700  acres  for  the  use  of  the  Mohegan 
Indians,  and  a  few  descendants  of  that  tribe 
still  dwell  upon  it. 

Montville,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  A  fine  township  on 
the  head  -  branches  of  Sheepscot  River.  26 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Montville,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  In  a  deep  valley, 
67  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Trenton.  The  Morris 
Canal  passes  through  this  valley  by  two  inclined 
planes. 

Mooers,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  Bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Canada,  and  is  watered  by  Chazy  and  English 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly,  being  traversed  by 
the  Chateaugay  range ;  the  soil  various.  18 
miles  N.  from  Plattsburg,  and  1 82  N.  from  Albany. 

Moore  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Carthage.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Randolph  and  Chatham  counties,  E.  and 
S.  by  Cumberland  and  Richmond,  and  W.  by 
Montgomery  co.  Watered  by  Deep  and  Haw, 
and  the  head  branches  of  Lumber  River.  Soil 
mostly  fertile  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Moore,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Drained  by  the 
head  branches  of  Hockendoque  and  Monokissy 
Creeks.  Blue  Mountain  lies  on  its  N.  border,  in 
which  is  the  opening  called  Smith's  Gap.  Sur- 
face undulating ;  soil  gravelly. 

Moorefield,  Va.,  c.  h.  Hardy  co.  In  a  rich  val- 
ley on  the  E.  bank  of  the  S. 'branch  of  Potomac 
River,  at  the  junction  of  the  S.  fork.  178  miles 
N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Moravia,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by  a 
part  of  Owasco  Lake,  and  by  its  inlet,  a  fine  mill 
stream.  The  surface  is  somewhat  hilly ;  the  soil 
very  fertile  in  the  valleys.  16  miles  S.'  from  Au- 
burn, and  160  W.  from  Albany. 

Moreau,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  The  Hudson 
River  bounds  this  town  on  the  N.  and  E.  Sur- 
face chiefly  level ;  soil  various.  20  miles  N. 
from  Ballston  Spa,  and  48  N.  from  Albany. 

Morehouse  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Bastrop.  In  the 
N.  E.  angle,  bordering  on  Arkansas. 

Morehouse,  N.  Y.,  Hamilton  co.  Watered  by  a 
great  many  lakes  and  ponds,  which  are  the 
sources  of  numerous  streams.  The  surface  is 
diversified,  and  the  soil  productive,  although  a 
large  parj  of  the  town  is  as  yet  a  wilderness.  20 
miles  W.  from  Lake  Pleasant,  and  82  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Morehouseville,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Hamilton  co.  Near 
the  S.  bank  of  Canada  Creek.  117  miles  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 


462 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Mordand,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  Surface  hilly, 
and  watered  by  Little.  Muncy  Creek.  Soil  grav- 
elly. 94  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Mordand,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Drained  by 
Pennypack  Creek  and  its  branches.  Surface  un- 
dulating ;  soil  rich  loam.  94  miles  N.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Moretown,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  Mad  River,  a 
branch  of  the  Winooski,  waters  this  town,  and 
gives  it  good  mill  sites.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous, and  a  great  part  of  the  soil  unfit  for  cul- 
tivation. The  settlement  was  commenced  about 
the  year  1790,  and  the  town  was  organized  3 
or  4  years  after.  13  miles  S.  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Morgan  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Summerville. 
Bounded  N.  by  the  Tennessee  River,  separating 
it  from  Limestone  and  Madison  counties,  E.  by 
Marshall  co.,  S.  by  Blount  and  Walker,  and  W. 
by  Lawrence  co.  Drained  by  Flint  River  and 
Cotaco  Creek  and  branches. 

Morgan  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Madison.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  a  head  branch  of  Oconee  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Clarke  and  Greene  counties,  S. 
E.  by  Putnam  co.,  S.  W.  by  Jasper,  and  N.  W. 
by  Walton  co. 

Morgan  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Jacksonville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Cass  co.,  E.  by  Sangamon,  S.  by 
Macoupin  and  Greene,  S.  W.  by  Scott  co.,  and 
W.  by  the  Illinois  River,  separating  it  from  Pike 
and  Brown  counties.  Drained  by  Indian,  Mau- 
vaiseterre,  Apple,  and  Sandy  Creeks,  all  mill 
streams.  Soil  very  fertile. 

Morgan  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Martinsville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Hendricks  and  Marion,  E.  by 
Johnson,  S.  by  Brown  and  Monroe,  and  W.  by 
Owen  and  Putnam  counties.  Drained  by  the 
W.  fork  of  White  River  and  its  branches.  Sur- 
face hilly  or  undulating  ;  soil  of  fine  quality. 

Morgan  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  West  Liberty. 
Bounded  N.  by  Fleming  and  Carver  counties,  E. 
by  Lawrence  and  Johnson,  S.  by  Floyd  and  Breat- 
hitt,  and  W.  by  Montgomery  and  Bath  counties. 
Drained  by  Licking  River  and  its  branches. 

Morgan  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Versailles.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Cooper,  E.  by  Moniteau  and  Miller,  S. 
by  Camden,  and  W.  by  Benton  and  Pettis  coun- 
ties. Watered  by  the  S.  fork  of  La  Mine 
River,  Osage  River  and  its  branches,  and  Moreau 
Creek.  It  contains  some  minerals,  and  the  soil 
is  fertile  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 

Morgan  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  McConnelsville. 
Muskingum  and  Guernsey  counties  are  on  the  N., 
Monroe  and  Washington  on  the  E.,  Washington 
and  Athens  on  the  S.,  and  Perry  on  the  W.  The 
land  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Muskingum 
River  runs  across  the  county,  and  it  is  also  wa- 
tered by  several  creeks  which  rise  here. 

Morgan  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Montgomery. 
Bounded  N.  by  Fentress  and  Campbell  counties, 
E.  by  Anderson,  S.  by  Roane,  Rhea,  and  Bled- 
soe,  and  W.  by  White  and  Putnam  counties. 
Watered  by  Emery  River  and  its  branches,  and 
by  the  head  branches  of  the  S.  fork  of  Cumber- 
land River.  Surface  mountainous,  being  crossed 
by  the  Cumberland  range. 

Morgan,  Te.,  c.  h.  Morgan  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Emery's  River.  156  miles  E.  from  Nashville. 
Morgan,  Vt,  Orleans  co.  The  surface  of  the 
town  consists  of  swells  and  valleys,  and  is  mostly 
susceptible  of  cultivation.  Timber,  generally 
hard  wood.  Soil  good.  A  head  branch  of  Clyde 
Kiver,  called  Farrand's  River,  passes  through 


the  E.  part  of  Morgan,  and  Seymour's  Lake,  which 
is  about  4  miles  long  and  nearly  2  wide,  lies  in 
the  central  part.  It  discharges  its  waters  to  the 
S.,  through  Echo  Pond,  into  Clyde  River.  The 
settlement  was  commenced  about  the  year  1800, 
by  Nathan  Wilcox.  18  miles  N.  E.  from  Iras- 
burg,  and  60  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Morgan  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  Bath.  Bounded  N. 
W.  and  N.  E.  by  the  Potomac  River,  separating 
it  from  Maryland,  S.  E.  by  Berkelv  co.,  and  S. 
W.  by  Frederick  and  Hampshire  counties. 
Drained  by  Cacapon  River  and  Sleepy  Creek, 
branches  of  the  Potomac.  Surface  rough  and 
rocky  ;  soil  fertile  in  the  valleys. 

Morganfield,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Union  co.  10  miles  S. 
of  the  Ohio  River,  and  221  W.  S.  W.  from 
Frankfort. 

Morgantown,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Butler  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Green  River.  143  miles  S.  W.  by  W. 
from  Frankfort. 

Morgantown,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Burke  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Catawba  River.  197  miles  W.  from 
Raleigh. 

Morgantown,  Va.,  Monongalia  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Monongahela  River,  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation,  and  295  miles  N.  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. The  centre  of  an  extensive  manufactur- 
ing region. 

Morris,  Is.,  c.  h.  Grundy  co. 
Morris  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Morristown.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Sussex  and  Passaic  counties,  E.  by  Es- 
sex, S.  by  Somerset  and  Hunterdon,  and  W.  by 
Warren  co.  Watered  by  Passaic  River  and  its 
tributaries,  Rockaway  and  Whippany  Rivers, 
and  by  the  head  branches  of  Raritan  River. 
Surface  hilly  and  mountainous  in  the  N.  portions, 
abounding  with  magnetic  iron  ore ;  soil  princi- 
pally red  shale.-  The  Morris  Canal  traverses 
this  countv. 

Morris,  'N.  J.,  Morris  co.  Drained  by  Whip- 
pany River  and  by  small  streams  flowing  into  the 
Passaic  River,  which  bounds  it  on  the  W.  and  S. 
Surface  hilly  in  the  N.  and  central,  but  more  level 
in  the  S.  portions. 

Morris,  Pa.,  Tioga  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  hilly ;  soil  gravel  and  clay.  133  miles  N. 
by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Morrisania,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  On  the  N. 
E.  side  of  Haerlem  River. 

Morristown,  Is.,  c.  h.  Henry  co.  4  miles  S. 
from  Green  River,  and  141  N.  N.  W.  from. 
Springfield. 

Morristown,  N.  J.,  seat  of  justice  of  Morris  co. 
53  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Trenton.  Situated  on  an 
elevated  plain,  and  commanding  a  fine  view  of  tho 
adjacent  country.  It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
villages  in  the  Union.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
with  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles, 
on  which  are  many  elegant  private  dwellings, 
with  tasteful  yards  and  gardens,  giving  an  air  of 
neatness  and  comfort.  There  is  in  the  centre  of 
the  town  a  large  public  square,  enclosed  with  a 
handsome  fence,  and  ornamented  with  trees,  on 
which  front  many  of  the  stores,  hotels,  and  other 
buildings.  The  'Morris  County  House,  located 
here,  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent  hotels  in  tho 
country.  The  First  Presbyterian  Church  fronts 
upon  the  square,  besides  which  there  are  four  or 
five  other  churches  in  the  village. 

There  are  extensive  manufactories  of  carriages 
in  Morristown,  and  a  great  variety  of  mechanic 
shops.  The  Speedwell  Iron  Works  are  here. 
The  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad  connects  this 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


463 


place  with  Newark,  19  miles  E.,  and  thence,  by 
the  Jersey  Railroad,  with  New  York,  from  which 
the  distance  is  26  miles. 

The  American  army  under  Washington  had 
their  winter  quarters  twice  in  Morristown  and  the 
vicinity.  The  dwellings  occupied  on  these  dif- 
ferent occasions  as  the  general's  head  quarters 
are  objects  of  interest  to  the  visitor.  The  re- 
mains of  an  old  revolutionary  fort  are  still  seen 
in  the  rear  of  the  court  house. 

Morristown,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Bounded 
cm  the  S.  E.  by  Black  Lake,  and  N.  W.  by  the 
St.  Lawrence  River.  Surface  undulating ;  soil 
chiefly  clay  loam.  25  miles  S.  W.  from  Canton, 
and  194  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Morristown,  0.,  Belmont  co.  105  miles  E. 
from  Columbus. 

Morristown,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  The  soil  is  of  a 
good  quality,  and  easily  cultivated.  Morristown 
is,  in  point  of  agricultural  products,  the  second  in 
the  county.  Lamoille  River  and  several  other 
streams  pass  through  the  town.  Along  the  river 
are  some  fine  tracts  of  intervale,  and  on  it  are 
two  excellent  mill  sites.  Morrisville  is  a  pleas- 
ant, flourishing  village,  situated  near  the  Great 
Falls.  At  the  falls,  a  few  rods  W.  of  the  village, 
holes  are  worn  in  the  solid  rock  by  the  water,  some 
of  which  are  nearly  8  feet  deep  and  4  broad.  The 
river  at  this  place  pours  itself  into  a  channel,  cut 
directly  across  the  stream,  20  feet  deep  and  30 
broad.  This  channel  the  early  settlers  denom- 
inated the  pulpit,  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
rocks  at  the  N.  end.  Cadysville  is  situated  2 
miles  below  Morrisville,  and  bids  fair  to  become 
a  place  of  considerable  business.  At  the  centre 
of  the  town  is  a  small  village,  pleasantly  located. 
In  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  town  is  Joe's  Pond. 
The  People's  Academy,  in  this  town,  was  incor- 
porated in  1847.  Mr.  Jacob  Walker,  from  Ben- 
nington,  commenced  a  settlement  here  in  the 
spring  of  1790.  Morristown  lies  3  miles  S.  from 
Hydepark,  and  30  N.  from  Montpelier. 

Morrisville,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Madison  co.  102  miles 
W.  by  N.  from  Albany. 

Morrisville,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
Delaware  River,  opposite  Trenton.  125  miles  E. 
from  Harrisburg.  It  has  a  good  water  power. 
The  Delaware  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  1100 
feet  long.  The  Delaware  Canal  and  the  railroad 
from  Bristol  to  Newark  both  pass  through  it. 

Morrow  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Gilead. 
S.  central  part  of  the  state.  Traversed  by  the 
railroad  from  Cleveland  to  Columbus. 

Moscoiu,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
the  Kennebec.  53  miles  N.  from  Augusta. 

Moscow,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  Situated  on 
high  ground,  1  mile  W.  from  Genesee  Flats,  and 
236  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Mottville,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  At  the  outlet 
of  Skaneateles  Lake.  149  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
Albany. 

Moulton,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Lawrence  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Big  Nance  Creek.  20  miles  S.  from  Ten- 
nessee River,  and  103  miles  N.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Moultrie  County,  Is.  E.  central  part  of  the 
state.  Watered  by  the  Upper  Kaskaskia  River 
and  its  affluents. 

Moultonboro ',  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  This  town 
ties  on  the  N.  W.  shore  of  Winnipiseogee  Lake. 
Its  surface  is  broken  by  mountains  and  ponds. 
Red  Hill,  2000  feet  above  the  sea,  lies  wholly  in 
this  town,  commanding  most  beautiful  prospects 
of  the  lake  and  country.  Squam  Lake  lies  partly 


in  this  town,  and  Long  Pond,  both  beautiful 
sheets  of  water.  Red  Hill  River  passes  through 
this  town,  emptying  into  the  Winnipiseogee.  First 
settlers,  Ezekiel  Moulton  and  others.  50  miles 
N.  from  Concord. 

Mount  Airy,  Va.,  Pittsylvania  co.  S.  W.  by 
W.  from  Richmond  145  miles.  Little  more  than 
a  mile  from  this  village  is  a  sulphur  spring. 

Mount  Carmel,  Is.,  c.  h.  Wabash  CO.,  occupies 
high  ground  on  the  W.  side  of  Wabash  River,  op- 
posite the  mouth  of  White  River.  166  miles  S. 
E.  from  Springfield. 

Mount  Carroll,  Is.,  c.  h.  Carroll  co. 

Mount  Clemens,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Macomb  co.  On  the 
N.  bank  of  Clinton  River.  18  miles  N.  E.  from 
Detroit.  Small  vessels  come  to  this  place,  and  a 
steamboat  runs  to  Detroit. 

Mount  Desert,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  island 
of  that  name.  100  miles  E.from  Augusta.  It  has 
a  good  soil,  and  a  number  of  excellent  harbors. 

Mount  Gilead,  0.,  c.  h.  Morrow  co. 

Mount  Holly,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Burlington  co.  On 
Rancocus  Creek,  at  the  head  of  navigation.  18 
miles  S.  from  Trenton.  A  pleasant  town,  with 
considerable  commerce  and  manufactures. 

Mount  Holly,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Mill  River  is 
the  only  stream  of  consequence.  In  the  north- 
eastern part  is  a  considerable  pond,  called  Palche's 
Pond.  The  soil  is  similar  to  that  of  the  mountain 
towns,  being  better  adapted  to  grass  than  grain. 
In  1848,  the  two  tusks,  one  grinder,  and  several 
of  the  bones  of  a  fossil  elephant  were  found  in 
this  town,  at  the  summit  of  the  Green  Mountains, 
1360  feet  above  the  sea.  They  were  found  in  the 
bottom  of  a  muck  bed,  13  feet  below  the  surface. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  in  1781.  60  miles 
S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  17  S.  E.  from  Rut- 
land. 

Mount  Joy,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Between  Willo- 
way's  Creek  on  the  E.,  and  Rock  Creek  on  the 
W.  Surface  level ;  soil  red  shale.  6  miles  S.  from 
Gettysburg. 

Mount  Joy,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Bounded  E.by 
Chiques  Creek,  and  N.  W.  by  Conewago  Creek. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  calcareous  loam.  25 
miles  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Mount  Morris,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified  ;  soil  good  clay  loam.  10  miles 
S.  from  Geneseo. 

Mount  Pleasant,  la.,  c.  h.  Martin  co. 

Mount  Pleasant,  Io.,  c.  h.  Henry  co.  A  flour- 
ishing place,  with  good  schools. 

Mount  Pleasant,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  It  is 
bounded  E.  by  Broux  River,  W.  by  Tappan  Bay, 
an  expansion  of  the  Hudson,  and  by  Croton 
River,  while  Saw  Mill  River  waters  the  central 
part.  A  somewhat  celebrated  mineral  spring  is 
situated  3  miles  E.  from  Sing  Sing  village.  Sur- 
face chiefly  hilly ;  soil  of  good  quality.  There 
are  extensive  marble  quarries  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Sing  Sing,  and  a  copper  mine  was  formerly 
worked  in  this  town.  (See  Sing  Sing.)  6  miles 
N.  W.  from  White  Plains,  and  125  miles  S.  from 
Albany. 

Mount  Pleasant,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Drained  by 
Plum  and  White  Runs,  branches  of  Rock  Creek, 
and  Swift  and  Bush  Runs,  branches  of  Cone- 
wago Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil  red  shale.  17 
miles  E.  from  Gettysburg. 

Mount  Pleasant.  Pa.,  Westmoreland  co.  Drained 
by  Big  Sewickly  and  Jacob's  Creeks.  Surface 
slightly  uneven ;  soil  gravel  and  loam.  170mileg 
W.  from  Harrisburg. 


464 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


Mount  Pleasant,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by 
the  head  branches  of  Lackawaxen,  Dyberry,  and 
Great  Equinunk  Creeks. 

Mount  Sterling,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  On 
a  small  branch  of  the  S.  fork  of  Licking  Kiver. 
59  miles  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Mount  Tabor,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Otter  Creek 
rises  in  this  town,  by  a  branch  on  each  side  of  a 
mountain.  Most  of  the  land  is  unfit  for  cultiva- 
tion, it  being  so  high  on  the  Green  Mountain 
range.  Although  the  surface  is  elevated  and  un- 
even, it  affords  good  pasturage  for  cattle.  The 
town  was  chartered  in  1761.  A  part  of  Dan  by 
was  annexed  to  it  in  1848.  66  miles  S.  by  W. 
from  Montpelier,  and  19  S.  by  E.  from  Rutland. 
Mount  Vernon,  Aa.,  Mobile  co.  3  miles  W. 
from  Mobile  River,  and  184  miles  S.  by  W.  from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Mount  Vernon,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  112 
miles  S.  E.  by  S.  from  Millcdgeville. 

Mount  Vernon,  Is.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  129  miles 
S.  S.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Mount  Vernon,  la.,  c.  h.  Posey  co.,  occupies 
very  high  land  on  a  N.  bend  of  Ohio  River.  188 
miles  S.  W.  by  S.  from  Indianapolis. 

Mount  Vernon,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Rock  Castle  co.  75 
miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Mount  Vernon,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  This  town 
lies  W.  of  Belgrade,  E.  of  Vienna,  and  15  miles 
N.  W.  from  Augusta.  Incorporated  1792.  There 
are  three  pleasant  villages  in  the  town ;  the  soil 
is  remarkably  good,  and  is  watered  by  a  number 
of  beautiful  ponds  and  small  streams. 

Mount  Vernon,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  There 
is  but  one  stream  of  anv  note,  and  this  was  called 
by  the  Indians  Qnohquinapassakessananagnog.  The 
situation  is  elevated,  and  on  the  highest  point  is 
a  flourishing  village.  This  town  was  taken  from 
Amherst  in  1803.  First  settlers,  see  Amherst. 
3  miles  N.  W.  from  Amherst,  and  29  S.  W.  from 
Concord. 

Mount  Vernon,  0.,  seat  of  justice  of  Knox  co. 
Situated  45  miles  N.  E.  of  Columbus,  on  ground 
slightly  ascending  from  Vernon  River,  which  is 
one  of  the  best  and  most  durable  streams  in  the 
state,  affording  at  this  place  a  good  hydraulic 
power.  The  town  is  substantially  and  compact- 
ly built,  and  some  of  the  structures  are  elegant. 
The  principal  business  street  is  about  a  mile  long, 
on  which  there  are  many  brick  blocks  3  stories  in 
height.  The  court  house  is  a  superior  building 
of  its  kind.  The  Episcopal  Church  is  an  elegant 
stone  edifice,  near  the  public  square.  Besides 
this  church,  the  town  contains  churches  of  the 
Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Methodist,  Lutheran,  and 
Roman  Catholic  denominations.  A  railroad,  to 
connect  Sandusky  with  Columbus,  is  completed 
as  far  as  Mount  Vernon.  A  canal  has  been  con- 
structed about  half  the  distance,  to  connect  this 
place  with  the  Grand  Ohio  Canal  at  Roscoe. 
This  town,  with  the  country  around  it,  has  always 
been  considered  as  among  the  most  healthy  sec- 
tions of  the  state.  Population  in  1840.  2363  :  in 
1850,  3710. 

Mount  Washington,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  See 
Fashionable  Resorts. 

Muhlenburg  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Greenville. 
Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Green  River  and  one  of 
its  branches,  separating  it  from  Owen,  Ohio,  and 
Butler  counties,  S.  by  Logan  and  Todd  counties, 
and  W.  by  another  branch  of  Green  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Madison  co. 

Muncietown,  la.,  c.  h.  Delaware  co.    On  the  S. 


bank  of  White  River,  at  an  elevation  of  30  feet 
58  miles  N.  E.  from  Indianapolis.  There  is  a 
good  water  power  here. 

Muncy,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Muncy  and  W.  by  Loyalsock  Creek.  Surface 
mountainous;  soil  diversified.  Situated  13  miles 
N.  E.  from  Williamsport. 

Muncy  Creek,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  Drained  by 
Big  and  Little  Muncy  Creeks,  tributaries  of  the 
W.  branch  of  Susquehanna  River.  Surface  hilly  ; 
soil  clay.  Distance  S.  E.  from  Williamsport  13 
miles. 

Munfordsville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Hart  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  Green  River.  Ill  miles  S.  W.  from 
Frankfort. 

Murfreesbrro',  Te.,  c.  h.  Rutherford  co.,  occu- 
pies an  elevated  position  in  a  fertile  country, 
on  a  branch  of  Stone  Creek.  S.  E.  from  Nash- 
ville 34  miles.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  the  state. 

Murphy,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Cherokee  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  Hiawassee  and  Valley  Rivers,  367  miles 
W.  by  S.  from  Raleigh. 

Murray  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Spring  Place. 
Bounded  N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Gilmer  co.,  S. 
by  Cass,  and  W.  by  Floyd  and  Walker  counties. 
Drained  by  Oostanula  River  and  tributaries.  Sur- 
face mountainous ;  soil  productive. 

Murray,  N.  Y.,  Orleans  co.  Watered  by  Sandy 
Creek.  It  is  a  level  town,  with  a  good  soil.  8 
miles  E.  from  Albion  village,  and  245  N.  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Muscogee  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Columbus.  Bound 
ed  N.  by  Harris  and  Talbot  counties,  E.  by  Marion, 
S.  by  Stewart  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Chattahoochee 
River,  separating  it  from  Alabama.  Upotoi  Creek 
and  branches,  tributaries  of  the  Chattahoochee, 
drain  this  county. 

Muscatine  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Bloomington. 
Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Cedar  and  Scott  counties, 
S.  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  separating  it  from 
Illinois,  S.  by  Louisa,  and  W.  by  Johnson  co. 
Drained  by  Red  Cedar  River  and  its  branches, 
and  Pine  Creek,  a  good  mill  stream.  Soil  rich, 
particularly  in  the  E.  portions,  and  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi is  a  large,  fertile  island,  belonging  to  this 
county,  and  called  the  Muscatine  Slue. 

Muskingum  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Zanesville.  Sit- 
uated towards  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  state,  hav- 
ing Coshocton  county  on  the  N.,  Guernsey  on  the 
E.,  Morgan  on  the  S.,  Perry  on  the  S.  E.,  and 
Licking  on  the  W.  It  is  about  27  by  28  miles 
in  extent.  It  was  organized  in  1804.  Persons 
began  to  settle  in  several  places  in  this  county 
as  early  as  1798,  and  after  the  lands  came  into 
the  market,  in  1801,  the  county  was  rapidly  set- 
tled by  emigrants,  principally  from  the  Eastern 
States.  Its  principal  streams  are  the  Muskin- 
gum and  Licking  Rivers,  which  unite  at  Zanes- 
ville, and  several  other  smaller  streams  or  creeks. 
The  whole  county  lies  in  the  coal  region  of  Ohio ; 
but  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Muskingum  River 
that  mineral  is  found  in  great  abundance  and  in 
great  purity.  Pipe  clay,  and  also  a  peculiar  kind 
of  clay  suitable  to  be  used  for  crucibles,  cellula- 
quartz.  of  which  the  burr-millstones  are  made, 
and  iron  ore,  are  found  in  different  sections  of 
the  county.  Salt  is  manufactured  to  a  consider- 
able amount  from  water  obtained  by  boring  into 
a  stratum  of  whitish  sandstone,  which  lies  at  the 
depth  of  from  350  to  700  feet,  dipping  from  the 
N.  in  a  southerly  direction. 

The  national  road  passes  through  this  county, 
and  crosses  the  river  at  Zanesville.  Upon  this  road 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


465 


there  is  a  vast  amount  of  travel.  The  Mnskin- 
gum  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats  to  Dres- 
den, 16  miles  above  Zanesville  ;  from  which  point 
a  canal.  2  miles  long,  forms  a  connection  with 
the  Ohio  Canal,  which  itself*- traverses  3  of  the 
north-western  townships  of  the  county. 

Mystic,  Ct.  In  the  town  of  Stonington,  New 
London  co.  On  the  E.  bank  of  Mystic  River, 
opposite  Portersville.  52  miles  S.  E.  from  Hart- 
ford. The  two  places  are  connected  by  a  bridge. 

Mystic  Bridge,  Ct.  In  the  town  of  Groton,  NCAV 
London  co.  56  miles  S.  E.  from  Hartford.  Con- 
nected with  Mystic  village  by  a  bridge.  The 
river  is  navigable  to  the  bridge  for  vessels  of  400 
tons.  The  people  are  employed  in  coasting  and 
the  whale  fishery.  Several  vessels  are  employed 
as  wreckers  along  the  coast.  Considerable  busi- 
ness is  done  here  in  ship  building. 

Nacogdoches  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Nacogdocnes. 
In  the  E.  part  of  the  state.  On  the  N.  E.  bank  of 
the  Neches. 

Nahant,  Ms.,  Essex  co.   See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Nansemond  County,  Va.,  c.h.  at  Suffolk.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Isle  of  Wight  and  York  counties,  E. 
by  Norfolk  co.,  S.  by  North  Carolina,  and  W. 
by  Southampton  co.  Watered  on  the  N.  E.  bor- 
der by  James,  and  S.  W.  by  Blackwater  Rivers. 
Drained  by  branches  of  Nansemond  River.  It 
contains  a  part  of  Dismal  Swamp,  and  Lake 
Drummond  in  this  swamp  supplies  the  Dismal 
Swamp  Canal  by  means  of  a  feeder  5  miles  in 
length.  Soil  fertile  in  many  portions. 

Nanticoke,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  Watered  by 
Nanticoke  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  suitable  for 
grass.  14  miles  N.  W.  from  Binghampton,  and 
144  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Nanticoke  Springs,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  Here  is 
a  sulphur  spring  of  considerable  note.  W.  S.  W. 
from  Albany  142  miles. 

Nantucket,  Ms.,  county  and  town.  On  an  island 
of  the  same  name  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  30 
miles  S.  of  Cape  Cod.  This  island  is  about  1 5  miles 
in  length  from  E.to  W.,  and  about  4  miles  in  aver- 
age breadth,  containing  about  50  square  miles. 
It  is  mostly  a  plain,  varying  from  25  to  40  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  entirely  destitute  of 
trees  and  shrubbery,  or  any  sign  of  them, 
although  it  was  once  covered  with  forest.  The 
highest  point  of  elevation  on  the  island  is  80  feet 
above  the  sea.  The  land  is  owned  in  common 
by  proprietors,  and  not  fenced,  excepting  a  few 
house  lots  adjoining  the  town.  As  many  as  500 
cows  and  7000  sheep  used  formerly  to  feed  to- 
gether in  this  large  pasture.  They  are  now  ex- 
cluded, however,  by  the  proprietors  from  the  com- 
mon field. 

In  1759.  the  title  to  this  island  was  granted  by 
Governor  Mayhew,  whose  ancestor,  Thomas  May- 
hew,  had  obtained  it  of  William,  Earl  of  Stirling, 
at  New  York,  in  1641,  to  27  proprietors,  many 
of  whom  settled  at  Nantucket.  Among  them  was 
Peter  Folger.  —  a  man  of  great  influence,  whose 
daughter  became  the  mother  of  Dr.  Franklin, — 
and  three  men  by  the  name  of  Coffin.  Both  of 
these  names  have  numerous  representatives  on 
the  island  at  the  present  day.  The  Coffin  School 
at  Nantucket  originated  in  a  donation  by  Admi- 
ral Sir  Isaac  Coffin,  of  the  British  navy,  who  vis- 
ited this  place  in  1826 ;  and  finding  that  a  large 
part  of  the  inhabitants  were  more  or  less  remotely 
related  to  him,  expressed  a  desire  to  confer  on 
59 


his  kindred  some  mark  of  his  attachment.  By 
his  liberality,  after  taking  measures  to  ascertaia 
the  preference  of  the  people  in  regard  to  the 
way  in  which  it  might  be  most  acceptably  applied, 
a  building  was  provided  for  a  school  of  a  high 
order,  and  a  fund  of  about  $12,500  invested  for 
its  permanent  support.  For  many  years  past, 
great  attention  has  been  paid  to  education  in  Nan- 
tucket,-and  the  public  schools,  as  well  as  others, 
will  not  suffer  in  comparison  with  any  in  the  state. 

The  town  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay. 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  island,  made  by  two  points 
of  the  beach,  nearly  three  fourths  of  a  mile  apart, 
on  one  of  which,  called  Brant  Point,  is  a  light- 
house. The  harbor  of  Nantucket  is  good,  with 
seven  and  a  half  feet  of  water  at  low  tide  on  the 
bar  at  its  mouth.  The  town  is  built  on  a  site  where 
the  ground  ascends  more  rapidly  from  the  water 
than  at  almost  any  other  part  of  the  shore.  It 
embraces  nearly  all  the  houses  on  the  island,  and 
is  very  compactly  built.  Many  of  the  streets  are 
very  narrow,  and  the  houses  are  mostly  con- 
structed of  wood.  There  are  many  handsome 
buildings,  however,  both  of  wood  and  of  brick ; 
and  some  of  the  churches,  of  which  there  are 
nine  or  ten  in  number  of  various  denominations, 
are  tasteful  edifices.  There  are  several  fine  build- 
ings for  the  public  schools.  The  Nantucket 
Athenasum,  incorporated  in  1834,  has  a  commodi- 
ous building,  with  an  Ionic  portico  in  front ; 
erected  in  1847,  after  the  burning  of  the  former  edi- 
fice, in  which  are  contained  a  library  of  over  2500 
volumes,  and  a  large  number  of  interesting  curios- 
ities, chiefly  from  the  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
In  the  upper  story  is  a  fine  hall  for  public  lectures. 

The  whale  fishery  commenced  at  Nantucket  in 
1690;  and  this  place  is  more  celebrated  than  any 
other  for  the  enterprise  and  success  of  its  inhab- 
itants in  that  species  of  nautical  adventure.  In- 
deed, it  has  been  the  mother  of  this  great  branch 
of  wealth  in  America,  if  not  in  the  world.  The 
first  establishments  in  New  Bedford  were  started 
by  persons  from  Nantucket.  Of  late  a  consider- 
able diversion  from  this  business  has  been  occa- 
sioned by  the  tide  of  adventure  setting  to  Califor- 
nia ;  so  that  the  statistics  of  the  whale  fishery,  if 
taken  now,  would  not  perhaps  exhibit  fairly  the 
amount  of  energy  and  of  capital  ordinarily  em- 
barked in  it.  In  the  year  ending  April  1,  1844. 
Nantucket  employed  78  vessels  in  the  whale  fish- 
ery, the  tonnage  of  which  was  26,684  tons ; 
1,086,488  gallons  of  sperm  and  whale  oil  were 
imported,  the  value  of  which  was  $846,000.  The 
number  of  hands  employed  was  about  2000. 
The  capital  invested  was  $2,730,000,  including 
the  ships  and  outfits  only. 

There  are  manufactures,  on  the  island,  of  ves- 
sels, whale  boats,  bar  iron,  tin  ware,  boots,  shoes, 
oil  casks,  and  candle  boxes.  The  whole  amount 
of  the  manufactures  of  oil  and  candles,  in  1844. 
was  $1,375,745. 

On  the  night  of  the  13th  of  July,  1846,  a  fire 
broke  out  in  the  most  compact  part  of  the  town, 
and  in  a  few  hours  it  destroyed  not  less  than 
350  buildings  ;  among  which  were  two  banking 
houses,  a  church,  the  Athena3um,  seven  oil  and 
candle  factories,  &c.  The  loss  was  estimated  at 
$900,000. 

The  village  of  Siasconset  is  situated  at  the  S. 
E.  extremity  of  the  island,  about  7  miles  from 
the  town,  and  contains  about  70  houses.  The 
cod  fishery  was  carried  on  there  a  few  years  since, 
but  of  late  it  has  been  nearly  relinquished.  The 


466 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


houses,  with  few  exceptions,  are  occupied  only 
in  the  warm  season.  A  fine  hotel  is  maintained 
here,  affording  the  most  genteel  accommodations 
during  the  season  of  company.  The  village  is 
compactly  built  on  a  level  grass  plat,  near  the 
edge  of  a  steep  cliff,  the  land  rising  in  the  rear 
so  as  to  cut  off  a  view  of  thev  town  of  Nantucket. 
This  place  presents  uncommon  attractions  in  the 
warm  season  for  invalids  and  persons  seeking 
recreation.  It  has  a  fine  bracing  air  and  excel- 
lent water.  In  front  of  the  village  "  the  eye  rests 
on  a  broad  expanse  of  the  Atlantic,  and  below, 
the  surf,  rolling  and  breaking,  gives  animation  to 
the  scene  by  day,  and  lulls  to  repose  by  night." 

An  excellent  steamboat  plies  between  Nan- 
tucket  and  New  Bedford,  touching  at  Holmes 
Hole,  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  Wood's  ^Hole, 
5  miles  from  Falmouth.  The  distance  from 
Boston  to  Nantucket  is  110  miles,  of  which  one 
half  is  travelled  by  railroad,  and  the  other  half 
by  steamboats. 

Naples,  Is.,  Scott  co.  Located  on  Illinois  Riv- 
er, 2  miles  above  the  entrance  of  the  Mauvaise- 
terre,  and  56  miles  W.  from  Springfield.  The 
trade  of  this  place  is  extensive.  Steamboats  in 
great  numbers  arrive  here. 

Naples,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  This  town  was 
formed  from  Otisfield  and  Raymond,  and  incor- 
porated in  1834.  It  is  watered  by  Sebago  and 
Songo  Ponds,  and  Crooked  and  Muddy  Rivers. 
It  has  good  mill  privileges  and  a  productive 
soil.  Naples  lies  63  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Augus- 
ta, and  27  N.  N.  W.  from  Portland. 

Naples,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  The  outlets  of 
Canandaigua  and  Honeoye  Lakes  water  this  town, 
the  surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  clay 
loam,  based  upon  slate.  18  miles  S.  from  Can- 
andaigua, and  211  W.  from  Albany 

Napa  County,  Ca.  On  the  height  of  land  be- 
tween the  Sacramento  and  the  coast. 

Napoleon,  0.,  c.  h.  Henry  co. 

Napoli,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Coldspring 
Creek  waters  this  town,  which  has  an  elevated 
and  rolling  surface  and  productive  soil.  12  miles 
W.  from  Ellicottville,  and  307  S.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Nash  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Nashville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Halifax  co.,  E.  by  Edgecombe,  S.  by 
Johnson,  and  W.  by  Franklin  co.  Drained  by 
Moccason  River,  and  Tar  "River  and  branches. 

Nashua,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  This  town, 
which  was  called  Dunstable  until  1836,  original- 
ly embraced  a  large  extent  of  territory. 

In  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  town,  (and  in  Nash- 
ville,) on  Nashua  River,  is  the  flourishing  village 
of  Nashua,  the  centre  of  a  large  trade  and  the 
seat  of  important  manufactures.  The  village 
lies  partly  in  Nashua  and  partly  in  Nashville,  the 
river  forming  the  dividing  line.  (See  Nashville.) 
That  part  of  the  village  lying  in  Nashua  con- 
tains 4  churches,  a  beautiful  town  house,  a  large 
number  of  handsome  dwelling  houses,  stores, 
public  houses,  &c. 

The  Nashua  Manufacturing  Company  was  in- 
corporated in  1823.  It  has  4  mills,  two  155  feet 
in  length,  45  in  breadth,  and  6  stories  in  height  • 
two  about  190  feet  in  length,  50  feet  in  breadth, 
and  5  stories  high.  They  contain  37,000  spin- 
dles, 100  looms,  and  manufacture  13,000,000 
yards  of  cloth  per  annum,  use  10,000  bales  cot- 
ton, weighing  4,000,000  pounds,  and  their  pay 
roll  is  about  $16,000  every  4  weeks.  Their  canal 
is  3  miles  long,  60  feet  wide,  and  8  feet  deep,  head 


and  fall  36  feet.     There  are  about  1000  females 
and  200  males  employed  in  these  mills. 

In  1845,  the  Nashua  Company  built  a  large 
machine  shop ;  the  main  building  is  150  feet 
long,  with  an  addition  of  15S  feet,  used  for  a 
blacksmith's  shop,  furnace,  &c.  The  main  build- 
ing is  occupied  by  shuttle  and  bobbin  makers, 
locksmiths,  gunsmiths,  manufacturers  of  axes, 
hoes,  ploughs,  and  by  artisans  in  other  branch- 
es ;  there  are  about  300  men  employed  in  this 
concern.  About  $40,000  worth  of  mortise  locks 
and  latches  for  dwelling  house  doors,  and  rose- 
wood and  brass  knobs  for  the  handles  of  the 
same,  are  manufactured  annually. 

In  1845,  a  large  and  extensive  iron  foundery 
was  erected ;  more  than  4000  pounds  of  castings 
per  day  are  manufactured  from  pig  iron  ;  18  tons 
can  be  melted  in  12  hours ;  more  than  30  men 
are  employed,  and  the  business  exceeds  $40,000 
a  year. 

The  same  year  a  cotton  manufacturing  es- 
tablishment went  into  operation  in  the  Salmon 
Brook,  at  the  "  Harbor,"  so  called  ;  about  $30,000 
worth  of  goods  are  annually  manufactured. 
There  are  also  other  valuable  manufactures  on 
Nashua  River  and  the  waters  of  Salmon  Brook. 
In  the  spring  of  1848,  an  extensive  concern  went 
into  operation  for  making  railroad  iron. 

The  soil  of  Nashua  has  considerable  variety. 
The  land  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  on  Merri- 
mac  River,  is  level  and  fertile,  as  well  as  some 
portion  of  the  valleys  of  the  Nashua  and  Salmon 
Brook,  but  a  considerable  part  of  the  town  is 
sandy  or  uneven.  It  is  watered  by  Salmon  Brook, 
a  small  stream  flowing  from  Groton,  Ms.,  and 
emptying  into  the  Merrimac,  and  by  the  Merri- 
mac  and  Nashua  Rivers. 

This  was  the  earliest  settlement  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  New  Hampshire.  It  was  incorporat- 
ed in  1673,  and  settled  before  that  time.  Since 
1679  it  has  had  a  settled  minister.  It  was  a  fron- 
tier settlement  for  50  years,  and  as  such  peculiar- 
ly exposed  to  Indian  attacks.  In  1675,  during 
Philip's  war,  it  was  abandoned.  In  1691,  several 
persons  were  killed  in  town  by  the  Indians.  From 
this  time  to  1706,  frequent  attacks  were  made,  and 
ravages  committed,  in  one  of  which,  the  celebrat- 
ed friendly  Indian,  Joe.  English,  was  killed. 
In  1724,  2  persons  were  captured  in  Nash- 
ville, and  carried  away.  A  party  of  11  persons 
started  in  pursuit,  but  were  soon  waylaid  by  the 
Indians,  and  10  of  them  killed.  The  only  sur- 
vivor was  Josiah  Farwell,  who  was  the  next  year 
lieutenant  in  LovewelPs  expedition. 

In  1725,  Captain  John  Lovewell,  of  this  town, 
raised  a  company  of  volunteers,  and  marched 
northward  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy.  In  his  first 
expedition,  they  killed  1  Indian  and  took  1  pris- 
oner; in  his  second  excursion,  they  killed  10  In- 
dians, but  in  his  third  expedition,  he  fell  into  an 
ambuscade  at  Lovewell's  Pond,  in  Fryeburg,  Me. 
Captain  Lovewell,  Lieutenant  Farwell,  and  En- 
sign Robbins,  all  of  this  town,  were  killed,  as 
also  the  chaplain,  Mr.  Frye,  and  12  others,  and  1 1 
wounded.  In  this  conflict  the  noted  chief  Paugus 
was  killed.  The  blow  fell  heavily  upon  the  feeble 
settlement,  but  it  was  a  triumph  for  New  Eng- 
land. The  power  of  the  Indians  was  broken  for- 
ever, and  song  and  romance  have  embalmed  the 
memory  of  the  heroes  of  "  Lovewell's  Fight." 

Dunstable  belonged  to  Massachusetts  till  the 
division  line  between  the  two  provinces  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New  Hampshire  was  settled  in 


IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


467 


1741.  It  was  incorporated  by  New  Hampshire, 
April  1,  1746,  and  the  name  altered  to  Nashua, 
in  December,  1836. 

Distances,  35  miles  S.  of  Concord,  and  40  N. 
from  Boston  by  railroad,  and  about  12  miles  S. 
E.  from  Amherst,  A  railroad  passes  from  this 
place  to  WoroKter  and  Providence. 

Nashville.  I^c.  h.  Washington  co.  On  an  ele- 
vated prairie,  at  the  head  of  Little  Crooked 
Creek,  and  il8  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Springfield. 

Nashville,  la.,  c.  h.  Brown  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Salt  Creek,  54  miles  S.  from  Indianapolis. 

Nashville,  N.  C.,  c.  h,  Nash  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  Peach  Tree  Creek,  a  branch  of  Tar  River,  and 
44  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Raleigh. 

Nashville,  N.  II.,  Hillsboro'  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Nashua  and  incorporated  June  23, 
1842.  The  soil  on  the  rivers  and  other  streams  is 
rich,  but  elsewhere  is  light  and  sandy.  In  the 
S.  E.  corner  of  the  town  is  a  considerable  portion 
of  Nashua  village.  The  cemetery  in  this  village 
is  beautiful.  It  lies  in  a  grove  in  the  rear  of  the 
Unitarian  Church,  occupying  about  two  acres. 
Cost  of  ground,  fences,  walks,  &c.,  about  $3000. 
In  this  place  are  large  manufactories,  on  the 
Nashua  River,  opposite  to  Nashua.  See  Nashua. 

Nashville,  city,  capital  of  the  state  of  Tennes- 
see, and  seat  of  justice  for  Davidson  co.,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  S.  side  of  Cumberland  River.  120 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation.  Population  in  1830,  5566;  in 
1840,  6929;  in  1850,  10,500. 

The  city  is  pleasantly  located  upon  a  high 
and  healthy  site,  of  undulating  surface,  varying 
from  50  to  175  feet  in  elevation  from  the  level 
of  the  river.  The  foundation  is  rocky,  the  soil 
thin,  and  dotted  here  and  there  with  beautiful 
groves  of  cedar,  giving  to  the  environs  a  pleas- 
ing variety  of  landscape  scenery.  Owing  to  the 
salubrity  of  its  situation,  Nashville  is  the  resort 
of  considerable  numbers  from  the  lower  parts  of 
the  country  during  the  sultry  heats  of  summer. 
The  city  was  originally  laid  out  upon  a  ground 
plot  of  "200  acres,  with  building  lots  of  one  acre 
each,  four  acres  being  reserved  for  the  public 
buildings.  But  these  boundaries  have  been  sub- 
ject to  many  variations.  There  is  a  public  square 
in  the  centre  of  the  city,  in  which  the  court  house 
is  placed,  which  is  a  handsome  edifice,  105  feet 
in  front  by  63  feet  in  depth,  and  two  stories  high, 
besides  the  basement.  It  is  surmounted  by  a 
dome,  the  top  of  which  is  90  feet  from  the  ground, 
supported  by  eight  Ionic  columns.  The  market 
house,  situated  also  in  the  public  square,  is  one 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  west.  There  are 
spacious  apartments  in  the  building  occupied  as 
a  city  hall  and  recorder's  office.  The  Episcopal 
Church  is  a  fine  stone  building,  in  the  Gothic 
style  of  architecture.  The  Presbyterian  and  the 
Methodist  Churches,  and  some  others,  are  large 
and  elegant  buildings.  There  are  ten  or  twelve 
churches  in  the  city,  of  the  various  denomina- 
tions. The  state  house  has  a  commanding  loca- 
tion on  the  highest  ground  in  the  city.  The  site, 
consisting  of  four  acres  of  ground,  was  purchased 
by  the  city  at  a  cost  of  $30,000,  and  presented 
to  the  state  for  the  purpose.  There  is  a  female 
academy,  situated  in  the  western  part  of  the  city, 
which  is  a  nourishing  institution,  and  several 
other  schools  for  young  ladies,  of  a  high  order 
of  excellence.  The"  primary  schools  for  both  sexes 
are  numerous  and  good.  Few  cities  are  better 
provided  with  means  of  instruction  for  the  young. 


This  city  is  the  seat  of  Nashville  University, 
which  was  founded  in  1806.  The  main  col- 
lege building  is  200  feet  long,  50  feet  wide,  and 
three  stories  high.  This  building  has  wings. 
and  is  accompanied  by  a  spacious  building  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  chemical  laboratory. 
All  the  university  buildings,  except  the  presi- 
dent's house,  are  within  the  college  campus, 
which  includes  eight  acres.  The  Lunatic  Hospi- 
tal is  a  large  and  commodous  building,  which  will 
accommodate  over  100  patients.  Vauxhall  Gar- 
den, in  the  S.  part  of  the  city,  is  a  pleasant  place 
of  resort  for  promenading  and  for  popular  recre- 
ations. It  is  provided  with  a  circular  railway, 
upon  which  a  light  pleasure  car  is  propelled  by 
the  hand  of  the  rider.  In  the  suburbs  of  the  city 
is  a  spring  strongly  impregnated  with  sulphur, 
with  accommodations  provided  for  cold  and 
warm  baths. 

A  number  of  steamboats  of  the  first  class  are 
owned  in  Nashville,  which  ply  between  this  city 
and  Cincinnati,  and  other  places.  A  railroad  is 
in  process  of  construction  from  Nashville  to 
Chatanooga,  in  the  southern  border  of  the  state, 
a  distance  of  150  miles,  which,  when  completed, 
will  afford  an  uninterrupted  railroad  communi- 
cation between  Nashville  and  Charleston,  S.  C., 
and  also  by  a  separate  line  part  of  the  way  be- 
tween Nashville  and  Savannah,  Ga. 

About  12  miles  distant  from  Nashville  is  the 
retired  and  quiet  country  seat  of  the  late  presi- . 
dent  of  the  United  States,  Andrew  Jackson,  fa- 
miliarly known  as  the  "  Hermitage."  As  the 
name  he  gave  to  it  implies,  the  place  which  he 
had  selected  for  his  private  residence  was  in  a 
rural  situation,  rather  remote  from  other  habi- 
tations. The  house  is  stately  in  its  size,  and 
symmetrical  in  its  proportions,  but  makes  no 
great  architectural  display.  To  this  quiet  home, 
after  retiring  from  the  presidential  chair  in  1836, 
General  Jackson  withdrew  to  pass  the  remainder, 
of  his  days  in  the  bosom  of  his  family,  continu- 
ing 6tiU,  through  the  great  popularity  of  his 
name,  to  exert  a  silent  but  extensive  influence 
upon  the  politics  of  the  country.  Here,  on  the 
8th  day  of  June,  1845,  he  breathed  his  last,  in 
the  79th  year  of  his  age. 

Nassau  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Fernandina.  Is 
bounded  W.  and  N.  by  St.  Mary's  River,  separat 
ing  it  from  Georgia,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
S.  by  Nassau  River,  partly  separating  it  from  Du- 
val  co.,  and  by  Columbia  co.  Surface  level,  and 
somewhat  marshy.  Amelia  Island  extends  along 
its  sea-shore  on  the  E.  boundary. 

Nassau,  N.  Y..  Rensselaer  co.  "Watered  by 
Kinderhook  Creek  and  its  branches.  The  sur- 
face is  rather  hilly;  soil  very  fertile.  16  miles 
S.  E.  from  Troy,  and  12  S.  by  E.  from  Albany. 

Natchez.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  for  Adams 
co.,  Mi.  Situated  on  a  high  bluff  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  100  miles  S.  W.  from 
Jackson,  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  279  miles 
by  the  river  above  New  Orleans.  The  bluff  on 
which  Natchez  is  built  is  in  some  parts  nearly 
300  feet  above  the  river,  and  is  entirely  composed 
of  clay,  unmixed  with  the  smallest  pebble ;  the 
whole  resting  on  a  substratum  of  pudding  stone 
rock,  which  appears  in  view  only  when  the  water 
in  the  river  is  at  a  very  low  stage. 

Natchez  under  the  Hill,  as  it  is  called,  is  a  portion 
of  the  place  which  lies  upon  the  margin  of  the 
river,  consisting  of  warehouses,  stores,  and  shops, 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  landing.  But  the 


468 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


greater  portion  of  the  city  is  situated  on  the  ele- 
vated ground,  and  is  laid  out  in  a  rectangular 
form,  with  broad  streets,  which  are  extensively 
ornamented  with  the  China  tree.  The  surface 
of  the  ground  on  which  the  city  stands,  and  of 
the  whole  adjacent  country,  is  uneven,  undulating 
like  the  rolling  of  the  sea  in  a  storm,  and  pre- 
sents a  strong  contrast  to  low  and  level  surfaces 
of  the  boundless  cypress  swamps  of  Louisiana 
seen  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  Many  of 
the  houses  are  elegant,  though  generally  the  style 
of  building  is  plain.  They  are  mostly  of  wood, 
one  story  high,  with  a  piazza  and  balcony.  The 
houses  of  the  more  wealthy  are  situated  widely 
apart,  each  occupying  a  square,  surrounded  with 
the  palmetto,  orange  trees,  and  other  beautiful 
shrubbery.  This  class  of  the  inhabitants  is  dis- 
tinguished for  intelligence,  refinement,  and  hos- 
pitality. 

The  city  contains  a  court  house  and  jail,  a 
hospital,  an  orphan  asylum,  a  masonic  hall,  a 
theatre,  two  or  three  banks,  and  several  churches. 
There  are  oil  mills  here,  operated  by  steam,  for 
manufacturing  oil  from  the  cotton  seed.  The 
cotton  crop  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the  vi- 
cinity, and  Natchez  was  formerly  the  principal 
mart  in  this  region  for  this  important  product. 
In  1820,  the  exports  of  cotton  exceeded  35,000 
bales.  The  business  and  prosperity  of  the  place, 
howevei*,  has,  from  various  causes,  materially  de- 
clined from  what  it  once  was.  The  hurricane 
of  1836,  which  destroyed  a  vast  amount  of  prop- 
erty, the  failure  of  the  banks,  which  followed  soon 
after,  the  depression  in  the  price  of  cotton,  ac- 
companied by  the  emigration  to  Texas,  which 
about  this  time  drew  off  many  of  the  most  enter- 
prising inhabitants,  have  had  a  disastrous  effect 
upon  the  prosperity  of  Natchez.  Its  trade,  how- 
ever, is  still  considerable,'  as  indicated  by  the 
steamboats  which  are  continually  arriving  and 
departing  on  the  river. 

Natchez  was  first  settled  by  the  French  in  1716. 
From  its  geographical  position,  and  the  wealth 
which  has  been  expended  upon  its  decorations,  it 
has  long  been  considered  as  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful places  in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 
Its  elevated  site  affords  a  fine  view  of  this  majes- 
tic river,  with  the  numerous  craft  moving  to  and 
fro  upon  its  waters,  of  the  village  of  Concordia 
on  the  opposite  bank,  and  the  vast  region  of 
country  spreading  out  beyond.  Although  the 
city  is  liable  occasionally  to  be  visited  with  the 
bilious  and  intermittent  fevers  of  the  climate, 
yet  its  location  is  comparatively  advantageous 
in  this  respect,  and  in  most  seasons  it  proves  a 
healthful  and  an  agreeable  place  of  residence. 

Natchitoches  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Natchitoches. 
Bounded  N.  by  Claiborne  parish,  E.  by  Cata- 
hoola  and  Rapides,  S.  by  Rapides,  and  W.  by  Sa- 
bine  and  Caddo  parishes.  Drained  by  lied  River 
and  its  tributaries.  The  soil  is  mostly  sterile, 
but  bordering  on  the  streams  is  some  good  land, 
well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  cotton. 

Natchitoches,  La.,  c.  h.  Natchitoches  district. 

Natick,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  township  was 
originally  granted  by  the  General  Court  to  the 
Indians,  as  a  place  for  a  permanent  residence.  It 
was  incorporated  into  an  English  district  in  1761, 
and  into  a  town  in  1781,  by  the  name  of  Natick, 
a  word  in  the  Indian  language  signifying  "  the 
place  of  hills."  It  is  watered  by  Charles  River, 
and  contains  numerous  fish  ponds.  There  are  2 
villages,  upwards  of  a  mile  apart. 


Natural  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  A  natural 
bridge  15  feet  wide,  and  6  feet  above  the  water, 
crosses  Indian  River  at  this  place.  153  miles 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Nauyatuck,  Ct,  New  Haven  co.  A  flourishing 
manufacturing  town,  on  the  Naugatuck  River.  27 
miles  by  railroad  N.  by  E.  from  ^-idgeport,  and 
55  N.  W.  from  New  Haven.  A  ranroad,  connect- 
ing with  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad 
at  Stratford,  runs  up  the  Naugatuck  valley. 

Nauvoo  City,  Is.,  Hancock  co.  124  miles  N.  W. 
from  Springfield.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  Mississippi,  about  180  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  River  Illinois.  This  is  the  site  of  the 
celebrated  Mormon  city  founded  by  Joe  Smith 
and  his  followers  in  1840.  It  is  located  on  ele- 
vated ground,  gradually  rising  from  the  river  to 
an  unusual  height,  and  presenting  a  smooth  and 
regular  surface,  which,  with  the  plain  at  its  sum- 
mit, might  amply  suffice  for  the  erection  of  a 
large  city.  Upon  this  beautiful  ground  Nauvoo 
was  laid  out  on  a  very  magnificent  scale,  and 
many  of  the  houses  'erected  were  handsome 
structures.  The  streets  are  of  ample  width, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  Three  years 
after  the  settlement  was  begun,  the  city  contained 
1000  houses,  a  large  part  of  which  were  log  cab- 
ins, whitewashed.  The  great  Mormon  Temple, 
which  stood  in  fair  view  from  the  river,  was  128 
feet  long,  88  feet  wide,  and  65  feet  high  to  the 
top  of  the  cornice.  The  top  of  the  cupola  was 
163  feet  from  the  ground.  It  was  built  of  com- 
pact, polished  limestone,  quarried  near  the  spot. 
It  was  calculated  to  contain  3000  people,  and 
was  built  at  a  supposed  cost  of  about  half  a  mil- 
lion of  dollars.  On  the  9th  of  October,  1848, 
this  Temple  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  now  pre- 
sents only  a  blackened  pile  of  ruins.  Four  years 
previous,  the  Mormon  leader  had  been  arrested, 
and  put  in  prison,  where,  soon  afterwards,  he  came 
to  his  end  by  the  violence  of  a  mob.  The  Mor- 
mons have  since  left  the  place.  The  population, 
which  at  one  time  was  as  high  as  16,000,  is  novr 
much  less. 

Neashoc,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Newton  co. 

Needham,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.,  was  a  part  of  Ded- 
ham  until  1711.  It  is  surrounded  for  more  than 
two  thirds  of  its  limits  by  Charles  River.  Broad 
Meadow,  lying  partly  in  this  town,  and  the  towns 
of  Dedham  and  Newton,  is  said  to  be  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  state.  The  town  is  uncommonly 
well  watered,  and  is  diversified  with  hills  and 
plains.  In  the  course  of  the  river,  which  sepa- 
rates this  town  from  Newton,  there  are  2  falls, 
called  the  Upper  and  Lower  Falls,  which  afford 
valuable  water  privileges.  At  the  Upper  Falls 
is  the  largest  cataract  in  the  whole  of  Charles 
River.  The  water  here  falls  20  feet  upon  a  bed 
of  rocks.  There  is  a  manufacturing  village  at 
both  of  these  falls,  lying  partly  in  this  town 
and  partly  in  Newton.  The  soil  is  good,  and 
the  encircling  river  presents  much  beautiful 
scenery.  5  miles  N.  W.  from  Dedham,  and  by 
the  Worcester  Railroad  13  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

Nelson  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Bardstown.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Spencer  co.,  E.  by  Anderson  and  Wash- 
ington, S.  by  Marion  and  Laure,  and  W.  by  Bul- 
litt  co.  Drained  by  the  Beech  and  Rolling  Forks 
of  Salt  River  and  their  tributaries. 

Nelson,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  This  town  is  situ- 
ated on  the  height  of  land  between  Connecticut 
and  Merrimac  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly,  but 
good  for  grazing.  A  branch  of  Ashuelot  and 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


469 


one  of  Contoocook  River  water  this  town.  The 
best  mill  privileges  are  furnished  by  streams  issu- 
ing from  ponds,  of  which  there  are  4,  containing 
1800  acres.  First  settlers,  Breed  Batchclder, 
and  Dr.  Nathaniel  Breed,  in  1767.  40  miles 
S.  W.  from  Concord,  and  8  N.  E.  from  Keene. 

Nelson,  N.  Y.  Madison  co.  Ch*nango  Creek 
and  the  head  branches  of  Chenango  River  water 
this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  high  and 
slightly  uneven,  and  the  soil  clay  and  calcareous 
loam.  106  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Nelson  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Livingston.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  Albemarle  co.,  S.  E.  by  James  River, 
separating  it  from  Buckingham  co.,  S.  W.  by 
Amherst,  and  N.  W.  by  Augusta  co.  Drained  by 
Rock,  Rockfish,  and  Tyre  Rivers.  The  Blue 
Ridge  lies  on  the  N.  W.  border  of  this  county. 

Neosho,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Newton  co.  175  miles  N.  W. 
from  Jefferson  City. 

Neponset  Village,  Ms.,  in  the  town  of  Dorches- 
ter, Norfolk  co.  See  Dorchester. 

Nescopeck,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Watered  by  the 
Susquehanna  River  and  its  tributaries,  Big  and 
Little  Wapwallopen,  and  Nescopeck  Creeks.  Sur- 
face uneven,  and  some  of  the  bottom  land  on 
the  streams  fertile.  98  miles  N.  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Neshoba  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Philadelphia. 
Bounded  N.  by  Winston  co.,  E.  by  Kemper,  S. 
by  Newton,  and  W.  by  Leake  co.  Drained  by 
Pearl  River  and  its  head  branches. 

New  Albany,  la.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Floyd  co.  126  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Indianapolis. 
Situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  about 
2  miles  below  the  foot  of  the  falls  in  that  river, 
at  Louisville.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  places 
in  the  state.  It  is  laid  out  with  entire  regularity, 
having  6  streets  parallel  with  the  river,  nearly 
E.  and  W.,  and  eleven  running  back  from  the 
river,  intersecting  them  at  right  angles.  It  has 
churches  of  the  Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Meth- 
odist, Baptist,  Campbellite  Baptist,  and  Roman 
Catholic  denominations.  There  are  a  male  and 
a  female  seminary,  a  lyceum.  and  other  excellent 
provisions  for  the  education  of  the  young.  A 
donation  of  $5000  was  made  by  the  original  pro- 
prietors to  constitute  a  fund  for  the  support  of 
a  public  school.  There  are  several  ship  yards 
at  New  Albany,  in  which  a  number  of  steamboats 
are  built  annually,  and  a  large  business  is  done 
in  various  branches  of  manufacture.  Population 
in  1840,  4226;  in  1850,  10,000. 

New  Albion,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Well  wa- 
tered by  branches  of  Cattaraugus  Creek  on  the 
N.,  and  of  the  Alleghany  River  on  the  S.  The 
surface  is  high  and  rather  uneven  ;  the  soil  favor- 
able to  the  growth  of  grass  and  grain.  1 1  miles 
W.  from  Ellicottville,  and  306  S.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Newark,  N.  J.,  city,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of 
justice  for  Essex  co.,  is  situated  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  Passaic  River.  3  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  Newark  Bay,  and  9  miles  W.  from 
the  city  of  New  York.  It  stands  on  a  fertile 
plain,  with  a  rising  ground  on  the  W.,  to  which 
the  suburbs  of  the  city  extend.  Population  in 
1830,  10,950;  in  1840,  17,290;  in  1850,  38,893. 
This  is  the  most  populous  and  flourishing  place 
in  the  state  of  New  Jersey.  The  city  is  regularly 
laid  out,  with  broad  and  straight  streets,  gener- 
ally crossing  each-  other  at  right  angles.  Many 
«f  the  streets  are  bordered  by  lofty  and  beautiful 
shade  trees,  which  give  an  air  of  elegance  and 


comfort  to  the  place.  There  are  two  large  and 
pleasant  public  squares,  in  the  heart  of  the  city, 
which  are  in  like  manner  adorned  with  majestic 
elms.  Broad  Street,  running  through  the  middle 
of  the  city  from  N.  to  S.,  is  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  beautiful  avenues  to  be  met  with  in 
any  of  our  populous  towns.  Newark  is  well 
built,  having  several  handsome  churches,  and 
other  public  edifices.  The  court  house,  situ- 
uated  upon  a  commanding  site,  in  the  W.  part 
of  the  city,  is  a  large  and  elegant  building,  of 
brown  freestone,  in  the  Egyptian  style  of  archi- 
tecture. Some  of  the  church  edifices  are  of  stone ; 
among  which  are  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
on  Broad  Street,  and  the  Episcopal  Church,  on 
the  lower  green,  or  Park,  as  it  is  now  called.  The 
dwelling  houses  which  front  upon  this  beautiful 
public  parade  are  among  the  handsomest  in  the 
city.  The  elevated  ground  on  the  W.  affords 
some  of  the  finest  situations  for  gentlemen's 
seats,  many  of  which  are  occupied  with  elegant 
buildings,  and  surrounded  with  the  evidences  of 
luxury  and  taste. 

Among  the  literary  institutions  in  Newark  are 
the  Mechanics'  Association  for  Literary  and  Sci- 
entific Improvement,  which  has  a  library  and 
philosophical  apparatus ;  the  Mercantile  and  Lit- 
erary Association,  which  sustains  a  course  of 
public  lectures ;  the  Newark  Library  Association, 
which  has  accumulated  a  library  of  3000  vol- 
umes, open  to  the  public  on  the  most  liberal 
terms ;  and  the  New  Jersey  Historical  Society. 
The  Newark  Academy  was  established  in  1792, 
and  was  distinguished,  for  many  years,  as  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  prominent  institutions 
of  the  kind  in  the  country.  Previous  to  this 
date,  there  had  been  an  academy  at  Newark, 
whose  building,  —  a  stone  building,  two  stories 
high, — then  standing  upon  the  upper  green, 
was  burned  by  a  party  of  500  British  soldiers  from 
New  York,  on  the  night  of  January  25,  1780. 

Newark  is  very  extensively  engaged  in  manu- 
factures, a  great  part  of  the  products  of  which  are 
sent  to  distant  markets.  Although  there  are  no 
peculiar  natural  facilities  here  for  this  kind  of 
industry,  this  want  has  been  abundantly  supplied 
by  steam  power  and  other  artificial  agents,  un- 
der the  direction  of  human  skill  and  enterprise. 
About  the  year  1676,  measures  were  taken  to 
invite  mechanics  to  this  place.  The  first  shoe- 
maker appears  to  have  been  induced  to  come 
into  the  settlement  from  Elizabethtown,  having 
been  "  formally  admitted  a  member  of  the  com- 
munity, on  condition  of  his  supplying  it  with 
shoes."  The  manufacture  of  shoes,  boots,  sad- 
dles, harness,  and  the  various  fabrics  of  leather, 
have  constituted  an  extensive  branch  of  the  busi- 
ness of  Newark  in  modern  times.  The  tanneries 
here  have  been  very  extensive,  the  first  of  which. 
was  established  as  long  ago  as  1698.  Othei 
manufactures,  in  great  variety  and  abundance, 
have  been  produced,  the  most  important  of  which 
are  hats  and  caps,  carriages,  omnibuses,  and 
wagons,  cutlery,  and  jewelry.  The  number  of 
persons  and  the  amount  of  capital  employed  ia 
these  large  manufacturing  operations  is  such  as 
to  constitute  this  the  leading  interest  of  the  place 
although,  by  its  position  at  the  head  of  shij 
navigation  from  the  Atlantic,  its  facilities  foi 
commerce,  and  its  investments  in  that  line,  hav& 
been  by  no  means  inconsiderable.  The  coasting 
trade  employs  from  60  to  80  vessels  of  100  tons 
In  1833,  a  whaling  company  was  incorporated 


470 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


here,  which  has  prosecuted  the  business  'with 
success. 

The  New  Jersey  Railroad,  on  its  route  between 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  passes  through 
Newark,  thus  bringing  it  within  half  an  hour's 
distance  of  New  York.  The  Morris  and  Essex 
Railroad  connects  this  place  with  Morristown,  in 
the  interior  of  New  Jersey.  The  Morris  Canal 
also  terminates  here.  ' 

Newark,  in  its  origin,  was  eminently  a  New 
England  town,  having  been  settled,  in  1666,  by 
a  company  consisting  of  30  families,  from  Guil- 
ford,  Branford,  Milford,  and  New  Haven,  Ct. 
These  families  had  been  preceded  by  four  per- 
sons as  agents,  commissioned  to  select  and  lay 
out  the  township,  who  were  Captain  Robert 
Treat,  John  Treat,  Jasper  Crane,  and  John  Cur- 
tis. To  the  good  judgment  of  these  men  New- 
ark is  indebted  for  the  beautiful  location  and 
plan  of  the  city,  and  for  its  broad  streets  and 
handsome  public  squares.  Nor  are  these  the 
most  important,  nor  the  most  characteristic  fea- 
tures of  its  preeminence,  derived  from  its  Puritan 
ancestry.  Captain  Robert  Treat,  above  named, 
is  the  same  who  was  afterwards  governor  of 
Connecticut. 

Newark,  N.  Y.,  Tioga  co.  Drained  by  East  and 
West  Owego  Creeks.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  fertile 
in  the  valleys.  8  miles  N.  from  Owego,  and  161 
S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Newark,  0.,  c.  h.  Licking  co.  On  the  Ohio 
and  Erie  Canal,  at  the  junction  of  the  three  main 
branches  of  Licking  River,  and  39  miles  E.  N. 
E.  from  Columbus.  A  place  of  large  and  flour- 
ishing business.  176  miles  from  Cleveland,  by 
the  canal. 

Newark,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  The  Passumpsic 
River  is  formed  in  this  town  by  a  collection  of 
streams  issuing  principally  from  ponds.  The 
town  is  not  mountainous,  but  the  soil  is  cold, 
and  generally  unproductive.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  about  the  year  1800.  26  miles 
N.E.  from  Danville,  and  56  N.E.from  Montpelier. 

New  Ashford,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  This  township 
is  situated  principally  on  the  steep  and  rugged  hills 
which  make  from  Saddle  Mountain  on  the  E., 
and  the  Taconic  range  on  the  W.,  and  which  here 
approach  each  other.  In  the  narrow  valley  be- 
tween these  hills,  along  the  rise  of  the  western 
branch  of  the  Housatonic,  and  the  eastern  branch 
of  Green  River,  are  some  small  tracts  of  feasible 
land,  producing  grain,  grass,  &c. ;  though  the  soil 
in  general  is  hard  and  gravelly.  By  these 
streams,  with  the  connected  springs  and  brooks, 
the  town  is  well  watered.  The  people  of  this 
town  pay  considerable  attention  to  rearing  sheep. 
Much  variegated  marble  is  found  here.  13  miles 
N.  from  Pittsfield,  and  by  the  Western  Railroad 
from  Pittsfield,  164  miles  W.  from  Boston. 

New  Athens,  0.,  Harrison  co.  The  seat  of 
Franklin  College.  115  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Co- 
lumbus. See  Colleges. 

New  Baltimore,  N.  Y.,  Greene  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  the  Hudson.  Drained  by  Dieppe  and 
Haivnakraus  Creeks.  Surface  hilly  and  broken  ; 
soil  rich  clay  and  sandy  loam.  18  miles  N.  from 
Cattskill,  and  15  S.  from  Albany. 

New  Barbadoes,  N.  J.,  Bergen  co.  This  town 
is  mostly  level,  and  is  watered  by  Hackensack 
River.  Soil  red  shale  and  a  sandy  loam. 

New  Bedford,  Ms.  Port  of  entry,  and  one  of 
the  shire  towns  of  Bristol  co.  55  miles  S.  from 
BoGton.  Population  in  1790,  3313;  1800,  4361  ; 


1810,  5651;  1820,  6947;  1830,  7592;  1840, 
12,087;  1850,  16,464.  It  stands  on  the  W.  side 
of  a  small  estuary,  called  Accnshnut  River,  which 
makes  up  in  a  northerly  direction  into  the  land 
from  near  the  western  extremity  of  Buzzard's 
Bay.  The  township  is  10^  miles  in  length  by 
about  1  mile  in  average  width.  The  situation  of 
New  Bedford  is  very  beautiful.  It  is  built  upon 
ground  which  rises  i*apidly  from  the  water,  and 
the  view  from  Fair  Haven,  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  River,  and  from  the  harbor  as  the  town  is 
approached  from  the  S.,  is  not  excelled  by  that 
of  any  other  place  in  the  country.  It  is  laid  out 
with  much  regularity,  the  streets  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles.  The  buildings  are  gen- 
rally  of  wood,  although  several  of  the  finest 
houses,  stores,  and  other  edifices  are  of  brick  and 
stone.  The  buildings  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
town  are  much  admired  for  their  neatness  and 
beauty ;  and  many  of  them  have  the  additional 
attractions  of  splendid  ornamental  grounds  and 
gardens.  County  Street,  which  runs  the  whole 
extent  of  the  thickly-inhabited  part  of  the  town, 
along  the  summit  of  the  rising  ground  upon 
which  it  is  built,  is  allowed  to  be  without  a  rival 
in  this  country  for  its  splendid  combination  of  the 
finest  features  of  natural  and  artistic  beauty. 

Among  the  public  buildings  most  worthy  of 
notice  are  the  town  hall,  the  court  house,  and 
the  custom  house.  The  town  hall  is  a  mag- 
nificent structure  of  granite,  100  feet  long,  61 
feet  wide,  and  3  stories  high.  The  lower  story 
is  occupied  as  a  market,  the  second  as  a  hall  for 
public  meetings,  and  the  third  for  offices.  This 
edifice,  which,  with  the  land,  cost  $60.000,  is  by 
many  regarded  as  the  handsomest  building  in 
New  England  devoted  to  civil  purposes.  The 
court  house  is  a  structure  of  brick,  and  near  it 
are  the  jail  and  house  of  correction.  The  cus- 
tom house,  which  is  of  granite,  is  of  a  beautiful 
design,  and  makes  an  imposing  appearance. 
The  Friends'  Academy  is  a  handsome  struc- 
ture, pleasantly  situated  on  County  Street,  and 
environed  with  beautiful  grounds.  This  institu- 
tion is  exclusively  for  young  ladies. 

Few  places  have  been  more  liberal  in  provid- 
ing the  means  of  education  in  the  public  schools. 
These  consist  of  a  high  school,  and  about  30 
other  schools,  requiring  the  services  of  about  50 
teachers.  The  Social  Library,  owned  by  an  in- 
corporated association,  contains  between  4000 
and  5000  volumes. 

The  churches  in  New  Bedford  arc  numerous, 
and  several  of  the  church  edifices  are  handsome 
and  substantial  structures.'  Two  of  the  largest 
are  of  stone. 

The  whale  fishery,  and  the  manufacture  of  the 
product  of  that  fishery,  are  the  principal  branches 
of  business  in  which  the  inhabitants  of  this  town 
are  engaged. 

As  early  as  the  year  1764,  we  find  the  settlers 
in  the  village  of  Bedford  sending  out  their  small 
vessels  after  these  monsters  of  the  deep,  some  of 
which  reached  as  far  south  as  the  Falkland  Islands. 
Suspended  by  the  war  of  the  revolution,  the  busi- 
ness was  vigorously  and  successfully  renewed  at 
its  close ;  and  excepting  the  interruption  caused 
by  the  second  war  with  England,  it  has  been  con- 
stantly pursued,  and  continually  increasing. 

Much  of  the  sperm  oil  imported  is  here  pre- 
pared for  use  by  the  different  processes  by  which 
spring,  summer,  fall,  and  winter  oil,  as  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  are  called,  are  produced,  before  it 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


471 


finds  its  way  to  the  various  markets  of  the  coun- 
try ;  and  from  the  spermaceti,  an  article  exclu- 
sively the  product  of  the  sperm  whale,  is  manu- 
factured the  spermaceti  candle,  so  universally  ad- 
mired for  its  beauty,  and  esteemed  for  its  pleasant 
light.  There  are  upwards  of  20  oil  and  candle 
manufactories  now  in  operation  in  the  town.  A 
large  proportion  of  the  right  whale  oil  is  exported 
to  the  north  of  Europe. 

Quite  a  number  of  ships  were  lately  withdrawn 
from  the  whaling  business  for  the  California 
trade.  They  were  generally  of  the  older  class, 
soon  tc  be  replaced  by  others. 

As  a  necessary  appendage  to  the  fisheries,  the 
coopering  business  is  extensively  carried  on. 

Ship  building  and  ship  repairing  employ  many 
of  the  mechanics  of  the  town.  No  better  ships 
float  the  ocean  than  some  of  those  which  have 
been  launched  from  the  ship  yards  of  New  Bed- 
ford. 

The  New  Bedford  Railway  and  Wharf  Com- 
pany have  a  capital  of  $50,000,  and  on  a  small 
island,  owned  by  the  company,  they  have  a  marine 
railway,  which  affords  great  facilities  for  cleaning 
and  repairing  the  smaller  class  of  vessels. 

There  is  an  extensive  steam  cordage  factory, 
the  machinery  of  which  is  moved  by  2  engines 
of  20  horse  power  each,  and  turning  out  annually 
400  tons  of  cordage.  There  is  also  in  operation 
a  manufactory  of  Prussian  blue. 

An  immense  building  has  lately  been  erected 
for  manufacturing  and  mechanical  purposes. 
The  power  is  steam.  Apparatus  for  grinding 
grain,  working  iron,  and  planing  and  sawing,  is 
in  operation  here. 

Another  planing  mill,  a  large  blacksmith  shop, 
a  block  manufactory,  a  foundery,  a  coppersmith 
establishment,  a  frame  factory,  and  1  or  2  other 
mechanics'  establishments,  have  steam  engines 
connected  with  them. 

The  harbor  of  New  Bedford  is  safe  and  capa- 
cious, though  not  very  easy  of  access.  It  has  3 
to  4  fathoms  of  water.  A  wooden  bridge  and 
causeway,  three  fourths  of  a  mile  in  length,  con- 
nect this  town  with  Fair  Haven. 

New  Bedford  is  connected  by  railroads  with 
Boston,  Providence,  and  Fall  River.  A  steam- 
boat plies  regularly  between  this  place  and  Nan- 
tucket,  touching  at  Wood's  Hole  in  Falmouth, 
and  Holmes  Hole  on  Martha's  Vineyard.  The 
distance  to  Nantucket  is  the  same  as  to  Boston, 
55  miles.  The  whale  fishery  has  proved  very 
lucrative,  and  New  Bedford  is  thought  to  be  one 
of  the  richest  cities  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  its  inhabitants  any  where  to  be  found. 

New  Berlin,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  S. 
and  E.  by  the  Unadilla  River.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  moist  clay  loam  of  good  quality.  8 
miles  N.  E.  from  Norwich,  and  100  W.  from 
Albany. 

New  Berlin,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Union  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Penn's  Creek.  69  miles  N.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Newbern,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Craven  co.  This  is  a 
port  of  entry,  on  the  S.  W.  bank  of  Neuse  Riv- 
er, at  its  junction  with  the  Trent.  It  was  for- 
merly the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  a  pleasant 
and  'healthy  town,  and  a  place  of  considerable 
trade.  120  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Newberry.  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Newberry  Court 
House.  Bounded  N.  by  Union  district,  E.  by 
Fairfield  and  Lexington,  S.  by  Edgefield,  and 
W.  and  N.  W.  by  Lauren s  district.  Watered  on 


its  E.  and  S.  borders  by  Broad  and  Saluda  Rivers, 
and  drained  by  their  branches;  soil  fertile  in 
many  portions. 

New  Bloomfidd,  c.  h.  Perry  co.  34  miles  W.  by 
N.  from  Harrisburg. 

New  Boston,  N!  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  Several 
streams  water  this  town ;  the  largest  is  the  S. 
branch  of  Piscataquog  River.  This  town  con- 
sists of  fertile  hills,  productive  vales,  and  some 
valuable  meadows.  The  soil  is  fertile.  In  the 
S.  part  is  a  considerable  elevation,  called  Jo. 
English  Hill,  one  side  of  which  is  nearly  perpen- 
dicular. Its  height  is  572  feet.  Beard's  and  Jo. 
English  Ponds  are  the  only  ones  of  note.  From 
Amherst  9  miles  N.  N.  AV. 

New  Braintree,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  6000 
acres  of  this  township  were  granted  to  people  in 
ancient  Braintree,  for  services  rendered  to  the 
public  in  1670  ;  the  residue  of  the  township  was 
taken  from  Brookfield  and  Hardwick.  It  was 
called  "Braintree  Farms,"  until  its  incorporation, 
in  1751.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  gen- 
erally good.  The  town  is  celebrated  for  good 
farmers,  and  the  abundance  of  excellent  beef, 
butter,  and  cheese  produced.  The  township  is 
finely  watered  by  brooks,  rivulets,  and  springs. 
Ware  River  passes  its  western  border.  In  the 
W.  part  of  the  town  is  Wenimesset  Brook,  formed 
entirely  by  springs  from  the  adjacent  hills.  On 
this  brook  is  an  extensive  and  luxuriant  meadow 
of  several  hundred  acres,  called  Wenimesset, 
the  name  given  it  by  the  Indians  when  a  hideous 
swamp.  18  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Worcester, 
and  62  W.  from  Boston. 

New  Brighton,  N.  Y.,  Richmond  co.  On  the 
N.  end  of  Staten  Island,  6  miles  from  New  York 
city.  It  is  much  resorted  to  during  the  summer. 
See  Staten  Island. 

New  Brighton,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  A  flourishing 
place  on  the  E.  bank  of  Beaver  River,  3  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  Ohio.  Here  is  a  good 
water  power,  and  active  manufacturing  opera- 
tions are  carried  on.  The  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Canal  passes  through  it. 

New  Britain,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  A  flourishing 
village  in  the  town  of  Berlin.  10  miles  W.  by 
S.  from  Hartford.  This  place  is  distinguished 
for  the  intelligent  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants, 
who,  without  water  privileges  of  any  amount,  or 
any  other  peculiar  advantages  of  natural  situation, 
have  established  and  prosperously  carried  on  a 
greater  variety  of  manufactures  than  almost  any 
other  town  in  New  England.  Commencing  on 
a  small  scale  at  first,  they  have  rapidly  enlarged 
their  operations  as  the  demands  of  the  market 
have  called  for  and  rewarded  their  exertions. 
There  are  now  several  large  establishments  where 
steam  power  is  employed,  besides  a  great  amount 
of  labor  in  shops  where  little  or  no  assistance 
from  machinery  is  required.  A  numerous  list  of 
articles  in  brass,  tin  ware,  plated  ware,  buttons, 
hooks  and  eyes,  jewelry,  &o.,  is  the  produce  of 
this  well-directed  industry;  in  which  a  large 
amount  of  capital  and  a  multitude  of  laborers 
are  constantly  employed. 

There  are  two  large  Congregational  churches 
in  New  Britain,  which  have  handsome  houses  of 
worship,  and  one  each  of  the  Baptist  and  Meth- 
odist denominations.  The  village  is  pleasantly 
situated,  and  has  all  those  marks  ©f  thrift,  wealth, 
and  good  taste  which  would  be  indicated  by  the 
facts  already  mentioned.  The  Hartford  and  Fish- 
kill  Railroad  passes  through  this  place.  The 


472 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


Hartford  and  New  Haven  Kail  road  also  has  a 
station  within  a  mile  and  a  half  of  the  village. 

New  Britain,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Drained  by  sev- 
eral mill  streams  flowing  into  Neshaminy  Creek. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  sandy  loam.  96  miles 
E.  from  Harrisburg. 

New  Brunsivick,  N.  J.,  Middlesex  co.  City  and 
seat  of  justice.  Situated  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  the  Raritan  River,  15  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  the  bay  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  26  miles  N.  E.  from  Trenton.  The  city  lies 
partly  in  Somerset  co.,  Albany  Street  being  on 
the  dividing  line  between  the  counties  of  Middle- 
sex and  Somerset.  The  ground  on  which  it  is 
built  rises  rapidly  from  the  river.  The  streets 
close  upon  the  river  are  narrow  and  crooked,  and 
the  ground  low ;  but  ihose  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  city  are  broad  and  regular ;  and  many  of  the 
houses  are  neat  and  elegant,  surrounded  by  orna- 
mental yards  and  gardens.  Upon  the  highest 
part  of  the  city  stands  the  fine  edifice  of  Rutger's 
College,  founded  in  1770,  under  the  name  of 
Queen's  College.  The  present  building  is  con- 
structed of  dark  red  sandstone,  and  was  complet- 
ed in  1811.  The  view  from  the  commanding 
eminence  on  which  it  stands  is  extensive  and 
beautiful;  terminated  by  mountains  on  the  N., 
and  by  the  Raritan  Bay  on  the  E. 

The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  commences 
at  New  Brunswick,  and  extends  to  the  Delaware 
River,  at  Bordentown,  a  distance  of  42  miles, 
intended  to  furnish  an  uninterrupted  and  direct 
communication  between  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia by  water.  It  is  75  feet  wide,  and  7  feet 
deep;  with  14  locks,  24  feet  wide,  and  110  feet 
long ;  admitting  the  passage  of  sloops  of  75  or 
100  tons'  burden.  The  cost  of  building  this  canal 
was  about  $2,500,000. 

The  New  Jersey  Rajjroad,  between  New  York 
and  Philadelphia,  passes  through  New  Bruns- 
wick ;  this  point  being  distant  from  New  York 
31  miles,  and  from  Philadelphia  56  miles.  The 
railroad  is  carried  into  the  city  over  the  Raritan, 
and  the  canal  by  its  side,  upon  a  fine  bridge,  con- 
structed upon  stone  piers. 

This  city  contains  8  or  10  churches  of  the  va- 
rious denominations.  The  first  established  was 
the  Dutch  Reformed  church,  in  1717.  The  first 
edifice  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  erected  some 
time  before  1726,  was  burned  down  by  the  British 
during  the  revolutionary  war. 

Through  the  multiplied  means  of  commerce 
and  communication  which  New  Brunswick  en- 
joys, it  is  favored  with  great  facilities  for  business. 
It  is  a  constant  thoroughfare  on  the  great  route 
between  New  York  and  Philadelphia  and  the 
more  southern  cities,  both  by  railroad  and  canal ; 
and  vessels  of  200  tons  come  up  to  its  wharves  from 
the  Atlantic  coast  by  the  Raritan  Bay  and  River. 

The  first  European  inhabitants  of  New  Bruns- 
wick were  from  Long  Island.  "About  1730,"  the 
historian  tells  us,  "  several  Dutch  families  emi- 
grated from  Albany,  bringing  with  them  their 
building  materials,  in  imitation  of  their  ances- 
tors, who  imported  their  tiles,  &c.,  from  Hol- 
land." They  gave  the  name  of  Albany  Street  to 
the  high  road  on  which  several  of  their  company 
settled.  One  of  the  first  houses  is  said  to  be  still 
standing ;  and  others  will  be  noticed  by  the  stran- 
ger in  Albany  and  Burnet  Streets,  which,  from 
their  antique  structure,  are  evidently  of  an  early 
date.  New  Brunswick  was  incorporated  as  a 
city  in  1784.  Population  in  1850,  10,000. 


Neio  Braumfils,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Comal  co. 

New  Buffalo,  Mn.,  Berrian  co.  On  Lake  Mich- 
igan, where  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad  strikes 
the  lake.  Connected  also  by  railroad  with  Chicago. 

Newburyh,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  This  is  a  good 
township  of  land,  54  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta, 
and  14  S.  W.  from  Bangor.  Incorporated  1819. 
Watered  by  a  branch  of  the  Sowadabscook. 

Newbury,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  ancient  and  re- 
spectable town,  the  mother  of  Newburyport  and 
West  Newbury,  although  reduced  in  territory, 
still  retains  its  former  reputation  and  beauty.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1633,  and  was  called  by  the  In- 
dians Quassacumcon.  This  town  is  well  watered  by 
Parker  River  and  the  Merrimac.  The  soil  of  this 
town  is  not  naturally  of  great  fertility,  but  is  of 
that  kind  which  well  rewards  the  industrious  cul- 
tivator. There  are  a  number  of  smiling  villages 
in  the  town.  That  portion  of  the  town  which  lies 
on  the  S.  E.  side  of  Newburyport,  and  which  com- 
prises a  part  of  High  Street,  so  celebrated  for  its 
beauty,  has  recently  been  annexed  to  New- 
buryport. The  village  of  Byfield,  partly  in  Row- 
ley, lies  at  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  town,  7  miles  S. 
S.  W.  from  Newburyport,  while  Bellville  consti- 
tutes the  north-western  boundary  of  that  town. 
There  is  a  curious  cave  in  Newbury,  called  the 
"  Devil's  Den,v  which  contains  specimens  of  as- 
bestos, limestone,  marble,  serpentine,  and  amian- 
thus. In  a  pond  in  the  town  is  a  floating  island, 
of  about  half  an  acre  in  extent.  Its  annual  rise 
and  fall  is  from  4  to  8  feet.  Dummer  Academy 
is  situated  in  the  parish  of  Byfield.  By  the 
Eastern  Railroad,  which  passes  through  the  town, 
Newbury  lies  3  miles  S.  from  Newburyport,  and 
31  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Boston. 

Newbury,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  S.  part  of 
Sunapee  Lake  lies  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  this  town. 
Todd  Pond,  500  rods  in  length,  and  60  in  width, 
affords  a  small  branch  to  Warner  River.  From 
Chalk  Pond  issues  a  small  stream  communicating 
with  Sunapee  Lake.  The  land  is  mountainous ; 
the  soil  hard  and  rocky.  Newbury  was  originally 
called  Dantzic ;  in  1778  it  took  the  name  of  Fish- 
ersfield  ;  in  1837,  its  present  name.  First  settler, 
Zephaniah  Clark,  in  1762.  From  Concord  30 
miles  W.  by  N. 

Newburg,  N.  Y.,  half  shire  town  of  Orange  co., 
lies  on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  River,  85  miles 
S.  from  Albany,  and  60  N.  from  the  city  of  New 
York.  It  is  20  miles  N.  E.  from  Goshen,  the  other 
half  shire  town,  which  is  near  the  centre  of  the 
county.  The  surface  of  the  township  is  hilly  and 
somewhat  broken,  containing,  however,  much  ar- 
able land,  with  a  soil  well  adapted  to  grass,  and 
much  of  it  well  cultivated  and  productive.  It  is 
drained  by  two  or  three  small  streams  flowing 
into  the  Hudson  River. 

The  village  of  Newburg  has  a  commanding  and 
beautiful  location  on  the  acclivity  of  a  hill  rising 
from  the  shore  of  the  Hudson  to  an  elevation  of 
about  300  feet.  Thus  situated,  it  makes  a  fine 
appearance  from  the  river,  and  itself  enjoys,  from 
its  upper  terraces,  an  extensive  and  delightful 
prospect,  embracing  West  Point  and  the  most 
prominent  summits  of  the  Highlands  on  the  S., 
the  noble  river  in  front,  with  the  village  of  Fish- 
kill  on  the  opposite  side,  and  the  fertile  and  pic- 
turesque valleys  beyond,  and  the  Newburg  Bay, 
and  a  broad  champaign  country  towards  the  N. 
On  the  river  margin,  about  600  feet  in  extent,  are 
constructed  convenient  quays  and  docks  for  the 
accommodation  of  a  large  business  which  centres 


IN  THE  UNITED     STATES. 


473 


here,  and  for  the  steamboats  which  make  their 
regular  stops  in  passing  up  and  down  the  river. 
A  railroad  connects  this  place  with  the  great  Erie 
Railroad  at  Chester,  about  20  miles  S.  W. ;  and 
a  railroad  is  in  progress  from  Fishkill,  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  river,  to  unite  with  this  branch, 
and  form  a  connection  by  way  of  Hartford,  Ct., 
between  Boston  and  the  Erie  Railroad. 

Newburg  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1 800. 
There  is  here  an  incorporated  academy,  a  high 
school,  two  female  seminaries,  and  a  number  of 
select  schools,  all  in  a  flourishing  condition.  The 
Presbyterians,  Presbyterians  Reformed,  Dutch 
Reformed.  Associate  Reformed,  Methodists,  Bap- 
tists, Episcopalians,  and  Roman  Catholics  have 
each  a  church,  and  some  of  them  2  each.  A  great 
variety  of  manufacturing  operations  are  carried 
on  here,  the  heaviest  of  which  are  iron  founderies, 
steam  engine  factories,  machine  shops,  cordage 
factories,  flouring  mills,  plaster  mills,  tanneries, 
carriage  and  chair  factories,  an  extensive  brewery, 
&c.,  &c.  The  population  in  1846  was  about  6000 ; 
in  1850,  11,415. 

For  a  period,  near  the  close  of  the  revolution- 
ary w.ar,  Newburg  was  the  head  quarters  of  Wash- 
ington, and  the  old  stone  house,  at  the  S.  part  of 
the  village,  in  which  the  general  and  his  family 
were  accommodated,  is  still  in  a  good  state  of 
preservation.  Here  it  was  that  the  celebrated 
"  Newburg  Letters  "  were  addressed  to  the  army, 
by  some  of  the  officers,  anonymously,  designed  to 
excite  them  to  mutiny  ;  and  that  Washington,  by 
his  great  influence,  so  nobly  defeated  the  design, 
and  secured  the  confidence  and  affections  of  the 
army  for  the  government.  Here,  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  on  the  23d  of  June,  1783,  the  army, 
which  had  achieved  and  endured  so  much  in  es- 
tablishing our  national  independence,  was  finally 
disbanded. 

Newburg,  Te.,  c.  h.  Lewis  co. 

Newbury,  Pa.,  York  co.  Bounded  S.  by  Cone- 
wago  Creek,  and  W.  by  Beaver  Creek  and  Stony 
Run.  Fishing  Creek  also  waters  its  N.  E.  corner. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  gravel  and  calcareous 
loam.  12  miles  N.  from  York. 

Newbury,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  This  is  a  beautiful 
town  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  and 
supplied  with  mill  privileges  by  Wells  River  and 
Hariman:s  and  Hill's  Brooks.  These  brooks  have 
their  sources  in  ponds  of  considerable  size.  New- 
bury  comprises  the  tract  commonly  called  the 
Great  Oxbow,  on  a  bend  in  Connecticut  River. 
This  tract  is  of  great  extent,  a»d  celebrated  for 
its  luxuriance  and  beauty.  The  town  contains  a 
number  of  mineral  springs,  of  some  celebrity  in 
scrofulous  and  cutaneous  complaints.  The  vil- 
lages of  Newbury  and  Wells  River  are  very  pleas- 
ant. This  town  is  connected  with  Haverhill,  N. 
H.,  by  two  bridges.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  the  spring  of  1762.  The  first  family 
was  that  of  Samuel  Sleeper.  27  miles  S.  E.  from 
Montpelicr,  and  20  N.  E.  from  Chelsea.  The 
Passumpsic  Railroad  passes  through  this  town. 

Newburi/port,  Ms.  City,  port  of  entry,  and  a 
rtiire  town  of  Essex  co.  34  miles  N.  by  E.  from 
Boston.  Population  in  1790,  4837  ;  1800,  5946  ; 
1810,  7634;  1820,6852;  1830,6375;  1840,  7161  ; 
1850,  9572.  It  is  beautifully  situated  upon  a  gen- 
tle acclivity,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Merrimac,  near 
its  junction  with  the  ocean.  Its  population  occu- 
pies an  area  of  about  2  miles  in  length  by  about 
one  quarter  of  a  mile  in  breadth.  At  the  two 
extremities  of  this  area,  upon  the  river,  and  so 
60 


closely  connected  with  the  town  as  to  appear  one 
with  it,  are  two  populous  villages,  lately  annexed 
to  Newburyport  from  the  town  of  Newbury. 
The  territory  of  Newburyport  proper  is  smaller 
than  that  of  any  other  town  within  the  common- 
wealth. It  contains  somewhat  more  than  a 
square  mile,  and  was  taken  from  Newbury  in 
1764. 

The  town  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity,  in 
the  form  of  a  parallelogram.  Water  Street,  at 
the  head  of  the  wharves  and  docks,  follows  the 
margin  of  the  river.  High  Street  runs  nearly 
parallel  to  the  river,  at  a  distance  of  1000  feet 
from  it,  and  at  an  elevation  of  nearly  100  feet 
above  its  level.  This  has  always  been  admired  as 
a  finely-located  and  most  beautiful  street.  Near 
the  centre  of  the  town,  adjoining  High  Street,  is 
a  fine  pond,  of  about  6  acres,  the  level  of  which 
is  60  feet  above  the  river.  This  has  been  beauti- 
fully embellished,  by  surrounding  it  with  a  mall 
and  terraced  promenade.  This  elevation,  in  its 
whole  extent  of  about  3  miles,  overlooks  a  de- 
lightful prospect  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
embracing  a  view  of  the  harbor,  Plum  Island,  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  From  the  mouth  of  the  har- 
bor Plum  Island  extends  9  miles,  to  the  mouth 
of  Ipswich  River. 

The  houses  in  Newburyport  are  generally  neat, 
and  many  are  elegant,  being  surrounded  often 
with  beautiful  grounds  and  gardens.  The  town 
has  10  or  12  houses  of  public  worship ;  and  its 
other  public  buildings  are  numerous  and  elegant. 
The  custom  house  is  of  rough  granite,  with  a  fine 
wrought  portico  of  the  Grecian  Doric  order, 
which  cost  $25,000.  A  beautiful  cemetery  has 
been  recently  established  in  the  immediate  vicin- 
ity of  the  town,  in  a  grove  of  venerable  oaks,  and 
forms  a  most  inviting  resort  to  the  contemplative. 

This  town  was  early  noted  for  its  commerce 
and  ship  building.  The  vessels  built  here  attained 
a  high  reputation  throughout  the  colonies,  and  in 
the  mother  country.  After  a  decline  of  many 
years,  during  the  peculiar  reverses  of  the  place, 
the  business  of  ship  building  is  again  on  the  in- 
crease. Some  of  the  finest  packets  and  swift- 
sailing  merchantmen  of  New  York  hare  been 
recently  built  here.  Several  of  these  packet  ships 
have  been  upwards  of  1000  tons'  burden.  There 
were  built,  for  freighting  and  packet  ships,  during 
the  year  1844,  6200  tons,  besides  about  1000  tons 
of  smaller  vessels,  including  one  steamer. 

No  place  in  New  England  has  experienced  se- 
verer commercial  vicissitudes  than  this  town.  The 
commercial  restrictions  fell  upon  it  with  disas- 
trous effect.  Its  capital  had  become  largely  in- 
vested in  the  fisheries  and  freighting  business,  and 
the  suspension  of  its  commerce  and  ship  building 
was  long  and  severely  felt.  In  1811,  before  it  had 
recovered  from  these  severe  losses,  it  was  visited 
with  an  extensive  conflagration.  Its  central  and 
most  compact  and  valuable  portion,  covering  an 
area  of  16  acres,  was  laid  in  ashes.  Superadded 
to  these  accumulated  disasters,  the  war  of  1812 
greatly  checked  its  prosperity;  and  at  the  con- 
clusion of  peace  its  wealth  and  population  had 
-greatly  diminished.  It  continued  to  decline  till 
about  1830.  Since  that  time  it  has  been  gradu- 
ally recovering  its  former  prosperity,  and  is  now 
advancing  in  wealth  and  populatkm.  In  1830, 
the  manufacture  of  cotton  by  steam  power  was 
commenced  here.  There  are  now  several  incor- 
porated companies  for  this  purpose.  Their  mills 
are  4  stories  high,  and  their  aggregate  length  is 


474 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


1300  feet.  In  addition  to  cotton  goods,  there  are 
other  manufactures,  of  machinery,  castings,  hats, 
shoes,  organs,  soap,  candles,  &c.,  to  an  amount 
of  upwards  of  half  a  million  annually. 

This  town  is  distinguished  for  a  liberal  exten- 
sion of  the  common  school  system,  and  for  supe- 
rior means  of  free  education.  It  has,  in  addition  to 
the  schools  supported  by  the  town,  two  liberally- 
endowed  free  schools.  One  of  these  was  endowed 
by  the  late  Moses  Brown,  Esq.,  a  merchant  of 
the  place,  known  as  a  distinguished  benefactor 
of  the  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  and  is 
designed  to  furnish  an  institution  for  classical 
studies.  The  other,  designed  for  the  higher 
branches  of  an  English  education,  is  founded  on 
a  munificent  bequest  of  the  late  Oliver  Putnam, 
Esq.,  of  Boston,  formerly'a  resident  of  this  town. 
This  bequest  amounts,  at  the  present  time,  to  up- 
wards of  $70,000.  The  privileges  of  free  edu- 
cation in  Newburyport  equal,  if  they  do  not 
exceed,  those  of  any  other  place  in  Massachusetts, 
and  are  only  inferior  in  their  results  to  those  of  a 
collegiate  course  of  instruction. 

The  celebrated  George  Whitefield  died  in  this 
town,  September  21,  1770.  His  remains  repose 
under  the  pulpit  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
and  a  beautiful  marble  cenotaph,  erected  within 
the  church  to  his  memory,  by  Hon.  William  Bart- 
let, —  another  of  the  munificent  benefactors  of  the 
Andover  Seminary  from  Newburyport, —  records, 
among  other  things,  that,  "  in  a  ministry  of  34 
years,  he  crossed  the  Atlantic  13  times,  and 
preached  more  than  18,000  sermons." 

The  Eastern  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Portland 
passes  through  Newburyport.  It  crosses  its  north- 
ern section  by  a  tunnel  under  High  Street,  and 
thence  by  an  embankment  to  the  river,  below  the 
town.  There  is  also  a  railroad  up  the  Merrimac 
to  Bradford,  by  Georgetown,  crossing  from  the 
Eastern  to  the  Boston  and  Maine  Kailroad.  By 
whatever  avenue  this  beautiful  town  is  approached, 
it  cannot  fail  to  make  a  favorable  impression  upon 
the  visitor ;  and  while,  on  account  of  the  bar  at 
the  mouth  of  its  harbor,  and  from  other  causes,  it 
may  not  hope  to  possess  the  commercial  conse- 
quence which  it  once  had,  during  the  comparative 
infancy  of  our  maritime  interests,  it  will  alwavs 
continue  to  be  the  seat  of  much  wealth  and  re- 
finement, and  one  of  the  most  eligible  places  for 
genteel  residence  in  New  England. 

New  Canaan,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Norwalk  and  Stamford  in  1801.  The 
surface  is  rough  and  mountainous ;  the  soil  is  a 
hard,  gravelly  loam,  but  generally  productive. 

An  academy  was  established  here  in  1815,  and 
has  acquired  a  high  reputation.  It  stands  on  an 
elevated  and  commanding  situation,  having  a  fine 
prospect  of  Long  Island  Sound  and  the  interven- 
ing country.  Pestles  and  other  Indian  implements 
have  been  found  at  theN.  part  of  the  town,  which 
probably  was  the  resort  of  the  natives.  37  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  New  Haven. 

New  Canton,  Va.,  Buckingham  co.  On  a  high 
bank  of  Slate  Creek,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from 
James  River,  and  64  miles  W.  from  Richmond. 
The  manufacture  of  flour  at  the  Virginia  Mills, 
4  miles  from  this  place,  is  extensive. 

New  Carlisle,  0.,  c.  h.  Clarke  co.  102  miles  W. 
of  Columbus. 

New  Castle  County,  De.,  c.  h.  at  New  Castle. 
Bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  the  Dela- 
ware River,  S.  by  Kent  co.,  and  W.  by  Maryland. 
Drained  by  Noaman's,  Red  Clay,  Brandywine, 


Christiana,  St.  George's,  Appoquinhnink,  Black- 
bird, and  Duck  Creeks.  Surface  low  and  marshy 
on  the  E.,  but  elsewhere  somewhat  hilly ;  soil 
fertile.  The  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  and 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Railroads  traverse  this 
county.  It  is  also  crossed  by  the  Delaware  and 
Chesapeake  Canal,  which  is  66  feet  wide. 

Newcastle,  De.,  c.  h.  New  Castle  co.  A  con- 
siderable town,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Delaware 
River.  5  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Wilmington,  and 
42  N.  from  Dover.  The  Newcastle  and  French- 
town  Railroad  opens  a  communication  between 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays. 

New  Castle,  la.,  c.  h.  Henry  co.  On  Blue 
River.  47  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Indianapolis. 

New  Castle,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Henry  co.  25  miles  N. 
W.  from  Frankfort. 

New  Castle,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Damariscotta  River,  15  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  36  S.  E.  from  Augusta. 

New  Castle,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  On  a  rough 
and  rocky  island,  situated  in  Portsmouth  Harbor, 
and  formerly  called  Great  Island.  A  handsome 
bridge  connects  this  town  with  Portsmouth,  of 
which  it  constitutes  a  fishing  suburb.  On  it 
stand  Fort  Constitution  and  the  light-house. 
About  2  miles  from  Portsmouth. 

New  Castle,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered 
by  branches  of  Croton  and  Saw  Mill  Rivers. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  sandy  loam  and  clay.  10  miles 
N.  from  White  Plains,  and  121  S.  from  Albany. 

Newcastle,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Lawrence  co.  At  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Shenango  and  Neshannock,  tribu- 
taries of  the  Beaver,  on  the  Erie  Canal.  230 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Harrishurg. 

Newcomb,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  This  town  con- 
tains several  beautiful  lakes  and  waterfalls,  the 
sources  of  the  head  waters  of  the  Hudson.  The 
surface  is  mountainous,  the  principal  peaks  of  the 
Adirondack  range  lying  in  this  and  the  adjoining 
town  of  Keene.  This  vicinity  is  celebrated  for 
its  mineral  wealth,  the  mountains  containing  im- 
mense quantities  of  fine  iron  ore.  30  miles  S. 
W.  from  Elizabeth,  and  92  N.  from  Albany. 

New  Durham,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  The  sur- 
face is  very  uneven ;  soil  moist,  and  well  adapted 
to  grazing.  There  are  5  ponds  here ;  the  largest 
is  Merrymeeting  Pond,  about  10  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, from  which  a  copious  and  perpetual 
stream  runs  into  Merrymeeting  Bay,  in  Alton. 
Ela's  River  flows  from  Coldrain  Pond  into  Far- 
mington,  on  which  is  a  fine  waterfall.  The  Co- 
checo  also  has  its  source  here.  Mount  Betty, 
Copplecrown,  and  Saw's  Mountains  are  the 
principal  eminences.  On  the  N.  E.  side  of  the 
latter  is  a  remarkable  cave,  the  entrance  of  which 
is  about  3  feet  wide  and  10  feet  high.  The  outer 
room  is  20  feet  square ;  the  inner  becomes  smaller, 
until,  at  the  distance  of  50  feet,  they  are  too  small 
to  be  investigated.  The  sides  are  solid  granite. 
They  bear  marks  of  having  been  once  united. 
There  is  a  fountain,  over  which  a  part  of  Ela's 
River  passes.  By  sinking  a  small-mouthed  vessel 
into  it,  water  may  be  procured  extremely  cold 
and  pure.  Near  the  centre  of  the  town  is  Rattle- 
snake Hill,  the  S.  side  of  which  is  almost  100 
feet  high,  and  nearly  perpendicular.  Several 
other  hills  contain  precipices  and  cavities,  some 
of  considerable  extent.  First  settlers  :  New  Dur 
ham  was  granted,  in  1749,  to  Ebenezer  Smith 
and  others.  35  miles  N.  E.  from  Concord,  and 
32  N.  W.  by  N.  from  Dover. 

New  England.     This  is  a  name  which  may  be 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


475 


said,  on  the  one  hand,  to  have  no  legalized  mod- 
ern authority  for  its  use,  and  yet,  on  the  other,  to 
be  traditionally  or  historically  unavoidable.  It 
is  not  recognized,  of  course,  in  the  enumeration 
of  the  states  of  the  American  iTnion ;  and  the 
same  may  be  said  of  the  convenient  division  of 
Middle  States.  Southern  States,  Western  States, 
£c. ;  but  although  not  specifically  authorized  in 
the  national  constitution,  we  repeat,  it  is  in  anoth- 
er view  necessary.  And  this  shall  be  explained. 

The  discovery  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
American  continent  was  effected  by  Cabot  in 
1497,  five  years  after  Columbus  had  landed  in 
the  West  Indies.  But  France,  in  1524,  became 
emulous  of  sharing  with  Spain  and  England,  and 
efforts  were  made  for  that  end.  However,  neither 
of  these  powers  made  any  permanent  settlement 
in  North  America  for  many  years  afterwards. 
Some  Protestants,  authorized  by  the  celebrated 
Coligny,  then  admiral,  attempted  to  form  a  col- 
ony in 'Florida,  1562,  with  permission  of  Charles 
IX.,  then  king;  but  it  was  frustrated.  (See 
Holme3*rf  Annals,  under  the  respective  dates,  &c.) 
At  length,  in  1604,  after  the  coast  had  been  re- 
peatedly visited,  a  settlement  of  Frenchmen  was 
made  in  that  part  of  Canada  which  received  the 
name  of  "Acadie,"  afterwards  called  "  Nova  Sco- 
tia," but  then  denominated  t;  Nouvelle  France." 

Between  these  two,  Florida  and  Canada,  or 
New  France,  the  country  had,  from  1584,  been 
called  '•  Virginia,''  in  compliment  to  the  Queen  of 
England ;  but  no  permanent  settlement  was  ef- 
fected until  1607,  although  repeated  attempts  had 
been  made  towards  the  close  of  the  previous  cen- 
tury, under  the  able  but  unfortunate  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  at  great  sacrifice  of  money  and  of  men. 

In  1609,  the  Dutch,  then  a  strong  maritime 
power,  were  invested  with  the  possession  of  the 
territory  named  by  them  "  New  Netherlands,"  and 
now  constituting  a  part  of  the  state  of  New  York. 
In  1606,  King  James  I.  had  divided  Virginia  into 
the  north  and  south  portions,  and  authorized 
distinct  companies  for  effecting  settlements  in  each 
of  these  divisions,  who  were  not  inactive,  but 
in  the  northern  part  unsuccessful ;  their  effort  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  proving  abortive. 
But  Captain  John  Smith,  the  hero  of  Virginia, 
and  its  governor,  having  explored,  in  1614,  the 
coasts  between  the  Penobscot,  or  Pentagoet,  and 
Hudson  Rivers,  presented  his  chart  of  them  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  afterward  Charles  I.,  who  gave 
to  the  territory  the  name  of  "  New  England." 

Now,  the  settlement  at  Plymouth,  in  1620,  being 
made  by  native  but  exiled  Englishmen,  whose 
nearest  European  neighbors  on  the  American 
coast  were  French  or  Dutch,  the  name  of  '"New 
England  "  became  precious  to  them ;  and,  as  dis- 
tinctive, it  was  necessary ;  not  an  arbitrary  as- 
sumption, or  arrogated  exclusively,  in  reference 
to  other  colonies  from  the  same  country,  either 
by  themselves  or  their  posterity  under  the  Stu- 
arts. If,  since  that  period,  it  has  been  familiarly 
employed,  that  circumstance  is  due  principally  to 
the  fact,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  six  sovereign 
states  of  our  Union  which  now  occupy  the  ter- 
ritory, namely,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 
Connecticut.  Rhode  Island,  Vermont,  and  Maine, 
sometimes  denominated  the  Eastern  States,  were 
mostly  of  kindred  blood  until  a  recent  period, 
being'  generally  of  unmixed  English  descent, 
and,  for  the  most  part,  sympathizing  in  religion, 
both  as  regards  its  privileges  and  the  reproaches 
it  mav  have  been  called  to  sustain 


As  Virginia,  being  first  settled  from  England, 
is  often  called  the  "  Ancient  Dominion,"  so  the 
territory  connected  with  Plymouth  is  called  the 
"Old  Colony;"  having,  until  1686,  sustained  a 
separate  government,  independent  of  Massachu- 
setts. At  that  time,  also,  all  the  New  England 
governments  then  existing  were  placed  under  a 
president,  as  they  had  been  previously  united 
for  mutual  defence  by  the  memorable  confeder- 
acy of  1643,  of  which  an  interesting  account  has 
been  given  by  the  second  President  Adams,  pub- 
lished in  the  29th  volume  of  Collections  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

New  England  Village,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  In 
the  town  of  Graf  ton.  See  Grafton.  38  miles  W. 
from  Boston. 

New  Fair  field,  Ct.,  F airfield  co.  This  is  & 
small  township,  rough  and  hilly,  with  a  hard  and 
gravelly  soil.  64  miles  S.  W.  from  Hartford. 

Newfane,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  On  the  border 
of  Lake  Ontario.  Drained  by  Eighteen  Mile 
Creek.  The  surface  is  mostly  level,  sloping 
gradually  towards  the  lake ;  soil  argillaceous 
and  sandy  loam.  10  miles  N.  from  Lockport, 
and  287  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Newfane,  Vt,  c.  h.  Windham  co.  This 
town  is  watered  by  a  branch  of  West  River,  and 
several  other  streams.  The  surface  is  diver- 
sified ;  the  soil  good,  and  produces  white  oak 
and  walnut  in  abundance.  There  is  but  little 
waste  land  in  the  town.  Newfane  exhibits  a 
great  variety  of  minerals,  among  which  are  some 
of  value.  There  are  two  pleasant  villages  in  the 
town.  The  court-house  village  is  called  Fayette- 
villc.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in  the 
month  of  May,  1766,  by  Deacon  Jonathan  Park, 
Nathaniel  Stcdman,  and  Ebenezer  Dyer,  who 
emigrated  from  Worcester  co.,  Ms.  115  miles 
S.  from  Montpclicr,  and  12  N.  W.  from  Brat- 
tleboro'. 

Newfield,  Me.,  York  co.  Watered  by  Little 
Ossipee  River.  A  good  farming  town.  99  miles 
S.  W.  by  W.  from  Augusta. 

Newfield,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  Watered  by 
Cayuga  Creek  and  the  inlet  of  Cayuga  Lake. 
Surface  hilly  and  broken ;  soil  productive.  6 
miles  S.  W.  from  Ithaca,  and  1 75  W.  from  Albany. 

Neiv  Garden,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by 
Red  Clay  and  White  Clay  Creeks.  Surface  lev- 
el ;  soil  calcareous  loam.  74  miles  E.  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

New  Geneva,  Pa.,  Fayette  co.  On  Mononga- 
hela  River,  at  the  mouth  of  George  Creek,  and 
196  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg. 

New  Gloucester,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  A  fer- 
tile township.  23  miles  N.  from  Portland. 

New  Hampton,  N.  H.,  Belknap  co.  Pemige- 
wasset  River  is  the  only  stream  of  magnitude  in 
the  town ;  over  it  is  a  bridge  which  unites  th« 
town  with  Bristol.  There  is  a  remarkable  spring 
on  the  W.  side  of  Kelly's  Hill,  from  which  is- 
sues a  stream  that  is  never  affected  by  rains  or 
droughts.  Pemigewasset  Pond  lies  on  the  bor- 
der of  Meredith.  There  are  four  other  ponds  in 
this  town.  The  soil,  though  the  surface  is  broken 
and  uneven,  is  remarkably  fertile,  producing 
grain  arid  grass  in  abundance.  In  the  S.  part  or 
the  town  is  a  high  hill,  of  a  conical  form,  which 
may  be  seen,  in  almost  any  direction,  from  fO  to 
50  miles.  The  academical  and  theological  in- 
stitution in  this  town  is  finely  located.  First 
settler,  Samuel  Kelly,  in  1775.  30  miles  N.  by 
W,  from  Concord,  and  15  N.  W.  from  Gilford 


476 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


The   Concord  and    Montreal  Railroad    passes 
through  this  town. 

New  Hanover  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Wilming- 
ton. Bounded  N.  by  Sampson  and  Duplin  coun- 
ties, E.  by  Onslow  co.,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  W.  by  Cape  Fear  River  and 
one  of  its  tributaries,  separating  it  from  Bruns- 
wick and  Bladen  counties.  Drained  by  the  N. 
E.  branch  of  Cape  Fear  River.  In  the  E.  part 
of  this  county  is  a  large  swamp,  and  along  the 
coast  is  a  chain  of  low,  narrow  islands. 

New  Hanover,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Swamp 
Creek  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
hilly,  and  the  soil  loam  and  red  shale,  of  medium 
quality.  74  miles  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

New  Harmony,  la.,  Posey  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  Wabash  River.  16  miles  N.  from  Mount 
Vernon,  on  the  Ohio  River,  and  172  S.  W.  from 
Indianapolis.  It  is  situated  on  a  wide  and  rich 
plateau  or  second  bottom,  and  has  a  healthy  and 
pleasant  location.  Its  position  on  the  river  is 
very  favorable  for  trade.  It  was  first  settled  in 
1814,  by  a  religious  sect  of  Germans  under 
George  Rapp,  who  denominated  themselves 
"  Harmonists.'1  They  came  in  a  body  from 
Beaver  Creek,  Pa.,  where  they  had  previously 
settled  on  their  first  arrival  from  Germany.  Af- 
ter remaining  here  a  few  years,  during*  which 
they  made  great  improvements,  turning  the  wil- 
derness into  a  garden,  they  returned  again  to  the 
place  of  their  first  settlement,  now  called  Econo- 
my, on  the  Ohio  River,  18  miles  below  Pittsburg. 
To  the  community  of  George  Rapp  succeeded 
that  of  Robert  Owen,  of  Lanark,  Scotland,  who 
purchased  the  village  of  New  Harmony  of  its 
original  proprietors,  the  Harmonists,  and  com- 
menced here  his  experiment  of  a  new  "  social 
system."  After  about  a  year,  Mr.  Owen  returned 
to  Europe,  and  the  "  society  "  which  he  had  gath- 
ered, of  about  800  persons,  was  soon  abandoned. 

New  Hartford,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  This  town 
was  first  settled  in  1733.  The  surface  of  the 
town  is  hilly  and  mountainous.  The  lands  are 
best  adapted  to  grazing.  It  is  watered  by  Far- 
mington  River  and  other  streams,  on  which  are 
several  mills.  In  the  eastern  part  of  this  town 
there  is  a  rough  and  mountainous  district,  former- 
ly designated  Satan's  Kingdom.  20  miles  N.  W. 
from  Hartford. 

New  Hartford,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  The  Sada- 
quada  Creek,  one  of  the  most  valuable  mill 
streams  in  the  state,  waters  this  town  on  the  N. 
Its  surface  is  varied  :  soil  fertile  calcareous  loam. 
4  miles  S.  from  Utica,  and  98  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Neiv  Haven  County,  Ct.,  c.  h.  at  New  Haven. 
New  Haven  co.  is  bounded  N.  by  Litchfield  and 
Hartford  counties,  E.  by  Middlesex  co.,  S.  by 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  W.  by  Litchfield  co. 
and  the  Housatonic  River,  which  separates  it 
from  1  airfield  co.  This  county,  lying  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  has  a  very  extensive  maritime 
border,  but  its  foreign  trade  is  chiefly  confined  to 
New  Haven  harbor.  Its  fisheries  of  oysters  and 
clams,  and  other  fish,  are  valuable.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  several  streams,  none  of  them  of  very 
large  size,  but  of  some  value  for  their  water 
power  and  fish.  Of  these  the  principal  are  the 
Pomperaug  and  Naugatuck,  on  the  W. ;  Quinni- 
piac, Menunkatuck,  West,  and  Mill  Rivers  on  the 
E. .  The  Quinnipiac  is  the  largest,  and  passes 
throiigh  extensive  meadows.  The  county  is  inter- 
sected centrally  by  the  Canal  Railroad,  which 


passes  through  this  county  from  N.  to  S.  There 
is  a  great  variety  of  soil  in  this  county,  as  well 
as  of  native  vegetable  and  mineral  productions. 
The  range  of  secondary  country,  which  extends 
along  Connecticut  River  as  far  as  Middletown, 
there  leaves  that  stream,  crosses  into  this  county, 
and  terminates  at  New  Haven.  This  intersec- 
tion of  the  primitive  formation  by  a  secondary 
ridge  affords  a  great  variety  of  minerals,  and  ma- 
terials for  different  soils. 

New  Haven]  Ct.,  city  and  c.  h.  New  Haven 
co.,  lies  at  the  head  of  a  harbor  which  sets  up  4 
miles  from  Long  Island  Sound.  It  is,  by  rail- 
road, 76  miles  from  New  York,  36  from  Hart- 
ford, and  101  from  Boston.  It  is  the  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  and  the  semi-cap- 
ital of  Connecticut,  and  contains  a  larger  pop- 
ulation than  any  other  town  in  the  state.  The 
site  of  New  Haven  is  on  a  large  and  level 
plain,  surrounded  by  hills  and  mountains,  ex- 
cept at  the  S.,  in  the  direction  of  the  harbor. 
The  harbor  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of  three 
rivers,  Quinnipiac  and  Mill  Rivers  on  theJE.,  and 
West  River  on  the  W.  The  most  striking  ob- 
jects which  arrest  the  attention  of  the  traveller 
in  approaching  the  city  from  the  S.  are  the  East 
and  West  Rocks,  two  bold,  perpendicular  preci- 
pices of  rude,  naked  trap  rock,  the  former  370, 
and  the  latter  400  feet  in  height.  These  rocks 
have  a  reddish  appearance,  and  from  this  circum- 
stance the  Dutch,  who  appear  to  have  been  ac- 
quainted with  the  locality  before  the  arrival  of 
the  English,  called  the  place  "  Red  Rock."  Its 
Indian  name  was  Quinnipiac,  the  name  of  a  tribe 
who  occupied  the  place  and  its  vicinity.  New 
Haven  was  first  settled  in  1638,  by  a  company, 
of  whom  John  Davenport  and  Theophilus  Eaton 
were  leaders.  Mr.  Davenport  was  a  celebrated 
minister  in  London,  and  Mr.  Eaton  an  eminent 
merchant,  and  most  of  the  settlers  were  persons 
of  piety,  wealth,  and  influence ,  and  it  was  their 
intention  to  plant  a  mercantile  colony. 

The  original  town  was  laid  out  in  a  plot  half  a 
mile  square,  which  was  subdivided  into  9  squares, 
by  streets  four  rods  in  width.  As  the  population 
increased,  these  squares  were  subdivided  into 
smaller  ones,  and  other  streets  were  laid  out,  ex- 
tending in  every  direction  from  the  original  town 
plot.  The  central  square,  usually  styled  the 
Green,  containing  the  state  house  and  three 
churches,  is  enclosed  by  an  iron  fence,  surrounded 
on  all  sides  by  rows  of  stately  elms,  and  is  consid- 
ered as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  parks  or  greens 
in  the  United  States.  The  principal  edifices  of 
Yale  College,  four  stories  in  height,  face  the  en- 
tire length  of  the  western  boundary  of  the  green, 
presenting  an  imposing  aspect.  Yale  College, 
from  which  New  Haven  derives  much  of  its 
celebrity,  was  founded  in  1700,  and  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  distinguished  literary  institutions 
in  this  country,  and  more  students  are  annually 
educated  here  than  in  any  other  place  in  the 
United  States.  The  whole  number  of  students  in 
1851,  connected  with  the  college,  was  558.  The 
number  of  graduates,  to  1850,  is  5932.  The  gener- 
al management  of  the  college  is  committed  to  the 
corporation,  consisting  of  the  president,  the  gover 
nor  and  lieutenant  governor  of  the  state,  the  six 
oldest  members  of  the  state  senate,  and  ten  clergy- 
men of  the  state,  chosen  by  the  clerical  part  of  the 
corporation.  The  faculty,  to  whom  is  intrusted 
the  government  and  instruction  of  the  students, 
consists  of  the  president,  the  professors,  and  tutors. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


477 


The  whole  course  of  instruction  occupies  four 
years.  In  each  year  there  are  three  terms  or 
sessions.  Commencement  is  held  on  the  last 
Thursday  in  July.  Instruction  is  given  in  all 
the  higher  branches  of  education  by  able  pro- 
fessors, and  connected  with  the  college  is  a  law, 
medical,  and  theological  department.  Imme- 
diately back  of  the  line  of  the  college  buildings 
is  the  library,  a  Gothic  structure  151  feet  long, 
with  towers,'  the  extreme  height  of  which  is  91 
feet.  It  contains  the  college  library,  now  become 
one  of  the  most  valuable  in  the  country,  which 
was  during  the  last  century  enriched  by  donations 
from  distinguished  men,  among  whom  were  J. 
Dummer,  Sir  John  Davie,  Governor  Yale,  (from 
whom  the  college  derives  its  name,)  and  Bishop 
Berkeley.  Besides  this,  the  building  contains 
the  large  and  valuable  libraries  belonging  to  the 
different  college  societies.  The  total  number  of 
volumes  in  the  edifice  is  52,000.  The  mineral- 
ogical  cabinet,  another  large  building,  is  situated 
in  the  rear  of  the  line  of  college  edifices.  It  con- 
tains the  great  cabinet  of  Colonel  Gibbs,  consist- 
ing of  10,000  specimens,  collected  by  him  in 
Europe  during  the  revolutionary  period  there,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  present  century,  to- 
gether with  very  large  subsequent  additions. 

The  Trumbull  Gallery,  erected  in  1831,  stand- 
ing back  of  the  line  of  the  college  buildings,  con- 
tains the  paintings  of  Colonel  John  Trumbull, 
the  aid  of  Washington,  and  the  father  of  Ameri- 
can historical  painting.  His  remains,  with  those 
of  Ins  wife,  are  interred  in  a  vault  beneath  this 
building.  Besides  eight  principal  subjects  of  the 
American  revolution,  there  are  nearly  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  portraits  of  persons  distinguished 
during  that  period,  painted  by  him  from  life. 
Back  of  the  centre  church,  on  the  public  square 
or  green,  are  buried  the  remains  of  Colonel  John 
Dixwell,  one  of  the  judges  of  King  Charles  I., 
and  near  by,  if  tradition  be  correct,  those  of  the 
regicide  generals,  Goife  and  Whalley.  Colonel 
Dixwell's  remains,  after  a  lapse  of  161  years, 
were  reinterred  by  his  relatives  in  1849,  "and  a 
tasteful  and  durable  monument  was  erected,  and 
placed  in  the  charge  of  the  public  authorities. 
The  public  burying  ground,  at  the  north-western 
corner  of  the  original  town  plot,  is  tastefully  laid 
out  witfc  trees  and  shrubbery,  and  is  surrounded 
by  a  high  and  durable  stone  wall,  with  an  ele- 
gant Egyptian  gateway  and  iron  fence  in  front. 
Within  the  enclosure  arc  the  monuments  of 
Colonel  Humphreys,  the  aid  of  Washington,  Eli 
Whitney,  the  inventor  of  the  cotton  gin,  Jeiiudi 
Aslimun,  the  first  colonial  agent  at  Liberia,  Noah 
Webster,  the  author  of  the  American  Dictionary 
of  the  English  Language,  and  other  distinguished 
men. 

The  harbor  of  New  Haven  is  protected  from 
winds,  but  is  rather  shallow.  To  remedy  its  de- 
fects, a  wharf  has  been  constructed  extending 
into  the  bay  3943  feet.  The  commercial  busi- 
ness of  the  city  is  considerable,  particularly  with 
the  West  Indies,  and  by  the  recent  construction 
of  railroads  in  various  directions  its  general  busi- 
ness has  been  much  extended.  The  manufac- 
turing business  of  the  city  is  quite  important,  par- 
ticularly that  of  carriage  making.  Besides  the 
twelve  college  edifices  situated  at  the  W.  side  of 
the  public  square,  the  city  contains  twenty-two 
churches,  viz.,  eight  Congregational,  three  Epis- 
copal, five  Methodist,  three  Baptist,  two  Catholic, 
and  one  Universalist ;  a  medical  college,  state 


house,  custom  house,  five  banks,  a  jail,  state  hos- 
pital, and  the  large  and  elegant  railroad  station 
building  in  the  central  part  of  the  city.  The 
new  Green,  or  Wooster  Square,  is  destined  to  be 
a  beautiful  place,  and  the  new  burying  ground, 
Evergreen  Cemetery,  situated  at  the  western 
extremity  of  the  city,  is  laid  out  with  much  taste. 
New  Haven  covers  a  great  extent  of  ground  for  a 
city  of  its  population.  A  large  proportion  of  the 
houses  have  court  yards  in  front  and  gardens  in 
the  rear.  Besides  Yale  College,  there  is  in  this 
place  quite  a  number  of  high  schools  for  the 
education  of  both  sexes,  among  which  are  seven 
seminaries  or  schools  for  the  education  of  young 
ladies.  The  superior  literary  advantages  to  be 
found  in  New  Haven,  and  the  high  standing  of 
the  resident  professors,  in  the  various  depart- 
ments of  science,  have  given  the  place  a  wide 
literary  reputation. 

The  village  of  Fair  Haven,  two  miles  E.  from 
the  court  house,  lies  partly  within  the  limits  of 
New  Haven,  and  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Quinnipiac.  It  contains  three  churches :  one 
Congregational,  one  Methodist,  and  one  Episco- 
pal, and  about  2000  inhabitants.  The  oyster 
trade  is  the  leading  business  of  the  place,  large 
quantities  being  brought  here  from  various  places 
and  laid  down  in  beds,  giving  employment  to 
quite  a  number  of  vessels,  which  are  owned  in 
the  place.  Westville,  another  village  in  New 
Haven,  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  West  Rock, 
about  2  miles  N.  W.  of  the  court  house,  contain- 
ing about  1000  inhabitants.  About  a  mile  from 
the  village,  near  the  summit  of  a  rock  or  moun- 
tain, is  the  Judges'  Cave,  a  place  where  the 
regicides,  Generals  Goffe  and  Whalley,  con- 
cealed themselves  from  their  pursuers.  Popula- 
tion of  the  city  in  1850  was  20.341  ;  population 
of  the  city  and  town,  22,529. 

New  Haven,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Drained  by 
Catfish  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Lake  Ontario,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
well  adapted  to  grass.  10  miles  E.  from  Oswego, 
and  157  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

New  Haven,  Vt.,  Adclison  co.  The  soil  of  this 
town  is  various,  and  generally  productive.  The 
waters  of  Otter  Creek,  Middlebury  River,  and 
Little  Otter  Creek  give  the  town  a  good  water 
power.  Quarries  of  excellent  marble  are  found 
here.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in  1769, 
by  a  few  emigrants  from  Salisbury,  Ct.,  on  that 
part  which  is  now  set  off  to  Waltham.  The  set- 
tlement was  broken  up  during  the  revolutionary 
war,  but  the  settlers  returned  at  the  close  of  it,  and 
in  1785  the  town  was  organized.  40  m.  W.  S.  W. 
from  Montpelier,  and  7  N.  W.  from  Middlebury. 

New  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Black 
Creek  and  some  other  small  streams  water  this 
town,  the  surface  of  which  is  high  and  undu- 
lating, and  the  soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of 
grass.  14  miles  W.  from  Angelica,  and  270 
from  Albany. 

Newington,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The  soil  is 
generally  sandy  and  unproductive,  excepting 
near  the  waters.  At  Fox  Point,  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  town,  Piscataque  Bridge  is  thrown 
over  the  river  to  Goat  Island,  and  thence  to 
Durham  shore.  The  bridge  was  erected  in  1793, 
is  2600  feet  long  and  40  wide,  cost  $65,401. 
Piscataqua  River  bounds  this  town  on  the  N.  E., , 
Great  and  Little  Bays  on  the  W.  and  N.  W.,  and 
Greenland  and  Great  Bay  on  the  S.  44  miles  E. 
S.  E.  from  Concord,  and  5  W.  from  Portsmouth. 


478 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  This  town 
is  watered  by  many  rivulets,  but  principally  by 
Souhegan  River.  Over  this  river  is  a  stone 
bridge,  built  in  1817.  It  is  156  feet  long,  22 
wide,  and  42  high,  resting  on  a  single  arch  of 
split  stone  ;  cost  $3500.  The  first  cotton  factory 
in  the  state  was  built  in  this  town  in  1 803.  New 
Ipswich  has  become  an  important  manufacturing 
town.  Pratt's  and  Hoar's  Ponds  contain  about 
50  acres  each.  Here  is  fine  pasture  land  under 
cultivation.  The  New  Ipswich  Academy  was 
incorporated  June  18,  1789.  The  principal  vil- 
lage is  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  in  a  pleasant 
and  fertile  valley.  50  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Con- 
cord, and  about  18  S.  W.  from  Amherst. 

New  Kent  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  New  Kent  Court 
Plouse.  This  county  is  bounded  N.  and  E.  by 
Pamunky  Eiver,  separating  it  from  King  Wil- 
liam and  King  and  Queen  counties,  S.  E.  by 
James  City  co.,  S.  W.  by  Chickahominy  River, 
separating  it  from  Charles  City  and  Henrico 
counties,  and  N.  W.  by  Hanover  co. 

New  Kent,  Va.,  c.  h.  New  Kent  co.  3  miles  S. 
from  Pamunky  River,  and  30  E.from  Richmond. 

New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Watered 
by  Lebanon  and  Kinderhook  Creeks,  and  con- 
tains the  celebrated  Lebanon  Springs,  also  an 
extensive  Shaker  settlement.  The  surface  is 
hilly  and  mountainous,  being  traversed  on  the  E. 
by  the  Taghkanic  Mountains,  and  W.  and  S.  by 
the  Peterboro'  Hills,  leaving  a  large  and  fertile 
valley  between.  25  miles  N.  E.  from  Hudson, 
and  24  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

New  Lebanon  /Springs,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  25 
miles  S.  E.  from  Albany.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

New  Lisbon,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Butternut  and 
Otego  Creeks  water  this  town.  Surface  diversi- 
fied with  hills  and  broad  valleys ;  soil  sandy 
loam.  82  miles  S.  W.  from  Cooperstown,  and 
13  W.  from  Albany. 

New  Lisbon,  0.,  c.  h.  Columbiana  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Middle  Fork  of  Little  Beaver  River. 
150  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Columbus.  A  prosperous 
and  beautiful  place ;  has  some  of  its  streets  paved. 

Neio  Ijondon  County,  Ct.  New  London  and 
Norwich  are  the  county  towns.  New  London  co. 
is  bounded  N.  by  Windham,  Tolland,  and  Hart- 
ford counties,  E.  by  Windham  co.  and  the  state 
of  Rhode  Island,  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and 
W.  by  the  county  of  Middlesex.  This  county 
possesses  superior  maritime  advantages,  having 
an  extensive  border  on  Long  Island  Sound,  which 
affords  numerous  bays,  inlets,  and  harbors.  Ex- 
cepting a  small  section,  principally  in  the  town  of 
Lyme,  no  portion  of  the  county  can  be  considered 
as  mountainous  ;  but  it  is  generally  hilly  and  ele- 
vated, and  comprises  a  small  proportion  of  alluvial. 
The  hills  and  elevated  tracts  are  considerably 
rough  and  stony.  The  lands  in  general  are  not 
adapted  to  grain  culture,  although  upon  the  inter- 
vales and  other  tracts,  Indian  corn  is  raised  to 
advantage  and  to  a  considerable  extent.  The 
principal  agricultural  interests  depend  very  much 
upon  grazing.  The  waters  of  the  county  are 
abundant  and  valuable.  On  the  S.  it  is  washed 
more  than  30  miles  by  Long  Island  Sound, 
part  of  its  western  border  by  Connecticut  River, 
and  the  interior  of  the  county  is  watered  and 
fertilized  by  the  Thames  and  its  branches.  The 
,  fishing  business  is  more  extensively  carried  on 
in  this  county  than  in  any  other  section  of  the 
state,  and  is  an  important  branch  of  industry. 

New  London,  Ct,  c.  h,  New  London  co.    Town 


and  city.  The  first  English  settlement  in 
New  London  commenced  in  1646.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  W.  bank  of  the  River  Thames.  In 
its  territorial  limits  it  is  much  the  smallest  of 
any  town  in  the  state,  being  about  4  miles  in 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  averages  about  three 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  breadth.  The  city  of  New 
London  is  situated  3  miles  from  Long  Island 
Sound,  and  is  a  port  of  entry.  The  city  is  princi- 
pally built  on  a  declivity,  which  descends  to  the  E. 
and  S.  It  is  irregularly  laid  out,  owing  to  the 
nature  of  the  ground  on  which  it  is  built,  being 
much  encumbered  with  granite  rocks.  Some  of 
the  streets  have  been  straightened  and  levelled,  by 
blasting  the  granite  rocks  with  which  they  were 
disfigured.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
United  States,  being  large,  safe,  and  commodious, 
having  5  fathoms  of  water.  It  is  3  miles  long, 
and  rarely  obstructed  with  ice.  During  the 
extreme  cold  in  January,  1835,  while  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  harbor  of  New  York  was  closed  by 
the  ice,  the  harbor  of  New  London  remained 
open  and  unobstructed.  This  handsome  place 
has  long  been  distinguished  for  the  enterprise  of 
its  inhabitants  in  navigation  and  commerce, 
especially  in  the  whale  fishery.  Besides  ship 
building,  and  the  manufacture  of  oil  and  candle?, 
it  has  a  variety  of  other  manufactures  ;  and  now 
that  the  railroads,  built  and  in  progress,  afford  it 
an  easy  communication  with  the  interior,  and 
with  the  great  marts  of  commerce,  it  has  received 
a  new  impulse,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  wealth 
and  population.  Population  in  1850,  9006.  61 
miles  S.  E.  from  Hartford,  and  53  E.  from  New 
Haven.  Connected  by  railroad,  via  New  Haven, 
with  New  York,  130  miles;  with  Boston,  via 
Worcester,  118  miles  ;  with  Hartford,  via  Nor- 
wich and  Willimantic,  61  miles. 

New  London,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Rails  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Salt  River.  98  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Jeffer- 
son City. 

New  London,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  Lake  Sun- 
apee  separates  this  town  from  Wendell,  and  is 
the  principal  source  of  Sugar  River.  Little  Sun- 
apee,  Pleasant,  Harvey's,  and  Messer's  Ponds  are 
in  this  town.  Harvey's  and  Messer's  are  sepa- 
rated by  a  bog.  The  settlements  of  New  London 
are  formed  principally  on  three  large  swells  of 
land.  The  soil  is  deep  and  good.  In  the  N. 
part  are  several  elevations.  In  some  parts  the 
land  is  rocky.  The  damage  by  the  violent  whirl- 
wind of  September  9,  1821,  was  estimated  at 
$9000.  A  large  rock,  lying  out  of  the  ground, 
100  feet  long,  50  wide,  and  20  high,  was  rent 
into  2  pieces,  and  thrown  about  20  feet  asunder. 
30  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

New  London,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by 
Elk  and  Clay  Creeks.  Surface  gently  sloping  ; 
soil  sandy  loam. 

New  Madrid  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  New  Madrid. 
Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Scott  and  Mississippi 
counties,  E.  and  S.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Kentucky,  and  W.  by  Dunklin  co. 
The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil,  in  parts  not  lia- 
ble to  inundation,  is  fertile. 

New  Madrid,  Mo.,  c.  h.  New  Madrid  co.  On 
the  N.  side  of  a  considerable  bend  in  the  Missis- 
sippi River.  271  miles  S.  E.  from  Jefferson  City. 
In  1811  and  1812  this  place  was  visited  with 
earthquakes. 

New  Market,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  Piscata- 
qua,  Lamprey,  and  Swampscot  Rivers  water  this 
town.  The  soil  is  good,  and  agricultural  pursuits 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


479 


are  crowned  with  success.  There  are  several 
pleasant  and  thriving  villages,  in  which  are  large 
and  valuable  manufactures.  Mrs.  Fanny  Shute, 
who  died  in  this  town  September,  1819,  was  re- 
spected for  her  excellent  qualities,  and  celebrated 
for  the  adventures  of  her  youth.  When  13  months 
old,  she  was  taken  to  Canada  by  a  party  of  In- 
dians, and  disposed  of  to  the  French,  educated  in 
a  nunnery,  and  after  remaining  13  years  in  cap- 
tivity, was  redeemed  and  restored  to  her  friends. 
This  town  was  originally  a  part  of  Exeter.  36 
miles  S.  E.  from  Concord,  and  12  W.  by  S.  from 
Portsmouth  by  railroad. 

New  Market,  Va.,  Shenandoah  co.  1  mile  E. 
from  the  N.  fork  of  Shenandoah  River,  a  lit- 
tle W.  from  Massanutten  Mountain,  and  139 
miles  N.  W.  from  Richmond.  Large  manufac- 
tures are  carried  on  here.  Iron  is  found  in  abun- 
dance in  the  region.  A  beautiful  cascade  upon 
the  mountain  is  much  admired. 

New  Marlboro1,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  The  first 
improvements  in  this  town  were  made  in  1739, 
by  Mr.  Benjamin  Wheeler,  from  Marlboro'.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  hilly,  and  stony.  In  the  N. 
W.  part  of  the  town  is  Six  Mile  Pond,  so  called 
by  some  Indians,  who  lived  6  miles  distant  from 
it,  in  Great  Barrington,  and  who  resorted  to  it  for 
the  purposes  of  fishing.  The  outlet  from  this 
pond  is  called  Konkapot,  from  an  Indian  family 
of  that  name,  who  lived  by  its  side.  Umpache- 
ne  Stream  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  and 
passing  by  the  centre,  runs  S.  W.,  and  empties 
in  the  Konkapot.  This  stream  derives  its  name 
from  an  Indian.  In  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  town- 
ship is  a  pond  nearly  2  miles  in  circumference, 
called  Hermit  Pond,  which  is  the  source  of  a 
stream,  which  runs  S.  W.  into  Canaan.  This 
pond  derived  its  name  from  the  circumstance  that  a 
hermit  lived  for  several  years  on  the  south-eastern 
side.  In  the  W.  part  of  the  town  is  a  cave.  It  has 
several  apartments  of  various  dimensions,  whose 
sides  and  roof  are  limestone,  on  which  stalactites 
are  continually  forming.  About  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
S.  W.  of  the  south  meeting  house  is  a  rock,  judged 
to  weigh  30  or  40  tons,  so  equally  balanced  on 
another  rock,  that  a  man  may  move  it  with  his 
finger.  24  miles  S.  from  Pittsfield,  and  133  W.  by 
S.  from  Boston. 

New  Milford,  Ct,  Litchfield  co.  This  town- 
ship is  hilly  and  broken,  several  mountainous 
ridges  extending  through  it.  The  soil  is  much 
diversified,  and  where  susceptible  of  cultivation, 
it  is  generally  good ;  but  on  the  whole  more  dis- 
tinguished for  grass  than  grain.  There  are,  how- 
ever, large  quantities  of  excellent  meadow  ground ; 
but  the  pasturage  is,  on  the  whole,  not  abundant. 
It  is  essentially  a  farming  town.  For  some  time 
after  the  white  people  came  here,  an  Indian  chief, 
or  sachem,  named  Werauhamaug.  had  a  palace 
standing  near  the  Great  Falls,  where  he  resided. 
On  the  inner  walls  of  this  palace  (which  were 
of  bark,  with  the  smooth  side  inwards)  were  pic- 
tured every  known  species  of  beast,  bird,  fish,  and 
insect,  from  the  largest  to  the  smallest.  The 
town  of  New  Milford  was  purchased  of  the  col- 
ony of  Connecticut  by  a  company  of  individuals 
chiefly  belonging  to  Milford,  and  was  first  settled 
in  1707.  The  first  bridge  that  was  ever  built  over 
the  Housatonic  River,  from  the  sea  to  its  source, 
was  built  in  this  town  in  1737.  The  village  of 
New  Milford  is  very  handsome ;  the  streets  are 
wide  and  well  shaped.  The  territory  of  this  town 
is  larger  than  any  other  in  the  state.  Large  quan- 


tities of  granite  and  marble  are  found  here.     35 
miles  from  Bridgeport  by  the  Houstonic  Railroad. 

New  Milford,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.,  is  drained 
by  Mitchell's  and  Salt  Lick  Creeks.  Surface 
hilly;  soil  clay  and  gravel.  185  miles  N.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Newnan,  Ga,,  c.  h.  Coweta  co.  106  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Milledgevillc. 

Newnanville,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Alachua  co.  72  miles 
W.  from  St.  Augustine,  and  120  E.  S.  E.  from 
Tallahassee. 

New  Orleans,  La.  City  and  port  of  entry  in  the 
parish  of  Orleans.  Situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  100  miles  from 
its  mouth,  about  950  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio,  and  1100  below  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
souri. It  is  distant  from  Baton  Rouge,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  state,  131  miles.  For  the  distance  from 
other  important  places,  see  Grand  Distance  and 
Table.  The  population,  in  1810,  was  17,240;  in 
1820,  27,176  ;  in  1830,  46,310;  in  1840,  102,193; 
in  1850,  119,285.  The  site  of  New  Orleans,  in 
conformity  to  other  parts  of  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi  in  the  same  vicinity,  is  on  an  inclined 
plane;  the  declivity  falling  very  gently  from 
the  margin  of  the  river  towards  the  swamp  in 
the  rear.  When  the  river  is  full,  the  surface  of 
the  water  is  from  2  to  4  feet  above  the  sti-eets  of 
the  city;  and  at  any  stage  it  is  above  the 
swamps  in  the  rear  of  the  back  streets.  To  pre- 
vent inundation,  an  artificial  embankment,  called 
the  Levee,  has  been  built  upon^  the  river,  at  a 
great  expense,  extending  from  Fort  Plaquemine, 
43  miles  below  the  city,  to  120  miles  above  it, 
which  is  4  feet  high,  and  15  feet  wide.  Directly 
in  front  of  the  city,  it  affords  a  very  pleasant 
promenade.  The  city  is  built  upon  the  concave 
side  of  a  bend  in  the  river,  extending,  with  its  in- 
corporated faubourgs,  not  less  than  5  miles  par- 
allel to  it,  and,  at  right  angles  to  the  river,  from 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  mile,  giving  to  its  outline 
the  form  of  a  crescent,  from  which  New  Orleans 
is  familiarly  denominated  the  "  Crescent  City." 
The  city  proper  lies  near  the  middle  of  the  curve, 
extending  along  the  river  1320  yards,  and  700 
yards  back,  having  the  faubourgs  of  St.  Mary,  Du- 
plantier,  and  Annunciation  above,  those  of  Marig- 
ny  and  De  Clouet  below,  and  another  more  de- 
tached, in  the  rear,  on  the  Bayou  St.  John.  The 
city  proper  is  a  parallelogram,  with  its  side  upon 
the  river.  At  each  extremity  of  the  length  of 
the  city,  the  streets  make  an  angle,  to  bring  them 
more  nearly  into  the  direction  of  the  river  in 
those  parts  ;  but  between  these  points  the  streets* 
are  straight.  The  city  proper  is  traversed  by  22 
streets,  forming  84  principal  and  14  minor  squares. 
The  houses  are  principally  of  brick ;  and  the 
more  modern  buildings,  especially  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  city,  or  second  municipality,  are  gen- 
erally 3  and  4  stories  high,  with  elegant  granite 
fronts.  Many  of  the  houses  in  the  outer  parts 
are  surrounded  with  gardens,  and  ornamented 
with  orange  trees.  The  view  of  the  city,  in  as- 
cending or  descending  the  river,  is  beautiful. 
During  the  season  of  business,  between  the  1st 
of  November  and  the  1st  of  July,  the  Levee,  in 
its  whole  extent,  is  crowded  with  vessels  of  every 
size,  from  all  quarters  of  the  world,  and  with 
hundreds  of  large  and  splendid  steamboats, 
barges,  flat  boats,  &c.  The  river  opposite  the 
city  is  half  a  mile  wide,  and  from  100  to  160  feet 
deep.  It  preserves  the  same  width  almost  to  its 
entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Any  vessels 


480 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


which  can  pass  the  bars  at  the  mouth  of  the  riv- 
er, can  be  laid  alongside  of  the  Levee ;  and  at 
high  water  are  generally,  when  loading  or  un- 
loading, attached  to  the  shore  with  cables  and  a 
platform.  The  harbor  and  the  bank  of  the  river 
are  commensurate  with  each  other,  especially 
opposite  the  city  proper.  Nothing  can  present  a 
more  animating  and  busy  scene,  during  the  season 
of  business,  than  the  Levee  at  New  Orleans,  from 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels  and  steam- 
boats, and  the  passing  in  all  directions  of  an  ap 
parently  countless  number  of  drays,  transporting 
cotton,  sugar,  and  tobacco,  and  all  the  varied 
and  immense  products  of  the  great  western  valley. 
The  position  of  this  city,  as  a  great  commercial 
emporium,  is  scarcely  inferior  to  that  of  any  in 
our  country.  The  Mississippi,  with  its  tributa- 
ries, brings  to  it,  as  a  market,  the  products  of 
more  than  20,000  miles  of  navigation  ;  nor  is  it 
possible  yet  to  conjecture  how  vast  this  trade 
must  become  when  the  resources  of  the  whole 
Mississippi  valley  shall  be  fully  developed.  To 
expedite  the  passage  of  ships  to  and  from  the 
gulf,  large  and  powerful  steam  tow-boats  are  em- 
ployed ;  some  of  which  will  take  several  large 
vessels  in  their  train.  By  a  canal  and  a  railroad 
connecting  New  Orleans  with  Lake  Pontchar- 
train,  4£  miles  distant,  the  trade  of  the  country 
bordering  on  that  lake  and  on  Lake  Borgne,  and 
of  all  the  coast  of  the  N.  part  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  as  far  as  Florida,  is  brought  to  the  city. 

A  considerable,  fleet  of  sloops  is  often  seen  in 
the  basin,  which  is  formed  in  the  city  to  receive 
the  transports  from  the  canal.  At  the  termina- 
tion of  the  railroad  also,  at  Lake  Pontchartrain, 
a  harbor  has  been  formed,  and  a  considerable  vil- 
lage has  sprung  up.  The  route  passed  over  by 
these  lines  of  artificial  communication  is  almost 
a  perfect  level ;  there  being  not  more  than  16 
inches  of  variation  from  it  in  the  whole  distance 
of  4£  miles.  The  facilities  for  trade  at  New  Or- 
leans are  great,  and  are  well  improved. 

The  exports,  including  the  foreign  and  coast- 
ing trade,  are  greater  than  those  of  any  other  city 
of  the  United  States,  excepting  New  York.  In 

1850,  about  750,000  bales*of  cotton  were  exported 
to  foreign  parts  and  coastwise.     The  imports  to 
this  port,  however,  are  much  less;  for  a  large 
part  of  the  western  country,  which  sends  its  ex- 
ports by  the  way  of  New  Orleans,  receives  its  im- 
ported goods  by  the  Atlantic  cities. 

The  government  of  the  city  is  administered  by 
a  mayor  and  a  city  council,  elected  by  the  free- 
holders. In  1836  the  legislature  passed  an  act 
dividing  the  city  into  three  municipalities,  rank- 
ing them  according  to  their  population ;  but,  in 

1851,  these  municipalities  were  again  consolidated 
into  one  body  politic.     No  city  in  the   United 
States,  perhaps,  contains  s-uch  a  variety  of  inhab- 
itants, from  every  state  in  the  Union  and  from 
every  nation  in  Europe,  as  well  as  from  the  West 
Indies  and  the  Spanish  countries  in  Mexico  and 
South  America.     One  half  of  the  population, 
probably,  is  black  or  colored.     Of  the  white  in- 
habitants, the  French  yet  constitute  a  large  pro- 
portion.    The  intercourse  of  New  Orleans  with 
New  York  is  greater  than  with  any  other  Ameri- 
can city.     That  with  Havana  and  Vera  Cruz  is 
great  and  constantly  increasing.     The  unhealthi- 
ness  of  the  situation  of  New  Orleans  is  against 
it;  though,  from  the  occasional  ravages  of  ma- 
lignant epidemics  to  which  it  is  exposed,  an  ex- 
aggerated idea  has  sometimes  been  formed  of  the 


insalubrity  of  the  climate.  The  same  is  true  of 
the  morals  of  the  city.  From  certain  flagrant 
features  of  open  abandonment  and  disregard  of 
the  institutions  of  religion  among  a  population 
so  little  American  in  its  composition,  it  is  not 
strange  that  an  impression  extremely  unfavorable 
to  the  morals  of  the  city  should  be  produced.  It 
is  said,  however,  to  be  an  orderly  and  peaceable 
city;  and  its  inhabitants  are  distinguished  for 
their  politeness,  hospitality,  and  kindness  to  the 
distressed. 

There  are  fewer  churches  in  New  Orleans  than 
in  most  large  cities  of  this  country.  There  are 
3  Roman  Catholic  and  2  Protestant  Episcopal 
Churches.  The  Presbyterians,  the  Congregation- 
alists,  the  Baptists,  and  the  Methodists  have  1 
each.  A  Protestant  congregation  has  been  gath- 
ered among  the  French  population  of  the  city, 
who  have  preaching  in  their  own  language.  There 
is  also  a  Mariners'  Church. 

Among  the  public  buildings,  the  Cathedral,  01 
Church  of  St.  Louis,  on  the  Place  d'Armes,  or 
Parade  Square,  is  one  of  the  most  imposing,  from 
its  venerable  and  antique  appearance.  It  was 
founded  in  1792,  and  so  far  completed  as  to  be 
occupied  in  1794.  The  lower  story  is  of  the  rus- 
tic order,  flanked  at  each  of  the  front  angles  by 
hexagonal  towers  projecting  one  half  of  their 
diameter,  and  crowned  by  low  spires.  The  sec- 
ond story  is  of  the  Roman  Doric  order.  Above, 
on  the  apex  of  the  pediment  of  this  story,  rises 
the  principal  turret,  square  below  for  about  20 
feet,  and  hexagonal  above,  with  a  belfry  sur- 
mounted by  an  elevated  pinnacle.  By  the  con- 
ditions of  the  erection  of  this  Cathedral,  masses 
are  offered,  every  Saturday  evening,  for  the  soul 
of  its  founder,  Don  Audre ;  and  the  tolling  of 
the  bell  at  sunset  of  that  day  recalls  his  memory 
to  the  citizens.  On  the  right  and  left  of  this 
church  edifice  are  two  public  buildings  of  the 
city,  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  orders,  two  stories 
high,  occupied  in  their  lower  stories  by  the  police 
prison,  city  guard  room,  and  various  offices,  and 
in  their  second  stories  by  the  offices  of  the  mayor, 
and  of  the  city  treasurer  and  comptroller,  and  the 
common  council  chamber,  and  by  the  District  and 
Criminal  Courts  of  the  parish,  with  the  offices  of 
their  respective  clerks.  The  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  is  finely  located,  fronting  on  Lafayette 
Square,  the  handsomest  public  place  in  the  city. 
It  has  a  fine  portico  of  the  Grecian  Doric  order. 
A  neat  obelisk  has  been  erected,  in  the  court  in 
front  of  this  church,  to  the  memory  of  Rev. 
Sylvester  Larned,  the  first  Presbyterian  pastor  in 
the  city,  who  died  in  1820,  at  the  early  age  of 
24.  The  new  Methodist  Church,  on  the  corner 
of  Poydras  and  Carondolel  Streets,  is  a  fine  build- 
ing, copied  from  the  Temple  of  Theseus  at  Athens. 
It  has  a  fine  portico,  and  a  steeple  rising  170  feet 
from  the  ground.  This  building  was  completed 
in  1837.  The  First  Congregational  Church  is  a 
brick  edifice,  in  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture, 
finished  in  1819.  The  building,  which  was  for- 
merly the  charity  hospital,  and  more  recently  the 
state"  house,  is  a  fine  piece  of  architecture,  con- 
sisting of  a  centre  building  and  two  detached 
wings,  occupying  an  entire  square  between  Canal 
Street  and  other  streets.  The  new  Charity  Hos- 
pital is  a  large  building,  290  feet  long  and  3 
stories  high,  entered  from  Common  Street.  The 
cupola  of  this  building  presents  a  magnificent 
view  of  the  city  and  its  environs.  The  grounds 
around  it  are  handsomely  laid  out,  and  neatly 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


481 


kept.  It  is  calculated  to  contain  540  patients. 
This  noble  charity  is  rendered  peculiarly  neces- 
sary by  the  sickness  which  prevails  at  certain 
seasons  at  New  Orleans,  especially  among  stran- 
gers. The  Franklin  Infirmauy  is  a  private  hospi- 
tal, fronting  on  the  Pontchartrain  Railroad.  It  is 
a  beautiful  building,  and  can  accommodate  100 
patients.  Several  of  the  markets  are  large  and 
expensive  structures.  The  meat  market,  on  the 
Levee,  built  of  brick,  and  extending  from  Ann  to 
Main  Streets,  is  a  prominent  object  as  the  city  is 
approached  by  water.  St.  Mary's  Market,  in  the 
second  municipality,  is  480  feet  long  and  42  feet 
wide.  Washington  Market,  in  the  third  munici- 
pality, is  also  a  fine  structure.  The  theatres  are 
among  the  most  splendid  buildings  of  New  Or- 
leans. The  St.  Charles  Theatre,  standing  on  the 
E.  side  of  Charles  Street,  is  132  feet  long  by  175 
feet  deep,  and  cost  $350,000.  The  Orleans  thea- 
tre is  a  spacious  edifice,  which  cost  $180,000. 
The  performances  in  this  theatre  are  in  the  French 
language.  The  Camp  Street  or  American  Thea- 
tre, in  the  second  municipality,  is  60  feet  wide, 
and  160  feet  deep,  and  cost,  with  its  furniture, 
and  the  ground  on  which  it  stands,  $120,000.  It 
can  accommodate  1 100  persons.  Among  the  im- 
posing structures  peculiar  to  this  city  are  several 
extensive  cotton  presses.  The  New  Orleans  cot- 
ton press  occupies  ground  632  feet  long  and  308 
feet  wide,  which  is  nearly  covered  by  the  build- 
ings. The  centre  building  is  3  stories  high,  sur- 
mounted by  a  cupola,  which  overlooks  the  city. 
The  wings  are  2  stories  high,  and  very  extensive. 
150,000  bales  of  cotton,  on  an  average,  annually, 
are  pressed  at  this  establishment.  There  are, 
besides  this,  other  presses.  Some  of  the  banks 
have  fine  buildings ;  and  some  of  the  hotels  are 
among  the  most  costly  and  magnificent  in  the 
country.  The  St.  Charles  Hotel,  which  was 
burned  in  1850,  and  is  to  be  rebuilt,  cost  about 
$600,000.  The  United  States  Branch  Mint  is  an 
edifice  282  feet  long  and  108  feet  deep,  with  2 
wings,  29  by  81  feet,  the  whole  3  stories  high. 
The  custom  house  and  U.  S.  land  office  are 
also  handsome  buildings.  A  new  custom  house 
is  now  in  process  of  erection  at  New  Orleans, 
which,  when  completed,  will  be  one  of  the  largest 
buildings  in  the  United  States.  It  is  to  include 
the  United  States  court  rooms,  together  with  the 
necessary  warehouses,  for  the  use  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  will,  it  is  stated,  be  one  third  larger 
than  the  Capitol  at  Washington,  when  completed 
with  the  new  wings.  The  granite  for  this  im- 
mense building  is  to  be  furnished  from,  the  quar- 
ries in  Quincy,  Ms. 

The  water  with  which  New  Orleans  is  supplied 
is  raised  by  a  steam  engine  from  the  Mississippi 
River.  The  reservoir  into  which  it  is  received  is 
constructed  on  an  artificial  mound,  and  is  21  feet 
high  at  its  base,  and  250  feet  square.  From  this 
reservoir,  divided  into  four  compartments,  the 
water,  after  becoming  clear,  is  distributed  over 
the  city  in  iron  pipes.  These  waterworks  belong 
to  the  "Commercial  Bank,  and  were  built  at  a  cost 
of  $722.000.  The  city  authorities  have  also  built 
an  aqueduct,  at  an  expense  of  $110,000,  for  the 
purpose  of  bringing  running  water  in  hot  weather 
through  the  gutters  of  the  streets,  thereby  to  pro- 
mote the  cleanliness  and  health  of  the  city. 

The  early  historical  annals  of  New  Orleans,  of 

the  greatest  importance,  are  the  following.     The 

city  was  laid  out  in  1717,  and  named  in  honor  of 

the  then  Duke  of  Orleans,  regent  of  France  dur- 

61 


ing  the  minority  of  Louis  XV.  In  consequence 
of  an  extraordinary  rise  of  the  Mississippi,  a  year 
or  two  later,  the  spot  on  which  several  buildings 
had  been  erected  was  overflowed,  and  was  for  a 
time  abandoned.  In  1722  the  settlement  was 
again  commenced,  with  a  view  of  making  it  the 
chief  town  of  the  province.  The  next  year,  when 
Charlevoix  arrived  from  Canada  by  way  of  the 
river,  the  place  contained  about  100  cabins,  with- 
out much  order,  2  or  3  dwellings  of  a  better  class, 
a  miserable  storehouse  occupied  as  a  chapel, 
a  shed  being  converted  into  a  house  of  prayer, 
1  large  wooden  warehouse,  and  a  population  of 
about  200.  Soon  after  this,  an  accession  was 
made  to  the  population  by  the  arrival  of  a  com- 
pany of  Germans,  whose  descendants  still  remain, 
occupying  what  is  called  the  German  Coast.  In 
1727,  the  Jesuits  and  Ursuline  nuns  arrived,  and 
were  accommodated  on  a  tract  of  land  in  the 
lowest  part  of  the  Faubourg  St.  Mary.  In 
1763,  the  pope  expelled  the  Jesuits  from  the  do- 
minions of  France,  Spain,  and  Naples.  They 
were  obliged  to  leave  Louisiana,  and  their  prop- 
erty in  New  Orleans  was  seized  and  sold  for 
about  $180,000;  which  now  is  worth  some 
$15,000,000.  In  1764,  British  vessels  began  to 
visit  New  Orleans,  and  to  trade  with  the  inhab- 
itants. The  exports  during  the  last  year  of  its 
subjection  to  France  amounted  to  $250,000 ;  and 
the  population  was  31 90.  The  commerce  suffered 
at  first  by  the  restrictions  of  the  Spanish;  but 
shortly  afterwards,  through  a  more  liberal  policy, 
revived  again.  In  1785,  the  population  of  the 
city  proper  was  4980.  In  1788,  a  great  fire  con- 
sumed 900  houses.  In  1791,  academies  and 
schools  began  to  be  opened  by  some  of  the  immi- 
grants, the  education  of  the  young  having  previ- 
ously been  in  the  hands  of  the  priests  and  nuns. 
In  1792,  Baron  Carondolet  arrived,  who  divided 
the  city  into  four  wards,  and  recommenced  light- 
ing it  and  employing  watchmen.  He  erected 
new  fortifications,  and  organized  the  militia.  In 
1794,  the  first  newspaper  was  published  here.  In 
1801,  Louisiana  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  French, 
and  in  1803,  by  purchase  from  the  French,  it  be- 
came a  possession  of  the  United  States.  The 
population  of  New  Orleans  at  this  time  did  not 
much  exceed  8000 ;  and  its  revenues  were  less 
than  $20,000.  In  1804,  it  was  made  a  port  of 
entry  and  delivery;  and  in  1805,  it  received  a 
charter  of  incorporation  as  a  city.  January  10, 
1812,  the  first  steamboat  arrived  from  Pittsburg- 
During  the  war  of  1812  with  Great  Britain,  New 
Orleans  was  invaded  by  a  British  force  of  about 
8000  men,  approaching  it  through  the  Lakes 
Borgne  and  Pontchartrain ;  and  in  the  battle  of 
the  8th  of  January,  1815,  the  city  was  defended, 
and  the  enemy  repulsed  with  great  loss,  by  the 
skill  and  bravery  of  General  Jackson  and  the 
troops  under  his  command.  Immediately  after 
this  event,  intelligence  arrived  of  peace  having 
been  concluded  previous  to  the  date  of  the  battle. 
All  things  have  since  conspired,  in  the  state  of 
the  country,  in  the  rapid  settlement  of  the  Missis- 
sippi valley,  and  in  the  new  and  extensive  appli- 
cation of  steam  power  to  the  navigation  of  its 
mighty  rivers,  to  hasten,  with  almost  incredible 
strides,  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  New 
Orleans. 

New  Paltz,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Hudson  River,  and  watered  by  the 
Wallkill.  The  surface  is  rather  hilly,  the  W.  park 
being  partly  covered  by  the  Shawangunk  Moun- 


482 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  £c., 


tain.  The  soil  is  various,  but  mostly  productive. 
14  miles  S.  from  Kingston,  and  75  from  Albany. 

New  Philadelphia,  O.,  c.  h.  Tuscarawas  co.  On 
a  beautiful  plain  on  the  E.  bank  of  Tuscarawas 
Kiver,  opposite  the  entrance  of  Sugar  Creek,  and 
115  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Newport,  la.,  c.  h.  Vermilion  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Vermilion  River,  2  miles  above  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Wabash,  and  78  W.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Newport,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Campbell  co.  On  the  Ohio 
Kiver,  opposite  Cincinnati,  and  just  above  the 
mouth  of  Licking  River.  86  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Frankfort.  Here  is  a  United  States  arsenal. 

Newport,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  A  fine  farming 
town.  56  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  24 
W.  from  Bangor. 

Newport,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.,  occupies  high 
bluffs.  1  mile  from  the  Missouri  River,  and  70 
miles  E.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Newport^  N.  H.,  c.  h.  Sullivan  co.  Its  cen- 
tral situation  and  its  water  power  have  ren- 
dered it  a  place  of  considerable  business.  Near 
the  centre  of  the  town,  and  the  confluence  of 
the  E.  and  S.  branches  of  Sugar  River,  and 
the  Croydon  Turnpike,  is  a  handsome  village. 
The  soil  is  rich  and  productive.  Sugar  River 
flows  through  the  town.  Bald,  Coit,  and  East 
Mountains,  and  Blueberry  Hill,  are  in  Newport. 
This  town  is  noted  for  its  good  schools  and 
charitable  societies.  First  settlers,  Jesse  Wilcox, 
Ebenezer  Merrit,  Jesse  Kelsey,  and  Samuel  Hurd, 
in  1763.  The  settlers  were  mostly  from  Killing- 
worth,  Ct.  40  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Concord,  and 
about  35  N.  from  Keene. 

Newport,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Watered  on  the 
E.  and  S.  by  West  Canada  Creek.  It  is  a  hilly 
town,  with  fertile  valleys.  10  miles  N.  from 
Herkimer,  and  88  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Newport,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Nanticoke  River 
waters  this  town,  and  at  the  falls  affords  great 
hydraulic  power,  besides  feeding  the  North  Branch 
Canal.  Anthracite  coal  and  bog  iron  ore  abound 
here.  8  miles  S.  W.  from  Wilkesbarre. 

Newport,  Pa.,  Perry  co.  On  the  W.  bank 
of  Juniata  River,  and  on  the  Pennsylvania  Canal. 
28  miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Newport  County,  R.  I.,  c.  h.  at  Newport.  S.  E. 
part,  including  several  fertile  islands  in  Narragan- 
set  Bay,  and  the  continental  portion  of  the  state. 
S.  of  Mount  Hope  Bay. 

Newport,  R.  I.  Port  of  entry,  semi-capital  of  the 
state,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Newport  co.  This 
ancient  town  is  situated  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the 
Island  of  Rhode  Island,  in  Narraganset  Bay, 
about  30  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Providence.  The 
three  towns  of  Newport,  Middletown,  and  Ports- 
mouth include  the  whole  area  of  the  island, 
Portsmouth  being  on  the  N.  part,  and  Middletown 
in  the  centre.  In  Portsmouth  are  the  Rhode 
Island  coal  mines ;  also  a  bed  of  plumbago  has 
been  discovered  here.  The  soil  of  all  these  towns 
is  rich,  and  is  brought  under  excellent  cultivation. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  two  latter  are  not  numer- 
ous, are  chiefly  occupied  with  the  pursuits  of 
husbandry,  and  are  distinguished  for  their  habits 
of  industry  and  economy.  The  settlement  of  the 
island  was  first  commenced  at  the  N.  E.  part,  and 
Portsmouth  was  the  first  town  laid  out;  but  some 
of  the  settlers,  the  next  spring,  with  others  who 
were  about  to  unite  with  them,  went  to  the  S. 
end,  and  began  the  settlement  of  Newport.  This 
was  in  1638.  Of  this  beautiful  island  Neal  says, 


"  It  is  deservedly  esteemed  the  paradise  of  New 
England  for  the  fruitfulness  of  the  soil  and  the 
temperateness  of  the  climate.  Though  it  is  not 
above  60  miles  S.  of  Boston,  it  is  a  coat  warmer 
in  winter  ;  and,  being  surrounded  by  the  ocean,  is 
not  so  much  affected  in  summer  with  the  hot  land 
breezes  as  the  towns  on  the  continent." 

The  harbor  is  considered  one  of  the  best  on  the 
coast  of  America,  and  is  admirably  defended  by 
Forts  Wolcott,  Green,  and  Adams.  The  latter, 
on  Brenton's  Point,  is  a  fortification  of  great 
strength  and  costliness,  not  yet  entirely  complet- 
ed. The  town  is  built  upon  a  gentle  declivity, 
fronting  the  harbor,  and  looking  towards  the  S.W., 
which  presents  it  handsomely  to  view  as  it  is 
approached  upon  the  water.  The  principal  street 
is  over  a  mile  in  length.  There  is  a  public  square, 
called  Washington  Square,  on  which  the  state 
house  stands.  The  buildings  generally  are  neat, 
and  some  of  them  very  handsome.  The  first  build- 
ings were  erected  around  a  spring,  where  the  foun- 
tain now  is,  in  the  rear  of  the  state  house.  The 
stone  house  is  still  standing  on  the  E.  side  of 
Spring  Street,  which  was  built  by  Henry  Bull,  one 
of  the  original  purchasers,  and  one  of  the  early 
governors  of  the  colony,  who  died  in  1693.  This 
house  was  one  of  the  fi'rst  built  in  Newport.  The 
marks  of  antiquity  which  some  of  the  buildings 
bear,  with  the  excellent  state  of  preservation  in 
which  they  appear,  give  them  a  grace  and  dignity 
not  often  found  in  those  of  more  modern  construc- 
tion. Within  a  few  years,  however,  the  town  has 
undergone  great  changes;  many  new  buildings 
have  been  erected  —  churches,  cotton  factories,  ho- 
tels, and  dwelling  houses ;  old  houses  have  been  re- 
paired and  painted  ;  new  streets  have  been  opened, 
and  old  ones  put  in  order  ;  wealthy  persons  from 
other  cities  have  purchased  situations,  and  built 
tasteful  dwellings  for  summer  residence;  and 
the  place  has  been  greatly  improved  in  its  ap- 
pearance. 

Among  the  public  buildings,  the  State  House  is 
a  handsome  brick  edifice,  two  stories  high,  above 
a  basement  story  of  stone.  Over  the  centre  is  a 
handsome  octagonal  cupola.  In  this  building, 
besides  the  halls  and  offices  for  the  legislature, 
are  the  rooms  for  the  different  courts  of  the 
county,  the  state,  and  the  United  States.  In  the 
senate  chamber  is  a  fine  picture  of  Washington, 
painted  by  Stuart  for  the  town. 

The  building  of  the  Redwood  Library  and 
Athenaeum,  on  East  Truro  Street,  erected  in  1750, 
is  a  handsome  specimen  of  architecture,  suited  to 
its  design.  It  consists  of  a  centre  building,  with 
two  small  wings.  The  centre  building  is  orna- 
mented in  front  with  a  portico  of  four  Doric 
columns,  1 7  feet  in  height.  It  appears,  from  a 
historical  sketch  of  this  institution,  that  it  origi- 
nated in  a  literary  and  philosophical  society,  which 
was  established  in  Newport  in  1730,  and  which 
the  celebrated  Bishop  Berkeley,  who  resided  in 
Rhode  Island  from  January,  1729,  to  September, 
1731,  encouraged  in  its  formation,  "often  partici- 
pating in  its  discussions,  and,  by  the  charm  of  his 
conversation,  giving  a  delightful  interest  to  its 
meetings."  The  library  contains  about  4000 
volumes.  A  number  of  valuable  pictures  and 
busts  adorn  the  room. 

The  Market  House,  or  Granary,  as  it  is  called, 
because  originally  intended  to  serve  the  purpose 
of  a  granary  as  well  as  of  a  market,  built  in  1762, 
is  a  very  neat  and  tasteful  building,  three  stories 
high,  built  in  strict  conformity  to  the  rules  of  tho 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


483 


Ionic  order.  Its  location,  however,  on  Thames 
Street,  near  the  Long  Wharf,  is  not  favorable  to 
its  full  appreciation  as  a  building. 

The  Custom  House  is  also  on  Thames  Street, 
is  a  large  brick  building,  with  wings  projecting 
in  front  and  in  the  rear,  and  is  open  to  the  harbor. 
The  Masonic  Hall,  on  School  Street,  and  the 
Amory  Hall,  on  Clarke  Street,  are  handsome 
edifices. 

There  are  numerous  religious  denominations 
in  Newport.  The  first  regularly-organized  Bap- 
tist church  in  this  country  was  gathered  here  about 
1641.  Their  first  meeting-house  was  at  Green 
End,  now  in  Middletown.  Subsequently  they 
occupied  the  lot  in  Tanner  Street,  now  used  as  a 
burial-place  for  the  pastors  of  the  church.  Their 
first  pastor,  Dr.  John  Clark,  was  buried  here. 
Their  present  house  of  worship,  on  Spring  Street, 
is  a  neat  and  commodious  edifice.  The  Baptists 
have  likewise  two  or  three  other  churches. 

There  were  formerly  two  Calvinistic  Congre- 
gational churches,  of  which  some  of  the  most 
learned  and  eminent  of  the  New  England  divines 
have  been  the  pastors.  Among  them  were  Dr. 
Styles,  afterwards  president  of  Yale  College,  and 
Dr.  Hopkins,  author  of  a  System  of  Divinity.  A 
few  years  ago,  these  churches  were  united  in 
one. 

There  are  also  Unitarian  Congregationalists, 
Episcopalians,  Freewill  Baptists.  Sabbatarians, 
or  Seventh-day  Baptists,  Methodists.  Quakers, 
Moravians,  and  Roman  Catholics.  The  present 
Quaker  meeting  house  was  built  in  1 700 ;  at  which 
date  it  is  stated  that  one  half  the  population  were 
Quakers.  Edmundson,  in  his  Journal  of  Reli- 
gious Visits,  says  that  the  dispute  between  Roger 
Williams  and  some  of  the  ministers  of  that  de- 
nomination, in  1672,was  held  in  the  Friends'  meet- 
ing house ;  Mr.  Williams  having  come  from  Prov- 
idence in  his  log  canoe  for  that  purpose. 

There  was  formerly  a  considerable  body  of 
Jews  in  Newport.  Those  who  first  came  were  of 
Dutch  extract,  from  Curaqoa.  The  deed  of  their 
burial-place  is  dated  February  28, 1677.  But  those 
of  that  nation  who  were  subsequently  among  the 
most  enterprising  of  the  Newport  merchants 
were  from  Spain  and  Portugal,  about  75  years 
later.  These  last  built  the  synagogue,  now 
standing  just  E.  of  Spring  Street,  which  was 
once  thronged  with  worshippers.  Dr.  Water- 
house  says,  "  Newport  was  the  only  place  in  New 
England  where  the  Hebrew  language  was  pub- 
licly read  and  chanted  by  more  than  300  of  the 
descendants  of  Abraham."  There  are  no  Jews 
now  remaining  in  Newport ;  but  their  synagogue 
and  burial-place  remain,  and  are  handsomely  en- 
closed with  iron  fence ;  the  former  from  the  avails 
of  a  fund  of  $10,000,  bequeathed  to  the  town 
council  by  Mr.  Abraham  Touro,  of  Boston,  son  of 
their  former  priest,  to  keep  it,  with  the  burial- 
ground  and  the  avenue  leading  to  it,  in  perpetual 
repair ;  and  the  latter  by  the  liberality  of  Mr. 
Judah  Touro,  of  New  Orleans,  a  brother  of  the 
first  mentioned.  These  interesting  relics  are  thus 
preserved  from  profanation,  and  rendered  orna- 
mental to  the  town. 

As  a  place  of  trade  and  commerce,  previous  to 
the  American  revolution,  Newport  was  highly 
distinguished.  Having  the  advantage  of  a  safe 
and  commodious  harbor,  never  obstructed  with 
ice,  easy  of  ingress  and  egress  with  all  winds, 
the  people  early  turned  their  attention  to  navi- 
gation. "  For  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  from 


the  arrival  of  the  first  emigrants,"  observes 
Benjamin  B.  Howland,  Esq.,  an  intelligent  citizen, 
to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  many  of  the  facts 
for  this  article,  "  Newport  and  Boston  were  the 
chief  cities  of  New  England ;  and  their  commerce 
rendered  each  of  them  superior  to  New  York. 
Several  of  the  first  settlers  on  the  island  were 
possessed  of  great  wealth  ;  some  of  them  were 
from  the  commercial  cities  of  Europe,  and  others 
from  Massachusetts.  Many  who  came  here  to 
reside  were  learned  and  refined,  and  the  society 
of  the  place  was  literary  and  polite,  giving  tone 
to  that  of  the  surrounding  country,  who  looked  to 
Newport  for  their  fashions  and  manners.  Pre- 
vious to  the  revolution,  the  prosperity  of  the 
town  was  almost  unequalled  in  the  history  of 
the  world.  '  Her  streets  were  thronged  with  the 
intelligent  and  enterprising  of  distant  lands,  and 
the  canvas  of  different  nations  whitened  her 
capacious  and  delightful  harbor. ' " 

Unfortunately,  some  of  the  capitalists  of  New- 
port entered  into  the  African  slave  trade,  which, 
strange  and  humiliating  as  it  now  appears,  was 
then  prosecuted  and  considered  reputable  by  the 
mother  country,  and  by  other  European  na- 
tions, f 

At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  the 
population  of  Newport  had  increased  to  nearly 
10.000.  But  with  that  momentous  struggle  came 
a  day  of  sad  disaster  to  this  beautiful  town.  The 
first  act  of  popular  resistance  to  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  British  government  was  in  the  de- 
struction of  his  Britannic  majesty's  sloop  Liber- 
ty, in  1769,  stationed  in  the  harbor  of  Newport 
to  enforce  the  revenue  laws,  which  was  followed, 
a  few  years  later,  by  the  ejectment  from  its  wa- 
ters of  the  squadron  sent  here  under  the  com- 
mand of  Wallace,  to  watch  over  the  British  in- 
terests. But  in  December,  1776,  the  British 
army  commanded  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton  landed 
at  Coddington  Cove,  and  obtained  possession  of 
the  town,  which  they  held  during  the  war.  Ow- 
ing to  the  interruption  of  its  prosperity  thus  pro- 
duced, connected  with  other  changes  consequent 
upon  the  commencement  of  a  new  era  in  the 
commercial  relations  of  the  country,  and  espe- 
cially the  impulse  given  to  the  growth  of  other 
cities,  Newport  has  never  recovered  the  rank 
which  it  held  before  as  a  mart  of  trade.  The 
population  fell  off  during  the  war  to  5500.  The 
business,  which  had  somewhat  revived  during 
the  wars  in  Europe,  was  again  almost  extin- 
guished by  the  long  embargo  preceding  our  war 
with  England  in  1812. 

Since  the  application  of  steam  to  machinery, 
a  number  of  large  cotton  and  woollen  manufac- 
tories have  been  established  here,  and  considera- 
ble activity  has  been  given  to  business  in  this 
new  channel.  The  domestic  fishery  is  an  impor- 
tant resource  to  Newport,  quite  beyond  the  reach 
of  political  fluctuations.  About  sixty  different 
kinds,  comprising  almost  every  species  of  fin  and 
shell  fish  regarded  as  luxuries  for  the  table,  are 
taken  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  the  waters  of 
the  Narraganset. 

Progress  is  making  in  an  enterprise  to  con- 
nect this  place  with  Fall  River,  Bristol,  and 
Providence,  by  railroad.  This,  when  completed, 
will  give  a  great  impulse  to  the  business  of  New- 
port, and  add  much  to  the  advantages  which  it 
now  enjoys  as  a  place  of  fashionable  resort.  For 
further  particulars,  see  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Neivport,  Te.,  c.  h.  Cocke  co.    On  the  S.  W. 


484 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


side  of  French  Broad  Eiver.  232  miles  E.  by  S. 
from  Nashville. 

Newport,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  Newport  is  sepa- 
rated from  Derby  by  Memphremagog  Lake,  and 
is  watered  by  a  branch  of  Missisco  River.  The 
settlement  was  begun  before  the  year  1800.  10 
miles  N.  from  Irasburg,  and  52  N.  E.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

New  Portland,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  This  town 
is  finely  watered  by  two  branches  of  Seven  Mile 
Brook.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  farming  towns 
in  the  county.  This  town  has  a  pleasant  village, 
a  number  of  saw  mills  and  other  manufactories. 
It  lies  48  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Augusta,  and 
18  N.  by  E.  from  Farmington.  Incorporated 
1808. 

New  Providence,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  Hilly  and 
mountainous  on  the  W. ;  soil  red  shale  and  clay 
loam.  13  miles  S.  W.  from  Newark,  and  56  N. 
E.  by  N.  from  Trenton. 

New  Richmond,  0.,  Ohio  township,  Clermont 
co.  In  1814  this  town  was  laid  out,  and  in  1828 
incorporated.  It  is  located  on  an  extensive  tract 
of  bottom  land,  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Ohio 
River,  just  above  the  mouth  of  Muddy  Creek. 
It  is  a  thriving  town,  and  Hie  land  around  it  is 
well  improved.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Cincinnati, 
and  106  S.  W.  from  Columbus. 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y..  Westchester  co.  This 
town  is  washed  on  the  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound. 
The  surface  is  chiefly  level ;  soil  clay  loam,  fa- 
vorable to  the  growth  of  grass.  8  miles  S.  from 
White  Plains,  and  140  S.  from  Albany. 

Newry,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  A  branch  of  Andros- 
coggin  River  waters  this  town,  and  affords  it 
good  mill  privileges.  It  lies  63  miles  W.  from 
Augusta,  and  25  N.  W.  from  Paris.  Incorpo- 
rated 1805. 

New  Salem,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  is 
elevated,  and  some  parts  of  it  are  mountainous ; 
but  the  surface  and  soil  are  generally  well  adapt- 
ed to  agricultural  purposes,  particularly  for 
grazing.  It  is  well  watered  by  Miller's  River' on 
the  N.,  and  a  fine  mill  stream,  the  head  waters 
of  Swift  River,  rises  in  a  pond  in  the  town,  and 
passes  through  it.  The  town  comprises  two 
handsome  villages,  and  some  pleasant  ponds. 
17  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Greenfield,  and  70  W.  by 
N.  from  Boston. 

New  Scotland,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  Coeyman's 
Creek  and  a  branch  of  the  Normanskill  water 
this  town.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  chiefly  sand  and 
clay,  based  upon  slate  and  limestone.  8  miles 
W.  from  Albany. 

New  Sewickly,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  Big  Beaver 
River  has  falls  in  this  town,  which  afford  exten- 
sive water  power.  The  surface  is  hilly;  soil 
loamy.  5  miles  E.  from  Beaver. 

New  Sharon,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  is 
watered  on  the  N.  W.  side  by  Sandy  River,  and 
is  bounded  N.  by  Industry,  E.  by  Mercer,  S.  by 
Vienna,  and  W.  by  Farmington.  The  soil  is 
admirably  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes. 

New  Shoreham,  R.  I.,  Newport  co.  This  town 
comprises  the  Island  of  Block  Island.  The  island 
lies  in  the  open  sea.  It  is  about  8  miles  in  length, 
and  varies  from  2  to  4  in  width.  It  has  several 
ponds,  which  cover  about  a  seventh  part  of  the 
island.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  uneven,  in 
some  parts  elevated ;  the  soil  is  a  sandy,  gravelly 
loam,  and  quite  productive.  The  island  was 
once  famous  for  its  cattle  and  good  dairies.  The 
people  are  mostly  fishermen ;  they  have  no  har- 


bor, and  peat  is  their  only  fuel.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Manisses. 

Newstead,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  Elli- 
cott's  and  some  branches  of  Tonawanda  Creek. 
Surface  slightly  uneven ;  soil  calcareous  and 
gravelly  loam.  20  miles  N.  E.  from  Buffalo,  and 
264  W.  from  Albany. 

Newton,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Dale  co. 

Newton  County,  As.  In  the  N.  W.  angle  of 
the  state,  on  the  height  of  land  between  the 
waters  of  the  White  River  and  the  Arkansas. 

Newton  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Covington.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  Walton  co.,  S.  E.  by  Jasper  co.,  & 
and  S.  W.  by  Yellow  and  Alcopatchce  Rivers, 
separating  it  from  Butts  and  Henry  counties, 
and  N.  W.  by  De  Kalb  and  Gwinnett  counties. 

Neioton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Baker  co. 

Newton,  Is.,  c.  h.  Jasper  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
Embarrass  River.  130  miles  S.  E.  from  Spring- 
field. 

Newton,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  is  a  beauti- 
ful town,  encircled  by  Charles  River  on  the  N., 
W.,  and  S.,  and  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Brighton 
and  Brookline.  It  was  at  first  a  part  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  at  its  incorporation  it  adopted  the 
old  name  of  that  venerable  town,  which  it  has 
never  disgraced.  This  is  the  celebrated  Nonan- 
tum  of  the  Indians,  a  hallowed  spot,  where  the 
red  men  of  the  forest  first  listened  to  the  teach- 
ings of  Christianity  in  New  England,  and  where 
was  erected  for  their  use  the  first  house  of  pray- 
er. There  are  2  falls  on  Charles  River,  in  this 
town,  of  considerable  extent  and  great  value, 
called  Upper  and  Lower  Falls,  about  2  miles 
apart.  At  these  falls  are  beautiful  manufactur- 
ing villages.  The  village  at  the  Lower  Falls  is 
partly  in  Needham.  It  is  a  singular  fact,  that 
such  is  the  winding  of  the  river,  that  the  Lower 
Falls  are  farther  from  its  mouth  and  the  city 
than  the  Upper  Falls.  The  soil  is  good  and 
highly  cultivated ;  the  surface  is  varied.  In  this 
town  is  an  academy  and  a  normal  school.  No- 
nantum  Hill,  in  Newton,  commands  some  of  the 
most  delightful  scenery  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston. 
The  Newton  Theological  Institution  (Baptist)  is 
located  at  Newton  Centre  village.  The  Worces- 
ter Railroad  connects  the  various  villages  with 
Boston.  Distant  from  Newton  Corner,  7  miles  ; 
from  West  Newton,  9  miles.  Newtonville  lies 
between  the  two. 

Newton  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Decatur.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Neshoba  co.,  E.  by  Lauderdale,  S.  by 
Jasper,  and  W.  by  Scott  co.  Drained  by  the 
head  branches  of  Chickasawha,  Leaf,  and  a  trib- 
utary of  Pearl  River. 

Newton  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Neosho.  Bounded 
N.  by  Jasper  co.,  E.  by  Lawrence  and  Barry  coun- 
ties, S.  by  Arkansas,  and  W.  by  Indian  Territory. 
Drained  by  tributaries  of  Neosho  River. 

Newton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Catawba  co. 

Newton,  N.  J.,  Gloucester  co.  This  is  a  level 
town,  watered  by  Coopers  and  Newton  Creeks. 
Soil  sandy.  Situated  6  miles  N.  E.  from  Wood- 
bury. 

Newton,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Sussex  co.  Watered 
by  the  Paulinkill.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the 
centre,  but  elsewhere  hilly.  70  miles  N.  from 
Trenton. 

Newton,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  Crum  and  Darby 
Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface  of  which 
is  hilly,  and  the  soil  loamy. 

Newton,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  Big  Pond  lies 
on  the  W.  border  of  this  town,  and  its  outlet, 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


485 


Yellow  Breeches  Creek,  drains  the  surface,  which 
is  chiefly  level ;  the  soil  is  a  calcareous  loam.  16 
miles  W.  from  Carlisle. 

Newton  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Burkevule.  In 
tne  western  part  of  the  state.  . 

Newton  Falls,  (_).,  Trumbull  co.  At  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  2  branches  of  Mahoning  River.  162 
miles  N.  E.  from  Columbus.  The  rivers  here  af- 
ford a  good  water  power.  The  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio  Canal  passes  this  place. 

Newton  Lower  Falls,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  lie 
principally  on  the  E.  side  of  Charles  River.  1 1 
miles  W.  from  Boston.  See  Newton,  Ms. 

Newton  Upper  Falls,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  On 
the  E.  side  of  Charles  River.  9  miles  W.  from 
Boston.  See  Newton,  Ms. 

Newtown,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  This  town  was 
incorporated  in  1708.  It  is  watered  by  Pa- 
tatuck  River,  the  Indian  name  of  the  place.  The 
surface  of  the  town  is  hilly;  many  of  the  emi- 
nences are  extensive  and  continuous ;  the  soil  is 
principally  a  gravelly  loam,  generally  fertile  and 
productive.  It  is  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of 
grain,  and  is  also  favorable  for  fruit,  there  be- 
ing many  valuable  orchards  in  the  town.  The 
borough  of  Newtown  is  beautifully  situated  on 
high  ground. 

The  flourishing  village  of  Sandy  Hook  is  situ- 
ated about  l£  miles  N.  E.  of  the  central  part  of 
Newtown,  at  the  foot  of  a  rocky  eminence  or 
bluff,  from  the  top  of  which  is  a  fine  prospect  of 
the  surrounding  country.  A  fine  mill  stream 
(the  Patatuck)  runs  in  a  northerly  course  through 
the  village,  at  the  base  of  the  cliff,  which  rises 
almost  perpendicular  to  the  height  of  160  feet. 
Near  a  cotton  factory,  at  the  northern  extremity 
of  the  village,  some  traces  of  coal  have  been  dis- 
covered. 25  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  New  Haven. 

Newtown,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  Country 
Pond  lies  in  Newtown  and  Kingston,  and  2  other 
small  ponds  connect,  by  outlets,  with  its  waters. 
The  soil  produces  good  crops  of  grain  or  grass. 
First  settler,  in  1720,  Joseph  Bartlett.  40  miles 
S.  E.  from  Concord,  and  27  S.  W.  from  Ports- 
mouth, by  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad. 

Newtown,  N.  Y.,  Queens  co.  This  town  com- 
prises 2  or  3  islands  lying  in  the  East  River, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  and  is  watered  on  the 
W.  by  Newtown  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversi- 
fied; soil  clay  loam  and  sand,  well  adapted  to 
fruit.  12  miles  W.  from  Hempstead,  and  153  S. 
from  Albany. 

Newtown,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Newtown,  a  branch 
of  Neshaminy  Creek,  waters  this  town,  and 
affords  hydraulic  power.  Surface  level;  soil 
rich  clay  loam.  118  miles  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

New  Utrecht,  N.  Y.,  Kings  co.  On  the  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Long  Island,  separated  from  Staten 
Island  by  the  "  Narrows."  6  miles  S.  from 
Brooklyn  and  152  from  Albany. 

New  Vineyard,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  40  miles  N. 
W.  from  Augusta. 

New  Windsor,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  Drained  by 
Murderer's  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Hudson,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  E.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
uneven,  but  the  soil  mostly  arable  and  fertile. 
3  miles  S.  from  Newburg,  and  89  from  Albany. 

New  York,  city  and  county.  Principal  city  of  the 
state  of  New  York.  In  population,  wealth,  and 
commerce,  New  York  is  the  principal  city  in 
the  United  States.  It  is  situated  on  Manhattan 
Island,  at  the  confluence  of  North  River  with  the 
strait  called  East  River,  which  connects  Long  Isl- 


and Sound  with  the  harbor  of  New  York.  It  is  dis- 
tant 145  miles  S.  from  Albany,  the  capital  of  the 
state.  The  population,  in  1790,  was  33,131 ;  in 
1800,  60,489;  in  1810,  96,373;  in  1820,  123,706; 
in  1830,  202,589  ;  in  1840,  312,710 ;  in  1850, 
515,394. 

Manhattan  Island,  the  whole  of  which  is  em- 
braced in  the  chartered  limits  of  the  city,  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Haerlem  River,  a  small 
strait,  which  passes  from  the  East  River  to  the 
Hudson,  navigable  for  small  vessels  ;  on  the  E, 
by  East  River,  or  strait,  which  separates  it  from 
Long  Island ;  on  the  S.  by  the  harbor ;  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  North  River,  which  separates  it 
from  New  Jersey.  Its  length,  from  the  Battery, 
at  the  southern  point,  to  Kingsbridge,  the  most 
northern  limit,  is  thirteen  and  one  third  miles  :  its 
average  breadth  is  one  mile  and  three  fifths.  Its 
widest  part  is  on  the  line  of  Eighty-Eighth  Street, 
where  the  distance  from  river  to  river  is  about  two 
miles  and  one  third.  The  whole  contents  of  the 
island  is  about  22  square  miles,  or  14,000  acres. 

The  natural  surface  of  the  island  was  uneven, 
as  is  still  the  case  in  the  northern  part,  with  oc- 
casionally low  valleys  and  marshes.  But  as  far 
as  the  building  of  the  city  has  extended,  the  hills 
have  been  graded  and  the  low  places  filled  up. 
As  early  as  1804,  this  necessity  was  anticipated 
by  the  legislature,  and  a  plan  was  established  by 
law  for  locating  the  streets,  cutting  down  the 
hills,  and  filling  up  the  valleys  to  a  regular  and 
uniform  grade  for  a  distance  of  8  miles  in 
extent.  The  highest  elevation  of  the  ground 
above  tide  water,  in  any  part  of  the  island,  is  238 
feet.  Many  of  the  creeks  and  inlets  on  the  shores 
of  the  rivers  have  disappeared;  and  the  entire 
water  line  has  been  materially  changed  from  what 
it  originally  was.  In  the  S.  part  of  the  city,  a 
large  part  of  Water,  Front,  and  South  Streets, 
on  the  East  River,  and  of  Greenwich,  Washing- 
ton, and  West  Streets,  on  the  North  River,  are 
built  upon  ground  which  has  been  made  by  en- 
croaching upon  those  rivers.  The  portion  of  city 
which  is  compactly  built  covers  the  whole 
southern  part  of  the  island  for  a  distance  of 
about  4  miles  from  the  Battery,  each  way,  upon 
the  rivers,  and  is  continually  extending  its  lim- 
its to  the  N. ;  while  nearly  the  whole  of  that 
part  of  the  island  has  been  surveyed  and  laid  out 
into  streets,  upon  a  regular  and  convenient  plan, 
ready  for  occupancy  as  fast  as  any  part  of  it  may 
be  required.  The  streets  in  the  older  portions  of 
the  city  were  laid  out  in  conformity  to  the  origi- 
nal surface  of  the  ground  and  the  diverging  di- 
rection of  the  2  river  margins.  Some  of  them 
are  crooked,  narrow,  and  inc'onvenient ;  and  somo 
of  the  most  important,  which  were  formerly  so 
have  been  widened  and  straightened  at  great  ex 
pense.  Much  improvement,  in  this  respect,  was 
effected  in  the  building  up  of  that  portion  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  city,  covering  between  30  and  4C 
acres,  which  was  burned  down  by  the  great  fire  of 
the  16th  December,  1835.  Broadway,  which  is  at 
once  the  most  elegant  and  fashionable  street,  and 
the  greatest  thoroughfare  of  the  city,  traverses  ita 
length  for  2£  miles  in  a  straight  line,  from  N.  to  S. 
commencing  at  the  Battery  and  terminating  af 
Union  Square,  where  it  is  connected  with  th< 
Fourth  Avenue,  running  N.  at  only  a  slight  devia 
tion  from  the  same  line.  This  splendid  street 
which  is  80  feet  wide,occupies  the  natural  crown  of 
the  island  between  the  two  rivers.  There  are  only 
three  or  four  streets  S.  of  the  termination  o? 


486 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,    TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c. 


Broadway  at  Union  Square,  which  open  avenues 
entirely  across  the  city,  from  river  to  river,  though 
there  are  several  others  through  which  a  contin- 
uous course  may  be  pursued  for  nearly  the  whole 
distance.  Such  are  Grand,  Broome,  Houston, 
and  Fourth  Streets,  which  are  continuous  from 
the  East  River  to  that  section  of  the  city  on  the 
North  River  side  called  Greenwich.  No  city  can 
exhibit  a  more  regular  and  beautiful  plan  than 
this,  in  all  that  portion  of  it  which  has  grown 
up  since  the  survey  completed  in  1821.  This 
survey,  which  occupied  about  10  years,  under 
the  direction  of  Gouverneur  Morris,  De  Witt  Clin- 
ton, and  others,  commissioners  appointed  by  the 
legislature  for  the  purpose,  was  extended  as  far 
N.  as  One  Hundred  Fifty-Fourth  Street,  9|  miles 
from  the  Battery. 

It  is  impossible  here  to  notice  all  the  important 
streets  in  this  London  of  America.  Broadway  is 
the  great  promenade  of  the  city,  and  one  of  the 
grandest  streets  in  the  world.  It  is  elegantly 
built,  with  many  houses,  hotels,  stores,  and  church 
edifices,  which  are  costly  and  beautiful  specimens 
of  architecture.  Here  may  be  found  the  most 
extensive  and  brilliant  display  of  dry  goods  and 
fancy  articles,  at  wholesale  and  retail,  particularly 
the  latter.  The  Bowery  is  a  wide  street  E.  of 
Broadway,  running  from  Chatham  Square  N., 
connecting  with  the  Third  and  Fourth  Avenues, 
and  forming  the  principal  entrance  into  the  heart 
of  the  city  from  Haerlem,  on  the  N.  E.  The 
Haerlem  Railroad  is  laid  on  the  Fourth  Avenue 
and  the  Bowery;  and  the  Third  Avenue  is  a 
McAdamized  road  to  Haerlem.  Chatham  Street, 
connecting  the  Bowery  through  Chatham  Square 
with  Broadway  at  the  Park,  and  which,  in  early 
days,  while  the  Park  was  a  pasture  for  cattle,  and 
Broadway  extended  no  farther  N.,  was  laid  out 
and  designated  as  the  "  High  Road  to  Boston," 
is  a  great  and  crowded  thoroughfare,  distin- 
guished for  its  numerous  clothing  stores.  East 
Broadway,  running  from  Chatham  Square  paral- 
lel to  the  East  River,  and  Henry,  Madison,  and 
Munroe  Streets,  between  this  and  the  river,  are 
broad  and  straight  streets,  handsomely  built. 
Pearl  Street,  between  Broadway  and  East  River, 
is  in  a  crescent  form,  over  a  mile  in  length,  and 
is  the  principal  seat  of  the  wholesale  dry  goods 
and  hardware  business,  which  also  extends  into 
Cedar,  Pine,  and  other  adjacent  streets.  South 
Street,  running  along  the  margin  of  East  River, 
contains  the  warehouses  and  offices  of  the  princi- 
pal shipping  merchants.  In  front  of  it  are  clocks 
and  slips,  and  a  dense  forest  of  masts.  Wall 
Street  extends  from  Broadway  to  the  East  River, 
and  is  occupied  with  banks,  'brokers',  insurance 
and  newspaper  offices.  The  Custom  House  and 
the  Merchants'  Exchange  are  here.  This  street  is 
the  centre  of  the  heaviest  money  operations  in 
the  United  States.  Greenwich  Street,  W.  of 
Broadway,  is  a  long,  wide,  and  nearly  straight 
street,  extending  from  the  Battery,  parallel  to  the 
Hudson  River,  nearly  24  miles.  Hudson  Street 
running  parallel  to  this,  from  Chamber  Street 
to  the  Ninth  Avenue,  is  wide,  straight,  and 
well  built  in  many  of  its  parts.  It  is  over  1| 
miles  in  length.  Canal  Street,  half  a  mile  N.  of 
the  City  Hall,  is  a  wide  street,  commencing  at 
Centre  Street,  crossing  Broadway,  and  extend- 
ing to  the  North  River,  and  is  the  seat  of  an 
extensive  retail  business.  There  is  a  large  cov- 
ered canal  under  this  street.  This  was  the  north- 
ern terminus  of  Broadway  in  1800,  and  far 


beyond  the  thickly-settled  part  of  the  city.  It  is 
now  much  below  the  centre  of  population.  Grand, 
Broome,  and  Houston  Streets  are  extensive  and 
important  streets  above  Canal  Street.  Bleeker, 
Bond,  and  numerous  other  streets,  in  the  N.  part 
of  the  city,  are  beautifully  built,  and  fashionable 
places  of  residence.  The  avenues,  so  called,  are 
16  in  number,  extending,  as  they  are  laid  out, 
from  the  upper  parts  of  the  city,  N.,  to  Haerlem 
River.  They  are  generally  100  feet  wide,  but 
are  not  all  graded.  They  are  crossed,  above 
Twelfth  Street,  by  streets  running  from  river  to 
river.  The  streets  in  this  direction  are  numbered 
First,  Second,  Third,  &c.,  commencing  with  the 
first  street  N.  of  Houston  Street. 

New  York,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city,  is 
rather  deficient  in  public  grounds ;  yet  there  are 
several  of  importance.  The  Battery,  at  the  south- 
eastern point  of  the  island,  from  which  Broadway 
begins,  is  the  most  beautiful  of  these  grounds, 
and  the  most  serviceable  to  the  citizens  and  to 
strangers,  as  a  healthful  and  delightful  prom- 
enade. It  contains  about  11  acres,  beautifully 
laid  out  with  grass  plats,  and  gravelled  walks, 
shaded  with  ornamental  trees.  From  this  ground 
there  is  a  fine  view  of  the  bay,  with  its  shipping, 
and  of  the  adjacent  shores,  cities,  and  villages  of 
New  Jersey,  Long  Island,  and  Staten  Island. 
This  is  considered,  by  many,  the  most  delightful 
promenade  in  the  United  States. 

Castle  Garden  is  built  on  a  mole,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  Battery  by  a  bridge.  It  was  ori- 
ginally erected  as  a  fortification.  It  is  used 
occasionally  for  public  meetings,  and  10.000 
people  can  be  accommodated  within  its  walls,  as 
in  a  great  amphitheatre.  —  The  Bowling  Green,  at 
the  lower  end  of  Broadway,  is  a  small  elliptical 
area,  220  feet  long  by  140  broad,  enclosed  by  an 
iron  fence.  Before  the  revolution  it  contained  a 
leaden  statue  of  George  IV.,  which,  during  the 
war,  was  converted  into  bullets.  —  The  Park  is  a 
triangular  area,  including  10£  acres,  between 
Broadway,  Chatham,  and  Chamber  Streets.  It 
contains  the  City  Hall,  and  two  or  three  other 
splendid  public  buildings.  It  is  laid  out  in  walks, 
convenient  to  be  used  as  crossings,  and  set  with 
trees.  A  beautiful  fountain,  supplied  from  the 
Croton  waterworks,  here  sends  up  a  single  jet- 
tfeau  between  60  and  70  feet. —  St.  John's  Park, 
comprising  the  entire  square  between  Beach, 
Laight,  Varrick,  and  Hudson  Streets,  is  private 
property,  belonging  to  Trinity  Church,  but  re- 
served as  a  permanent  open  ground  to  the  dwell- 
ers on  its  margin.  It  is  enclosed  with  a  costly 
iron  fence,  is  beautifully  laid  out,  and  has  a 
fountain  in  the  centre.  The  trees  in  this  park 
are  of  considerable  age  and  size:  —  Washington 
Square,  l£  miles  N.  of  the  City  Hall,  contains  a 
little  over  9  acres.  A  part  of  this  square  was 
formerly  the  Potter's  Field.  —  Union  Square  is  an 
elliptical  opening  at  the  upper  terminus  of  Broad- 
way, ornamented  with  a  fountain. —  Grammercy 
Park,  near  Union  Square,  and  Tompkins  Square, 
in  the  N.  E.  part,  and  the  largest  in  the  city,  are 
handsomely  laid  out,  and  shaded  with  trees. 
There  are  other  squares,  further  N.,  laid  out  for 
public  grounds,  but  not  yet  regulated. 

There  are  in  the  city  of  New  York  some  of  the 
most  costly  and  superb  public  buildings  in  the 
country.  Among  these  the  City  Hall,  from  its 
beautiful  location  in  the  Park,  where  all  its  fine 
proportions  stand  in  open  view,  will  be  one  of  the 
first  to  attract  the  notice  of  the  stranger.  This 


IN  THE    UNITED   STATES. 


487 


magnificent  building  was  commenced  in  1803, 
and  completed  in  1812,  at  a  cost  to  the  city  of 
$538,7.34.  It  is  216  feet  long,  105  feet  wide,  and 
2  stories  high,  above  the  basement,  with  a  third  or 
attic  story  to  the  centre  building.  Including  the 
attic  story,  it  is  65  feet  in  height.  Over  the  cen- 
tre of  the  edifice  there  rises  a  lofty  cupola,  upon 
which  stands  a  colossal  statue  of  Justice.  The 
entire  structure,  which  consists  of  a  centre  build- 
ing and  two  wings,  covers  29,896  square  feet  of 
ground.  The  walls  of  the  front  and  ends  are  of 
white  marble,  and  that  of  the  rear  of  the  Nyack 
brown  freestone.  The  front  is  ornamented  with 
columns  and  pilasters,  in  ranges  rising  one  above 
another,  of  the  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  composite 
orders.  A  flight  of  12  marble  steps,  extending 
the  whole  length  of  the  central  building,  leads  to 
the  hall  of  entrance.  In  the  centre  of  this  hall  is 
a  double  staircase,  with  marble  steps,  ascending 
to  a  circular  gallery  connecting  with  the  halls 
and  passages  of  the  second  story.  The  staircase 
is  lighted  from  a  dome  above,  to  which,  for  its 
support,  10  marble  columns,  of  the  Corinthian  or- 
der, ascend  from  the  marble  floor  of  the  circular 
gallery.  The  City  Hall  contains  all  the  rooms  and 
offices  requisite  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
courts,  the  mayor  and  aldermen,  and  common 
council,  and  other  municipal  functionaries.  There 
is  a  splendid  room,  called  the  Governor's  Room, 
appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  governor  of  the 
state  whenever  he  visits  the  city.  This  room  is 
52  feet  in  length,  and  20  feet  in  width ;  and  its 
walls  are  hung  with  the  portraits  of  the  govern- 
ors of  the  state,  including  some  of  the  old  Dutch 
governors,  the  mayors  of  the  city,  and  a  number 
of  the  military  and  naval  heroes  of  the  country. 
The  chamber  of  the  common  council  contains 
several  fine,  full-length  portraits  of  distinguished 
personages,  belonging  to  the  period  of  the  revo- 
lution, painted  by  Trumbull.  That  of  Washing- 
ton, taken  when  he  was  in  the  prime  of  life,  is 
thought  by  many  to  be  the  best  likeness  in  exist- 
ence. The  chair  occupied  by  the  president  of 
the  common  council,  under  a  canopy  at  the  head 
of  the  room,  is  the  identical  chair  occupied  by 
Washington  when  he  presided  over  the  first 
American  Congress,  assembled  in  New  York. 

East  of  the  City  Hall,  and  also  included  in  the 
Park,  is  the  Hall  of  Records,  erected  for  the 
purpose  of  receiving  and  keeping  in  security  all 
records  and  public  documents  of  the  city.  It  is 
a  large  and  handsome  building,  decorated  with  a 
lofty  Ionic  portico  on  each  front.  In  the  rear  of 
these  buildings  is  one  formerly  occupied  as  an 
almshouse,  but  now  fitted  up  to  contain  city  of- 
fices. Here  are  the  Marine  Court  room,  and  the 
rooms  of  the  American  Institute. 

The  Merchants1  Exchange,  in  Wall  Street,  is 
probably  the  largest,  the  most  costly,  and  in  some 
respects'  the  most  beautiful  of  the  public  buildings 
of  New  York.  It  covers  the  entire  block  bounded 
by  Wall  Street,  William  Street,  Hanover  Street. 
and  Exchange  Place,  and  has  a  front  upon  Wall 
Street  of  198  feet.  Its  other  dimensions  are  196 
feet  on  Exchange  Place,  171  feet  on  William 
Street,  and  144  feet  on  Hanover  Street.  Its  height 
from  the  foundation  wall  to  the  top  of  the  cornice 
is  77  feet,  and  to  the  top  of  the  dome  124  feet. 
It  stands  partly  on  the  site  of  the  old  Merchants' 
Exchange,  which  was  burned  in  the  great  fire  on 
December,  1835.  From  its  confined  situation,  if 
the  heart  of  the  most  crowded  portion  of  the  city,  its 
immense  proportions  do  not  produce  their  proper 


architectural  effect,  as  a  whole,  like  those  of  the 
City  Hall,  which  has  an  ample  space  around  it. 
The  front,  however,  on  Wall  Street,  has  a  most 
imposing  and  beautiful  effect.  It  is  constructed 
of  a  dark-blue  Quincy  granite,  and  has  a  splendid 
colonnade,  of  the  full  length  and  height  of  the 
building,  with  a  recess  in  the  centre,  in  which  the 
ranges  are  repeated,  making  in  the  whole  18  of 
these  massive  columns,  38  feet  high,  and  4  feet 
4  inches  in  diameter,  each  formed  from  a  solid 
block  of  granite,  and  weighing  43  tons.  They 
are  of  the  Grecian  Doric  order,  finely  wrought 
and  fluted.  It  is  stated  that  these  columns,  with 
but  one  exception,  that  of  a  church  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, are  the  largest  in  the  world.  Their  cost, 
delivered  in  New  York,  was  $3000  each.  The 
Exchange  Room,  or  Rotunda,  in  the  centre  of  the 
building,  is  the  most  magnificent  of  its  apart- 
ments. It  encloses  an  area  of  7000  square  feet, 
and  is  calculated  to  accommodate  3000  persons. 
The  height  of  the  room,  to  the  springing  of  the 
dome,  is  51  feet,  above  which  the  dome  ascends  30 
feet,  terminating  in  a  skylight  37  feet  in  diameter. 
8  Corinthian  columns,  of  polished  Italian  marble, 
support  the  dome  within  ;  behind  which  there  are 
recesses,  enlarging  materially  the  area  of  the 
room.  Upon  the  floor  of  this  magnificent  hall 
the  merchants  of  New  York  meet  daily  during 
the  hours  of  change.  On  the  roof  is  a  marine 
telegraph,  communicating  with  a  station  on  Sta- 
ten  Island,  and  sending  down  an  hourly  report  to 
the  news  room  of  the  movements  of  the  shipping 
inward  or  outward  bound.  Admonished  by  the 
destruction  of  the  former  Exchange,  the  company 
have  made  the  present  building  absolutely  in- 
combustible ;  have  used  no  wood  in  its  construc- 
tion, excepting  for  the  doors  and  window  frames. 
The  whole,  including  the  dome,  is  of  solid  ma- 
sonry. The  Merchants'  Exchange  Company  was 
incorporated  in  1823,  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000. 
The  entire  cost  of  the  new  Exchange,  includ- 
ing the  ground,  is  stated,  in  round  numbers,  at 
$1,800,000. 

The  Custom  House,  in  New  York,  is  one  of  the 
most  perfect  buildings  of  its  size  in  the  world.  It 
is  finely  located  on  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Nas- 
sau Streets,  affording  a  view  of  its  entire  perspec- 
tive, when  seen  from  opposite  its  south-western 
angle.  The  building  is  modelled  after  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens,  with  the  omission  of  the  col- 
umns on  the  sides.  It  is  200  feet  long  by  90  feet 
wide,  and  about  80  feet  high  from  the  bottom  of 
the  foundation  wall  to  the  top.  The  front  por- 
tico, on  Wall  Street,  has  8  fluted  columns  of  the 
Grecian  Doric  order,  5  feet  8  inches  in  diameter, 
and  32  feet  high,  supporting  a  full  entablature  and 
pediment  above.  The  ascent  to  this  portico  from 
the  street  is  by  18  granite  steps,  which  is  the  ele- 
vation of  the  basement  on  this  end.  The  ground 
gradually  rising  as  it  recedes  on  Nassau  Street, 
leaves  but  3  or  4  steps  for  the  ascent  to  the  portico 
on  the  opposite  end.  This  portico  is  similar  to  that 
on  the  front  on  Wall  Street.  On  each  of  the  sides 
are  13  pilasters,  which  are  in  keeping  with  the  col- 
umns on  the  two  fronts.  The  building  is  two 
lofty  stories  high  above  the  basement.  The  en- 
tire exterior,  including  the  roof,  is  constructed  of 
white  marble,  excepting  the  steps,  which,  for  great- 
er durability,  are  of  light-colored  granite.  Some 
of  the  largest  blocks  of  marble  used  weigh  no  less 
than  33  tons.  The  marble  slabs  for  the  roof 
weigh  from  300  to  400  pounds,  and  are  matched 
with  an  under  and  upper  lip  of  8  inches,  making 


488 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


it  perfectly  water  tight.  There  is  no  wood  in  any 
part  of  the  building;  and  there  is  not  perhaps 
another  structure  in  the  world  so  entirely  proof 
against  fire. 

In  the  centre  of  the  building  is  the  great  Ko- 
tunda,  or  large  circular  room  used  as  the  collect- 
or's office.  This  splendid  room  has  a  diameter 
of  60  feet  in  the  clear,  and  80  feet  in  the  recesses. 
16  beautiful  Corinthian  columns,  30  feet  high, 
support  the  dome  above  it,  which  is  richly  orna- 
mented with  stucco,  and  crowned  at  the  top  with 
a  skylight.  There  are  many  other  large  and  ele- 
gant apartments  suited  to  the  purposes  of  the 
building. '  The  architect  of  this  splendid  edifice 
was  Mr.  John  Frazee.  It  was  commenced  in  May, 
1834,  and  finished  in  May,  1841.  The  cost,  in- 
cluding the  ground,  was  $1,175,000  ;  that  of  the 
building  alone,  $950,000. 

The  ground  on  which  the  Custom  House  stands 
was  formerly  the  site  of  the  old  City  Hall,  or  Fed- 
eral Hall,  as  it  was  called ;  in  which  the  Amer- 
ican Congress  held  their  sessions  in  New  York, 
and  in  the  balcony  of  which,  looking  down  upon 
Wall  Street,  Washington,  on  the  13th  of  April, 
1789,  was  inaugurated  first  president  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  in  the  presence  of  assembled  thou- 
sands of  the  joyful  people,  shouting  at  the  close, 
with  one  voice, "  Long  live  George  Washington ! " 

The  Hall  of  Justice,  which,  with  its  enclosure, 
including  the  House  of  Detention,  occupies  the 
entire  space  between  Centre,  Elm,  Leonard,  and 
Franklin  Streets,  253  feet  long  by  200  feet  wide. 
is  an  elaborate  ancl  beautiful  specimen  of  the 
Egyptian  style  of  architecture.  It  is  constructed 
of  a  light-colored  granite  from  Hallowell,  Me. 
The  main  building,  which  fronts  on  Centre  Street, 
has  a  dystile  portico  of  four  massive  Egyptian 
columns.  From  this  there  is  an  ascent  by  12 
steps,  between  two  other  columns,  to  an  area  50 
feet  square,  having  the  ceiling  above  supported  by 
8  more  of  these  massive  pillars.  From  this  area 
the  various  apartments  of  the  building  are  entered. 
The  Court  of  Sessions  occupies  a  hall,  with  a  gal- 
lery extending  back  from  the  main  building,  the 
roof  of  which  is  also  supported  by  lofty  Egyptian 
columns.  The  house  of  detention,  towards  the 
rear  of  the  enclosure,  is  142  long  and  45  feet 
wide,  containing  148  cells  for  prisoners.  This 
building,  from  the  style  of  architecture  adopted 
and  the  associations  connected  with  it,  has  obtained 
the  name  of  the  Egyptian  Tombs ;  or,  in  com- 
mon parlance,  the  Tombs.  Though  a  handsome 
structure  of  its  kind,  it  has  a  heavy  and  gloomy 
aspect.  Its  massive  Theban  columns,  with  their 
gigantic  palm-leaved  capitals,  and  its  cornices,  or- 
namented with  winged  globes  and  serpents,  give 
a  singular  and  funereal  effect  to  this  sombre  pile. 
This  edifice  was  completed  in  1838. 

The  City  Penitentiary,  on  Blackwell's  Island, 
about  5  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  a  stone  build- 
ing of  simple  architecture,  but  of  very  imposing 
effect  from  its  large  dimensions  and  its  compara- 
tively insulated  position.  The  main  or  centre  build- 
ing is  4  stories  high,  surmounted  by  a  square 
tewer ;  and  the  wings,  also  4  stories  high,  but 
somewhat  less  elevated,  extend  on  either  side  200 
feet ;  presenting,  in  the  whole,  a  line  of  nearly  500 
feet  in  extent.  It  is  seen  to  fine  advantage,  upon 
both  sides,  from  the  decks  of  the  numerous  steam- 
boats passing  to  and  from  Long  Island  Sound. 

Towards  the  eastern  end  of  this  island,  which 
it  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  stand  the 
buildings  of  the  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum, 


which  are  constructed  of  a  dark-colored  stone,  in 
a  beautiful  style  of  architecture,  upon  the  plan  of 
4  radii  from  a  large  central  edifice.  The  number 
of  patients  in  this  asylum,  in  1850,  was  about  500. 

There  is  also  on  Blackwell's  Island  a  work- 
house, for  the  employment  of  the  able-bodied  in- 
mates of  the  almshouse,  comprising  an  extensive 
and  beautiful  group  of  buildings,  arranged  on  the 
plan  of  radii. 

One  of  the  most  splendid  buildings  in  the  city 
is  the  edifice  of  the  New  York  University,  which 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Washing- 
ton Square.  It  is  constructed  of  white  marble, 
in  the  Gothic  style  of  English  collegiate  archi- 
tecture, and  is  180  feet  in  length  by  100  in  width, 
composed  of  a  centre  building  with  octangular 
turrets  on  the  4  corners,  and  wings  right  and  left, 
4  stories  high,  flanked  with  square  towers  on  the 
4  corners,  which  rise  1  story  above  the  body  of 
the  building.  The  central  building,  or  chapel, 
triumphs  over  all  the  rest,  in  depth,  height,  and 
character,  and  bears  some  resemblance  to  that  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  England.  It  occu- 
pies 55  feet  of  the  breadth  of  the  building,  and 
is  85  feet  deep,  including  the  turrets.  The  two 
ends  are  gabled,  and,  with  the  sides  and  all 
the  other  parts  of  the  building,  crowned  with  an 
embattled  parapet.  The  principal  entrance  is 
through  a  deeply-recessed  and  richly-moulded  por- 
tal under  the  great  W.  window.  Through  this  win- 
dow, which  is  24  feet  wide  and  50  feet  high,  filled 
with  stained  glass,the  interior  of  the  chapel  receive* 
the  principal  portion  of  its  light.  This  chapel  ia 
truly  a  splendid  room,  in  which  the  various  details 
of  a  Gothic  interior  are  carried  out  in  great  per- 
fection and  beauty.  The  whole  building,  without 
and  within,  is  quite  a  masterpiece  among  the  spe- 
cimens of  this  kind  of  architecture  in  the  country, 

Columbia  College  is  situated  on  a  beautiful 
square  a  little  W.  from  the  park,  between  Chapel, 
Church,  and  Murray  Streets,  and  has  one  vener- 
able and  handsome  "edifice,  200  feet  long  and  50 
feet  wide,  with  wings  projecting  at  each  end,  in 
which  the  families  of  the  professors  are  accom- 
modated. For  a  more  particular  account  of  this 
college,  and  of  the  university,  see  Colleges. 

Among  the  other  literary  institutions  are  the 
New  York  Theological  Seminary,  which  has  a 
convenient  building  located  near  the  university, 
and  a  library  of  17,000  volumes;  the  General 
Theological  Seminary  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 
which  has  two  handsome  buildings  of  stone  at 
the  corner  of  Ninth  Avenue  and  Twenty-First 
Street ;  the  Rutger's  Female  Institute,  in  Madi- 
son Street,  which  has  a  fine  granite  building, 
containing  a  valuable  library  and  philosophical 
apparatus;  and  the  College*  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  whose  handsome  edifice  is  in  Crosby 
Street.  The  New  York  Society  Library,  founded 
in  1745,  is  the  oldest  literary  association  in  New 
York.  It  has  a  neat  and  substantial  edifice  on 
the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Leonard  Street, 
which  cost,  with  the  land,  $117,000.  The  library 
at  present  contains  35,000  volumes,  and,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Astor  Library,  is  the  largest  and 
most  valuable  in  the  state.  In  this  building, 
rooms  are  furnished  for  the  annual  exhibitions  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design.  This  institu- 
tion, founded  in  1826,  exhibits  annually  a  large 
collection  of  the  paintings  of  living  artists, 
which  is  always  new,  as  the  same  picture  is  not 
allowed  to  appear  a  second  time,  and  is  patron- 
ized by  a  great  number  of  visitors.  The  Histor- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


489 


ical  Society,  founded  in  1804,  which  occupies 
rooms  in  the  university,  has  a  library  of  17,000 
volumes.  It  has  published  several  volumes  of 
Historical  Collections.  This  society  contemplates 
the  erection  of  a  building  soon,  -and  has  obtained 
considerable  funds  for  that  purpose.  The  Mer- 
cantile Library  Association,  formed  in  1820,  for 
the  special  benefit  of  merchants'  clerks,  maintains 
an  attractive  and  well-furnished  reading  room, 
and  has  accumulated  a  library  of  about  32,000 
volumes.  A  building  was  erected  for  the  asso- 
ciation in  1830,  at  a  cost  of  $53,000.  The  society 
provides  for  an  able  course  of  public  lectures  in 
the  winter.  There  is  also  the  Apprentices'  Li- 
brary, in  Crosby  Street,  of  14,000  volumes,  estab- 
lished in  1820  by  a  society  of  mechanics  and 
tradesmen  founded  in  1785;  the  library  of  the 
Mechanics'  Institute,  3000  volumes ;  and  of  the 
American  Institute,  for  the  encouragement  of 
agriculture,  commerce,  manufactures,  and  the 
arts,  embracing  about  6000  volumes.  The  Amer- 
ican Institute  holds  an  annual  fair  at  Niblo's 
Garden,  which  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  ex- 
hibitions of  the  city.  The  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History  in  New  York,  established  in  1818,  has 
rooms,  containing  its  library  and  cabinet,  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  university,  on  Broad- 
way. This  cabinet  contains  extensive  collections 
in  all  the  departments  of  natural  history.  The 
society  has  done  much  for  the  promotion  of 
science  in  this  country. 

But  one  of  the  noblest  gifts  to  learning  and 
science,  and  one  of  the  most  splendid  instances 
of  public  benefaction,  for  which  not  only  the 
city  of  New  York,  but  the  whole  country,  owe  a 
debt  of  lasting  gratitude  to  the  memory  of  the  mu- 
nificent donor,  is  that  of  the  Astor  Library.  This 
library  was  endowed  by  the  bequest  of  the  late 
John  Jacob  Astor,  of  New  York,  who,  in  a  codi- 
cil to  his  last  will,  bearing  date  the  4th  of  July, 
1836,  devised  as  follows  :  "  Desiring  to  render  a 
public  benefit  to  the  city  of  New  York,  and  to 
contribute  to  the  advancement  of  useful  knowl- 
edge and  the  general  good  of  society,  I  do,  by 
this  codicil,  appropriate  four  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  out  of  my  residuary  estate,  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  public  library  in  the  city  of  New 
York."  The  will  then  directs  as  to  the  disposal 
of  the  money,  "  in  the  erection  of  a  suitable  build- 
ing ; "  "  in  furnishing  and  supplying  the  same 
from  time  to  time  with  books,  maps,  charts,  mod- 
els, drawings,  paintings,  engravings,  casts,  stat- 
ues, furniture,  and  other  things  appertaining  to  a 
library  for  general  use,  upon  the  most  ample 
scale  and  liberal  character;"  and  "in  maintain- 
ing and  upholding  the  buildings  and  other  prop- 
erty, and  in  defraying  the  necessary  expenses  of 
taking  care  of  the  same,  and  of  the  accommoda- 
tion of  persons  consulting  the  library ;  "  "  the 
said  library  to  be  accessible,  at  all  reasonable 
hours  and  times,  for  general  use,  free  of  expense 
to  persons  resorting  thereto."  Of  the  funds  given, 
Mr.  Astor  directs  that  "a  sum  not  exceeding 
$75,000  may  be  expended  in  the  erection  of  a 
building,"  for  which  he  authorizes  the  trustees 
K  to  select  a  site  on  the  E.  side  of  Lafayette 
Place,  to  contain  65  feet  front  and  rear,  and  120 
feet  deep."  $120.000  are  then  to  be  expended  in 
the  first  outlay  for  books  and  other  objects,  in 
establishing  the  library;  and  the  residue,  about 
$200,000,  to  be  permanently  invested  as  a  fund 
for  its  maintenance  and  gradual  increase. 

The  building  for  the  Astor  Library  is  a  hand- 
62 


some  ornament  to  the  city.  It  is  built  of  brown 
freestone  and  brick,  in  the  Byzantine  style  of 
architecture,  or  rather  in  that  of  the  royal  palaces 
of  Florence ;  and  presents  a  strongly  imposing 
appearance,  both  in  its  external  and  internal 
structure.  Its  dimensions,  on  the  ground,  are  as 
above  stated ;  and  its  height,  from  the  sidewalk 
to  the  top  of  the  parapet,  67  feet.  The  great 
library  hall,  occupying  the  second  floor,  is  100 
feet  in  length,  60  in  width,  and  50  feet  high.  The 
side  walls  form  one  continuous  shelving,  sufficient 
to  contain  100,000  volumes.  The  light  is  from 
windows  in  the  front  and  rear  walls,  and  from  a 
skylight  of  large  dimensions.  Midway  between 
the  floor  and  ceiling  is  an  iron  gallery,  resting 
upon  14  beautiful  columns ;  from  which,*and  from 
other  intermediate  and  lighted  galleries,  ascended 
by  spiral  stairways,  the  shelves  are  reached.  The 
floor  is  composed  of  a  richly  wrought  mosaic, 
resting  on  iron  beams.  Among  the  other  apart- 
ments of  the  building  are  a  reading  room,  and  a 
lecture  room,  with  accommodations  for  500  per- 
sons. Between  55,000  and  60,000  volumes  have 
been  already  purchased  for  this  splendid  library,  at 
a  cost  of  about  $63,000. 

New  York  is  liberally  provided  with  institu- 
tions for  the  relief  of  the  poor  and  distressed  of 
every  description.  Besides  the  Lunatic  Asylum, 
on  Blackwell's  Island,  already  noticed,  the  New 
York  Hospital  has  a  fine  situation  on  the  W.  side 
of  Broadway,  opposite  the  head  of  Pearl  Street. 
The  buildings,  which  are  extensive,  stand  in  the 
rear  of  a  beautiful  yard,  and  seem  pleasantly  re- 
tired, although  in  the  very  heart  of  the  city.  Con- 
nected with  this  hospital  is  the  Lunatic  Asylum', 
located  at  Bloomingdale,  on  the  Hudson  River, 
5  miles  from  the  City  Hall ;  attached  to  which  are 
40  acres  of  ground,  beautifully  laid  out  into  gar- 
dens and  pleasure  grounds.  This  accommodates 
about  250  patients.  Here  also  is  one  of  the  Orphan 
Asylums.  A  new  institution,  styled  the  State 
Hospital  of  the  City  of  New  York,  has  lately  gone 
into  operation,  occuping  a  spacious  square,  bound- 
ed by  Forty-Second  and  Forty-Third  Streets,  and 
the  Fifth  and  Sixth  Avenues.  The  New  York  Dis- 
pensary, established  in  1790,  the  Northern  Dispen- 
sary, in  1829,  and  the  Eastern  Dispensary,  in  1834, 
answer  the  purpose  of  hospitals  to  some  extent. 
These  useful  establishments  are  supported  by 
annual  subscriptions.  On  Staten  Island  are  three 
large  and  excellent  institutions  for  the  relief  of 
sick  and  disabled  seamen :  the  Marine  Hospital, 
at  Tompkinsville,  adjacent  to  the  quarantine 
ground,  which  has  three  spacious  buildings  ;  the 
Seamen's  Retreat,  situated  half  a  mile  farther 
south ;  and  the  Sailor's  Snug  Harbor,  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  island,  which  provides  a  home  for  aged  and 
decayed  seamen.  This  noble  charity  was  founded 
by  the  liberality  of  Captain  Randall,  who  be- 
queathed to  it  an  estate  now  reputed  to  be  worth 
$1 ,000,000.  The  funds  of  the  Sailor's  Snug  Har- 
bor, in  1852,  amounted  to  $87,000. 

The  New  York  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  a  noble  institution  of  its  kind,  incorporat- 
ed in  1817,  is  on  Fiftieth  Street,  near  the  Fourth 
Avenue,  or  Haerlem  Railroad.  The  principal 
building  is  110  feet  long  by  60  wide,  and  4 
stories  high  above  the  basement.  The  New  York 
Institution  for  the  Blind  is  on  the  Eighth  Ave- 
nue, and  has  about  50  pupils. 

At  Bellevue,  on  the  East  River,  2^  miles  from 
the  City  Hall,  is  the  New  Almshouse,  which  is  a 
very  extensive  establishment,  having  a  hospital 


490 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


connected  with  it.  Here  also  is  a  House  of  Ref- 
uge for  juvenile  delinquents ;  and  a  Penitentiary 
fot  female  convicts.  There  is  another  almshouse 
on  Blackwell's  Island.  But  it  is  scarcely  possible 
for  the  city  to  meet  all  the  demands  upon  it  in 
this  department  of  eleemosynary  aid.  The  bur- 
dens of  this  kind  are  induced  to  far  the  greatest 
extent  by  the  immigration  of  paupers,  or  of  those 
who  soon  become  paupers,  from  Europe.  How 
large  this  item  is  liable  to  be  may  be  inferred  from 
the  fact,  that  there  is  continually  going  on  a  ship- 
ment of  paupers,  direct  from  the  poorhouses  in 
Europe.  On  board  of  one  British  vessel,  arriv- 
ing at  New  York  in  1851,  the  whole  number  of 
passengers,  230,  were  derived  from  this  source. 
"  On  what  principles  of  comity,  humanity,  or 
justice,"  to  adopt  the  words  of  the  commission- 
ers of  immigration,  "  the  poorhouses  of  Europe, 
and  sometimes  the  prisons,  are  emptied  on  our 
shores,  it  is  difficult  to  say.  The  fact  itself  is 
notorious.  Ship  loads  of  these  helpless  and  often 
vicious  persons  are  sent  here,  sometimes  in  the 
depth  of  winter,  without  means  or  place  of  des- 
tination beyond  this  city,  and  become  a  perma- 
nent burden  from  the  moment  of  their  arrival." 
The  whole  number  of  foreigners  who  arrived  at 
the  port  of  New  York  in  1851  was  289.601 ;  of 
whom  163,256  were  from  Ireland,  69,883  from 
Germany,  and  56,462  from  other  countries. 

It  was  probably  fortunate  for  us  as  a  nation, 
that,  in  the  earlier  period  of  our  republic,  the  peo- 
ples of  foreign  nations  had  so  little  confidence  in 
the  success  of  our  political  experiment,  in  the 
capacity  of  free  institutions  to  sustain  themselves, 
and  secure  a  permanent  prosperity  to  the  people 
under  them.  This  distrust  kept  back  the  tide  of 
foreign  immigration,  until  it  may  be  hoped  that, 
even  in  our  large  cities,  the  native  American  ele- 
ment of  the  population  has  become  too  strong  in 
numbers,  intelligence,  and  wealth  to  be  greatly 
modified  by  the  admixture  of  foreign  elements. 
But  with  our  continued  stability  and  prosperity, 
the  people  of  other  nations,  especially  the  more 
oppressed  and  poor  among  them,  are  beginning  to 
regard  this  country  "  as  the  haven  of  the  poor  man 
from  the  fears  of  want ;  as  the  mine  whence  the 
enterprising  and  adventurous  are  to  draw  wealth ; 
as  the  theatre  wherein  the  political  economist  is  to 
realize  his  theories  ;  as  the  church  of  all  creeds, 
wherein  those  deprived  of  liberty  of  conscience 
in  their  native  land  may  worship  without  fear  of 
molestation."  Hence,  as  one  has  said,  "  the  tide 
of  the  world's  population  is  tending  to  our 
shores  ;  and  the  safe  and  beautiful  harbor  of  New 
York  receives  the  ships  of  all  nations,  bearing 
their  freights  of  men  and  goods  from  every  part 
of  the  earth." 

The  foreign  residents  in  New  York  have  vari- 
ous associations  among  themselves  for  humane 
and  charitable  purposes  ;  as  the  St.  George's  So- 
ciety, composed  of  Englishmen  ;  St.  Andrew's,  of 
Scotch ;  St.  David's,  of  Welsh ;  also  societies 
of  Germans,  French,  Spanish,  and  Hebrews. 
The  St.  Nicholas  Society  is  composed  of  the  de- 
scendants of  the  early  Dutch  inhabitants.  Be- 
sides these,  there  are  the  Orphan  Asylum,  at 
Bloomingdale,  a  very  large  institution,  established 
in  1806  ;  the  Protestant  Half  Orphan  Asylum,  on 
Twelfth  Street ;  the  Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asy- 
lum, on  Prince  Street ;  the  Asylum  for  Colored 
Orphans  ;  the  Lying-in  Asylum  ;  the  Female  As- 
sistance Society  for  the  sick  poor  ;  and  the  Socie- 
ty for  aiding  Respectable,  Aged  Indigent  Females. 


Several  of  our  great  national  institutions  of 
Christian  benevolence  have  their  seat  of  opera- 
tions in  New  York.  Such  are  the  American  Bi- 
ble Society,  founded  in  1816,  in  which  the  several 
evangelical  denominations  cooperate;  the  Amer- 
ican Tract  Society,  and  the  American  Seamen's 
Friend  Society,  of  which  the  same  is  true ;  the 
American  Home  Missionary  Society,  and  the  So- 
ciety for  aiding  Colleges  at  the  West,  supported 
more  especially  by  the  Presbyterians  and  Con- 
gregationalists  ;  the  American  and  Foreign  Bi- 
ble Society,  for  circulating  a  Baptist  version  of 
the  Scriptures ;  and  the  American  Society  for 
meliorating  the  Condition  of  the  Jews.  Other 
organizations  of  this  class  exist,  which  are  auxil- 
iary to  their  parent  institutions  in  Boston,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Washington.  Such  are  the  Agency 
of  the  American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  ; 
the  Central  American  Education  Society ;  the 
New  York  Colonization  Society ;  and  the  Sun- 
day School  Society.  The  operations  of  all  these 
associations  are  very  extensive,  and  constitute  a 
noble  feature  of  the  religious  enterprise  of  the 
age  and  country.  Their  anniversaries,  which 
are  celebrated  during  the  second  week  in  May, 
are  occasions  of  great  and  general  interest. 

The  number  of  churches  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  as  enumerated  in  1852,  is  250;  Presbyte- 
rian, 46 ;  Episcopal,  45 ;  Methodist  40  ;  Baptist, 
31 ;  Roman  Catholic,  21 ;  Dutch  Reformed,  20  ; 
Jews,  12;  Trinitarian  Congregational,  10;  Lu- 
theran, 5 ;  Friends,  Primitive  Christians,  and 
Universalists,  4  each  ;  Unitarian  Congregational, 
Second  Advent,  and  New  Jerusalem,  2  each; 
Moravians,  1. 

Some  of  the  houses  of  public  worship  are 
among  the  most  splendid  ornaments  of  the  city. 
The  rapid  increase  of  business  in  all  the  lower 
parts  of  the  city,  for  a  number  of  years  past,  and 
the  consequent  demand  for  a  larger  proportion  of 
the  space  for  its  accommodation,  has  necessarily 
led  to  the  abandonment  of  most  of  the  localities, 
on  which  the  earliest  houses  of  worship  were 
erected,  and  to  the  removal  of  their  respective 
congregations  up  town.  Hardly  any  of  the  church 
edifices  of  New  York  existing  at  the  present  day- 
bear  the  impress,  or  are  clothed  with  the  associ- 
ations, of  a  venerable  antiquity.  Only  three, 
or  at  most  four,  built  before  the  revolution,  are 
now  occupied  for  public  worship.  These  are  the 
Brick  Presbyterian  Church,  Beekman  Street,  built 
in  1767;  the  John  Street,  Methodist,  the  first  of 
that  denomination  in  America,  built  in  1768  ;  the 
North  Dutch,  corner  of  William  and  Fulton 
Streets,  built  in  1769,  at  the  then  northern  border 
of  the  city :  and  St.  Paul's,  Episcopal,  Broadway, 
nearly  opposite  the  Park.  During  the  occupa- 
tion of  New  York  by  the  British,  all  the  churches, 
except  the  Episcopal,  were  either  destroyed  or 
used  for  barracks,  hospitals,  or  riding  schools,  by 
the  soldiers.  The  old  building  of  the  Mid- 
dle Dutch  Church,  on  the  corner  of  Nassau 
and  Cedar  Streets,  now  occupied  as  the  post 
office,  with  very  little  change  in  the  exterior, 
presents  perhaps  the  most  accurate  specimen 
remaining  in  the  city  of  the  former  style  of  eccle- 
siastical buildings,  particularly  among  the  Dutch 
settlers.  St.  Paul's  Church  and  the  Brick  Presby- 
terian occupy  two  of  the  finest  positions  in  the 
city,  and  are  among  its  handsomest  ornaments, 
particularly  the  former.  This  beautiful  structure 
is  adorned  with  a  portico  of  the  Ionic  order,  con- 
sisting of  4  fluted  columns  of  red  sandstone, 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


491 


supporting  a  pediment  with  a  niche  in  the  centre 
filled  with  the  statue  of  St.  Paul.  The  spii-e  of 
this  church  rises,  with  graceful  proportions,  to 
the  height  of  200  feet.  Beneath  the  portico  is  a 
monument,  erected  by  order  of  Congress,  to  the 
memory  of  General  Montgomery,  under  which 
his  remains  were  deposited  in  1819  ;  and  in  the 
adjoining  cemetery,  a  few  feet  from  Broadway, 
stands  an  obelisk  which  commemorates  the  tal- 
ents and  fame  of  Emmet,  the  Irish  barrister. 
The  new  building  recently  erected  by  Trinity 
Church  on  Broadway,  opposite  Wall  Street,  may 
be  regarded  as  the  finest  specimen  of  pure  Gothic 
architecture  in  the  United  States.  This  edifice 
is  the  third  in  succession  which  this  church  has 
erected  upon  the  same  site ;  the  first  having  been 
burned  in  the  great  fire  of  1776,  and  the  second 
having  been  .taken  down  in  1839,  to  give  place 
to  the  present  magnificent  structure.  It  is  con- 
structed throughout,  even  to  its  minutest  details, 
of  a  lightish  brown  sandstone,  finely  hammered, 
and,  in  its  tracery  and  ornament  of  every  descrip- 
tion, elaborately  and  delicately  wrought.  It  is  1 89 
feet  long,  84  feet  wide,  and  64  feet  high,  to  the 
eaves  of  the  clear  story.  It  is  without  galleries, 
and  superbly  finished  within.  The  height  of  the 
tower  and  spire  is  264  feet.  Access  may  readily 
be  had  to  this  lofty  tower,  for  the  prospect  it 
affords,  which  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  pan- 
oramic views  to  be  had  on  the  whole  continent. 
From  a  great  height,  but  entirely  secure  and  at  his 
ease,  the  beholder  sees  this  vast  city,  full  of  life 
and  animation,  as  it  were  at  his  feet,  while  in  every 
direction,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  the  harbor, 
with  its  shipping,  the  islands,  the  rivers,  the  coun- 
try, the  cities  and  villages,  and  boundless  ocean, 
are  spread  out  before  him  in  all  the  attractions 
with  which  nature,  art,  and  luxury  have  invested 
them.  The  tower  of  this  church  contains  a 
chime  of  bells.  This  beautiful  building,  erected 
at  a  cost  of  nearly  $400,000,  will  seat  only 
about  800  persons. 

St.  John's  Chapel,  also  built  with  the  funds  of 
Trinity  Church,  and  beautifully  situated  on  Var» 
rick  Street,  fronting  St.  John's  Park,  is  one  of  the 
most  costly  church  edifices  in  New  York,  "  more 
than  $200,000  having  been  expended  upon  it."  It 
has  an  elegant  spire  220  feet  in  height,  and  a 
splendid  portico  in  front  of  4  Corinthian  columns. 
There  are  other  Episcopal  churches  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  city,  which  are  among  its  handsomest 
specimens  of  architecture.  The  houses  of  wor- 
ship erected  by  the  other  denominations  are  gen- 
erally plainer  and  less  expensive.  But  there  are 
among  them  many  costly  and  beautiful  struc- 
tures. The  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church  on  Grand 
Street  is  a  stone  building,  with  a  fine  Ionic  porti- 
co of  6  stone  columns,  erected,  it  is  said,  at  a  cost 
of  $114.000.  The  Duane  Street  Church  has  an 
imposing  Ionic  portico.  The  building  of  the  First 
Baptist  Church,  on  Broome  Street,  is  a  fine  stone 
edifice,  of  Gothic  architecture.  It  has  two  oc- 
tagonal towers  on  the  front  corners,  with  an  im- 
mense window  between  them,  22  feet  wide  and 
41  feet  high.  The  interior  is  very  imposing. 
The  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  on  Washington 
Square,  is  a  large  Gothic  structure,  finished  with 
great  costliness  and  beauty.  The  new  house  of 
worship,  erected  by  the  Collegiate  Reformed 
Dutch  church  on  the  corner  of  Lafayette  Place 
and  Fourth  Street,  has  a  most  beautiful  Ionic 
portico  and  spire.  It  is  in  the  form  and  propor- 
tions of  a  Grecian  temple,  and  about  100  feet  in 


length.  It  is  built  of  the  eastern  granite.  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Roman  Catholic  Church,  on  Barclay  Street, 
has  a  very  imposing  Ionic  portico,  of  6  granite 
columns,  with  a  statue  of  St.  Peter  occupying  a 
niche  in  the  pediment.  The  French  Protestant 
Church,  on  Franklin  Street,  is  built  of  white  mar- 
ble, and  has  a  fine  portico,  with  a  double  range  of 
marble  Ionic  columns.  The  Presbyterians,  on  Mer- 
cer Street,  and  the  Congregationalists,  on  Union 
Place,  have  beautiful  houses  of  worship.  Besides 
these  there  are  many  others  in  the  city,  which  we 
cannot  here  describe,  which  will  not  fail  to  at- 
tract the  attention  of  the  admirers  of  handsome 
architecture. 

New  York  contains  many  large  and  splendid 
hotels.  One  of  the  most  spacious  and  elegant  of 
these  is  the  Astor  House,  on  Broadway,  opposite 
the  Park.  This  great  hotel,  furnished  with  a 
magnificence  and  taste  corresponding  to  the  sim- 
ple grandeur  of  the  structure,  is,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  other  in  New  York,  the  largest  in  the 
country,  if  not  in  the  world.  It  was  erected 
by  the  late  John  Jacob  Astor,  at  an  expense, 
including  the  ground,  of  $750,000.  It  is  built 
of  the  Quincy  granite,  5  stories  high,  with  a 
front  of  201  feet  on  Broadway,  146  on  Vesey 
Street,  and  154  on  Barclay  Street.  It  contains 
upwards  of  300  rooms.  The  dining  hall  is  108 
feet  in  length.  The  American  Hotel  is  a  large 
house,  also  opposite  the  Park.  The  Irving 
House,  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Chamber 
Street,  is  among  the  most  elegant  and  fashionable 
of  the  hotels.  Several  are  conducted  on  the  Eu- 
ropean plan,  affording  rooms  to  their  guests, 
with  meals  or  not,  as  they  may  wish.  Such  are 
Libby's  and  Tammany  Hall,  near  the  Park,  Del- 
monico's,  near  the  Battery,  and  Florence's,  in 
Broadway.  We  can  do  little  more  than  to  name 
a  few  of  the  principal  hotels,  in  addition  to  those 
which  have  been  mentioned.  The  United  States, 
at  the  corner  of  Pearl  and  Fulton  Streets,  is  con- 
structed of  stone,  6  stories  high.  Howard's  Ho- 
tel is  at  the  corner  of  Maiden  Lane  and  Broad- 
way. The  Merchants,  Rochester,  Western,  and 
National  Hotels,  are  all  in  Courtland  Street; 
Rathbun's  Hotel  is  on  Broadway,  between  Court- 
land  and  Liberty  Streets.  The  Pacific  Hotel  is 
in  Greenwich  Street,  convenient  to  the  boats 
arriving  and  departing  upon  the  North  River. 
The  New  York  Hotel,  high  up  Broadway,  is 
more  retired,  but  eligibly  situated.  More  re- 
cently opened,  and  exceeding  every  other  in  size 
and  splendor,  is  the  new  Metropolitan  Hotel, 
situated  towards  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  on 
the  spot  formerly  known  as  "Niblo's  Garden." 
This  stupendous  structure  fronts  on  Broadway, 
Prince,  and  Crosby  Streets,  having  a  front,  all 
together,  of  600  feet.  It  is  6  stories  high,  built 
of  fine  brown  freestone,  with  heavily-carved  cor- 
nices over  the  almost  innumerable  windows.  It 
stands  on  the  highest  ground  in  the  city,  and  is 
a  most  noble  and  imposing  edifice.  To  give  an 
idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  establishment,  it 
may  be  stated  that  it  contains  over  500  rooms, 
over  100  of  which  are  suits  of  rooms ;  being  sup- 
plied throughout  with  gas,  with  hot  and  cold 
water,  steam.  &c.,  through  a  service,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, of  more  than  five  miles  of  pipes.  It  con- 
tains one  mile  of  elegantly  painted  halls  and  pas- 
sages. Its  550  mirrors,  to  say  nothing  of  ita 
other  furniture,  cost  $1 5,000.  Two  of  the  largest 
of  these,  at  each  end  of  the  great  dining  hall, 
cover  within  a  fraction  of  100  square  feet  each. 


492 


COUNTIES,    CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


being  the  largest  mirrors  ever  imported  into  the 
United  States.  The  plate  glass  for  the  windows 
alone  cost  $35.000 ;  and  the  entire  cost  of  the 
building,  independent  of  the  furniture,  was  about 
half  a  million  of  dollars. 

Many  of  the  stores,  banks,  and  other  buildings 
for  purposes  of  business,  in  New  York,  are 
among  the  most  elegant  architectural  ornaments 
of  the  city.  These  are  too  numerous  to  be 
described  in  this  place.  As  an  example  of  the 
largest  class  of  stores,  it  may  suffice  to  instance 
the  splendid  palace  on  Broadway,  built  and  occu- 
pied by  A.  T.  Stuart  as  a  silk  store.  Fronting 
upon  Broadway,  it  covers  the  entire  block  be- 
tween Chamber  Street  and  Reed  Street,  having 
a  front  upon  Broadway  of  150  feet,  and  a  depth 
up  both  the  other  streets  of  the  same  extent.  It 
is  built  of  polished  white  marble,  six  stones  high, 
in  a  style  of  architectural  beauty,  without  and  with- 
in, corresponding  to  the  costliness  of  the  materials. 

Many  of  the  private  residences  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  city  are  of  the  most  costly  and  beauti- 
ful description.  Long  streets  consisting  of  stately 
blocks  and  terraces,  and  separate  mansions,  with 
every  accessory  of  architectural  splendor,  excite 
the  'admiration  of  the  beholder.  "  Under  the 
smiles  of  fortune,"  says  a  writer  of  New  York, 
"  most  classes  of  our  citizens  have  been  pros- 
perous, many  have  grown  wealthy,  and  the 
style  and  expense  of  living,  and  the  beauty  of 
some  of  the  principal  streets  of  the  city,  have 
proportionally  improved.  The  buildings  now 
generally  in  course  of  construction  by  our 
wealthy  inhabitants,  for  their  private  residences, 
are  among  the  most  splendid  and  costly  city 
dwelling  houses  in  the  world.  The  several  styles 
of  architecture  are  conceived  by  architects  of 
great  ability,  and  the  designs  of  the  buildings  and 
interior  decorations  are  in  many  instances  carried 
out  without  regard  to  cost.  $100,000  for  the  cost 
of  a  single  city  lot,  freestone  house  and  furniture, 
is  not  an  unfrequent  expenditure.  The  support 
of  many  private  establishments  requires  an  out- 
lay of  $10,000  to  $20,000  a  year,  some  ranging 
much  higher." 

The  number  of  theatres  and  places  of  amuse- 
ment in  New  York  is  not  considered  large  in 
comparison  with  that  of  European  cities  of  the 
same  size.  The  principal  theatres  are  the  Park 
Theatre,  opposite  the  Park ;  the  Bowery  The- 
atre, Bowery,  above  Bayard  Street ;  Astor 
Place  Opera  House,  near  the  upper  part  of 
Broadway ;  Olympic  Theatre,  Broadway,  above 
Canal  Street ;  National  Theatre,  near  Chatham 
Square ;  Burton's  Theatre,  Chamber  Street,  and 
Niblo's  Theatre,  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Prince  Streets.  The  American  Museum,  oppo- 
site the  Astor  House,  is  an  excellent  and  very 
extensive  establishment  of  its  kind,  founded  in 
1810,  and  enriched  with  curiosities  of  nature  and 
art  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  Its  immense 
collections  occupy  five  large  saloons  100  feet  in 
length.  From  the  observatory  on  the  top  of  the 
building,  which  is  very  high,  one  of  the  finest 
views  of  the  city,  bay,  and  surrounding  country 
is  obtained.  Peale's  Museum  and  Gallery  of 
Fine  Arts,  founded  in  1825,  contains  four  spa- 
cious apartments,  filled  with  choice  specimens  in 
the  departments  of  natural  history,  painting, 
statuary,  &c.  The  cosmoramic  views  in  these 
museums  are  equal  to  any  in  the  world  for  num- 
ber and  variety,  and  for  the  truth  and  perfection 
of  art  with  which  they  are  prepared.  The  Chi- 


nese Museum,  at  359  Broadway,  contains  a  very 
extensive  collection  of  curiosities,  illustrative  of 
the  arts  and  the  customs  of  life  in  China. 

Castle  Garden,  off  the  Battery,  and  Vauxhall 
Garden,  at  the  upper  end  of  the  Bowery,  are 
places  of  pleasant  resort  for  recreation.  There 
are  also  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  several  places 
of  daily  resort  in  the  summer  season.  The  prin- 
cipal of  these  is  Hoboken,  on  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  between  which  and  New  York, 
in  pleasant  weather,  there  are  continual  currents 
of  persons  going  and  returning  by  the  boats, 
which  seem,  as  it  were,  to  bring  these  places 
nearer  to  the  city  than  if  they  were  within  its 
limits.  The  grounds  at  Hoboken  are  beautifully 
laid  out,  and  shaded  and  supplied  with  various 
means  of  innocent  and  healthful  recreation. 
Haerlem  Village,  on  the  N.  end  of  the  island, 
included  within  the  city  limits,  was"  founded,  we 
are  told,  as  long  ago  as  1658,  "with  a  view  to 
the  amusement  and  recreation  of  the  citizens." 
The  Haerlem  Railroad,  8  miles  in  length,  con- 
nects this  village  with  the  very  heart  of  the  city. 
The  cars  start  from  the  City  Hall  several  times  a 
day,  passing  through  Centre  and  Broome  Streets, 
the  Bowery,  and  Fourth  Avenue,  as  far  as  Twen- 
ty-Seventh Street,  with  horses,  and  thence  with 
steam  to  Haerlem,  and  beyond  to  other  places  to 
the  N.  and  E.  of  it.  The  ride  to  Haerlem  is 
pleasant,  affording  a  view  of  much  of  the  city, 
the  East  River,  and  surrounding  country,  and 
passing  through  a  tunnel  excavated  in  the  solid 
rock,  595  feet  long.  Manhattanville  and  Bloom- 
ingdale,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island,  and  Astoria, 
on  the  E.  side,  are  also  much  frequented.  Many 
of  the  pleasant  places  in  New  Jersey,  on  Staten 
Island,  and  on  Long  Island  are  also  brought  by 
the  numerous  ferries,  railroads,  and  steamboats 
diverging  from  the  city,  within  a  convenient  dis- 
tance for  pleasure  excursions. 

The  markets  in  New  York  are  numerous,  and 
well  supplied  with  every  necessary  and  luxury 
which  the  country  produces.  They  are  not  sit- 
uated, as  in  some  other  cities,  in  one  or  two  cen- 
tral localities,  this  being  impracticable  from  the 
great  extent  of  the  city.  The  principal  markets 
are  the  Fulton,  Catharine,  Washington,  Frank- 
lin, Clinton,  Tompkins,  and  Essex.  The  value 
of  the  country  produce  brought  to  market,  and 
consumed  annually  by  the  inhabitants,  has  been 
estimated  at  $15,500,000. 

The  city  is  lighted  to  a  great  extent  with  gas. 
The  first  experiment  was  made  in  the  Park  in 
1812.  The  works  of  the  New  York  Gas  Light 
Company,  organized  in  1823,  are  in  Canal  Street, 
from  which  between  30  and  40  miles  of  pipe 
have  been  laid  into  all  parts  of  the  city.  The 
light  produced  is  strong  and  beautiful,  imparting 
to  Broadway,  and  to  other  streets  in  which  the 
stores  are  generally  lighted  in  the  evening,  al- 
most the  splendor  of  midday. 

But  the  greatest  of  the  public  works  of  New 
York  is  the  Croton  Aqueduct,  by  which,  after 
much  suffering  from  the  want  of  it,  the  blessing 
of  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water  has  been 
secured  to  the  inhabitants.  This  great  under- 
taking was  decided  upon  by  a  vote  of  the  citizens 
at  the  charter  election  in  1835,  and  it  was  so  far 
completed  that  the  water  was  brought  into  the 
city  on  the  14th  of  October,  1842.  The  aque- 
duct commences  at  a  point  on  the  Croton  River, 
about  6  miles  from  the  Hudson,  in  Wcstchester 
county,  and  about  40  miles  from  the  City  HalL 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


493 


The  dam  across  the  Croton  is  250  feet  in  length,  and 
40  feet  high ;  70  feet  thick  at  the  bottom,  and  7  at 
the  top,  built  of  stone  and  cement.  A  pond  is  thus 
created  about  5  miles  long,  covering  400  acres,  and 
estimated  to  contain  500,000,000  gallons  of  water. 
Its  elevation  above  tide  water  is  153  feet.  From 
the  gateway  in  the  dam  the  aqueduct  proceeds, 
sometimes  crossing  valleys  by  embankments, 
sometimes  beneath  the  surface,  and  through  tun- 
nels in  solid  rocks,  until  it  reaches  Haerlem 
River,  which  it  crosses  on  a  magnificent  stone 
bridge,  1450  feet  in  length,  and  124  feet  high. 
This  bridge  is  supported  by  14  stone  piers,  8  of 
the  arches  being  of  80  feet  span,  and  the  remain- 
ing 6  of  50  feet.  The  aqueduct  throughout  is 
built  of  stone,  brick,  and  cement,  arched  over 
and  under,  8  feet  5  inches  high,  6  feet  3  inches 
wide  at  the  bottom  of  the  side  walls,  and  7  feet 
8  inches  at  the  top.  It  has  a  descent  of  13^ 
inches  per  mile,  and  will  discharge  60,000,000 
gallons  of  water  in  24  hours.  It  delivers  its 
water  into  a  receiving  reservoir  at  Eighty- Sixth 
Street,  38  miles  from  the  dam,  which  covers  34 
acres,  and  contains  150,000,000  gallons  of  water. 
From  this  to  the  distributing  reservoir  on  Mur- 
ray's Hill,  at  Fortieth  Street,  2^  miles  from  the 
receiving  reservoir,  the  water  is  conveyed  in  iron 
pipes.  This  reservoir  is  a  massive  and  beautiful 
piece  of  stone  masonry,  laid  in  cement,  43  feet 
high  above  the  street,  containing  25,000,000  gal- 
lons. Its  surface  is  115  feet  above  tide  water. 
Thence  the  water  is  distributed  over  the  city  in 
iron  pipes.  The  great  mains  are  36  inches  in 
diameter.  In  1852,  215  miles  of  pipe  had  been 
laid.  The  head  is  sufficient  to  carry  the  water 
into  the  upper  stories  of  the  houses,  and  to  sus- 
tain several  beautiful  jets-dean  in  different  parts 
of  the  city.  At  the  fountain  in  the  Park,  when 
the  water*  is  forced  into  the  air  in  a  single  col- 
umn, it  rises  to  the  height  of  between  60  and  70 
feet.  There  are  a  great  number  of  free  hydrants 
in  all  parts  of  the  city,  from  which  the  poor  supply 
themselves,  and  water  is  furnished  for  cleansing 
the  streets.  The  supply  from  the  river  is  con- 
sidered adequate  to  meet  the  wants  of  a  popula- 
tion three  or  four  times  greater  than  the  city 
now  has.  The  daily  consumption  is  now  about 
80,000,000  of  gallons. 

"  The  following  is  the  result  of  an  analysis  of 
the  Croton  water  by  Prof.  Benj.  Silliman,  Jr. :  — 

Chloride  of  sodium,and  a  trace  of  potassium  .1 67 

Sulphate  of  soda,        .                 .        .  .153 

Chloride  of  calcium,                  .        .  .372 

Chloride  of  aluminum,                 .        .  .166 

Phosphate  of  alumina,                 .        .  .832 

Carbonate  of  lime,       .                 .        .  2.131 

Carbonate  of  magnesia,              .        .        .  .662 

Sulphate  of  lime,        .                 ...  .235 

Silica,  colored  by  manganese,  .  .  .  .077 
Carbonate  of  soda,  equivalent  to  nitrates  and 

crenates  of  do.  and  loss,          .        .        .  1.865 

Total  solid,  in  one  gallon,  after  ignition     .  6.66 


Carbonic  acid  in  ditto,  in  cubic  inches,    .     17.817 

Of  the  action  of  this  water  upon  lead,  after  an 
experiment  of  5  weeks'  continuance,  the  professor 
says,  "  The  lead  in  this  water  looks  as  bright 
and  fresh  as  the  day  it  went  in,  and  the  water 
itself  is  not  in  the  least  turbid." 

The  entire  cost  of  the  aqueduct  to  the  city  has 
been  about  $13,000,000.  The  revenue  now 


amounts  to  half  a  million  annually,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing. 

New  York  has  now  an  effective  system  of  public 
schools,  by  which  all  the  children  between  the 
ages  of  4  and  16  are  free  to  receive  instruction  as 
a  common  right.  A  society,  called  the  "  Free 
School  Society,"  was  formed  in  1804  by  many 
principal  citizens,  and  afterwards  incorporated, 
"  to  provide  for  the  education  of  poor  children, 
not  belonging  to,  nor  provided  for,  by  any  reli- 
gious society."  In  1826,  the  charter  of  this 
society  was  modified,  and  its  title  changed  to  the 
"  Public  School  Society  of  New  York,"  and  it  was 
required  "  to  provide,  so  far  as  its  means  might 
extend,  for  the  education  of  all  children  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  whether 
such  children  be  or  be  not  the  proper  objects  of 
gratuitous  education."  To  this  society,  until 
within  a  few  years  past,  was  intrusted  the  man- 
agement of  all  the  public  schools  of  the  city. 
They  had  under  their  care  16  schools,  for  which 
large  and  convenient  buildings  were  provided  ; 
and  48  primary  schools,  for  which  apartments 
were  leased  in"  other  buildings,  besides  several 
for  colored  children.  By  a  law  of  the  state,  of 
comparatively  recent  date,  public  district  schools 
have  been  established,  in  addition  to  those  under 
the  direction  of  the  School  Society,  which  are  also 
well  instructed  and  flourishing.  The  number  of 
public  schools  of  New  York,  in  1851,  was  207; 
the  number  of  children  taught,  107,000.  The 
whole  expense  of  maintaining  the  schools  for  that 
year  was  $274,794'59 ;  which  is  an  average  of 
$6-86£  per  scholar.  The  funds  for  defraying  these 
expenses  are  derived  partly  from  the"  Common 
School  Fund  of  the  state,  of  which  the  city  re- 
ceived its  due  proportion  ;  partly  from  an  assess- 
ment upon  the  citizens  for  an  amount  equal  to 
their  appropriation  from  the  fund,  as  a  condition 
of  receiving  the  same ;  and  partly  by  a  special 
tax  of  4-80  ths  of  1  per  cent,  on  the  valuation 
of  property  in  the  city. 

In  1846  the  city  of  New  York  resolved,  by  a 
very  large  majority  in  a  popular  vote,  to  establish 
a  free  school  of  a  higher  order,  perhaps,  than  any 
which  had  been  hitherto  projected  in  our  country ; 
to  be  known  by  the  name  of  the  "  Free  Academy." 
For  this  school  a  noble  building  has  been  erected  on 
the  corner  of  Lexington  Avenue  andTwenty-Third 
Street,  and  the  institution  was  opened  January 
27,  1849.  It  was  established  by  the  Board  of 
Education,  under  an  act  empowering  them  to 
establish  a  free  academy,  "  for  the  purpose  of  ex 
tending  the  benefits  of  education  gratuitously  to 
those  who  have  been  pupils  in  the  common 
schools  of  the  city  and  county  of  New  York." 
A  thorough  knowledge  of  the  branches  taught 
in  the  common  schools  qualifies  for  admission 
into  the  academy,  where  the  education  of  the 
pupils  is  to  be  continued  onward,  branching,  as  it 
proceeds,  towards  the  various  divisions  of  the  field 
of  knowledge,  as  their  preferences  respectively 
may  lead  them.  The  plan  of  the  institution  is 
designed  to  be  intermediate  between  the  college 
system  and  that  of  the  Polytechnic  schools  of 
Europe,  embracing  portions  of  both  of  thesa 
systems.  It  was  organized  with  a  corps  of  10 
instructors,  embracing,  besides  the  principal, 
professors  of  Latin  and  Greek,  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy,  of  chemistry,  of  history 
and  belles-lettres,  of  the  French,  Spanish,  and 
German  languages,  and  of  drawing. 

The  building  erected  for  the  Free  Academy  is 


494 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


on  Twenty-Third  Street,  corner  of  Lexington 
Avenue.  It  is  a  spacious  and  elegant  structure, 
in  which  utility  and  ornament  are  admirably 
united.  In  its  external  architecture  it  is  in  the 
style  of  the  Gothic  town  halls  of  the  Netherlands. 
Its  dimensions  on  the  ground  are  125  feet  by  80. 
It  consists,  exclusive  of  the  basement,  of  three 
lofty  stones,  which  are  intersected  by  two  wide 
passages  running  at  right  angles  through  the 
middle  of  the  building  ;  above  which  is  the  great 
hall,  extending  over  the  entire  building,  and 
lighted  by  windows  in  the  roof.  This  fine  build- 
ing will  accommodate  1000  scholars,  with  all  the 
necessary  appliances  ;  and  has  cost,  exclusive  of 
the  ground  and  furniture,  about  $50,000. 

The  total  value  of  real  and  personal  property 
in  the  city  of  New  York,  as  assessed  in  1851,  was 
$320,108,358.  This  was  an  increase  from  the 
value,  as  assessed  in  1850,  of  $34,022,941.  The 
amount  of  taxes  authorized  to  be  raised  in  1850 
was  $2,578,325. 

The  number  of  buildings  erected  in  the  city  in 
1850  was  1912.  The  aggregate  of  new  buildings 
erected  for  10  years,  from  1840  to  1850,  was 
15,409. 

The  whole  number  of  dwellings  in  New  York, 
in  1850,  was  37,677,  and  the  number  of  families 
93,608.  The  largest  number  of  persons  are  in 
the  various  descriptions  of  manufacturing  and 
mechanical  employments.  The  number  of  pro- 
ductive establishments  of  this  kind,  in  1850,  was 
3387,  employing  83,620  persons,  of  whom  29,917 
were  females.  The  capital  invested  in  these  op- 
erations was  $34,232,822 ;  and  the  annual  value 
of  manufactured  articles,  $105,218,308.  —  For  the 
statistics  of  commerce,  banks,  &c.,  see  Statistical 
Tables. 

New  York  enjoys  peculiar  advantages  for 
beirfg  a  great  commercial  city.  The  harbor,  for 
capacity,  security,  and  beauty  of  scenery,  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  world.  It  consists  of  an 
outer  and  an  inner  harbor ;  the  outer  extending 
from  Sandy  Hook  and  the  bar,  about  18  miles  S. 
from  the  city,  to  the  Narrows,  formed  by  the  ap- 
proaching extremities  of  Long  Island  and  Staten- 
Island,  and  constituting  the  Raritan  Bay.  On 
the  bar  there  are  27  feet  of  water  at  high  tide, 
and  21  at  low  tide,  and  within  the  bay  there  is 
good  anchorage  for  vessels.  The  inner  harbor, 
or  that  which  is  more  properly  known  as  the  bay 
or  harbor  of  New  York,  extends  from  the  Nar- 
rows, 8  miles,  to  the  city,  and  several  miles  on  each 
side  of  it,  up  both  the  North  and  the  East  Rivers, 
particularly  the  latter.  It  has  a  width  of  from 
\h  to  5i  miles,  and  is  about  25  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  has  a  depth  of  water  sufficient  for 
the  largest  ships  of  war,  in  every  part,  and  the 
largest  merchant  vessels  come  directly  to  the 
docks  and  slips  with  which  the  whole  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  city,  excepting  the  Battery,  is  bordered, 
for  a  length,  in  all,  of  about  7  miles.  The  inner 
harbor  is  entered,  not  only  from  the  ocean  at 
Sandy  Hook  and  through  the  Narrows,  which  is 
the  usual  channel  for  large  vessels  bound  inward 
from  sea,  but,  on  the  N.  E.,  from  Long  Island 
Sound,  and.  on  the  S.  W.,  through  the  Kills  and 
Staten  Island  Sound.  The  passage  at  the  Nar- 
rows is  about  a  third  of  a  mile  wide.  The  har- 
bor is  every  where  well  protected  against  the 
influence  of  storms;  but  especially  within  the 
East  River,  which  is  the  part  most  closely  land- 
locked. Here  the  largest  number  of  vessels 
always  lie,  presenting,  in  the  multitude  of  their 


masts  and  spars,  the  appearance  of  a  leafless 
forest.  The  harbor  is  generally  open  for  the  free 
ingress  and  egress  of  vessels  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year.  In  very  severe  winters,  it  is  occasionally 
obstructed  for  a  few  days  with  ice  ;  but  the  tide 
sets  through  from  the  East  River  with  such  force 
that  it  is  only  at  rare  intervals  that  the  ice, 
though  running  from  above,  stops  and  closes 
over.  There  are  several  beautiful  islands  in  the 
inner  harbor,  which  are  attached  to  the  city. 
Governor's  Island  is  3200  feet  distant  from  the 
Battery,  and  contains  70  acres.  On  this  island 
are  three  fortifications  —  Fort  Columbus  on  the 
S.,  star-shaped;  Castle  Williams  on  the  N.  W. 
point,  which  is  a  round  tower,  60  feet  high, 
with  3  tiers  of  guns ;  and  likewise  a  battery 
on  the  S.  W.  side,  commanding  the  entrance  of 
Buttermilk  Channel.  Here  are  barracks,  and 
houses  for  the  officers,  for  a  considerable  garri- 
son. On  Bedlow's  and  Ellis's  Islands  also  are 
strong  fortifications.  At  the  Narrows,  Forts 
Hamilton  and  Lafayette,  on  the  E.  side,  and 
Forts  Tompkins  and  Richmond,  on  Staten 
Island,  well  defend  the  entrance  of  that  impor- 
tant channel.  The  entrance  from  the  Sound,  on 
the  East  River,  is  defended  by  Fort  Schuyler,  on 
Throg's  Neck.  BlackwelFs,  Great  Barn,  and 
Randall's  Islands  are  in  the  East  River. 

The  immediate  communication  between  New 
York  and  the  surrounding  country  is  maintained 
by  no  less  than  15  steam  ferry  boats,  which  are 
constantly  running  from  different  points  of  the 
city  to  Brooklyn,  Williamsburg,  Staten  Island, 
Jersey  City,  Hoboken,  and  other  points.  These, 
with  the  continual  arrival  and  departure  of  ves- 
sels of  every  class,  of  steamboats  on  the  numer- 
ous routes  of  travel,  and  of  sailing  boats  with 
parties  of  pleasure,  render  the  harbor  a  scene  of 
bustle  and  animation  scarcely  less  exciting  than 
the  city  itself ;  while  the  variegated  scenery  upon 
its  shores,  the  neatly-built  cottages,  the  elegant 
country  seats  of  opulent  citizens,  surrounded 
with  luxuriant  groves  and  pleasure  grounds,  and 
the  fine  view  of  the  islands,  furnishing  each  the 
site  of  noble  public  institutions,  or  of  strong 
works  for  military  defence,  render  all  the  ap- 
proaches to  the  city  upon  its  waters  beyond  de- 
scription beautiful.  The  distances  to  the  most 
important  suburbs  of  New  York  by  the  different 
ferries  is  as  follows  :  South  ferry  to  Brooklyn, 
1063  yards;  Fulton  ferry,  731  yards;  Catharine 
ferry,  735  yards ;  Walnut  Street  ferry,  635  yards  ; 
Peck  Slip  ferry,  2800  yards ;  Williamsburg  ferry, 
950  yards;  Hoboken  ferry,  1955  yards;  Jersey 
City  ferry,  2746  yards  ;  Staten  Island  ferry,  6418 
yards.  The  suburbs  thus  connected  with  the 
city  of  New  York  are  all,  in  an  important  sense, 
an  integral  part  of  this  great  commercial  empo- 
rium, being  created  by  its  prosperity,  and  afford- 
ing residence  to  its  overflowing  population.  The 
suburbs  of  New  York,  consisting  of  Brooklyn, 
Williamsburg,  Jersey  City,  and  Hoboken,  con- 
tain, in  round  numbers,  150,000  inhabitants, 
which,  added  to  the  population  of  the  city  proper 
make  a  total  of  at  least  650,000. 

In  this  connection,  it  may  be  proper  to  refer 
to  the  extensive  public  accommodations  in  the 
city  proper  for  conveying  persons  from  place  to 
place  by  means  of  omnibuses,  or  cheap  coaches 
for  the  million.  The  greatest  number  of  these 
are  drawn  by  two  horses  ;  but  many  of  them,  of 
large  capacity,  have  four.  They  have  seats  for 
from  12  to  24  persons  inside,  and  for  others  on 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


495 


the  top.  There  are  no  less  than  24  established 
routes  between  different  points  in  the  city,  on 
which  they  run,  with  a  great  number  of  vehicles 
belonging  to  each  route.  The  total  number  of 
licensed  omnibuses,  February .1,  1851,  was  568; 
yielding  a  revenue  to  the  city  of  $10,700.  Be- 
sides these,  the  Haerlem  Eailroad  cars,  which  run 
as  omnibuses  from  the  Park  through  the  city, 
starting  every  15  minutes,  accommodate  an  im- 
mense number  of  persons.  The  number  of 
hackney  coaches,  licensed  in  1851,  was  341. 

The  lines  of  communication  between  New 
York  and  the  great  interior  of  the  country,  both 
by  water  and  by  land,  are  numerous  and  exten- 
sive. Those  on  the  North  River  are  connected, 
by  canals  and  railroads  from  Albany  and  Troy, 
with  Lake  Champlain  and  Canada  on  the  N., 
and  with  Western  New  York,  the  great  lakes, 
and  the  Mississippi  Valley  on  the  W.  The  Erie 
Railroad  opens  a  communication  from  Jersey 
City,  opposite  the  city  of  New  York,  to  Dun- 
kirk, on  Lake  Erie ;  and  will  soon  be  connected, 
by  a  continuous  chain  of  railroads,  with  the 
west,  as  far  as  the  Mississippi,  and  ultimately 
far  beyond.  A  railroad  from  the  heart  of  the 
city,  running  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Hudson  to  Greenbush,  opposite  Albany,  now 
establishes  a  communication,  at  all  seasons, 
with  the  railroads  going  thence  N.,  E.,  and  W. 
The  Haerlem  Railroad  is  extended  W.,  to  con- 
nect with  others  running  through  the  Connecti- 
cut and  Housatonic  valleys,  and  reaching  the 
metropolis  of  New  England,  and  the  British 
provinces,  on  the  N.  and  E.  Several  lines  of 
steamboats,  through  Long  Island  Sound,  connect 
with  lines  of  railroad  at  the  E.,  and  form  routes 
to  Boston.  With  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and 
the  cities  S.,  to  New  Orleans,  similar  lines  of 
communication  are  established,  connection  by 
steam  being  already  continuous  through  this 
whole  extent.  Frequent  and  regular  commu- 
nication is  maintained,  by  the  various  lines  of 
packet  ships  and  ocean  steamers,  between  the 
principal  ports  of  Europe,  the  West  Indies, 
Mexico,  and  California.  Some  of  these  vessels 
are  now  almost  daily  arriving  and  departing, 
with  a  precision  and  despatch  which,  a  few  years 
ago,  would  have  been  thought  incredible.  The 
Collins  line  of  steamships  to  Liverpool  have  a  con- 
tract with  the  government  for  carrying  the  mails. 

The  central  position  of  New  York,  in  reference 
to  the  other  parts  of  the  Union,  having  New 
England  on  the  N.  E.,  the  Middle  and  Southern 
states  on  the  S.  W..  and  much  of  the  vast  inte- 
rior of  the  Mississippi  Valley  brought  into  free 
communication  with  it  by  canals  and  railroads,  in 
connection  with  the  navigation  of  the  Hudson, 
gives  to  this  city  preeminent  advantages  for  being 
a  great  commercial  mart  for  the  whole  country. 
Its  first  selection  by  the  Dutch,  as  a  place  of  set- 
tlement, was  influenced,  no  doubt,  by  the  circum- 
stances of  its  lying  at  the  mouth  of  a  navigable 
river,  having  a  good  harbor,  and  being  easy  of 
defence  against  the  Indians.  A  communication 
with  the  interior  by  navigable  streams,  until  within 
a  few  years  past,  has  been  thought  essential  to 
the  existence  of  a  commercial  city.  It  is  true, 
indeed,  that  since  the  introduction  of  canals  and 
railroads,  particularly  the  latter,  this  consideration 
has  sunk  into  one  of  secondary  importance ;  and 
it  must  be  granted  that,  in  this  respect,  New 
York  has  not  now  the  advantage  which  she  once 
bad  over  some  of  her  sister  cities.  By  means  of 


railroads  and  canals,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 
and  Boston  will  obtain  a  large  amount  of  the 
western  trade,  which,  before  these  new  facilities 
arose,  would  have  found  its  way  to  New  York. 
Still  the  central  position  of  New  York,  and  the 
extensive  growth  to  which  she  has  attained,  must 
continue  to  secure  to  her  the  name  and  rank 
which  she  already  possesses  of  being  the  com- 
mercial emporium  of  the  nation.  When  we  con- 
sider the  prospective  advances  of  this  country, 
the  vast  resources  of  its  enterprise  and  wealth 
which  remain  to  be  developed,  and  the  power 
which  New  York  will  have  to  increase  her  facil- 
ities of  traffic  with  our  own  interior,  and  with 
foreign  ports,  to  any  requisite  extent,  we  cannot 
doubt  that  she  is  destined  to  become,  perhaps, 
the  most  flourishing  and  extensive  mart  of  com- 
merce in  the  world. 

The  first  settlement  made  on  Manhattan  Island, 
with  a  view  to  permanent  occupancy,  was  by  the 
Dutch  in  1615.  In  1629,  being  resolved  to  estab- 
lish a  colony  at  New  Amsterdam,  as  New  York 
was  then  called,  they  appointed  Walter  Van 
Twiller  governor,  who  held  the  office  nine  years. 
In  1635,  the  governor  erected  a  substantial  fort; 
and  in  1643  a  house  of  worship  was  built  in  the 
S.  E.  corner  of  the  fort.  In  1644,  a  city  hall,  or 
stadt  house,  was  erected,  which  was  on  the  corner 
of  Pearl  Street  and  Coenties  Slip.  In  1653,  a 
wall  of  earth  and  stones  was  built  from  Hudson 
River  to  East  River,  designed  as  a  defence 
against  the  Indians,  immediately  N.  of  Wall 
Street,  which  from  that  circumstance  received  its 
name.  The  first  public  wharf  was  built  in  1658, 
where  Whitehall  Street  now  is. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Stuyvesant, 
the  last  of  the  Dutch  governors,  terminated,  after 
a  continuance  of  1 7  years  with  the  capture  of  the 
colony  by  the  English,  in  1664,  when  the  city 
was  named  New  York,  in  honor  of  James,  Duke 
of  York.  The  property  of  the  Dutch  West 
India  Trading  Company  was  all  confiscated. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  was  then  about  3000. 

In  1673,  the  Dutch  retook  the  city  from  the 
English,  it  having  been  surrendered  by  Captain 
Manning  without  firing  a  gun.  It  was  restored 
to  the  English  the  next  year  ;  and  Manning  was 
tried  for  cowardice  and  treachery,  and  sentenced 
to  have  his  sword  broken  over  his  head.  The 
inhabitants  were  all  then  required  to  take  the  oath 
of  allegiance  to  the  English  government.  As 
descriptive  of  the  commercial  condition  of  the 
city  at  that  period,  Governor  Andros,  in  his  re- 
port to  the  government  in  England,  in  1678, 
says,  "  Our  principal  places  of  trade  are  New 
York  and  Kingston,  except  Albany  for  the  In- 
dians. Our  buildings  most  wood,  some  lately 
stone  and  brick  ;  good  country  houses,  and  strong 
of  their  several  1  kindes.  A  merchant  worth 
£1000.  or  £500,  is  accompted  a  good  substantiall 
merchant,  and  a  planter  worthe  half  that  in  move- 
ables  accompted  rich ;  all  estates  may  be  valued 
att  about  £150,000 ;  there  may  lately  have  traded 
to  ye  colony,  in  a  yeare,  from  10  to  15  ships  or 
vessells,  of  about  togeather  100  tunns  each,  Eng- 
lish, New  England,  and  oure  own  built,  of  which 
five  small  shipps  and  a  ketch  now  belonging  to 
New  Yorke,  foure  of  them  built  there." 

In  1686,  James  II.  abolished  the  representative 
system,  and  prohibited  the  use  of  printing  presses. 
A  meeting  of  commissioners,  denominated  a 
congress  of  the  several  colonies,  was  this  year 
assembled  at  New  York.  A  regulation  for  light- 


496 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


ing  the  city  was  established  in  1697,  requiring 
that  lights  be  put  in  the  windows  of  the  houses 
fronting  on  the  streets,  on  a  penalty  of  ninepence 
for  every  night's  omission;  and  that  a  lighted 
lantern  be  hung  out  upon  a  pole  at  every  7th 
house,  the  expense  to  be  borne  equally  by  the 
7  intervening  houses.  In  1703,  Wall  Street  was 
paved  from  William  Street  to  the  English  (Trin- 
ity) Church.  The  Presbyterian  ministers  were 
prohibited  from  preaching  by  Governor  Cornbury, 
in  1707,  and  two  of  their  number  were  arrested 
and  tried  for  violating  this  prohibition  ;  but  they 
were  discharged  on  their  paying  $220  costs.  In 
1719,  a  Presbyterian  Church  was  built  in  Wall 
Street.  In  1 725,  the  New  York  Gazette,  a  weekly 
newspaper,  was  established.  The  first  stage  be- 
gan to  run  between  New  York  and  Boston  in 
1732.  It  made  its  trips  once  a  month,  and  was 
14  days  on  the  journey.  In  1745,  Lady  Murray 
owned  the  only  coach  in  New  York.  The  city, 
the  next  year,  contained  1834  houses,  and  11,717 
inhabitants,  all  lying  below  the  Park,  having  in- 
creased about  1000  in  9  years.  A  theatre  was 
opened  in  1750.  From  this  time  to  the  period  of 
the  revolution,  streets  were  laid  out,  and  built 
upon  more  or  less,  as  far  N.  as  Murray  Street. 

In  consequence  of  the  disastrous  issue  of  the 
battle  of  Long  Island,  soon  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war,  in  1776,  the  city  was  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  British  army,  under  Lord 
Howe,  and  occupied  by  them  until  November  25, 
1783,  when  they  evacuated  it,  upon  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States  being  established. 
On  that  day,  General  Washington,  at  the  head  of 
the  American  army,  entered  the  city.  The  Brit- 
ish had  erected  works  across  the  island,  near 
Duane  Street.  After  the  devastation  committed 
by  the  British  upon  the  houses  of  worship,  the 
college,  and  other  public  institutions,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  the  loss  of  the  books  and  accounts 
of  the  corporation,  which  had  been  carried  off 
by  the  treasurer,  who  joined  the  British  and  left 
the  country,  much  difficulty  was  found  in  tracing 
out  and  securing  various  descriptions  of  the 
public  property.  The  whole  increase  of  the  pop- 
ulation of  New  York,  during  a  century  of  the 
English  rule,  did  not  exceed  20,000,  which  at  the 
present  day  must  seem  greatly  disproportionate 
.  to  its  commercial  advantages  in  relation  to  the 
American  colonies,  and  under  the  auspices  of 
such  a  nation  as  Great  Britain.  But  when  we 
consider  the  strange  and  unnatural  restrictions 
thrown  around  the  colonies  by  the  mother  coun- 
try, our  surprise  is  diminished.  Governor  Corn- 
bury,  writing  from  New  York  to  his  superiors  at 
home,  in  1705,  says,  "  I  hope  I  may  be  pardoned 
if  I  declare  my  opinion  to  be  that  all  these  collo- 
neys,  which  are  but  twigs  belonging  to  the  main 
tree,  ought  to  be  kept  entirely  dependent  upon 
and  subservient  to  England ;  and  that  can  never 
be  if  they  are  suffered  to  go  on  in  the  notions 
they  have,  that  as  they  are  Englishmen,  so  they 
may  set  up  the  same  manufactures  here  as  people 
may  do  in  England."  In  conformity  with  this 
policy,  the  people  of  New  York  were  not  allowed 
to  manufacture  cloths  of  any  kind,  except  for 
their  own  use.  After  the  close  of  the  revolution, 
the  city  contained  23,614  inhabitants,  being  an 
increase  of  about  2000  in  15  years. 

In  1785,  the  first  Congress  after  the  war  was 
organized  in  New  York,  in  the  City  Hall,  where 
the  Custom  House  now  stands ;  and  here,  four 
years  later,  when  the  constitution  had  been 


adopted,  Washington  was  inaugurated  president 
of  the  United  States. 

From  this  time,  in  our  country,  commences  the 
period  of  modern  history,  so  to  speak ;  and  the 
most  important  events  in  the  annals  of  the  city 
must  be  comparatively  familiar  to  the  reader. 
For  a  place  of  such  magnitude,  New  York  cannot 
be  considered  unhealthy.  It  has  enjoyed  as  great 
an  exemption  as  cities  of  this  class  in  most 
countries  from  the  ravages  of  epidemic  diseases. 
It  has  been  four  times  visited  by  yellow  fever, 
viz.,  in  1742,  in  1798,  in  1805,  and  in  1822.  The 
disease  was  the  most  fatal  in  1798,  when  it  pre- 
vailed from  July  to  November,  and  the  deaths 
amounted  to  2086.  The  city,  with  other  citiea 
large  and  small,  suffered  severely  from  Asiatic 
cholera  in  the  years  1832,  1834,  and  1849.  The 
deaths  in  July  and  August,  1832,  numbered 
4673  ;  and  during  the  year,  9975.  The  deaths 
during  the  year  1850,  a  year  of  ordinary  health, 
were  15,377;  which  is  a  ratio  of  1  to  33  of  the 
population.  This  ratio  does  not  vary  materially 
from  that  of  other  northern  cities  of  the  large&t 
class. 

The  most  extensive  and  destructive  fire  which 
has  ever  occurred  in  New  York  was  that  of  the 
16th  of  December,  1835,  which  swept  over  be- 
tween 30  and  40  acres  of  the  most  valuable  part 
of  the  city,  densely  occupied  with  stores  and  filled 
with  the  richest  merchandise.  About  650  build- 
ings were  consumed,  and  the  amount  of  property 
destroyed  was  estimated,  by  a  committee  appoint- 
ed to  ascertain  the  loss,  at  nearly  $18,000,000. 
Under  this  heavy  calamity,  the  wealth  and  recu- 
perative energies  of  the  city  were  in  a  wonderful 
manner  demonstrated,  as  in  an  incredibly  short 
time  the  whole  burned  district  was  covered  again 
with  stores  and  with  public  edifices,  more  costly, 
convenient,  and  elegant  than  before. 

The  first  formal  charter  of  the  city  was  granted 
June  12,  1665.  This  has  been  superseded  by  a 
second,  and  also  by  a  third,  granted  in  1 730,  which, 
though  much  changed  by  acts  of  the  legislature, 
forms  the  basis  of  the  present  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  the  city.  The  present  charter,  by  tho 
New  York  legislature,  was  granted  in  1831 
The  city  is  divided  at  present  into  19  wards,  each 
of  which  annually  elects  an  alderman  and  an  as- 
sistant alderman,  to  each  of  the  two  boards  re- 
spectively, which  constitute  the  common  coun- 
cil. The  mayor  is  chosen  annually  by  the  elect- 
ors of  the  city. 

It  is  now  (1852)  237  years  since  the  passengers 
of  a  Dutch  emigrant  vessel  established  their  rude 
habitations  on  the  southern  extremity  of  Man- 
hattan Island.  The  annals  of  the  city,  during 
the  period  which  has  intervened,  and  more  espe- 
cially since  the  country  became  an  independen* 
nation,  illustrate  its  unexampled  progress  in 
population,  wealth,  and  commercial  greatness. 
"  In  these  respects."  to  adopt  the  words  of  tho 
editor  of  the  New  York  Manual  of  the  Corpora- 
tion for  1851,  "it  maybe  safely  said,  that  history 
affords  no  equal  example  of  prosperity ;  and,  if 
we  may  anticipate  the  lapse  of  another  century, 
its  extent  and  population  will  stand  with  scarcely 
a  rival  among  the  cities  of  the  world." 

New  York  Mills,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  An  im- 
portant manufacturing  village  on  Sadaquada 
Creek.  96  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Niagara  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Lockport 
Formed  from  Genesee  co.  in  1808.  Lake  On- 
tario bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Orleans  co.  on  the  E., 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


497 


Erie  on  the  S.,  and  the  Niagara  River,  which 
separates  it  from  Canada,  on  the  W.  It  is  also 
watered  by  Tonawanda  Creek,  which  separates 
it  from  Erie  co.,  on  the  S.  The  surface  gradual- 
ly descends  from  the  Mountain  Eidge  to  the 
lake,  and  between  the  two  extends  the  Alluvial 
Way,  or  Ridge  Road,  which  is  elevated  130  feet 
above  the  waters  of  the  lake.  The  soil  is  mostly 
good,  being  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grass 
and  grain.  This  county  contains  several  impor- 
tant mineral  and  gas  springs.  It  is  crossed  by 
the  Erie  Canal,  which  unites  with  the  Tonawan- 
da Creek  at  Pendleton  village,  and  by  the  Lock- 
port  and  Niagara  Falls,  and  Buffalo  and  Niagara 
Falls  Railroads,  which  unite  at  Niagara  Falls 
village. 

Niagara,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.,  is  separated  from 
Canada  by  the  Niagara  River,  which  bounds  it 
on  the  W.,  and  is  drained  by  a  few  small  streams. 
Goat  and  some  smaller  islands  belong  to  this 
town,  which  also  embraces  a  part  of  Niagara 
Falls.  It  is  situated  on  the  Mountain  Ridge, 
and  slopes  towards  the  S.  The  soil  is  calcareous 
sandy  loam,  upon  a  foundation  of  gypsum  and 
lime.  16  miles  W.  from  Lockport,  and  298  from 
Albany. 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Niagara  River,  at  the  falls,  and  297  miles 
W.  by  N.  from  Albany.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Nicholas  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Carlisle.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Harrison  and  Mason,  E.  by  Fleming 
and  Bath,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Bourbon  and  Harri- 
son counties.  Drained  by  Licking  River  and 
branches. 

Nicholas  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Nicholas.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Kanawha  and  Braxton  counties, 
E.  by  Randolph  and  Pocahontas,  S.  by  Green- 
brier  and  Fayette,  and  W.  by  Kanawha  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Great  Kanawha,  Gauley,  and  Elk  Riv- 
ers, and  branches. 

Nicholas,  Va.,  c.  h.  Nicholas  co.  310  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Richmond. 

Nicholasville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Jessamine  co.  On  a 
small  branch  of  Kentucky  River.  36  miles  S.  E. 
from  Frankfort. 

Nichols,  N.  Y.,  Tioga  co.  Bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  Susquehanna  River.  The  surface  is  hilly, 
except  on  the  river  border,  where  are  broad  and 
fertile  flats.  8  miles  S.  W.  from  Owego,  and  175 
W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Nicholson,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Tunkhannock 
Mountain  crosses  the  N.  part  of  this  town.  161 
miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Niles,  Mn.,  Berrien  co.  On  the  E.  side  of  the 
St.  Joseph's,  on  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad. 
191  miles  W.  from  Detroit. 

Niles,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Bounded  on  the  E. 
by  Skaneateles,  and  W.  by  Owasco  Lake,  and 
watered  by  some  small  streams.  Surface  rolling  ; 
soil  clay  and  sandy  loam,  underlaid  by  lime  and 
slate.  "lO  miles  S.  E.  from  Auburn,  and  160  W. 
from  Albany. 

Nine  Eagles,  Io.,  c.  h.  Decatur  co. 

Nippenose,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  Bounded  W.  by 
Nippenose  Creek,  and  N.  by  the  N.  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna  River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  cal- 
careous loam.  96  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Niskayuna,  N.  Y.,  Schenectady  co.  This  town 
lies  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Mohawk.  The  surface 
is  somewhat  hilly  near  the  river,  but  more  level 
and  sandy  on  the  S.  4  miles  E.  from  Schenec- 
tady, and  12  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Noble  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Augusta.  Bounded 
63 


N.  by  La  Grange,  E.  by  De  Kalb,  S-  by  Allen 
and  Whitley,  and  W.  by  Kosciusko  and  Elkhart 
counties.  Watered  by  Elkhart  and  Tippecanoe 
Rivers,  and  numerous  small  lakes. 

Nobk,  la.,  c.  h.  Noble  co.  A  little  N.  E.  from 
Elkhart  River,  and  159  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Nobleboro1,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  upper 
waters  of  Damariscotta  River,  E.  side.  38  miles 
S.  E.  from  Augusta.  A  ship-owning  and  ship- 
building place. 

Nockamixon,  Pa..  Bucks  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Delaware  River,  and  N.  by  its  tributary,  Gallows 
Run.  The  Delaware  flows  between  high  per- 
pendicular banks,  composed  of  red  sandstone. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  gravelly,  and  in  parts  swampy. 
14  miles  N.  from  Doylestown. 

Nottaway  County,  Mo.  In  the  N.  W.  angle, 
bordering  on  Iowa.  The  head  streams  of  the 
Platte  run  S.  through-it,  and  the  Nottaway  above 
its  western  border. 

Norfolk,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  The  settlement 
of  Norfolk  began  in  1744.  This  town  is  ele- 
vated and  mountainous.  The  soil  is  a  primitive 
gravelly  loam,  generally  cold  and  stony,  but  has 
considerable  depth,  and  affords  good  grazing.  A 
stream,  called  Blackberry  River,  runs  near  the 
centre  of  the  place,  and  a  little  westward  of  the 
Congregational  Church  falls  over  a  ledge  of 
rocks  30  feet  in  height.  There  is  a  handsome 
village,  with  an  open  square  or  green  in  front  of 
the  church,  which  is  uncommonly  neat  and  beau- 
tiful in  its  appearance.  About  half  a  mile  N.  is 
another  village.  25  miles  W.  N.W.  from  Hartford. 

Norfolk  County.  Ms.,  c.  h.  at  Dedham.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  E.  by  Boston  Harbor,  N. 
by  Suffolk  co.,  W.  by  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Worces- 
ter co ,  S.  by  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  state  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  S.  S.  E.  and  E.  by  the  coun- 
ties of  Bristol  and  Plymouth.  This  county  has 
a  maritime  coast  on  Boston  Harbor  of  about  12 
miles,  which  is  indented  with  many  small  bays 
and  navigable  rivers.  Its  surface  is  uneven,  and 
in  some  parts  hilly ;  its  soil  strong  and  rocky. 
Great  quantities  of  the  dark-colored  granite  are 
found  here.  A  large  part  of  Norfolk  co.,  par- 
ticularly those  towns  near  Boston,  is  under  a 
high  state  of  cultivation,  and  affords  fruits  and 
vegetables  in  great  abundance.  The  proximity 
of  this  county  to  the  capital  gives  it  many  facili- 
ties, and  the  towns  in  this  and  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  that  border  on  Boston  Harbor,  may 
be  called  the  gardens  of  Boston.  The  Charles, 
Neponset,  and  Manatiquot  are  its  chief  rivers. 

Norfolk,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Racket  River 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town.  Sur- 
face undulating;  soil  fertile  loam.  18  miles  N. 
from  Canton,  and  224  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Norfolk  County,  Va'.,  c.  h.  at  Norfolk.  Bounded 
N.  by  Chesapeake  Bay,  E.  by  Princess  Anne  co., 
S.  by  North  Carolina,  and  W.  by  Nansemond 
co.  Hampton  Roads  lie  on  the  N.  border  of  this 
county,  which  also  contains  the  greater  part  of 
Dismal  Swamp.  It  is  drained  by  Elizabeth  and 
Pasquotank  Rivers. 

Norfolk,  Va.  Port  of  entry  and  shire  town  of 
Norfolk  county.  This  place  is  situated  on  the 
N.  E.  bank  of  Elizabeth  River,  just  below  the 
confluence  of  the  two  branches  of  which  that 
river  is  formed,  and  8  miles  above  its  entrance 
into  Hampton  Roads.  It  is  32  miles  from  the 
ocean,  106  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Richmond,  110 
miles,  by  water,  below  City  Point,  at  the  junction 


498 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


of  the  James  and  Appomattox  Rivers.  Popula- 
tion, in  1810,  9193;  1820,  8478;  1830,  9816; 
1840,  10,920;  1850,  14,320. 

The  site  of  Norfolk  is  low,  and  in  some  parts 
marshy ;  but  the  principal  streets  are  well  paved, 
lighted,  and  clean,  though  others  are  less  com- 
modious and  pleasant.  The  general  style  of  the 
buildings  is  not  distinguished  for  elegance.  The 
public  buildings  are  a  court  house,  jail,  market 
house,  theatre,  banks,  insurance  offices,  an  or- 
phan asylum,  an  academy,  and  an  athanaeum, 
which  has  a  respectable  library.  There  are  8  or 
10  churches,  2  of  which  are  Episcopal,  2  Meth- 
odist, 1  Presbyterian,  1  Baptist,  1  Roman  Catho- 
lic, and  1  African. 

The  harbor  of  Norfolk  is  spacious,  easy  of  ac- 
cess, and  deep  enough  to  admit  vessels  of  18  feet 
draught.  The  entrance,  between  Old  Point  Com- 
fort and  the  Rip  Raps,  is  more  than  a  mile  wide, 
defended  by  Fort  Munrtie  and  Fort  Calhoun. 
The  former,  on  Old  Point  Comfort,  including  the 
ditch  or  moat,  covers  70  acres  of  ground;  and 
the  whole  peninsula  ceded  by  the  state  to  the 
United  States  contains  250  acres.  This  work  is 
calculated  to  mount  335  guns,  the  most  of  which 
are  either  42's,  32's,  or  24's,  and  about  130  of 
them  under  bomb-proof  covers.  Fort  Calhoun, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  covers  about  7 
acres,  for  which  a  solid  foundation  was  prepared 
by  throwing  stones  into  the  flats  near  the  chan- 
nel, and  suffering  them  to  settle  for  several  years 
before  erecting  the  superstructure.  This  work 
will  mount  265  guns,  32  and  24  pounders,  nearly 
all  under  cover.  These  fortifications  completely 
command  the  entrance  to  the  harbor  from  Hamp- 
ton Roads.  Opposite  to  Norfolk  is  Portsmouth, 
immediately  above  which  is  Gosport,  one  of  the 
most  important  navy  yards  in  the  United  States, 
having  a  splendid  dry  dock,  constructed  of  hewn 
granite,  at  a  cost  of  $974,356.  About  a  mile  from 
Norfolk,  on  Washington  Point,  between  the  E. 
and  W.  branches  of  Elizabeth  River,  stands  the 
United  States  Marine  Hospital,  which  is  a  hand 
some  edifice  of  brick. 

The  Dismal  Swamp  Canal,  which  connects 
the  waters  of  Albemarle  Sound  with  Chesapeake 
Bay,  opens  to  Norfolk  the  commerce  of  the  great 
basins  of  the  Roanokc  and  Chowan,  and,  conse- 
quently, some  of  the  finest  sections  of  North 
Carolina  and  Virginia.  The  James  River,  which 
is  navigable  for  sloops  150  miles,  to  Richmond, 
and  for  bateaux  220  miles  above  that  place,  opens 
a  valuable  trade  into  an  extensive  and  produc- 
tive country.  This  port  has  more  foreign  com- 
merce than  any  other  place  in  Virginia. 

Norridgewock,  Me.,  c.  h.  Somerset  co.  On  both 
sides  of  the  Kennebec,  28  miles  N.  from  Augus- 
ta. The  village  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
river,  directly  in  the  bend,  5  miles  W.  of  Skow- 
hegan  Falls.  It  is  a  pleasant  place,  the  main 
street  being  broad,  and  shaded  by  fine  trees.  Nor- 
ridgewock is  famous  in  history  as  the  residence 
of  the  Norridgewock  Indians,  and  the  seat  of  a 
French  Jesuit  mission. 

Norristown,  As.,  c.  h.  Pope  co.  On  the  Arkan- 
sas. 71  miles  N.  W.  from  Little  Rock. 

Norristown,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  16  miles 
from  Philadelphia.  The  town  is  handsomely 
built.  Many  of  the  buildings  being  covered  with 
stucco  gives  it  a  bright  and  lively  appearance. 
Besides  the  usual  county  buildings,  and  several 
handsome  churches,  there  is  an  academy,  a  private 
seminary  for  boys,  and  public  library.  The  princi- 


pal growth  of  this  place  has  been  within  the 
last  15  or  20  years,  since  the  erection  of  a  dam, 
across  the  Schuylkill,  which  has  created  an  im- 
mense water  power,  giving  rise  to  several  large 
manufacturing  establishments.  These  consist  of 
extensive  cotton  factories,  iron  works,  shops  for 
building  locomotives,  saw  mills,  grist  mills,  &c. 

A  bridge  across  the  Schuylkill,  800  feet  long, 
was  built  in  1830,  at  a  cost  of  $32,000.  The 
Norristown  and  Philadelphia  Railroad,  opened 
about  1835,  connects  these  two  places,  passing 
through  Conshocken  and  Managunk.  The  rail- 
road from  Philadelphia  to  Reading  and  Potts- 
ville  passes  along  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river. 
On  that  side  of  the  river  also  are  the  locks  of  the 
Schuylkill  Navigation  Company,  around  which, 
and  at  the  station  of  the  Reading  Railroad,  a 
small  village  has  sprung  up.  Ab6ut  3  miles  W. 
of  this  place  are  extensive  marble  quarries,  from 
which  a  part  of  the  stone  was  obtained  for  the 
Girard  College.  A  saw  mill,  for  cutting  it  into 
merchantable  forms,  is  in  operation  at  Norris- 
town. This  place  was  laid  out  in  1784,  and  in- 
corporated as  a  borough  March  31,  1812. 

Norriton,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Watered  by 
the  Schuylkill  River,  which  affords  extensive 
water  power,  and  by  some  small  streams  flowing 
into  it.  Surface  level ;  soil  fertile  red  shale. 

North  Adams,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  See  Adams, 
Ms. 

Northampton,  Ms.,  shire  town  of  Hampshire  co. 
93  miles  W.  from  Boston,  by  the  old  stage  route, 
and  115  miles  by  railroad,  via  Springfield,  from 
which  it  is  17  miles  N.  Population  in  1790, 
1628;  1800,  2190;  1810,  2631;  1820,  2854; 
1830,  3613;  1840,  3750;  1850,5278. 

This  town  is  delightfully  situated,  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  Connecticut,  on  elevated  ground,  about 
a  mile  from  the  river,  between  which  and  the 
town  are  large  tracts  of  meadow  land,  the  most 
fertile  and  beautiful  to  be  found  in  this  or  any 
other  country.  These  meadows  comprise  between 
3000  and  4000  acres.  A  fine  bridge,  1080  feet 
long,  connects  this  town  with  Hadley. 

This  territory,  with  that  of  the  towns  adjoining, 
was  purchased,  in  1 653,  of  "  the  chief  and  proper 
owners,"  and  conveyed  to  John  Pynchon,  for  the 
planters,  for  the  consideration  of  one  hundred 
fathoms  of  wampum,  ten  coats,  and  some  small 
gifts,  and  also  for  ploughing  up  16  acres  of 
land  on  the  E.  side  of  Quonnecticut  river.  The 
Indian  name  of  the  territory  was  Nonotuck. 

Since  thfe  first  settlements  in  the  Connecticut 
basin,  this  town  has  been  an  important  point  of 
attraction.  It  was  the  third  town  settled  on  Con- 
necticut River  in  Massachusetts.  The  soil  of  the 
town  is  alluvial,  and  its  products  exuberant. 
Both  before  and  since  the  division  of  the  old 
county  into  three,  this  place  has  been  the  seat  of 
justice.  The  buildings  of  the  county  and  town 
are  handsome,  and  the  most  important  county 
offices  are  Jire  proof. 

The  town  is  irregularly  but  handsomely  laid 
out,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  pleasant 
for  an  elegant  residence  of  any  in  New  England. 
The  ground  rises,  W.  of  the  village,  into  a  con- 
siderable elevation  of  regular  form,  called  Round 
Hill,  which  is  the  site  of  several  of  the  finest 
edifices  in  this  part  of  the  country.  Above  them 
all,  and  crowning  the  summit  of  the  hill,  is 
the  celebrated  water  cure  and  boarding  establish- 
ment, which  occupies  an  extensive  range  of 
buildings  originally  constituting  three  separate 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


499 


private  mansions.  The  meeting  house  of  the 
First  Congregational  Church  in  Northampton  is 
one  of  the  largest  in  the  United  States.  It  is  an 
imposing  edifice  of  wood,  100  feet  in  length  by 
76  in  width,  so  constructed  that  the  voice  of  the 
speaker  easily  fills  its  large  dimensions.  It  is 
ordinarily  well  filled  with  intelligent  worshippers. 
There  is'  also  another  Congregational  Church, 
besides  churches  of  the  Unitarian,  Episcopal,  Bap- 
tist and  Methodist  denominations. 

There  are  many  institutions  of  a  literary  and 
religious  character  in  this  town,  and  its  schools 
are  of  the  first  order. 

The  country  around  Northampton  is  enchanting ; 
and  those  who  visit  Mount  Holyoke,  830  feet  high, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  river,  or  Mount  Tom,  1214  feet 
high,  on  the  W.  side,  will  find  a  wonderful  variety 
of  landscape  scenery,  probably  unsurpassed  in 
beauty  by  any  in  the  New  England  States.  The 
view  from  the  situations  on  Round  Hill  is  exten- 
sive and  very  beautiful.  The  college  buildings 
at  Amherst,  7  miles  to  the  N.  E.,  are  within  the 
horizon  of  this  lovely  prospect. 

The  ancient  cemetery  at  Northampton  is  much 
visited  by  strangers,  who  feel  an  interest  to  stand 
by  the  grave  of  David  Brainerd,  the  devoted  mis- 
sionary among  the  Indians,  who  died,  October 
10,  1747,  at  the  house  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards, afterwards  President  Edwards,  but  at  that 
time  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church 
in  this  town.  "  If  the  greatness  of  a  character," 
as  a  writer  justly  observes,  "  is  to  be  estimated 
by  the  object  it  pursues,  the  danger  it  braves, 
the  difficulties  it  encounters,  and  the  purity  and 
energy  of  its  motives,  David  Brainerd  is  one  of 
the  greatest  characters  that  ever  appeared  in  the 
world.  Compared  with  this  standard  of  great- 
ness, what  little  things  are  the  Alexanders,  the 
Csesars,  the  conquerors  of  the  whole  earth  !  " 

A  fine  stream  passes  through  the  centre  of  this 
town,  possessing  a  good  water  power,  on  which 
are  manufactories  and  mills  of  various  kinds, 
About  2  miles  W.  of  the  centre,  on  the  river,  a 
flourishing  manufacturing  village  has  sprung  up. 
The  manufactures  of  Northampton  consist  of 
woollen  and  silk  goods,  boots,  shoes,  leather, 
paper,  brooms,  chairs,  iron,  tin,  cabinet  wares, 
&c.  The  manufacture  of  sewing  silk  and  ribbons 
is  on  a  large  scale. 

By  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad  Northamp- 
ton has  an  easy  communication  with  all  the 
principal  lines  of  travel  N.,  S.,  E.,  and  W.  The 
passage  in  the  cars  from  Springfield  to  North- 
ampton offers  a  fine  treat  to  the  lovers  of  splendid 
scenrey.  We  pass  the  whole  distance  on  the 
banks  of  the  river,  by  the  falls  at  South  Hadley 
and  the  great  Holyoke  dam,  through  the  gorge 
between  Mount  Holyoke  and  Mount  Tom.  The 
Canal  Railroad,  along  the  course  of  the  old 
Hampshire  and  Hamden  Canal,  affords  an  inland 
route  to  New  Haven. 

Northampton  County,  N.  C.,  Jackson  shire 
town.  Bounded  N.  by  Virginia,  E.  by  Gates  and 
Hertford  counties,  S.  by  Bertie  co.,  S.  W.  by  Ro- 
anoke  River,  separating  it  from  Halifax  co.,  and 
W.  by  Warren  co.  Watered  on  the  N.  E.  by 
Meherin  River.  Soil  mostly  fertile. 

Northampton,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  This 
town  lies  on  the  sea-coast.  It  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Hampton,  called  North  Hill.  Little  Riv- 
er rises  here,  and  flows  into  the  sea  between  Lit- 
tle Boar's  Head,  in  this  town,  and  Great  Boar's 
Head,  in  Hampton.  Winnieut  River  rises  near 


the  centre,  and  passes  N.  W.  into  Great  Bay. 
47  miles  S.  E.  by  E.  from  Concord,  by  stage,  and 
9  S.  by  W.  from  Portsmouth  by  the  Eastern 
Railroad. 

Northampton,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  Watered 
by  Rancocus  Creek  and  branches  of  Little  Egg 
Harbor.  Surface  mostly  level;  soil  sand  and 
sandy  loam ;  sterile,  except  in  the  N.  W.  part. 

Northampton,  N.  Y.,  Fulton  co.  Watered  by 
the  Sacandaga  River,  which  unites  at  this  place 
with  the  Vlaie,  or  Mayfield  Creek.  A  part  of  the 
Great  Fly,  or  marsh,  (  Vlaie,  in  Dutch,)  lies  in 
the  S.  part  of  this  town.  It  covers  from  1 5,000  to 
20,000  acres,  and  is  frequently  overflowed  by  the 
Sacandaga  and  other  streams.  The  surface  is 
chiefly  level ;  soil  sandy,  but  productive.  18 
miles  N.  E.  from  Johnstown,  and  53  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Northampton  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Easton. 
Bounded  N.  by  Monroe  co.,  E.  by  the  Delaware 
River,  separating  it  from  New  Jersey,  S.  by 
Bucks  and  Lehigh,  and  W.  by  Lehigh  and  Car- 
bon counties.  Drained  by  the  Lehigh  River  and 
numerous  small  branches  of  the  Delaware.  Sur- 
face mountainous  and  uneven,  affording  much 
picturesque  scenery  ;  soil  fertile. 

Northampton  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Eastville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Accomac  co..  E.  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Chesapeake  Bay.  This 
county  comprises  several  islands,  and  is  indented 
by  numerous  small  inlets.  Surface  varied. 

North  Beaver,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  Drained  by 
Hickory  Creek.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  rich, 
calcareous  loam. 

North  Bend,  0..  Hamilton  co.  16  miles  below 
Cincinnati,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Ohio  River,  at 
the  point  where  the  bend  in  the  river  northward 
attains  its  highest  latitude.  In  the  early  settle- 
ment of  this  part  of  the  country,  this  place  was 
selected  as  the  site  of  the  chief  city,  and  for  a 
time  it  had  the  advantage  of  Cincinnati.  Cir- 
cumstances, however,  having  led  to  the  selection 
of  the  latter  as  a  military  post,  turned  the  scale 
in  its  favor  as  the  principal  centre  of  business. 

In  later  years,  this  place  has  been  invested  with ^ 
a  national  interest,  as  the  residence,  and  the  place 
of  sepulture,  of  the  late  president  of  the  United 
States,  William  Henry  Harrison.  The  mansion 
of  the  president  stands  in  full  view  from  the  riv- 
er, about  300  yards  distant,  amidst  agreeable 
scenery,  and  is  a  spacious  two-story  building, 
with  wings.  One  half  of  the  main  building  is 
built  of  Jogs,  but  covered  with  clapboards,  and 
painted,  so  that  the  whole  presents  a  uniform  and 
handsome  external  appearancee.  About  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile  S.  of  the  family  mansion,  on  the 
summit  of  a  small,  oval-shaped  hill,  rising  about 
100  feet  from  the  plain,  is  the  tomb  of  Harrison. 
It  is  built  of  brick,  and  is  without  any  inscrip- 
tion upon  its  portal.  The  view  of  the  river  and 
surrounding  country,  to  a  person  standing  on  this 
hallowed  spot,  is  one  of  great  serenity  and  beauty. 

North  Berwick,  Me.,  York  co.  This  town  was 
incorporated  in  1831,  and  was  taken  from  the  E. 
side  of  Berwick.  It  comprises  a  fine  tract  of 
land;  it  is  well  watered,  and  very  pleasant.  It 
lies  91  miles  S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  13  N.  W. 
from  York. 

Northboro\  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Northboro'  was 
first  settled  in  1700,  and,  until  1766,  was  the  N. 
parish  of  Westboro'.  This  is  a  good  farming 
town,  lying  between  the  highlands  of  Marlboro' 
on  the  E.  and  those  of  Shrewsbury  and  Boylston 


500 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


on  the  W.  This  town  is  well  watered  by  several 
small  streams  and  ponds,  and  by  the  Assabet 
River,  which  passes  through  it.  On  the  banks 
of  the  Assabet  are  large  tracts  of  good  meadow. 
10  miles  N.  E.  from  Worcester,  and  32  from 
Boston. 

North  Branford,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  This 
town  was  incorporated  in  1831,  and  was  takej 
from  Branford.  A  range  of  mountains  from  the 
S.  W.  to  N.  E.  passes  through  the  central  part  of 
the  town.  The  inhabitants  are  generally  sub- 
stantial farmers,  and  property  is  very  equally 
distributed.  The  face  of  the  township  is  gen- 
erally hilly,  but  the  soil  is  strong  and  fertile. 
About  a  mile  S.  E.  of  the  Northford  Church, 
on  Tetoket  Mountain,  there  is  the  appearance  of 
having  been,  at  some  remote  period,  some  violent 
convulsions  in  nature ;  the  rocks  appear  to  have 
been  rent  asunder,  and  are  thrown  about  in  great 
disorder.  9  miles  E.  from  New  Haven. 

Northbridge,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Until  1772, 
this  town  was  the  N.  part  of  Uxbridge.  The 
surface  is  somewhat  rocky  and  rough,  but  the 
soil  is  generally  rich,  strong,  and  good.  It  is 
finely  watered  by  springs,  streams,  and  rivers. 
Of  these  Blackstone  and  Mumford  Rivers  are  the 
largest.  On  these  rivers  are  tracts  of  good  inter- 
rale  land.  The  Worcester  and  Providence  Rail- 
road passes  through  the  town.  From  Whitneys- 
yille,  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  to  Boston^  is 
36  miles  N.  E.,  to  Worcester,  13  miles  N.  W.' 

North  Bridgewater,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.,  is  well 
watered  by  Salisbury  River,  and  another  small 
stream,  which  empties  into  the  Taunton.  Its 
surface  is  uneven,  but  the  soil  is  of  a  good  qual- 
ity, particularly  for  grazing.  This  town  was 
the  first  of  the  three  Bridgewaters  that  have 
sprung  from  Old  Bridgewater,  named  after  a 
celebrated  English  duke.  20  miles  S.  from  Bos- 
ton, and  24  N.  W.  from  Plymouth. 

North  Brookfield,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This 
town,  formerly  the  second  parish  of  Brookfield, 
was  incorporated  in  1812.  It  is  on  elevated 
ground,  has  good  soil,  well  cultivated,  well  wa- 
tered, and  filled  with  many  beautiful  swells. 
There  is  an  artificial  pond  in  the  town,  covering 
700  or  800  acres,  raised  for  water  power.  The 
Tillage  of  East  Brookfield,  partly  in  this  town 
and  partly  in  Brookfield,  lies,  by  the  Western 
Railroad,  64  miles  from  Boston,  and  20  W.  S. 
W.  from  Worcester.  From  East  Brookfield  to 
the  village  in  the  centre  of  the  town  is  4  miles 
N.  W. 

North  Castle,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered 
by  Byram  River.  Surface  hilly  and  stony  ;  soil 
clay  and  sandy  loam.  6  miles"  N.  from  White 
Plains,  and  129  S.  from  Albany. 

North  East,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  This  town 
contains  Indian  Pond  and  several  smaller  ponds, 
and  is  drained  by  Ten  Mile  Creek  and  some  of 
its  tributaries.  It  is  partly  covered  by  the  Tagh- 
kanic  Mountain.  The  soil  is  diversified,  but 
mostly  arable  and  of  good  quality.  A  vein  of 
lead  ore,  which  is  crossed  by  one  of  copper,  com- 
mences in  this  town.  25  miles  N.  E.  from 
Poughkeepsie,  and  75  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

North  East,  Pa.,  Erie  co.  In  the  N.  E.  corner 
of  the  county.  Bounded  N.  by  Lake  Erie,  and 
E.  by  the  state  of  New  York.  Drained  by  Six- 
teen and  Twenty  Mile  Creeks.  10  miles  N  E 
from  Erie,  and  281  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

f,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.    This  town,  the 


Indian  Squeakeag,  was  first  settled  in  1673.  This 
is  a  fine  township  of  land,  on  both  sides  of  Con- 
necticut River.  The  town  contains  large  tracts 
of  fine  alluvial  land,  on  the  banks  of  the  river; 
and  the  uplands,  with  an  undulating  surface,  are 
generally  of  a  good  quality.  There  are  some 
small  streams  in  the  town,  and  some  handsome 
ponds.  The  pleasant  village  of  Northfield  is 
situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  about  a  mile  from 
the  river,  on  the  E.  side.  37  miles  W.  by  N. 
from  Fitchburg,  by  railroad,  and  87  from  Boston. 

Northfield,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  soil  is  in 
some  parts  good.  Chestnut  and  Sondogardy 
Ponds  are  in  this  town.  Winnipiseogee  River 
is  on  the  N.,  and  the  Merrimac  on  the  W.  Near 
Webster's  Falls,  the  Winnipiseogee  falls  into  the 
Pemigewasset,  and  the  united  streams  form  the 
Merrimac.  The  principal  elevation,  Bean  Hill, 
separates  the  town  from  Canterbury.  First  set- 
tlers, Benjamin  Blanchard  and  others,  in  1760. 
From  Concord  16  miles  N.,  on  the  Concord  and 
Montreal  Railroad. 

Northfield,  N.  Y.,  Richmond  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  and  W.  by  the  Kills.  The  surface  and 
soil  are  diversified,  and  bordering  on  Staten 
Island  Sound  are  some  broad  marshes.  3  miles 
N.  from  Richmond,  and  156  S.  from  Albany. 

Northfield,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  The  princi- 
pal stream  in  this  town  is  Dog  River;  it  affords 
a  great  number  of  valuable  mill  privileges.  The 
timber  is  various.  The  soil  is  generally  good, 
and  the  surface  uneven.  There  are  4  villages  in 
this  town.  The  Central  Railroad  between  Bos- 
ton and  Burlington  passes  through  it.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  here,  in  1785,  by  Amos  and 
•Ezekiel  Robinson  and  Staunton  Richardson, 
from  Westminster.  The  first  land  was  cleared  by 
Hon.  Elijah  Paine.  10  miles  S.  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

North  Haven,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  North  Ha- 
ven was  taken  from  New  Haven  in  1786.  The 
town  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Wallingford,  or 
Quinnipiac  River,  and  comprises  the  valley  and 
a  part  of  the  bordering  hills.  The  valley  is 
partly  rich  intervale  land,  and  more  extensively 
sand,  covered  with  a  thin  stratum  of  loam,  light, 
but  warm.  Near  the  northern  tine  of  the  town,  it 
is  so  light  as,  in  two  or  three  places  of  small  ex- 
tent, to  be  blown  into  drifts.  The  soil  of  the 
hills  is  good,  being  a  reddish  loam.  From  the 
vicinity  of  this  town  to  New  Haven,  and  from  its 
light  and  warm  soil,  which  is  favorable  for  early 
vegetation,  there  are  various  culinary  vegetables, 
particularly  peas,  cultivated  for  the  New  Haven 
market.  But  the  most  striking  feature  in  the 
township  is  the  large  and  beautiful  tract  of  salt 
meadows  on  both  sides  of  the  Quinnipiac.  These 
meadows  produce  large  quantities  of  grass,  which 
is  mowed  and  stacked  upon  the  land,  from 
whence,  when  the  ground  is  frozen  sufficiently 
solid  in  the  winter,  it  is  removed.  Upon  the  salt 
marsh,  the  hay  is  salt ;  but  on  those  meadows 
which  are  protected  from  the  salt  water  by  means 
of  dikes,  the  grass  is  fresh  and  of  a  better  quality. 
These  are  called  dike  marshes  or  meadows. 

North  Hempstead,  N.  Y.,  Long  Island.  See 
Hempstead. 

North  Hero,  Vt.,  c.  h.  Grand  Isle  co.  The  soil 
is  of  an  excellent  quality,  and  produces  grain  of 
all  kinds  in  abundance.  This  town  has  no 
streams  of  any  consequence.  It  was  organized 
in  1789.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in 
1783,  by  Enos  and  Solomon  Wood,  the  former 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


501 


from  Bennington,  Vt,  and  the  latter  from  Nor- 
wich, Ct.  57  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and 
28  N.  N.  W.  from  Burlington. 

North  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Washington  co.  This  is 
a  wealthy  township,  on  the  W.  side  of  Narragan- 
set  Bay.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  uneven  ;  the 
soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  well  adapted  for  the  cul- 
ture of  grain  and  vegetables,  and  the  productions 
of  the  dairy.  There  are  some  forests  in  the 
town,  of  good  ship  timber.  It  is  watered  by 
several  small  streams,  which  produce  a  good  wa- 
ter power,  on  which  are  numerous  manufacturing 
establishments.  These  streams  afford  bass  and 
other  fish  in  abundance.  There  is  considerable 
navigation  owned  at  North  Kingston,  which  is 
employed  in  the  coasting  trade  and  fishery. 
Wickford  village,  in  this  town,  is  very  pleasant 
and  flourishing;  it  has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade.  It  lies  about  2  miles 
E.  of  the  Stonington  Railroad.  30  miles  S.from 
Providence. 

North  Middleton,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Conadogwinit  Creek  and  its  branches, 
and  is  bounded  N.  by  Blue  Mountains,  in  which 
occur  Sterret's  and  Long's  Gaps.  Surface  level 
in  some  portions ;  soil  calcareous  loam  and  slate. 

Northport,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  On  Penobscot  Bay. 
46  miles  E.  from  'Ajugusta,  and  6  S.  from  Belfast. 

North  Providence,  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  This 
ancient  and  wealthy  town  was  a  part  of  Provi- 
dence until  1767. 

The  surface  of  this  town  is  uneven,  consisting 
of  moderate  elevations  and  gentle  declivities. 
The  rocks  are  primitive  and  transition;  some 
limestone  is  found. 

The  prevailing  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  which 
is  interspersed  with  tracts  of  sandy  loam,  and 
some  of  calcareous.  The  forests  consist  of  oak, 
walnut,  and  some  pine. 

The  waters  of  the  town  consist  of  the  Seekonk 
River,  which  washes  its  eastern  border ;  the 
Wanasquatucket,  which  forms  its  western  boun- 
dary ;  and  the  Mashasuck,  which  intersects  the  in- 
terior of  the  township.  These  streams  afford 
numerous  sites  for  hydraulic  works,  some  of 
which  are  almost  unrivalled.  There  are  some 
valuable  shad  and  herring  fisheries  in  the  See- 
konk. 

The  village  of  Pawtucket  is  situated  in  the  N. 
E.  section  of  the  town,  four  miles  N.  E.  from 
Providence,  on  the  border  of  the  Seekonk  River ; 
its  site  being  principally  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  and 
it  is  highly  romantic  and  picturesque.  The  river 
here  affords  numerous  natural  sites  for  manufac- 
turing establishments,  mills,  and  hydraulic  works 
of  almost  every  description,  which  are  scarcely 
rivalled,  and  which  are  occupied  to  a  great  extent. 
The  rapid  march  of  manufacturing  and  mechan- 
ical industry,  which  the  short  annals  of  this  place 
disclose,  has  few  examples  in  our  country,  and 
has  produced  one  of  the  most  considerable  and 
flourishing  manufacturing  villages  in  the  United 
States.  The  river  here  forms  the  boundary  line 
between  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island,  and 
the  village  is  built  upon  both  sides  of  it,  being 
partly  in  each  state.  That  part  of  the  village 
which  is  in  Rhode  Island  is  principally  built  on 
four  streets,  and  comprises  a  large  number  of 
handsome  buildings.  4  miles  N.  of  Providence, 
and  38  S.  W.  from  Boston  by  the  Boston  and 
Providence  Railroad. 

North  Salem,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered 
by  Titicus  Creek  or  River,  a  branch  of  the  Cro- 


ton,  which  bounds  it  on  the  W.  Surface  rather 
hilly  ;  soil  gravelly  and  clay  loam.  24  miles  N. 
from  White  Plains,  and  122  S.  from  Albany. 

North  Sewickly,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  Slippery  Rock 
and  Conquenessing  Creeks  unite  in  this  town, 
and  flow  into  Beaver  River.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  calcareous  loam.  233  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
Harrisburg. 

North  Stonington,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  This 
town  was  taken  from  Stonington  in  1808.  It  is 
watered  by  the  Pawcatuck  and  its  branches,  which 
afford  good  mill  sites.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
hilly,  and  abounding  in  granitic  rocks.  The  soil 
is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  generally  productive  of 
good  pasturage.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  em- 
ployment of  the  inhabitants.  Milltown  is  a  pretty 
village,  with  some  trade.  13  miles  S.  E.  from 
New  London,  and  50  S.  E.  from  Hartford. 

North  Strabane,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Char- 
tier's  and  Little  Chartier's  Creeks  flow  through 
this  town,  and  unite  on  its  N.  border.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  loamy. 

Northumberland,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  Connecticut  River.  The  soil  along  the 
river  is  very  productive,  perfectly  free  from  stone 
and  gravel,  and  originally  covered  with  a  growth 
of  butternut.  A  portion  of  the  upland  is  also 
good,  and  covered  with  pine,  spruce,  &c.  Cape 
Horn,  an  abrupt  mountain,  1000  feet  in  height, 
lies  near  the  centre  of  the  town.  At  the  falls  in 
the  Connecticut,  below  the  mouth  of  the  Amo- 
noosuck,  a  handsome  bridge  connects  this  town 
with  Guildhall,  Vt.  A  dam  is  thrown  across  the 
river  at  this  place,  at  both  ends  of  which  are 
pleasant  villages,  and  mills  of  various  kinds  are 
erected.  The  scenery  of  Northumberland  is 
very  wild  and  beautiful.  First  settlers,  Thomas 
Burnside  and  Daniel  Spaulding,  with  their  fam- 
ilies. Settled  in  1762.  130  miles  N.  from  Con- 
cord, and  7  N.  E.  from  Lancaster.  On  the  Mon- 
treal and  Atlantic  Railroad. 

Northumberland,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  Hudson  River.  A  level  town, 
with  a  soil  of  sandy  loam.  15  miles  N.  E.  from 
Ballston  Spa,  and  36  N.  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Northumberland  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Sunbury. 
Bounded  N.  by  Lycoming  and  Columbia  coun- 
ties, E.  by  Luzerne  and  Schuylkill,  S.  by  Dau- 
phin co.,  and  W.  by  Susquehanna  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Perry,  Juniata,  Union,  and  Ly- 
coming counties.  Drained  by  the  main  and 
some  smaller  branches  of  the  Susquehanna. 
Surface  rough  and  mountainous,  except  on  the 
border  of  the  river,  where  it  is  more  level,  and 
the  soil  fertile. 

Northumberland,  Pa.,  Northumberland  co.  59 
miles  N.  from  Harrisburg.  It  is  situated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  N.  and  W.  branches  of  the 
Susquehanna  River.  It  is  connected  by  bridges 
across  both  of  these  branches  with  the  opposite 
shores.  The  country  spreads  out  behind  the 
town  in  a  semicircular  area,  rising  gradually  to- 
wards Montouss  ridge,  which  crosses  from  one 
river  to  the  other,  about  3  miles  distant.  The 
village  is  regularly  laid  out  with  broad  streets, 
and  is  a  quiet  and  pleasant  place  of  residence. 
Business  has  been  in  some  measure  withdrawn 
from  this  place  by  the  facilities  offered  for  pass- 
ing up  the  respective  branches  between  which  it 
is  located  by  the  Susquehanna  North  and  West 
Branch  Canals,  which  meet  here.  Each  branch 
has  its  respective  trading  town  at  a  point  farther 
up.  There  is,  nevertheless,  considerable  trade 


502 


COUNTIES,    CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


here.  The  celebrated  Dr.  Priestley,  the  philoso- 
pher and  theologian,  spent  the  last  ten  years  of 
his  life  in  Northumberland.  He  died  here  Feb- 
ruary 6,  1804,  in  his  71st  year.  With  him  also 
came  from  England  Dr.  Thomas  Cooper,  who, 
after  residing  here  some  time,  went  south,  and 
became  distinguished  as  a  politician,  philosopher, 
and  political  economist. 

Northumberland  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Heaths- 
ville.  Bounded  N.  by  the  Potomac  Kiver,  E.  by 
Chesapeake  Bay,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Lancaster, 
Richmond,  and  Westmoreland  counties.  Drained 
by  branches  of  Potomac  River,  and  by  Wico- 
mico  River,  a  tributary  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Northville,  Mn.,  Wayne  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  the  W.  branch  of  Rouge  River,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  outlet  of  Walled  Lake,  and  28  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Detroit.  It  has  extensive  water 
power,  which  is  improved  for  flouring  mills,  iron 
works,  &c. 

North  Whitehall,  Pa.,  Lehigh  co.  Coply  and 
Jordan  Creeks,  and  some  small  branches  of  Le- 
high River,  water  this  town.  Surface  level ;  soil 
rich  calcareous  loam.  95  miles  E.  N.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Northwood,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  There  are 
a  number  of  ponds  in  this  town,  and  excellent 
fishing.  Suncook  Pond,  780  rods  long,  100 
wide:  Jenness's,  300  rods  long,  50  wide;  Har- 
vey's, 200  rods  long,  from  40  to  80  wide ;  a  part 
of  Great  Bow  Pond  is  also  in  this  town,  and  a 
part  of  North  River  Pond,  Pleasant  Pond,  and 
Little  Bow  Pond.  The  N.  branch  of  Lamprey 
River  has  its  rise  in  this  town,  near  Saddleback 
Mountain,  a  high  ridge  between  this  town  and 
Deerfield.  On  the  E.  side  of  this  ridge  are  found 
crystals  and  crystalline  spars  of  various  colors 
and  sizes.  This  town  has  an  elevated  site.  The 
soil  is  generally  moist,  and  well  suited  to  grazing. 
Northwood  was  originally  a  part  of  Nottingham. 
First  settlers,  Moses  Godfrey,  and  John  and  In- 
crease Batchelder,  from  Northampton,  in  1763. 
20  miles  E.  from  Concord,  and  20  N.  W.  from 
Exeter. 

North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  On 
Casco  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence 
Railroad.  See  Yarmouth. 

Norton,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  Before  its  incorpora- 
tion, this  town  was  the  N.  part  of  Taunton.  It 
began  to  be  settled  in  1670.  Among  its  first 
settlers  was  George  Leonard,  Esq.  He  discov- 
ered iron  ore  in  the  town,  and  there  being  a 
number  of  good  streams,  branches  of  the  Taun- 
ton, whereon  could  be  erected  extensive  iron 
works,  he  commenced  the  business*  By  him  and 
his  posterity  it  has  been  continued  to  the  present 
day.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified,  but 
the  soil  is  not  of  the  first  quality.  The  village 
is  pleasant,  and  remarkably  healthy.  About  3 
miles  to  the  eastward  of  it  is  Winnicunnet  Pond, 
a  handsome  sheet  of  water.  There  is  a  literary 
seminary  in  this  town  for  the  education  of  young 
ladies.  The  New  Bedford  and  Taunton  Rail- 
road passes  through  the  town.  28  miles  from 
Boston,  and  27  from  New  Bedford. 

Norton,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  An  uninhabited  town- 
ship in  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  county.  The 
land  is  said  to  be  good,  and  well  timbered,  con- 
siderable tracts  of  it  with  pine.  The  charter  of 
the  township  was  burned,  and  it  is  difficult  get- 
ting a  valid  title  to  the  lands.  There  are  2 
considerable  ponds  lying  partly  in  the  town. 
The  outlet  of  Norton*  Pond  is  the  head  branch 


of  Coatocook  River.    Farrand's  River  also  heads 
here,  and  runs  S. 

Norwalk,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  This  pleasant  town 
lies  on  Long  Island  Sound.  It  originally  included 
part  of  the  present  towns  of  New  Canaan  and 
Wilton,  and  part  of  Westport.  For  this  tract  the 
following  articles  were  given,  viz.:  '•  8  fathom 
wampum.  6  coats,  10  hatchets,  10  hoes,  10  knives, 
10  scissors,  10  jewsharps.  10  fathom  tobacco,  3 
kettle.*,  3  hands-about,  and  10  looking  glasses." 
The  following  articles  were  given  to  the  Indians 
for  the  tract  "  from  Norwalk  River  to  Five  Mile 
River,  from  sea,  Indian  one  day  in  country," 
viz.:  "10  fathom  wampum,  3  hatchets,  3  hoes 
when  ships  come,  6  glasses.  12  tobacco  pipes,  3 
knives,  10  drillers,  10  needles."  The  name  of 
Norwalk  is  derived  from  the  above  bargain,  viz. : 
the  northern  bounds  of  the  lands  purchased  were 
to  extend  from  the  sea  one  day's  "  north  ivalk " 
into  the  country. 

The  soil  in  this  town  is  excellent;  the  surface 
is  uneven,  being  pleasantly  diversified  with  hills 
and  valleys.  On  the  border  of  the  sound  the 
hills  are  generally  moderate,  and  in  the  interior 
more  elevated. 

"  The  valley,  which  lies  along  Norwalk  River, 
and  in  which  the  town  is  bujlt,  is  beautiful." 
Norwalk  contains  2  considerable  and  flourish- 
ing villages  —  Norwalk  Borough  and  the  village 
of  Old  Well.  The  borough  is  built  on  both  sides 
of  a  small  river  or  creek,  which  is  much  con- 
tracted in  width  at  the  bridge  which  connects  the 
two  parts  of  the  village ;  and  the  buildings  on 
each  side  of  the  stream  are  so  near  each  other, 
that  the  passage  of  the  river  from  the  N.  is  not 
readily  perceived  at  a  short  distance.  Vessels 
drawing  6  feet  of  water  can  get  up  to  the  bridge 
in  the  most  compact  part  of  the  borough. 

The  flourishing  village  of  Old  Well  is  situ- 
ated about  li  miles  S.  of  the  central  part  of  Nor- 
walk Borough,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  creek.  This 
is  the  principal  landing-place  for  steamboats 
for  Norwalk  and  the  vicinity,  there  being 
a  daily  line  from  and  to  New  York.  A  boat 
every  other  day  leaves  Norwalk  Bridge  for  New 
York.  32  miles  from  New  Haven  by  railroad. 

Norwalk,  0.,  c.  h.  Huron  co.  100  miles  N.  by 
E.  from  Columbus. 

Nonvay,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  A  fertile  township. 
47  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Augusta. 

Nonvay,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Some  tributa- 
ries of  West  Canada  Creek  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  elevated  and  hilly  ;  soil  sandy 
loam  and  clay.  14  miles  N.  from  Herkimer,  and 
79  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Norwegian,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  Watered  by 
the  Schuylkill  and  its  tributaries.  This  is  a  hilly 
and  mountainous  town,  and  the  centre  of  an 
important  coal  region. 

Norwich,  Ct.  One  of  the  shire  towns  of  New 
London  co.  Norwich  city  is  situated  at  the  head 
of  navigation  of  Thames  River,  at  the  point  of 
land  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Shetucket  and 
Yantic  Rivers,  whose  united  waters  constitute 
the  Thames.  The  main  part  of  the  city  is  built 
on  the  southern  declivity  of  a  high  and  rocky 
hill ;  the  houses  are  built  in  tiers,  rising  one  above 
another.  The  city,  as  it  is  approached  from  the 
south,  presents  one  of  the  most  beautiful,  interest- 
ing, and  romantic  prospects  in  the  state.  There 
are  in  this  city  (or,  as  it  was  formerly  called, 
Chelsea  or  Norwich  Landing)  a  court  house  and 
town  hall,  a  high  school  for  boys,  and  a  female 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


academy.  About  a  mile  eastward  of  the  landing 
is  situated  the  flourishing  village  of  Greenville, 
at  the  eastern  extremity  of  which  a  dam  has  been 
constructed  across  the  Shetucket.  The  first  pa- 
per manufactured  in  Connecticut  was  made  in 
this  town,  by  Colonel  Christopher  Leffingwell. 

Above  the  cove,  which  sets  up  about  a  mile 
from  the  river,  "  the  bed  of  the  river  consists  of  a 
solid  rock,  having  a  perpendicular  height  of 
10  or  12  feet,  over  which  the  whole  body  of 
water  falls  in  an  entire  sheet  upon  a  bed  of  rocks 
below.  The  river  here  is  compressed  into  a  very 
narrow  channel,  the  banks  consisting  of  solid 
rocks,  and  being  bold  and  elevated.  For  a  dis- 
tance of  15  or  20  rods,  the  channel  or  bed  of  the 
river  has  a  gradual  descent,  is  crooked,  and  cov- 
ered with  pointed  rocks.  The  rock,  forming  the 
bed  of  the  river  at  the  bottom  of  the  perpendicu- 
lar falls,  is  curiously  excavated,  some  of  the  cavi- 
ties being  5  or  6  feet  deep,  from  the  constant 
pouring  of  the  sheet  of  water  for  a  succession  of 
ages."  At  the  bottom  of  the  falls  there  is  the 
broad  basin  of  the  cove,  where  the  enraged  and 
agitated  element  resumes  its  usual  smoothness 
and  placidity.  15  miles  N.  from  New  London, 
with  which,  and  with  Hartford  and  Worcester,  it 
is  connected  by  railroad. 

Norwich,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  A  branch  of 
Westfield  River,  and  a  number  of  its  tributaries, 
give  this  town  an  excellent  water  power.  Many 
parts  of  the  town  are  n't  for  cultivation,  the  soil 
being  strong  and  fertile  5  but  the  larger  part  of  it, 
rough  and  hilly,  is  fit  only  for  grazing.  The 
Western  Railroad  just  touches  the  south-western 
corner  of  the  town,  at  Chester  village  depot,  119 
miles  W.  from  Boston.  To  Northampton  it  is 
12  miles.  From  Chester  village  to  a  pleasant 
village,  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  4  miles. 

Norwich,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Shire  town. 
Situated  on  the  Chenango  River.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  with  a  broad,  fertile  valley  bordering  the 
river.  The  hilly  parts  are  well  adapted  to  graz- 
ing. 110  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Norwich,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  Connecticut 
River  washes  the  eastern  boundary  of  this  town- 
ship, and  is  from  30  to  40  rods  in  width.  The 
Ompompouoosuc  River  and  Bloody  Brook  pass 
through  Norwich.  The  latter  is  said  to  have  had 
its  name  from  a  bloody  battle  fought  there  during 
the  French  war.  The  surface  is  uneven,  but 
nearly  all  admits  of  cultivation.  It  produces  all 
kinds  of  grain  and  grass,  and  some  of  the  finest 
orchards  in  the  state.  Extensive  beds  of  iron 
ore  are  found  in  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  town. 
On  the  bank  of  Connecticut  River,  about  70  rods 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Ompomponoosuc,  is  an 
Indian  burying-ground.  Between  the  Conecti- 
cut  and  the  Ompomponoosuc  is  a  high  bluff, 
where  explosions  were  formerly  heard,  like  the 
report  of  cannon.  Norwich  village  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  a  plain,  near  Connecticut  River.  In 
1762,  the  township  was  partly  lotted,  and  the 
next  year  Jacob  Fenton,  Ebenezer  Smith,  and 
John  Slafter  came  here  from  Mansfield,  Ct,  built 
a  camp,  and  began  improvements.  40  miles  S. 
E.  from  Montpelier,  and  1 9  N.  from  Windsor. 
The  Passumpsic  Railroad  passes  through  the  town. 
Nottingham,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  There  are 
several  ponds  in  this  town,  mostly  of  small  size. 
Little  River  and  several  other  streams  rise  here, 
and  North  River  passes  through  the  town.  The 
soil  is  in  many  parts  good,  though  the  surface  is 
rough  and  broken.  Several  mountains  extend 


along  the  western  part  of  the  town,  forming  parts 
of  the  range  called  Blue  Hills.  Nottingham 
Square  is  a  pleasant  village  on  an  elevated  site. 
Bog  iron  ore  is  found  here  in  great  quantities. 
Mountain  ore.  crystals  and  crystalline  spars,  and 
ochres  are  also  found.  First  settlers,  Captain  Jo- 
seph Cilley  and  others,  in  1727.  From  Concord, 
25  miles  E.  S.  E.,  and  20  W.  from  Portsmouth. 

Nottingham,  N.  J.,  Mercer  co.  Drained  by  As- 
sunpink  and  Crosswick's  Creeks  and  branches. 
Surface  mostly  level ;  soil  much  diversified.  Lo- 
cated 17  miles  N.  E.  from  Mount  Holly. 

Nottingham,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Drained  by 
Peter's,  Mingo,  and  Little  Mingo  Creeks.  Sur- 
face hilly,  abounding  with  coal ;  soil  loamy.  13 
miles  E.  from  Washington. 

Nottoway  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Nottoway. 
Bounded  N.  by  Amelia  co.,  E.  by  Dinwiddie,  S. 
by  the  Nottoway  River,  separating  it  from  Lunen- 
burg  co.,  and  W.  by  Prince  Edward  co.  Drained 
by  branches  of  the  Appomattox  and  Nottoway 
Rivers. 

Nottoway,  Va.,  c.  h.  Nottoway  co.  On  Notto- 
way River.  67  miles  S.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Novarro  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Corsicana,  an 
E.  central  county,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Trinity. 

Noxubee  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Macon.  Drained 
by  the  W.  fork  of  Tombigbee  River  and  its 
tributaries. 

Nueces  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Corpus  Christi. 
On  the  S.  bank  of  the  Nueces,  at  its  mouth. 

Nunda,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Canseraga  and 
Cashaqua  Cveeks  water  this  town.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  wheat.  20 
miles  N.  from  Angelica,  and  225  W.  from  Albany. 

Oakdale,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co. 

Oakham,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  was  once  a 
part  of  Rutland,  and  called  "Rutland  West 
Wing."  The  surface  is  uneven,  rough,  and  stony, 
but  not  mountainous ;  its  soil  is  moist,  and  affords 
uncommonly  sweet  pasturage  for  cattle.  Ware 
River  passes  its  north-western  border,  and  it  is 
otherwise  watered  by  a  number  of  rivulets, 
streams,  and  ponds.  15  miles  N.W.  from  Worces- 
ter, and  59  W.  from  Boston. 

Oakland  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Pontiac.  Bound 
ed  N.  by  Genesee  and  Lapeer  counties,  E.  by  Ma 
comb,  S.  by  Wayne  and  Washtenaw,  and  W.  by 
Livingston  co.  Drained  by  Clinton  River  and  its 
tributaries,  and  by  the  head  branches  of  Huron, 
Flint,  Rouge,  and  Shiawassee  Rivers.  Surface 
undulating ;  soil  fertile. 

Oberlin,  0.,  Lorain  co.  A  village  situated  in 
the  southern  part  of  Russia  township,  32  miles  S 
W.  from  Cleveland,  and  11  miles  S.  from  the  port 
on  Lake  Erie,  called  "  Black  River  Port."  This 
place  was  laid  out  and  settled,  in  1832,  to  be  the 
seat  of  the  literary  institution  located  there,  and 
named  Oberlin,  in  honor  of  the  Rev.  John  Fred- 
eric Oberlin,  a  distinguished  philanthropist  of 
Switzerland.  The  village  is  located  upon  a  level 
plain,  in  the  midst  of  a  tract  3  miles  square,  em- 
braced in  the  original  purchase,  and  to  a  great  ex- 
tent yet  covered  with  the  primitive  forest.  The 
site  was  selected  because  it  was  supposed  to  be 
healthy,  cpuld  be  easily  approached  by  the  west- 
ern lakes  and  other  avenues  of  travel,  and  yet 
was  sufficiently  remote  from  the  vicinity  of  large 
towns  to  secure  an  exemption  from  the  tempta- 
tions to  dissipation  and  vice  which  they  offer. 
Another  consideration  was,  that  extensive  and 
fertile  lands  could  be  obtained  for  the  purposes  of 


504 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


the  seminary,  which  was  to  be  made  a  manual  la- 
bor institution  ;  and  for  the  settlement  of  a  colony 
around  it,  which,  by  the  lease  or  purchase  of  the 
property  at  a  value  which  would  be  created  in 
a  great  measure  in  the  progress  of  the  enterprise, 
should  supply  the  means  of  an  ultimate  invest- 
ment for  the  college. 

Oberlin  is  noAv  a  pleasant  and  thriving  vil- 
lage, with  a  population  of  over  2000  souls,  with 
stores,  mechanics'  shops,  &c.,  suited  to  the  condi- 
tion of  such  a  place.  The  sale  of  ardent  spirits 
has  never  been  permitted  within  its  limits. 

The  houses  in  Oberlin  are  generally  two  sto- 
ries in  height,  built  of  wood,  and  painted  white  ; 
giving  to  the  place  a  striking  resemblance  to  a 
New  England  town.  The  Presbyterian  Church 
edifice  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  state.  Near  it, 
upon  a  green  of  about  12  acres,  stands  the  prin- 
cipal edifice  of  the  college,  named  Tappan  Hall, 
in  honor  of  Arthur  Tappan,  Esq.,  of  New  York, 
an  early  and  liberal  benefactor  of  the  institution. 
Facing  the  Green  are  Oberlin  Hall,  Ladies'  Hall, 
and  Colonial  Hall,  all  of  which,  with  other  build- 
ings, belong  to  the  institution.  The  distinguish- 
ing objects  proposed  in  the  establishment  of  this 
seminary  are,  "to  secure  the  development  of  a 
sound  mind  in  a  sound  body,  by  the  aid  of  a  ju- 
dicious system  of  manual  labor,"  and  to  afford 
"  thorough  instruction,  in  all  the  branches  of  an 
education,  for  both  sexes ;  and  to  which  colored 
persons,  of  both  sexes,  shall  be  freely  admitted, 
on  the  terms  of  equality  and  brotherhood."  The 
institution  possess  500  acres  of  land  at  Oberlin, 
and  10,000  acres  in  Western  Virginia.  See  Col- 
leges. 

Obion  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Troy.  Bounded  N. 
by  Kentucky,  E.  by  Weakley  co.,  S.  by  Gibson 
and  Dyer  counties,  and  W.  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  separating  it  from  Arkansas.  Drained  by 
Obion  and  Reelfoot  Rivers  and  branches.  The 
land  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  is  liable  to  in- 
undation. 

Ocean  County,  N.  J.  On  the  sea  coast.  Taken 
from  Mon mouth  —  southern  half.  Flat  and  sandy. 

Oceola,  As.,  c.  h.  Mississippi  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Mississippi  River.  130  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Little  Rock. 

Oconto  County,  Wn.  Taken  from  Brown  in 
1851. 

Ogden,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  The  Erie  Canal 
passes  through  this  town,  which  is  chiefly  level. 
10  miles  W.  from  Rochester. 

Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Port  of 
entry  and  delivery,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswegatchie,  60 
miles  below  Kingston,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  On- 
tario. 204  miles  N.  from  Albany,  and  130  S. 
from  Montreal.  Ogdensburg  is  considered  as  be- 
ing at  the  foot  of  the  lake,  because  there  is  little 
descent  in  the  river  to  this  place,  below  which  the 
rapids  commence,  and  the  river  navigation  ends. 

The  town  is  built  upon  a  beautiful  plain,  and  is 
laid  out  with  much  regularity  in  broad  streets, 
with  many  handsome  buildings,  and  some  which 
are  highly  ornamental.  The  material  used  for  the 
most  substantial  structures  is  limestone  and  a 
calcareous  sandstone.  This  is  the  largest  town  in 
the  county,  and  was  formerly  the  county  seat,  un- 
til that  was  removed  to  Canton  for  a  more  central 
position.  It  is  a  place  of  much  trade,  and  from 
the  various  facilities  for  transportation  and  busi- 
ness which  are  concentrating  here,  it  is  destined 
inevitably  to  a  speedy  and  very  extensive  enlarge- 


ment. Its  advantages  for  manufacturing  are  very 
great  from  the  fulls  in  the  Oswegatchie  River ;  on 
which  there  is  a  natural  dam,  a  short  distance 
from  its  mouth,  which,  being  raised  somewhat 
higher,  gives  a  head  of  about  14  feet.  By  locks 
at  this  fall,  and  improvements  in  the  river  above, 
it  is  rendered  navigable  for  boats  to  Black  Lake. 
There  are  at  Ogdensburg  large  flouring  mills, 
iron  foundcries,  machine  shops,  saw  mills,  an  ex- 
tensive brewery,  distillery,  tannery,  &c.  Besides 
the  shipping,  there  are  lines  of  steamboats  daily 
running  through  Lake  Ontario,  and  touching  at 
all  its  ports,  and  also  passing  down  the  rapids, 
and.  by  canal,  to  Montreal.  The  communication 
by  railroad  is  now  complete  between  Ogdensburg 
and  Boston,  in  consequence  of  which  a  vast 
amount  of  the  traffic  of  the  Western  States  and 
Canada  is  drawn  to  this  port  in  finding  its  most 
eligible  direction  to  the  eastern  and  the  foreign 
markets.  Heretofore,  the  trade  of  Ogdensburg 
has  been  almost  exclusively  with  Montreal;  but 
now  a  new  channel  has  been  opened  which  brings 
it  into  commercial  connection  with  some  of  thQ 
most  important  seaports  of  the  Atlantic  States. 
.The  distance  to  Boston  by  railroad  is  403  miles. 
The  distance  to  New  York,  via  Rouse's  Point, 
Lake  Champlain,  and  Albany,  458  miles.  From 
Ogdensburg  to  Oswego  by  water,  on  Lake  Onta- 
rio, 110  miles,  thence  to  Albany,  by  railroad,  178 
miles,  and  thence  to  New  York,  145  miles  —  total, 
433  miles.  There  is  also  a  continuous  railroad 
route  from  Ogdensburg  to  New  York,  via  Rouse's 
Point,  Burlington,  Rutland,  Whitehall,  Saratoga, 
and  Albany,  the  whole  distance  being  482  miles. 
Situated  at  the  foot  of  ship  navigation  on  the  great 
lakes,  possessing  an  almost  unbounded  water 
power,  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  hav- 
ing now  a  direct  communication  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year  to  our  principal  eastern  markets,  and, 
through  them,  to  the  great  marts  of  trade  in  Eu- 
rope, Ogdensburg  can  hardly  fail  of  becoming, 
like  another  Buffalo,  a  principal  outlet  of  the  rich- 
es of  the  W.  and  N.,  and  consequently  a  place  of 
immense  prosperity  and  wealth. 

Ogle  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Oregon.  Bounded  N. 
by  Stephenson  and  Winnebago,  E.  by  De  Kalb, 
S.  by  Lee,  and  W.  by  Whitesides  and  Carroll 
counties.  Rock  River  and  its  tributaries  water 
this  county, 

Oglethorpe  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Lexington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Madison  and  Elkhart  counties,  E. 
by  Wilkes  and  Tallaferro,  S.  by  Greene,  and  W.  by 
Clarke  co.  Bounded  N.  E.  by  Broad  River,  and 
drained  by  its  branches,  and  watered  on  the  S.  W. 
border  by  a  head  branch  of  Oconee  River. 

Ohio  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Hartford.  Bounded 
N.  by  Hancock  co.,  E.  by  Grayson,  S.  E.  by 
Butler  co.,  S.  W.  by  Green  River,  separating  it 
from  Muhlenburg  co.,  and  W.  by  Owen  co. 
Drained  by  Rough  and  Panther  Creeks,  branches 
of  Green  River. 

Ohio,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Watered  by  West 
Canada  Creek  and  some  of  its  tributaries.  Sur- 
face elevated  and  hilly  ;>  soil  favorable  to  grass. 
20  miles  N.  from  Herkimer,  and  90  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Ohio  City,  O.,  Cuyahoga  co.  Situated  on  Lake 
Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Cuyahoga  River,  op- 
posite Cleveland.  145  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Co- 
lumbus. It  is  built  on  elevated  ground,  and  enjoys 
a  commanding  and  beautiful  view  of  the  lake, 
and  of  the  city  of  Cleveland  opposite,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge.  It  was  for- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


505 


merly  called  Brooklyn  Village,  being  included 
within  the  township 'of  that  name.  For  a  few 
years  after  1830,  it  had  the  most  rapid  increase  of 
any  town  in  the  state,  and  bade  fair  to  outstrip  its 
older  and  wealther  sister  and  rival  in  the  spirit  of 
enterprise  and  improvement,  if  not  in  ampunt  of 
business.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1836. 
It  has  many  elegant  mansions,  and  extensive 
blocks  of  stores,  shops,  warehouses,  &c.  The 
edifice  of  the  Episcopal  Church  here  is  a  Gothic 
stone  building,  of  great  beauty.  There  are  other 
churches  of  the  Presbyterian  and  Methodist  de- 
nominations. Population  in  1840,  1577  ;  in 
1850,  including  the*  township,  6375. 

Ohio,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Little  Beaver  Creek 
flows  through  this  town,  and  enters  the  Ohio  River 
at  its  S.  W.  corner.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
rich  alluvion  and  loam.  10  miles  S.  W.  from 
Beaver. 

Ohio  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Wheeling.  Bounded 
N.  by  Brooke  co.,  E.  by  Pennsylvania,  S.  by 
Marshall  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Ohio.  Drained  by  Wheeling  Creek 
and  other  small  branches  of  the  Ohio.  Surface 
rough  and  hilly ;  soil  fertile,  and  the  alluvial 
bottoms  on  the  Ohio  are  very  rich. 

Oil  Creek,  Pa.,  Crawford  co.  Oil  Creek  and  its 
branches  water  this  town,  which  is  situated  227 
miles  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Oktibbeha  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Starksville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Chickasaw  and  Monroe  counties, 
E.  by  Lowndes,  S.  by  Noxubee  and  Winston,  and 
W.  by  Choctaw  co.  Watered  by  Oktibbeha 
River  and  Runnaway  Creek. 

Old  Codorus,  Pa.,  York  co.  Codorus  Creek  and 
its  branches  water  this  town.  Surface  undulat- 
ing; soil  gravelly,  and  rather  poor.  10  miles 
S.  W.  from  York. 

Oldham  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  La  Grange.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Trimble,  E.  by  Henry  and  Shelby,  S.  by 
Jefferson  co.,  and  W.  by  the  OhioRiver,  separating 
it  from  Indiana.  The  head  streams  of  Floyd's 
Fork,  of  Salt  River,  Harrod's  Creek,  and  other 
small  branches  of  the  Ohio,  water  this  county. 

Oldtown,  Me.,  Ponobscot  co.     See  Orono. 

Old  Point  Comfort,  Va.,  Elizabeth  City  co., 
occupies  the  N.  point  at  the  entrance  of  James 
River,  lying  opposite  and  3  miles  distant  from 
Willoughby  Point.  The  fort,  called  also  Fortress 
Monroe,  is  1  mile  from  Fort  Calhoun,  on  the  Rip 
Raps.  The  village  beach  is  a  favorite  summer 
resort.  97  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Richmond. 

Old  Washington,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Washington  co. 

Olean,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  The  Alleghany 
River  and  some  of  its  tributaries  water  this  town. 
Surface  hilly,  and  heavily  timbered  with  pine  ; 
soil  sandy  loam.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Ellicott- 
ville,  and  288  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Oley,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  The  head  branches  of 
Manatawny  and  Manookisy  Creeks  water  this 
town,  the  surface  of  which  is  level,  and  the  soil 
fertile  calcareous  loam.  62  miles  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Olive,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Watered  by  Esopus 
Creek.  Surface  mountainous  and  uneven,  being 
broken  on  the  W.  by  spurs  of  the  Catskill  Range. 
Soil  gravel  and  clay  loam.  12  miles  W.  from 
Kingston,  and  68  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Olney,  Is.,  c.  h.  Rutland  co. 

Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  Rome,  Utica,  and  Whites- 
town  shire  towns.  It  was  formed  from  Herkimer 
co.  in  1798.  Bounded  N.  by  Lewis,  E.  by  Her- 
kimer, S.  by  Madison,  and  W.  by  Madison  and 
64 


Oswego  counties,  and  watered  by  Black  and 
Mohawk  Rivers,  Oneida  Lake,  and  Oneida,  Oris- 
kany,  Sadaquada,  Fish,  and  Wood  Creeks.  Sur- 
face pleasantly  diversified  with  hills  and  fertile 
valleys  ;  soil  mostly  very  fertile,  being  well 
adapted  to  grain.-  Iron  ore,  argillaceous  clay, 
gypsum,  water  limestone,  peat,  and  marl  occur 
in  great  abundance.  There  are  also  many  min- 
eral and  gas  springs  of  considerable  importance. 
The  Erie  and  Chenango  Canals,  and  Utica  and 
Schenectady,  and  Syracuse  and  Schenectady  Rail- 
roads pass  through  this  county. 

Oneonta,  N.  Y.,  Otscgo  co.  Watered  by  the 
Susquehanna  River,  and  Charlotte  River,  and 
Otego  Creek,  flowing  into  it.  Surface  hilly  and 
broken,  with  broad  and  fertile  flats  along  the 
borders  of  the  Susquehanna.  20  miles  S.  from 
Cooperstown,  and  80  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Syracuse. 
Formed  from  Herkimer  co.  in  1794.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Oswego.  E.  by  Madison,  S.  by  Cort- 
land  and  Cayuga,  and  W.  by  Cuyuga  co.  Watered 
by  Oneida  Lake  on  the  N.  E.,  near  the  centre  by 
Onondaga  Lake,  and  W.  by  Cross,  Skaneateles, 
and  Otisco  Lakes.  Seneca  and  Oneida  Rivers 
unite  to  form  Oswego  River  in  this  county,  which 
is  also  watered  by  several  other  fine  mill  streams. 
Surface  level  on  the  N.,but  more  hilly  on  the  S. ;  soil 
chiefly  a  mixture  of  calcareous  loam  and  vegetable 
mould,  and  very  fertile.  Brine  springs  are  very 
numerous,  giving  employment  to  a  great  number 
of  people,  and  yielding  a  large  revenue  to  the  state. 
There  are  also  several  sulphur  springs,  and  oxide 
of  iron,  marl,  gypsum,  and  water  limestone  exist 
in  abundance.  The  Oswego  Canal  unites  at  Syra- 
cuse with  the  Erie  Canal,  which  extends  through 
the  county.  The  Syracuse  and  Utica  and  Auburn, 
and  Syracuse  Railroads  also  run  nearly  parallel 
with  the  Erie  Canal. 

Onondaga,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Watered  by 
a  creek  of  the  same  name.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil 
rich  clay  loam.  5  miles  S.  from  Syracuse,  and 
135  W.  from  Albany. 

Onslow  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Onslow.  Bound- 
ed N.  and  E.  by  Jones  and  Cartcret  counties,  S. 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  W.  by  New  Hanover 
and  Duplin  counties.  Drained  by  New  River  and 
its  tributaries.  Surface  low  and  flat. 

Onslow,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Onslow  co. 

Ontanaqon  River  Settlement,  Mn.  Ontanagon 
River  Settlement  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  that 
river,  and  is  about  20  miles  to  the  westward  of  K6- 
waiwona  Point.  This  place  owes  its  prosperity  to 
the  discovery  of  several  valuable  mines,  about  15 
miles  up  the  stream.  These  were  discovered  by 
miners  between  the  years  1845  and  1848,  and 
have  been  opened  to  considerable  extent,  and 
some  of  them  have  begun  to  give  returns  that  in- 
dicate that  they  will  prove  profitable  to  the  stock- 
holders. Notwithstanding  the  failure  and  disap- 
pointment of  many  of  the  mining  companies, 
the  fact  of  valuable  deposits  of  copper  in  this 
vicinity  is  now  established  beyond  question, 
and  the  mining  operations  are  extending  from 
year  to  year.  The  Ontanagon  is  one  of  the 
largest  rivers  that  pour  their  waters  into  Lake 
Superior.  Its  waters  are  quite  dark  colored,  from 
peaty  matter  taken  up  by  the  water  in  its  course. 
The  dark-brown  hue  of  this  stream  may  be  traced 
in  Lake  Superior  for  some  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  river.  There  is  no  bar  that  will  prevent 
boats  from  entering  this  stream,  but  they  cannot 
go  up  far  on  account  of  the  falls.  The  soil  on 


506 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


this  river,  though  coarse,  is  good,  and  produces 
excellent  potatoes.  Other  vegetables  thrive  well 
farther  inland,  where  they  escape  the  cold  winds 
from  the  lake. 

A  small  village,  with  a  town  store  and  post 
office,  will  be  found  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  In 
the  course  of  a  few  years,  a  considerably  larger 
town  will  be  built  here,  if  the  mines  should,  as  it 
is  hoped  they  will,  prove  productive.  Water 
power,  suitable  for  saw  mills,  can  be  readily  ob- 
tained on  this  large  stream,  so  full  of  rapids  and 
falls.  The  copper  is  found  mostly  in  veins,  run- 
ning in  the  direction  of  the  strata,  or  trends  of 
the  rocks,  and  epidote  is  frequently  found  to  be 
the  matrice  of  the  copper,  which  also  is  found  in 
trap  rocks  of  an  amygdaloidal  character. 

Ontario  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Canandaigua. 
Incorporated  from  Montgomery  co.,  in  1789,  but 
has  since  been  greatly  reduced  in  size.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Monroe  and  Wayne,  E.  by 
Seneca.  S.  by  Yates  and  Steuben,  and  W.  by 
Livingston  and  Monroe  counties.  Surface  pleas- 
antly diversified ;  soil  mostly  fertile  loam  and 
mould,  yielding  large  quantities  of  fruit  and  grain. 
Its  principal  waters  are  Seneca,  Canadice,  Hone- 
oye,  Hemlock,  and  Canandaigua  Lakes,  and  their 
outlet,  and  Flint  and  Mud  Creeks.  It  contains 
several  sulphur  springs,  and  at  one  place  carbu- 
retted  hydrogen,  or  imflammable  gas,  is  given 
forth  in  large  quantities.  Iron  ore,  gypsum,  and 
marl  also  abound.  The  Erie,  and  Cayuga  and 
Seneca  Canals  run  a  short  distance  on  the  boun- 
daries of  this  county,  and  the  Auburn  and  Roches- 
ter Railroad  crosses  it  from  E.  to  W. 

Ontario,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by  sev- 
eral small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface  level ;  soil 
sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  22  miles  N.  W.  from 
Lyons  village,  and  208  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Opelousas,  La.,  St.  Landry-  parish.  Near  the 
head  of  Vermilion  River ;  the  seat  of  Franklin 
College.  (See  Colleges.)  217  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  New  Orleans. 

Oppenheim,  N.  Y.,  Fulton  co.  Watered  by  East 
Canada  Creek  and  several  small  streams.  Sur- 
face somewhat  hilly:  soil  various.  14  miles  W. 
from  Johnstown,  and  63  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Orange,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  New  Haven  and  Milford  in  1822. 
The  name  was  adopted  in  honor  of  William, 
Prince  of  Orange,  in  commemoration  of  the  bene- 
fits received  from  him  by  the  colony  of  Connec- 
ticut; particularly  for  the  restoration  of  their 
charter  after  the  usurpation  and  tyranny  of  Ed- 
mund Andros.  4  miles  S.  W.  from  New  Haven. 

Orange  is  a  pleasant  town,  with  a  productive 
soil.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  farmers. 
Savin  Rock,  in  this  town,  is  a  romantic  spot,  and 
a  place  of  resort  in  the  summer.  There  are  mines 
of  silver  and  copper  in  the  town,  and  asbestos  is 
found  in  abundance  in  serpentine  rocks. 

Orange  County,^  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Melonville.  On  the 
Atlantic  shore  of  the  peninsula. 

Orange  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Paoli.  Bounded 
N.  by  Lawrence,  E.  by  Washington,  S.  by  Craw- 
ford, and  W.  by  Dubois  and  Martin  counties. 
Drained  by  Lost  River  and  Lick  and  Patoka 
Cresks,  which  afford  good  hydraulic  power.  Sur- 
face rough  and  hilly.  The  McAdamized  road 
leading  from  Albany  to  Vincennes  traverses 
this  county. 

Orange,  Ms..  Franklin  co.  72  miles  W.  from 
Boston,  and  20  E.  from  Greenfield.  Miller's  River 


affords  good  water  power,  and  it  has  a  variety  of 
manufactures. 

Orange  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Hillsboro'.  It  ia 
bounded  N.  by  Caswell  and  Person  counties,  E. 
by  Granville  and  Wake,  S.  by  Chatham,  and  W. 
by  Guitford  co.  Haw  and  Neuse  Rivers  and 
branches  water  this  county. 

Orange,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  40  miles  N.  W. 
from  Concord.  In  this  town  are  found  many 
mineral  substances.  There  is  in  the  S.  E.  part 
a  small  pond,  in  which  is  found  paint,  resem- 
bling spruce  yellow ;  in  it  is  also  found  chalk, 
intermixed  with  magnesia.  In  1810.  a  valuable 
species  of  ochre  was  discovered.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  but  the  soil,  in  many  parts,  is  productive. 
Cardigan  Mountain  lies  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
town. 

Orange,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  Drained  by  Second, 
and  branches  of  Rahway  River.  Surface  undu- 
lating or  mountainous  ;  soil  red  shale.  4  miles 
N.  W.  from  Newark,  and  53  N.  E.  from 
Trenton. 

Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  Newburg  and  Goshen 
shire  towns.  Originally  incorporated  in  1683. 
It  is  bounded  N.  by  Ulster  co^E.  by  the  Hudson 
River,  S.  by  Rockland  co.  ana  the  state  of  N.  J., 
and  W.  by  Sullivan  co.  and  the  Delaware  River, 
which  separates  it  from  Pennsylvania.  Watered 
by  the  Hudson,  the  Wallkill,  the  Delaware  River 
and  its  branches,  and  the  head  branches  of  the 
Ramapo.  The  S.  E.  portions  are  covered  by  the 
Highlands,  and  the  W.  by  the  Shawangunk 
Mountains ;  the  rest  of  the  surface  is  covered 
with  gentle  hills  and  broad,  fertile  valleys.  The 
soil  is  well  adapted  to  grazing,  and  this  county  has 
long  been  celebrated  for  its  fine  dairies.  It  is 
also  rich  in  mineral  productions,  the  most  impor- 
tant of  which  are  ilmenite  and  magnetic  iron  ore. 
It  is  crossed  by  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal 
and  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad. 

Orange,  N.  Y,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by  Mead's 
Creek.  Has  a  high  and  rolling  surface,  and  a  soil 
suitable  for  grass  and  grain.  16  miles  E.  from 
Bath,  and  205  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Orange  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Chelsea.  This  coun- 
ty is  bounded  N.  by  Washington  and  Caledonia 
counties,  E.  by  Connecticut  River,  S.  by  Windsor 
co.,  and  W.  by  Addison  and  Washington  coun- 
ties. The  eastern  range  of  the  Green  Mountains 
extends  along  the  north-western  part  of  the  county. 
The  principal  rivers,  besides  the  Connecticut,  are 
the  Ompomponoosuc,  Wait's  branches  of  the 
White,  and  Stevens's  branch  of  the  Winooski. 
The  lands  in  Orange  co.  are  generally  good  for 
grazing ;  there  are  some  excellent  tracts  on  the 
banks  of  the  Connecticut.  Iron  and  lead  ores, 
slate  and  granite,  are  abundant. 

Orange,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  Knox  Mountain,  in 
the  north-easterly  part  of  the  town,  is  a  consider- 
able elevation,  and  affords  inexhaustible  quanti- 
ties of  granite  for  building  stone.  The  timber  is 
chiefly  hard  wood,  except  along  the  streams. 
The  soil  in  some  parts  of  the  town,  particularly 
on  the  heights,  is  rather  cold  and  wet ;  in  other 
parts  and  on  the  streams  it  is  rich  and  productive. 
The  principal  stream  of  water  is  Jail  Branch ; 
it  receives  a  considerable  stream  from  the  north, 
called  Cold  Branch.  Orange  possesses  a  largo 
and  valuable  water  power.  The  first  settlement 
was  commenced  by  Ensign  Joseph  Williams  in 
1793,  on  the  S.  line  of  the  town.  12  miles  S. 
E.  from  Montpelier,  and  12  N.  from  Chelsea. 

Orange    County^   Va.,  c.  h.  at   Orange   Court 


IN  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


507 


House.  Bounded  N.  by  Rapidan  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Culpepper  co.,  E.  by  Spottsylvania 
co.,  S.  by  Pamunky  River,  separating  it  from 
Louisa  co.,  and  W.  by  Albermale  and  Greene 
counties.  Drained  by  tributaries  of  North  Anna 
and  Rivanna  Rivers.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  fertile. 

Orange  Court  House,  Va.,  c.  h.  Orange  co.  At 
the  base  of  South  West  Mountain.  84  miles 
N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Orangeburg  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Orangeburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Lexington  and  Richland  dis- 
tricts, E.  by  Sumpter,  S.  by  Charleston  and  Barn- 
well,  and  W.  by  Barnwell  and  Edgefield  districts. 
The  Congaree  River  runs  on  a  part  of  its  N.  and 
the  Santee  on  its  E.  border.  The  South  Edisto 
washes  its  S.  W.  border,  and  the  North  Edisto 
and  branches  drain  the  interior. 

Orangeburg ',  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Orangeburg  District. 
On  the  E.  hank  of  North  Edisto  River.  43  miles 
S.  by  E.  from  Columbia. 

Orangetown,  N.  Y.,  Rockland  co.  Bounded  on 
the  E.  by  Tappan  Bay,  an  enlargement  of  the 
Hudson  River,  and  is  drained  by  the  Hackensack. 
Surface  hilly;  soil  a  mixture  *of  red  shale  and 
clay.  123  miles  from  Albany. 

Urangeuille,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Tonawanda 
Creek  and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  clay  loam.  7  miles  W.  from 
Warsaw,  and  254  from  Albany. 

Orangevitte,  Pa.,  Columbia  co.  On  Fishing 
Creek.  5  miles  N.  from  Bloomsburg,  and  81  N. 
by  E.  from  Harris  burg. 

Oregon  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Eleven  Points. 
Bounded  N.  by  Texas  and  Shannon  counties, 
E.  by  Ripley  co.,  S.  by  As.,  and  W.  by  Ozark  co. 
Drained  by  Eleven  Points  and  Spring  Rivers. 

Oregon,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Holt  co.  On  the  N.  E.  bank 
of  Missouri  River. 

Oregon  City,  On.,  c.  h.  Claquemas  co.  On  the 
Willemette  River,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Ore- 
gon. 

Orford,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.,  lies  on  Connecticut 
River,  over  which  is  a  bridge  connecting  it  with 
Fairlee.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  there  are  beauti- 
ful intervale  farms  on  the  Connecticut.  Mount 
Caba  and  Mount  Sunday  lie  near  the  centre  of 
the  town.  There  are  4  or  5  ponds  of  consider- 
able size,  one  of  which,' called  Baker's  Upper 
Pond,  lies  within  3  or  4  miles  of  Connecticut 
River.  Indian  Pond  lies  1  mile  W.  from  it. 
Limestone  is  found  in  great  abundance  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  about  400  or  500  feet  above 
Connecticut  River.  Soapstone  and  granite 
abound,  and  some  lead  ore  has  been  discovered. 
Orford  contains  a  pleasant  village,  situated  on  a 
beautiful  plain  on  the  main  road,  on  the  bank  of 
the  Connecticut.  There  is  also  another  pleasant 
village,  at  a  distance  of  2  miles,  called  Orfordville. 
The  Passumpsic  Railroad  crosses  the  Connecticut 
at  this  place.  91  miles  by  Railroad  from  Concord. 

Oriskany  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  On  both 
sides  of  Oriskany  Creek,  which  has  a  fall  of  about 
30  feet  at  this  place,  affording  good  water  power. 
100  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Orland,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Penobscot  River.  64  miles  E.  from  Augusta. 

Orleans  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  New  Orleans.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Lake  Pontchartrain,  E.  by  Lake  Borgne, 
S.  by  Plaquemine,  and  W.  by  Jefferson  co.  The 
surface  is  too  low  and  marshy  for  profitable  culti- 
vation, except  on  the  margins  of  the  streams.  The 
principal  productions  are  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  In- 
dian corn,  oranges,  figs,  peaches. 


Orleans,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  Orleans  was  the 
S.  part  of  Eastham  until  its  incorporation  in 
1797.  Its  Indian  name  was  Naumskeket.  It 
extends  across  the  cape,  and  is  indented  with 
coves  and  creeks  on  both  sides,  and  contains  a 
number  of  fine  fresh-water  ponds.  Nanset  Harbor 
is  at  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town,  and  Pleasant  Bay 
opens  at  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  town,  and  lies  part- 
ly in  Chatham.  In  this  bay  are  several  islands. 
There  is  a  very  pleasant  village  near  the  centre 
of  the  town,  from  which,  to  Barnstable  court 
house,  is  24  miles. 

Orleans  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Barre.  Formed 
from  Genesee  co.  in  1824.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
Lake  Ontario,  E.  by  Monroe,  S.  by  Genesee,  and 
W.  by  Niagara  co.  Watered  by"  Oak  Orchard, 
Johnson's,  and  several  other  creeks  flowing  into 
Lake  Ontario.  Surface  mostly  level,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  mountain  ridge,  which  runs  nearly 
parallel  with  the  lake  shore  ;  soil  well  adapted  to 
grass  and  grain.  There  are  a  few  salt  and  sul- 
phur springs  in  this  county,  and  bog  iron  ore  is 
found  in  small  quantities.  The  Erie  Canal  passes 
through  it  from  E.  to  W. 

Orleans,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by 
Chaumont  and  Perch  Rivers.  Surface  slightly 
undulating ;  soil  chiefly  rich  clay  and  loam  upon 
a  foundation  of  limestone.  12  miles  N.  from 
Watertown,  and  172  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Orleans  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Irasburg.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  by  Lower  Canada,  E.  by 
Essex  and  Caledonia  counties,  S.  by  Caledonia 
co.,  and  W.  by  Franklin  and  Lamoille  counties. 
It  lies  between  the  eastern  and  western  ranges  of 
the  Green  Mountains.  The  surface  is  generally 
handsome,  and  the  soil  well  adapted  for  wheat, 
rye,  and  grass  ;  the  climate  is  rather  too  cold  for 
corn,  and  some  parts  of  the  county  are  low  and 
marshy.  Orleans  co.  is  watered  by  Missisco,  Black, 
Barton,  and  other  rivers.  It  contains  more  ponds 
than  any  other  county  in  the  state.  Much  of 
its  trade  goes  to  Canada  by  the  way  of  Mem- 
phremagog  Lake,  which  lies  in  this  county  and 
Canadas. 

Orono,  Penobscot  co.  This  town  lies  on  the 
W.  side  of  Penobscot  River,  and  is  watered  by 
Dead  Stream  and  a  large  part  of  Pushaw  Lake. 
It  is  74  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

This  town  borders  on  the  Great  Falls  in  Penob- 
scot River,  and  contains  a  great  number  of  saw 
mills,  which  manufacture  a  vast  amount  of  lum- 
ber annually  for  the  Bangor  market.  A  railroad, 
12  miles  in  length,  between  Bangor  and  the  vil- 
lages of  Stillwater  and  Oldtown,  in  Orono,  was 
opened  for  travel  in  1836.  The  Penobscot  Riv- 
er, at  Oldtown,  above  the  falls,  is  40  feet  higher 
than  at  Bangor.  The  village  of  Stillwater  is  4 
miles  below  Oldtown.  Above  the  falls,  and 
about  a  mile  above  the  village  of  Oldtown,  near 
the  mouth  of  Dead  Stream,  on  "  Oldtown  Island," 
is  the  Indian  settlement.  This  settlement  is 
very  pleasantly  located,  and  secure  from  ap- 
proach, except  by  boats  or  canoes.  It  contains 
a  number  of  framed  houses,  and  a  neat  chapel 
with  a  bell.  In  1837,  John  Neptune,  the  lieuten- 
ant governor,  and  other  officers  of  the  Penobscot 
tribe  of  Indians,  finished  taking,  by  families,  a 
very  particular  census  of  all  who  belong  to  the 
tribe,  for  the  purpose  of  a  just  and  equal  distri- 
bution of  the  annuities  and  other  moneys  paid  to 
them.  It  was  found  that  the  families  in  all  were 
95  —  the  list  exhibiting  the  head  of  each  family 
by  name,  and  the  number  of  individuals  each 


508 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


one  contains  annexed  thereto.  The  whole  num- 
ber of  souls  in  the  tribe  was  362.  Their  officers 
are,  a  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  a  colonel, 
4  captains,  1  squire,  and  1  deacon.  In  religion 
they  are  Catholics.  Several  of  them  can  read, 
and  a  few  can  write,  though  in  a  poor  hand.  The 
tribe  own,  collectively,  all  the  islands  in  the  Pe- 
nobscot  River,  beginning  with  that  of  Oldtown, 
where  their  village  is,  and  including  all  up  as  far 
as  the  forks,  several  miles  above  the  Mattawam- 
keag,  many  of  which  are  exceedingly  pleasant 
and  fertile.  The  Indians  are  not  poor,  having 
sold  some  of  their  lands  for  large  sums.  To  such 
a  remnant,  however,  is  this  tribe  reduced  —  a 
tribe  anciently  and  uniformly  called  the  Tarra- 
tines,  who  could  bring  into  the  field  more  than 
2000  warriors,  and  who  claimed  the  lands  on 
both  sides  of  the  Penobscot  Kiver,  from  its 
sources  to  its  mouth. 

Orrington,  Me.,  Penobscot.  A  fine  township, 
with  a  handsome  village,  on  the  E.  side  of  Penob- 
scot River,  opposite  Hampden. 

Orwell,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Some  of  the  land  is 
broken  and  hilly ;  the  remaining  part  is  very  level, 
handsome  land,  and  produces  abundant  crops 
of  all  kinds  of  grain.  The  principal  streams  are 
East  Creek  and  Lemonfair  River.  On  these 
streams  are  several  mill  privileges,  which  are 
good  during  a  part  of  the  year.  The  waters, 
where  the  land  is  clayey,  are  slightly  impregnat- 
ed with  Epsom  salts,  or  the  sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia. There  is  a  spring  on  the  lake  shore, 
about  180  rods  S.  from  the  N.  W.  corner,  the  wa- 
ters of  which  are  strongly  impregnated.  The 
average  width  of  Lake  Champlain  against  Or- 
well is  about  1  mile,  and  the  widest  place  2 
miles.  May  13,  1820,  a  piece  of  land  in  the 
town,  of  more  than  5  acres'  area,  sunk  about  40 
feet,  and  slid  into  the  lake.  The  impulse  made 
upon  the  water  was  so  great  as  to  raise  the  lake 
3  feet  at  the  opposite  shore,  a  mile  and  a  half  dis- 
tant. A  part  of  Benton  was  annexed  to  Orwell 
in  1847.  The  first  permanent  settlement  of  this 
place  was  made  in  1783.  20  miles  N.  W.  from 
Rutland,  and  47  S.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Orwigsburg,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Schuylkill  co.  On  a  rising 
ground,  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  high  hills  of  fer- 
tile land,  and  near  a  small  branch  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill River.  N.  Evfrom  Harrisburg  62  miles. 

Osage  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Linn.  This  county 
is  bounded  N.  by  the  Missouri  River,  separating 
it  from  Callaway  co.,  E.  by  Gasconade  co.,  S.  by 
Crawford  and  Pulaski  counties,  and  W.  by  Mil- 
ler co.  and  Osage  River,  separating  it  from  Cole 
co.  Drained  by  Gasconade  River. 

Oskaloosa,  Io.,  c.  h.  Mahaska  co. 

Ossian,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by  Can- 
seraga  Creek  and  some  of  its  tributaries.  Sur- 
face undulating;  soil  fertile,  argillaceous  loam. 
20  miles  N.  E.  from  Angelica,  and  233  W.  from 
Albany. 

Ossinsing,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Incorporated 
in  1845.  The  name  is  of  Indian  origin,  signify- 
ing "  the  place  of  stone." 

Ossipee,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  Carroll  co.  The  W.  and 
S.  W.  parts  are  hilly  and  mountainous,  present- 
ing a  beautiful  contrast  with  the  N.  and  E.  parts, 
which  are  moderately  uneven  or  level.  Ossipee 
Lake"  is  in  this  town  and  Freedom.  ( See  Ossipee 
Lake.)  60  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Concord. 

Osterville,  Ms.,  in  the  town  of  Barnstable, 
Barnstable  co.  On  the  E.  side  of  Oyster  Bay. 
72  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Boston. 


Oswegatchie,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Watered 
by  the  Oswegatchie  River,  a  branch  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  W.,  and 
by  Black  Lake,  which  lies  partly  in  this  town. 
Surface  slightly  undulating;  soil  clay  loam.  16 
miles  W.  from  Canton,  and  200  N.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Oswego  County,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  and  Pulaski, 
shire  towns,  was  taken. from  Oneida  and  Onon- 
daga  counties  in  1816.  Bounded  N.  by  Lake 
Ontario,  E.  by  Lewis  and  Oneida,  S.  by  Madison 
and  Jefferson  counties,  and  W.  by  Lake  Ontario 
and  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by  Oneida  Lake, 
Oswego  and  Salmon  Rivers,  and  many  small 
streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario.  Surface 
chiefly  level;  soil  very  productive.  There  are 
no  important  minerals  in  this  county.  The  Os- 
wego Canal  runs  along  the  E.  bank  of  the  Oswe- 
go River. 

Oswego,  N.  Y.,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice, 
alternately  with  Pulaski,  of.  Oswego  co.  Situ- 
ated on  both  sides  of  Oswego  River,  at  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Ontario.  35  miles  N.  W.  from 
Syracuse,  and  178  W.  by  N.  from  Albany.  This 
place,  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1 828,  is  partly 
in  the  township  of  Oswego,  and  partly  in  that  of 
Scriba,  the  river  being  the  dividing  line.  The 
two  parts  are  connected  by  a  bridge  700  feet  in 
length  ;  and  as  the  ground  ascends  in  both  direc- 
tions from  the  river,  a  beautiful  view  of  each 
division  of  the  place  is  presented  from  the  op- 
posite side.  On  both  sides  it  is  regularly  and 
handsomely  laid  out,  with  streets  100  feet  wide, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  with  pub- 
lic squares,  around  which  some  of  the  churches 
and  other  public  buildings  are  located.  The 
court  house  is  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river.  The 
First  Presbyterian  and  the  Episcopal  Churches 
are  beautifully  situated  on  elevated  ground,  on 
the  W.  side.  There  is  an  incorporated  academy 
and  a  flourishing  female  school  in  the  place,  and 
many  of  the  mansions  of  the  more  wealthy  citi- 
zens are  elegant,  and  richly  adorned  with  embel- 
lishments of  taste  and  luxury. 

The  facilities  which  Oswego  possesses  for 
trade,  commerce,  and  manufactures,  are  very 
great.  Its  harbor,  next  to  Sackets  Harbor,  is  the 
best  on  the  S.  side  of  Lake  Ontario.  It  is 
formed,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  by  a  pier  1290 
feet  in  extent,  built  by  the  United  States  at  an 
expense  of  nearly  $100,000.  The  harbor  within 
the  pier  is  spacious  and  safe,  having  a  depth  of 
water  of  from  10  to  20  feet.  Several  steamboats 
and  a  large  number  of  sailing  vessels  are  owned 
here.  An  excellent  marine  railway  has  been 
constructed.  The  Oswego  Canal  connects  this 
harbor  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Syracuse,  employ- 
ing the  Oswego  River  for  a  part  of  the  distance, 
and  the  canal  boats  are  generally  so  constructed 
as  to  strength,  and  the  form  of  their  decks,  that 
they  may  be  taken  in  tow,  with  their  cargoes, 
through  the  lake.  A  considerable  portion  of 
trade  between  New  York  and  the  west  passes 
through  this  channel,  and  hence,  by  the  Welland 
Canal,  into  Lake  Erie.  The  railroad  from  Syra- 
cuse brings  other  facilities  of  business  to  Oswe- 
go, while  it  opens  through  this  place  one  of  the 
most  desirable  routes  of  travel  from  the  eastern 
cities  to  the  west  by  the  way  of  Niagara  Falls. 
From  Oswego  to  Port  Dalhousie,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Welland  Canal,  is  about  150  miles;  to 
Ogdensburg,  about  110  miles. 

The  water  power  at  Oswego,  afforded  by  the 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


509 


river  and  the  canal,  is  immense.  Many  large 
manufacturing  establishments  are  in  operation 
on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  much  more  power 
remains  to  be  applied.  The  quantity  of  flour 
turned  out  daily  by  5  or  6*  extensive  flouring 
mills  at  Oswego  is  very  large. 

Fort  Oswego,  near  the  lake,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  river,  is  a  strong  fortification  for  the  defence 
of  the  harbor,  occupying  the  site  of  the  old  fort 
of  the  same  name,  celebrated  in  the  colonial 
wars  with  the  French.  This  place  has  been  the 
scene  of  sanguinary  conflict,  in  every  period  of 
hostilities  with  a  foreign  enemy. 

Otego,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  The  Susquehanna 
River  and  Otsdawa  Creek  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  somewhat  hilly,  with  exten- 
sive flats  along  the  borders  of  the  Susquehanna ; 
the  soil  well  adapted  to  grass  and  grain.  22 
miles  S.  W.  from  Cooperstown,  and  86  from 
Albany. 

Otisco,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Otisco  Lake  and  its  inlet.  Surface  hilly  ; 
soil  clay  loam.  15  miles  S.  from  Syracuse,  and 

134  W.  from  Albany. 

Otisfield,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  This  town  is 
watered  by  Crooked  River,  which  empties  into  Se- 
bago  Lake.  The  soil  is  very  good.  It  lies  82 
miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  32  N.  N.  W. 
from  Portland. 

Otis,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  The  territory  of  Otis 
comprises  that  of  the  old  town  of  Loudon, 
which  was  incorporated  in  1773,  and  the  old  dis- 
trict of  Bethlehem.  The  two  were  united  by 
an  act  of  incorporation,  in  1810,  and  named  in 
honor  of  the  venerable  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  of 
Boston,  then  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives. The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  some  parts 
too  elevated  for  cultivation.  There  are,  however, 
many  tracts  of  good  tillage  land,  and  an  abun- 
dance of  feed  for  cattle.  The  town  is  well  stored 
with  forests  of  hard  wood,  and  granite.  There 
are  in  the  town  a  number  of  large  and  beautiful 
ponds,  which,  with  a  small  stream  from  Becket, 
form  the  head  waters  of  Farmington  River. 
These  waters  furnish  the  town  with  good  mill 
seats.  From  the  village  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
town  to  the  Becket  depot,  on  the  Western  Rail- 
road, is  about  fO  miles  ;  from  thenco  to  Boston, 

135  miles. 

Otsego,  Mn.,  Allegan  co.  Watered  by  the  Kal- 
amazoo  River,  which  here  affords  good  water 
power.  149  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Detroit. 

Otsego  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Otsego.  Formed 
from  Montgomery  co,  in  1791.  It  is  bounded  N. 
by  Oneida,  Herkimer,  and  Montgomery,  E.  by 
Schoharieand  Delaware,  S.  by  Delaware,  and  W. 
by  Chenango  and  Madison  counties.  Watered 
by  Otsego  and  Canaderaga  or  Schuyler's  Lakes, 
from  which  flows  the  E.  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna River,  by  Cherry  Valley,  Otego,  and  But- 
ternut Creeks,  and  by  the  Unadilla  River,  which 
forms  its  W.  boundary.  Surface  elevated,  hilly, 
and  in  some  parts  mountainous ;  soil  various, 
but  mostly  fertile.  This  county  contains  abun- 
dance of"  fine  marble,  and  several  sulphur 
springs. 

Otsego,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Otsego  co.  Bounded  on 
the  E.  by  Otsego,  and  N.  W.  by  Canaderaga 
Lake,  and  drained  by  Oak  Creek,  a  fine  mill 
stream,  and  the  outlet  of  the  last-named  lake. 
Surface  hilly  ;  soil  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
grass  and  grain.  66  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Otselic,  N.  Y.,   Chenango  co.     Otselic  River 


waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly, 
and  the  soil  clay  loam,  well  adapted  to  grass.  15 
miles  N.  W.  from  Norwich,  and  105  W.  from 
Albany. 

Ottawa  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Grand  Haven. 
Bounded  N.  by  Oceana  and  Neewaggo  counties, 
E.  by  Kent  co.,  S.  by  Allegan  co.,  and  W.  by 
Lake  Michigan.  Drained  by  Grand  River  and 
its  branches,  and  Maskegon  River.  Surface  un- 
dulating, with  sand  bluffs  bordering  the  lake ; 
soil  fertile. 

Ottawa  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Port  Clinton. 
N.  W.  part  of  the  state.  Has  Lake  Erie  on  the 
N.,  and  Sandusky  Bay  on  the  S.  E.  Watered 
by  Portage  and  Touissiant  Rivers.  Level  and 
fertile. 

Vinton  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  McArthur.  West 
central  part  of  the  state. 

Otto,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Bounded  on  the 
N.  and  W.  by  Cattaraugus  Creek  and  its  branches. 
The  surface  is  rough  and  elevated ;  soil  well 
adapted  to  grass  and  grain.  10  miles  N.  W. 
from  Ellicottville,  and  300  W.  from  Albany. 

Ottowa,  Is.,  La  Salle  co.  On  both  sides  of  the 
Illinois  at  the  confluence  of  Fox  River.  For  8 
or  9  miles  below  this  place,  the  Illinois  is  not 
navigable  for  steamboats,  except  at  high  water, 
owing  to  the  rapids.  133  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Springfield.  Possesses  an  extensive  water  power. 
The  Illinois  Canal  passes  through  it. 

Ottumwa,  la.,  c.  h.  Wapello  co. 

Ouachita  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Camden.  South- 
ern part.  The  Ouachita  flows  through  it  from 
N.  to  S. 

Outagamie  County,  Wn.  Taken  from  Brown 
in  1852. 

Overton  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Livingston.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Kentucky,  E.  by  Fentress  co.,  S.  by 
Putnam,  and  W.  by  Jackson  co.  Drained  by 
Obies  River  and  tributaries  and  Roaring  Creek. 

Ovid,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.  Half  shire  town, 
lying  between  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Lakes,  and 
watered  by  several  fine  mill  streams.  The  sur- 
face is  elevated  in  the  centre,  sloping  E.  and  W 
towards  the  lakes  ;  the  soil  suitable  for  grass  and 
grain.  171  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Owasco,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Owasco  Lake,  and  drained  by  a  few  small 
streams.  Surface  rolling;  soil  fertile  loam.  3 
miles  S.  E.  from  Auburn,  and  164  W.  from 
Albany. 

Qwego,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Tioga  co.  The  Susque- 
hanna River  here  receives  Owego  Ci'eek  and 
several  other  streams.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
hilly,  with  extensive  flats  along  the  Susquehanna ; 
soil  fertile.  167  miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Owen  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Owenton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Carroll  and  Gallatin  counties,  E.  by  Grant 
and  Pendleton,  S.  by  Scott  and  Franklin,  and  W. 
by  the  Kentucky  River,  separating  it  from  Henry 
co.  Drained  by  Eagle  Creek. 

Owen  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Spencer.  Bounded 
N.  by  Putnam,  E.  by  Morgan  and  Monroe,  S.  by 
Green,  and  W.  by  Clay  co.  Drained  by  the  W. 
fork  of  White  River  and  its  branches,  and  by 
Mill  Creek,  a  branch  of  Eel  River,  which  afford 
great  hydraulic  power.  Surface  undulating,  con- 
taining iron  ore ;  soil  fertile. 

Owensboro\  Ky.,  c.  h.  Daviess  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Ohio  River.  56  miles  W.  S.  W.  from 
Frankfort. 

Owenton,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Owen  co. 

Owingville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Bath  co.     On  a  branch  of 


510 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


Licking  River,  a  little  W.  from  Slate  Creek,  and 
73  miles  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Owsley  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Boonville.    New. 

Oxford.  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  Oxford  was 
taken  from  Derby  in  1798.  It  is  watered  by 
Housatonic  and  Naugatuck  Rivers.  The  surface 
of  the  town  is  diversified  with  hills  and  valleys  ; 
the  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam,  fertile  and 
productive.  The  water  power  at  this  place  is 
excellent.  From  Governor's  Hill  a  fine  view  of 
the  neat  village  of  Quaker  Farms  and  the  sur- 
rounding country  is  presented.  About  a  mile  S. 
of  the  central  part  of  the  town  is  a  remarkable 
mineral  spring,  called  "  The  Pool,"  from  the 
circumstance  of  its  waters  being  efficacious  and 
much  used  for  the  cure  of  the  salt  rheum  and 
other  complaints.  "  Once  in  a  month  a  yellow- 
ish scum  will  collect  upon  the  surface  of  the 
water,  which  in  a  few  days  runs  off,  and  leaves 
the  pool  perfectly  clear.  In  the  coldest  weather, 
this  spring  never  freezes ;  in  the  dryest  season  it 
is  as  full  as  at  other  times." 

Oxford,  la.,  c.  h.  Benton  co. 

Oxford  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Paris.  On  the 
western  border  of  the  state.  The  Upper  Andros- 
coggin  flows  through  it  from  W.  to  E.  Lake 
Umbagog,  the  source  of  the  river,  is  in  the  N. 
part,  which  is  still  unsettled.  Rough  and  moun- 
tainous in  some  parts,  but  with  much  good 
land. 

Oxford,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  town  is  watered 
by  Little  Androscoggin  River  and  several  ponds. 
It  contains  some  excellent  land,  and  two  flour- 
ishing villages.  Oxford  lies  52  miles  S.  W.  from 
Augusta,  and  8  S.  from  Paris. 

Oxford,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town  was 
granted  to  Joseph  Dudley  and  others,  in  1683, 
for  the  accommodation  of  about  30  French 
Protestant  families,  who  had  escaped  from 
France  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantz. 
They  settled  here  about  1686,  and  built  a  fort  on 
a  hill  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  town,  now  called 
Mayo's  or  Fort  Hill,  where  its  remains  are  still 
visible.  The  Indian  name  of  the  town  was 
Mancharge.  The  surface  is  not  very  hilly  ;  in  its 
centre  is  a  fine  plain,  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length, 
and  a  mile  in  width.  From  this  plain  the  lands 
gently  rise  on  all  sides.  The  soil  is  strong  and 
fertile,  and  under  good  cultivation.  About  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  W.  from  the  plain,  on  which  is 
a  large  and  handsome  village,  runs  French  River, 
from  the  N.  to  the  S.,  and  falls  into  the  Quine- 
baug.  This  river  (so  named  from  the  first  set- 
tlers) and  its  tributaries  give  to  Oxford  a  great 
hydraulic  power.  Woollen  and  Thread  Villages, 
about  a  mile  apart,  on  French  River,  are  impor- 
tant manufacturing  places.  The  Norwich  and 
Worcester  Railroad  passes  through  the  town. 
1 1  miles  S.  from  Worcester,  and  58  S.  W.  by  W. 
from  Boston. 

Oxford,  Mi.,  c.  h.  La  Fayette  co.  160  miles  N. 
N.  E.  from  Jackson. 

Oxford,  N.  C.:  c.  h.  Granville  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Fishing  Creek.  6  miles  N.  from  Tar 
River,  and  45  N.  from  Raleigh. 

Oxford,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  Bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Delaware  River,  and  drained  by  Pequest 
Creek  and  its  tributary,  Beaver  Brook,  both  mill 
streams.  Surface  rough  and  mountainous  ;  soil 
fertile  in  the  valleys. 

Oxford,  N.  Y.,  "Chenango  co.  The  Chenango 
River,  and,  nearly  parallel  to  it,  the  Chenango 
Canal,  puss  through  this  town.  Surface  rolling ; 


soil  very  fertile.  10  miles  S.  from  Norwich,  and 
118  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Oxford,  O.,  Butler  co.  105  miles  W.  S.  W.  from 
Columbus.  The  seat  of  Miami  University,  to 
which  the  land  belongs.  See  Colleges. 

Oxford,  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.  Bounded  S.  E. 
by  the  Delaware  River,  and  drained  by  Tacony 
Creek,  a  mill  stream,  and  by  Sissisocksink  Creek. 
Surface  gently  sloping ;  soil  sandy  loam. 

Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y.,  Queens  co.  This  large 
town  is  watered  by  Oyster  Bay  on  the  N.,  and  the 
Great  South  Bay  on  the  S.  Surface  somewhat 
hilly  and  stony  on  the  N.,  and  level  and  sandy  on 
the  S.  10  miles  E.  from  North  Hempstead,  and 
175  S.  from  Albany. 

Ozark,  As.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Arkansas  River.  121  miles  N.  W.  from  Little 
Rock. 

Ozark  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Rockbridge. 
Bounded  N.  by  Wright  and  Texas  counties,  E. 
by  Oregon  co.,  S.  by  Arkansas,  and  W.  by 
Taney  co.  Drained  by  the  N.  fork  of  White 
River. 

Paducah,  Ky.,  McCracken  co.  On  the  S. 
bank  of  Ohio  River,  immediately  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Tennessee,  and  284  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Frankfort. 

Page  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Nodaway.  In  the  S.  E. 
angle  of  the  state,  bordering  on  Missouri. 

Page  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Luray.  Bounded  N. 
by  Warren  co.,  E.  by  Rappahannock  and  Madi- 
son, S.  by  Rockingham,  and  W.  by  Shenandoah 
co.  Drained  by  the  S.  fork  of  Shenandoah 
River.  Surface  hilly,  the  Blue  Ridge  forming 
its  E.  boundary ;  soil  chiefly  fertile. 

Pahaquarry,  N.  J.,  Warren  co.  Blue  Mountain 
bounds  this  town  on  the  W.,  and  on  its  S.  W. 
boundary  the  Delaware  River  passes  through  the 
mountain,  forming  the  Delaware  Water  Gap.  A 
road  has  been  constructed  through  this  Gap,  by 
excavating  the  mountain,  which  was  formerly 
nearly  impassable  on  the  Jersey  side.  The  sur- 
face of  the  town  is  mountainous,  except  on  the 
Delaware,  where  are  rich  bottom  lands.  15 
miles  N.  from  Belvidere. 

Painted  Post,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  Conhocton  and  Tioga  Risers,  on  the  site 
of  an  old  Indian  burial-ground,  in  which  a  paint- 
ed post  was  erected  by  them  in  memory  of  a  dis- 
tinguished chief.  212  miles  W.  by  S.  from 
Albany.  It  has  large  water  power,  and  3  miles 
N.  a  mineral  spring.  The  Erie  Railroad  passes 
through  it. 

Painesville,  O.,  c.  h.  Lake  co.  A  very  flourish- 
ing place  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie, 
and  contains  many  valuable  farms.  Grand  River 
bounds  the  south-eastern  part,  then  runs  N.,  and 
flows  across  the  township  into  the  lake.  1 70  milea 
N.  E.  from  Columbus,  and  30  E.  from  Cleveland. 

Paintsville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Kentucky  co. 

Palatine,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  Watered  by 
Garoga  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Mohawk  River, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  S.  Surface  hilly,  and 
the  promontory  called  Anthony's  Nose  is  situated 
in  this  town.  The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile  and 
productive  in  some  parts.  10  miles  W.  from 
Fonda,  and  52  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Palermo,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  A  good  farming 
town,  embracing  the  head  waters  of  the  Sheeps- 
cot  River.  16  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Palermo,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Cattish  Creek 
waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  undu- 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


511 


lating;  soil   sandy  loam.     15   miles  S.  E.  from 
Oswego,  and  162  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Palestine,  Is.,  c.  h.  Crawford  co.  On  the  bor- 
der of  Lamotte  prairie.  3  miles  from  Wabash 
River,  and  155  S.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Palmer,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  The  Chicopee, 
the  Ware,  the  Swift,  and  some  smaller  streams, 
water  the  town,  and  give  it  a  great  hydraulic 
power.  On  the  banks  of  these  rivers  are  situated 
the  pleasant  and  flourishing  villages  of  "  Three 
Rivers,"  Thorndike,  Sedgwick,  and  Palmer  De- 
pot. There  is  a  pleasant  village  in  the  centre 
of  the  town,  2  miles  N.  from  the  depot.  The 
surface  is  somewhat  broken,  but  the  soil  is  strong 
and  productive,  particularly  along  the  streams, 
where  are  tracts  of  fine  intervale.  From  Palmer 
Depot,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  to  Boston  is  83 
miles  E.  by  N.,  and  to  Springfield  is  15  miles 
W.  S.  W. 

Palmyra,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  On  Sebasticook 
River.  The  soil  is  rich,  and  there  are  water 
privileges.  81  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Palmyra,  Mn.,  Lenawee  co.  Watered  by  Rai- 
sin River  and  Bear  Creek.  Soil  very  favorable  to 
the  growth  of  grain.  75  miles  S.  W.  from  Detroit. 

Palmyra,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Marion  co.  A  place  of 
considerable  trade.  3  miles  from  the  Mississippi, 
and  111  N.  N.  E.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Palmyra,  N.  C.,  Halifax  cO.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Roanoke  River.  1 1 5  miles  N.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by  Mud 
Creek.  Has  a  slightly  undulating  surface,  and  a 
productive  soil.  12  miles  W.  from  Lyons,  and 
196  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Palmyra,  Va.,  c.  h.  Fluvanna  co.  On  Rivan- 
na  River,  14  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  62  W. 
N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Pamelia,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by 
Perch  and  Black  Rivers.  Surface  chiefly  level ; 
soil  productive.  4  miles  N.  from  Watertown. 
and  168  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Panola  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Panola.  Bounded 
N.  by  De  Soto,  E.  by  Marshall  and  La  Fayette, 
S.  by  Yallabusha  and  Tallahatchee,  and  W.  by 
Coahomo  and  Tunic  counties.  Cold  Water  and 
Tallahatchee  Rivers  and  branches  drain  this 
county. 

Panola  County,  Ts.  On  the  E.  border.  Be- 
tween the  Sabine  and  Caddo  Lake. 

Panton,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Panton  is  bounded 
W.  by  Champlain  Lake,  and  E.  by  Otter  Creek. 
A  sluggish  stream  passes  through  ^it.  A  part  of 
Ferrisburg  was  annexed  to  Panton  in  1847.  A 
settlement  was  commenced  here  in  1770.  It  was 
abandoned  during  the  war;  after  the  war,  the 
settlers  returned,  and,  in  1784,  the  town  was 
organized.  40  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Montpelier, 
and  13  N.  W.  from  Middlebury. 

Paoli,  la.,  c.  h:  Orange  co. 

Paoli,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  78  miles  E.  S.  E.  from 
Harrisburg.  It  is  on  the  railroad  between 
Philadelphia  and  Lancaster,  21  miles  from  the 
former,  and  49  from  the  latter.  About  2  miles 
S.  W.  from  this  place  is  the  battle  ground  where 
General  Wayne  sustained  a  defeat  by  a  superior 
British  force,  September  20,  1777.  A  monument 
has  been  erected  on  the  spot  to  the  memory  of 
those  American  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  conflict. 

Paris,  Is.,  c.  h.  Edgar  co.  On  the  margin  of  a 
fertile  prairie.  114  miles  E.  from  Springfield. 

Paris,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Bourbon  co.  On  the  S.  fork 
of  Licking  River.  36  miles  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Paris,  Me.,  c.  h.  Oxford  co.    Paris  is  well  wa- 


tered and  supplied  with  mill  privileges  by  Little 
Androscoggin  River,  on  which  are  several  mills 
in  the  town.  The  soil  is  excellent,  although  in 
some  parts  uneven  and  mountainous.  The  prin- 
cipal village  is  well  built,  and  pleasantly  located. 
Paris  lies  40  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Portland. 

Paris,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  70  miles  N.  of 
Jefferson  City. 

Paris,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  The  Sadaquada 
Creek,  an  important  mill  stream,  waters  this 
town.  Surface  high  and  uneven;  soil  calcare- 
ous and  sandy  loam.  8  miles  S.  from  Utica. 

Paris,  Te.,  c.  h.  Henry  co.  On 'the  S.  side  of  a 
branch  of  Little  Sandy  River.  98  miles  W. 
from  Nashville. 

Parish,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Salmon  Creek  and 
its  branches  water  this  town,  the  surface  of  which 
is  undulating ;  soil  good  sandy  loam.  22  miles 
E.  from  Oswego,  and  145  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Parishville,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  This  large 
town  is  traversed  by,  the  St.  Regis,  Grass,  Racket, 
and  Oswegatchie  Rivers.  Surface  rolling  on  the 
N.  and  hilly  on  the  S.;  soil  sandy  loam  of  good 
quality.  15  miles  E.  from  Canton,  and  226  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Parkersburg,  Va.,  c.  h.  Wood  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Little  Kanawha  River,  at  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Ohio,  and  335  miles  N.  W.  by 
W.  from  Richmond.  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad  is  to  have  a  branch  to  this  place. 

Parkman,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  A  good  town- 
ship. 64  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta. 

Parsonsfield,  Me.,  York  co.,  lies  at  the  N.  W.  cor- 
ner of  the  county,  and  is  bounded  W.  by  the  state 
of  New  Hampshire,  and  N.  by  Ossipee  River.  It 
is  36  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Portland,  and  has  New- 
field  on  its  S.  It  was  first  settled  1774.  The 
surface  of  the  town  is  rough  and  hilly ;  but  the 
soil,  though  hard,  is  productive  of  good  crops  of 
hay  and  grain. 

Pasquotank  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Pasquotank 
Court  House.  Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Camden  co., 
S.  by  Albemarle  Sound,  and  W.  by  Perqnimans 
co.  Pasquotank  River  runs  on  its  N.  E.  border. 
Surface  level,  and  the  soil,  where  it  is  not  marshy, 
mostly  of  good  quality. 

Passaic  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Paterson.  Bounded 
N.  by  Sussex  co.and  New  York,  E.  by  Bergen  co., 
S.  by  Essex,  and  W.  by  Morris  co.  Watered  by 
Passaic  River  and  its  branches.  Surface  uneven ; 
soil  mostly  fertile. 

Passyunk,  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.  This  town 
lies  below  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  between  the 
Delaware  on  the  E.  and  the  Schuylkill  on  the  W., 
and  embraces  League  Island,  lying  in  the  Dela- 
ware. The  surface  is  level ;  the  soil  highly  cul- 
tivated alluvion  and  loam. 

Patchogue,  N.  Y,  Suffolk  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  Long  Island,  near  the  Great  South  Bay. 
60  miles  E.  from  New  York,  and  204  S.  S.  E. 
from  Albany.  A  great  resort  for  fishing  and 
fowling. 

Patrick  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Taylorsville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Flood  and  Franklin  counties,  E. 
by  Henry  co.,  "S.  by  North  Carolina,  and  W.  by 
Carroll  co.  Some  tributaries  of  Smith's,  S.  Mayo, 
and  Little  Dan  Rivers  water  this  county,  and  the 
Blue  Ridge  runs  on  its  N.  W.  boundary. 

Patrick,  Va.,  c.  h.  Patrick  co.  226  miles  W.  S.W. 
from  Richmond. 

Paterson,  N.  J.  Seat  of  justice  of  Passaic  co. 
13  miles  N.  from  Newark,  and  75  N.  E.  by  N.  from 
Trenton.  Situated  on  the  Passaic  River,  near  the 


512 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c. 


falls,  about  4  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Newark 
Bay.  It  is  on  the  railroad  which,  passing  through 
New  Jersey,  connects  the  Erie  Railroad  with 
Jersey  City,  opposite  New  York,  from  which 
Paterson  is  1 7  miles  distant.  The  early  history 
of  this  place  is  interesting,  in  connection  with 
the  subject  of  manufacturing  enterprise  in  this 
country.  It  was  established  by  a  society,  incor- 
porated in  1791,  for  the  purpose  of  fostering  this 
important  branch  of  political  economy,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  projected  by  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton. This  was  soon  after  the  first  experiment 
of  spinning  cotton  by  machinery  had  been  made 
at  Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  which  was  in  December, 
1790,  by  Samuel  Slater,  who  is  not  improperly 
styled  the  "  parent  of  the  American  cotton  man- 
ufacture." The  company  entered  upon  the  exe- 
cution of  their  plans  at  Paterson,  upon  a  liberal 
scale,  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000 ;  but  from  want 
of  experience,  and  from  various  other  disadvan- 
tages, they  were  not  at  first  successful.  A  number 
of  years  afterwards,  however,  the  work  was  taken 
up  by  others,  and  prosecuted  with  great  success. 

"  The  advantages  derivable  from  the  great  fall 
in  the  river  here  have  been  improved  with  much 
judgment.  A  dam  4£  feet  high,  strongly  framed 
and  bolted  to  the  rock  in  the  bed  of  the  river  above 
the  falls,  turns  the  stream,  through  a  canal  exca- 
vated in  the  trap  rock  of  the  bank,  into  a  basin, 
whence,  through  strong  guard  gates,  it  supplies, 
in  succession,  three  canals  on  separate  planes, 
each  below  the  other,  giving  to  the  mills  on 
each  a  head  and  fall  of  about  22  feet."  Upon 
this  fine  water  power  a  great  manufacturing  place 
has  grown  up,  which  enjoys  the  varied  and  im- 
portant advantages  of  an  abundant  and  steady 
supply  of  water,  a  healthy,  pleasant,  and  fertile 
surrounding  country,  and  a  near  proximity  to  the 
city  of  New  York,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
the  sloop  navigation  of  the  Passaic,  the  Morris 
Canal,  and  the  railroad  above  mentioned.  The 
largest  establishments  here  are  the  cotton  factories, 
which  ore  about  20  in  number ;  besides  which 
there  are  woollen  factories,  dyeing  and  printing 
establishments,  extensive  machine  shops,  paper 
mills,  fulling  mills,  &c.  The  factories  are  built 
chiefly  of  stone. 

Paterson  contains  about  15  churches  of  the 
various  denominations,  a  Philosophical  Society, 
with  a  valuable  library,  and  a  Mechanics'  Society 
for  the  advancement  of  science  and  the  mechanic 
arts,  with  a  library  and  philosophical  apparatus. 

It  is  connected  by  two  bridges  with  the  village 
of  Manchester,  opposite,  which,  in  a  general  view, 
may  be  considered  as  a  part  of  this  place,  and 
contains  several  manufacturing  establishments. 

Patterson,  N.  Y.,  Putman  co.  Croton  River 
waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly  ; 
the  soil  mostly  good,  and  in  the  valleys  very 
fertile.  6  miles  N.  E.  from  Carmel,  and  102  S. 
from  Albany. 

Pattonsburg,  Va.,  Bottetourt  co.  It  is  on  the 
N.  side  of  James  River,  opposite  Buchanan,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge,  making,  in 
fact,  one  village.  166  miles  W.  from  Richmond. 

Padding  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Van  Wert.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Eloyd  and  Cass  counties,  E.  by  Cobb, 
S.  by  Carroll  co.,  and  W.  by  Alabama.  Watered 
by  the  head  branches  of  Tallapoosa  River,  and  by 
branches  of  the  Etowah. 

Pauldiny,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Jasper  co.  Located  at  the 
head  of  Leaf  River.  109  miles  E.  S.  E.  from 
Jackson. 


Paulding  County.  O.,  c.  h.  at  Charloe,  situat- 
ed in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state,  having  Defiance 
co.  on  the  N.  and  N.  W.,  Putnam  on  the  E.,  Van 
Wert  on  the  S.,  and  the  Indiana  state  line  on  the 
W.  The  whole  surface  is  level,  and  covered  with 
the  Black  Swamp.  It  was  constituted  a  county  in 
1820,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  Paulding,  one 
of  the  captors  of  Major  Andre.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Maumee  and  Auglaize  Rivers.  The  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal  traverses  the  whole  extent  of  its 
northern  border,  and  the  Miami  Canal,  forming 
a  junction  with  the  Wabash  and  Erie,  5  miles  N. 
of  Charloe,  traverses  its  eastern  border.  The 
county  seat  is  situated  on  this  canal. 

Pavilion,  Mn.,  Kalamazoo  co.  Watered  by 
branches  of  the  St.  Joseph's  River  and  by  the 
Sandy  Lakes.  Soil  fertile,  and  favorable  to  the 
growth  of  grain.  138  miles  W.  from  Detroit. 

Pavilion,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  This  town  was 
formed  on  the  division  of  the  county  in  1841, 
having  formerly  constituted  a  part  of  the  town  of 
Covington.  It  is  watered  by  Allen's  Creek,  has  a 
rolling  surface,  and  a  soil  very  favorable  to  the 
growth  of  wheat.  12  miles  S.  E.  from  Batavia 
and  232  W.  from  Albany. 

Pawkt,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Pawlet  and  Indian 
Rivers  pass  through  this  town  ;  the  latter  abounds 
in  trout,  and  takes  its  name  from  the  great  num- 
ber of  Indians  who  formerly  resorted  here  for  the 
purpose  of  fishing.  Pawlet  is  divided  nearly  in 
the  centre  by  a  range  of  mountains,  extending 
through  it  from  S.  to  N.  The  most  remarkable 
summit  is  called  Haystack  Mountain.  The  soil 
is  dry  and  warm,  easily  cultivated,  and  produces 
good  crops  of  grain  and  grass.  The  settlement 
was  eommenced  in  1761,  by  Simeon  Barton  and 
William  Fairfield.  21  miles  S.  W.  from  Rutland, 
and  27  S.  E.  from  Whitehall,  N.  Y. 

Pawlings,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  The  Croton 
River  and  Swamp  Creeks  have  their  sources  in 
several  lakes  and  large  swamps  in  this  town. 
The  Fishkill  Mountains  also  traverse  it,  and  an 
extensive  valley  extends  from  N.  to  S.  Iron  ore 
of  a  good  quality  is  found  here,  and  the  soil,  al- 
though not  naturally  very  fertile,  may  be  made 
quite  productive.  20  miles  S.  E.  from  Pough- 
keepsie,  and  95  S.  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Pawtucket,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  On  P'awtucket  or 
Blackstone  River.  4  miles  N.  from  Providence, 
and  39  miles  by  railroad  S.  from  Boston.  The 
territory  of  the  town  comprises  an  area  of  only 
about  2  miles  square.  It  lies  upon  the  boundary 
of  the  state,  and  is  separated  from  Rhode  Island 
by  the  river  ;  which,  above  the  Pawtucket  Falls, 
is  called  Blackstone,  and  below  Seekouk  River. 

Pawtucket  Village  is  situated  at  the  falls,  on 
both  sides  of  the  river,  partly  in  Pawtucket,  and 
partly  in  North  Providence,  R.  I.  The  first  man- 
ufacture of  cotton  cloth  in  this  country,  by  water 
power  machinery,  was  commenced  at  this  place, 
by  Samuel  Slater,  an  English  emigrant,  in  De 
cember,  1 790.  The  hydraulic  power  here  is  very 
great,  the  fall  in  the  river  within  a  short  distance 
being  about  50  feet.  Below  the  falls  the  river  is 
navigable,  from  its  entrance  into  the  bay  at  Prov- 
idence, for  vessels  of  considerable  burden.  This 
has  long  been  an  important  manufacturing  place. 
It  contains  numerous  and  extensive  cotton  mills 
and  print  works,  and  shops  for  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  machinery,  bobbins,  spools,  &c.  The 
manufacture  of  boots,  shoes,  chairs,  cabinet  wares, 
and  carriages  is  also  carried  on  to  considerable 
extent,  and  something  is  done  at  ship  building 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


513 


The  village  itself  is  pleasant,  and  the  scenery 
around  it  delightful.  The  railroads  between 
Boston  and  Providence,  and  Providence  and 
Worcester,  pass  through  this  place. 

Pawtucket,  E.  I.,  Providence  co.  It  is  the  seat 
of  extensive  cotton  factories,  propelled  by  the 
water  power  of  Pawtucket  Falls.  On  the  Worces- 
ter and  Providence  Railroad.  See  Pawtucket 
Village. 

Pawtuxet,  E.  L,  Kent  co.  Port  of  entry,  and 
manufacturing  village.  Situated  on  both  sides 
of  Pawtuxet  Eiver,  partly  in  the  town  of  War- 
wick, and  partly  in  Cranston.  5  miles  S.  from 
Providence.  Water  power  great.  Harbor  safe 
and  convenient. 

Paxton,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Previous  to  1765, 
the  territory  of  this  town  comprised  the  N.  part 
of  Leicester  and  the  S.  part  of  Eutland.  It  was 
first  settled  about  1720.  The  surface  is  elevated, 
so  much  so,  that  the  numerous  fine  rivulets,  by 
which  it  is  watered,  flow  some  to  the  Nashua, 
and  some  to  the  Connecticut.  There  are  but  two 
hills  in  the  town  of  any  note :  they  are  the  Bums- 
ket  and  Turkey,  and  although  quite  elevated, 
are  arable  to  their  summits.  The  soil  is  strong, 
moist,  and  well  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  agri- 
culture. 7  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Worcester, 
and  51  W.  from  Boston. 

Peach  Bottom,  Pa.,  York  co.  Watered  by  the 
Susquehanna  Eiver,  by  Muddy  Creek  and  its 
branches,  Fishing  Creek  and  Neel's  Hole  Eun. 
Surface  level ;  soil  slate  and  gravel.  26  miles 
S.  E.  from  York,  and  62  S.  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Peacham,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  Onion  Eiver 
Pond,  so  called  from  its  giving  rise  to  one  of  the 
principal  branches  of  Onion  or  Winooski  Eiver, 
lies  in  the  western  part  of  the  town,  and  covers 
about  300  acres.  There  are  two  considerable 
streams  passing  off  to  the  E.  into  Stevens's  Branch, 
which  afford  numerous  mill  privileges.  A  ridge 
of  land  passes  through  the  western  part,  but  there 
is  no  very  considerable  elevation  in  the  town. 
The  western  part  is  a  hard  soil,  but  the  eastern 
is  rich  and  pleasantly  diversified.  There  is,  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  town,  a  natural  bog  mead- 
ow, containing  an  inexhaustible  quantity  of  shell 
marl.  There  is  plenty  of  limestone  found  here. 
There  is  a  pleasant  village  in  the  town.  In  the 
spring  of  1775,  Jonathan  Elkins  came  to  Peach- 
am,  with  several  hired  men,  and  began  improve- 
ments upon  the  lot  he  had  selected  the  year  be- 
fore. 6  miles  S.  W.  from  Danville,  and  30  E. 
from  Montpelier. 

Pekin,  Is.,  Tazewell  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Illinois  Eiver.  12  miles  below  Peoria,  and  62  N. 
from  Springfield. 

Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Hudson  Eiver.  46  miles  N.  from  New 
York,  and  106  S.  from  Albany.  Manufactures 
iron  and  leather.  A  stopping-place  for  steam- 
boats. The  Hudson  Eiver  Eailroad  passes 
through  it. 

PeUiam,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  Before  its  incor- 
poration as  a  town,  in  1743,  Pelham  bore  the 
name  of  New  Lisburne,  or  Stoddard's  Town. 
The  ancestors  of  the  first  settlers  were  from  the 
N.  of  Ireland.  The  sm-face  is  elevated  and  un- 
even. It  is  well  watered  by  Swift  and  Fort  Eiv* 
ers  and  their  branches  ;  the  soil  is  good  both  for 
tillage  and  pastures.  14  miles  N.  E.  from  North' 
arnpton,  and  about  76  W.  from  Boston. 

Pelham,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  There  are  3  ponds 
65 


here,  called  Gumpas,  Island,  and  North.  Beaver 
Eiver  passes  through  the  town.  On  this  river 
and  the  tributary  streams  there  is  much  valuable 
meadow.  The  inhabitants  depend  principally  on 
agriculture  for  the  means  of  support.  This  is  a 
very  pretty  town,  and  contains  many  excellent 
farms.  First  settlers,  John  Butler,  William  Eich- 
ardson,  and  others,  in  1792.  From  Concord  37 
miles  S.,  and  19  S.  E.  from  Amherst. 

Pelham,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Hart's  and 
Hunter's  Islands,  lying  in  East  Eiver,  are  at- 
tached to  this  town.  Surface  chiefly  level ;  soil 
sandy  loam  and  clay.  10  miles  S.  from  White 
Plains,  and  140  S.  from  Albany. 

Pemberton,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  On  the  N. 
branch  of  Eancocus  Creek.  S.  from  Trenton  22 
miles. 

Pembroke,  Me.,  Washington  co.  It  lies  178 
miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Pembroke,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.,  was  taken  from 
Duxbury  in  1 7 1 1 .  North  Eiver  separates  it  from 
Hanover ;  and  some  branches  of  that  stream,  ris- 
ing from  ponds  in  Pembroke,  give  it  a  good  wa- 
ter power.  Pembroke  is  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion on  the  North  Eiver,  and  possesses  superior 
advantages  for  ship  building.  The  North  Eiver 
is  deep,  narrow,  and  so  crooked  that  it  meanders 
18  miles  in  its  course  from  Pembroke  to  Scituate 
Harbor,  when  the  distance  by  land  is  less  than  6 
miles.  Pembroke  contains  a  pleasant  village  near 
the  centre  of  the  town,  and,  in  connection  with 
Hanson,  some  fine  fish  ponds.  12  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Plymouth,  and  where  the  Old  Colony  Eail- 
road passes,  24  miles  from  Boston. 

Pembroke,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  This  town  is 
generally  well  watered.  The  Suncook,  on  the  S. 
E.  boundary,  furnishes  many  valuable  water  priv- 
ileges. The  main  street  extends  nearly  on  a  par- 
allel with  the  Merrimac  Eiver,  in  a  straight  course, 
about  3  miles,  and  is  very  pleasant.  On  this  are 
situated  the  academy  and  the  principal  village. 
Pembroke  has  a  variety  of  soils,  mostly  very  pro- 
ductive. It  is  the  ancient  Suncook  of  the  Indians. 
First  settlers  :  this  town  was  granted  to  the 
brave  Captain  John  Lovewell,  and  60  of  his  as- 
sociates, and  was  settled  by  some  of  them  in  1729. 
6  miles  S.  E.  fftm  Concord. 

Pembroke,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  Watered  by 
Tonawanda  Creek  and  its  branches.  Surface 
chiefly  level;  soil  gravelly  loam  and,  clay.  12 
miles  W.  from  Batavia,  and  257  N.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Pendleton,  la.,  Madison  co.  At  the  falls  of  Fall 
Creek.  31  miles  N>  E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Pendleton  County^  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Falmouth. 
Bounded  N.  by  Campbell  co.  and  the  Ohio  Eiver, 
separating  it  from  Ohio,  E.  by  Bracken  ca,  S.  by 
Harrison,  and  W.  by -Owen,  Grant,  and  Kentan 
counties.  Drained  by  Licking  Eiver  and  its  trib- 
utaries. 

Pendleton,  S.  C.,  Anderson  district,  lies  on  a 
branch  of  Savannah  Eiver.  136  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Columbia. 

Pendleton  County, Va.,  c.  h.  at  Franklin.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Hardy  co.,  E.  by  Eaektegham  and  Augus- 
ta, S.  by  Bath,  and  W.  by  Pocahontas  and  Ran- 
dolph counties.  Watered  by  the  S.  branch  of  the 
Potomac.  Surface  rough  and  mountainous,  be- 
ing situated  between  two  ridges  of  the  Allegheny 
Mountains ;  soil  sterile. 

Penfield,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Irondequoit  Creek 
and  some  other  small  streams  water<  this  town. 
Surface  undulating;  soil  sandy  loam  and  claj. 


514 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


8  miles  E.  from  Kochester  city,  and  211  N.  of  W. 
from  Albany. 

Perm,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Drained  by  branches 
Of  Elk  and  White  Clay  Creeks.  Surface  level ; 
soil  sandy  loam.  36  miles  S.  W.  from  Phila- 
delphia. 

Penn's  Neck,  Lower,  N.  J.,  Salem  co.  Bounded 
on  the  W.  and  S.  W.  by  the  Delaware  River. 
Surface  level,  and  in  parts  marshy ;  soil  clay  and 
sandy  loam. 

Penn's  Neck,  Upper,  N.  J.,  Salem  co.  Surface 
level ;  soil  light  sandy  loam. 

Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Yates  co.  On  the  out- 
let of  Crooked  Lake,  which  affords  good  water 
power.  Is  traversed  by  the  Crooked  Lake  Canal. 
W.  from  Albany  192  miles. 

Penobscot  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  atBangor.  E.  cen- 
tral part.  On  both  banks  of  the  Penobscot, 
which  flows  S.  through  it.  The  northern  part  is 
still  unsettled.  Undulating  and  fertile. 

Penobscot,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Penobscot  Bay,  nearly  opposite  Belfast.  75  miles 
E.  by  N.  from  Augusta. 

Pensacola,  Fa.  City,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Escambia  co.  242  miles  W.  from  Tal- 
lahassee, and  about  64  miles  E.  from  Mobile. 
Situated  on  Pensacola  Bay,  10  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  on  a  dry 
and  sandy  plain,  gently  rising  40  or  50  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  water.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  more  than  a  mile 
in  length,  having  2  public  squares,  and  streets 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  It  contains  a 
court  house,  jail,  custom  house,  public  storehouse, 
&c.  The  shore  at  Pensacola  is  low  and  sandy ; 
and  vessels  only  of  a  light  draught  can  reach  the 
city.  But  the  bay  affords  one  of  the  most  safe 
and  capacious  harbors  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
United  States  government  has  established  a  naval 
station  and  depot  near  this  place,  for  which  it  is 
well  fitted  by  its  excellent  harbor  and  the  facilities 
for  obtaining  ship  timber  in  its  vicinity.  The  navy 
yard  is  on  the  bay,  8  miles  from  the  city,  and  covers 
80  acres  of  ground,  enclosed  by  a  high  brick  wall. 

Pensbury,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Drained  by  Pocop- 
sen  Creek  and  other  small  streams  flowing  into 
Brandywine  Creek,  which  foUns  its  E.  boun- 
dary. Surface  gently  declining ;  soil  calcareous 
loam. 

Peoria  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Peoria.  Incorporat- 
ed in  1825.  Bounded  N.  by  Stark  and  Marshall 
counties,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Illinois  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Woodford  and  Tazewell  counties, 
and  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Fulton  and  Knox  counties. 
Drained  by  Spoon  River,  and  Copperas,  Kicka- 
poo,  and  Senatchwine  Creeks.  Surface  undulat- 
ing ;  soil  very  fertile. 

Peoria,  Is.,  c.  h.  Peoria  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
Illinois  River,  at  the  outlet  of  Peoria  Lake.  The 
river  here  has  2  shelving  banks  :  the  first,  rising 
gradually  from  6  to  12  feet  above  high-water 
mark,  extends  back  from  the  river  a  quarter  of  a 
mile ;  the  second  bank  then  rises  5  or  6  feet,  and 
extends  back  to  the  bluffs,  which  rise  abruptly  to 
a  height  of  from  60  to  100  feet.  70  miles  N.  from 
Springfield. 

Pepperell,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  is  a  pleas- 
ant town,  with  a  good  soil,  variegated  surface,  and 
beautiful  villages.  It  is  watered  by  the  Nashua 
River,  which  gives  it  a  good  water  power.  This 
town  derived  its  name  from  Sir  William  Pepper- 
ell.  20  miles  N.  W.  from  Concord,  and  37  N. 
W.  from  Boston. 


Pequannock,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  Pequannock 
Creek  runs  on  the  N.  E.,  and  Pompton  River  on 
the  E.  boundary  of  this  town,  which  is  also 
drained  by  a  branch  of  Rockaway  Creek,  and 
contains  Green  Pond,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
3  miles  long,  and  half  a  mile  wide,  and  abound- 
ing with  fish.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous, 
iron  ore  being  found  in  the  N.  W.  portions,  and 
sulphate  of  iron  in  Copperas  Mountain.  The 
Morris  Canal  passes  through  the  S.  part  of  this 
town.  10  miles  N.  of  Morristown. 

Perquhnans  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Hertford. 
Bounded  N.  by  Gates  co.,  E.  by  Pasquotank  co., 
S.  by  Albemarle  Sound,  and  W.  by  Chowan  co. 
Drained  by  Little  River,  which  runs  on  its  N.  E, 
boundary,  and  by  Perquimans  River. 

Perrinton,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Watered  by  the 
Irondequoit  Creek  and  some  of  its  branches. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  productive.  10  miles  E.  from 
Rochester,  and  209  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Perry  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tuscaloosa  and  Bibb  counties,  E.  by  Bibb 
and  Autauga,  S.  by  Dallas,  and  W.  by  Marengo 
and  Greene  counties.  Watered  by  the  Catawba 
River  and  branches,  and  by  branches  of  the  Black 
Warrior. 

Perry,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Houston  co.  On  the  N.  bank 
of  Indian  Creek,  nearly  equidistant  between  Flint 
and  Ockmulgee  Rivers,  and  59  miles  S.  W.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Perry  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Pinckneyville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Washington,  E.  by  Jefferson  and  Frank- 
lin, S.  by  Jackson,  and  W.  by  Randolph  co. 
Drained  by  St.  Mary's  River  and  Big  Beaucoup 
and  Little  Muddy  Creeks.  Surface  level;  soil 
tolerably  fertile. 

Perry  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Troy.  Bounded  N. 
and  N.  E.  by  Dubois  and  Crawford  counties,  E. 
and  S.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from 
Kentucky,  and  W.  by  Spencer  co.  Drained  by 
Anderson's,  Deer,  Bear,  and  Oil  Creeks. 

Perry  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Perry.  Bounded 
N.  by  Breathitt,  E.  by  Letcher  and  Floyd,  S.  by 
Letcher  and  Harlan,  and  W.  by  Clay  co.  The 
N.  fork  of  Kentucky  River  and  its  branches  drain 
the  interior  of  this  county,  and  the  Middle  Fork 
runs  on  its  W.  border. 

Perry,  Me..  Washington  co.  On  the  St.  Croix 
5  miles  N.  W.  from  Eastport,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  abridge.  There  is  an  Indian  res- 
ervation in  this  town,  the  residence  of  the  rem- 
nant of  the  Passamaquoddies,  about  100  in 
number. 

Perry  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Augusta.  Bounded 
N.  by  Jones,  E.  by  Greene  and  Jackson,  S.  by 
Harrison,  and  W.  by  Marion  co.  Drained  by 
Leaf  River  and  Black  Creek,  and  their  branches. 
Surface  uneven ;  soil  rather  sterile. 

Perry  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Perryville.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Illinois,  S.  by  Cape  Girardeau  co., 
and  W.  and  N.  W.  by  St.  Francois  and  St.  Gene- 
vieve  counties.  Drained  by  several  streams,  af- 
fording excellent  hydraulic  power.  Surface  di- 
versified ;  soil  very  rich  on  the  bottoms. 

Perry,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Watered  by  Sil- 
ver Lake  and  its  outlet.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  well  adapted  to  grass  and  grain.  7  miles  E. 
from  Warsaw,  and  239  W.  from  Albany. 

Perry  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Somerset.  Licking 
co.  is  on  the  N.,  Muskingum  and  Morgan  on  the 
E.,  Athens  and  Hocking  on  the  S.,  and  Fairfield 
on  the  W.  The  land  is  hilly  and  good  for  wheat. 


IN   THE   UNITED     STATES. 


515 


Some  Germans,  from  Pennsylvania,  settled  here 
about  the  years  1802  and  1803.  Muskingum  and 
Hockhocking  Rivers  are  in  this  county.  Stone 
coal  is  found  in  some  parts. 

Perry  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Bloomfield.  Bound- 
ed N.  'W.  and  N.  by  Juniata  co.,  E.  by  the  Sus- 
quehanna  River,  separating  it  from  Dauphin  co., 
S.  by  Cumberland  and  Franklin  counties,  and 
W.  by  Huntingdon  co.  Drained  by  Juniata  Riv- 
er and  Sherman's  Creek.  On  Sherman's  Creek, 
1 1  miles  N.  from  Carlisle,  is  a  warm  spring,  bene- 
ficial in  cutaneous  and  other  disorders,  which  dis- 
charges 90  gallons  of  water  in  a  minute.  Sur- 
face rough  and  mountainous  ;  soil  very  fertile. 

Perry,  Pa.,  Armstrong  co.  The  Alleghany 
River,  and  its  tributary,  Clarion  River,  water 
this  town,  which  contains  iron  ore. 

Perry,  Pa.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by  Maho- 
ning  and  Little  Sandy  Lick  Creeks.  Surface  un- 
dulating ;  soil  gravel  and  loam. 

Perry  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Perrysville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Benton  and  Humphreys  counties,  E.  by 
Hickman,  S.  by  Wayne  and  Hardin,  and  W.  by 
Henderson  co.  Drained  by  Tennessee  River  and 
several  small  branches,  and  by  Buffalo,  a  tribu 
tary  of  Duck  River. 

Perry's  Mills,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Tatnal  co.  144  miles 
S.  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Perrysburg,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Drained 
by  several  small  streams  flowing  into  Cattarau- 
gus Creek,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface 
broken ;  soil  well  adapted  to  grass  and  grain. 
20  miles  N.  W.  from  Ellicottville,  and  306  W. 
from  Albany. 

Perrysburg,  0.,  c.  h.  Wood  co.,  was  laid  out 
in  1817.  On  the  Maumee  River,  at  the  head  of 
steamboat  navigation,  on  an  inclined  plane,  60 
feet  above  the  S.  E.  bank  of  Maumee  River, 
from  which  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  pros- 
pects in  the  United  States.  184  miles  N.  from 
Cincinnati,  and  64  S.  from  Detroit.  The  Wa- 
bash  and  Erie  Canal  passes  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river. 

Perryiille,  As.,  c.  h.  Perry  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  La  Feve,  a  branch  of  Arkansas  River.  55 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Little  Rock. 

Persia,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Watered  by 
some  branches  of  Cattaraugus  Creek,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
good  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  16  miles  N.  W. 
from  Ellicottville,  and  300  W.  from  Albany. 

Person  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Roxboro'.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Virginia,  E.  by  Granville,  S.  by 
Orange,  and  W.  by  Caswell  co.  Some  branches 
of  Dan  River,  and  the  head  branches  of  Neuse 
River,  water  this  county. 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  Middlesex  co.     City  and 

g)rt  of  entry.  Situated  at  the  head  of  Raritan 
ay,  at  the  junction  of  the  Raritan  River  with 
Arthurkill,  or  Staten  Island  Sound.  It  has  a 
fine  spacious  harbor,  containing  12  feet  of  water 
at  the  mouths  of  the  rivers,  and  from  24  to  26  in 
the  main  channel.  The  town  was  laid  out  in 
1698,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1784.  25 
miles  from  New  York  by  water,  and  65  from 
Philadelphia  by  the  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
Railroad. 

Perth,  N.  Y.,  Fulton  co.  Drained  by  Chucte- 
nunda  Creek.  Has  a  rolling  surface ;  soil  clay 
loam.  10  miles  E.  from  Johnstown,  and  40  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Peru,  Is.,"  La  Salle  co.  Situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Illinois  River,  at  the  foot  of  the 


rapids,  212  miles  above  its  mouth,  and  about  250 
miles  above  St.  Louis.  This,  in  ordinary  stages 
of  the  water,  was  formerly  considered  as  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation ;  but  by  an  improvement 
of  the  channel,  the  boats  now  pass  about  a  mile 
farther  up,  to  the  village  of  La  Salle,  where  the 
canal  from  Lake  Michigan  unites  with  the  river. 
There  is  a  considerable  village  here,  the  principal 
street  of  which  is  low,  running  along  the  river 
bank,  while  other  portions  of  it  are  spread  over 
the  elevated  grounds  immediately  behind.  The 
locality  is  favorable  to  business. 

Peru,  la.,  c.  h.  Miami  co.  On  the  N.  bank  of 
Wabash,  and  is  crossed  by  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal.  90  miles  N.  from  Indianapolis. 

Peru,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  Peru  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Androscoggin  River,  and  contains  some 
pleasant  ponds  and  mill  streams.  It  has  a  good 
soil.  Incorporated  1821.  Peru  lies  38  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Augusta,  and  17  N.  by  E.  from 
Paris. 

Peru,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  This  township  in- 
cluded the  greater  part  of  Hinsdale  until  1804. 
The  whole  was  purchased  at  auction,  at  Boston, 
June  2,  1762,  for  1460  pounds.  It  went  into  the 
hands  of  Oliver  Partridge  and  Elisha  Jones,  and, 
in  honor  of  the  former  gentleman,  was  called 
Partridgefield,  from  its  incorporation,  in  1771, 
until  1806,  when  it  received  its  present  name. 
The  settlement  commenced  about  1764.  This 
town,  occupying  the  height  of  land  on  the  Green 
Mountain  range,  has  a  cold,  severe  climate.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  hard  and  stony, 
and  best  adapted  to  grazing.  There  is  an  excel- 
lent limestone  quarry  here.  12  miles  E.  from 
Pittsfield,  and  143  from  Boston. 

Peru,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  On  the  border  of 
Lake  Champlain,  and  watered  by  Great  and 
Little  Au  Sable  Rivers.  Surface  mostly  level  on 
the  E.,  and  hilly  on  the  W.  5  soil  sandy  and  clay 
loam.  10  miles  S.  W.  from  Plattsburg,  and  153 
N.  from  Albany. 

Peru,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  This  is  a  Green 
Mountain  township,  high  and  broken.  It  con- 
tains 2  large  fish  ponds,  from  which  issue  beau- 
tiful mountain  streams.  The  settlement  was 
commenced  about  the  year  1773,  by  William 
Barton,  from  Woodstock,  Ct.  30  miles  N.  N. 
E.  from  Bennington,  and  30  S.  W.  from  Wind- 
sor. 

Peterboro\  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  Peterboro' 
lies  in  a  N.  E.  direction  from  the  Grand  Monad- 
nock,  and  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  a  chain  of 
hills,  called  Pack  Monadnock.  Contoocook  River 
passes  through  the  centre  of  the  town.  The  N. 
branch  affords  a  never-failing  supply  of  water, 
and  furnishes  those  noble  falls,  on  which  are  situ- 
ated several  factories.  There  are  extensive  and 
valuable  meadows  on  this  branch,  above  these 
falls ;  and  the  soil,  generally,  is  excellent.  In  the 
centre  of  the  town  is  a  high  hill,  200  feet  above 
the  river.  The  chain  of  hills  on  the  E.  is  dis- 
tinguished by  two  principal  summits.  Between 
these  is  a  depression  of  a  quarter  part  of  the 
mountain's  height.  About  60  rods  W.  of  the 
ridge  of  this  depression,  on  a  terrace  of  the  moun- 
tain, is  a  pond  of  about  9  acres'  extent,  very  deep, 
and  replenished  with  fish.  There  is  another  pond 
near  the  foot  of  the  southern  summit,  of  33  acres, 
from  which,  during  the  dry  season,  there  is  no 
visible  outlet.  Excellent  iron  ore  has  been  dis- 
covered. First  settlers,  William  Rolfe,  Alex- 
ander Scott,  Hugh  Gregg,  William  Scott,  and 


516 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


Samuel  Stinson,  about  1 793.  This  town  lies  mid- 
way between  Amherst  and  Keene,  being  20  miles 
from  each.  It  is  40  miles  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Peters,  Pa.,  Franklin  co.  The  W.  branch  of 
Conecocheague  Creek  waters  this  town,  the  sur- 
face of  which  is  level,  and  the  soil  calcareous 
loam.  It  contains  a  singular  cave,  a  sulphur 
spring,  and  some  iron  works. 

Peters,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Watered  by  Char- 
tier's  and  Peter's  Creeks.  Surface  hilly;  soil 
loam.  11  miles  N.  E.  from  Washington. 

Petersburg,  N.  Y.,  Kensselaer  co.  Little  Hoosic 
Creek  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
hilly  and  mountainous,  with  the  exception  of  a 
fertile  valley,  through  which  the  river  flows.  Soil 
chiefly  loam,  based  upon  limestone  and  slate.  20 
miles  E.  from  Troy,  and  26  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Petersburg,  Va.,  Dinwiddie  co.  Port  of  entry, 
on  the  S.  side  of  Appomattox  River,  9  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  James  River,  at  City 
Point,  and  22  miles  S.  from  Richmond.  The 
river  is  navigable  to  this  place  for  vessels  of  con- 
siderable draught,  and  ships  come  up  to  Wal- 
thall's  Landing,  6  miles  below  the  town,  with 
which  there  is  a  railroad  communication.  Peters- 
burg is  on  the  great  southern  railroad  route  be- 
tween Baltimore  and  Wilmington,  N.  C.  The 
falls  in  the  river  here  afford  an  extensive  water 
power,  and  this  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
flourishing  manufacturing  towns  in  the  state.  It 
has  also  a  lucrative  commerce,  and  exports  large- 
ly tobacco  and  flour.  There  are  7  or  8  compa- 
nies engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods, 
whose  fabrics  have  a  high  reputation.  Woollens 
are  also  manufactured  to  some  extent;  besides 
which  there  are  iron  works,  cordage  factories, 
tobacco  factories,  flouring  mills,  grist  mills,  saw 
mills,  &c.  A  number  of  large  commercial  firms 
and  commission  houses  are  engaged  in  foreign 
trade. 

This  town  was  devastated  by  a  fire  in  July, 
1815,  and  property  to  the  amount  of  $2,000,000 
was  destroyed.  It  was  soon  rebuilt,  with  many 
improvements.  Being  situated  at  the  extreme 
N.  E.  angle  of  the  county,  the  borough  includes, 
besides  Petersburg,  the  villages  of  Blandford,  in 
Prince  George  co.,  and  of  Pocahontas,  in  Ches- 
terfield co.  Blandford  is  said  to  be  the  oldest 
part  of  the  place,  and  was  once  the  best  built  and 
most  fashionable  part  of  it  An  old  ivy-mantled 
church  in  this  part  of  the  town  is  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  ruins  in  the  country. 

There  are  many  interesting  reminiscences  of 
the  revolution  connected  with  this  place.  It  was 
twice  visited  by  the  British ;  and  here  their  com- 
mander, General  Phillips,  died  of  a  bilious  fever, 
on  the  13th  of  May,  1781.  He  was  lying  at  the 
point  of  death  while  the  town  was  cannonaded 
from  Archer's  Hill,  by  the  Americans  under  the 
Marquis  Lafayette. 

Petersham,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  The  situation 
of  this  town  is  elevated,  but  not  hilly  or  uneven. 
The  centre  of  the  town  lies  upon  the  highest  land 
in  it,  which  is  a  large,  long,  flat  hill.  The  soil  is 
rich  and  fertile.  Though  the  town  is  high,  yet 
the  land  is  not  dry,  but  stony  and  moist,  abound- 
ing with  springs  and  brooks.  West  Brook,  a 
considerable  stream,  rises  in  the  town,  and  Swift 
River  passes  its  eastern  and  southern  borders. 
Petersham  was  first  settled  about  the  year  1738. 
Nichenoag  Hill  was  the  Indian  name  of  the  town. 
There  are  several  handsome  villages  in  the  town : 
that  in  the  central  part  is  very  beautiful ;  it  lies 


27  miles  N.  W.  from  Worcester,  and  about  65 
W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 

Pettis  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Georgetown.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Saline  co.,  E.  by  Cooper  and 
Morgan,  S.  by  Benton.  and  W.  by  Johnson  co. 
Drained  by  La  Mine  River  and  its  tributaries. 
Surface  level,  embracing  extensive  prairies ;  soil 
of  excellent  quality. 

Pharsalia,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  by 
Ostelic  River  and  Geneganslette  Creek.  Surface 
hilly;  soil  argillaceous  loam.  12  miles  W.  from 
Norwich,  and  124  from  Albany. 

Phelps,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Flint  Creek  and 
the  Canandaigua  outlet  flow  through  this  town, 
forming  a  junction  in  the  W.  part.  Surface  un- 
dulating ;  soil  rich  clay  loam,  underlaid  with  lime. 
Gypsum  is  extensively  quarried  in  this  vicinity. 
15  miles  E.  from  Canandaigua,  and  185  W.  from 
Albany. 

Philadelphia,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Indian  Riv- 
er and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  rolling,  and  the  soil  sandv 
and  clay  loam.  16  miles  N.  E.  from  Water  to  wn, 
and  177  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Philadelphia  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Philadelphia. 
Bounded  N.  E.  by  Bucks  co.,  E.  and  S.  E.  by 
the  Delaware  River,  separating  it  from  New  Jer- 
sey,.S.  W.  by  Delaware  co.,  and  W.  and  N.  W. 
by  Chester  and  Montgomery  counties.  Besides 
the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  adjacent  muni- 
cipalities, usually  reckoned  a  part  of  the  city,  the 
county  contains  several  other  townships,  of  which 
the  population  is  also  counted  with  that  of  the 
city.  See  Tables  of  Population. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.  City,  and  port  of  entry.  Situ- 
ated between  the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  Riv- 
ers, about  5  miles  above  their  junction,  and  55 
in  a  direct  line  N.  W.  from  the  Atlantic  coast ; 
although  the  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Delaware,  following  the  course  of  the  river,  is 
120  miles.  Population  in  1800,  70,287  ;  in  1810, 
96,287;  in  1820,  119,325;  in  1830,167,325;  in 
1840,  228,691  ;  in  1850,  409,352,  including  tho 
county.  The  city  is  the  seat  of  justice. 

The  city  was  originally  laid  out  in  the  form  of 
a  parallelogram,  extending  across  the  neck  of 
land  between  the  two  rivers,  at  a  point  where 
their  courses  curve  inward  towards  each  other, 
and  where,  at  their  nearest  approximation,  they 
are  about  2  miles  distant.  The  streets  were  laid 
out  straight,  from  river  to  river,  in  a  direction 
which  varies  but  slightly  from  the  true  meridian, 
with  transverse  streets,  over  the  whole  width, 
crossing  the  others  at  right  angles.  With  the 
exception  of  Front  Street  on  the  E.,  which  some- 
what deviates  from  a  right  line,  conforming  to 
the  shore  of  the  Delaware,  and  one  other  short 
street,  called  Dock  Street,  which  occupies  the 
site  of  a  former  navigable  creek,  all  the  streets 
in  the  city  proper,  included  between  Vine  Street 
on  the  N.  and  Cedar  Street  on  the  S.,  are  accu- 
rately delineated  in  the  above  description.  This 
regularity  of  arrangement  is  less  exact  in  the 
districts,  which  have  extended  N.  and  S.  far 
beyond  the  city  proper,  although  it  is  there,  also, 
a  prevailing  characteristic.  These  districts  are 
the  Northern  Liberties,  Kensington,  and  Spring 
Garden,  on  the  N.,  and  Southwark,  Moyamen- 
sing,  and  Passyunk,  on  the  S.,  embracing  more 
than  one  half  of  the  population  contained  in  the 
aggregate  given  above.  Including  the  whole  of 
the  densely-built  portions  in  one  description,  as 
they  properly  belong  to  one  uninterrupted  area, 


IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


517 


it  may  be  said  that  Philadelphia  has  a  circum- 
ference of  nearly  9  miles,  stretching  about  4£ 
miles  along  the  shore  of  the  Delaware.  The 
ground  on  which  the  city  is  built  rises  gradually, 
from  each  of  the  rivers,  to  an  elevation  of  64  feet 
above  high-water  mark.  It  is  divided  nearly  in 
the  centre  by  Market  Street,  100  feet  broad,  run- 
ning E.  and  W.  from  river  to  river,  and  trans- 
versely by  Broad  Street,  130  feet  in  width,  which 
crosses  Market  Street  at  right  angles,  a  little  W. 
of  the  middle.  Front  Streets,  on  both  of  the 
rivers,  are  60  feet  wide ;  Arch  Street,  running 
parallel  with  Market  on  the  N.,  is  66  feet  wide  ; 
and  the  other  principal  streets  generally  are  50 
feet  wide.  The  streets  running  from  river  to 
river,  in  the  city  -proper,  were  originally  9  in 
number ;  to  all  of  which,  except  Market  Street, 
were  given  the  names  of  the  trees  of  the  forest. 
Thus  on  the  S.  of  Market  are  Chestnut,  Walnut, 
Spruce,  Pine,  and  Cedar ;  and  on  the  N.,  Mul- 
berry, Sassafras,  and  Vine.  In  one  or  two  in- 
stances these  names  have  given  place,  in  popu- 
lar usage,  to  others  more  convenient,  as  Mulber- 
ry to  Arch,  and  Sassafras  to  Race  ;  while  the 
names  of  other  trees  have  been  given  to  some  of 
the  secondary  streets,  running  parallel  with  these, 
by  which  the  original  sections  have  been  sub- 
divided. The  memory  of  the  stranger  is  often 
much  assisted  in  finding  the  localities  in  Phila- 
delphia by  the  popular  rhyme  into  which  these 
names  so  naturally  fall,  reading  them  each  way 
from  the  central  avenue :  — 

Chestnut,  Walnut,  Spruce,  and  Pine, 
Mulberry,  Cherry,  Race,  and  Vine. 

The  great  streets  at  right  angles  with  these  are 
numbered  First,  Second,  Third,  &c.,  inward  from 
their  respective  rivers,  towards  Broad  Street, 
which  is  the  central  avenue  running  N.  and  S. 
Those  on  the  Schuylkill  side  are  distinguished 
from  the  others  by  prefixing  the  name  of  that 
river ;  and  the  sections  on  each  side  of  Market 
Street,  throughout,  by  the  addition  of  North  or 
South.  So  that,  out  of  the  indefiniteness  and 
uncertainty  at  first  resulting  from  such  an  entire 
uniformity  of  plan,  there  soon  arises  a  beautiful 
simplicity  in  the  system,  by  which  the  stranger 
learns  to  guide  his  steps. 

The  gradual  inclination  of  the  ground,  each 
way,  towards  the  rivers,  favors  the  most  perfect 
drainage  of  the  city,  which  is  effected  by  com- 
mon sewers  or  arched  culverts  constructed  under 
most  of  the  principal  streets.  From  the  same 
cause,  also,  the  streets  are  easily  washed  super- 
ficially by  rains,  and  by  the  abundant  supply  of 
water  from  the  hose  attached  to  the  water  pipes. 
Philadelphia  is  consequently  one  of  the  cleanest 
cities  in  the  world. 

The  blocks  of  stores  and  houses  throughout 
the  city  are  chiefly  of  brick,  in  a  plain  and 
uniform  style  of  architecture  ;  characterized  by 
order  and  neatness  rather  than  by  variety  and 
by  showy  decorations.  Besides  brick,  a  beautiful 
species  of  white  marble  is  used  in  building,  of 
which  the  steps  and  basements  of  the  dwellings 
are,  to  a  considerable  extent,  constructed,  con- 
trasting finely  with  the  color  of  the  walls.  The 
entire  exterior  of  some  of  the  public  edifices  is 
faced  with  this  fine  material ;  which  is  quarried 
in  the  neighboring  counties  of  Montgomery  and 
Chester,  and  has  contributed  much  to  ornament 
the  city. 

Of  the  public  buildings,  the  first  to  be  men- 
tioned, on  account  of  its  venerable  antiquity  and 


interesting  historical  associations,  is  Independence 
Hall,  in  which  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  framed  and  signed  by  that  venerable  body 
of  patriots,  whom  William  Pitt,  in  the  British 
Parliament,  pronounced  to  be  "the  most  dis- 
tinguished for  wisdom  of  any  body  of  men  of 
whom  he  had  read  in  ancient  or  modern  times." 
This  building,  formerly  the  State  House,  fronts 
upon  Chestnut  Street,  having  Independence 
Square  in  the  rear.  From  the  steps  of  the  build- 
ing descending  into  this  spacious  area,  the  Decla- 
ration was  first  promulgated  to  the  assembled 
people,  called  together  by  the  joyous  tones  of 
the  old  bell  in  the  cupola,  which,  as  if  prophetic 
of  its  future  use,  had  been  inscribed,  when  it  was 
cast,  20  years  before,  with  the  text  in  Leviticus, 
xxv.  10  —  Proclaim  Liberty  throughout  this  land,  to 
all  the  inhabitants  thereof.  The  foundations  of  the 
main  building  were  laid  in  1729,  and  it  was  com- 
pleted in  1 733.  The  wings,  which  now  extend 
on  each  side  to  Fifth  and  Sixth  Streets,  are  of 
more  modern  construction.  The  hall  or  chamber 
in  which  the  Declaration  was  signed  is  on  the 
first  floor  in  the  east  end  of  the  old  building. 
Although  it  has  been  refitted  within  since  that 
day,  it  has  been  carefully  preserved  nearly  in  the 
same  style  of  decoration  with  which  it  was  ori- 
ginally finished.  The  present  steeple,  which  was 
erected  in  1828,  to  replace  the  old  one,  which 
had,  on  account  of  its  decay,  been  taken  down 
many  years  before,  was  made  to  correspond  as 
nearly  as  possible  with  the  original  structure. 
The  old  bell,  too,  is  carefully  preserved  in  the 
cupola  as  an  interesting  relic.  There  is  in  Inde- 
pendence Hall  a  statue  of  Washington,  said  to  be 
an  excellent  likeness.  It  was  sculptured  in  wood 
by  Rush.  This  venerable  hall  shares,  with  Faneuil 
Hall  in  Boston,  the  honor  of  having  witnessed 
those  momentous  deliberations  which  issued  in 
the  establishment  of  American  liberty  and  inde- 
pendence. 

One  of  the  finest  buildings  in  Philadelphia  is 
the  Custom  House,  on  Chestnut,  between  Fourth 
and  Fifth  Streets,  built  originally  for  the  United 
States  Bank.  It  is  of  the  Grecian  Doric  order, 
after  the  pattern  of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens, 
with  the  omission  of  the  colonnades  upon  the  sides 
Its  portico  has  8  marble  columns  4i  feet  in  diame- 
ter. The  width  of  the  edifice  is  87  feet,  and  its 
depth  161  feet.  The  room  in  the  centre,  for  tho 
transaction  of  business,  is  81  feet  long  by  48  wide, 
richly  decorated  with  beautiful  Ionic  columns 
This  building  was  commenced  in  1819,  and  com 
pleted  in  1824,  at  a  cost  of  about  $500,000. 

Some  of  the  banks  in  Philadelphia  are  provided 
with  costly  and  beautiful  edifices.  The  Pennsyl- 
vania Bank  is  of  white  marble,  a  fine  specimen  of 
Grecian  architecture,  having  a  portico  on  each 
front,  with  6  Ionic  columns.  It  stands  in  an  en- 
closure, surrounded  by  an  iron  railing,  and  orna- 
mented with  plants  and  shrubbery.  The  Girard 
Bank,  formerly  the  Old  United  States  Bank,  has 
a  marble  front,  adorned  with  a  portico  of  6 
Corinthian  columns.  The  Bank  of  North  Amer 
ica,  originally  incorporated  by  Congress  in  1781. 
and  the  first'institution  of  its  kind  in  the  United 
States,  has  erected  a  new  banking  house  on 
Chestnut  Street,  above  Third,  which  is  one  of  the 
most  chaste  and  elegant  buildings  in  the  country, 
The  Merchants'  Exchange,  situated  in  the  trian 
gular  space  between  Dock,  Walnut,  and  Third 
Streets,  is  a  beautiful  structure  of  white  marble.  A 
semicircular  portico  on  the  eastern  front,  support 


518 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c. 


ed,  upon  a  basement  about  12  feet  high,  by  6  Corin- 
thian columns,  presents  an  imposing  appearance. 
Some  of  the  public  and  philanthropic  institu- 
tions for  which  Philadelphia  is  distinguished 
have  buildings  which  are  an  ornament  to  the  city. 
Of  these  we  shall  speak  in  connection  with  the 
institutions  themselves.  One  of  the  oldest  of 
these  is  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital.  It  was 
founded  in  1750,  by  the  exertions  of  Dr.  Franklin 
and  Dr.  Bond.  The  buildings  and  grounds  occupy 
the  entire  square,  between  Spruce  and  Pine, 
Eight  and  Ninth  Streets.  The  front  is  on  Pine 
Street.  The  east  wing  was  erected  in  1756,  the 
west  wing  in  1796,  and  the  central  building  in 
1804.  In  the  beautiful  area  in  front  of  the  build- 
ing is  a  colossal  bronzed  statue  of  William  Penn. 
In  the  rear,  fronting  on  Spruce  Street,  is  a  small 
' 


building  containing  West's  celebrated  picture  of 

,  presented  by  the 
to  this  hospital.     The  funds  of  this  institution, 


Christ  Healing  the  Sick,  presented  by  the  painter 


derived  from  individual  benefactions  and  public 
endowments,  are  ample  ;  and  its  spacious  build- 
ings furnish  accommodations  for  indigent  patients 
as  well  as  others.  A  branch  of  this  hospital  is 
the  Insane  Asylum,  situated  about  2  miles  W. 
of  the  Schuylkill,  which  has  spacious  buildings, 
and  is  enclosed  in  beautiful  grounds  containing 
about  40  acres.  The  United  States  Marine  Hos- 
pital, situated  on  the  Schuylkill,  below  Cedar 
Street,  is  an  institution  provided  for  invalid 
seamen  and  officers  disabled  from  the  United 
States  service.  It  has  an  elegant  and  extensive 
edifice,  built  of  white  marble,  consisting  of  a 
centre  building  of  146  feet  in  front,  and  175  feet 
deep,  and  2  wings  ;  the  whole  presenting  a 
front  of  386  feet.  The  front  of  the  centre  build- 
ing is  embellished  with  a  fine  Doric  portico  of  8 
columns.  The  whole  building  can  receive  about 
400  residents.  The  Almshouse,  designed  for  the 
poor  of  the  city  and  the  adjoining  districts,  is 
situated  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Schuylkill, 
opposite  Cedar  Street,  and  furnishes  from  its 
windows  a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding 
country.  The  edifice,  in  the  form  of  a  parallelo- 
gram, covers  and  encloses  an  area  of  10  acres; 
and  the  front  on  the  Schuylkill,  with  its  portico 
of  8  columns,  30  feet  high,  presents  an  imposing 
appearance.  The  Pennsylvania  Institution  for 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb  has  extensive  buildings  on 
the  corner  of  Pine  and  Broad  Streets.  The 
Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Blind  is  situated 
on  Race  Street,  near  Schuylkill  Third  Street. 
The  main  edifice  occupies  a  lot  of  247  feet  on 
Race  Street,  and  220  feet  on  Third  Street,  having 
beautifully  decorated  ground  in  the  front  and  rear. 
There  are  many  other  charitable  and  humane 
institutions  in  Philadelphia,  which  are  less  ex- 
tensive, but  very  important  in  their  place.  Few 
cities  in  the  world  are  better  supplied,  in  propor- 
tion to  their  magnitude,  with  the  means  of  alle- 
viating human  want  and  suffering. 

Among  the  literary  institutions,  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  respectable  is  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania.  It  comprises  three  departments, 
the  academical,  the  collegiate,  and  the  medical. 
The  medical  school  connected  with  this  univer- 
sity is  the  oldest  and  largest  in  the  Union,  hav- 
ing between  400  and  500  students.  The  univer- 
sity buildings  are  situated  upon  Ninth  Street, 
between  Market  and  Chestnut,  and  consist  of 
two  handsome  edifices,  112  feet  by  85,  surrounded 
by  open  grounds,  and  enclosed  in  front  by  an 
Iron  railing.  Jefferson  Medical  College,  founded 


in  1825,  has  ample  buildings  on  Tenth  Street, 
between  Chestnut  and  Walnut.  The  Pennsyl- 
vania Medical  College  is  located  on  Filbert 
Street,  above  Twelfth.  It  was  founded  in  1839. 
Philadelphia  is  distinguished  above  all  other 
cities  in  the  country  as  the  emporium  of  medical 
science  and  instruction. 

Among  the  literary  institutions  of  Philadelphia, 
the  Girard  College  for  Orphans  holds  a  distin- 
guished place.  It  was  founded  by  the  late  Ste- 
phen Girard,  who  died  in  1831,  and  bequeathed 
a  large  amount  of  his  real  and  personal  estate 
in  trust  to  the  "  mayor,  aldermen,  and  citizens 
of  Philadelphia,"  for  the  establishment  of  an  in- 
stitution for  the  support  and  education  of  "  poor 
male  white  orphan  children,"  belonging  either  to 
that  city,  or  to  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  or  to 
the  cities  of  New  York  and  New  Orleans,  in  the 
order  of  preference  here  observed,  until  the  num- 
ber so  provided  for  should  be  full.  Of  the  prop- 
erty bequeathed,  $2,000,000,  and  more  if  neces- 
sary, were  to  be  expended  "  in  erecting  a  perma- 
nent college,  with  suitable  outbuildings,  suffi- 
ciently spacious  for  the  residence  and  accommo 
dation  of  at  least  300  scholars,  with  the  requisite 
teachers,"  &c.,  u  the  said  college  to  be  constructed 
with  the  most  durable  materials,  and  in  the  most 
permanent  manner,  avoiding  needless  ornament," 
&c.  The  will  contained  specific  directions  with 
regard  to  the  structure  and  dimensions  of  the 
college  edifice,  and  also  the  devise  of  a  lot  of  land 
of  45  acres,  on  the  ridge  road  in  the  N.  E-  part 
of  the  district  of  Spring  Garden,  as  a  site  for 
its  location.  The  buildings  which  have  been 
erected  are  five  in  number,  of  which  the  centre 
building  is  the  grand  college  edifice,  and  the  two 
others  upon  each  side  are  designed  for  the  resi- 
dences of  the  pupils  and  their  instructors.  The 
college  edifice  is  one  of  the  most  superb  build- 
ings in  the  country.  Its  length  is  218  feet,  its 
width  160  feet,  and  its  height  90  feet.  It  is 
surrounded  by  34  columns  of  the  Corinthian 
order,  55  feet  high,  including  the  capital  and 
base,  and  6  feet  in  diameter,  standing  15  feet 
distant  from  the  body  of  the  building.  These 
columns  stand  upon  bases  3  feet  high  and  9  feet 
in  diameter,  and  are  crowned  with  gorgeous 
Corinthian  capitals,  upon  which  rests  a  full 
entablature.  The  entrances  are  at  each  end  of 
the  building,  through  lofty  doors,  decorated  with 
massive  architraves  and  sculptured  cornices.  The 
interior,  excepting  the  portions  required  for  the 
vestibules  and  stairs,  is  divided  into  four  spacious 
rooms  in  each  of  the  two  stories,  which  are  used 
for  the  purposes  of  giving  instruction  to  the 
different  classes  of  the  pupils.  No  wood  is  used 
in  the  construction  of  this  edifice,  excepting  for 
the  doors.  The  other  four  buildings  are  each 
125  feet  long,  by  52  feet  wide,  and  two  stories 
high,  above  their  basements.  The  most  eastern, 
including  lour  distinct  houses,  is  the  one  occupied 
by  the  families  of  the  professors.  The  orphans 
are  received  into  the  college  at  any  age  between 
6  and  10  years,  and  they  may  continue,  if  it  is 
deemed  desirable,  until  they  are  18  years  of  age. 
When  they  leave,  they  are  to  be  apprenticed  by 
the  city  authorities  to  some  useful  trade  or  busi- 
ness. The  institution  is  in  full  operation,  with 
above  300  pupils  in  1852.  The  amount  of  appro- 
priations for  defraying  the  current  expenses  of 
the  institution  for  the  year  1851  was  $62,900. 
Of  this  sum  $30,500  was  for  the  clothing  and 
subsistence  of  the  pupils. 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


519 


A  singular  restriction  in  the  will  of  Mr.  Girard, 
in  regard  to  the  clergy,  is  in  these  words :  "  I 
enjoin  and  require  that  no  ecclesiastic,  missionary, 
or  minister,  of  any  sect  whatsoever,  shall  ever  hold  or 
exercise  any  station  or  duty  whatever  in  the  said 
college  ;  nor  shall  any  such  person  ever  be  admitted 
for  any  purpose,  or  as  a  visitor,  within  the  premises 
appropriated  to  the  purposes  of  the  said  college.  In 
making  this  restriction,  I  do  not  mean  to  cast  any 
reflection  upon  any  sect  or  person  whatsoever ; 
but  as  there  is  such  a  multitude  of  sects,  and 
such  a  diversity  of  opinion  amongst  them,  I  de- 
sire to  keep  the  tender  minds  of  the  orphans, 
who  are  to  derive  advantage  from  this  bequest, 
free  from  the  excitement  which  clashing  doctrines 
and  sectarian  controversy  are  so  apt  to  produce. 
My  desire  is,  that  all  the  instructors  and  teachers 
in  the  college  shall  take  pains  to  instil  into 
the  minds  of  the  scholars  the  purest  principles 
of  morality ;  so  that,  on  their  entrance  into  active 
life,  they  may,  from  inclination  and  habit,  evince 
benevolence  towards  their  fellow-creatures,  and  a 
love  of  truth,  sobriety,  and  industry,  adopting  at 
the  same  time  such  religious  tenets  as  their  ma- 
tured reason  may  enable  them  to  prefer."  This 
restriction  of  Mr.  Girard,  as  explained  by  himself, 
and  taken  in  connection  with  his  requisition  to 
secure  the  inculcation  of  the  purest  principles  of 
morality  in  the  minds  of  the  scholars,  has  justly 
been  construed  as  not  only  not  prohibiting,  but 
rather  rendering  obligatory,  the  use  of  the  Bible, 
and  other  means  of  general  religious  instruction 
and  training  in  the  school.  In  the  rules  for  the 
government  of  the  college,  adopted  by  the  board 
of  directors,  it  is  made  the  duty  of  the  president 
"  to  conduct  the  family  worship  morning  and 
evening,  which  shall  consist  of  singing  a  hymn, 
reading  a  portion  of  Scripture,  and  prayer.  He 
shall  also  be  responsible  for  the  performance  of 
public  religious  services  in  the  college  on  the 
forenoon  and  afternoon  of  every  Sunday.  These 
services  shall  consist  of  singing  hymns,  prayers, 
reading  the  Scriptures,  and  moral  and  religious 
discourses.  The  president  is  permitted  to  invite 
any  member  of  the  board  of  directors,  or  other 
competent  layman  approved  by  the  board,  to 
take  his  place,  or  assist  him  in  the  public  wor- 
ship. Prayers  and  hymns,  or  psalms,  shall  be 
prepared  or  selected  by  the  president,  with  the 
approbation  of  the  directors,  which  shall  be 
framed  so  as  to  form  a  full  and  appropriate  ser- 
vice, without  sectarianism,  but  calculated  to 
awaken  or  preserve  true  devotion." 

The  public  schools  of  Philadelphia  are  organi/ed 
upon  a  comprehensive  and  efficient  system.  By  a 
law  of  the  state  passed  in  1818,  the  city  and  county 
of  Philadelphia  was  constituted  a  separate  school 
district,  in  order  that  the  benefits  of  one  consis- 
tent scheme,  adapted  in  the  best  manner  to  the 
circumstances  and  wants  of  such  a  population, 
might  be  secured.  The  schools,  most  of  which, 
of  course,  are  in  the  city,  and  incorporated  dis- 
tricts, are  divided  into  eleven  sections.  At  the 
head  stands  a  high  school,  and  a  model  school. 
The  next  in  rank  are  the  grammar  schools  ;  then 
the  secondary  ;  and  last,  the  primary  schools.  The 
high  school  is  among  the  best  institutions  of  the 
kind  in  the  country.  It  provides  instruction  in 
the  ancient  and  modern  languages;  in  theoretical 
and  practical  mathematics ;  in  natural  history, 
natural  philosophy,  and  chemistry ;  in  mental, 
moral,  and  political  science ;  and  in  writing, 
drawing,  £c.,  and  is  designed  to  serve  the  highest 


ends  of  popular  education.  It  is  under  the  tuition 
of  a  principal  and  10  professors.  In  all  the  other 
schools  about  500  teachers  are  employed,  four 
fifths  of  whom  are  females ;  and  the  aggregate 
of  the  pupils,  who  are  between  the  ages  of  5  and 
15,  cannot  be  less  than  50,000,  embracing  a  very 
large  proportion  of  all  the  children  of  this  age 
in  the  city.  The  average  annual  expense  of 
maintaining  the  public  schools  is  not  far  from 
6200,000.  The  school  houses  are  substantial 
buildings,  generally  3  stories  high,  and  capable 
of  accommodating  from  600  to  1000  scholars 
each. 

There  are  several  valuable  libraries  and  literary 
and  scientific  associations  in  Philadelphia,  which 
owe  their  origin  to  the  enlightened,  inventive,  and 
practical  philanthropy  of  Dr.  Franklin.  One  of 
these  is  the  Philadelphia  Library,  founded  in  1731, 
to  which,  in  1792,  the  valuable"  private  library  of 
Dr.  Logan  was  added.  This  library  now  contains 
over  60,000  volumes.  The  building,  erected  in 
1791,  is  on  South  Fifth  Street,  fronting  upon  the 
E.  side  of  Independence  Square.  The  American 
Philosophical  Society,  the  oldest  of  the  scientific 
associations  in  the  United  States,  was  founded 
principally  through  the  exertions  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, in  1742.  Its  hall,  erected  in  1786,  is  on 
South  Fifth  Street,  below  Chestnut.  It  has  a  rare 
and  valuable  library  of  20,000  volumes,  and  a 
cabinet  of  minerals,  fossils,  and  antiquities.  The 
published  Transactions  of  this  society  amount  to 
several  volumes.  The  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, incorporated  in  1817,  has  a  new  and  splen- 
did hall  in  Broad  Street,  between  Chestnut  and 
Walnut.  Its  library  contains  about  12,000  vol- 
umes. Its  cabinet,  containing  every  variety  of 
specimens  in  Natural  History,  is  perhaps  the  best 
in  the  United  States.  The  collection  of  birds  is 
said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world,  containing 
about  25,000  specimens.  The  Athenaeum  has 
erected  a  beautiful  structure  on  Sixth  Street,  be- 
low Walnut,  50  feet  front  by  125  in  depth.  It  is 
an  excellent  specimen  of  the  Italian  style  of  ar- 
chitecture, treated  with  spirit  and  taste.  The  li- 
brary contains  about  10,000  volumes;  to  which, 
as  well  as  to  the  reading  room,  strangers  are  free- 
ly admitted.  Among  the  curiosities  of  literature 
in  these  rooms  is  a  collection  of  pamphlets,  bound 
in  148  volumes,  which  belonged  to  Dr.  Franklin, 
some  of  them  containing  his  marginal  notes  and 
remarks  ;  and  also  a  regular  series  of  the  Journal 
de  Paris,  bound  in  volumes,  continued  during  the 
whole  eventful  period  of  the  French  revolution. 
The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  founded 
in  1825,  occupies  rooms  in  the  3d  story  of  the 
Athenaeum  building.  It  has  a  library  of  nearly 
2000  volumes.  The  Mercantile  Library,  on  the 
corner  of  Fifth  and  Library  Streets,  has  a  library 
of  over  12,000  volumes,  founded  in  1822,  for  the 
objects  indicated  by  its  name.  There  is  also  the 
Apprentices'  Library,  of  about  the  same  number 
of  volumes,  on  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  Arch 
Streets,  open  to  youth  of  both  sexes.  The  Frank- 
lin Institute,  formed  about  1830,  for  the  promo- 
tion of  the  mechanic  arts,  has  a  library  of  between 
4000  and  5000  volumes,  situated  on  Seventh 
Street,  below  Market.  Other  institutions  for  the 
diffusion  of  knowledge,  in  a  more  local  and  lim- 
ited sphere,  likewise  exist. 

There  are  in  Philadelphia  about  160  churches 
of  different  denominations  —  Presbyterian,  25: 
Episcopal,  27 ;  Methodist,  28 ;  Baptist,  16;  KB- 
formed  Presbyterian,  4 ;  Associate  Presbyterian 


520 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


4;  Associate  Eeformed,  2;  German  Reformed, 
3 ;  Lutheran,  5 ;  Independent,  2 ;  Dutch  Reformed, 
2 ;  Roman  Catholic,  12  ;  Friends,  7  ;  Jewish  Syn- 
agogues, 3 ;  Mariners,  2 ;  Universalist,  2  ;  Unita- 
rian, 1 ;  New  Jerusalem,  1 ;  Moravian,  1 ;  Disci- 
ples of  Christ,  1 ;  and  12  of  various  denominations 
for  colored  persons.  Only  a  few  of  the  church 
edifices  make  pretensions  to  architectural  beauty. 
Very  many  of  them  are  without  towers  or  stee- 
ples to  distinguish  them  from  the  general  mass 
of  buildings.  St.  Stephen's  Church,  (Episcopal,) 
situated  on  Tenth  Street,  is  a  fine  specimen  of 
Gothic  architecture,  102  feet  long  and  50  feet 
wide,  with  two  octagonal  towers  86  feet  high. 
Christ  Church,  built  in  1691,  and  enlarged  in 
1810,  is  the  oldest  church  edifice  in  the  city.  It 
is  situated  on  Second  Street.  It  has  a  spire  196 
feet  high,  erected  in  1753.  in  which  is  a  chime  of 
bells.  St.  John's  Church,  (Roman  Catholic,) 
situated  on  Thirteenth  Street,  below  Market,  is 
an  elegant  Gothic  structure,  with  square  towers 
on  each  of  its  front  corners.  The  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  fronting  on  the  S.  side  of  Wash- 
ington Square,  is  the  handsomest  church  of  this 
denomination.  It  is  in  the  Grecian  style  of  archi- 
tecture, after  the  model  of  a  temple  on  the  Ilis- 
sus,  having  a  portico  of  six  Ionic  columns  in 
front.  The  Fifth  Presbyterian  Church,  on  Arch 
Street,  is  also  distinguished  for  the  beauty  of  its 
architecture.  There  are  also  other  church  edifices 
which  are  neat  and  handsome  structures. 

The  United  States  Mint  in  Philadelphia  was 
founded  in  1790,  and  first  occupied  the  building 
where  the  Apprentices'  Library  now  is.  In  1830 
it  was  removed  to  the  fine  building  which  it  now 
occupies,  on  Chestnut  Street,  below  Broad  Street. 
This  edifice  is  of  white  marble,  123  feet  long, 
having  a  portico  of  6  columns,  and  60  feet  in 
length  in  the  centre  of  its  front,  on  Chestnut 
Street,  and  a  similar  one  on  the  opposite  side, 
which  looks  out  upon  Penn  Square.  Visitors  are 
admitted  to  witness  the  interesting  processes  of 
assaying  and  coining  the  precious  metals,  on  the 
forenoon  of  every  day,  upon  application  to  the 
proper  officers.  The  United  States  navy  yard 
is  located  in  the  S.  E.  quarter  of  the  city,  fronting 
on  the  Delaware.  The  enclosure  contains  about 
12  acres.  Some  of  the  largest  vessels  for  the  U. 
S.  service  have  been  built  here.  The  Eastern 
Penitentiary,  in  the  N.  W.  section  of  the  city,  n6t 
far  distant  from  the  Girard  College,  is  one  of  the 
most  imposing  structures.  It  occupies  a  square 
of  10  acres,  which  is  enclosed  by  a  wall  30  feet 
high,  upon  the  angles  of  which,  and  at  the  en- 
trance, watch  towers  are  erected,  from  which  all 
parts  of  the  enclosure  can  be  observed.  In  the 
middle  of  this  area  is  an  octagonal  tower,  from 
which  the  ranges  of  cells  extend  on  every  side 
like  radii,  and  from  which  the  passages  lead- 
ing to  them  can  all  be  inspected  by  a  sentinel 
posted  at  the  centre.  Each  cell  opens  in  the  rear 
into  a  little  yard,  18  feet  by  8,  surrounded  by  a 
wall  12  feet  high.  The  discipline  of  this  peniten- 
tiary is  that  of  solitary  confinement,  each  pris- 
oner being  kept  in  his  separate  cell  and  yard  both 
day  and  night. 

There  are  several  theatres  in  the  city,  of  which 
the  largest  are  the  Chestnut  Street  Theatre,  the 
Walnut  Street  Theatre,  and  the  Arch  Street  The- 
atre. Peale's  Museum,  founded  by  Charles  Wil- 
son Peale,  in  1784,  occupies  the  upper  story  of 
an  edifice  on  the  corner  of  Ninth  and  George 
Streets,  238  feet  long  and  70  feet  wide.  This  is 


one  of  the  most  distinguished  institutions  of  the 
kind  in  the  country. 

Philadelphia  is  celebrated  for  its  excellent 
markets,  having  the  advantage  of  various  and 
abundant  supplies,  not  only  from  the  interior  of 
its  own  state,  but  also  of  New  Jersey,  lying  acrosB 
the  Delaware.  As  a  fruit  market  it  is  among  the 
best  in  the  world.  The  principal  market-place 
is  in  Market  Street,  extending  along  the  middle 
of  the  street  from  the  Delaware  to  Eighth  Street. 
There  is  another  market  further  W.,  in  the  same 
street,  between  Schuylkill  Seventh  and  Eighth 
Streets ;  and  there  are  four  or  five  others  in  dif- 
ferent quarters  of  the  city. 

There  is  quite  a  number  of  public  squares  m 
the  city,  which  are  generally  ornamented  with 
fine  shade  trees,  and  laid  out  in  other  respects 
with  much  taste  and  beauty.  Penn  Square  lies 
about  in  the  centre  of  the  city  proper,  and  is 
intersected  by  the  two  great  streets,  Market  and 
Broad  Streets,  which  divide  the  city  into  its  four 
quarters.  Independence  Square,  in  the  rear  of 
the  old  State  House,  has  been  referred  to  aboves 
Washington  Square,  not  far  from  this,  is  a  de- 
lightful public  ground.  Franklin  Square  is  be- 
tween Race  and  Vine  Streets,  having  Sixth  Street 
on  the  E.  In  the  centre  of  this  square  is  a  beau- 
tiful fountain.  Other  squares  are  Logan  Square, 
also  between  Race  and  Vine  Streets,  and  Ritten- 
house  Square,  between  Walnut  and  Locust  Streets. 

Among  the  principal  hotels  of  Philadelphia 
are  the  United  States  Hotel,  Jones's  Hotel, 
Washington  House,  Columbia  House,  Congress 
Hall,  Franklin  House,  and  the  Morris  House, 
all  in  different  parts  of  Chestnut  Street.  Besides 
these  there  are  the  Madison  House,  the  Mer- 
chants' Hotel,  the  Mansion  House,  the  White 
Swan  Hotel,  the  Indian  Queen,  and  many  other 
excellent  houses  in  various  parts  of  the  city. 

Philadelphia  is  abundantly  suplied  with  water 
from  the  Schuylkill  River.  The  present  water- 
works are  known  as  the  Fairmount  Waterworks, 
the  reservoirs  being  constructed  upon  the  summit 
of  a  small  mount  which  had  received  that  name, 
on  the  western  border  of  the  district  of  Spring 
Garden,  near  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill, and  about  two  miles  from  the  centre  of  the 
city.  These  works  were  the  first  of  the  kind 
erected  in  this  country,  and,  for  simplicity  of 
design  and  entire  efficiency,  are  not  exceeded  by 
any  that  have  been  since  constructed.  The 
reservoirs,  which  are  4  in  number,  occupy  about 
6  acres  upon  the  top  of  this  mount,  at  the  height 
of  100  feet  above  the  water  in  the  river,  and  56 
above  the  most  elevated  portions  of  the  city. 
They  are  12  feet  deep,  lined  with  stone  and 
paved  with  brick,  laid  upon  a  bed  of  clay,  in 
strong  lime  cement,  water  tight,  and  are  capable 
of  containing  more  than  22,000.000  gallons.  One 
of  these  reservoirs  is  divided  into  three  sections, 
for  the  purpose  of  filtration.  The  water  is  forced 
up  from  the  river  by  a  power  obtained  from  the 
river  itself,  a  dam  being  thrown  across,  1600  feet 
in  length,  and  a  raceway  cut  in  the  solid  rock, 
400  feet  long  and  90  feet  in  width,  by  which 
a  machinery  of  eight  water  wheels,  operating 
an  equal  number  of  forcing  pumps,  may  be 
driven  night  and  day.  Each  of  these  pumps  will 
lift  about  1,250,000  gallons  into  the  reservoirs  in 
24  hours.  The  machinery  is  covered  by  a  build- 
ing of  stone.  238  feet  long  by  56  feet  wide.  The 
water  is  carried  from  the  reservoirs  to  the  city  in 
3  main  iron  pipes,  one  20,  another  22,  and  anoth- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


521 


er  30  inches  in  diameter,  and  then  is  distributed 
through  the  streets  by  about  113  miles  of  iron  pipe, 
from  6  to  10  inches  in  diameter.  The  average 
daily  consumption  of  water  in.  the  city  and  dis- 
tricts, in  1851,  was  5,690,744  gallons.  Three 
thousand  families  are  supplied  from  the  public 
pumps,  which  take  their  water  from  cisterns 
filled  from  the  aqueduct.  These  works  have 
been  constructed  and  maintained,  up  to  1 852,  at 
a  cost  of  $1,707,550.  The  expenses  of  the  year 
1851  were  $92,380.  The  whole  cost  for  water- 
works to  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  including  the 
previous  works,  and  the  experiments  which  have 
been  abandoned,  is  $3,174,267.  The  amount  re- 
ceived for  water  rents,  in  1851,  was  $150,107.  The 
total  receipts  since  1801  have  been  $2,953,316. 

Fairmount  and  its  vicinity  is  a  favorite  place 
of  resort  for  the  citizens,  and  for  persons  visiting 
Philadelphia.  A  fine  gravel  walk  surrounds  the 
reservoirs,  from  which  a  beautiful  view  of  the 
city  and  of  the  scenery  in  other  directions  is  ob- 
tained. A  light  and  graceful  wire  suspension 
bridge  is  carried  across  the  Schuylkill  at  this 
place,  which  is  itself  an  object  of  curiosity,  while 
it  affords,  in  crossing,  a  pleasing  view  of  the 
dam,  the  river,  and  its  banks. 

Analysis  of  the  Schuylkill  water  by  Professor 
Benjamin  Silliman,  Jr. :  — 

Chloride  of  sodium, 1470 

Chloride  of  magnesium,  .  .  .  .0094 
Sulphate  of  magnesia,  .  .  .  .0570 

Carbonate  of  lime,  ....  1.8720 
Carbonate  of  magnesia,  .  .  .  .3510 

Silica,  0800 

Carbonate  of  soda,  from  decomposed 
crenates  and  nitrates,  and  loss  on 
analysis, 1.6436 


Total  solid  matter,         ....      4.2600 


Carbonic  acid  in  one  gallon  in  cubic 
inches,        ...... 


3.879 


K  No  living  animalcules  were  visible.  Inodorous, 
and  nearly  or  quite  insipid,  perfectly  sweet,  and 
like  distilled  water  to  the  taste."  Of  lead  sub- 
jected five  weeks  to  the  action  of  this  water  the 
professor  notes  —  "  Quite  bright,  and  not  much 
acted  upon." 

The  situation  of  Philadelphia  between  the 
Delaware  and  Schuylkill  Rivers,  makes  it  a  kind 
of  double  port ;  that  on  the  Delaware  being  its 
port  of  foreign  commerce,  and  that  on  the 
Schuylkill,  its  port  for  the  domestic  or  internal 
trade.  The  principal  harbor  is  upon  the  Dela- 
ware, where  large  vessels  come  up  from  the 
ocean,  and  where  the  foreign  commerce  centres. 
Its  imports,  in  1851,  amounted  to  $14,000,000. 
The  great  business  of  the  city  was  originally 
done  upon  the  Delaware.  But  since  the  opening 
of  the  coal  trade,  which  has  become  extensive 
within  the  last  30  years,  the  business  upon  the 
Schuylkill  has  grown  into  great  importance. 
That  river  affords  a  convenient  harbor  for  small 
vessels,  and  many  wharves  are  built  for  their 
accommodation  below  the  bridge,  which  is  at  the 
termination  of  Market  Street.  This  bridge,  which 
was  built  in  1805,  to  connect  the  important  suburbs 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  river  with  the  city,  was 
originally  a  toll  bridge,  but  is  now  free.  There 
are  two  other  bridges  over  the  Schuylkill  besides 
the  suspension  bridge  before  mentioned,  one 
above  and  the  other  below  the  city,  built  for  the 
66  > 


railroads,  which  also  accommodate  foot  passen- 
gers and  vehicles.  By  means  of  railroads  and 
canals,  an  extensive  communication  has  been 
established  between  Philadelphia  and  the  south 
and  west,  affording  great  facilities  of  trade  with 
the  interior  of  the  country.  The  principal  of  these 
are,  the  railroad  to  Baltimore,  97  miles,  whence 
there  is  a  wide  communication  S.  and  W. ;  the 
Columbia  Railroad  to  Columbia,  on  the  Susque- 
hanna  River,  82  miles,  thence  by  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Central  Railroad  to  Harrisburg,  the  capital  of 
the  state,  28  miles,  and  thence  by  canal  and  rail- 
road to  Pittsburg,  399  miles  from  Philadelphia ; 
the  Philadelphia,  Reading,  and  Pottsville  Rail- 
road, extending  to  Pottsville,  in  the  region  of  the 
coal  formation,  94  miles  from  Philadelphia.  The 
following  links  of  railroad  are  intended,  when 
complete,  to  connect  Philadelphia  with  the  ex- 
treme western  boundary  of  Missouri,  viz. :  from 
Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg,  358  miles  ;  from  Pitts- 
burg  to  the  Indiana  stateline,  300  miles ;  from  the 
Indiana  line  through  Indianapolis,  to  Terre  Haute, 
150  miles;  from  Terre  Haute  to  St.  Louis,  160 
miles ;  from  St.  Louis  to  Independence,  300  miles ; 
which,  when  completed,  will  make  a  continuous 
railroad  route  of  1268  miles.  Between  Philadel- 
phia and  New  York  there  are  two  routes,  one 
by  railroad  throughout,  and  the  other  by  railroad 
and  steamboat,  whence  there  are  extensive  com- 
munications E.  and  N.,  via  Boston  and  Albany. 
The  time,  by  either  route,  to  New  York  is 
about  4  hours.  As  a  comparison  with  this,  it 
may  be  mentioned  that,  in  1766,  a  "third  line" 
of  stages  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York  was  es- 
tablished, called  the  "  Flying  Machine."  which 
was  to  go  through  in  two  days. 

The  manufactures  of  Philadelphia  constitute 
one  of  its  most  important  interests.  For  the  va- 
riety and  amount  of  its  products  in  this  depart- 
ment, this  city  ranks  first  among- the  cities  of  the 
United  States.  And  many  of  them  are  of  the 
most  valuable  description,  and  of  exquisite  tex- 
ture and  workmanship. 

Philadelphia  was  first  laid  out  in  1682,  under 
the  direction  of  its  celebrated  founder,  William 
Penn.  For  some  notice  of  this  distinguished 
benefactor  of  his  race,  and  of  his  connection 
with  the  history  of  Pennsylvania,  the  reader  is 
refered  to  our  general  description  of  the  state,  p. 
125.  An  appropriate  monument  now  marks  the 
spot  in  the  district  of  Kensington,  where  the 
great  elm  tree  once  stood,  near  the  bank  of  the 
Delaware,  under  the  shadow  of  which  Penn,  soon 
after  his  arrival,  acting  upon  the  pacific  princi- 
ples of  his  religious  creed,  so  successfully  negoti 
ated  with  the  Indian  chiefs,  disarming  their  ap 
prehensions  and  jealousies  by  his  calm,  benevo- 
lent demeanor,  and  by  the  presents  of  useful  im- 
plements and  goods  which  he  offered,  and  estab- 
lishing the  most  amicable  relations  of  intercourse 
between  them  and  his  infant  colony.  "  Great 
promises,"  he  says, "  passed  between  us,  of  kindness 
and  good  neighborhood;  and  that  the  Indians 
and  English  must  live  in  love  as  long  as  the  sun 
gave  light."  "  Under  the  shelter  of  the  forest," 
says  Bancroft,  "  now  leafless  by  the  frosts  of  Au- 
tumn, Penn  proclaimed  to  the  men  of  the  Algon- 
quin race,  from  both  banks  of  the  Delaware,  from 
the  borders  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  it  may  have 
been  even  from  the  Susquehanna,  the  same  sim- 
ple message  of  peace  and  love  which  George 
Fox  had  professed  before  Cromwell,  and  Mary 
Fisher  had  borne  to  the  Grand  Turk.  The  Eng- 


522 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


lish  and  the  Indian  should  respect  the  same  moral 
law,  should  be  alike  secure  in  their  pursuits  and 
their  possessions,  and  adjust  every  difference  by  a 
peaceful  tribunal,  composed  of  an  equal  number 
of  men  from  each  race." 

The  ground  so  judiciously  selected  by  its 
founder  for  the  site  of  his  new  city  having  been 
previously  claimed  by  three  Swedish  emigrants  by 
the  name  of  Swenson,  under  a  grant  from  the 
Dutch  governor  of  New  York,  Penn  had  to  ex- 
tinguish their  claim  by  giving  them  in  exchange 
a  tract  of  land  higher  up  on  the  Schuylkill.  Late 
in  the  year  1682,  assisted  by  Thomas  Holme,  a 
surveyor,  he  laid  out  the  city  proper  on  the  land 
so  purchased,  with  substantially  the  same  outline 
and  divisions  which  it  now  has.  When  he  de- 
parted for  England,  two  years  afterwards,  the 
city  contained  300  houses  and  2500  inhabitants. 
On  board  the  ship,  he  wrote  a  farewell  letter  to 
his  infant  colony,  replete  with  his  characteristic 
benevolence.  In  this  letter  he  says,  "  And  thou 
Philadelphia,  the  virgin  settlement  of  this  prov- 
ince, what  service  and  what  ti'avail  has  there 
been  to  bring  thee  forth!  0  that  thou  mayst 
be  kept  from  the  evil  that  would  overwhelm  thee ; 
that,  faithful  to  the  God  of  thy  mercies,  in  the 
life  of  righteousness,  thou  mayst  be  preserved 
to  the  end.  My  soul  prays  to  God  for  thee,  that 
thou  mayst  stand  in  the  day  of  trial,  that  thy 
children  may  be  blessed  of'  the  Lord,  and  thy 
people  saved  by  his  power." 

It  would  seem  that,  from  the  first,  Penn  had 
the  idea  that  a  large  city  would  be  built  up  on  the 
site  which  he  had  selected.  Dr.  Prideaux,  in  his 
work  on  the  "  Connection  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,"  after  describing  the  plan  of  an- 
cient Babylon,  says,  "  Much  according  to  this 
model  hath  William  Penn,  the  Quaker,  laid  out 
the  ground  for  his  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  Penn- 
sylvania ;  and  were  it  all  built  according  to  that 
design,  it  would  be  the  fairest  city  in  America, 
and  not  much  behind  any  other' in  the  whole 
world."  It  is  little,  now  that  this  beautiful  de- 
sign has  been  so  happily  executed,  to  say  that 
posterity  honors  the  judgment  of  the  learned 
critic.  Philadelphia  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
fairest  cities  in  America,  or  in  the  world. 

In  1699,  after  an  absence  of  15  years,  during 
which  time,  in  consequence  of  the  revolution  in 
England  which  drove  James  II.  from  the  throne, 
Penn  had  been  deprived  of  his  authority  over 
Pennsylvania,  and  had  it  restored  to  him  again, 
he  revisited  this  country.  Having  made  some 
changes  in  the  government,  he  sailed  again  for 
England  in  1701,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death,  in  1718.  In  1719,  the  mayor  and  alder- 
men employed  Jacob  Taylor  to  stake  out  the  7 
streets  of  the  city,  in  order  to  prevent  encroach- 
ments by  building  thereon.  This  year  the  first 
Weekly  Gazette  was  published  by  Andrew  Brad- 
ford. In  1727,  Benjamin  Franklin  started  an- 
other weekly  paper,  called  "  The  Pennsylvania 
Gazette."  In  1 738,  Benjamin  Franklin  instituted 
the  first  fire  company  in  Philadelphia.  In  1743, 
the  first  Lutheran  Church  was  built,  and  the  first 
Dutch  Reformed  Church  in  1747.  In  1749, 
agreeably  to  a  suggestion  of  Dr.  Franklin,  a 
portion  of  Second  Street,  from  Market  Street  to 
Chestnut  Street,  was  paved ;  a  horse  having  been 
mired  there,  and  his  rider  having  been  thrown 
and  broken  his  leg.  At  this  time  the  city  con- 
tained about  15,000  inhabitants;  and  for  some 
time  afterwards  Fifth  Street  might  be  considered 


as  its  western  limit.  St.  Paul's,  the  first  Episco- 
pal Church,  was  founded  in  1760  ;  and  the  same 
year,  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and  also  the 
first  public  library,  by  the  influence  of  Dr. 
Franklin.  In  1773  the  first  stage  coaches  were 
established  to  run  to  New  York ;  the  previous 
lines  having  been  post  wagons.  Now  came  on 
that  series  of  events  connected  with  the  Ameri- 
can revolution,  in  which  this  city  so  largely  and 
honorably  participated.  In  1780  the  Bank  of 
Pennsylvania  was  established,  for  the  purpose  of 
supplying  the  army  of  the  United  States  for  two 
months,  by  a  subscription  of  £300,000,  by  90  per- 
sons; among  whom  were  Robert  Morris  and 
Blair  McClennachan,  who  subscribed  £10,000 
each.  Dr.  Franklin  died  on  the  17th  of  April, 
1790,  leaving,  among  other  public  benefactions, 
£1000  sterling,  to  be  loaned  to  unmarried  me- 
chanics, under  25  years  of  age,  upon  certain  con- 
ditions adapted  to  secure  and  encourage  individ- 
ual enterprise  and  thrift.  This  constituted  tho 
foundation  of  the  public  fund  known  as  the 
Franklin  Fund,  which  now  amounts  to  about 
$25,000.  Dr.  Franklin  was  born  in  Boston,  Jan- 
uary 17,  1706,  and  became  a  resident  of  Phila- 
delphia about  1723.  His  practical  wisdom  and 
philanthropy  originated  many  of  its  early  eco- 
nomical improvements,  and  brought  into  being 
some  of  its  most  distinguished  literary  and  hu- 
mane institutions.  His  fame  as  a  man,  a  patriot, 
and  a  philosopher  is  an  everlasting  legacy  of 
honor  to  the  city  of  his  adoption.  His  unosten- 
tatious grave  is  in  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  church- 
yard of  Christ  Church,  at  the  corner  of  Fifth 
and  Arch  Streets  ;  which  is  covered  with  a  plain 
marble  slab  resting  upon  the  ground,  in  strict 
accordance  with  the  directions  in  his  will,  which 
were  as  follows:  "I  wish  to  be  buried  by  the 
side  of  my  wife,  if  it  may  be  ;  and  that  a  marble 
stone,  to  be  made  by  Chambers,  6  feet  long,  4 
feet  wide,  plain,  with  only  a  small  moulding 
round  the  upper  edge,  and  this  inscription  — 

BENJAMIN  ) 

and       >  FRANKLIN, 
DEBORAH  ) 

178- 

—  be  placed  over  us  both."  The  only  change  ne- 
cessary to  be  made  was  in  the  figure  8,  Prov- 
idence having  prolonged  his  life,  beyond  hia 
expectations,  until  1790. 

Philadelphia  received  its  charter  from  the  pro- 
prietary, October  25,  1701.  The  government  of 
the  city  proper  is  in  the  hands  of  a  mayor,  a  se- 
lect council  of  12,  and  a  common  council  of 
20  members.  One  third  of  the  select  and 
the  whole  of  the  common  council  are  chosen 
annually  by  the  people,  and  the  councils  elect 
the  mayor.  The  aldermen,  15  in  number,  are 
appointed  by  the  governor  to  act,  with  the  mayor 
and  recorder,  as  judges,  during  good  behavior; 
and  the  aldermen  act  as  justices  of  the  peace. 
The  whole  legislative  power  is  in  the  councils,  of 
which  the  select  council  is  the  upper  house. 

The  several  districts,  or  liberties,  of  Philadel- 
phia, N.  and  S.  of  the  city  proper,  are  separate 
municipalities ;  having,  at  different  dates  within 
a  comparatively  modern  period,  received  their 
respective  charters  of  incorporation.  They  are 
governed  each  by  a  body  of  commissioners,  elect- 
ed for  three  years,  one  third  of  them  being  chosen 
annually. 

Philadelphia  was  the  seat  of  the  United  States 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES 


523 


government  for  a  period  of  ten  years,  from  the 
close  of  the  first  congress,  in  1790,  to  1800,  when 
the  capital  was  removed  to  Washington. 

Of  the  environs  of  Philadelphia,  which  are 
very  beautiful,  much  might  be  said.  The  ter- 
ritory included  between  the  rivers  below  the  city 
is  highly  improved  and  cultivated  in  farms  and 
gardens,  for  the  supply  of  the  rich  vegetable 
market.  There  are  many  attractive  places  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  city,  to  which  the  in- 
habitants resort  'for  rides  and  recreations,  or 
for  their  country  residences.  Camden,  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  Delaware,  and  accessible  at 
several  points  by  steam  ferry  boats,  besides  being 
a  place  of  considerable  population  and  business, 
has  much  of  its  soil  under  high  cultivation,  for 
raising  the  delicious  fruits,  which,  during  their 
season,  are  so  tempting  to  the  eye  and  to  the 
taste  in  the  stalls  of  Market  Street.  Kaigns 
Point,  Gloucester  Point,  and  Greenwich,  all  of 
them  a  little  below  the  city,  on  the  Delaware,  are 
favorite  places  of  resort,  to  which  steamboats 
are  constantly  running.  The  banks  of  the  ro- 
mantic Wissahicken  Creek,  about  6  miles  above 
the  city,  offer  a  delightful  excursion  for  parties 
of  pleasure.  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Fairmount,  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful places  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  The 
naturally-diversified  surface  of  the  ground,  in- 
cluding about  20  acres,  the  trees,  shrubs,  foliage, 
and  fragrant  flowers  with  which  it  is  adorned, 
and  the  costly  and  finely-sculptured  monuments 
with  which  it  is  interspersed,  render  this  a  retreat 
at  once  of  pleasing  and  of  solemn  interest.  There 
are  also  Germantown,  Manayunk,  Norristown, 
and  other  places,  a  few  miles  distant  from  the 
city,  which  invite  the  citizens  to  pleasant  drives 
over  beautiful  roads,  and  amidst  scenes  of  rich 
luxuriance  and  beauty. 

Phillippa,  Va..  c.  h.  Barbour  co.  On  the  E. 
fork  of  the  Monongahela,  about  20  miles  S.  of  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Phillips  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Helena.  It  is 
drained  by  the  St.  Francis  and  its  tributary  Lan- 
quille  River.  The  N.  portions  of  this  county 
have  a  fertile,  sandy  soil,  while  the  S.  are  liable 
to  inundation.  Bounded  E.  by  the  Mississippi. 

Phillips,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  is  wa- 
tered by  Sandy  River.  It  lies  53  miles  N.  W. 
from  Augusta,  and  15  N.  W.  from  Farmington. 
Incorporated  1812. 

Phillipston,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town  was 
formerly  part  of  Templeton  and  Athol.  At  its 
incorporation  in  1786,  the  legislature  gave  it  the 
name  of  Gerry.  In  1814,  it  took  its  present 
name.  This  town  is  finely  watered  by  streams 
and  rivulets  which  flow  into  Swift  and  Miller's 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven,  consisting  of 
hills  and  valleys,  but  the  soil  is  productive.  Pros- 
pect Hill,  in  this  place,  is  a  large  hill,  and  over- 
looks all  the  highlands  for  many  miles  around. 
Upon  it  are  many  excellent  farms.  About  a  mile 
from  the  centre  village  is  Factory  Village  and  a 
fine  pond.  27  miles  N.  W.  from  Worcester,  and 
58  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Boston.  The  railroad  from 
Fitchburg  to  Vermont  passes  through  this  town. 

Phillipstoivn,  N.  Y.,  Putnam  co.  Watered  by 
a  few  small  streams  flowing  into  the  Hudson, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  W.  Some  of  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Highlands,  such  as  Breakneck,  Bull, 
and  Sugar  Loaf  Hills,  are  situated  in  this  town, 
and  afford  great  quantities  of  excellent  iron  ore. 
14  miles  W.  from  Carmel.and  96  S.  from  Albany. 


Phipsburg,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  This  is  a  mari- 
time town  at  the  mouth  of  Kennebec  River,  on 
the  W.  side.  It  consists  of  a  peninsula  of  land 
of  about  15  miles  in  length,  and  from  2  to  4  miles 
in  width,  lying  between  Kennebec  River,  on  the 
E.,  and  New  Meadows,  or  Stevens's  River,  on 
the  W.,  and  extending  from  Small  Point,  the 
eastern  boundary  of  Casco  Bay,  to  the  city  of 
Bath  on  the  N.  It  contains  a  United  States 
fort,  and  Seguin  and  Pond  Islands,  on  which  are 
light-houses.  40  miles  S.  from  Augusta. 

Phipsburg  was  taken  from  the  ancient  town  of 
Bristol  in  1816,  and  named  in  honor  of  Govern- 
or Phips,  who  was  born  in  Bristol. 

Phipsburg  has  considerable  trade  and  naviga- 
tion. Ship  building  is  pursued,  and  fishing  is  a 
source  of  profit.  There  is  no  better  site  for  fish- 
ing establishments  on  the  coast.  It  is  a  very 
pleasant  town,  and  an  agreeable  location  to  court 
the  sea  breezes  in  summer. 

Pickaway  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Circleville.  Sit- 
uated a  little  S.  of  the  centre  of  the  state,  with 
Franklin  co.  on  the  N.,  Fairfield  on  the  E.,  Ross 
on  the  S.,  Fayette  and  Madison  on  the  W.  It 
was  constituted  in  1810,  from  Ross,  Fairfield, 
and  Franklin.  The  name  Pickaway  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  Piqua,  the  name  of  a  tribe  of  the  Shawa- 
nese  Indians.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  gen- 
erally level,  and  the  soil  very  fertile.  The  staple 
productions  are  wheat,  corn,  oats,  grass,  neat  cat- 
tle, pork,  and  wool.  It  is  divided  nearly  through 
the  centre,  N.  and  S..  by  the  Scioto  River.  The 
Ohio  Canal  also  traverses  the  valley  of  the  Scioto 
through  the  entire  length  of  the  county.  This 
county  has  all  the  four  varieties  of  woodland, 
barren,  plain,  and  prairie.  The  barrens  were 
originally  covered  with  shrub  oak,  and  were  at 
first  considered  as  of  little  value ;  but  they  are 
found  to  produce  excellent  pasturage.  The  prai- 
ries are  best  for  corn  and  grass.  The  plain  lands 
equal,  and  perhaps  exceed,  any  other  in  the  west- 
ern country,  for  the  production  of  wheat. 

About  3  miles  S,  of  Circleville  are  the  cele- 
brated Pickaway  Plains,  in  their  natural  state, 
without  a  tree  or  shrub  within  reach  of  the  eye, 
including  an  elliptical  area  of  about  7  miles  in 
the  longest  diameter,  and  3£  in  the  other,  and 
said  to  contain  the  richest  body  of  land  in  the 
state.  The  soil,  the  result  of  vegetable  decom- 
position through  an  indefinite  period,  was  very 
black  when  first  cultivated.  Corn  for  many 
years  grew  to  the  height  of  12  or  15  feet,  and 
produced  100  bushels  to  the  acre.  It  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  Scioto  River,  but  chiefly  on  the  E. 

"  Of  all  places  in  the  west,"  says  the  author  of 
the  Historical  Collections  of  Ohio,  "  this  preem- 
inently deserves  the  name  of  classic  ground. 
Here,  in  olden  time,  burned  the  council  fires  of 
the  red  man.  Here  the  affairs  of  the  nation  in 
general  council  were  discussed,  and  the  impor- 
tant questions  of  peace  and  war  decided.  On 
those  plains  the  allied  tribes  marched  forth  and 
met  General  Lewis,  and  fought  the  sanguinary 
battle  at  Point  Pleasant.  Here  it  was  that  Logan 
made  his  memorable  speech ;  and  here,  too,  that 
the  noted  campaign  of  Dunmore  was  brought  to 
a  close,  by  a  treaty,  or  rather  a  truce,  at  Camp 
Charlotte." 

Pickens  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Carrollton.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Fayette,  E.  by  Tuscaloosa,  S.  by 
Greene  and  Sumpter  counties,  and  W.  by  Mis- 
sissippi. The  Tombigbee  River  and  its  tributaries 
traverse  this  county. 


524 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


PicTcens  District,  S.  C.,  Pickens  Court  House, 
seat  of  justice.  Bounded  N.  by  North  Carolina, 
E.  by  the  Saluda  River,  separating  it  from  Green- 
ville district,  S.  by  Anderson  district,  and  W.  by 
the  Tugaloo  River,  separating  it  from  Georgia. 
Drained  by  Seneca  River,  a  branch  of  the  Tuga- 
'oo.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous. 

Pickens,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Pickens  district.  130  miles 
N.  W.  by  W.  from  Columbia. 

Piermont,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  The  soil,  es- 
pecially on  the  Connecticut,  is  good.  The  inter- 
vales are  extensive,  and  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  grain.  Back  from  the  river  is  fine  grazing  and 
mowing  land,  well  watered  with  brooks  and 
springs.  In  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town  are  3 
considerable  ponds,  called  Eastman's  Ponds. 
From  these  issue  Eastman's  Brook,  valuable  for 
mill  sites.  Indian  Brook,  on  which  mills  are 
erected,  is  in  the  S.  part.  A  mine  of  valuable 
iron  ore  is  found  here.  This  town  was  granted, 
in  1764,  to  John  Temple  and  59  others,  and  was 
first  settled  in  1770.  75  miles  N.  N.  W.  from 
Concord,  and  about  10  S.  from  Haverhill. 

Piermont,  N.  Y.,  Rockland  co.  A  village  in 
Orangetown,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Hudson  River, 
24  miles  N.  from  the  city  of  New  York.  The 
Erie  Railroad,  extending  from  Dunkirk  on  Lake 
Erie,  a  distance  of  445  miles,  strikes  the  Hudson 
at  this  place,  whence  is  a  communication  to  New 
York  by  steamboats.  For  the  accommodation 
of  this  route,  a  long  pier  has  been  erected,  ex- 
tending about  a  mile  from  the  main  land,  over 
which  the  cars  run  to  the  extreme  end,  thus  con- 
necting with  the  boats  and  barges  which  run  to 
and  from  the  city  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  The 
freight  trains  pass  this  way.  The  mail  and  pas- 
senger trains  from  the  W.  take  the  railroad 
through  New  Jersey,  from  a  point  18  miles  W. 
of  Piermont,  to  Jersey  City.  See  Dunkirk. 

This  flourishing  village  lies  in  a  narrow  valley, 
through  which  flows  the  Sparkill  Creek,  affording 
a  considerable  water  power,  which  is  improved 
to  some  extent  for  mills  and  manufactories.  The 
Palisades  terminate  here,  towards  the  N.,  in  an 
abrupt  hill,  which  circumstance,  in  connection 
with  the  piers  erected  at  this  place,  very  naturally 
suggested  the  name  of  Piermont. 

Pierrepont,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  This  large 
town  is  watered  by  Racket,  Grass,  and  Oswe- 
gatchie  Rivers.  The  surface  and  soil  are  diver- 
sified. 8  miles  E.  from  Canton,  and  213  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Pike  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Troy.  Bounded  N. 
by  Montgomery  and  Macon  counties,  E.  by  Pea 
River,  separating  it  from  Barbour  co.,  S.  by  Dale 
and  Coffee,  and  W.  by  Butler  and  Lowndes  coun- 
ties. Drained  by  Conecuh  River  and  branches. 

Pike  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Murfreesboro'.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Montgomery,  E.  by  Clark,  S.  by 
Hempstead,  and  W.  by  Sevier  and  Polk  counties. 
Watered  by  branches  of  the  Little  Missouri 
River. 

Pike  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Zebulon.  Bounded 
N.  by  Fayette  and  Henry  counties,  E.  by  Butts 
and  Monroe,  S.  by  Upson  co.,  and  W.  by  Anhau, 
a  branch  of  Flint  River,  separating  it  from  Merri- 
wether  and  Coweta  counties. 

Pike  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Pittsfield.  Bounded 
N.  by  Adams,  Marquette  and  Brown  counties,  E. 
by  the  Illinois  River,  separating  it  from  Morgan, 
Scott,  and  Greene  counties,  S.  by  Calhoun  co., 
and  S.  W.  and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Missouri.  Drained  by  several 


small  creeks,  which  afford  hydraulic  power.  Sny- 
cartee  Slough  passes  along  the  Mississippi  River 
through  this  county ;  and  on  McKee's  Creek  is  a 
salt  spring  20  feet  in  diameter. 

Pike  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Petersburg.  Incor- 
porated in  1816.  Bounded  N.  by  White  River, 
separating  it  from  Knox  and  Daviess  counties,  E. 
by  Dubois  co.,  S.  by  Warwick,  and  W.  by  Gibson 
co.  Drained  by  Tatoka  River  and  Flat  Creek. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  fertile. 

Pike  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Piketon.  Bounded 
N.  by  Johnson  co.  and  Big  Sandy  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Virginia,  E.  and  S.  by  Virginia, 
and  W.  by  Floyd  co.  Traversed  by  the  W.  fork 
of  Big  Sandy  River.  The  Cumberland  Ridge 
crosses  its  S.  W.  corner. 

Pike  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Holmesville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Lawrence  co.,  E.  by  Marion  co.,  S.  by  Lou- 
isiana, and  W.  by  Amite  co.  Bogue  Chitto 
River  and  its  branches,  and  Tangiapaho  River 
water  this  county. 

Pike  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Bowling  Green. 
Bounded  N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River, 
separating  it  from  Illinois,  S.  by  Lincoln  and 
Montgomery  counties,  and  W.  and  N.  W.  by 
Audrain  and  Rails  counties.  Drained  by  Salt, 
and  a  branch  of  Cuivr  River. 

Pike,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by  East- 
koy  and  Westkoy  Creeks.  Surface  rolling ;  soil 
rich  mould.  20  miles  N.  from  Angelica,  and  255 
W.  from  Albany. 

Pike  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Piketon.  Ross  co. 
is  on  the  N.,  Jackson  on  the  E.,  Scioto  and  Adams 
on  the  S.,  and  Highland  on  the  W.  The  most 
important  streams  are  Pee  Pee,  Sunfish,  Camp 
Creek,  Wilson's  Run,  and  Beaver  Creek.  The 
land  is  excellent  for  farming.  Several  antiqui- 
ties are  found  here,  one  of  which  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  fort.  It  is  about  1  mile  W.  of 
Piketon,  and  consists  of  2  parallel  walls  of  earth, 
about  15  feet  high  and  80  rods  in  length.  Stone 
coal  and  iron  ore  are  found  in  some  parts  of  the 
county. 

Pike  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Milford.  Bounded 
N.  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Delaware  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  S.  by 
Monroe  co.,  and  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Wayne  ca 
Drained  by  the  Lackawaxen  and  several  small 
mill  streams.  Along  the  valley  of  the  Lacka- 
waxen runs  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  CanaL 
Surface  rough  and  mountainous ;  soil  fertile  on 
the  Delaware,  but  elsewhere  rather  sterile. 

Pike,  Pa..  Berks  co.  Drained  by  the  head 
branches  of  Manatawny  Creek,  which  afford  hy- 
draulic power.  Surface  uneven;  soil  gravelly 
and  sterile. 

Pike,  Pa.,  Bedford  co.  Wyalusing  Creek  and 
its  branches  water  this  town.  Surface  hilly;  soil 
gravelly  loam.  158  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Piketon,  O.,  c.  h.  Pike  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Scioto  River.  19  miles  S.  from  Chillicothe,  and 
64  S.  from  Columbus. 

Pikeville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co. 

Pikeville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Bledsoe  co.  On  high  ground, 
a  little  W.  from  Sequatchy  River,  and  112  mile* 
E.  S.  E.  from  Nashville. 

Piles  Grove,  N.  J.,  Salem  co.  Salem  Creek, 
a  good  mill  stream,  waters  this  town.  Surface 
level ;  soil  clay  and  loam.  10  miles  N.  E.  from 
Salem. 

Pilot  Hill,  As.,  c.  h.  Fulton  co. 

Pinckney.  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  Watered  by  Deer 
River  and  Sandy  Creek.  A  level  town,  with  a 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


525 


good  soil.  16  miles  N.  "W.  from  Martinsburg, 
and  156  from  Albany. 

PincJcneyvitte,  Is.,  c.  h.  Perry  co.  At  the  head 
of  Four  Mile  Prairie,  on  the  W.  side  of  Big 
Beaucoup  Creek,  and  134  miles  S.  from  Spring- 
field. 

Pine,  Pa.,  Armstrong  co.  Bounded  W.  by  the 
Alleghany  River,  and  drained  by  its  branches. 

Pine,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Drained  by  branches 
of  the  Alleghany  River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil 
loam.  1 1  miles  N.  from  Pittsburg. 

Pine  Grove,  Pa.,  Venango  co.  Watered  by 
Swatara  Creek,  along  the  valley  of  which  runs  a 
navigable  feeder  of  the  Union  Canal.  It  also 
contains  a  pond  covering  700  or  800  acres,  and 
formed  by  building  a  dam  across  the  creek,  in  a 
gorge  of  the  Blue  Mountains.  Surface  moun- 
tainous, containing  coal.  43  miles  N.  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Pine  Plains,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  "Wotered  by 
Chicomeco,  a  branch  of  Roeliff  Jansen's  Creek, 
and  contains  several  small  lakes,  the  principal  of 
which,  called  Stissing's,  supplies  the  head  waters 
of  Wappinger's  Creek.  Surface  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous on  the  E.  and  W.,  with  a  broad  fertile 
plain  between,  which  gives  name  to  the  town ; 
soil  gravelly  and  sandy  loam.  25  miles  N.  E. 
from  Poughkeepsie,  and  69  S.  S.  E.  from 
Albany. 

Piqua,  0.,  Miami  co.  On  the  S.  W.  side  of 
Miami  River.  73  miles  W.  from  Columbus.  On 
the  line  of  the  Miami  Canal,  which  affords  good 
water  power. 

Piscataquis  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Dover.  In  the 
N.  central  part,  including  interlocking  sources  of 
the  Kennebec,  Penobscot,  and  St.  John's.  The 
settled  part  is  in  the  S.,  on  the  Piscataquis,  an 
eastern  tributary  of  the  Penobscot.  Undulating 
and  hilly,  with  some  high  mountains,  and  in  the 
N.  numerous  lakes  ;  soil  good. 

Piscataway.  N.  J.,  Middlesex  co.  Drained  by 
Amherst  and  Cedar  Brooks,  branches  of  Green 
Brook.  Surface  level;  soil  clay  loam  and  red 
shale.  5  miles  N.  from  New  Brunswick. 

Pitcairn,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  The  W. 
branch  of  the  Oswegatchie  River  waters  this 
town,  the  surface  of  which  is  slightly  uneven,  and 
the  soil  well  adapted  to  grass.  30  miles  S.  from 
Canton,  and  180  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Pitcher,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  by 
Ostelic  River  and  some  of  its  branches.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  argillaceous  loam.  16  miles  W.  from 
Norwich,  and  127  from  Albany. 

Pitt  Counti/,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Greenville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Edgecombe  and  Martin  counties,  E.  by 
Beaufort,  S.  by  Craven  and  Lenoir,  and  W.  by 
Greene  co.  Tar  River  traverses  the  interior  of 
this  county,  and  Neuse  River  runs  on  its  S.  W. 
border. 

Pitt,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Alleghany  River,  "S.  and  W.  by  the  Monon- 
gahela,  and  N.  W.  by  the  city  of  Pittsburg.  The 
surface  is  hilly,  abounding  with  coal ;  soil  loam. 

Pittsburg,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.,  was  incorporated 
December  10,  1840;  before  that  it  was  called 
Indian  Stream  Territory.  It  lies  on  the  borders 
of  Canada,  and  has  within  its  limits  Lake  Con- 
necticut and  several  considerable  ponds.  It  con- 
tains 160,360  acres.  150  miles  N.  from  Concord, 
and  40  N.  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Pittsburg,  Pa.  City,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Alleghan/co.  This  place  is  200  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg.  The  population,  in 


1810,  was  4768;  1820,7248;  1830,12.542;  1840, 
21,115 ;  1850,  46,500.  This  is  the  population  of 
Pittsburg  proper;  but  if  that  of  the  adjoining 
cities  and  boroughs  of  Alleghany,  Manchester, 
Birmingham,  and  Lawrenceville  were  included, 
which,  both  in  a  commercial  and  social  point  of 
view,  are  a  part  of  the  same  community  with 
Pittsburg,  a  more  just  idea  of  the  size  of  the 
place,  perhaps,  would  be  obtained.  The  city 
stands  at  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and 
Monongahela  Rivers,  which,  by  their  union,  form 
the  Ohio.  It  is  built  upon  the  triangular  plain, 
enclosed  on  two  sides  by  these  two  rivers,  extend- 
ing partly  up  the  highlands,  by  which  the  side  op- 
posite to  the  point  is  bounded.  The  distance 
from  the  point  back  to  these  highlands  is  about 
one  mile;  and  the  different  prominences  are 
known  by  the  names  of  Grant's,  Ayers's,  and 
Quarry  Hills.  The  place  was  laid  out  in  1765, 
on  the  bank  of  the  Monongahela  ;  with  streets 
running  parallel  to  the  river,  and  others  running 
back  from  the  river  at  right  angles  with  them. 
The  same  arrangement  was  followed  when,  after- 
wards, the  town  began  to  be  built  upon  the  bank 
of  the  Alleghany  ;  so  that  the  cross  streets,  start- 
ing at  right  angles  from  the  two  rivers,  neces- 
sarily meet  obliquely,  at  a  point  a  few  streets 
back  from  the  Alleghany.  Thus  the  city,  in  its 
outline,  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  city  of  New  York.  The  city  is  united 
to  the  adjacent  country,  beyond  the  two  rivers,  by 
a  bridge  over  each,  and  by  ferries.  The  site,  says 
a  writer  on  the  spot,  is  a  real  amphitheatre, 
formed  by  the  hand  of  nature.  The  rivers  flow 
in  channels  from  450  to  465  feet  below  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  neighboring  hills,  which  by  accu- 
rate measurement  have  been  found  to  vary  thus 
slightly  between  these  relative  elevations.  These 
hills  surrounding  the  city  are  filled  with  bitumi- 
nous coal,  which  is  easily  quarried  and  brought 
to  the  city,  and  affords  unequalled  facilities  for 
manufacturing  operations,  for  fuel,  and  for  lighting 
the  streets  and  dwellings  with  gas.  The  princi- 
pal coal  strata  lie  at  an  elevation  of  above  300 
feet  above  the  part  of  the  city  which  is  on  the  al- 
luvial plain;  and  so  uniform  is  this  geological 
feature,  that  a  levelling  instrument,  placed  at  the 
mouth  of  any  of  the  beds,  if  carried  round  the 
horizon,  carries  the  circle  of  vision  along  the 
openings  of  all  the  other  mines.  The  coal  for- 
mation is  here,  as  in  every  other  part  of  the  Ohio 
valley,  level ;  so  much  so  as  often  to  render  the 
draining  of  the  mines  difficult.  These  hills, 
though  steep,  are  not  generally  precipitous,  and 
afford  from  their  verdant  slopes  and  peaks  a 
series  of  rich  and  varied  landscapes.  The  fer- 
tility of  the  soil  continues  to  their  very  summits. 
There  is  nothing  of  barrenness  visible,  but  the 
forests,  fields,  meadows,  orchards,  and  gardens 
exhibit  one  panorama  of  beauty  and  abun- 
dance. 

Pittsburg  occupies  the  site  of  the  former  French 
fort  Du  Quesne,  which  the  French  held  posses- 
sion of  from  1754  to  1758,  and  whence,  by  insti- 
gating the  Indians  to  hostilities,  they  brought  so 
much  terror  to  the  frontier  settlements  of  Penn- 
sylvania. It  was  here,  in  1755,  that  General 
Braddock  lost  his  life,  and  the  army  under  him 
suffered  a  defeat,  in  an  attempt  to  drive  the 
French  from  this  post,  and  that  the  youthful 
Washington  displayed  his  military  skill,  and 
gave  promise  of  his  future  greatness,  by  con- 
ducting in  a  masterly  manner  the  retreat  of  the 


526 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


shattered  forces.  A  subsequent  expedition,  with 
a  more  formidable  force,  under  General  Forbes, 
was  successful  in  striking  terror  into  the  enemy, 
so  that  they  burned  the  fort  and  abandoned  the 
place ;  though  not  without  having  routed  and 
dispersed  an  advanced  detachment  of  800  men, 
sent  forward  under  Captain  Grant;  which  they 
did,  with  the  aid  of  the  Indians,  by  surrounding 
them,  upon  what  is  now  Grant's  Hill,  and  kill- 
ing and  capturing  about  300  of  their  number. 
Among  the  prisoners  taken  was  the  captain 
himself.  The  English,  having  dispossessed  the 
French,  erected  a  temporary  stockade,  which 
they  called  Fort  Pitt;  and  in  1759,  General 
Stanwix  commenced  the  construction  of  a  more 
formidable  work,  which  cost  the  British  govern- 
ment £60,000  sterling.  This  fort  sustained  an 
attack  from  the  Indians  in  1763.  Some  remains 
of  a  brick  redoubt,  which  was  built  in  1764,  after 
peace  was  restored  between  the  French  and  the 
English,  are  still  visible.  Until  after  the  close 
of  the  revolutionary  war,  Pittsburg  continued  to 
be  only  a  small  place.  In  1775,  the  number  of 
dwellings  within  the  present  limits  of  the  city 
was  not  more  than  25  or  30.  But  in  1784,  the 
ground,  which  belonged  to  Penn's  manor,  and 
was  the  property  of  the  family,  was  laid  out  into 
town  lots,  and  sold  rapidly.  Two  years  later, 
the  first  number  of  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  was 
published  here,  in  which  it  was  stated  that  the 
number  of  houses  in  the  village  was  about  100. 
In  1788,  the  county  of  Alleghany  was  consti- 
tuted, and  in  1791,  Pittsburg  became  the  county 
town.  The  earliest  authentic  account  of  the  pop- 
ulation is  in  the  Pittsburg  Gazette  for  January  9, 
1796  ;  when,  by  a  census  just  taken,  it  appeared 
that  it  amounted  to  1395.  It  was  during  this 
year  that  Louis  Philippe,  afterwards  king  of  the 
French,  visited  this  place,  and  spent  considerable 
time  there. 

Pittsburg  is  compactly  built,  with  many  hand- 
some edifices,  chiefly  of  brick ;  which,  however, 
have  a  dark  and  smoky  appearance,  from  the 
falling  soot  of  the  bituminous  coal,  which  is  used 
to  such  an  extent  by  the  manufactories  and 
otherwise.  Among  the  public  buildings,  the  new 
court  house,  situated  upon  an  elevation  which 
commands  an  extensive  view,  is  a  splendid  edi- 
fice, of  the  Grecian  Doric  order  of  architecture, 
165  feet  long  and  100  feet  deep.  The  height  of 
the  dome  above  the  ground  is  148  feet.  The  cost 
of  this  building  was  about  $200,000.  A  splen- 
did Koman  Catholic  cathedral,  located  on  Grant's 
Hill,  makes  an  imposing  appearance.  The  build- 
ings of  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania 
are  also  situated  near  Grant's  Hill.  The  Third 
Presbyterian  Church,  several  of  the  banking 
houses,  and  some  of  the  large  hotels,  are  also 
fine  buildings.  •  There  are  three  market  houses, 
and  a  museum  containing  many  Indian  curios- 
ities. Three  covered  bridges  cross  the  Alleghany 
River,  one  of  which  has  a  walk  for  foot  passen- 
gers upon  the  top.  A  bridge  also  crosses  the 
Monongahela,  1500  feet  in  length,  which  was 
erected  at  an  expense  of  $102,000.  The  harbor  is 
chiefly  in  this  river,  because  the  depth  of  water  is 
greater  here  than  in  the  Alleghany.  The  Penn- 
sylvania Canal  is  carried  over  the  Alleghany  in  a 
viaduct  1 200  feet  long,  built  by  the  state,  at  an 
expense  of  $104,000.  After  entering  the  city,  it 
passes  through  a  tunnel  under  Grant's  Hill,  and 
enters  the  Monongahela  River.  Another  branch 
of  the  canal  passes  through  Alleghany  City,  and 


enters  the  Alleghany  River  a  few  hundred  yards 
above  where  it  unites  with  the  Ohio.  The  water 
with  which  the  city  is  supplied  is  raised  116  feet 
from  the  Alleghany  River,  by  a  steam  engine, 
which  raises  3,000,000  gallons  daily.  It  is  dis- 
tributed through  the  city  in  pipes,  which  have  an 
aggregate  length  of  about  ten  miles.  These 
waterworks  cost  over  $250,000.  In  1836  an  es- 
tablishment was  completed  for  lighting  the  city 
with  gas ;  which  is  manufactured  from  the  bitu- 
minous coal  at  a  small  expense,  and  gives  a  bril- 
liant light. 

Several  of  the  places  adjacent  to  Pittsburg 
deserve  to  be  described  with  it,  as  they  virtually 
belong  to  the  same  community,  although  under 
separate  corporations.  The  most  important  of 
these  is  Alleghany  City,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Alleghany  River.  It  contains  many  of  the 
finest  residences,  in  commanding  situations, 
occupied  by  persons  doing  business  in  Pittsburg. 
Its  commercial  and  manufacturing  business, 
properly  its  own,  is  also  considerable.  It  con- 
tains a  number  of  churches  of  different  denom- 
inations. The  Western  Theological  Seminary 
is  located  here.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the 
Presbyterians,  and  has  two  professors  and  a 
library  of  6000  volumes.  The  edifice,  which  is 
on  a  commanding  eminence,  is  140  feet  long  and 
50  wide ;  the  central  part  being  four  stories  high, 
and  the  wings  three.  The  Theological  Seminary 
of  the  Associate  Reformed  Church  is  also  located 
here. 

Birmingham,  borough,  is  another  considerable 
suburb  of  Pittsburg,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Monongahela,  and  connected  by  a  bridge  and 
ferry.  It  is  about  a  mile  from  the  centre  of  the 
city.  It  contains  extensive  manufactories  of 
glass  and  iron.  It  has  two  churches,  a  Presby- 
terian and  a  Methodist.  There  are  a  number  of 
flourishing  villages,  besides,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Pittsburg,  some  of  which  have  been  named  in 
this  article. 

Pittsburg  combines  great  advantages  of  posi- 
tion. The  great  line  of  canal  and  railroad  from 
Philadelphia,  over  the  Schuylkill  and  Susque- 
hanna  valley  and  the  intervening  mountains, 
which  here  connects  with  the  Ohio  River,  is  of 
great  importance  to  Pittsburg,  and  to  the  whole 
west.  In  1811,  the  first  steamboat  constructed 
on  the  western  waters  was  built  at  Pittsburg. 
This  was  the  commencement  of  a  vast  increase 
in  the  trade  and  business  of  this  city.  Whereas 
it  was  before  the  work  of  a  whole  season  to  make 
a  trip  to  New  Orleans  and  return,  now  many  are 
made  in  a  season.  Nearly  100  steamboats,  em- 
ployed on  the  Ohio  and  connected  rivers,  are 
owned,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  in  this  city.  Its 
manufactures,  too,  give  it  great  importance.  It 
has  deservedly  acquired  the  name  of  the  Bir- 
mingham of  America.  To  Philadelphia,  by  rail- 
road and  canal,  399  miles  ;  to  Erie,  130  ;  to  Cin- 
cinnati, 470  miles. 

Pittsboro\  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Chatham  co.  On  Robin- 
son's Creek.  34  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Raleigh. 

Pittsfield,  Is.,  c.  h.  Pike  co.,  occupies  elevated 
ground  at  nearly  equal  distances  between  Illinois 
and  Mississippi  Rivers,  and  70  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Springfield. 

Pittsfield,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  A  good  township. 
38  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Pittsfield,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  5  miles  N.  of 
Lenox,  the  shire  town.  151  miles  W.  from 
Boston,  and  49  E.  from  Albany,  N.  Y. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


527 


This  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most 
flourishing  towns  in  the  western  part  of  Massa- 
chusetts. It  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Pontoosuc  with  the  Housatonic  River,  and  occu- 
pies a  beautiful  expansion  of  the  valley  between 
the  Taconic  and  the  Green  Mountain  ranges.  It 
has  no  mountains  within  its  territorial  limits, 
except  a  point  of  Lenox  Mountain  on  the  S., 
which  extends  a  short  distance  into  the  town. 
There  is  little  or  no  waste  land  in  the  town.  A 
large  proportion  of  the  land  upon  the  rivers  is 
of  the  best  alluvial  formation,  especially  on  the 
Housatonic,  which  usually  overflows  its  banks  in 
the  spring.  The  stranger  at  Pittsfield,  finding 
himself  set  down  in  a  valley  of  exceeding  beauty 
and  fertility,  surrounded  at  a  distance  with  high 
and  picturesque  mountains,  while  charming  rivers 
are  quietly  meandering  at  his  feet,  sees  nothing 
to  remind  him  that  he  stands  at  an  elevation  of 
more  than  a  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  In  the  salubrity  of  its  climate,  and  in  love- 
liness of  scenery  and  situation,  Pittsfield  can 
hardly  be  surpassed.  The  village  in  the  centre 
is  well  located  and  handsomely  built.  There  are 
two  principal  streets,  which  cross  each  other  at 
right  angles,  on  which  are  located  many  of  the 
most  beautiful  buildings.  At  their  intersection 
there  is  a  public  square  containing  about  4  acres. 
Fronting  on  the  different  sides  of  this  square  are 
the  First  Congregational  Meeting  House,  re- 
cently rebuilt,  in  an  elegant  style  of  architect- 
ure, the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution,  two  or 
three  spacious  hotels,  with  ranges  of  stores,  &c. 
Besides  these,  there  are  also  many  other  handsome 
streets  and  buildings.  The  meeting  houses  of 
the  Second  Congregational  Church  and  of  the 
Baptist  Church,  situated  on  the  main  street,  run- 
ning N.  and  S.,  are  new  and  tasteful  structures. 

Pittsfield  has  become  distinguished  for  its 
excellent  schools  and  seminaries  of  learning. 
The  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  is  a  profes- 
sional school  of  deservedly  high  reputation.  It 
was  established  in  1822  ;  and  handsome  and 
commodious  buildings  were  erected  for  its  use. 

TheYoung  Ladies'  Institute,  located  here,  is  one 
of  the  best  provided  and  most  popular  institutions 
of  the  kind  in  the  country.  It  occupies  a  range 
of  three  beautiful  buildings,  most  eligibly  situated, 
a  short  distance  N.  of  the  village.  The  centre 
building,  containing  the  chapel,  library,  recitation 
rooms,  apparatus,  &c.,  is  an  exact  copy  of  a 
Grecian  temple  at  Athens.  The  symmetry  of  the 
whole  establishment  is  very  fine.  On  a  gentle 
elevation,  overlooking  the  town  towards  the  S., 
and  the  country  far  and  wide,  stand  the  buildings 
of  the  institute,  with  a  number  of  acres  laid  out  in 
a  circular  garden,  sloping  from  the  green  in  front, 
surrounded  and  intersected  by  spacious  gravelled 
walks,  ornamented  with  shrubbery  and  flowers, 
tastefully  set  off  with  parterres  and  arbors,  and 
enlivened  by  an  artificial  fountain.  The  course 
of  studies  pursued  in  the  Institute  is  liberal  and 
extensive,  and  cannot  fail,  in  all  cases  where  it  is 
diligently  and  systematically  prosecuted,  to  ex- 
ert a  decided  influence  in  furnishing  the  female 
mind  with  every  desirable  talent  and  accomplish- 
ment. 

Pittsfield  is  quite  a  busy  place  in  manufacturing 
as  well  as  agricultural  operations.  As  early  as!837, 
the  various  manufactures  of  the  town  amounted 
to  about  $700,000,  since  which  they  have  greatly 
increased.  The  principal  manufactures  now  are 
cotton  and  woollen  goods,  castings,  machinery, 


musical  instruments,  hats,  caps,  harnesses,  trunks, 
railroad  cars,  carriages,  chairs,  cabinet  furniture, 
mechanics'  tools,  muskets,  rifles,  fowling  pieces, 
&c.  The  amount  of  the  product  in  these  various 
branches  is  large. 

The  Westem  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Albany 
passes  through  Pittsfield.  A  railroad  extends 
S.  W.  through  Lenox  and  Stockbridge  to  con- 
nect with  the  Housatonic  Railroad,  and,  connected 
with  these,  is  a  railroad  to  Hudson,  New  York. 
Another  extends  N.  20  miles  to  the  flourishing 
manufacturing  village  of  North  Adams,  a  few 
miles  S.  of  Williamstown. 

Pittsfield  was  settled  in  1752.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Pontoosuc.  signifying,  "  a  run  for  deer"  —  a 
name  which  one  of  its  beautiful  streams  still  bears. 
The  territory  of  this  town  was  granted  to  Boston 
in  1735.  It  was  called  "Boston  Plantation," 
until  it  was  sold  to  Jacob  Wendell,  in  1743;  it 
then  bore  the  name  of  Wendell's  Town  until  its 
incorporation,  in  1761,  when  it  received  its  present 
name,  in  honor  of  William  Pitt,  the  English 
statesman. 

This  beautiful  town  among  the  mountains  is 
becoming  quite  a  favorite  resort  for  persons  of 
wealth,  intelligence,  and  refinement,  as  a  place  of 
residence.  Many  come  here,  especially  from  our 
cities  and  from  'the  south,  to  spend  the  summer 
months.  The  salubrious  climate,  the  charming 
scenery,  and  the  agreeable  society  to  be  enjoyed 
in  Pittsfield,  constitute  a  union  of  attractions  not 
often  so  happily  combined. 

Pittsfidd,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  surface  is 
pleasantly  varied,  with  a  good  soil.  Suncook 
River  passes  through  the  town,  affording  good 
mill  privileges.  Catamount  Mountain  is  in  the 
town.  There  are  a  number  of  ponds  here,  W. 
of  which  the  magnetic  needle  varies  materially. 
Berry's  Pond  is  on  the  mountain ;  it  is  half  a 
mile  in  length,'  and  is  supplied  by  mountain 
springs.  There  is  a  neat  and  flourishing  village 
in  Pittsfield,  which  possesses  a  fine  water  power. 
First  settlers,  John  Cram  and  others.  15  miles 
N.  E.  from  Concord. 

Pittsfield,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Unadilla  River 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly,  with  fertile  valleys. 
18  miles  W.  from  Cooperstowri,  and  87  from 
Albany. 

Pittsfield,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Tweed  River  is 
formed  in  this  town,  by  two  branches,  which  afford 
mill  sites  :  it  emptied  into  White  River,  which 
passes  through  the  N.  E.  corner.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  and  the  soil  hard.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  in  1786.  35  miles  S.  W.  from 
Montpelier,  and  17  N.  E.  from  Rutland. 

Pittsford,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Watered  by  the 
Irondoquoit  Creek  and  some  of  its  branches. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  argillaceous  and  calca- 
reous loam.  6  miles  E.  from  Rochester,  and  213 
N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Pittsford,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Otter  Creek  is 
the  principal  stream,  and  its  width  here  is  from 
40  to  50  yards.  Furnace  Brook  is  in  Pittsford : 
on  it  and  its  branches  are  numerous  mill  privileges. 
Along  these  streams  are  extensive  meadows  of 
rich  alluvial  soil.  There  are  2  ponds  in  the 
town.  The  soil  is  generally  loam,  with  some 
sandy  tracts,  and  some  of  clay.  The  timber  is 
oak,  of  several  kinds.  Iron  ore  and  excellent 
marble  abound  here.  In  the  eastern  part  of 
Pittsford  is  a  deep  cavern,  in  which  ice  may  com- 
monly be  found  in  the  months  of  July  and 


528 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


August.  There  are  2  pleasant  and  nourishing 
villages  in  the  town ;  one  near  the  centre,  the  other 
on  Furnace  Brook.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  the  year  1769.  44  miles  S.  W.  from 
Montpelier.  and  8  N.  from  Rutland.  The 
Rutland  Railroad  between  .Boston  and  Burling- 
ton passes  through  Pittsford. 

Pittston,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  Pittston  is  a  pleas- 
ant town  on  the  E.  side  of  Kennebec  River,  op- 
posite to  Gardiner.  It  is  a  flourishing  town,  of 
good  soil,  and  has  several  ponds  and  mill  streams, 
and  a  considerable  business  in  the  lumber  trade. 
It  is  bounded  E.  by  Whitefield,  and  S.  by  Dres- 
den. 7  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Augusta. 

Pittstown,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Hoosic  River,  and  drained  by  Tom- 
hannock  Creek.  Surface  uneven ;  soil  of  good 
quality.  12  miles  N.  E.  from  Troy,  and  18  from 
Albany. 

Pittsylvania  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Pittsylvania. 
Bounded  N.  by  Staunton  River,  separating  it 
from  Bedford  and  Campbell  counties,  E.  by  Hal- 
ifax co.,  S.  by  North  Carolina,  and  W.  by  Henry 
and  Franklin  counties.  Drained  by  Dan,  Ban- 
nister, and  branches  of  Staunton  River.  Soil 
mostly  fertile. 

Pittsylvania,  Va.,  c.  h.  Pittsylvania  co.  On  a 
branch  of  Bannister  River.  162  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Richmond. 

Plainfield,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  The  territory 
of  this  town  was  called  Pontoosuc  by  the  In- 
dians. It  was  the  north  part  of  Cummington. 
Incorporated  as  a  district  in  1785,  and  as  a  town 
in  1807.  This  township  lies  on  the  eastern  side 
of  the  Green  Mountain  range.  The  surface  is 
undulating,  and  in  many  parts  rough  and  broken. 
The  summit  of  East  Hill,  on  which  is  the  princi- 
pal village,  may  be  considered  as  level,  through 
nearly  the  whole  breadth  of  the  town.  The  soil 
is  good  and  strong,  and  well  adapted  for  grass. 
The  township  is  exceedingly  well  supplied  with 
springs  and  rivulets.  Mill  Brook  is  the  largest 
stream.  There  are  2  ponds,  both  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  the  town ;  the  North  Pond,  which  is  about 
a  mile  long,  and  half  a  mile  wide,  and  the  Crooked 
Pond,  so  called  from  its  figure.  The  scenery 
around  these  ponds  is  wild,  and  may  perhaps  be 
said  to  partake  of  the  gloomy.  The  North  Pond 
is  dotted  with  islands,  and  is  a  favorite  place  of 
resort  for  anglers  and  parties  of  pleasure.  27 
miles  N.  W.  from  Northampton,  and  117  W.  by 
N.  from  Boston. 

Plainfield,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  There  are  valu- 
able intervale  and  excellent  meadows  on  the 
Connecticut  River,  and  in  other  parts  of  the 
town.  Here  are  2  ponds.  At  the  S.  W.  part  of 
this  town,  in  Connecticut  River,  is  Hart's  Island, 
which  contains  19  acres.  Quechee  Falls  are  in 
this  town.  A  bridge  was  erected  here  in  1807. 
A  small  stream,  flowing  from  Croydon  Moun- 
tains, waters  the  town.  Plainfield  has  a  pleasant 
village,  situated  on  a  handsome  plain,  called 
Plainfield  Plain.  Kimball  Union  Academy,  in 
this  town,  incorporated  June  16,  1813,  is  in  the 
village  called  Meriden.  First  settlers,  L.  Nash 
and  Russell,  in  1764.  12  miles  S.  from  Dart- 
mouth College,  and  60  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Plainfield,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  The  Unadilla 
River  and  its  branches  water  this  town,  the  sur- 
face of  which  is  hilly  and  undulating,  and  the 
soil  very  fertile.  15  miles  N.  W.  from  Coopers- 
town,  and  75  W.  from  Albany. 

Plainfield,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.    Drained  by 


the  E.  branch  of  Bushkill  Creek.  Surface  level, 
except  in  the  N.  part,  where  it  is  crossed  by  Blue 
Mountain. 

Plainfield,  Vt..  Washington  co.  Plainfield  \a 
watered  by  Winooski  River  and  Great  Brook. 
At  the  junction  of  these  streams  is  a  neat  village. 
There  is  a  small  pond  in  the  eastern  part,  which 
is  well  furnished  with  excellent  trout.  There  is 
also  a  mineral  spring.  It  is  situated  so  near 
the  margin  of  Great  Brook  as  to  be  overflowed 
at  high  water.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  une- 
ven, but  well  timbered.  There  is  but  little  waste 
land,  and  the  soil  is  generally  of  a  good  quality. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  about  the  year 
1794.  9  miles  S.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Plaistow,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.,  was  originally 
a  part  of  Haverhill,  Ms.  After  it  became  an- 
nexed to  New  Hampshire,  a  charter  was  granted, 
in  1749.  The  soil  is  good,  being  a  mixture  of 
black  loam,  clay,  and  gravel.  First  settlers,  Cap- 
tain Charles  Bartlett,  Nicholas  White,  Esq.,  Dea- 
con Benjamin  Kimball,  and  J.  Harriman.  40 
miles  S.  E.  from  Concord,  and  12  S.  from  Exe- 
ter by  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad. 

Plaquemine  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Fort  Jackson. 
Bounded  N.  by  Orleans  Parish,  E.  by  St.  Ber- 
nard Parish  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  S.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Jefferson  Parish. 
The  Mississippi  River  flows  through  this  parish ; 
on  its  coast  are  several  bays.  The  surface  is  low, 
and  in  the  S.  portions  is  nowhere  elevated  moro 
than  10  feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
soil  is  only  arable  on  the  margins  of  the  river, 
where  it  is  very  fertile.  The  principal  produc- 
tions are  cotton  and  sugar. 

Platt  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Monticello.  Bounded 
N.  by  McLean,  E.  by  Champaign,  S.  by  Moul- 
trie,  and  W.  by  Macon  and  De  Witt  counties. 
Drained  by  Sangamon  River. 

Platte  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Platte  City.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Buchanan  co.,  E.  by  Clinton  and  Clay 
counties,  and  S.  and  W.  by  the  Missouri  River, 
separating  it  from  Indian*  Territory.  Drained 
by  Little  Platte  River. 

Platte  City,  Mo.;  c.  h.  Platte  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Little  Platte  River. 

Plattekill,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Watered  by  Old 
Man's  Kill,  a  branch  of  the  Hudson,  and  by  some 
branches  of  the  Wallkill.  Surface  hilly  and 
undulating;  soil  clay  and  gravelly  loam  based 
upon  slate  and  limestone.  29  miles  S.  from 
Kingston,  and  79  from  Albany. 

Plattsburg,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Clinton  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Smith's  Fork  of  Little  Platte  River.  180 
miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  shire  town  of  Clinton  co., 
lies  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Champlain.  162  miles 
N.  from  Albany,  25  miles  N.  W.  from  Burlington, 
and  to  Rouse's  Point,  where  the  Ogdensburg  Rail- 
road crosses  the  lake,  29  miles  N.  The  surface 
of  the  township  on  the  E.  is  nearly  level,  but 
towards  the  W.  it  becomes  hilly.  The  soil  is 
mostly  a  clay  loam,  and  of  a  good  quality  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  lake.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Saranac  River,  and  also  on  the  S.  by  Salmon 
Creek. 

Plattsburg  Village,  situated  on  the  lake  shore,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Saranac.  is  a  port  of  entry,  and 
contains  the  county  buildings.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1815,  and  has  been  subject  to  consider- 
able fluctuations  in  its  prosperity,  consequent 
upon  the  vicissitudes  of  war  and  peace.  It  prof- 
ited by  the  expenditures  of  the  last  war  with 


IN   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


529 


Great  Britain,  although  twice  captured  by  the 
enemy.  After  the  stimulus  of  these  causes  was 
withdrawn,  it  languished  fora  time;  but  it  is  now 
thriving  again,  under  the  more  healthful  auspices 
of  peace.  The  Saranac  affords  a  valuable  water 
power,  having  a  succession  of  falls,  in  and  near 
the  village,  amounting  in  the  entire  descent  to 
about  40  feet.  These  privileges  are  partially 
improved  for  cotton  and  woollen  factories,  flour- 
ing mills,  saw  mills,  and  other  works. 

Plattsburg  has  been  selected  by  the  govern- 
ment as  a  military  post ;  and  extensive  stone 
barracks  have  been  erected  along  the  lake  shore, 
a  little  S.  of  the  village.  The  United  States 
have  also  erected  a  breakwater  here  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  harbor. 

On  the  llth  of  September,  1814,  Plattsburg 
was  the  scene  of  an  important  conflict  between 
the  Americans  and  British  forces,  both  on  the 
land  and  on  the  water,  in  which  the  Americans 
were  victorious.  The  land  forces  of  the  enemy, 
consisting  of  about  14,000  men,  were  led  on  to 
the  attack  by  Sir  George  Prevost,  and  were  suc- 
cessfully repulsed  by  about  3000  men,  under  the 
command  of  General  Macorab.  The  engage- 
ment on  the  lake  was  between  Commodore  Mc- 
Donough,  of  the  American,  and  Commodore 
Downie,  of  the  British  navy.  The  fleet  under 
McDonough  carried  86  guns  and  820  men,  and 
the  British  fleet  95  guns  and  1050  men.  The 
action  lasted,  without  any  cessation,  on  a  smooth 
sea,  at  close  quarters,  2  hours  and  20  minutes,  in 
full  view  of  both  the  armies  fighting  on  land.  The 
fortune  of  the  day  was  in  a  great  measure  decid- 
ed by  the  issue  on  the  lake.  When  the  British 
army  saw  their  fleet  completely  conquered,  they 
were  at  once  dispirited,  and  commenced  their  re- 
treat. Their  loss,  in  the  mean  time,  had  been  more 
than  six  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  Americans. 
Among  the  slain  in  the  naval  engagement  was 
the  British  commandant,  Commodore  Downie, 
who  was  a  brave  and  skilful  officer.  The  fact 
is  stated  as  showing  the  frame  of  mind  in  which 
the  brave  McDonough  entered  the  battle,  and  in 
whom  he  put  his  trust  for  success,  that,  "  after  the 
enemy's  fleet  hove  in  sight,  the  men  of  his  ship  were 
assembled  on  the  quarter  deck,  when  he  kneeled 
down,  and,  in  humble  and  fervent  prayer,  com- 
mended himself,  his  men,  and  the  cause  in  which 
they  were  engaged,  to  the  God  of  battles."  This 
favorable  issue  of  the  battle  of  Plattsburg  was  of 
great  importance  to  this  part  of  the  country. 

Pleasant  Valley,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  Watered 
by  Wappinger's  Creek.  Surface  diversified  ;  soil 
clay  and  sandy  loam.  7  miles  N.  E.from  Pough- 
keepsie,  and  82  S.  from  Albany. 

Plumb,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Bounded  N.  by  the 
Alleghany  Kiver,  and  drained  by  Plumb  and 
Turtle  Creeks  and  Thompson's  Run.  Surface 
hilly;  soil  loam.  14  miles  E.  from  Pittsburg. 

Plumstead,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Surface  hilly,  and 
drained  by  Tohickon  and  Neshaminy  Creeks ; 
soil  sandy  loam.  106  miles  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Plymouth,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  The  surface  of 
the  town  is  rough  and  hilly,  with  a  strong  grav- 
elly soil,  well  adapted  for  grazing.  The  Nauga- 
tuck  affords  an  ample  water  power. 

The  manufacture  of  small  wooden  clocks,  it  is 
believed,  originated  with  Mr.  Terry,  of  this  town, 
about  30  years  ago  ;  since  that  period,  the  man- 
ufacture of  wooden  clocks  has  been  widely  ex- 
tended, and  forms  a  very  important  branch  of  the 
67 


manufactures  in  this  part  of  the  state.    22  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Hartford. 

Plymouth,  la.,  c.  h.  Marshall  co.  115  miles  N. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Plymouth,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  This  is  a  fine 
township  of  land,  watered  by  beautiful  ponds, 
and  a  valuable  branch  of  Sebasticook  Kiver.  45 
miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Plymouth  County,  Ms.,  c.  h.  at  Plymouth.  The 
soil  of  this  county  is  not  so  productive  as  that  of 
many  others  in  Massachusetts  ;  yet  there  is  con- 
siderable  good  land  within  its  limits.  It  has  a 
great  water  power,  and  an  abundant  supply  of 
fine  iron  ore.  This  county  has  a  sea-coast  on 
Massachusetts  Bay,  of  between  30  and  40  miles, 
and  many  ships  are  built  in  its  numerous  ports, 
of  native  white  oak.  This  county  has  consider- 
able foreign  commerce,  but  its  shipping  is  princi- 
pally engaged  in  the  fishing  business  and  coast- 
ing trade.  It  is  bounded  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  N.  by  Norfolk  co.  and  Boston  Har- 
bor. N.  W.  by  Norfolk  co..  W.  by  Bristol  co.,  and 
S.  E.  and  S.  by  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Barnstable 
co.  The  North  River  and  numerous  branches  of 
the  Taunton  are  its  chief  rivers. 

Plymouth,  Ms.,  c.  h.  Plymouth  co.  The  town- 
ship of  Plymouth,  though  once  much  larger  than 
at  present,  is  still  one  of  the  largest  in  the  state. 
It  extends  on  the  coast  1 1  miles  from  N.  to  S. 
The  land  is  generally  hilly,  sandy,  and  barren,  ex- 
cept a  small  strip  of  rich,  loamy  soil  on  the  sea- 
board. 

The  harbor  of  Plymouth  is  extensive,  but  not  - 
deep  enough  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class.  It 
is  formed  partly  by  a  narrow  spit  of  sand,  extend- 
ing 3  miles  northerly  from  the  mouth  of  Eel 
River,  S.  of  the  principal  village,  where  is  a 
pleasant  village,  called  Chiltonville,  about  2  miles 
distant  from  the  main  village.  This  beach,  ex- 
posed to  all  the  fury  of  the  Atlantic,  has  been  in 
danger  of  being  broken  through,  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  harbor,  and  large  expenditures  have 
been  necessary,  as  well  on  the  part  of  the  town  and 
state,  as  by  the  general  government,  for  its  repair 
and  preservation.  Considerable  shipping  is  owned 
in  Plymouth,  and  the  inhabitants  are  largely  con- 
cerned in  navigation  and  the  fisheries.  There  is 
considerable  water  power,  and  some  manufactures. 

The  village  is  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  com- 
pactly built,  and  37  miles  S.  E.  from  Boston  by 
railroad.  Not  a  dwelling  house  of  ancient  date 
or  antique  form  now  remains  in  the  town.  Those 
recently  erected  are  in  the  style  of  modern  archi- 
tecture, and  the  largest  proportion  of  the  build- 
ings are  painted  of  a  light  color,  and  exhibit  an 
air  of  neatness  and  elegance.  Among  the  build- 
ings most  worthy  of  note  are  Pilgrim  Hall,  the 
Court  House,  and  a  Gothic  structure  for  the 
church  of  the  First  Society.  See  Plymouth  Rock, 
under  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Plymouth,  N.  II.,  Grafton  co.  Plymouth  is  one 
of  tlie  shire  towns.  Besides  numerous  smaller 
streams,  there  are  two  rivers  in  the  town,  Pemi- 
gewasset  and  Baker's  ;  both  are  of  importance. 
Baker's  is  30  miles  in  length.  It  takes  its  name 
from  Captain  Baker,  who  attacked  the  Indians 
at  its  mouth.  In  consequence  of  the  great  water 
power  in  this  town,  and  the  passage  of  the  Con- 
cord and  Montreal  Railroad  through  it,  it  bids 
fair  to  become  an  important  place  of  trade  and 
manufacture.  The  soil  is  tolerably  good.  Holmes's 
Academy  is  in  this  town.  First  settlers,  Zachariah 
Parker  and  James  Hobart,  in  1764.  From  Con- 


530 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


cord,  51  miles  N.,  and  31  S.  E.  from  Haverhill 
by  railroad. 

Plymouth,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Canasawacta 
Creek  waters  this  town.  Surface  undulating : 
soil  of  good  quality.  7  miles  N.  W.  from  Nor- 
wich, and  118  W.  from  Albany. 

Plymouth,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  On  the 
S.  side  of  Roanoke  River,  8  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  1 1 2  miles  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Plymouth,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Drained  by  Har- 
vey's and  Toby's  Creeks.  Surface  mostly  moun- 
tainous, abounding  with  coal.  A  portion  of  the 
town  lies  in  the  valley  of  Wyoming,  and  has  a 
rich  soil.  Distant  124  miles  N.  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Plymouth,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  This  town  is 
mostly  inhabited  by  Friends.  The  surface  is  un- 
dulating, abounding  with  limestone  and  marble ; 
soil  calcareous  loam. 

Plymouth,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  principal 
stream  in  this  township  is  Black  River.  On  it  are 
several  good  mill  sites,  and  a  number  of  natural 
ponds,  which  abound  in  fish.  Two  considerable 
branches  of  Quechee  River  also  rise  in  this  town. 
A  large  share  of  the  rocks  are  primitive  lime- 
stone. Some  of  the  limestone  makes  excellent 
marble.  Steatite  or  soapstone  is  also  found  here. 
The  surface  of  Plymouth  is  considerably  broken. 
Two  mountains  extend  through  it,  parallel  to  the 
river,  and  at  no  great  distance  from  it.  Plymouth 
Cave  was  discovered  about  the  1st  of  July,  1818. 
(See  Caves.)  The  settlement  of  this  place  was 
commenced  in  1777,  by  John  Mudge,  who  was 
soon  followed  by  Aaron  Hcwett  and  others.  52 
miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  15  W.  by  N.  from 
Windsor. 

Plympton,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  Before  its  incor- 
poration, in  1707,  Plympton  comprised  the  N.  W. 
part  of  Plymouth.  Its  Indian  name  was  Wena- 
tuckset.  The  Wenatuckset,  a  branch  of  Taunton 
River,  passes  through  the  western  width  of  this 
town.  There  are  two  pleasant  villages  in  the  town. 
A  noble  white  oak  was  cut  here  a  few  vears  ago.  It 
contained  7  tons  and  7  feet  of  ship  timber,  and  2 
cords  of  firewood.  The  Old  Colony  Railroad 
passes  through  the  town.  29£  miles  *S.  E.  by  S. 
from  Boston,  and  1\  W.  by  N.  from  Plymouth. 

Pocahontas  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  Huntersville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Randolph  co.,  E.  by  Pendleton  and 
Bath,  S.  by  Greenbrier,  and  W.  by  Greenbrier, 
Nicholas,  and  Randolph  counties.  Drained  by 
Greenbrier  River.  Surface  rough  and  elevated, 
being  crossed  by  ridges  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains ;  soil  sterile. 

Poinsett  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Bolivar.  Bounded 
N.by  Greene  co.,  E.  by  the  St.  Francis  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Mississippi  and  Crittenden  coun- 
ties, S.  by  St.  Francis  co.,  and  W.  by  Jackson  co. 
Drained  by  a  tributary  of  St.  Francis  River,  by 
Laguille  River,  and  by  St.  Francis  Bayou. 

Point  Coupee  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Point  Coupee. 
Bounded  N.  by  Avoyelles  and  Concordia  parish- 
es, N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  West  Feliciana  parish,  S.  by  Baton 
Rouge  and  Iberville  parishes,  and  W/by  the 
Atchafalaya,  separating  it  from  St.  Landry  parish. 
Drained  by  Perdouche  Bayou,  and  in  its  S.  E. 
part  is  Fause  Riviere,  a  former  bed  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. Surface  low  and  level ;  soil  of  excellent 
quality,  where  it  is  not  liable  to  inundation. 

Point  Coupee,  La.,  c.  h.  Point  Coupee  parish. 
On  the  S.  side  of  Mississippi  River,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  levee  or  embankment,  opposite 


St.  Francisville,  and  140  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
New  Orleans. 

Point  Pleasant,  Va.,  c.  h.  Mason  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Great  Kanawha,  and  370  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Poland,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  On  Little  An- 
droscoggin  River,  6  miles  above  Lewiston  Falls. 
It  is  26  miles  N.  from  Portland.  This  is  an  ex- 
cellent farming  town,  with  good  mill  privileges, 
several  ponds,  and  a  pleasant  village. 

A  family  consisting  of  about  70  of  that  curi- 
ous people  denominated  "  Shakers"  reside  in  Po- 
land. They  possess  about  600  acres  of  choice 
land.  They  are  attached  to  the  society  at  New 
Gloucester. 

Poland,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Watered  by 
Chautauque  outlet  and  Connewango  Creek.  Sur- 
face hilly ;  soil  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  22  miles 
S.  E.  from  Mayville,  and  317  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Polk  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Liberty.  On  the 
western  border. 

Polk  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Fort  Des  Moines.  S. 
central.  The  Des  Moines  flows  through  it  from 
N.  W.  to  S.  E. 

Polk,  Io.,  c.  h.  Lucas  co. 

Polk  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Bolivar.  Bounded  N. 
by  Hickory,  E.  by  Dallas,  S.  by  Green,  and  W. 
by  Dade  and  Cedar  counties.  Pom  me  de  Terre, 
Sac,  and  Niangua  Rivers  water  this  county,  and 
afford  hydraulic  power. 

Polk  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Benton.  Bounded  N. 
by  McMinn  co.,  E.  by  Monroe  co.  and  North  Car- 
olina, S.  by  Georgia,  and  W.  by  Bradley  co. 
Drained  by'Hiwassee  River  and  branches.  Sur- 
face mountainous. 

Polk  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Livingston.  In  the  S. 
E.  angle  of  the  state.  On  the  Trinity. 

Pomeroy,  O.,  c.  h.  Meigs  co.  A  flourishing  place 
on  the  Ohio  River,  a  short  distance  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Kanhawa. 

Pomfret,  Ct,  Windham  co.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Mashamoquet.  The  surface  of  the  town  is 
pleasantly  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys  ;  from 
some  of  the  elevations  delightful  views  are  ob- 
tained. The  soil  is  deep,  strong,  and  fertile,  and, 
although  somewhat  stony,  is  very  productive,  and 
exceedingly  well  adapted  for  grazing.  The  Quin- 
nebaug  and  several  of  its  branches  water  the 
town.  40  miles  E.  by.  N.  from  Hartford. 

Pomfret  contains  the  "  Wolf  Den,"  celebrated 
for  the  bold  exploit  of  the  gallant  Putnam,  who 
resided  here  some  years.  He  died  at  Brooklyn, 
in  this  state,  in  1790. 

Pomfret,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Watered  by 
Cassadaga  Creek  and  its  tributaries,  and  by  some 
small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Erie.  Surface 
hilly,  sloping  towards  Lake  Erie,  which  bounds  it 
on  the  N.  Soil  very  fertile.  12  miles  N.  E.  from 
Mayville,  and  315  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Pomfret,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  surface  is  con- 
siderably uneven,  but  the  soil  is  generally  good. 
White  River  touches  upon  the  N.  E.  corner,  and 
Quechee  upon  the  S.  E.  The  other  streams  are 
small.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in  the 
spring  of  1770,  by  Bartholomew  Durkee,  from 
Pomfret,  Ct. ;  he  came  into  town  with  his  family 
on  the  6th  day  of  March,  and  in  a  few  days  they 
were  joined  by  Mr.  John  Cheedle  and  family.  45 
miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  20  N.  N.  W.  from 
Windsor.  The  Central  Railroad  passes  through 
the  town. 

Pompey,  N.  Y.,   Onondago  co.    Watered  by 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


531 


Limestone  Creek,  and  the  head  branches  of  the 
Tioughnioga  Kiver.  Surface  hilly;  soil  fertile 
sandy  and  clay  loam.  14  miles  S.  E.  from  Syra- 
cuse, and  132  W.  from  Albany. 

Pompton,  N.  J.,  Passaic  co.  "Watered  by  Ring- 
wood  River  and  several  ponds.  Surface  hilly  and 
mountainous,  containing  iron  ore  ;  soil  clay  and 
loam.  23  miles  N.  W.from  Hackensack. 

Pontotoc  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Pontotoc.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Tippah,  E.  by  Itawamba,  S.  by  Chick- 
asaw,  and  W.  by  Lafayette  co.  The  Tallahatchee 
River  and  its  branches,  and  some  branches  of  the 
W.  fork  of  Tombigbee  River,  water  this  county. 

Pope  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Ncrrisville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Newton  co.,  E.  by  Van  Buren  and  Conway 
counties,  S.  by  the  Arkansas  River,  separating  it 
from  Yell  co.,  and  W.  by  Johnson  co.  Drained 
by  small  branches  of  the  Arkansas.  On  the  N. 
border  are  the  Black  Hills. 

Pope  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Golconda.  Bounded  N. 
by  Gallatin  co.,  E.  and  S.  by  Hardin  co.  and  the 
Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  Kentucky,  and  W. 
by  Massac  and  Johnson  counties.  Drained  by 
Big  Bay,  Great  Pierre,  Lusk's,  and  Rock  Creeks. 
Surface  level ;  soil  rich  sandy  loam. 

Poplin,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  Loon  Pond  is 
in  the  N.  part.  The  town  is  watered  by  Exeter 
River  and  several  small  streams.  The  soil  is  of 
a  good  quality,  and  the  surface  is  not  broken  by 
high  hills.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  indus- 
trious farmers.  24  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Ports- 
mouth, and  30  S.  S.  E.  from  Concord. 

Portage,  N.  Y.,  Allegheny  co.  The  Genesee 
River  and  Genesee  Valley  Canal  pass  through 
this  town,  in  the  N.  part  of  which  are  situated  the 
celebrated  Genesee  Falls.  The  river  descends 
about  300  feet  in  the  distance  of  two  miles,  af- 
fording immense  water  power.  Surface  hilly  on 
the  E.  and  W.  Soil  very  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  grain.  18  miles  N.  from  Angelica,  and  247 
W.  from  Albany. 

Portage  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Ravenna.  Cuya- 
hoga  and  Geauga  counties  are  on  the  N.,  Trum- 
bull  on  the  E.,  Stark  on  the  S.,  and  Medina 
on  the  W.  This  county  is  named  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  including  within  its  limits  the  old 
portage,  connecting  the  waters  of  Cuyahoga  River 
with  those  of  the  Muskingum.  These  streams, 
with  the  head  waters  of  Mahoning  River,  are  the 
principal  waters.  The  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Canal  passes  through  this  county  from  E.  to  W. 
The  land  is  high,  elevated,  and  well  improved. 

Portage  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Portage.'  This 
extensive  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Michigan,  E. 
by  Brown,  Marquette,  and  Dodge  counties,  S.by 
Dane  and  Sauk,  and  W.  by  Crawford  co.  Drained 
by  Wisconsin  River  and  its  branches.  Surface 
mountainous  in  the  N.,  and  level  in  the  S.  por- 
tions. 

Porter  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Valparaiso.  Bounded 
N.  by  Lake  Erie,  E.  by  La  Porte  and  Stark  coun- 
ties, S.  by  Kankakee  River,  separating  it  from 
Jasper  co",  and  W.  by  Lake  co.  Drained  by  Ca- 
lumic  River  and  Coffee  and  Salt  Creeks.  The 
surface  on  the  N.  is  elevated  and  sterile,  but  on 
the  S.  level,  and  in  parts  marshy,  and  the  soil  of 
better  quality. 

Porter,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  Porter  is  bounded  W. 
by  New  Hampshire,  and  Ossipee  River  separates 
it  from  the  county  of  York.  It  lies  99  miles  S. 
W.  from  Augusta,  42  W.  N.  W.  from  Portland, 
and  37  S.  W.  from  Paris.  Incorporated  1807. 

Porter,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.    Watered  on  the  N. 


by  Lake  Ontario,  E.  by  Tuscarora  Creek,  and  W. 
by  the  Niagara  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Canada.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara,  in  this 
town,  is  situated  the  old  Fort  Niagara.  Surface 
chiefly  level ;  soil  argillaceous  and  sandy  loam. 
16  miles  N.  W.  from  Lockport,  and  300  N.  of 
W.  from  Albany. 

Port  Carbon,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  Situated  in 
an  important  coal  region,  at  the  head  of  canal 
navigation,  and  at  the  junction  of  Mill  Creek 
with  Schuylkill  River.  65  miles  N.  E.  from 
Harrisburg.  Connects  with  Philadelphia  by  the 
Schuylkill  Canal  and  Reading  Railroad. 

Port  Chester,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  On 
the  W.  side  of  Byram  River.  136  miles  S.  from 
Albany.  Steamboats  and  vessels  ply  daily  to 
New  York.  The  New  York  and  New  Haven 
Railroad  passes  through  it. 

Port  Clinton,  0.,  Ottowa  co.  Located  on  the 
S.  side  of  Portage  River,  at  its  mouth,  and  has  a 
good  harbor.  N.  from  Columbus  120  miles. 

Port  Deposit,  Md.,  Cecil  co.  Located  on  the 
E.  side  of  Susquehanna  River,  at  the  lower  falls, 
5  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  68  miles  N.  E.  from 
Annapolis.  The  termination  of  the  Susquehanna 
Canal. 

Port  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Cumberland  co.  Situated 
near  the  mouth  of  Manamuskin  Creek.  14  miles 
from  Delaware  Bay,  and  73  S.  S.  W.  from  Tren- 
ton. Vessels  of  120  tons  come  here.  Exports, 
wood  and  lumber. 

Port  Gibson,  Mi.,  Claiborne  co.  On  Bayou 
Pierre,  30  miles  above  its  mouth,  45  miles  N.  from 
Natchez,  and  72  S.  W.  from  Jackson. 

Port  Henry,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.,  has  a  good 
steamboat  landing  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  118  miles  N.  from  Albany.  The  vicin- 
ity abounds  in  iron  ore. 

Port  Kent,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  On  the  W.  shore 
of  Lake  Champlain.  12  miles  S.  from  Plattsburg, 
and  151  N.  by  E.  from  Albany.  There  is  a 
steam  ferry  between  this  and  Burlington,  Vt. 

Portland,  Me.  City,  seaport,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Cumberland  co.  65  miles  S.  W.  from  Au- 
gusta, the  capital  of  the  state,  105  miles  N.  N.  E. 
from  Boston,  and  290  miles  S.  E.  from  Montreal, 
by  railroad.  Population  in  1790,  2240;  1800, 
3704;  1810,  7169;  1820,  8521;  1830,  12,601; 
1840,  15,218;  1850,  20,879. 

Portland  is  very  pleasantly  situated,  on  a  pen- 
insula at  the  W.  extremity  of  Casco  Bay,  between 
Casco  River  on  the  S.,  and  Back  Cove,  which 
makes  up  from  the  harbor,  on  the  N.  The  length 
of  this  peninsula,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  3  miles,  and 
its  average  width  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile, 
containing  about  2200  acres  of  land.  The  ground 
on  which  the  city  is  built  rises,  towards  both  its 
eastern  and  western  extremities,  into  considerable 
elevations,  which  gives  a  beautiful  appearance  to 
the  general  outline  of  the  place,  as  it  is  approached 
from  the  sea.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out, 
especially  the  more  modern  portions  of  it,  and 
several  of  the  streets  are  among  the  handsomest 
in  any  of  our  cities.  It  is  built  mostly  with  brick ; 
and  the  dwellings,  always  neat,  are,  many  of 
them,  spacious  and  elegant.  Beautiful  elms  and 
other  shade  trees  adorn  several  of  the  more  re- 
tired avenues.  The  main  street  extends  through 
the  whole  city,  E.  and  W.,  upon  the  ridge  of  the 
peninsula,  reaching  from  hill  to  hill.  One  of  the 
latest  and  most  important  improvements  within 
the  city  is  the  opening  of  a  new  street  along  the 
heads  of  the  wharves  and  docks,  in  such  a  man- 


532 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


ner  as  to  form  a  connection  between  the  termini 
of  the  principal  railroad  routes,  and  to  give  them  a 
direct  access  to  the  shipping  in  the  harbor,  or  to 
the  large  warehouses  where  the  vessels  are  laden 
and  unladen. 

The  principal  public  buildings  in  Portland,  be- 
sides the  churches,  are  the  City  Hall,  under  which 
is  a  market,  standing  at  the  junction  of  Middle 
and  Congress  Streets,  built  of  brick,  with  a  pedi- 
ment and  portico;  the  old  Custom  House,  on 
Fore  Street,  of  hammered  granite ;  and  the  Ex- 
change, an  elegant  structure,  136  feet  in  length 
by  72  in  width,  on  the  corner  of  Exchange  and 
Middle  Streets.  The  colonnade  of  the  Exchange, 
in  front,  consists  of  8  columns,  24  feet  high,  each 
shaft  being  a  single  stone,  beautifully  fluted,  and 
crowned  by  an  Ionic  capital.  The  edifice  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  dome,  the  top  of  which  is  7?  feet 
above  the  ground.  This  building,  erected  by  the 
city  as  an  Exchange,  was  purchased  by  the  United 
States  government  in  1848,  and  is  now  used  for  a 
custom  house,  post  office,  and  the  United  States 
court  rooms. 

On  a  promontory  at  the  eastern  end  of  the 
city,  rising  about  100  feet  above  the  water,  stands 
a  tower,  70  feet  high,  erected  in  1807,  by  the 
merchants  of  Portland,  for  the  purpose  of  ob- 
serving vessels  at  sea.  It  is  furnished  with  a 
large  telescope,  and  with  signals  to  be  raised  on 
the  approach  of  vessels  making  this  port.  This 
position  commands  a  most  extensive  and  beauti- 
ful prospect  in  all  directions,  embracing  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach :  Casco 
Bay,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec,  with  the 
numerous  verdant  and  beautiful  islands  reposing 
upon  its  bosom ;  the  Agamenticus  Hills,  in  York ; 
and  the  whole  range  of  mountains  on  the  borders 
of  New  Hampshire,  from  Ossipee,  near  Lake 
Winnipiseogee,  to  the  White  Mountains,  which 
constitute  the  crowning  feature  of  the  landscape. 
The  serene,  majestic  form  of  Mount  Washington, 
as  it  stands  in  clear  relief  against  the  distant 
heavens,  is  here  a  most  impressive  object ;  while 
below,  "in  the  immediate  vicinity,"  as  one  has 
said  of  it,  "  lie  the  city  and  adjacent  country,  as  a 
gem  in  its  emerald  setting." 

The  Portland  Athenaeum,  incorporated  in  1827, 
has  a  valuable  library  of  over  6000  volumes,  with 
a  steady  annual  increase.  It  is  kept  in  a  conven- 
ient room,  over  the  Canal  Bank.  The  Society 
for  promoting  a  Knowledge  of  Natural  History 
has  a  valuable  collection  of  minerals  and  shells, 
specimens  in  zoology,  ornithology,  &c. 

There  are  18  churches  in  Portland,  belonging 
to  nine  different  denominations.  One  of  the 
church  edifices  is  of  stone,  and  several  are  of 
brick,  generally  in  handsome  situations.  The 
first  parish  was  organized  in  1727,  and  has  now, 
after  a  period  of  125  years,  only  its  third  minister, 
never  for  an  hour  having  been  destitute  of  a  pas- 
tor since  the  year  of  its  formation. 

The  public  schools  of  Portland,  embracing 
about  3000  children,  are  of  a  high  order  of  excel- 
lence. Among  them  are  a  classical  school  for 
boys,  a,  high  school  for  girls,  and  four  grammar 
schools,  two  for  boys  and  two  for  girls.  These 
schools  are  supported  at  an  annual  expense  to 
the  city  of  12,000  or  $15,000.  There  is  also  an 
academy,  and  numerous  private  schools,  all  af- 
fording superior  privileges  for  instruction. 

A  company  was  incorporated  in  1849  for  light- 
ing the  city  with  gas,  which  is  rapidly  extending 
through,  all  parts  of  it  this  pleasant  improvement. 


A  new  impulse  has  been  given  to  the  pros- 
perity of  Portland  by  the  introduction  of  rail- 
roads. Her  advantages  as  a  seaport,  and  her 
relations  to  the  surrounding  country,  are  such, 
that  her  intelligent  capitalists  and  merchants 
were  not  slow  to  perceive  their  inducements  for 
enlisting  earnestly  in  this  branch  of  internal  im- 
provement. The  Portsmouth,  Saco,  and  Port- 
land Railroad,  completing  the  line  from  Boston 
to  this  city,  was  opened  in  1842.  In  1844,  the 
movement  was  commenced  towards  the  con- 
struction of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Rail- 
road, and  two  companies  were  organized,  one  in 
Maine  and  the  other  in  Canada,  which  com- 
menced, at  their  respective  ends  of  the  line,  the 
great  undertaking  of  uniting  the  waters  flowing 
from  the  great  lakes  at  Montreal  and  Quebec 
with  the  Atlantic  at  Portland,  a  distance,  as  the 
route  runs,  of  290  miles.  This  entire  route  is 
under  contract  to  be  finished  in  1853.  and  large 
sections  of  it,  on  each  end  of  the  line,  are  already 
in  operation.  This  great  work  will  cost  aoout 
$5,000.000.  Another  great  route,  extending  east- 
ward, is  opened  from  Portland  as  far  as  Waterville, 
within  45  miles  of  Bangor.  This  is  expected 
hereafter  to  be  continued  to  the  British  provinces 
of  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia.  The  Ken- 
nebec and  Portland  Railroad  is  another  route, 
independent  of  the  above,  extending  E.  to  Au- 
gusta, 65  miles,  passing  through  Brunswick,  and 
connecting  Portland  with  the  Kennebec  River  at 
the  prominent  points  of  Bath,  Gardiner,  Hallowell, 
and  Augusta.  Besides  these,  another  interior 
railroad  is  commenced,  to  extend  from  Portland, 
through  Gorham,  Buxton,  Hollis,  Alfred,  &c.,  to 
South  Berwick.  This  road  is  open  to  Gorham. 
A  branch  from  the  St.  Lawrence  road  lias  also 
been  opened  from  Mechanic  Falls  to  Buckh'eld, 
a  distance  of  12  miles. 

Among  the  enterprises  of  labor  and  skill  which 
have  come  in  to  meet  the  demands  created  by 
these  extensive  improvements  is  that  of  the 
Portland  Company,  a  large  manufacturing  estab- 
lishment, in  which  are  made  the  locomotives,  cars, 
and  all  the  apparatus  and  appurtenances  for  rail- 
roads, as  well  as  other  work  in  wood  and  iron.  It 
is  incorporated,  with  a  fixed  capital  of  $100,000. 

The  Cumberland  and  Oxford  Canal,  extend- 
ing through  Sebago  and  Long  Ponds,  one  12 
and  the  other  10  miles  long,  a  distance  of  50 
miles  from  Portland,  was  a  work  of  earlier  con- 
struction than  the  railroads,  which  furnishes  an 
inland  navigation  for  the  counties  of  Oxford  and 
Cumberland  to  Portland  Harbor. 

The  harbor  of  Portland  is  one  of  the  best  in 
the  United  States,  being  near  the  ocean,  easy  of 
access,  safe  and  ample,  with  sufficient  depth  of 
water  for  the  largest  vessels.  It  is  not  obstruct- 
ed with  ice,  except  occasionally  in  the  most  ex- 
treme cold  weather.  This  city,  from  its  relative 
position,  enjoys  fine  advantages  for  trade  and 
commerce.  When  all  the  great  projects  for  ex- 
tending its  internal  communication  shall  be  com- 
pleted, it  will  offer  very  strong  inducements,  from 
its  high  northern  latitude,  and  its  nearness  to  the 
great  marts  of  Europe,  as  a  port  for  the  ship- 
ment of  the  products  of  the  great  north  and  west, 
which  are  increasing  in  a  ratio  unparalleled  in 
any  other  country. 

The  settlement  of  Portland  was  commenced 
in  1632,  by  George  Cleaves  and  Richard  Tucker, 
two  adventurers  from  the  west  of  England,  who 
procured  a  grant  of  it,  in  1637,  from  Sir  Francis 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


533 


Gorges,  the  proprietor  of  the  province.  In  1675, 
the  settlement  was  destroyed  by  the  Indians. 
That  which  afterwards  gre'w  up  was  again  de- 
stroyed by  the  French  and  Indians,  in  1690,  after 
which  the  place  lay  waste  for  about  20  years. 
In  1718,  it  was  incorporated,  under  the  name  of 
Falmouth,  with  the  present' towns  of  Cape  Eliza- 
beth, Westbrook,  and  Falmouth,  by  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature.  This  part  of  the  town  went 
by  the  name  of  "  Old  Casco."  It  was  separated 
from  Falmouth,  and  incorporated  by  its  present 
name,  in  1786.  In  1832,  it  received  a  city 
charter. 

On  the  18th  of  October,  1775,  the  place  was 
bombarded  by  a  British  fleet,  and  entirely  pros- 
trated ;  136  of  the  principal  dwellings,  the  Epis- 
copal Church,  the  court  house,  and  the  town 
house  having  been  laid  in  ruins.  From  the  close 
of  the  revolutionary  war.  the  growth  of  the  town 
was  rapid.  Its  tonnage  had  increased  to  39,000 
tons,  and  the  amount  received  for  duties  to 
$346,000,  when  it  again  received  a  severe  check 
by  the  restrictions  on  commerce  during  the  war 
of  1812.  After  the  war,  a  new  impulse  was 
given  to  its  prosperity ;  which  has  since  been 
generally  onward  ;  though  not  without  serious 
reverses,  in  one  or  two  instances,  from  desolating 
fires  and  a  misdirected  spirit  of  speculation.  With 
energies  exercised  and  developed  by  so  many 
vicissitudes,  and  with  so  many  new  facilities  for 
trade  as  are  now  furnished,  this  beautiful  city  is 
certainly  destined,  in  the  future,  to  a  large  in- 
crease in  population,  wealth,  and  influence. 

Portland,  Ct.,  Middlesex  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Connecticut  River,  nearly  opposite  Middle- 
town,  and  about  15  miles  S.  from  Hartford.  A 
new  town,  recently  incorporated  from  Chatham. 
The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  elevated 
ground,  looking  towards  the  W.  and  S.  W.,  and 
is  the  most  populous  towards  the  two  extremi- 
ties of  a  street  running  parallel  with  the  course 
of  the  river,  about  2  miles  in  length.  At  the 
southern  extremity  are  the  valuable  freestone 
quarries,  from  which  large  quantities  of  a  most 
beautiful  reddish  or  dark-colored  sandstone,  of 
a  fine  quality  for  building,  are  exported  to  dis- 
tant cities  every  year.  The  quarries  lie  directly 
upon  the  bank  of  the  river,  though  the  bed  of 
stone  appears  to  extend  back  for  considerable 
distance.  It  is  not  perfectly  solid,  but  lies  in 
blocks  8  or  10  feet  thick,  and  50  or  60  feet  long. 
For  about  50  years  past  these  quarries  have  been 
extensively  worked,  with  a  handsome  profit  to 
their  proprietors.  There  are  some  delightful 
seats  here  occupied  for  private  residence,  from 
which  views  of  the  river  and  of  the  surrounding 
country  are  enjoyed  which  are  scarcely  surpassed 
by  any  in  the  country.  At  the  northern  part 
of  the  town  there  is  a  ship  yard  where  vessels  are 
built  for  the  river  navigation. 

Portland,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Watered  by 
several  small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Erie, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  W.  Surface  hilly; 
soil  sandy  and  argillaceous  loam.  7  miles  N. 
from  Mayville,  and  331  W.  from  Albany. 

Portland,  On.,  c.  h.  Washington  co. 

Portsmouth.  N.  H.  Seaport  and  half  shire  town 
of  Rockingham  co.  47  miles  E.  from  Concord, 
and  54  N.  by  E.  from  Boston.  This  important 
town  is  the  only  seaport  in  the  state.  It  is  built 
on  a  beautiful  peninsula,  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
Piscataqua  River,  about  3  miles  from  the  ocean. 
The  ground  rises  gradually  from  the  harbor, 


affording  for  the  town  a  peculiarly  pleasant  and 
healthful  situation.  Population  in  1810,  6934; 
1820,7327;  1830,8082;  1840,7887;  1850,9739. 

Portsmouth  is  connected  with  Kittery,  in  Maine, 
by  2  bridges,  1  of  which,  built  in  1822.  at  a  cost 
of  $32,000,  is  1750  feet  in  length,  and  is  sup- 
ported by  70  piers  :  the  other  is  480  feet  long, 
supported  by  20  piers.  Under  the  longest  of  these 
bridges  the  water,  at  low  tide,  for  an  extent  of 
900  feet,  varies  from  45  to  53  feet  in  depth.  The 
town  is  also  connected  by  a  bridge  with  Great 
Island,  comprising  the  township  of  Newcastle. 
The  streets  of  Portsmouth,  though  not  laid  out 
with  much  regularity,  are  neat  and  pleasant,  and 
contain  many  beautiful  buildings.  In  many 
parts  of  the  town  are  beautiful  gardens,  and  much 
rural  embellishment.  Few  places  more  agreeably 
unite  the  advantages  of  the  town  and  country. 
That  part  of  it  which  lies  around  Church  Hill, 
so  called,  was  originally  called  Strawberry  Bank. 
The  proximity  of  Portsmouth  to  the  ocean,  its 
neatness,  quietness,  and  beauty,  render  it  a 
desirable  place  of  residence,  and  a  place  of 
fashionable  resort  for  visitors  during  the  sum- 
mer season. 

Among  the  public  buildings  are  5  or  6  hand- 
some churches,  2  market  houses,  an  academy, 
an  athenasum,  an  almshouse,  and  the  state 
Lunatic  Hospital.  The  Episcopal  Church  is  a 
large  and  elegant  brick  edifice,  from  the  cupola 
of  which  a  very  beautiful  view  is  had  of  the  town, 
the  river,  the  harbor,  the  islands,  and  the  sur- 
rounding country.  One  of  the  markets  near  the 
centre  of  the  town  is  of  brick,  80  feet  long  and 
30  feet  wide,  having  a  spacious  hall  in  the  upper 
story  for  public  uses.  The  Athenaeum  was  incor- 
porated in  1817,  and  has  a  handsome  brick  edifice 
3  stories  high,  with  a  library  of  7300  volumes. 
In  the  third  story  are  valuable  collections  of 
minerals  and  of  natural  history.  Besides  the 
Athenaeum  library  there  are  libraries  belonging 
to  St.  John's  Church,  and  to  the  Unitarian 
Church,  of  about  500  volumes  each.  The  people 
of  this  town  were  early  distinguished  as  the 
patrons  of  literature,  and  their  institutions  of 
learning,  of  every  grade,  are  highly  respectable. 

The  town  is  supplied  with  water  of  an  excellent 
quality,  brought  by  an  aqueduct  from  a  fountain 
3  miles  distant,  and  carried  through  all  the  princi- 
pal streets. 

The  United  States  navy  yard,  situated  on  the 
harbor  of  Portsmouth,  is  admirably  located  for  its 
objects,  on  an  island  called  Continental,  or  Badg- 
er's Island,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river.  Here  is 
every  convenience  for  the  construction  and  re- 
pair of  vessels  of  the  largest  class,  among  which 
are  a  dry  dock  of  costly  construction,  and  3  im- 
mense ship  houses,  the  largest  of  which  is  240 
feet  long  and  131  feet  wide,  having  the  roof 
covered  with  130  tons  of  slate.  Portsmouth  has 
been  long  celebrated  for  the  skill  of  its  naval 
architects,  as  well  as  for  its  abundant  supply  of 
fine  white  oak  timber  and  other  materials  for 
ship  building.  The  merchant  service,  as  well  as 
the  United  States  navy,  is  supplied  from  the  ship 
yards  here  with  many  of  their  finest  vessels.  On 
Badger's  Island,  in  this  harbor,  was  built,  during 
the  revolutionary  war,  the  first  line  of  battle  ship 
launched  in  the  western  hemisphere,  called  the 
North  America.  A  very  large  number  of  vessels 
are  owned  at  this  port,  which  are  constantly  em- 
ployed in  the  freighting  and  fishing  business  in 
other  seas,  and  between  other  ports  of  this  country 


534 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


and  the  world.  The  consequence  is,  that  much 
of  the  capital  of  this  wealthy  town  is  employed 
abroad ;  and  there  is  but  little  show  of  business 
in  the  streets,  compared  with  the  amount  of  com- 
merce, in  the  profits  of  which  it  is  interested. 
The  place  has  always  been  noted  for  its  enter- 
prise and  commercial  spirit,  and  is  the  immediate 
centre  of  a  considerable  trade.  The  Piscataqua 
is  from  half  to  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide  where 
it  passes  the  town,  and  although  the  current  has 
so  much  rapidity  as  to  prevent  the  river  from 
freezing,  it  forms  one  of  the  most  secure  and  com- 
modious harbors  in  the  United  States,  into  which 
ships  of  any  size  may  enter  with  perfect  safety. 
It  is  well  protected,  by  its  islands,  from  the  N.  E. 
storms,  which  are  the  most  to  be  dreaded  on  this 
coast,  and  can  be  easily  defended,  and  rendered 
perfectly  impregnable,  in  time  of  war.  The  main 
channel  passes  on  the  E.  side  of  Great  Island,  on 
the  N.  W.  point  of  which  is  Fort  Constitution, 
and  opposite,  in  Kittery,  is  Fort  McClary.  On 
two  other  islands  are*  Forts  Washington  and 
Sullivan.  There  is  another  entrance  on  the  S. 
side  of  New  Castle,  called  Little  Harbor,  where 
the  water  is  shoal  and  the  bottom  sandy.  The 
Portsmouth  pier,  340  feet  long  and  about  60  feet 
wide,  was  built  by  an  incorporated  company 
in  1795. 

The  principal  manufacturing  establishments 
of  Portsmouth  are  a  machine  shop  and  car  fac- 
tory, which  employs  a  large  number  of  men  ;  an 
iron  foundery  ;  a  manufactory  of  hosiery,  which 
is  extensive ;  a  mill  for  the  manufacture  of  fine 
twist,  driven  by  an  engine  of  fifty  horse  power, 
and  the  Portsmouth  steam  factory,  erected  in 
1846-7  for  making  the  finer  class  of  cotton  fab- 
rics. This  mill  is  located  in  a  central  part  of 
the  town,  having  the  Boston  and  Portland  and 
the  Portsmouth  and  Concord  Railroads  immedi- 
ately in  the  rear.  The  main  building  is  200  feet 
long,  and  6  stories  high,  and  for  architectural 
character,  as  well  as  internal  arrangement,  this 
is  one  of  the  most  attractive  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments in  the  country. 

At  this  port,  in  the  spring  of  1623,  the  first 
settlers  of  New  Hampshire  made  a  landing,  and 
commenced  their  settlements  here  and  at  Dover. 
From  the  peculiar  advantages  of  its  situation, 
Portsmouth  appears  almost  wholly  to  have  es- 
caped the  invasion  of  the  Indians.  They  could 
approach  the  place  only  by  the  isthmus  which 
connects  it  with  the  main  land,  across  which  a 
stockade  was  extended  for  defence  against  them. 
The  settlement  was  also  compact,  and  the  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  at  an  early  date  considerable. 
The  Eastern  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Port- 
land, by  way  of  Salem  and  Newburyport,  passes 
through  Portsmouth.  A  railroad  has  also  been 
completed  to  connect  this  place  with  Concord, 
and  thus  with  the  great  northern  route  ex- 
tending to  Burlington,  on  Lake  Champlain,  to 
Ogdensburg,  at  the  outlet  of  the  great  north- 
western lakes,  and  to  the  River  St.  Lawrence, 
opposite  Montreal.  This  road,  which  is  only  47 
miles  in  length,  must  open  very  important  ad- 
vantages to  this  port,  by  rendering  it  directly  ac- 
cessible to  the  northern  and  western  trade,  com- 
ing from  a  vast  extent  of  the  interior,  with  which 
it  has  heretofore  had  little  or  no  connection. 

Portsmouth,  O.  Seat  of  justice  of  Scioto  co. 
Situated  at  the  termination  of  the  Ohio  Canal, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Scioto. 
90  miles  S.  of  Columbus,  and  110  miles,  by  the 


river,  above  Cincinnati.  The  site  of  the  town  is 
rather  low,  exposing  it  to  occasional  injury  from 
floods :  but  it  has  great  and  enduring  advantages, 
from  its  position,  as  a  commercial  depot,  and  is 
a  busy  and  flourishing  place.  Iron  ore,  coal,  and 
building  stone  abound  in  the  vicinity,  and  here 
are  founderies,  forges,  and  a  rolling  mill  for  the 
manufacture  of  iron.  Several  steamboats  ply 
continually  between  this  place  and  the  iron  re- 
gion in  the  upper  part  of  this  county  and  St.  Law- 
rence co.  A  commodious  basin  has  been  con- 
structed in  the  old  channel  of  the  Scioto,  with 
dry  docks  attached,  for  the  building  of  steam- 
boats. 

There  is  in  this  place  a  well-conducted  free 
school,  supported  chiefly  by  funds  bequeathed 
for  this  purpose,  yielding  about  $2000  annually. 
The  town  is  well  built,  and  makes  a  handsome 
appearance  from  the  river.  In  the  immediate 
neighborhood,  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio,  are 
some  very  extensive  ancient  works,  which  will 
not  fail  to  interest  the  intelligent  tourist.  From 
this  place  to  Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie,  by  the 
canal,  the  distance  is  305  miles. 

Portsmouth,  R.  I.,  Newport  co.  The  soil  of 
this  town,  in  common  with  all  the  lands  on  the 
Island  of  Rhode  Island,  is  uncommonly  fertile, 
well  cultivated,  and  productive.  The  maritime 
situation  of  the  town  affords  the  people  great 
facilities  for  the  fisheries,  which,  with  a  fine  soil, 
and  industry,  give  them  a  great  degree  of  inde- 
pendence. A  number  of  islands  are  attached  to 
this  town,  of  which  the  beautiful  and  fertile 
one  called  Prudence  is  the  largest.  It  is  6  miles 
in  length,  and  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
average  width.  In  this  town  are  the  Rhode 
Island  coal  mines.  A  fine  bed  of  plumbago  has  re- 
cently been  discovered.  A  stone  bridge,  1000 
feet  in  length,  connects  it  with  Tiverton. 

Portsmouth,  Va.,  c.  h.  Norfolk  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Elizabeth  River,  at  its  mouth,  and  has  one 
of  the  best  harbors  in  the  United  States.  It  is 
opposite  to  and  1  mile  distant  from  Norfolk,  and 
105  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Richmond.  The  United 
States  navy  yard,  dry  dock,  and  hospital  are  at 
Gosport,  a  suburb.  There  is  daily  communica- 
tion with  Charleston  by  the  Portsmouth  and 
Roanoke  and  Wilmington  Railroads,  and  with 
Baltimore  and  Richmond  by  steam. 

Port  Tobacco,  Md.,  c.  h.  Charles  co.  Situated  at 
the  mouth  of  a  small  river,  which  empties  through 
a  bay  into  Potomac  River.  72  miles  S.  W.  from 
Annapolis. 

Portville,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  The  Alle- 
ghany  River  and  some  of  its  branches  water  this 
town.  Surface  broken  ;  soil  sandy  loam.  24 
miles  S.  E.  from  Ellicottville,  and  296  S.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Posey  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Vernon. 
Bounded  N.  by  Gibson  co.,  E.  by  Vanderburg 
co.,  S.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from 
Kentucky,  and  W.  by  the  Wabash  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Illinois.  Drained  by  Big  and 
Flat  Creeks.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil  fertile. 

Potosi,  Mo.,  Washington  co.  In  a  rich  mineral 
region,  abounding  in  lead,  iron,  and  copper  ores. 
Ill  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Potter  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Coudersport.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  New  York.  E.  by  Tioga  co.,  S.  by  Clin- 
ton, and  W.  by  McKean  co.  Drained  by  the 
head  branches  *of  the  Alleghany,  Tioga,  and 
Genesee  Rivers,  and  of  the  W.  fork  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna  River,  and  by  Pine,  Kettle,  Driftwood, 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


535 


and  Sinnemahoning  Creeks.  Surface  elevated, 
containing  coal  and  iron  ;  soil  loam. 

Potter,  N.  Y.,  Yates  co.  Flint  Creek  waters 
this  town,  the  snrface  of  which  is  hilly,  and  the 
soil  fertile.  8  miles  N.  from  Penn-Yan,  and  200 
W.  from  Albany. 

Potter,  Pa.,  Centre  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  mountainous,  its  soil  calcareous  loarn. 
10  miles  S.  E.  from  Bellefonte,  and  71  N.  W.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Watered  by 
Racket  and  Grass  Rivers.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  fertile.  8  miles  N.  E.  from  Canton,  and  206 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Potts  Grove,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Bounded 
S.  by  the  Schuylkill  River,  and  drained  by  Man- 
atawny  Creek  and  Sprogels's  Run.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  red  shale. 

Pottstown,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.,  lies  at  the 
junction  of  Manatawny  Creek  and  Schuylkill 
River.  71  miles  E.  from  Harrisburg.  and  37  N. 
from  Philadelphia.  The  Schuylkill  Canal  passes 
through  it. 

Pottsville,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  99  miles  N. 
W.  from  Philadelphia,  and  62  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. It  is  at  the  termination  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill Canal,  and  of  the  Philadelphia,  Reading, 
and  Pottsville  Railroad,  in  the  midst  of  the  an- 
thracite coal  region  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is  situ- 
ated just  above  the  gorge  where  the  Schuylkill 
breaks  through  Sharp  Mountain,  and  is  the  largest 
town  in  the  county.  The  immense  coal  trade 
has  given  it  a  rapid  growth.  The  borough,  as  in- 
corporated February  19,  1828,  embraces,  besides 
Pottsville  proper,  what  were  once  the  separate 
neighborhoods  of  Morrisville,  Greenwood,  Mount 
Carbon,  Bath,  Salem,  and  Allenville.  Mount 
Carbon  comprises  the  southern  part  of  Potts- 
ville, lying  in  the  valley,  between  Sharp  Moun- 
tain and  Second  Mountain.  The  surrounding 
scenery  here  is  very  romantic.  The  place,  as  a 
whole,  contains  many  large  warehouses  and  fine 
ranges  of  stores,  and  is  now  a  compact,  bustling 
place.  Its  trade  has  settled  into  a  steady  chan- 
nel, well  understood  and  well  managed  by  capi- 
talists, merchants,  and  miners.  The  place  con- 
tains 5  or  6  churches,  some  of  which  have  fine 
Gothic  edifices,  an  academy,  a  town  hall,  a  splen- 
did hotel,  called  Pennsylvania  Hall,  and  several 
other  spacious  hotels  and  handsome  public  build- 
ings. Here  are  iron  furnaces,  forges,  founderies, 
and  rolling  mills,  in  which  the  anthracite  coal  is 
successfully  used.  Steam  engines  and  machinery 
are  manufactured,  and  many  boats  are  built  for 
the  river  navigation. 

Pottowattomie  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Kanesville.  In 
the  S.  W.  angle  of  the  state,  on  the  Missouri. 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  shire  town  of  Dutchess  co. 
Situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Hudson  River.  70 
miles  S.  from  Albany,  and  75  N.  from  New  York. 
It  was  first  settled  by  the  Dutch,  in  1735,  and  is 
one  of  the  handsomest  places  in  the  state.  The 
population,  in  1840,  was  7500;  in  1850,  13,944. 
No  place  on  the  Hudson,  perhaps,  exceeds  this 
for  the  beauty  of  its  location.  The  ground  on 
which  the  principal  part  of  the  village  is  built  is 
elevated  about  200  feet  above  the  river,  and  ex- 
tends into  it  by  two  bold  promontories  on  the  N. 
and  S.,  so  as  almost  to  cover  the  landing,  which 
lies  between  them,  from  the  view  of  the  boats  ap- 
proaching, especially  from  below.  Main  Street, 
extending  from  the  landing  to  the  plain  above, 
has  been  conveniently  graded  and  paved.  Many 


of  the  buildings  on  this  street  are  of  the  finest 
description,  for  the  various  purposes  of  their  erec- 
tion ;  and  in  every  part  of  the  village,  which  em- 
braces about  40  streets,  there  are  many  beautiful 
mansions,  affording  evidence  of  the  wealth,  taste, 
and  refinements  of  the  inhabitants.  There  are 
churches  in  Poughkeepsie  of  the  Dutch  Reformed, 
Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Congregational,  Bap- 
tist, Methodist,  Universalist,  Quaker,  and  Roman 
Catholic  denominations.  Besides  the  court  house, 
and  other  county  buildings,  there  are  banks, 
newspaper  offices,  and  a  great  variety  of  manu- 
facturing and  mechanical  establishments.  A 
large  water  power  is  furnished  by  the  Fall  Kill,  a 
stream  which,  winding  through  the  village,  de- 
scends by  a  ravine  into  the  Hudson,  over  a  fall, 
in  the  whole,  of  about  170  feet.  There  is  here 
an  incorporated  company  for  the  growth  and 
manufacture  of  silk,  which  has  erected  an  exten- 
sive establishment ;  another  for  the  manufacture 
of  locomotive  engines,  and  other  railroad  ma- 
chinery, with  buildings  not  surpassed  by  any  in 
the  state  ;  and  another  still,  called  the  Dutchess 
Whaling  Company,  which  owns  a  number  of 
ships  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery.  One  of  the 
breweries  in  this  place  is  perhaps  the  largest  in 
the  state,  capable  of  making  30,000  barrels  of  ale 
annually.  Some  of  the  other  manufacturing 
operations,  of  principal  importance,  are  flouring 
mills,  brass  and  iron  founderies,  tanneries,  manu- 
factories of  carpets,  guns,  pins,  sperm  oil  and 
candles,  ploughs,  carriages,  &c. 

The  Poughkeepsie  Collegiate  School,  a  fine  in- 
stitution, opened  in  1836,  for  fitting  young  men 
for  college,  or  for  teachers,  or  any  of  the  active 
pursuits  of  life,  is  beautifully  located  upon  a  hill, 
about  a  mile  from  the  Hudson,  and  half  a  mile 
northward  from  the  business  part  of  the  village. 
The  prospect  from  this  spot  extends  through  a 
compass  of  nearly  50  miles,  and  is  one  of  surpass- 
ing beauty.  The  building  is  a  handsome  struc- 
ture, 137  feet  long,  modelled  after  the  Parthenon 
at  Athens,  with  the  colonnade  carried  entirely 
round,  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $40,000.  The 
Dutchess  County  Academy  is  also  located  here, 
and  has  a  building  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  vil- 
lage, which  cost  about  $14,000.  Proportionate 
attention  is  likewise  given  to  the  interests  of  fe- 
male education,  for  which  a  number  of  schools 
exist,  which  are  of  high  reputation. 

Poughkeepsie  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in 
1801,  and  is  a  part  of  a  township  of  the  same 
name.  Its  name  is  said  to  be  a  modification  of 
the  Indian  word  Apokeepsing,  meaning  a  safe  har- 
bor. Being  situated  about  half  way  between 
New  York  and  Albany,  this  place  was  occasional- 
ly resorted  to,  in  the  earlier  periods  of  its  history, 
for  popular  deliberations,  and  here,  in  1788,  the 
state  convention  met  to  deliberate  upon  the  fed- 
eral constitution,  and  voted  for  its  adoption. 

Poultney,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  This  township  is 
watered  by  Poultncy  River  and  its  nnmerous 
tributaries,  which  afford  a  number  of  valuable 
mill  sites.  The  soil  is  generally  warm  and  pro- 
ductive, and  the  surface  pleasantly  diversified. 
Along  Poultney  River  the  alluvial  flats  are 
extensive  and  very  productive.  The  forest  trees 
are  mostly  deciduous,  there  being  but  few  ever- 
greens. A  violent  freshet,  in  July,  1811,  swept 
off  a  number  of  mills.  There  are  two  pleasant 
villages,  called  East  and  West  Poultney :  both 
are  very  flourishing.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1771,  by  Thomas  Ashley  and  Eben- 


536 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


ezer  Allen.  60  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier, 
and  13  S.  W.  from  Rutland. 

Poundridge,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered 
by  a  few  small  streams  flowing  into  Long  Island 
Sound.  Surface  hilly  and  stony ;  soil  gravelly 
loam.  15  miles  N.  E.  from  White  Plains,  and 
139  S.  from  Albany. 

Poweshick  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Montezuma.  S. 
E.  central.  Between  Iowa  and  Skunk  Rivers. 

Powhatan  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Powhatan. 
Bounded  N.  by  James  River,  separating  it  from 
Goochland  co."  E.  by  Chesterfield  co.,  S.  by  the 
Appomattox  River,  separating  it  from  Amelia 
co.,  and  W.  by  Cumberland  co. 

Powhatan,  Va.,  c.  h.  Powhatan  co. 

Pownal,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  This  is  a  small 
town,  of  good  soil,  and  bounded  N.  by  Durham. 
It  lies  35  miles  S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  19  N. 
from  Portland.  Incorporated  1808. 

Pownal,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  but  the  soil  generally  good,  and  pro- 
duces plentiful  crops.  Some  of  the  finest  dairies 
in  the  state  are  kept  here.  The  principal  stream 
is  Hoosic  River.  Along  this  stream  are  some 
rich  and  beautiful  tracts  of  intervale,  and  on  it 
are  several  valuable  stands  for  mills.  Some  of 
the  head  branches  of  Walloomscoik  River  rise  in 
Pownal.  The  settlement  of  Pownal,  under  the 
New  Hampshire  charter,  was  commenced  in  the 
spring  of  1 762,  there  being  at  that  time  four  or 
five  Dutch  families  within  the  limits  of  the  town- 
ship, claiming  under  the  Hoosic  patent,  granted 
by  the  government  of  New  York.  30  miles  W.  by 
S.  from  Brattleboro',  and  8  S.  from  Bennington. 

Prairie  Du  Chien,  Wn.,  shire  town  of  Crawford 
co.  On  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  about  90 
miles  W.  of  Madison,  and  170  W.  of  Milwaukie. 
It  is  about  3  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin River,  516  above  St.  Louis,  and  276  below  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  The  prairie  on  which  the 
town  stands  is  10  miles  long  and  3  in  width ; 
upon  which  are  numerous  mounds  of  all  shapes 
and  sizes.  Rich  copper  mines  are  found  here, 
and  occasionally  large  masses  of  pure  copper. 
The  place  contains  a  court  house  and  jail,  an 
academy,  and  three  or  four  churches,  with  a  con- 
siderable number  of  stores  and  mechanic  shops. 
Fort  Crawford,  a  United  States  military  post,  is 
immediately  S.  of  the  town.  This  place  is  well 
situated  for  business,  and  will  doubtless  be  the 
point  where  a  railroad  from  Milwaukie,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  passing  through  the  capital  of  the 
state,  will  strike  the  Mississippi. 

Prattsburg,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Drained  by 
some  small  branches  of  the  Conhocton  River. 
Surface  rather  hilly ;  soil  well  adapted  to  grass. 
12  miles  N.  from  Bath,  and  202  W.  from  Albany. 

Prattsville,  N.  Y.,  Greene  co.  Schoharie  Creek 
flows  through  this  town,  and  the  soil  on  its 
borders  is  very  fertile.  Surface  mostly  broken 
and  mountainous,  the  uplands  being  well  adapted 
to  grazing.  38  miles  W.  from  Catskill,  and  50 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Preble,  N.  Y.,  Cortland  co.  Watered  by  a 
branch  of  the  Tioughnioga  River.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  well  adapted  to  grass  and  grain.  136  miles 
N.  from  Cortland,  and  136  W.  from  Albany. 

PreMe  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Eaton.  Dark  co. 
bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Montgomery  on  the  E., 
Butler  on  the  S.,  and  the  state  of  Indiana  on  the 
W.  It  was  named  after  Commodore  Preble. 
First  settled  in  1804,  and  established  January  8, 
1 808.  This  county  has  good  fertile  land,  which 


is  well  timbered,  and  contains  several  mineral 
springs.  Several  mounds,  from  50  to  80  feet  in 
circumference,  have  been  discovered  here.  The 
waters  are  Big  Twin.  Seven  Mile,  White  Water. 
and  Four  Mile  Creeks. 

Prescott,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.,  was  formerly  part 
of  Pelham  and  New  Salem.  The  surface  is 
rough  and  uneven,  and  in  some  parts  quite  hilly; 
but  it  has  a  strong  soil,  with  considerable  arable 
land  :  the  greater  part  is  better  suited  to  grazing 
than  tillage.  There  are  some  good  mill  streams 
in  the  town,  branches  of  Swift  River.  18  miles 
N.  E.  from  Northampton,  and  67  W.  by  N.  from 
Boston. 

Preston,  Ct,  New  London  co.  This  is  an  ir- 
regular, uneven,  rocky  town,  of  a  pretty  good 
soil  for  corn  and  grazing.  It  is  bounded  W. 
and  N.  by  the  Thames  and  Quinebaug  Rivers. 
Poquetannuck,  an  ancient  village,  lies  partly  in 
Preston  and  partly  in  Ledyard.  It  has  a  water 
power,  and  small  vessels  pass  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  it.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  em- 
ployed in  navigation,  and  considerable  ship  tim- 
ber is  taken  from  there  down  the  river.  Preston 
City  lies  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  town.  Near 
this  village  is  "  Amos  Lake,"  a  handsome  sheet 
of  water,  and  a  place  of  resort  for  parties  of 
pleasure.  6  miles  E.  from  Norwich. 

Preston,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  by  a 
few  small  branches  of  the  Chenango  River.  Sur- 
face slightly  uneven ;  soil  productive  in  grass  and 
grain.  5  miles  W.  from  Norwich,  and  115  W. 
from  Albany. 

Preston,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  Surface  hilly;  soil 
sandy  loam.  184  miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Preston  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Kingwood. 
Bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  Maryland, 
S.  by  Randolph  and  Barbour,  and  W.  by  Marion 
and  Monongahela  counties.  Drained  by  Cheat 
River.  Surface  rough  and  mountainous ;  soil  of 
excellent  quality  in  some  portions. 

Prestonburg,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Floyd  co.  On  the  W. 
fork  of  Sandy  River.  E.  S.  E.  from  Frankfort 
120  miles. 

Prince  Edward  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  Prince  Ed- 
ward Court  House.  Bounded  N.  by  the  Appo- 
mattox River,  separating  it  from  Buckingham 
and  Cumberland  counties,  E.  by  Nottoway,  S.  by 
Lunenburg,  and  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Charlotte  and 
Campbell  counties.  Soil  fertile,  and  watered  by 
branches  of  the  Appomattox.  In  this  county  is 
Hampden  Sidney  College.  See  Colleges. 

Prince  Fredericktown,  Md.,  c.  h.  Calvert  co. 
On  Parker's  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Chesapeake 
Bay.  S.  by  W.  from  Annapolis  46  miles. 

Prince  George  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Prince 
George  Court  House.  Bounded  N.  by  the  Appo- 
mattox and  James  Rivers,  separating  it  from 
Chesterfield  and  Charles  City  counties,  E.  by 
Surry,  S.  by  Essex,  and  W."  by  Dinwiddie  co. 
Drained  by  Blackwater  River. 

Prince  George's  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Upper 
Marlboro'.  Bounded  N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  Patux- 
ent  River,  separating  it  from  Anne  Arundel  and 
Culvert  counties,  S.  by  Charles  co.,  W.  by  the 
Potomac  River,  separating  it  from  Virginia,  and 
by  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  N.  W.  by  Mont- 
gomery co.  Surface  uneven  ;  soil  fertile. 

Princess  Ann,  Md.,  c.  h.  Somerset  co.  On  the 
S.  E.  bank  of  Manokin  River,  near  the  head  of 
tide  water,  and  110  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Annap- 
olis. 

Princess  Ann  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Princess  Ann 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


537 


Court  House.  Bounded  N.  by  Chesapeake  Bay, 
E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  by  North  Carolina, 
and  W.  by  Norfolk  co.  It  is  drained  by  North 
River  and  the  E.  branch  of  Elizabeth  River,  and 
has  Back  Bay,  a  branch  of  Currituck  Sound,  in 
its  S.  part. 

Princess  Ann,  Va.,  c.  h.  Princess  Ann  co.  132 
miles  S.  E.  from  Richmond. 

Prince  William  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Brentsville. 
Bounded  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Occoquan  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  London  and  Fairfax  counties.  S.  E. 
by  the  Potomac  River,  separating  it  from  Mary- 
land, S.  by  Stafford  co.,  and  W.  and  N.  W.  by 
Fauquier  co.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  tolerably  fertile. 

Princeton,  As.,  c.  h.  Dallas  co. 

Princeton,  la.,  c.  h.  Gibson  co.  4  miles  S.from 
Patoka  Creek,  and  142  miles  S.  W.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Princeton,  Ms..  Worcester  co.  This  town  was 
named  for  the  Rev.  Thomas  Prince,  a  large  pro- 
prietor, the  chronologer  of  New  England,  and 
pastor  of  the  Old  South  Church  in  Boston.  It 
was  formerly  called  the  East  Wing  of  Rutland. 
The  surface  is  elevated,  but  agreeably  diversified 
with  undulating  valleys.  There  are  some  noted 
high  grounds  in  the  town,  the  most  prominent  of 
which  is  Wachusett  Mountain,  the  Indian  name 
of  the  township..  There  are  no  large  streams 
flowing  in  or  through  this  town.  The  town  is 
nevertheless  well  watered  with  brooks  arid  small 
streams,  which  rise  entirely  within  its  limits. 
Wachusett  Mountain  is  situated  in  the  north- 
westerly part  of  the  town.  This  mountain  rears 
its  conical  head  2018  feet  above  Massachusetts 
Bay,  and  the  prospect  from  the  top  of  it  is  de- 
lightful. 18  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Worcester,  9 
S.  W.  from  the  Fitchburg  Railroad  at  Leom- 
inster,  and,  by  the  latter,  52  W.  by  N.  from 
Boston. 

Princeton,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Mississippi  River.  119  miles  N.  W. 
from  Jackson. 

Princeton,  N.  Y.,  Schenectady  co.  Norman's 
Kill  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
hilly,  and  the  soil  composed  of  clay,  sand,  and 
loam.  8  miles  W.  from  Schenectady,  and  23  N. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Princeton,  N.  J.,  Mercer  co.  10  miles  N.  E.  from 
Trenton.  The  township  of  Princeton,  formed 
from  those  of  Montgomery  and  West  Windsor, 
is  about  5  miles  long  and  broad. 

The  village  of  Princeton,  incorporated  as  a 
borough  in  1812,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  ele- 
vated ridge  of  land,  commanding  an  extensive 
prospect  towards  the  E.  It  is  chiefly  built  on  one 
extended  street.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan 
Canal,  and  the  railroad  between  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  pass  about  1  mile  S.  E.  of  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  village.  It  is  50  miles  from  New 
York,  and  40  from  Philadelphia.  This  was  the 
scene  of  one  of  the  battles  of  the  revolution, 
Januarys,  1777,  which,  for  the  time  it  lasted,  and 
the  numbers  engaged,  was  one  of  the  most  bloody 
and  fatal  to  our  officers  of  any  during  the  Avar. 
The  heroic  devotion  of  Washington  on  the  field 
of  Princeton  is  matter  of  history. 

The  College  of  New  Jersey,  and  the  Princeton 
Theological  Seminary  are  situated  in  this  place, 
and  give  to  it  at  present  its  principal  importance. 
See  Colleges. 

Prospect,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  This  stony  and 
mountainous  town  was  taken  from  Cheshire  and 
Waterbury  in  1827.  It  derived  its  name  from 
68 


its  elevated  situation.  There  is  a  pretty  village 
in  the  town.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  farmers. 
17  miles  N.  by  W.  from  New  Haven. 

Prospect,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  This  is  a  beautiful 
town,  of  good  soil,  on  the  W.  side  of  Penobscot 
River.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Belfast  Bay, 
on  the  W.  by  Swanville,  and  on  the  N.  by  Frank- 
fort. Prospect  is  very  flourishing  in  its  trade, 
ship  building,  and  agricultural  pursuits.  52  E. 
by  N.  from  Augusta,  and  18  from  Bangor. 

Providence,  N.  Y..  Saratoga  co.  Sacondaga 
River  and  a  few  small  streams  water  this  town, 
which  is  partly  covered  by  the  Kayaderoseras 
Mountain.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to"  the  growth 
of  grass.  15  miles  N.  W.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and 
43  from  Albany. 

Providence,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Watered  by  Lack- 
awannock  Creek  and  Roaring  Brook,  both  afford- 
ing fine  hydraulic  power.  Situated  in  a  valley 
abounding  with  anthracite  coal.  146  miles  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Providence  County,  R.  I.,  c.  h.  at  Providence. 
Uneven,  but  fertile  and  well  cultivated.  The 
Blackstone  or  Pawtucket,  the  Pautuxet,  and 
many  smaller  streams,  furnish  abundant  water 
power,  on  which  are  numerous  manufactures. 
Its  E.  border  is  traversed  by  the  Worcester  and 
Providence  and  Stonington  Railroads. 

Providence,  R.  I.,  city,  shire  town  of  Providence 
co.,  and  the  largest  in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island. 
It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Provi- 
idence  River,  35  miles  from  the  sea,  30  N.  N.  W. 
from  Newport,  40  S.  W.  from  Boston,  169  N.  E. 
from  New  York.  Its  area  is  about  9  square  miles. 
The  compact  part  is  divided  into  two  nearly 
equal  parts  by  Providence  River.  The  land  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  river  is  hilly,  attaining,  at  its 
greatest  height,  204  feet  above  tide  water.  The 
soil  is  rich  and  heavy.  On  the  W.  side  of  the 
river  the  land  is  more  level,  and  the  soil  light 
and  sandy,  its  greatest  height  above  tide  water 
being  only  78  feet.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  the  town 
of  North  Providence,  on  the  E.  it  adjoins  Massa- 
chusetts, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  See- 
konk  River,  S.  by  the  town  of  Cranston  and  by 
Narraganset  Bay,  and  W.  by  the  townships  of 
Johnston  and  North  Providence.  It  originally 
comprised  all  the  towns  in  Providence  county, 
except  Cumberland. 

The  harbor  of  Providence  is  safe  and  commo- 
dious, but  it  is  not  safely  approached  by  large 
vessels  without  a  pilot.  Commerce  was  the  favor- 
ite pursuit  of  the  citizens  of  Providence  at  an 
early  period  of  its  history.  The  East  India  busi- 
ness, before  1812,  was  pursued  with  great  success 
for  many  years.  Since  that  period,  this  and  all 
foreign  commerce  has  gradually  declined.  There 
is  still  a  large  amount  of  coasting  business  done 
in  Providence.  But  of  late  years  the  attention 
of  the  money-making  part  of  the  community  has 
been  withdrawn  from  commerce  and  fixed  on 
manufactures.  Much  of  the  capital  and  enter- 
prise of  Providence  men  is  invested  in  the  man- 
ufacturing establishments  in  and  near  its  borders. 
The  water  power  is  occupied  to  its  full  extent, 
besides  which  there  are  in  operation  about  50 
steam  engines,  some  of  them  as  large  as  300 
horse  power.  They  are  employed  in  grinding 
grain,  sawing  and  polishing  marble,  printing, 
bleaching,  calendering,  and  dyeing  cloths,  sawing 
and  planing  lumber,  driving  bellows  in  furnaces 
and  founderies,  manufacturing  machinery,  screws, 
nails,  rubber  shoes,  small  wares,  furniture,  power 


538 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


loom  pickers,  carriages,  jewelry,  cotton  and  wool- 
len goods. 

The  communication  between  Providence  and 
adjoining  states  and  towns  is  varied,  commodious, 
and  rapid,  both  for  passengers  and  freight  Steam- 
boats of  superior  construction  and  accommoda- 
tion run  constantly,  and  as  frequently  as  the  wants 
of  the  public  require,  to  Warren,  Bristol,  Ports- 
mouth, Newport,  Fall  River,  and  New  York. 
There  are  three  railroads  running  into  Providence 
—  one  to  Stonington,  Ct.,  which  connects  there 
with  a  line  of  steamers  for  New  York ;  one  to 
Boston,  and  the  third  to  Worcester,  along  the 
valley  of  the  Blackstone  River.  Two  other  rail- 
roads have  been  chartered  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  state,  one  leading  to  Bristol,  and  the 
other  to  Plainfield,  Ct.,  there  connecting  with  the 
lines  of  railroads  extending  to  the  far  west.  The 
last  of  these  will  probably  be  soon  commenced 
and  finished.  The  passenger  and  merchandise 
stations  of  these  railroads,  in  Providence,  are  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  each  other.  They 
are  united,  and  so  arranged  that  passengers  and 
freight  pass  from  one  to  the  other  without  chan- 
ging cars.  The  station  buildings  are  very  large 
and  commodious,  and  not  excelled  by  any  in 
the  United  States.  Near  the  centre  of  the  busi- 
ness portion  of  Providence,  they  are  readily  acces- 
sible, and  yet  are  approached  by  the  locomotives 
without  seeming  to  interfere  with  any  of  the  great 
ordinary  avenues  to  the  city.  These  station 
buildings,  both  for  passengers  and  freight,  are 
located  on  the  W.,  S.,  and  E.  sides  of  a  beautiful 
sheet  of  water  of  an  elliptic  form,  and  nearly  a 
mile  in  circumference,  which  constitutes  the  head 
waters  of  Narraganset  Bay  or  Providence  River. 
This  sheet  of  water  is  enclosed  by  a  substantial 
stone  wall,  the  small  rivers,  (the  Moshassuch  and 
the  Moonasquatuchet,)  which  enter  it  at  the  N.  E. 
and  the  N.  W.,  as  well  as  the  bay  or  river  above 
named,  which  is  its  outlet,  being  crossed  by  sub- 
stantial bridges.  Between  this  basin  and  the 
station  houses  and  railroad  tracks,  the  city  has 
laid  out  a  beautiful  park  or  promenade,  80 
feet  in  width,  and  extending  around  the  basin. 
This  park  is  planted  with  shade  trees  of  every 
desirable  kind,  and  handsomely  laid  out  with 
plots  of  grass  and  hard  gravel  walks,  and  the 
whole  water  side  will  soon  be  enclosed  with  an  iron 
fence  of  a  style  appropriate  to  the  place.  When 
sufficient  time  has  elapsed  to  give  a  proper  growth 
to  the  trees,  this  will  be  one  of  the  most  delightful 
promenades  in  the  country.  Telegraphic  com- 
munication is  opened  with  Boston  and  New 
York,  and  through  them  to  all  other  parts  of  the 
country. 

Most  of  the  dwelling  houses  in  Providence  are 
of  wood.  In  the  erection  of  them,  taste  has  been 
consulted  less  than  convenience.  There  are  some 
exceptions  to  this  remark,  and  others  where  the 
spirit  of  Yankeedom  has  been  indulged  in,  at  the 
sacrifice  of  both  taste  and  convenience.  Owing 
to  the  material  of  which  the  buildings  are  most- 
ly composed,  Providence  is  greatly  exposed  to 
danger  from  fire,  and  is  put  to  great  expense  in 
maintaining  an  efficient  fire  department.  The 
number  of  firemen  allowed  by  law  is  about  1000. 
A  less  number  is  generally  attached  to  the  engines 
and  apparatus.  These  consist  of  12  engines,  15 
forcing  stationary  engines,  2  hook  and  ladder 
companies,  22  rotary  engines,  worked  by  water 
and  steam,  having  about  8000  feet  of  hose.  The 
annual  expense  is  about  $20,000.  It  required 


many  and  extensive  conflagrations  and  great  loss 
of  property  to  induce  the  formation  of  the  fire 
department  in  its  present  strength.  It  is  now  a 
matter  of  pride  with  the  citizens  generally,  that 
their  fi>e  department  is  as  strong  and  as  effective 
as  that  of  any  other  city  in  the  Union. 

The  churches  and  public  buildings  of  Provi- 
dence are  in  good  taste.  The  religious  commu- 
nity is  divided  into  Baptists,  Friends,  Congrega- 
tionalists,  both  Orthodox  and  Unitarian.  Episcopa- 
lians, Methodists,  Universalists,  Catholics,  Chris- 
tians, New  Jerusalem,  and  Wesleyan  Methodists. 
Upwards  of  30  congregations  engage  in  public 
worship  every  Sunday.  Some  of  the  meeting 
houses  are  beautiful  specimens  of  architecture. 
That  belonging  to  the  First  Baptist  Society,  the 
oldest  worshipping  assembly  there,  is  a  very  chaste 
and  beautiful  wooden  building.  The  First  Congre- 
gational, built  of  granite  in  courses,  St.  John's 
Church,  a  natural  face  stone  building,  Grace 
Church,  a  fine  Gothic  structure,  Westminster 
Congregational  Church,  the  Beneficent  Congre- 
tional  Church,  St.  Peter's  Church,  and  St.  Pat- 
rick's Church,  are  among  the  most  splendid  and 
costly.  Others  less  showy  and  less  expensive 
accommodate  many  persons  who  are  as  humble 
and  zealous  Christians,  and  as  true-hearted 
hearers,  as  those  who  frequent  the  edifices  just 
named.  The  colored  people  own  and  occupy  five 
churches. 

The  Providence  Arcade  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  buildings  in  the  country.  It  is  situate 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  river,  and  extends  from 
Westminster  to  Broad  Street,  fronting  on  both, 
being  122  feet  in  length  and  72  in  breadth.  Its 
fronts  are  ornamented  with  massive  granite  col- 
umns, 25  feet  high,  the  shafts  of  which  are  single 
blocks,  22  feet  long.  The  lower  floor  is  occupied 
by  dry  goods  stores,  and  the  upper  stories  by 
milliners,  dress  makers,  offices,  school  rooms, 
&c.  It  was  completed  in  1828,  and  cost  about 
$130,000. 

On  the  range  of  high  land,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  river,  stands  the  Dexter  Asylum,  erected  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  poor,  on  land  given  to 
the  city  for  that  purpose,  by  the  late  Ebenezer  K. 
Dexter.  The  lands  about  the  asylum,  and  be- 
longing to  it,  comprise  about  40  acres,  surrounded 
by  a  wall  10  feet  high,  and  3  feet  thick  at  the 
base,  which  cost  about  $22,000.  The  asylum  is 
of  brick,  170  feet  long,  in  three  sections,  a  centre 
and  two  wings.  The  centre  is  3  stories  high, 
with  a  pediment ;  the  wings  are  only  2  stories, 
with  an  attic.  It  is  a  plain,  substantial  building. 

A  little  N.  of  the  asylum,  on  the  same  range, 
is  the  New  England  Yearly  Meeting  Boarding 
School.  It  occupies  a  lot  of  43  acres,  given  for 
that  purpose  by  the  late  venerable  Moses  Brown. 
The  buildings  consist  of  a  centre  building,  54  feet 
square,  3  stories  high,  2  wings,  each  84  feet  by 
42,  and  another,  more  recently  erected,  50  by  40 
feet,  2  stories.  The  accommodations  are  ample 
for  75  scholars  of  each  sex.  The  board  and  tu- 
ition is  $60  per  year.  This  institution  received 
a  legacy  of  $100,000  from  the  late  Obadiah  Brown, 
Esq.  The  object  is  to  give  to  the  children  of 
Friends  a  "  guarded  "  education. 

A  short  distance  N.  E.  from  this,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Seekonk  River,  is  the  Butler  Hospital  for 
the  Insane.  This  institution  originated  with  the 
late  Nicholas  Brown,  of  Providence.  In  a  codi- 
cil to  his  will,  bearing  date  the  3d  of  March, 
1841,  he  gave  the  sum  of  $30,000  towards  the 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


539 


erection  or  endowment  of  an  Insanesor  Lunatic 
Hospital,  to  be  located  in  Providence  or  its 
vicinity. 

This  sum  being  insufficient  for  the  erection  of 
a  hospital,  Cyrus  Butler,  Esq.  contributed  for  this 
purpose  $40,000,  wisely  coupled  with  the  con- 
ditions that  $40,000  more  should  be  raised  from 
other  sources,  and  that  of  the  aggregate  amount, 
$50,000  should  be  kept  as  a  reserved  fund,  the 
interest  of  which  only  should  be  used  in  defray- 
ing the  expenses  of  the  institution.  An  appeal 
was  then  made  to  the  public,  and  nobly  responded 
to  by  a  subscription  of  over  $57,000,  which,  to- 
gether with  interest  that  subsequently  accrued, 
swelled  the  amount  of  funds  to  nearly  $138.000. 
In  1850,  the  sum  of  $20,000  was  contributed  to 
the  funds  of  the  hospital,  by  Alexander  Duncan, 
Esq.,  of  Providence. 

In  preparing  their  plans  of  building,  the  trus- 
tees were  desirous  of  availing  themselves  of  all 
the  modern  improvements,  and  not  only  visited 
most  of  the  hospitals  in  New  England,  but  they 
engaged  the  services  of  Dr.  Bell,  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  McLean  Asylum,  who  was  pecu- 
liarly fitted  by  his  great  practical  knowledge  of 
insanity  and  the  insane,  and  his  correct  architect- 
ural views,  to  obtain  the  information  they  wished: 
and  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  1845,  he  visited 
the  principal  establishments  in  Europe,  and  ob- 
tained the  plans  of  all  the  more  recently  con- 
structed buildings.  Accompanying  his  report,  he 
submitted  a  plan  of  building,  calculated,  in  his 
opinion,  to  meet  all  the  requirements  of  the  case, 
in  the  best  possible  manner,  and  embracing,  as 
far  as  practicable,  all  the  recent  improvements. 
This  plan,  which  provides  for  a  greater  amount 
of  space  per  patient  than  any  other  hospital  in 
the  country,  was  adopted,  with  some  unessential 
modifications,  and  the  building  was  opened  for 
the  admission  of  patients  on  the  1st  of  Decem- 
ber, 1847. 

The  grounds  belonging  to  the  hospital  consist 
of  about  60  acres  of  tillage,  and  55  of  native  wood- 
land, and  embrace  a  great  variety  of  soil  and  sur- 
face. The  building  stands  in  a  clearing,  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Seekonk  River,  which  here 
widens  into  an  expanse  of  a  mile  in  breadth,  and 
permits  an  extensive  view  of  the  country  beyond. 
In  every  other  direction,  the  eye  rests  on  dense 
groves.  The  soil,  to  some  distance  around  the 
building,  is  sandy,  and  affords  clean,  dry  walks 
at  every  season  of  the  year. 

Brown  University  is  to  the  southward  and 
westward  of  the  Dexter  Asylum,  on  the  high 
land  E.  of  the  river.  See  Colleges. 

The  Athenreum  was  incorporated  in  1836.  The 
late  Hon.  Nicholas  Brown,  and  the  heirs  of  the 
late  Thomas  P.  Ives,  Esq.,  offered  the  institution 
a  suitable  lot  of  land,  at  the  corner  of  Benefit 
and  College  Streets,  and  $6000  towards  the  erec- 
tion of  a  building,  and  $4000  towards  increasing 
the  library,  on  condition  that  other  individuals 
would  give  $10,000  towards  the  building,  and 
$4000  towards  the  library.  The  condition  was 
complied  with,  and  a  spacious  and  elegant  stone 
structure  was  erected  on  the  lot  in  1837.  The 
library  consists  of  about  12,000  volumes,  most  of 
which  are  books.  A  reading  room  is  connected 
with  this  establishment.  A  share  in  the  institu- 
tion is  limited  at  $15,  and  the  annual  tax  to  $5 
per  share. 

"What  Cheer"  building,  at  the  junction  of 
North  and  South  Main  Streets,  presents  as  hand- 


some a  freestone  front  as  any  building  in  New 
England.  It  is  to  be  occupied  by  offices, 
banks,  &c. 

The  Museum  building,  and  Howard  Hall,  on 
Westminster,  are  fine  buildings. 

The  old  Market  House  stands  in  Market  Square. 
It  is  a  brick  building,  of  fair  proportions.  The 
basement  and  lower  stories  are  occupied  for  a 
market.  The  second  floor  contains  the  offices  of 
the  city  government,  such  as  mayor,  city  clerk, 
city  treasurer,  &c.  The  third  story  is  owned  by 
the  Freemasons,  and  used  by  them  for  a  hall. 
Prejudices  are  fast  accumulating  against  the  old 
market.  It  is  an  old-fashioned,  useful  building, 
with  no  pretensions  to  beauty,  and  is  supposed  to 
be  in  the  way.  The  men  are  now  living  who  will 
probably  decree  its  demolition. 

Providence  has  its  full  share  of  banking  insti- 
tutions. See  Banks. 

The  cause  of  public  education  in  Providence  is 
well  sustained.  There  are  46  schools  maintained 
at  public  expense,  employing  105  teachers, 
and  giving  instruction  to  about  6000  children. 
22  of  these  are  primary  schools,  16  intermediate, 
7  grammar,  and  1  high.  The  amount  annually 
expended  on  them  is  about  $40,000,  of  which 
about  $10.000  is  received  from  the  state. 

In  addition  to  these  there  are  upwards  of  30 
Sunday  schools,  taught  by  nearly  500  teachers, 
and  containing  about  5000  scholars. 

The  Providence  Reform  School,  an  institution 
for  the  confinement,  instruction,  and  reformation 
of  juvenile  offenders,  and  youth  of  idle,  vicious, 
or  vagrant  habits,  of  from  8  to  18  years,  was  es- 
tablished in  1850. 

Its  location  is  the  spacious  building  known  as 
the  Tockwotton  House,  built  originally  for  a 
hotel,  and  very  pleasantly  situated  on  a  rise  of 
ground  in  the  south-easterly  part  of  the  city, 
overlooking  the  Narraganset  Bay,  and  sufficiently 
large  to  accommodate  from  150  to  200  inmates. 

The  government  of  the  institution  is  vested  in 
a  board  of  trustees,  consisting  of  6  gentlemen 
elected  annually  by  the  city  council,  who,  with 
the  mayor,  a  member  ex  officio,  constitute  the 
board  ;  and  its  immediate  management  is  com- 
mitted to  a  superintendent,  who  receives  his  ap- 
pointment from  this  board. 

Roger  Williams  was  the  founder  of  Providence. 
He  came  from  England  to  Massachusetts,  and 
in  1635  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  at  Sa- 
lem. Here  he  promulgated  opinions  which  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  deemed 
to  be  schismatical  and  heterodox ;  such  as,  that 
civil  government,  as  such,  had  no  right  to  punish 
its  citizens  for  any  violation  of  duty  towards 
God,  and  that  the  King  of  England  'could  not 
confer  on  the  settlers  a  valid  title  to  the  lands  of 
the  plantation,  as  against  the  natives.  Being 
brought  before  the  Court  of  Assistants,  he  justified 
his  opinions  and  his  conduct,  and  was  sentenced  to 
banishment  5  but  the  execution  of  the  sentence 
was  postponed  until  the  following  spring,  (1636.) 
In  January,  (1636,)  upon  complaint  that  he  had 
violated  the  conditions  upon  which  this  post- 
ponement was  had,  the  court  sent  for  him,  in 
order  to  send  him  forthwith  to  England  by  a  ship 
then  ready  to  sail.  The  messenger  found  that  he 
had  left  a  sick  bed  to  elude  him,  and  was  gone 
to  seek  a  home  and  shelter  among  the  Indians. 

His  first  stopping-place  was  at  Manten's  Creek, 
in  Seekonk,  within  the  colony  of  New  Plymouth. 
Here  he  was  joined  by  his  wife  and  family,  and  a 


540 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


few  others.  They  remained  through  the  winter, 
until  the  latter  part  of  spring,  or  early  part  of 
summer,  when,  being  informed  by  Governor 
Winslow  that  he  was  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
New  Plymouth,  they  crossed  the  Seekonk,  and 
commenced  the  settlement  of  Providence,  on 
land  which  the  Narraganset  chief  sachems 
conveyed  to  Mr.  Williams  for  a  settlement. 
William  Harris,  John  Smith,  Joshua  Verin, 
Thomas  Angell,  and  Francis  Wickes  were  with 
Mr.  Williams  when  he  first  crossed  the  river. 
Their  place  of  landing  is  known  as  the  "  Slate 
Eock,"  on  the  tract  of  land  called  "  What  Cheer" 
by  the  early  settlers,  because  they  were  saluted  by 
the  Indians  with  "  What  cheer  ?  "  when  they  ap- 
proached. In  relation  to  the  name  given  to 
the  settlement,  Mr.  Williams  says,  in  a  deed 
executed  by  him  to  his  companions,  that,  "  having 
a  sense  of  God's  merciful  providence  unto  me 
in  my  distress,  I  called  the  place  Providence." 
The  first  houses  in  Providence  were  built  on  what 
is  now  called  North  Main  Street,  near  St.  John's 
Church.  A  spring  in  that  vicinity  bears  the  name 
of  Williams's  Spring,  and  his  remains  are  sup- 
posed to  rest  near  there,  though  "  not  a  stone  tells 
where  they  lie."  The  distinguishing  features  of 
this  settlement  were,  the  acknowledgment  of  the 
Indian  title  preeminent  over  all  others,  and  the 
refusal  to  legislate  in  relation  to  matters  of  re- 
ligious belief,  leaving  each  individual  to  worship 
God  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  own  con- 
science. 

A  formal  town  government  was  erected  in  1640, 
by  the  voluntary  subscription  of  all  the  inhabit- 
ants, which  continued  until  1649,  when  the  town 
was  incorporated  by  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  colony.  It  retained  this  form  of  government 
until  1832,  when  a  new  charter  was  obtained  from 
the  General  Assembly  for  the  city  of  Providence. 
The  government  of  the  city  is  vested  in  a  mayor, 
aboard  of  6  aldermen,  and  common  council,  which 
consists  of  4  members  from  each  of  the  6  wards 
into  which  the  city  is  divided.  These  officers  are 
chosen  annually  by  the  electors  of  the  city.  The 
other  officers  are  chosen  by  joint  vote  of  the  board 
of  aldermen  and  common  council,  acting  together 
as  the  city  council,  the  mayor  presiding.  The 
city  clerk  is  registrar  of  deeds.  The  municipal 
court  has  probate  jurisdiction. 

During  Philip's  war,  Providence  suffered 
greatly.  30  houses  were  burned  by  the  Indians 
at  one  time.  The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants 
removed  to  the  Island  of  Rhode  Island.  The  list 
of  those  "  that  staid  and  went  not  away,"  now  in 
the  files  of  the  city  clerk's  office,  contains  the  names 
of  only  28  men.  Many  of  the  inhabitants,  allured 
by  the  greater  safety  from  Indian  foes  which  the 
insular  situation  of  the  towns  of  Portsmouth  and 
Newport  afforded  them,  never  returned  to  their 
former  homes. 

In  the  revolutionary  war,  Providence  furnished 
its  full  proportion  of  troops,  and  partook  largely 
of  the  sufferings  as  well  as  glory  of  that  struggle. 
Though  never  the  seat  of  actual  hostilities,  yet, 
being  approachable  by  the  British  fleet,  it  was 
subject  to  frequent  alarms,  and  at  several  times 
levies,  en  masse,  of  all  its  citizens  were  required 
by  the  officer  of  the  continental  army  in  com- 
mand in  this  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  population  of  Providence  was,  in  1730,3916  ; 
1748,4128;  1774,4321;  1782,4306:  1790,6380; 
1820,  11,745;  1830,  15,941  ;  1840,  23,170;  1845, 
31,753  ;  1850,  41,512  ;  1852,  about  46,000. 


Provincetown,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  This  noted 
harbor,  and  the  first  port  the  Mayflower  made, 
on  her  passage  with  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  in  1 620, 
is  situated  on  the  end  of  the  peninsula  of  Cape 
Cod,  and  lies  in  the  form  of  a  hook.  The  town- 
ship consists  of  beaches  and  hills  of  sand,  8  shal- 
low ponds,  and  a  great  number  of  swamps. 
Cape  Harbor,  in  Cape  Cod  Bay,  is  formed  by 
the  bending  of  the  land  nearly  round  every  point 
of  the  compass,  and  is  completely  land  locked 
and  safe.  It  is  of  sufficient  depth  for  ships  of 
any  size,  and  it  will  contain  more  than  three 
thousand  vessels  at  once.  The  village  stands  on 
the  north-western  side  of  the  harbor,  on  the  mar- 
gin of  a  beach  of  loose  sand.  The  houses  are 
mostly  situated  on  a  single  street,  about  2  miles 
in  length,  passing  round  near  the  water's  edge. 
A  chain  of  sand  hills  rises  immediately  back  from 
the  houses,  and  in  some  places  are  partially  covered 
with  tufts  of  grass  or  shrubs.  These  hills,  with 
the  numerous  wind  or  salt  mills,  by  which  the 
salt  water  is  raised  for  evaporation,  thickly  stud- 
ding the  shore  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the 
village,  give  this  place  a  most  singular  and  novel 
appearance.  110  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Boston  by 
land,  and  55  by  water,  and  45  N.  from  Barnstable 
by  land. 

Proutytown,  Va.,  c.  h.  Taylor  co. 

Pulaski  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Little  Rock. 
Bounded  N.  by  White  co.,  E.  by  St.  Francis, 
Monroe,  and  Arkansas  counties,  S.  by  Jefferson, 
and  W.  by  Saline,  Perry,  and  Conway  counties. 
Watered  by  Arkansas  and  White  Rivers,  and 
branches. 

Pulaski  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Hawkinsville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Twiggs  co.,  E.  and  S.  E.  by 
Laurens  and  Telfair  counties,  S.  by  Irwin,  and 
W.  by  Dooly  and  Houston  counties.  Watered 
by  Ockmulgee  River  and  branches,  and  by 
branches  of  Oconee  River. 

Pulaski  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Winamac.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Stark,  E.  by  Fulton,  S.  by  Cass  and 
White,  and  W.  by  Jasper  co.  Drained  by  Tip- 
pecanoe  River  and  branches. 

Pulaski  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Caledonia.  In  the 
Southern  extremity  of  the  state,  between  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi. 

Pulaski  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Somerset.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Lincoln  co.,  E.  by  Rock  Castle,  Laurel, 
and  Whitley,  S.  by  Wayne,  and  W.  by  Wayne, 
Russell,  and  Casey  counties.  Drained  by  Cum- 
berland River  and  branches. 

Pulaski,  Mn.,  Jackson  co.  Watered  by  the  S. 
branch  of  the  Kalamazoo  River,  and  contains  a 
mineral  spring  and  several  ponds.  89  miles  W. 
by  S.  from  Detroit. 

Pulaski  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Waynesville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Osage,  E.  by  Crawford,  S.  by 
Texas  and  Wright,  and  W.  by  Camden  and 
Miller  counties.  Watered  by  the  head  branches 
of  Gasconade  River,  and  by  branches  of  Osage 
River.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  productive. 

Pulaski,  Te.,  c.  h.  Giles  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Richland  Creek.  74  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Nash- 
ville. 

Pulaski  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Newbern.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  Montgomery  co..  S.  E.  by  Floyd  and 
Carroll,  S.  W.  by  Wythe,  and  N.  W.  by  Giles  co 
Watered  by  New  RiVer.  Surface  partly  moun- 
tainous ;  soil  fertile. 

Pultney,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by  some 
small  streams  flowing  into  Crooked  Lake,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface  chiefly  level ;  soil 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


541 


clay  and  calcareous  loam.  15  miles  N.  E.  from 
Bath,  and  208  W.  from  Albany. 

Purdy,  Te.,  c.  h.  McNairy  co.  On  a  head 
branch 'of  Hatchy  River.  148  miles  S.  W.  from 
Nashville. 

Putnam  County,  Fa,     On  the  Upper  St.  John. 

Putnam  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Edenton.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Morgan  co.,  E.  by  the  Oconee  River, 
separating  it  from  Greene  and  Hancock  counties, 
S.  by  Baldwin  and  Jones,  and  W.  by  Jasper  co. 
Surface  level,  and  drained  by  branches  of  the 
Oconee  ;  soil  fertile. 

Putnam  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Hennepin.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Bureau  and  La  Salle  counties,  E.  by  La 
Salle,  S.  by  Marshall,  and  W.  by  Bureau.  "The 
Illinois  River  and  its  branches  water  this  county. 
Surface  undulating  ;  soil  rich. 

Putnam  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Greencastle. 
Bounded  N.  by  Montgomery,  E.  by  Hendricks 
and  Morgan,  S.  by  Owen,  and  W.  by  Clay  and 
Parke  counties.  Drained  by  the  Walnut  Fork  of 
Eel  River,  and  by  Big  Raccoon  and  Deer 
Creeks,  which  afford  good  mill  sites. 

Putnam  County,  Mo.  On  the  northern  border, 
Drained  by  the  head  waters  of  the  Chariton. 

Putnam  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Carmel.  Formed 
from  Dutchess  co.  in  1812.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
Dutchess  co.,  E.  by  the  state  of  Connecticut,  S. 
by  Westchester  co.,  and  W.  by  the  Hudson 
River,  and  is,  with  the  exception  of  Essex,  the 
most  mountainous  county  in  the  state.  Soil  fer- 
tile in  the  valleys.  Its  principal  wealth  is  its 
mineral  productions,  which  consist  of  superior 
iron  ore,  carbonate  of  lime,  serpentine,  and 
plumbago. 

Putnam,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Situated  be- 
tween Lakes  George  and  Champlain,  and  mostly 
covered  bv  the  Palmertown  range  of  mountains. 
36  miles  N.  from  Sandy  Hill,  and  90  N.  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Putnam  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Kalida.  Henry  co. 
is  on  the  N.,  Hancock  on  the  E.,  Allen  on  the  S., 
and  Van  Wert  and  Paulding  counties  on  the  W. 
Auglaise  River  and  its  two  eastern  branches  fur- 
nish this  county  with  a  good  supply  of  water. 

Putnam  County,  Va.  W.  part  of  the  state. 
The  Great  Kenhawa  flows  through  it  from  S.  E. 
to  N.  W.  Broken,  but  fertile. 

Putnam  Valley,  N.  Y.,  Putnam  co.  This  town 
contains  several  small  lakes,  and  is  watered  by 
the  Peekskill,  the  outlet  of  Redfire  Lake.  The 
surface  is  covered  by  the  Highlands  on  the  E.  and 
W.,  with  a  broad,  fertile  valley  between,  giving 
name  to  the  town.  Iron  ore  and  other  minerals 
are  found  here  in  large  quantities.  9  miles  W. 
from  Carmel,  and  100  S.  from  Albany. 

Putney,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  This  town  is  finely 
located  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  and 
embosoms  a  large  tract  of  excellent  intervale  land, 
called  the  Great  Meadows.  There  is  also  a  good 
tract  of  intervale  on  Sackett's  Brook,  a  fine  mill 
stream,  with  beautiful  falls.  Sackett's  Brook  is  a 
considerable  stream,  which  falls  150  feet  in  the 
course  of  100  rods.  There  are  various  mineral 
substances  in  the  town.  The  village  is  pleasant, 
and  bears  the  marks  of  taste  and  prosperity.  On 
the  19th  of  August,  1788,  a  violent  tempest  pros- 
trated a  great  part  of  the  forest  trees  here.  In 
1770,  the  town  was  overrun  by  immense  swarms 
of  worms,  which  ate  up  every  green  thing  ;  also, 
to  a  limited  extent,  in  1823  and  1824.  A  settle- 
ment was  commenced  and  a  fort  built  on  the 
Great  Meadows  a  little  previous  to  the  breaking 


out  of  the  French  war,  in  1744.  9  miles  E.  from 
Newfane,  and  9  N.  from  Brattleboro'.  A  rail- 
road passes  through  the  town. 

Quemahoning,  Pa.,  Somerset  co.  Bounded  E. 
by  Stony  Creek,  and  drained  by  McConaughey 
Run,  and  Quemahoning,  Higgins's,  and  Will's- 
Creeks.  Surface  hilly;  soil  gravelly.  11  miles 
N.  E.  from  Somerset. 

Queen  Anne  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Centreville. 
Bounded  N.  W.  and  N.by  Chester  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  Kent  co.,  E.  by  Delaware  and  Caro- 
line co.,  S.  by  Talbot  co.,  and  W.  by  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Watered  on  its  S.  E.  boundary  by  Tuck- 
ahoe  Creek.  Kent  Island,  lying  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  belongs  to  this  county. 

Queens  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  North  Hempstead, 
was  incorporated  in  1683.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
Long  Island  Sound  and  East  River,  E.  by  Suf- 
folk co.,  S.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  W.  by 
Kings  co.,  and  is  watered  by  several  small 
streams.  Surface  hilly  oa.the  N.  and  level  on  the 
S. ;  soil  warm,  productive  sand  and  loam.  The 
Long  Island  Railroad  crosses  this  county. 

Queensbury,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  Bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  Hudson  River,  and  watered  N.  E.  by 
Wood  Creek.  Surface  hilly  and  undulating, 
being  covered  by  the  Palmertown  Mountains  on 
the  W. ;  soil  productive.  7  miles  S.  E.  from 
Caldwell,  and  53  N.  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Quincy,  Fa.,  c.  h.  Gadsden  co.  23  miles  N.  W. 
from  Tallahassee. 

Quincy,  Is.,  shire  town  of  Adams  co.  On  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River.  55  miles  W. 
from  Springfield,  172  N.  W.  from  St.  Louis,  and 
625  S.  from  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  This  flour- 
ishing town  has  been  in  existence  less  than  30 
years,  and  promises  to  become  one  of  the  principal 
towns  of  Illinois.  It  is  situated  on  a  beautiful 
bluff,  125  feet  above  the  Mississippi,  commanding 
a  fine  view  of  the  river  for  5  or  6  miles  in  each 
direction.  It  has  one  of  the  best  steamboat  land- 
ings on  the  Mississippi.  Quincy  was  settled  chiefly 
by  emigrants  from  New  England,  and  contains  a 
highly-intelligent  and  enterprising  community, 
distinguished  for  good  morals,  and  for  its  liberal- 
ity in  sustaining  the  institutions  of  education  and 
religion.  The  town  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and 
well  built,  containing  several  churches,  which 
have  neat  and  tasteful  edifices,  a  large  num- 
ber of  stores  and  mechanics'  shops,  with  steam 
saw  mills,  flouring  mills,  and  other  manufactur- 
ing establishments.  There  is  a  large  and  beauti- 
ful public  square,  on  the  E.  side  of  which  stands 
the  court  house,  built  of  brick,  at  a  cost  of  about 
$20,000.  The  prairie  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town 
is  beautifully  rolling  and  rich,  and  the  whole 
country  forms  one  of  the  best  agricultural  dis- 
tricts in  the  state.  This  is  a  place  already  of  ex- 
tensive trade,  and,  as  the  resources  of  'Illinois 
become  more  and  more  developed,  is  destined 
rapidly  to  grow  in  wealth  and  population. 

Quincy,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  On  Braintree  or 
Quincy  Bay,  which  makes  up  from  Boston  Har- 
bor. 8  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Boston,  by  the  Old 
Colony  Railroad,  and  10  E.  by  S.  from  Dedham. 

This  territory,  in  common  with  that  of  Brain- 
tree  and  Randolph,  belonged  to  Boston  until 
the  incorporation  of  Braintree  as  a  town,  in  1640. 
It  was  the  first  part  of  Braintree  that  was  settled, 
and  had  been  generally  called  Mount  Wallaston, 
for  Captain  Wallaston,  one  of  the  first  settlers, 
in  1625. 


542 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


In  1792,  this  part  of  Braintree  was  made  a 
separate  town,  and  called  Quincy,  to  perpetuate 
the  family  name  of  one  of  its  first  proprietors,  a 
name  that  will  ever  be  dear  to  the  lovers  of 
American  liberty. 

The  surface  of  the  town  is  diversified  by  hills, 
valleys,  and  plains.  The  soil  is  generally  of  an 
excellent  quality  and  under  good  cultivation. 
There  are  large  tracts  of  salt  meadow  in  the 
town,  and  many  large  and  beautiful  farms,  which, 
in  respect  to  soil  and  skilful  management,  may 
vie  with  any  in  the  state.  The  Mount  Wallas- 
ton  farm  is  noted  as  the  site  of  an  early  settle- 
ment, (1625,)  and  as  the  Merry  Mount  of  Thomas 
Morton  and  his  associates.  This  farm  belongs 
to  the  Adams  estate.  The  ancestral  estate  of  the 
Quincy  family  comprises  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful and  well-cultivated  farms  in  New  England. 
It  is  the  property  of  Josiah  Quincy,  LL.  D.,  an 
eminent  agriculturist,  and  president  of  Harvard 
University  from  1829  to  1845. 

The  village,  in  the, .centre  of  the  town,  is  situ- 
ated on  an  elevated  plain,  and  is  remarkable  for 
its  neatness  and  beauty.  In  this  village  is  a 
stone  church,  built  in  1828,  which  cost  $40,000. 
Within  its  walls  is  a  beautiful  marble  monument 
to  the  memory  of  the  first  President  Adams  and 
his  wife. 

The  town  house  in  Quincy  is  a  noble  building 
of  granite,  85  feet  by  55,  and  is  a  better  specimen 
of  the  stone  than  the  walls  of  the  church. 

About  two  miles  E.  from  the  village  is  Quincy 
Point,  at  the  junction  of  Town  and  Weymouth 
Fore  Rivers.  This  is  a  delightful  spot,  and  con- 
tains some  handsome  buildings.  This  point  of 
land,  with  a  peninsula  near  it,  called  Germantown, 
are  admirably  located  for  ship  building,  and  for 
all  the  purposes  of  navigation  and  the  fishery. 
Here  is  a  fine  harbor,  a  bold  shore,  and  a  beauti- 
ful country,  within  10  miles  of  the  capital  of 
New  England. 

In  this  town,  between  Quincy  and  Dorchester 
Bays,  is  a  point  of  land  called  Squantum,  cele- 
brated as  having  been  the  residence  of  the  famous 
Indian  sachem  Chichataubut.  This  place  is  the 
Mos-wetuset,  "  a  few  miles  south  of  Boston,"  sup- 
posed, by  some,  to  have  originated  the  name  of 
the  state.  Squantum  is  a  rocky,  romantic  place, 
6  miles  S.  of  Boston,  and  a  pleasant  resort  for 
fishing  and  bathing. 

The  manufactures  of  the  town  consist  of  boots, 
shoes,  leather,  vessels,  salt,  carriages,  harnesses, 
huts,  books,  coach  lace,  granite,  slatestone,  &c.,  the 
annual  value  of  which,  with  the  fisheries,  amount- 
ed, several  years  ago,  to  more  than  half  a  million 
of  dollars.  But  the  quarrying  and  working  of 
the  granite  or  sienite,  so  universally  known  and 
justly  celebrated  as  the  "  Quincy  Granite,"  is  the 
most  important  and  lucrative  branch  of  business. 

About  two  miles  back  from  Quincy  Bay  is  a 
range  of  elevated  land,  in  some  parts  more  than 
600  feet  above  the  sea,  containing  an  inexhausti- 
ble supply  of  that  invaluable  building  material, 
so  much  used  and  approved  in  all  our  At- 
lantic cities  for  its  durability  and  beauty. 
This  range  of  granite  extends  through  Milton, 
Quincy,  and  Braintree,  but  more  of  it  is  quar- 
ried in  Quincy  than  in  either  of  the  other  towns. 
About  100,000  tons  of  this  valuable  article  is  an- 
nually quarried  and  wrought,  by  the  most  skilful 
workmen,  into  all  forms  and  dimensions,  both 
plain  and  ornamental.  There  are  in  the  town 
»bout  20  companies  engaged  in  the  business, 


employing  near  1000  hands.  Masses  of  granite 
have  been  obtained  in  these  quarries  weighing  300 
tons  each,  from  which  were  made  the  columns 
of  the  new  Custom  House  and  of  the  Merchants' 
Exchange,  in  Boston.  By  means  of  a  railroad 
to  the  tide  waters  of  Neponset  River,  and  of  a 
canal  to  the  centre  of  the  town,  this  stone  is 
transported  with  great  expedition  and  little  cost. 
Several  of  these  companies  have  contracted  to 
furnish  the  stone  for  the  new  Custom  House  at 
New  Orleans.  It  is  to  be  dressed  in  the  smooth- 
est and  best  manner,  and  delivered  at  New  Or- 
leans, at  a  cost  of  about  $300,000.  Further  to 
show  the  high  repute  of  this  stone,  we  may  men- 
tion that  a  contract  has  been  made  for  the  foun- 
dations and  ornamental  parts  of  a  large  Custom 
House  at  San  Francisco. 

These  quarries  of  granite  to  the  town  of  Quin- 
cy are  of  more  value  than  a  mine  of  gold  ;  and 
it  is  fortunate  for  the  public  that  the  supply  is 
abundant,  as  the  demand  for  it  from  various 
parts  of  the  United  States  is  constant  and  in- 
creasing. 

Quincy  has  been  the  birthplace  and  residence 
of  some  of  the  most  distinguished  sons  of  Ameri- 
ca. Among  them  were  those  early  and  devoted 
patriots,  John  Hancock,  born  here  in  1737,  and 
Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  born  February  23,  1744; 
the  two  presidents  of  the  United  States,  John 
Adams  and  John  Quincy  Adams,  father  and 
son,  the  first  born  October  19,  1735,  the  second 
July  11, 1767.  The  elder  President  Adams  died 
in  Quincy,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1826,  with  the 
same  words  on  his  lips  which,  on  that  day  50 
years  before,  he  had  uttered  on  the  floor  of  Con- 
gress —  "  Independence  forever ! "  John  Quin- 
cy Adams  died  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington, 
February  23,  1 848,  and  was  interred  in  the  family 
tomb  at  Quincy. 

Quogue,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  On  the  S.  side  of 
Long  "island.  235  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Albany. 
It  is  a  resort  for  sea  bathing  and  sporting. 

Rabun  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Clayton.  Bounded 
N.  by  North  Carolina,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  South  Car- 
olina, and  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Habersham  and  Union 
counties.  Watered  by  Turoree  and  Chatuga 
Rivers,  which  unite  at  the  S.  extremity  of  this 
county  to  form  the  Tugaloo.  Surface  elevated 
table  land,  having  the  Blue  Ridge  on  its  E.  border. 

Racine  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Racine.  Bounded 
N.  by  Waukesha  and  Mihvaukie  counties,  E.  by 
Lake  Michigan,  S.  by  Illinois,  and  W.  by  Wai- 
worth  co.  Des  Plaines,  Fox,  Pike,  and  Root 
Rivers  water  this  county,  the  surface  of  which  is 
undulating,  and  the  soil  of  excellent  quality. 

Racine,  Wn.,  c.  h.  Racine  co.  On  Lake  Mich- 
igan, at  the  mouth  of  Root  River.  112  miles  E. 
by  S.  from  Madison.  A  growing  and  flourishing 
place. 

Rahway,  N.  J.,  Essex  co.  Rahway  River  and 
its  branches  water  this  town.  Surface  level ;  soil 
red  shale.  Situated  9  miles  S.  W.  from  Newark, 
and  39  N.  E.  from  Trenton. 

Raleigh,  Is.,  c.  h.  Saline  co. 

Raleigh,  city,  and  capital  of  the  state  of  North 
Carolina,  and  seat  of  justice  for  Wake  co.,  is  sit- 
uated 6  miles  W.  of  the  River  Neuse,  and  27  miles 
above  Smithfield,  the  nearest  ordinary  limit  of 
navigation  on  that  river.  In  some  stages  of  the 
water,  boats  ascend  to  a  point  within  about  8  miles 
of  Raleigh.  The  city  is  laid  out  Avith  great 
regularity.  From  a  square  in  the  centre,  called 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


543 


Union  Square,  enclosing  an  area  of  10  acres,  4 
broad  streets,  99  feet  wide,  extend,  dividing  the 
city  into  4  quarters.  In  the  centre  of  each  of 
these  quarters  is  another  square  of  4  acres,  with 
streets  running  therefrom  and  intersecting  the 
quarters  in  a  similar  manner.  These  streets  are 
66  feet  wide. 

The  State  House  at  Ealeigh  is  considered  as 
surpassing  that  of  any  other  state  in  the  Union 
in  the  completeness  and  beauty  of  its  architectu- 
ral design.  It  is  finely  located  in  the  centre  of 
Union  Square,  and  is  constructed  after  the  model 
of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens.  166  feet  long  by  90 
feet  in  width,  and  is  surrounded  by  massive  gran- 
ite columns,  5^  feet  in  diameter  and  30  feet  high. 
The  building  is  crowned  with  a  beautiful  dome. 
The  legislative  chambers  are  spacious  and  con- 
venient. The  cost  of  erecting  this  splendid  edifice 
was  about  $500,000.  The  former  State  House  at 
Ealeigh  was  consumed  by  fire  in  1831.  and  with 
it  was  destroyed  a  beautiful  marble  statue  of 
Washington  by  Canova.  The  other  public  build- 
ings are  the  court  house  and  jail,  the  governor's 
house,  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  a  thea- 
tre, a  market,  2  or  3  banks,  and  several  churches. 
A  railroad  extends  from  Raleigh  to  Hicksford, 
about  90  miles  N.  E.,  where  it  connects  with  the 
railroad  route  from  Wilmington  to  Petersburg,  Va. 

Raleigh,  Te.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co.  220  miles  W. 
S.  W.  from  Nashville. 

Ealeigh  County,  Va.  New.  Taken  from  Fay- 
ette.  W.  central.  Mountainous.  Watered  by 
tributaries  of  the  New  River,  or  Upper  Kenhawa. 

Rails  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  New  London. 
Drained  by  Salt  River  and  its  branches.  Surface 
undulating  ;  soil  fertile.  Washed  on  the  E.  by 
the  Mississippi  River. 

Ramapo,  N.  Y.,  Rockland  co.  Ramapo  and 
Saddle  Rivers  water  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  hilly  and  mountainous,  and  the  soil  fer- 
tile in  the  valleys.  The  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road passes  through  this  town.  132  miles  S.  from 
Albany. 

Ramsay  County,  Ma.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Paul's.  In  the 
angle  between  the  St.  Croix  and  the  Mississippi. 

Randolph  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  McDonald.  In  the 
E.  part  of  the  State.  Drained  by  the  Tallaposa. 

Randolph  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Pocahontas. 
Bounded  N.  by  Missouri,  E.  by  Greene  co.,  and 
S.  and  W.  by  Lawrence  co.  The  head  branches 
of  Big  Black  River  water  this  county. 

Randolph  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Cuthbert.  Incor- 
porated in  1828.  Bounded  N.  by  Stewart,  E.  by 
Lee,  S.  by  Baker  and  Early  counties,  and  W.  by 
the  Chattahoochee  River,  separating  it  from  Al- 
abama. D rained  by  Petawlah  Creek  and  branches 
of  Flint  River. 

Randolph  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Kaskaskia.  This 
is  the  oldest  county  in  the  state,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  St.  Clair.  'it  is  bounded  N.  by  St.  Clair 
and  Washington  counties,  E.  by  Berry  and  Jack- 
son, S.  and  S.  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Missouri,  and  W.  by  Monroe  co. 
Drained  by  Kaskaskia  River  and  tributaries,  and 
by  St.  Mary,  Horse,  and  other  small  creeks.  The 
surface  and  soil  are  diversified. 

Randolph  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Winchester. 
Bounded  N.  by  Jay  co.,  E.  by  Ohio,  S.  by  Wayne 
co.,  and  W.  by  Henry  and  Delaware  counties.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Missisinewa  and  the  W.  fork  of 
White  River,  has  an  undulating  surface,  and  a 
fine  soil. 

Randolph,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.,  was  the  S.  parish 


of  Braintree  until  its  incorporation,  in  1793.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Peyton  Randolph,  of 
Virginia,  the  first  president  of  the  American  Con- 
gress. Part  of  Punkapog  Pond  lies  in  the  town, 
and  the  Manatiquot  River  rises  here,  but  the  town 
is  quite  destitute  of  Avater  power.  It  is  largely  en- 
gaged in  the  shoe  manufacture.  The  land  is  ele- 
vated between  the  waters  of  Massachusetts  Bay 
and  Taunton  River.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
and  the  soil  strong  and  productive.  There  are  2 
pleasant  and  flourishing  villages  in  the  town,  E. 
and  W.,  a  short  distance  apart,  between  which 
passes  the  Boston  and  Fall  River  Railroad.  14 
miles  S.  from  Boston. 

Randolph  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Huntsville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Macon,  E.  by  Monroe  and  Au- 
drain,  S.  by  Boone  and  Howard,  and  W.  by  Char- 
iton  co.  Drained  by  the  E.  fork  of  Chariton 
River  and  Silver  Creek,  both  branches  of  the 
Missouri.  Surface  level ;  soil  fertile. 

Randolph,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  Until  1824  this  town 
was  called  Durand.  It  is  situated  directly  under 
the  N.  end  of  the  White  Mountains.  Branches 
of  Israel's  and  Moose  Rivers  pass  through  it.  The 
soil  is  in  some  parts  good.  Fisrt  settlers  :  this 
town  was  granted  in  1772  to  John  Durand  and 
others,  of  London.  120  miles  N.  from  Concord, 
and  about  20  S.  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Randolph,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  A  branch  of 
Rockaway  River  and  the  head  branches  of 
Black  River  water  this  town.  Surface  mountain- 
ous, having  Schooley's  Mountain  in  the  N.,  and 
Trowbridge  Mountain  in  the  S.  part.  Magnetic 
iron  ore  of  excellent  quality  is  found  here.  7 
miles  N.  W.  from  Morristown. 

Randolph,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Watered  by 
the  Alleghany  River  and  some  of  its  branches. 
Surface  hilly :  soil  suitable  for  grazing.  20  miles 
S.  W.  from  Ellicottville,  and  312  S.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Randolph  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Ashboro'. 
Bounded  N.  by  Giiilford  co.,  E.  by  Chatham,  S. 
by  Moore  and  Montgomery,  and  W.  by  Davidson 
co.  Deep  River  and  branches,  and  some  branch- 
es of  the  Yadkin,  water  this  county.  Surface 
varied  ;  soil  fertile. 

Randolph,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  Randolph  is  one 
of  the  best  farming  towns  in  the  state,  and  is 
watered  by  the  second  and  third  branch  of  White 
River.  These  streams  and  their  tributaries  afford 
a  number  of  advantageous  situations  for  mills. 
There  is  a  variety  of  timber.  The  surface  is 
considerably  elevated,  and  the  soil  productive. 
There  are  here  3  pleasant  villages,  one  in  the 
centre  of  the  town,  another  in  the  eastern,  and 
the* other  in  the  western  part.  The  centre  vil- 
lage is  very  handsomely  situated  on  elevated 
ground.  The  West  Randolph  Academy  was  in- 
corporated in  1847.  This  town  was  chartered  in 
1781,  and  was  settled  3  or  4  years  before.  23  miles 
S.  from  Montpelier,  and  9  S.  W.  from  Chelsea. 
The  Central  Railroad  passes  through  the  town. 

Randolph  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Beverly.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Preston,  E.  by  Hardy  and  Pendleton, 
S.  by  Pocahontas,  and'W.  by'Braxton,  Lewis, 
and  Barbour  counties.  Drained  by  Cheat  River 
and  East  Fork,  head  branches  of  the  Mononga- 
hela  River.  Laurel  and  Cheat  Mountains  trav- 
erse this  county  from  N.  to  S. 

Rangely,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  lies  on 
the  Androscoggin  River,  and  at  the  outlet  of 
Oquossack  Lake.  It  is  about  40  miles  N.  W. 
from  Farmington. 


544 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


Rankin  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Brandon.  Bounded 
E.  by  Scott  and  Smith  counties,  S.  by  Simpson 
co.,  and  W.  and  N.  by  Pearl  River,  separating  it 
from  Hinds  and  Madison  counties.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Pearl  River. 

Raphoe,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Great  Chiques 
Creek  runs  on  the  E.  and  S..  and  Little  Chiques 
on  the  W.  border  of  this  town.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  calcareous  loam,  sand,  and  gravel. 
12  miles  N.  W.  from  Lancaster. 

Rapides  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Alexandria. 
Bounded  N.  W.  and  N.  E.  by  Natchitoches  and 
Catahoula  parishes,  E.  by  Avoyelles,  S.  by  St. 
Landry  and  Calcasieu,  and  W.  by  Sabine  parish. 
Drained  by  Red  River  and  its  tributaries,  Bceuf 
and  Crocodile  Bayous.  Soil  fertile  on  the  streams, 
but  elsewhere  sterile,  and  in  some  portions  liable 
to  inundation. 

Rappahannock  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Washing- 
ton. Bounded  N.  E.  by  Fauquier  co..  S.  E.  by 
Culpepper,  S.  W.  by  Madison,  and  N.  W.  by 
Page  and  Warren  counties.  Watered  by  the 
head  branches  of  Rappahannock  River. 

Raritan,  N.  J.,  Hunterdon  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  the  Raritan  River.  20  miles  N.  from 
Trenton. 

Ravenna,  0.,  c.  h.  Portage  co.  Near  a  branch 
of  the  Cuyahoga,  which  affords  water  power,  and 
on  the  Pennyslvania  and  Ohio  Canal.  140  miles 
N.  E.  from  Columbus.  • 

Rawlingsville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  De  Kalb  co.  153  miles 
N.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Ray  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Richmond.  Bounded 
N.  by  Caldwell  co.,  E.  by  Carroll  co.,  S.  by  the 
Missouri  River,  separating  it  from  Lafayette  and 
Jackson  counties,  and  W.  by  Clay  and  Clinton 
counties.  Drained  by  Crooked  River  and  Fish- 
ing Creeks,  tributaries  of  the  Missouri. 

Raynham,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  This  town  was  a 
part  of  Taunton  until  1731.  It  was  first  settled 
in  1680.  Its  Indian  name  Avas  Hockamock.  The 
surface  is  generally  level ;  the  soil  light,  and  not 
very  productive.  On  its  southern  and  eastern 
borders  Raynham  is  finely  watered  by  Taunton 
River,  which  affords  power  for  manufacturing 
operations,  and  it  contains  a  number  of  large 
and  beautiful  ponds.  33  miles  S.  from  Boston. 

Raymond,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  Raymond  is 
watered  by  Crooked  River,  and  several  ponds. 
This  is  a  good  farming  town,  with  2  villages,  and 
some  trade.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  de- 
voted to  agricultural  pursuits.  It  lies  22  miles 
N.  N.  W.  from  Portland.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Naples,  and  contains  some  of  the  sources 
of  Sebago  Lake  on  its  S. 

Raymond,  N.  H..  Rockingham  co.  Two  branches 
of  the  Lamprey  River  unite  in  Raymond,  and 
the  waters  of  2  ponds  also  fall  into  it.  The  Pa- 
tuckaway  crosses  the  N.  E.  corner.  The  soil  is 
various  ;  that  bordering  on  the  river  is  produc- 
tive. In  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  near  the  sum- 
mit of  a  hill  about  100  feet  high,  is  a  natural 
excavation  in  a  ledge,  called  the  Oven,  from  the 
appearance  of  its  mouth.  It  is  a  regular  arch 
about  5  feet  high,  and  of  the  same  width,  extend- 
ing into  the  hill  about  15  feet,  and  terminating 
in  a  number  of  fissures.  25  miles  W.  by  S.  from 
Portsmouth,  and  28  S.  E.  from  Concord. 

Readfield,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  A  good  township 
of  land.  11  miles  W.  from  Augusta. 

Reading,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  This  town  was  in- 
corporated in  1767,  and  derived  its  name  from 
Colonel  John  Read,  one  of  its  first  settlers.  The 


soil  of  the  town  is  good,  but  the  surface  is  rough 
and  hilly.  The  business  of  the  people  is  chiefly 
agricultural,  who  live  scattered  about  on  their 
farms.  Considerable  attention  is  paid  in  Read- 
ing to  the  growing  of  wool.  It  is  watered  by 
Saugatuck  and  Norwalk  Rivers.  60  miles  S.  W. 
from  Hartford. 

Reading,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  was  called  Lynn 
Village,  and  was  a  part  of  Lynn  until  its  incor- 
poration in  1644.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  di- 
versified by  hills  and  valleys.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally good,  in  some  parts  excellent,  and  the  town 
is  watered  by  Ipswich  River.  There  are  two  vil- 
lages in  the  town  —  Wood  End  Village,  at  the  S. 
part  of  the  town,  through  which  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroad  passes,  and  West  Village,  about 
3  miles  N.  of  the  other.  13  miles  N.  from  Boston, 
and  10  W.  from  Salem.  The  shoe  manufacture 
is  large. 

Reading,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by  a 
few  small  streams  flowing  into  Seneca  Lake, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface  elevated  and 
rolling;  soil  well  adapted  to  wheat.  21  miles  K 
from  Bath,  and  186  W.  from  Albany. 

Reading,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Conewago  Creek 
and  Muddy  Run  water  this  town,  the  surface 
of  which  ft  level,  and  the  soil  red  shale  and  slate. 

Reading,  Pa.,  shire  town  of  Berks  co.  Situated 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  River.  58  miles 
N.  W.  of  Philadelphia,  and  52  E.  of  Harrisburg. 
It  is  built  on  ground  gently  rising  from  the 
river  towards  the  base  of  a  ridge  of  hills  which 
passes  behind  it.  The  streets  are  wide  and 
straight,  crossing  each  other  generally  at  right 
angles,  and  are  dressed  with  a  covering  of  white 
gravel,  or  disintegrated  sandstone,  which  consol- 
idates into  a  smooth  and  solid  carriage  way,  su- 
perior to  that  of  the  McAdamized  road.  Besides 
the  court  house  and  jail,  there  are  an  academy, 
a  female  seminary,  3  public  libraries,  —  one  of 
which  is  German,  —  3  banks,  and  from  12  to  15 
churches  of  the  different  denominations.  The 
principal  churches  are  the  Lutheran,  German 
Reformed,  Episcopal,  Presbyterian,  Methodist, 
Baptist,  Friends,  Universalist,  and  Roman  Cath- 
olic. The  Lutheran^  Church  is  a  large  and  hand- 
some structure,  with*  a  steeple  201  feet  high.  The 
German  Reformed  Church  is  of  brick,  and  has 
likewise  a  lofty  steeple.  In  these  two  churches 
divine  service  is  performed  in  the  German  lan- 
guage. Of  several  weekly  newspapers  published 
here,  3  are  in  the  language  of  the  Germans.  The 
court  house  is  a  fine  building,  on  elevated  ground, 
commanding  an  extensive  prospect.  It  has  a 
portico  with  six  columns  of  red  sandstone  in 
front,  and  presents  an  imposing  appearance. 

A  large  business  is  done  here  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  hats  for  the  southern  and  western  mar- 
kets. A  cotton  factory  is  in  operation  here  for 
making  fine  muslins,  which  turns  out  about  8000 
yards  a  day.  There  is  a  rolling  mill  and  nail  fac- 
tory, and  large  flouring  mills  in  the  place.  White 
wines  of  an  excellent  quality  are  manufactured 
here  to  a  considerable  amount,  from  the  grapes 
grown  in  the  vicinity.  Reading  is  supplied  with 
water  by  an  aqueduct  from  a  spring  on  Penn's 
Mount,  conducted  into  a  reservoir,  and  distrib- 
uted through  the  streets  in  iron  pipes. 

The  Schuylkill  Canal,  which  commences  at 
Port  Carbon,  near  Pottsville,  in  the  coal  region, 
passes  through  Reading,  and  terminates  at  Phil- 
adelphia. The  Philadelphia,  Reading,  and  Potts- 
ville Railroad  also  connects  these  three  places. 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


545 


The  distance  of  Reading  from  Pottsville  and  Port 
Carbon  is  about  36  miles.  The  Union  Canal 
commences  at  Middletown,  on  the  great  Penn- 
sylvania Canal,  and  unites  that  canal  with  the 
Schuylkill  Canal  at  Reading,  thus  opening  a 
line  of  transportation,  through  this  place,  between 
Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg.  These  facilities  for 
business  confer  upon  this  place  eminent  advan- 
tages for  the  encouragement  of  the  spirit  of  en- 
tea-prise  by  which  the  people  are  distinguished. 

This  town  was  laid  out  in  1748,  by  direction 
of  Thomas  and  Richard  Penn,  proprietors  of  the 
province.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  borough 
September  12,  1783,  and  reorganized  March  29, 
1813.  It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  borough  in  the 
United  States.  The  original  inhabitants  of  the 
place  were  principally  German  emigrants  from 
Wirtemburg  and  the  Palatinate,  who,  by  their 
early  preponderance  in  numbers,  gave  a  decided 
character  to  the  habits  of  society.  The  German 
language  was  commonly  used  in  the  ordinary 
transactions  of  life,  in  which  it  still  maintains 
itself  to  a  great  extent.  During  the  period  of 
the  revolution,  Reading  was  a  favorite  place  of 
resort  for  such  persons  and  families  from  Phila- 
delphia as  wished  to  be  somewhat  retired  from 
the  stormy  agitations  and  dangerous  exposures 
of  the  city ;  and  thus  at  that  early  day  the  place 
acquired  a  character  for  refinement  and  fashion- 
able life  for  which  it  is  still  distinguished. 

Reading,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  uneven.  Towards  the  W.  part  is  an 
elevated  tract  of  land,  extending  through  the 
town  from  N.  to  S.,  from  which  issue  its  princi- 
pal streams.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  no 
water  runs  into  this  town.  In  the  S.  W.  part 
is  a  natural  pond,  about  200  rods  in  length  and 
80  in  breadth.  The  streams  in  Reading,  though 
generally  small,  afford  a  tolerable  supply  of 
water  for  common  mills.  The  soil  is  of  a  mid- 
dling quality,  and  affords  excellent  pasturage. 
There  are  3  villages  in  the  town,  Reading  Centre 
Village,  South  Reading,  and  Felchville.  The 
settlement  was  commenced  about  the  year  1772, 
by  Andrew  Spear,  who  removed  his  family  here 
from  Walpole,  N.  H.  53  miles  S.  from  Mont- 
pelier,  and  10  W.  from  Windsor. 

Readington,  N.  J.,  Hunterdon  co.  Drained  by 
Rockaway  Creek  and  branches,  and  by  the  S. 
branch  of  Raritan  River.  Surface  level  in  the 
S.  E.  part,  but  elsewhere  hilly ;  soil  red  shale, 
clav  and  loam.  8  miles  N.  E.  from  Flemington. 

Readsboro',  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  This  is  a 
mountainous  township,  watered  by  Deerfield 
River.  Much  of  the  land  is  too  elevated  to  ad- 
mit of  cultivation.  When  it  was  first  settled  is 
unknown.  12  miles  S.  E.  from  Bennington,  and 
18  W.  by  S.  from  Brattleboro'. 

Red  Bank,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  On  the  S. 
bank  of  Neversink  River.  46  miles  E.  from 
Trenton.  A  summer  resort  for  sea  bathing  and 
fishing. 

Red  Bank,  Pa.,  Clarion  co.  Red  Bank,  Ma- 
honing,  and  Beaver  Creeks  water  this  town. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  loam.  Alum  is  found 
here.  190  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Redfield,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  It  is  watered  by 
Salmon  River  and  some  of  its  branches.  Surface 
undulating ;  soil  well  adapted  to  grass.  1 5  miles 
E.  from  Pulaski,  and  131  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Redford,  Mn.,  Wayne  co.  The  N.  branch  of 
Rouge  River  and  Powers  Creek  water  this  town, 
which  lies  13  miles  N.  W.  from  Detroit. 


Redford,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Saranac  River.  185  miles  N.  from  Albany. 
Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  vicinity. 

Redhook,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  Hudson,  and  watered  by  a  few  small 
streams  flowing  into  it.  Surface  rolling;  soil 
clay  and  loam.  22  miles  N.  from  Poughkeepsie, 
and  51  S.  from  Albany. 

Refugio  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Refugio.  S.  part, 
between  Aransas  Bay  and  Neuces  River. 

Red  River  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Clarkesville.  In 
the  N.  E.  angle  of  the  state,  on  Red  River. 

Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  Monroe  co.  On 
Indian  Creek.  40  miles  S.  W.  from  the  White 
Sulphur  Springs,  and  249  miles  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Rehoboth,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  The  original  limits 
of  Rehoboth  were  extensive,  comprehending  the 
present  town,  Seekonk,  Pautucket,  Attleboro', 
and  part  of  Swansey ;  and  Cumberland  and  Bar- 
rington,  R.  I.  The  first  white  settler  in  the 
original  limits  of  the  town  was  William  Black- 
stone,  a  nonconformist  minister  of  England,  who 
fled  from  persecution,  and  sought  an  asylum  in 
the  wilds  of  America.  He  was  the  first  white 
man  Avho  lived  on  the  peninsula  where  the  city 
of  Boston  now  stands.  He  located  himself  in 
what  is  now  Cumberland,  R.  L,  on  the  river  which 
bears  his  name.  The  Indian  name  of  the  town 
was  Wannamoiset.  The  surface  is  varied,  with 
a  thin  soil,  and  well  watered  by  Palmer's  River, 
and  other  fine  mill  streams.  10  miles  S.  W. 
from  Taunton,  and  3  from  the  depot  at  Attle- 
boro,' from  which  to  Boston  is  31  miles. 

Remsen,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Watered  by  Black 
River  and  some  of  its  branches.  A  hilly  town, 
with  a  soil  of  tolerably  good  quality.  18  miles  N. 
from  the  city  of  Utica,  and  96  N.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Rensselaer  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Troy.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Washington  co.,  E.  by  the  states 
of  Vermont  and  Massachusetts,  S.  by  Columbia 
co.,  and  W.  by  the  Hudson  River.  Watered  by 
the  Hoosic  River,  the  Poestenkill  and  Wynants- 
kill.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous  on  the  E., 
but  more  level  as  you  approach  the  Hudson  ;  soil 
generally  good,  and  in  the  valleys  very  fertile. 
A  few  beds  of  marl  and  some  sulphur  springs 
comprise  its  mineral  wealth.  The  Albany  and 
West  Stockbridge,  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga,  and 
Schenectady  and  Troy  Railroads  cross  this 
county. 

Rensselaerville,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  Watered  by 
Catskill  and  Foxes  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
broken  by  spurs  of  the  Catskill  Mountains ;  soil 
mostly  rich  sandy  loam.  24  miles  S.  W.  from 
the  city  of  Albany. 

Reynolds  County,  Mo.  S.  E.  central.  Watered 
by  the  Big  Black,  which  flows  S.  through  it. 

Rhea  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Washington.  It  is 
bounded  N.  E.  by  Roane  co.,  E.  by  the  Tennessea 
River,  separating  it  from  Meigs  co.,  S.  by  Ham- 
ilton, and  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Bledsoe  and  Morgan 
counties.  Drained  by  small  streams  flowing  into 
the  Tennessee. 

Rhinebeck,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  Watered  by 
Landtman's  Creek  on  the  S.  W.,  and  by  the  Hud- 
son River  on  the  W.  Has  a  level  or  rolling  surface, 
and  the  central  portions  a  fertile  soil.  17  miles  Nv 
from  Poughkeepsie,  and  57  S.  from  Albany. 

Rice,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Incorporated  in 
1846. 

Riceboro1,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Liberty  co.    On  Newport, 


546 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


River.  32  miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Savannah,  and 
194  S.  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Richfield,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Watered  by  a  few 
Small  streams  flowing  into  Canaderaga  Lake, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface  high  and  un- 
even ;  soil  good  sandy  and  calcareous  loam.  13 
miles  N.  W.  from  Cooperstown,  and  69  W.  from 
Albany.  In  this  town,  near  the  head  of  Canade- 
raga Lake,  there  is  a  celebrated  sulphur  spring, 
much  resorted  to. 

Richford,  N.  Y.,  Tioga  co.  Watered  by  East 
and  West  Owego  Creeks.  A  somewhat  hilly 
town,  with  fertile  valleys.  17  miles  N.  from 
Owego,  and  151  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Richford,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  This  is  a  mountain- 
ous township,  on  the  line  of  Canada,  and  watered 
by  Missisco  River  and  its  branches.  There  is 
some  good  land  along  the  river,  and  the  upland, 
though  rough,  affords  good  grazing.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  in  1797,  and  the  town  or- 
ganized in  1799.  50  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier,  and  24  N.  E.  from  St.  Albans. 

Richland  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Olney.  S.  E.  part. 

Richland,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Shire  town  alter- 
nately with  Oswego.  It  is  watered  by  Salmon 
River  and  some  smaller  streams  flowing  into  Lake 
Ontario,  which  bounds  it  on  the  W.  Surface 
pleasantly  diversified;  soil  damp,  sandy  loam, 
well  adapted  to  grass.  153  miles  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Richland  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Mansfield.  N.  by 
Huron,  E.  by  Wayne,  S.  by  Knox,  and  W.  by 
Marion  and  Crawford  counties.  The  surface  is 
rolling,  and  the  land  excellent  for  wheat.  The 
branches  of  Olentangy  and  Mohiccan  Rivers  are 
the  principal  waters. 

Richland,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Drained  by  Tihickon 
Creek  and  branches.  Surface  level ;  soil  clay. 

Richland  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Columbia. 
Bounded  N.  by  Fairfield  district,  E.  by  Kershaw 
and  Sumpter,  S.  by  Orangeburg,  and  W.  by  Lex- 
ington district.  The  Wateree  River  runs  on  its 
E.,  and  the  Congaree  on  its  W.  and  S.  border. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile. 

Richland  County,  Wn.  In  the  S.  W.  part  of 
the  state.  Washed  on  the  S.  by  the  Wisconsin. 

Richmond  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Augusta.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  Savannah  River,  separat- 
ing it  from  South  Carolina,  S.  by  Burke  co.,  S. 
W.  by  Brier  Creek,  separating  it  'from  Jefferson 
co.,  and  N.  W.  by  Columbia  co.  Its  N.  part  is 
crossed  by  the  Augusta  and  Dectttur  Railroad. 

Richmond,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Madison  co. 

Richmond,  La.,  c.  h.  Madison  parish.  On  the 
W.  side  of  Roundaway  Bayou,  at  its  confluence 
with  Brushy  Bayou.  10  miles  W.  from  Missis- 
sippi River,  and  200  N.  W.  from  New  Orleans. 

Richmond,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Kennebec.  15  miles  S.  from  Augusta. 

Richmond,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  The  Indian 
name  of  this  place  was  Yokun,  and  after  its  set- 
tlement, in  1760,  it  was  called  Yoamtown ;  but  at 
its  incorporation,  in  1765,  it  took  the  name  of  the 
Duke  of  Richmond.  This  town  comprises  an 
extensive,  fertile,  and  beautiful  valley,  enclosed 
by  elevated  hills  on  the  E.  and  W.  From  these 
hills  enchanting  landscapes  are  presented.  This 
town  produces,  in  great  abundance,  all  kinds  of 
agricultural  products  common  to  the  most  fertile 
&nd  best  cultivated  lands  in  the  state,  a  great  va- 
riety of  woods,  iron  ore,  good  brick  clay,  lime- 
stone, and  handsome  marble.  There  is  some 
water  power  in  the  town.  In  the  valley  in  thia 


town  is  a  wide  street,  extending  some  miles,  on 
each  side  of  which  are  neat  farm  houses  and 
mechanics'  shops,  making  a  fine  appearance. 
Through  this  valley  the  Western  Railroad  passes. 
8  miles  S.  W.  from  Pittsfield,  and  159  W.  from 
Boston. 

Richmond,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Ray  co. 

Richmond,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.,  is  washed  by 
branches  of  Ashuelot  and  Miller's  Rivers,  which 
fall  into  the  Connecticut.  The  ponds  are  3  in 
number,  one  of  which  is  one  of  the  sources  of 
Miller's  River.  The  soil  is  favorable  for  grain. 
The  land  is  generally  level.  First  settlers,  peo- 
ple from  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island,  about 
1758.  12  miles  S.  from  Keene,  and  70  S.  W. 
from  Concord.  The  Cheshire  Railroad  passes 
through  the  town. 

Richmond  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Westfield, 
was  incorporated  in  1683,  and  comprises  the 
whole  of  Staten  Island.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
Newark  Bay  and  Kill  Van  Kull,  E.  by  New 
York  Bay  and  the  Narrows,  S.  by  Raritan  Bay 
and  New  York  Lower  Bay,  and  W.  by  Staten 
Island  Sound,  which  separates  it  from  New  Jer- 
sey. Surface  hilly  and  broken,  Richmond  Hill, 
the  highest  peak,  being  elevated  307  feet  above 
the  Atlantic.  Much  of  the  land  is  of  good  quali- 
ty, and  on  the  shores  are  valuable  fisheries.  He- 
metic  iron  ore,  granite,  and  several  other  minerals 
are  found  here. 

Richmond,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Richmond  co.  Near  the 
middle  of  Staten  Island.  159  miles  S.  by  W. 
from  Albany. 

Richmond,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Watered  by 
Honeoye  Lake  and  its  outlet.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil 
clay  loam,  based  upon  lime  and  slate.  14  miles 
W.  from  Canandaigua,  and  209  from  Albany. 

Richmond  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Rockingham. 
Bounded  N.  by  Montgomery  co.,  E.  by  Moore, 
Cumberland,  and  Robeson  counties,  S.  by  South 
Carolina,  and  W.  by  the  Great  Pedee  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Anson  co.  Lumber  River  runs 
on  its  E.  border,  and  branches  of  the  Little  Pedee 
drain  the  interior. 

Richmond,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Watered  by  Moslem 
Creek,  a  mill  stream.  Surface  level ;  soil  rich 
calcareous  loam  and  gravel. 

Richmond,  R.  I.,  Washington  co.  Richmond  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Wood  River,  and  on  the 
E.  by  the  River  Charles.  Other  streams  water 
the  town,  which,  with  the  Wood  and  Charles, 
give  it  an  excellent  water  power.  Manufacturing 
establishments  of  various  kinds  flourish  on  its 
streams,  particularly  those  of  cotton.  The  soil  is 
a  gravelly  loam,  with  an  uneven  surface.  The 
agricultural  productions  of  the  town  are  very 
considerable. 

This  is  an  excellent  township  for  grazing ;  a 
large  amount  of  wool  and  of  the  productions  of 
the  dairy  is  annually  transported.  The  Provi- 
dence and  Stonington  Railroad  passes  through 
the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  town.  30  miles  S.  S. 
W.  from  Providence. 

Richmond,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  The  town  is 
finely  watered  by  Winooski  and  Huntingdon 
Rivers,  on  the  banks  of  which  are  good  mill  sites 
and  large  tracts  of  beautiful  meadow.  The  vil- 
lage is  neat,  and  is  a  healthy  place,  noted  for  the 
longevity  of  its  inhabitants.  The  first  perma- 
nent settlement  was  made  here  in  the  spring  of 
1784.  25  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  13 
S.  E.  from  Burlington. 

Richmond,  Va.     City,  port  of  entry,  capital  of 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


547 


the  state  and  seat  of  justice  of  Henrico  co.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  James  Riv- 
er, immediately  below  the  falls,  and  at  the  head 
of  tide  water.  It  is  23  miles  N.  from  Petersburg, 
and  117  W.  from  Washington.  The  population, 
in  1800,  was  5737;  1810,  9785;  1820,  12,067; 
1830,  16,060;  1840,  20,153;  1850,  27,483.  This 
place  was  founded  by  an  act  of  the  state  legis- 
lature in  1742 ;  and  the  seat  of  government  was 
removed  here  from  Williamsburg,  in  1780.  At 
that  time  it  contained  about  300  houses.  Di- 
rectly opposite  to  Richmond,  connected  with  it 
by  two  bridges,  is  Manchester,  which  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  suburb  of  the  city. 

From  its  peculiarly-favorable  situation,  between 
the  upper  and  the  lower  country,  Richmond  is 
one  of  the  most  healthy  Cities  in  the  United 
States.  Seldom,  if  ever,  has  it  been  visited  with 
yellow  fever,  or  any  desolating  epidemic.  The 
city  is  divided  into  two  unequal  parts  by  a  val- 
ley, through  which  passes  the  Shockoe  Creek,  to 
enter  James  River.  It  is  chiefly  built  upon  the 
more  elevated  grounds  on  either  side  of  this  de- 
pression, which  present  a  beautiful  variety  of  sur- 
face, and  afford  in  many  parts  highly  picturesque 
situations  for  dwellings  and  for  public  edifices. 
Shockoe  Hill,  on  the  W.  part  of  the  city,  and 
Richmond  Hill  stand  opposite  to  each  other, 
with  the  creek  between  them  ;  and  near  the  east- 
ern limit  is  Church  Hill,  which  is  also  a  com- 
manding eminence.  Over  these  elevated  grounds, 
and  the  valley  between  them,  declining  towards 
the  river,  the  streets  and  buildings  of  the  city  are 
spread.  The  streets  mostly  cross  each  other  at 
right  angles,  and  are  most  commonly  65  feet  in 
width.  The  city  was  laid  out  to  contain  about 
3  square  miles,  much  of  which  is  not  yet  built 
up.  As  built,  it  covers  an  area  about  3  miles 
long  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide.  The  city 
contains  from  1500  to  2000  dwellings,  something 
more  than  half  of  which  are  of  brick,  and  the  re- 
mainder of  wood.  Near  the  brow  of  Shockoe 
Hill,  which  is  an  elevated  plain,  and  a  favorite 
place  of  residence,  is  Capitol  Square,  a  beautiful 
public  ground,  containing  about  9  acres,  sur- 
rounded by  a  handsome  iron  railing,  ornamented 
with  gravel  walks,  and  shaded  with  a  variety  of 
trees.  In  the  centre  stands  the  State  House, 
which  has  excited  the  admiration  of  travellers 
for  its  commanding  position,  and  its  chaste  yet 
beautiful  proportions.  It  was  constructed  after  a 
model  brought  by  Mr.  Jefferson  from  Nimes,  in 
France.  It  has  a  portico  in  front,  with  an  entab- 
lature supported  by  lofty  Ionic  columns  of  fine 
proportions  and  imposing  appearance.  In  an 
open  hall,  in  the  centre  of  the  building  within,  is 
placed  a  marble  statue  of  Washington,  by  Hou- 
don,  a  French  artist,  which  was  erected  in  1788, 
during  the  lifetime  of  Washington.  The  fol- 
lowing is  the  inscription  on  its  pedestal,  from  the 
pen  of  Mr.  Madison  :  "  The  General  Assembly 
of  the  commonwealth  of  Virginia  have  caused 
this  statue  to  be  erected,  as  a  monument  of 
affection  and  gratitude  to  George  Washington, 
who,  uniting  to  the  endowments  of  the  hero  the 
virtues  of  the  patriot,  and  exerting  both  in  estab- 
lishing the  liberties  of  his  country,  has  rendered 
his  name  dear  to  his  fellow- cititzens,  and  given 
the  world  an  example  of  true  glory." 

Contiguous  to  the  State  House  is  the  City  Hall, 
an  elegant  and  costly  edifice  of  Grecian  architect- 
ure, having  a  portico  with  4  Doric  columns  at  each 
end,  containing  accommodations  for  the  city 


courts,  the  common  council,  and  various  offices. 
The  penitentiary,  in  the  western  suburbs  of  the 
city,  is  an  immense  building,  surrounding  a  hollow 
square,  300  feet  long  and  110  feet  broad.  Several 
acres  of  ground  enclosed,  besides,  are  connected 
with  it.  The  armory  is  another  large  edifice, 
320  feet  long  and  280  feet  wide.  The  almshouse, 
in  the  northern  suburb  of  the  city,  has  also  a 
spacious  edifice  well  adapted  to  its  purpose. 
Among  the  charitable  institutions  of  the  city  is  a 
Female  Orphan  Asylum,  supported  partly  by 
funds  of  the  corporation,  and  partly  by  private 
munificence.  There  is  likewise  a  public  school 
for  the  education  of  poor  children  of  both  sexes, 
with  a  convenient  edifice,  which  is  under  the 
superintendence  of  trustees  appointed  by  the  city 
council,  and  is  sustained  by  annual  appropriations 
from  the  literary  fund  of  'the  state,  and  from  the 
treasury  of  the  city.  Among  the  public  institu- 
tions is  the  Virginia  Historical  and  Philosophical 
Society,  founded  in  1831,  and  since  incorporated. 

Richmond  contains  from  16  to  20  churches  of 
the  various  denominations ;  among  which  are  3 
Episcopal,  2  Presbyterian,  3  Methodist,  3  Baptist, 
a  Unitarian,  a  Campbellite,  a  Friends,  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  a  Jews'  Synagogue.  Some  of  these 
have  large  and  elegant  edifices.  The  Monumental 
Episcopal  Church  stands  upon  the  site  formerly 
occupied  by  the  old  Richmond  Theatre,  which 
was  destroyed  by  fire  during  a  performance,  in- 
volving the  destruction  of  many  valuable  lives, 
among  which  was  that  of  the  governor  of  the 
state,  George  William  Smith.  On  the  monu- 
ment on  its  W.  side  is  the  following  inscription : 
"  In  memory  of  the  awful  calamity  that,  by 
the  providence  of  God,  fell  on  the  city  on  the 
night  of  the  26th  of  December,  in  the  year  of 
Christ  1811,  whereby,  in  the  sudden  and  dread- 
ful conflagration  of  the  Richmond  Theatre,  many 
citizens  of  different  ages  and  both  sexes,  distin- 
guished for  talents  and  for  virtues,  respected  and 
beloved,  perished  in  the  flames,  and  in  one  short 
moment  public  joy  and  private  happiness  were 
changed  into  universal  lamentation,  this  monu- 
ment is  erected,  and  the  adjoining  church  dedicated 
to  the  worship  of  Almighty  God:  that,  in  all 
future  times,  the  remembrance  of  this  mournful 
event  on  the  spot  where  it  happened,  and  where 
the  remains  of  the  sufferers  are  deposited  in  one 
urn,  may  be  united  with  acts  of  penitence  and 
devotion.  Above  60  killed  and  many  others 
maimed."  There  is  now  one  theatre  in  Richmond, 
but  it  is  said  not  to  be  extensively  patronized. 

Among  the  most  splendid  and  useful  of  the 
public  works  of  the  city  are  its  waterworks, 
commenced  in  1830,  and  completed  at  an  expense 
of  about  $120,000.  By  2  forcing  pumps,  worked 
by  water  power,  800,000  gallons  of  water,  in  24 
hours,  are  lifted  from  James  River  into  3  reservoirs 
containing  1,000,000  gallons  each,  from  which  it 
is  distributed  over  the  city  in  pipes,  and  at  con- 
venient points  along  these  pipes  are  hydrants  for 
the  supply  of  the  fire  department. 

Richmond  is  about  150  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  James  River  by  the  course  of  the  channel,  and 
50  or  60  above  City  Point,  where  the  Appomattox 
empties  into  the  James  River.  Vessels  drawing 
14  feet  of  water  can  come  up  to  the  bar  5  or  6 
miles  below  the  city,  and  those  drawing  not  more 
than  10  feet  come  to  its  wharves  at  the  ordinary 
tides.  The  tide  rises  at  Richmond  4  feet.  The 
channel  of  the  river  is  winding,  which,  with  the 
distance  from  the  ocean,  is  a  considerable  im 


548 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c. 


pediment  to  navigation.  Several  steamboats  are 
employed  in  towing  vessels  to  and  from  City 
Point.  About  100  vessels  visit  the  port  during 
the  year.  A  line  of  5  schooners  sails  once  a  week 
to  Petersburg,  and  another  line,  of  the  same  num- 
ber, once  a  week  for  New  York.  3  steamboats 
form  a  line  for  passengers  to  Norfolk ;  and  2 
steampackets  aline  to  Baltimore.  The  principal 
exports  from  Richmond  are  flour,  tobacco,  and 
coal,  the  annual  value  of  which  is  between  six 
and  seven  millions.  A  canal  has  been  con- 
structed from  Richmond  to  Lynchburg,  and 
beyond  that  place.  It  was  first  constructed  to 
pass  the  falls  in  James  River  in  1794,  and  after- 
wards, in  1835,  extended  to  Lynchburg.  A  rail- 
road passes  through  Richmond  from  Fredericks  - 
burg  to  Petersburg,  and  thence  to  Weldon  on  the 
Roanoke  River,  where  it  connects  with  other 
southern  railroads.  It  crosses  James  River,  at 
Richmond,  on  a  high  bridge  constructed  for  the 
purpose.  The  most  important  interest  of  Rich- 
mond, however,  is  comprised  in  its  manufactures. 
In  the  falls,  on  the  James  River,  extending  about 
6  miles,  it  possesses  an  immense  water  power, 
which,  although  largely  improved,  is  capable  of 
furnishing  much  greater  advantages  still  to  future 
enterprise.  Upon  these  falls  have  been  erected 
very  extensive  flouring  mills,  iron  works,  of  vari- 
ous descriptions,  and  a  very  large  cotton  factory. 
The  municipal  government  of  Richmond  is 
administered  by  a  mayor,  —  who  is  elected  by  the 
city  council,  —  a  recorder,  and  1 1  aldermen.  The 
recorder  and  aldermen  are  chosen  from  27  in- 
dividuals elected  by  the  people,  and  the  remain- 
ing 15  compose  the  city  council. 

Richmond  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Richmond  Court 
House.  Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Westmoreland 
and  Northumberland  counties.  S.  by  Lancaster 
co.,  and  W.  by  the  Rappahannock  River  separat- 
ing it  from  Essex  co. 

Rich  Woods,  Mo.,  Miller  co. 
Ridgebury,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.    Drained  by  Bent- 
ley  and  South  Creeks,  branches  of  Tioga  River. 
Surface  hilly ;  soil  gravelly  loam.     18  miles  N.W. 
from  Tonawanda. 

Ridgefield,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  Ridgefield,  or,  as 
the  Indians  called  it,  Caudatowa,  a  word  signify- 
ing high  land,  is  very  elevated,  and  commands 
extensive  views  of  Long  Island  Sound  and  of 
the  surrounding  country.  The  soil  is  a  strong 
gravelly  loam,  and  productive  of  grass  and  grain. 
It  is  watered  by  Saugatuck  and  Norwalk  Rivers, 
and  by  a  branch  of  the  Croton.  31  miles  W.  by 
N.  from  New  Haven. 

Ridgeway,  N.  Y.,  Orleans  co.  Oak  Orchard 
Creek  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
chiefly  level,  and  soil  fertile.  10  miles  W.  from 
Albion  village,  and  262  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Ridgeway,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.     Drained  by  Clar- 
ion River,'  and  Toby's  and  Kersey's  Creeks  and 
their  branches.     Surface  undulating  ;  soil  fertile. 
Ridgeway,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Elk  co. 
Riga,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.    Watered  by  Black 
Creek.      Surface    undulating ;    soil    productive. 
The  Tonawanda  Railroad  passes  through  this 
town.     14  miles  S.  W.  from  Rochester,  and  239 
N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Riley,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  This  is  a  township  of 
rough  and  unprofitable  land,  with  few  inhab- 
itants, near  to  and  S.  of  Speckled  Mountain,  on 
the  line  of  New  Hampshire.  It  lies  30  miles  N. 
W.  from  Paris. 
•Rindge,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  This  town  is  very 


rocky,  but  productive  of  butter  and  cheese  of  a 
good  quality.  Its  other  productions  are  numer- 
ous and  valuable.  There  are  13  ponds  in  this 
town,  the  largest  of  which  are  called  Manomo- 
nack,  Emerson,  Perley,  Long,  Grassy,  and  Bul- 
let. These  ponds  abound  with  fish.  Rindge  is 
a  favorite  resort  for  anglers  at  the  present  day. 
There  is  a  small  elevation  of  land  in  Rindge, 
from  which  the  waters,  that  issue  on  one  side,  de- 
scend into  the  Merrimac,  and  those  on  the  other 
into  the  Connecticut.  First  settlers,  Jonathan 
Stanley,  George  Herritt,  and  Abel  Platts,  in  1752. 
20  miles  S.  E.  from  Keene,  and  50  S.  W.  from 
Concord. 

Ringold  County,  lo.    On  the  southern  border,  W. 

Rio  Grand  City,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Starr  co. 

Ripley  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Versailles.  Bounded 
N.  by  Decatur  and  Franklin  counties,  E.  by 
Dearborn  and  Ohio,  S.  by  Switzerland  and  Jef- 
ferson, and  W.  by  Jennings  co.  Drained  by 
Langherty  and  Graham's  Creeks,  branches  of  the 
Ohio  River.  Surface  mostly  level;  soil  favor- 
able to  the  growth  of  grain. 

Ripley,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  A  good  farming 
town.  60  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta. 

Ripley  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Van  Buren.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Shannon  and  Reynolds  counties,  E.  by 
Wayne  co.,  S.  by  Arkansas,  and  W.  by  Oregon 
co.  Watered  by  Big  Black,  Current,  and  Eleven 
Point  Rivers.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  fertile  on  the 
margins  of  the  streams. 

Ripley,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Watered  by 
Twenty  Mile  Creek  and  other  small  streams  flow- 
ing into  Lake  Erie,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  it 
being  the  most  western  town  in  the  state,  situated 
on  the  lake.  Surface  hilly;  soil  fertile.  10  miles 
W.  from  Mayville  village,  and  336  from  Albany. 

Ripley,  O.,  Brown  co.  A  considerable  town, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  Ohio.  56  miles  abore  Cin- 
cinnati. 

^Ripley,  Te.,  c.  h.  Lauderdale  co.  On  Cane 
Creek,  a  branch  of  Big  Hatchee  River.  W.  from 
Nashville  175  miles. 

Ripton,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  This  is  a  mountainous 
township,  the  surface  and  soil  of  which  are  too 
broken  and  cold  for  much  cultivation.  Middlebury 
River,  and  the  turnpike  from  Royalton  to  Ver- 
gennes,  pass  through  it.  This  town  was  granted 
in  1781,  and  chartered  to  Abel  Thompson  and 
associates.  26  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and 
9  E.  from  Middlebury. 

Ritchie  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Ritchie.  N.  W. 
part,  near  the  Ohio.  Surface  broken.  Watered 
by  the  two  forks  of  Hugh's  River,  a  tributary  of 
the  Little  Kanhawa. 

Ritchie,  Va.,  c.  h.  Ritchie  co. 

Riverhead,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Suffolk  co.  It  is  washed 
on  the  N.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  S.  by  Great 
and  Little  Peconic  Bays  and  Peconic  River. 
Surface  level,  with  the  exception  of  a  range  of 
low  hills  extending  E.  and  W.  about  one  mile  S. 
from  the  Sound ;  the  soil  is  chiefly  sandy  loam. 
90  miles  E.  from  the  city  of  New  York,  and  235 
S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Roane  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Kingston.  Bounded 
N.  E.  by  Anderson  co.,  E.  by  Knox  and  Blount, 
S.  by  Monroe,  McMinn,  and  Meigs,  and  W.  and 
N.  W.  by  Rhea  and  Morgan  counties.  Drained 
by  Tennessee  and  Clinch  Rivers  and  branches. 

Roanoke  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Roanoke  Court 
House.  Bounded  N.  by  Botetourt  co.,  E.  by  Bed- 
ford, S.  by  Franklin,  and  W.  by  Montgomery  co. 
Watered  by  the  head  branches  of  Staunton  River 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


549 


Robertson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Springfield. 
Bounded  N.  by  Kentucky,  E.  by  Sumner  co.,  S. 
by  Davidson,  and  W.  by  Montgomery  co.  Wa- 
tered by  Sycamore  Creek  arid  branches  of  Red 
River. 

Robertson  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Franklin.  E. 
central.  On  the  E.  side  of  the  Brazos. 

Robeson  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Lumberton. 
Bounded  N.  by  Cumberland  co.,  E.  and  S.  E.  by 
Bladen  and  Columbus  counties,  S.  W.  by  South 
Carolina,  and  N.  W.  by  Richmond  co.  Drained 
by  Lumber  River  and  other  head  branches  of  the 
Little  Pedee. 

Robeson,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Drained  by  Alleghany 
and  Hay  Creeks,  branches  of  the  Schuylkill 
River,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  E.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  gravelly  and  poor. 

Robinson's,  Is.,  c.  h.  Crawford  co. 

Robinson,  Pa.,  Alleghanv  co.  This  town  is 
bounded  N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  S.  E.  by  Char- 
tier's  Creek,  and  W.  by  Montour's  Run.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  loam.  Situated  6  miles  N.  W.  from 
Petersburg. 

Robinstown,  Me.,  Washington  co.  On  the  St. 
Croix,  opposite  St.  Andrews.  16  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Eastport.  It  is  largely  concerned  in  the 
lumber  trade. 

Rochester,  la.,  c.  h.  Fulton  co.,  lies  a  little  S. 
from  Tippecanoe  River,  and  95  miles  N.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Rochester,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  This  is  a  large 
township  on  the  N.  W.  side  of  Buzzard's  Bay.  It 
was  called  Seipican  by  the  Indians,  and  signifies 
a  resting-place.  The  location  of  Rochester  for 
navigation  and  the  fisheries  is  exceedingly  favor- 
able, it  having  2  excellent  harbors,  Mattapoiset 
and  Sippican.  Mattapoiset  River,  which  rises  in 
Snipatuit  Pond,  a  large  sheet  of  water  in  the 
town,  Sippican,  and  Weweantic  Rivers  afford 
a  good  water  power.  The  surface  is  pleas- 
antly varied  ;  some  parts  are  rocky  and  unfit  for 
cultivation,  while  other  parts  vary  from  a  tolera- 
ble soil  to  the  very  best.  The  2  principal  vil- 
lages are  Mattapoiset  and  Sippican.  Part  of 
Rochester  has  been  incorporated  as  the  new  town 
of  Marion.  9  miles  E.  from  New  Bedford. 

Rochester,  Mn.,  Oakland  co.  Near  the  junction 
of  Paint  Creek  with  Clinton  River,  both  streams 
affording  good  hydraulic  power.  128  miles  N.  W. 
from  Detroit. 

Rochester,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  Salmon  Fall, 
Cocheco,  and  Isinglass  Rivers  are  in  this  town. 
The  two  former  afford  valuable  mill  sites.  The 
principal  village  stands  on  the  Cocheco,  and  is 
called  Norway  Plains.  There  is  another  village, 
about  2  miles  S.  W.  from  this,  called  Squamana- 
gonnick,  the  Indian  name  of  the  falls  in  the  Co- 
checo, at  that  place.  Much  of  the  soil  is  good  ; 
the  surface  is  uneven,  with  several  swells,  the 
principal  of  which  is  Squamanagonnick  Hill,  on 
which  are  valuable  farms.  In  the  W.  part  is  a 
large  ti-act  of  oak  land,  which  is  hard  and  stony, 
and  has  a  deep,  rich  soil.  10  miles  N.  W.  from 
Dover  by  railroad. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  city,  port  of  entry,  and  seat 
of  justice  for  Monroe  co.,  is  situated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Genesee  River,  7  miles  S.  from  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Ontario,  250  miles  W.  of  Alba- 
ny by  the  railroad,  and  75  miles  by  railroad  E.  by 
N.  from  Buffalo.  In  1810.  this  place  had  not  an 
existence,  and  was  not  incorporated  even  as  a 
village  until  1817.  Population  in  1820,  1502; 
in  1830,  9269  ;  in  1840,  20,191 ;  in  1850,  36,561. 


Rochester  owes  its  rapid  growth  and  present 
flourishing  condition  to  the  peculiar  advantages 
of  its  location  upon  the  falls  at  this  place  in  the 
Genesee  River,  furnishing  an  amount  of  hydrau- 
lic power  which  is  equalled  by  that  of  very  few 
localities  in  the  United  States ;  and  at  a  point  so 
easily  accessible,  by  every  means  of  transporta- 
tion and  travel  in  use,  from  the  west,  from  Can- 
ada, and  the  most  important  places  in  the  Atlan- 
tic States.  The  Genesee  River  is  navigable  for 
schooners  and  steamboats  from  Lake  Ontario  to 
the  landing  at  Carthage,  2|  miles  below  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city,  to  which  point  a  railroad  has  been 
constructed.  The  great  Erie  Canal,  uniting  the 
waters  of  the  western  lakes  with  the  Hudson  at 
Albany,  here  crosses  the  river,  and  passes  through 
the  centre  of  the  city.  The  Genesee  Valley  Canal 
is  in  progress  to  connect  it  with  Olean  on  the 
Alleghany  River,  and  thence,  by  that  river,  with 
the  Ohio  at  Pittsburg.  The  chain  of  railroads 
from  Boston  and  New  York  to  Buffalo  passes 
through  this  city,  making  it  a  great  thoroughfare 
of  travel  between  the  eastern  and  western  sections 
of  the  country,  and  giving  it  a  ready  access  to 
the  most  important  intermediate  places. 

The  falls  in  the  Genesee  River,  at  Rochester, 
have  an  entire  descent  of  268  feet,  consisting  of 
3  perpendicular  pitches  and  2  rapids.  After 
passing  over  one  of  the  rapids,  the  stream  plunges 
down  the  first  great  cataract,  perpendicularly,  96 
feet.  Owing  to  the  peculiar  configuration  of  the 
ledge  here,  which  recedes  up  the  river  from  the 
centre  to  the  sides,  the  water  is  poured  over 
the  precipice  in  3  distinct  sheets,  giving  an  ex- 
ceedingly picturesque  beauty  to  this  splendid 
waterfall.  From  a  rock,  called  Table  Rock,  in 
the  centre  of  this  fall,  the  notorious  Sam  Patch 
made  his  last  and  fatal  leap.  Below  the  first 
cataract  the  river  flows  broad  and  deep  for  a  mile 
and  a  half  to  the  second,  where  it  makes  a  per- 
pendicular pitch  of  20  feet ;  and  thence  pur- 
sues a  noisy  and  rapid  course  for  about  25  rods, 
to  the  third  and  last  fall,  over  which  it  pours  its 
volume  down  a  perpendicular  descent  of  105  feet. 
Through  the  entire  distance  from  the  upper  to  the 
lower  fall,  the  river  flows  through  a  narrow  ra- 
vine of  more  than  100  feet  in  depth.  The  river 
is  here  flowing  N.,  and  the  railroad  passes  about 
100  rods  S.  of  the  first  fall ;  so  that  passengers  in 
the  cars  are  not  apprised,  by  any  thing  which 
attracts  their  notice,  of  the  interesting  natural 
curiosity  to  which  they  are  approaching. 

The  depression  of  the  stream  commences  con- 
siderably above  the  first  cataract,  and  in  a  dis- 
tance of  about  500  yards  gives  a  fall  of  12  feet, 
available  for  hydraulic  purposes.  Canals  have 
here  been  excavated  on  each  side  of  the  river  for 
the  mills.  On  the  W".  side  the  water  is  again 
taken  out  below  the  rapids  for  the  same  purposes. 
Another  power  of  considerable  amount  is  created 
by  the  feeder  for  the  Erie  Canal,  which  comes 
from  the  river  nearly  2  miles  above.  The  falls 
at  Rochester  afford  a  water  power  estimated 
equal  to  1 920  steam  engines,  of  20  horse  power  • 
which  would  amount,  according  to  the  valuatiot 
of  steam  power  in  England,  to  the  great  sum  oi 
$9,718,272,  for  its  annual  use.  The  leading  pur 
pose  to  which  a  portion  of  this  immense  power 
has  been  applied  is  the  flouring  business,  which 
is  carried  on  here  on  a  very  large  scale,  and  which 
succeeds,  legitimately  enough,  to  the  first  business 
ever  established  at  Rochester  — that  of  a  grain 
mill,  erected  by  a  solitary  pioneer,  then  many 


550 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


n^iles  distant  from  all  other  inhabitants.  This 
man  was  an  Englishman,  a  person  of  extraordina- 
ry enterprise,  who  had  been  the  builder  of  Soho 
Square  in  London,  but  who,  after  proving  pecu-, 
niarily  unsuccessful  in  that  undertaking,  had 
sought  to  repair  his  fortunes  in  this  country. 
Having  purchased  the  land,  he  located  himself 
upon  these  falls,  in  what  was  then  a  wilderness, 
without  civilized  inhabitant  for  50  miles  to  the 
eastward.  In  the  year  1809,  the  author  of  this 
work,  having  penetrated  to  this  spot,  while  as 
yet  the  nearest  inhabitants  on  the  E.  or  S. 
were  about  30  miles  distant,  enjoyed  the  hospi- 
tality of  this  worthy  gentleman,  who,  at  that  time, 
having  been  visited  with  affliction  in  the  loss  of  his 
wife,  which  had  left  him  with  one  only  daughter 
as  the  companion  of  his  loneliness,  had  become 
weary  of  his  situation,  and  would  have  parted 
with  his  possessions,  covering  all  which  the  city  of 
Kochester  now  covers,  with  his  improvements, 
his  cabin,  and  his  mill,  for  $400.  The  author  has 
been  told  that  the  Eagle  Hotel  now  stands  upon 
the  spot  which  this  house  once  occupied. 

Kochester  is  handsomely  laid  out  on  both  sides 
of  the  river,  though  not  with  entire  regularity. 
The  E.  and  W.  parts  of  the  city  are  connected 
by  three  bridges.  Buffalo  Street,  which  passes 
over  the  central  bridge,  is  a  straight  and  broad 
street,  running  through  the  centre  of  the  city. 
The  Erie  Canal  passes,  in  a  serpentine  course, 
through  the  city,  and  is  carried  over  the  river  by 
a  splendid  aqueduct,  804  feet  long,  resting  upon 
11  arches,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $80,000.  The  city 
is  generally  well  built,  chiefly  with  brick,  and 
many  of  the  blocks  of  stones,  as  well  as  private 
dwellings,  are  elegant  structures.  Some  of  the 
churches  and  other  public  edifices  are  handsome 
buildings.  The  principal  hotels  are  the  Eagle, 
American,  New  Mansion  House,  Congress  Hall, 
Clinton,  Rochester,  Island  House,  &c.  Some  of 
the  flouring  mills  and  other  manufactories  are 
very  large  structures.  Of  these  the  Globe  Build- 
ings are  the  largest  and  most  remarkable. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Watered  by  Ron- 
dout  Creek  and  some  of  its  branches.  The  Sha- 
nangunk  Mountain  partly  covers  this  town ;  soil 
clay  and  loam.  16  miles  S.  W.  from  Kingston, 
and  74  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Rochester,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.  On  the  E.  bank  of 
Beaver  River,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Ohio. 

Rochester,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  principal 
stream  is  White  River ;  it  receives  a  considerable 
tributary  from  the  W.  On  each  of  these  streams 
are  good  situations  for  mills.  Rochester  is  moun- 
tainous and  broken,  but  contains  much  good  land. 
The  timber  is  mostly  hard  wood.  There  is  a 
pleasant  village  situated  near  the  centre  of  the 
town,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  White  River.  A 
part  of  Goshen  was  annexed  to  Rochester  in 
1847.  The  settlement  was  commenced  about 
the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war.  30  miles 
S.  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  37  N.  W.  from 
Windsor. 

Rock  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Janesville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Dane  and  Jefferson  counties,  E.  by 
Walworth  co.,  S.  by  Illinois,  and  W.  by  Green 
co.  Drained  by  Rock  River  and  branches.  Sur- 
face level,  a  large  part  being  prairie  ;  soil  fertile. 

Rockaway,  N.  Y.,  Queens  co.  Near  the  Atlan- 
tic shore,  on  Rockaway  Bay.  168  miles  S.  from 
Albany.  Near  by  is  the  famous  Rockaway 
Beach.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Rock  Bridge,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Ozark  co. 


Rock  Bridge  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Lexington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Augusta  co.,  E.  by  Amherst,  S. 
by  Bedford  and  Botetourt,  and  W.  by  Alleghany 
and  Bath  counties.  Drained  by  North,  a  head 
branch  of  James  River.  Surface  mountainous ; 
soil  very  fertile  in  the  valleys.  The  county  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  celebrated  natural  bridge 
over  Cedar  Creek. 

Rock  Castle  County,  Ky.,  c.h.  at  Mount  Vernon. 
Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Garrard  and  Madison 
counties,  S.  E.  by  Rockcastle  Creek,  separating 
it  from  Laurel  co.,  S,  W.  by  Pulaski,  and  N.  W. 
by  Lincoln  co.  Drained  by  branches  of  Dick's 
and  Rockcastle  Rivers.  Surface  elevated,  sepa- 
rating the  streams  flowing  into  the  Cumberland 
from  those  flowing  into  the  Kentucky  River. 

Rockford,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Coosa  co. 

Rockford,  Is.,  c.  h.  Winnebago  co.  On  a  high 
prairie  on  the  W.  bank  of  Rock  River.  Steam- 
boats ascend  to  this  place,  where  they  are  stopped 
by  the  rapids,  which  afford  immense  water  power 
N.  from  Springfield  203  miles. 

Rockford,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Surry  co. 

Rock  Hill,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Drained  by  Perki- 
omen  and  branches  of  Tohickon  Creek.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  gravelly.  Ill  miles  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Rockingham  County,  N.  H.  Portsmouth  and 
Exeter  are  the  shire  towns.  Bounded  N.  by 
Strafford  co.,  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  from  the  mouth 
of  Piscataqua  River  to  the  line  of  Massachusetts, 
S.  by  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  W.  by 
the  counties  of  Merrimac  and  Hillsboro'.  Its 
greatest  length  is  34  miles,  its  greatest  breadth  is 
about  30  miles.  There  are  no  remarkable  eleva- 
tions in  this  county.  The  surface  is  uneven  ;  soil 
fertile  and  very  productive.  The  highest  point  is 
Saddleback  Mountain,  from  which  are  fine  views. 
The  rivers  are  the  Lamprey,  Exeter,  Beaver, 
and  Spiggot.  Great  Bay  is  the  largest  collection 
of  water.  Massabesick  Fond  is  picturesque  from 
its  numerous  islands  and  the  surrounding  eleva- 
tions. The  other  principal  ponds  are  Islandy, 
Country,  and  Pleasant. 

Rockingham  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Wentworth. 
Bounded  N.  by  Virginia,  E.  by  Caswell  co.,  S.  by 
Guilford,  and  W.  by  Stokes  co.  Drained  by  the 
head  branches  of  Haw  and  Dan  Rivers.  Surface 
quite  elevated. 

Rockinglutm,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  Connecticut 
River  washes  the  eastern  border  of  this  township. 
It  is  also  watered  by  Williams  and  Saxton's 
Rivers.  These  streams  afford  a  great  number  of 
valuable  sites  for  mills.  The  surface  of  Rocking- 
ham is  somewhat  broken,  but  the  soil  is  in  gen- 
eral warm  and  productive.  Bellows  Falls  are  in 
Connecticut  River,  near  the  S.  E.  corner  of  this 
town.  In  1785,  Colonel  Enoch  Hale  erected  a 
bridge  over  the  Connecticut,  at  these  falls.  Around 
these  falls  is  an  interesting  locality  of  minerals. 
The  rocks  are  principally  gneiss.  There  are  in 
Rockingham  several  pleasant  villages,  Bellows 
Falls,  Rockingham,  Saxton's  River,  and  Cam- 
bridge Port  villages.  These  are  very  neat,  and 
contain  many  handsome  houses.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  in  1783,  by  Moses  Wright,  Joel 
Bigelow,  and  Simeon  Knight,  who  emigrated  from 
Massachusetts.  85  miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and 
18  N.  E.  from  Newfane.  This  place  communi- 
cates with  Boston  by  the  Cheshire  and  other 
roads,  with  Burlington  by  the  Rutland  Railroad, 
and  also  by  railroad  with  the  towns  above  and 
below  it  on  the  Connecticut  River. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


551 


Rockingham  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Harrisburg. 
Bounded  N.  by  Hardy  co.,  N.  E.  by  Shenandoah 
and  Page,  S.  E.  by  Greene  and  Albemarle,  S. 
W.  by  Augusta,  and  N.  W:  by  Pendleton  co. 
Drained  by  Shenandoah  Kiver  and  tributaries. 
Surface  billy,  the  Blue  Ridge  lying  on  the  S.  E., 
and  Branch  Mountains  on  its  N.  W.  border ;  soil 
very  fertile  on  the  streams. 

Rock  Island  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Rock  Island. 
Bounded  E.  by  Whitesides  and  Henry  counties, 
S.  by  Mercer  co.,  and  W.  and  N.by  the  Mississippi 
River,  separating  it  from  Iowa.  The  Mississippi 
and  Rock  Rivers  enclose  the  N.  part  of  this  coun- 
ty, forming  a  large  island.  Surface  diversified  ; 
soil  fertile,  particularly  on  the  Mississippi,  where 
it  consists  of  rich  alluvion. 

Rock  Island,  Is.,  c.  h.  Rock  Island  co. 

Rockland,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  38  miles  S.  E.  from 
Augusta.  Formerly  known  as  East  Thomaston, 
and  taken  from  Thomaston  in  1848.  Situated 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Penobscot  Bay,  and  includes 
the  peninsula  of  Owl's  Head.  It 'has  a  fine  har- 
bor, and  is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  lime, 
obtained  from  the  inexhaustible  limestone  ledges 
in  the  vicinity.  There  are  annually  made  at  this 
place,  and  sent  to  market,  mostly  in  vessels 
owned  here,  near  half  a  million  casks  of  lime  of- 
superior  quality,  the  reputation  of  which  is  well 
known  on  all  the  maritime  coast  of  the  United 
States. 

Owl's  Head  presents  many  romantic  sea  views, 
and  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort  during  the  sum- 
mer season.  It  has  steamboat  communication 
with  Boston  and  Bangor,  from  which  latter  place 
it  is  distant  55  miles  S.  Sometimes  as  many  as 
500  vessels  pass  it  in  a  day. 

Rockland  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Clarkstown. 
Taken  from  Orange  co.  in  1798.  It  is  of  a  tri- 
angular form,  being  bounded  on  the  W.  and  N. 
by  Orange  co.,  E.  by  the  Hudson  River,  and  S. 
by  the  state  of  New  Jersey.  Surface  hilly  and 
mountainous  ;  soil  chiefly  fertile.  Superior  vari- 
egated marble,  magnetic  oxide  of  iron,  and  sev- 
eral other  mineral  productions  are  found  in  large 
quantities.  The  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad 
winds  through  this  county. 

Rockland,  N.  Y.,  Sullivan  co.  The  Big  Beaver 
Kill  and  its  tributaries  water  this  town  ;  the  sur- 
face of  which  is  hilly  and  mountainous,  and  the 
soil  gravelly  loam,  fertile  in  the  valleys.  18 
miles  N.  from  Monticello,  and  114  S.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Rockland  Lake,  N.  Y.,  Rockland  co.  The  lake 
is  5  miles  in  circumference,  abounds  in  fish,  and 
furnishes  the  finest  ice  for  New  York  market. 

Rockport,  la.,  c.  h.  Spencer  co.  On  a  high 
bluff  on  the  N.  W.  bank  of  Ohio  River.  162 
miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Rockport,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  was  a  part  of 
the  town  of  Gloucester  until  its  incorporation  in 
1840,  when  it  received  the  appropriate  name  of 
Rockport.  It  comprises  all  the  seaward  portion 
of  the  extremity  of  Cape  Ann,  with  its  islands, 
and  that  part  of  Gloucester  long  known  as  Sandy 
Bay.  There  are  two  pleasant  villages  in  the 
town,  Sandy  Bay  and  Pigeon  Cove,  about  a  mile 
apart ;  at  the  latter  village  are  inexhaustible 
quarries  of  excellent  granite.  Artificial  harbors 
have  been  constructed  at  both  villages.  Although 
the  town  derives  its  name  from  the  character  of 
its  shores  and  surface,  it  contains  many  large 
tracts  of  clear  land.  This  town  is  a  resort  for 
many  strangers  during  the  summer  months,  who 


here  enjoy  refreshing  sea  breezes  and  the  sublim- 
ity of  ocean  views.  4  miles  N.  E.  from  Glouces- 
ter Harbor,  and  32  N.  E.  from  Boston. 

Rockton,  N.  Y.  Herkimer  co.     See  Appendix. 

Rocky  Mount,  Va.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co. 

Rockvifle,  la.,  c.  h.  Parke  co. 

Rockville,  Md.,  c.  h.  Montgomery  co.  At  the 
head  of  Watts  Branch  of  Potomac  River.  56 
miles  W.  from  Annapolis. 

Rodman,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by 
Sandy  Creek.  Surface  undulating;  soil  fertile 
sandy  and  clay  loam.  11  miles  S.  from  Water- 
town,  and  154  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Rogersmlle,  Te.,  c.  h.  Hawkins  co. 

Rollin,  Mn.,  Lenawee  co.  Watered  by  Tifflin's 
and  Bean  Creeks.  Soil  very  favorable  to  the 
growth  of  grain.  71  miles  S.  W.  from  Detroit. 

Rollinsford,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  New ;  taken 
from  Somesworth. 

Rome,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Floyd  co.  At  the  junction  of 
Etowah  and  Oostanaula  Rivers.  161  miles  N.  W. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Rome,  Mn.,  Lenawee  co.  This  town  is  watered 
by  the  head  "branches  of  Beaver  Creek.  Soil  fer- 
tile, yielding  fine  crops  of  grain.  70  miles  S.  W. 
from  Detroit. 

Rome,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Half  shire  town.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Mohawk  River  and  Wood 
Creek,  which  ai-e  connected  in  this  town  by  a  por- 
tage of  a  mile  in  length.  Surface  level,  or  slightly 
uneven  ;  soil  fertile,  particularly  in  the  Mohawk 
valley.  107  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Rome,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  A  good  township.  19 
miles  N.  N.  W.  frbm  Augusta. 

Romneij,  Va.,  c.  h.  Hampshire  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  the  S.  branch  of  Potomac  River.  138  miles 
N.  N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Romulus,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.,  is  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Cayuga,  and  W.  by  Seneca  Lakes.  Surface 
high  in  the  centre  ;  soil  fertile,  and  well  adapted 
to  wheat.  12  miles  S.  from  Waterloo,  and  176 
W.  from  Albany. 

Rondout,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  On  the  N.  side  of 
Rondout  Creek,  1  mile  from  its  entrance  into 
Hudson  River,  and  59  miles  S.  from  Albany.  It 
is  a  depot  of  Lackawana  coal  for  the  Delaware 
and  Hudson  Canal  Company. 

Root,  N.  Y.,  Montgomery  co.  8  miles  S.  of  the 
village  of  Fonda,  and  48  W.  of  Albany.  The 
township  is  drained  by  2  or  3  small  streams  flow- 
ing into  the  Mohawk  River,  which  forms  its  N. 
boundary.  The  soil  is  a  fertile  loam,  resting  on 
slate  and  limestone  formation. 

Mitchell's  Cavern  is  a  remarkable  cave  in  the 
rocky  cliffs  near  the  river,  first  explored  in  1821. 
14  apartments,  it  is  said,  have  been  visited,  some  as 
deep  as  500  feet  beneath  the  surface ;  the  ceilings, 
walls,  and  floors  of  which  are  ornamented  with 
stalactites,  stalagmites,  and  various  incrustations. 

On  the  Plattekill,  a  small  stream  which  runs  N. 
into  the  Mohawk,  there  is  a  waterfall  with  a  per- 
pendicular descent  of  50  feet.  About  a  mile  above 
this  fall  a  vein  of  lead  ore,  found  at  the  bottom 
of  the  creek,  has  been  wrought  to  some  extent  by 
a  company  incorporated  for  the  purpose. 

Roscoe,  0.,  Coshocton  co.  Situated  on  the  Ohio 
Canal,  at  the  junction  of  the  Walhonding  and 
Tuscarawas  Rivers,  which  unite  to  form  the  Mus. 
kingum,  opposite  to  Coshocton,  the  county  seat, 
with  which  it  is  united  by  a  bridge  crossing  both 
rivers  just  above  their  junction.  It  is  83  miles  N. 
E.  from  Columbus,  and  30  N.  from  Zanesville. 
The  Walhonding  Canal,  which  extends  to  Roch- 


552 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


ester,  a  distance  of  25  miles,  unites  with  the  Ohio 
Canal  at  this  place.  Roscoe  is  therefore  a  great 
depot  for  wheat  and  other  merchandise  on  these 
canals  and  rivers.  'In  times  of  high  water,  steam- 
boats occasionally  run  up  to  this  point  on  the 
Muskingum.  Roscoe,  by  its  position  on  the  ca- 
nals, at  an  elevation  of  40  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  Muskingum,  possesses  excellent  facilities  for 
being  made  a  great  manufacturing  place.  There 
are  at  present  flouring  mills,  saw  mills,  and  other 
establishments  of  less  note,  but  occupying  only 
a  small  part  of  the  privilege  which  might  here  be 
made  available. 

This  town  was  first  laid  out  in  1816,  by  James 
Calder,  and  went  under  the  name  of  Caldersburg, 
until,  an  additional  territory  having  been  united 
with  it,  it  was  called  Roscoe,  from  the  English 
author  of  that  name.  From  its  natural  situation 
this  is  a  very  healthful  and  beautiful  place.  From 
the  hills  back  of  the  town  a  fine  view  is  presented 
of  the  rivers  and  their  valleys,  above  and  below, 
which  are  here  united. 

Rose,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by  several 
small  streams  flowing  N.into  Lake  Ontario.  Sur- 
face undulating ;  soil  gravelly  loam.  7  miles  N. 
from  Lyons,  and  181  W.  from  Albany. 

Rosendale,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  On  the  Rondout 
Creek,  near  the  line  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson 
Canal,  about  55  miles  S.  from  Albany,  and  90  N. 
from  New  York.  It  is  6  miles  W.  from  Kings- 
ton. There  is  a  very  large  water  power  at  this 
place  not  yet  occupied  to  any  great  extent.  The 
best  hydraulic  cement  is  found  here,  and  manu- 
factured in  large  quantities. 

Near  the  high  falls  of  the  Rondout,  about  2 
miles  below  this  place,  is  a  mineral  spring  of  con- 
siderable celebrity.  53  out  of  84  parts  of  its 
solid  contents  consist  of  chloride  of  sodium. 
The  others  are  lime  and  magnesia,  in  various 
combinations.  Of  the  gaseous  contents,  12  cubic 
inches  are  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  14  carbonic 
acid. 

Rotterdam,  N.  Y.,  Schenectady  co.  Bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Mohawk  River.  Has  a  rolling 
surface  and  a  fertile  soil,  composed  of  sandy  loam 
and  alluvion.  4  miles  W.  from  Schenectady,  and 
18  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Rouse's  Point,  Champlain,  Clinton  co.  On  the 
W.  side  of  Lake  Champlain.  51  miles  N.  from 
Burlington,  and  205  N.  from  Albany.  It  is  about 
half  a  mile  S.  of  Canada  line.  At  this  point  the 
great  railroad  route  between  Boston  and  Ogdens- 
burg  crosses  the  lake.  It  was  a  small  place, 
possessing  no  special  interest  until  the  railroad 
was  located  here.  This  has  made  it  an  impor- 
tant landing-place  for  the  boats  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  and  a  great  depot  and  place  of  exchange 
for  merchandise  and  produce.  The  distance  from 
this  place  by  railroad  to  Boston  is  292  miles  ;  to 
Ogdensburg,  118  miles;  to  New  York,  by  steam 
communication,  about  350  miles ;  and  to  Mont- 
real, 48. 

A  short  distance  N.  of  this  place,  the  United 
States,  soon  after  the  war  of  1812,  commenced 
the  construction  of  a  strong  fortification,  to  guard 
the  entrance  to  the  lake  from  the  Canada  waters. 
But  after  having  expended  about  $400,000,  it 
was  found  that  the  site  so  advantageously  se- 
lected was  within  the  Canada  line,  and  the  work 
was  abandoned.  The  spot  has  since,  however, 
been  ceded  to  the  United  States,  and  this  fine  forti- 
fication may,  at  some  future  period,  be  completed. 
Rowan  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Salisbury.  It  is 


bounded  N.  by  Davie  co.,  E.  by  Davidson,  S.  by 
Stanley  and  Cabarus,  and  W.  by  Iredell  co. 
Watered  by  Yadkin  River.  Soil  fertile. 

Rowe,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  This  is  a  mountain- 
ous town,  with  some  arable  land ;  but  the  lands 
generally  are  best  adapted  to  pasturage.  Deer- 
field  River  passes  its  western  border.  The  ruins 
of  Fort  Pelham  are  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
town,  on  Pelham  Brook,  a  small  stream,  being 
the  only  one  passing  through  the  town.  Rowe 
has  a  neat  village  near  the  centre  of  the  town, 
about  22  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Greenfield,  and 
112  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Rowley,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  town  was  first 
settled  by  a  party  of  industrious  and  pious  per- 
sons from  Yorkshire,  England,  in  1638.  They 
erected  the  first  fulling  mill  in  New  England, 
and  manufactured  the  first  cloth  in  North  Amer- 
ica. There  are  a  great  variety  of  soils  in  this 
town ;  a  large  part  is  salt  meadow,  and  the  resi- 
due is  fertile  and  productive.  It  comprises  a 
part  of  Plum  Island,  and  large  tracts  of  wood- 
land. It  is  watered  by  Rowley  River,  which,  be- 
fore its  junction  with  Plum  Island  Sound,  forms  a 
harbor  for  vessels  of  moderate  draught  of  water, 
where  many  vessels  have  been  built.  By  the 
Eastern  Railroad,  which  passes  through  the  town. 
Rowley  lies  29  miles  N.  from  Boston. 

Roxboro1,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Person  co. 

Roxbury,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  Roxbury  was 
taken  from  Woodbury,  and  incorporated  in  1801. 
The  town  is  diversified  with  hills  and  vales.  The 
soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  interspersed  with  some 
small  tracts  of  sandy  loam.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Shepaug,  a  branch  of  the  Housatonic.  In  dig- 
ging for  silver,  a  species  of  iron  ore,  called  steel 
ore,  was  discovered.  32  miles  N.  W  from  New 
Haven. 

Roxbury,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  The  surface  of  this 
town  is  elevated,  and  well  timbered,  with  some 
good  soil.  Roxbury  is  watered  by  a  branch  of 
Androscoggin  River.  It  lies  30  miles  N.  from 
Paris,  and  is  bounded  S.  by  Rumford.  Incorpo*- 
rated  1835. 

Roxbury,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  beautiful  and 
rapidly -growing  city  is  closely  connected  with 
Boston  on  the  S.  by  "  Boston  Neck,"  so  called, 
over  which  there  are  now  three  broad  and  pleas- 
ant avenues.  The  distance  between  the  two 
cities,  centrally,  is  about  3  miles.  This  town 
and  the  town  of  Boston  were  both  incorporated 
the  same  year,  1630.  Roxbury  received  a  city 
charter  in  1846.  Population  in  1790,  2226  ;  1800, 
2765;  1810,3669;  1820,  4135;  1830,5247;  1840, 
9089;  1850,  18,373. 

The  natural  surface  upon  which  much  of  this 
city  is  built  is  rocky  and  uneven ;  and  a  great 
degree  of  taste  and  skill  has  been  displayed  here, 
both  in  horticultural  and  architectural  embellish- 
ments, for  which  the  "  highlands  "  in  the  S.  part 
of  the  city,  especially,  furnish  a  beautiful  advan- 
tage. Many  parts  of  Roxbury,  which,  until  re- 
cently, were  improved  as  farms  or  rural  walks, 
are  now  covered  with  wide  streets  and  beautiful 
buildings.  Several  of  the  church  edifices  in 
Roxbury,  being  located  on  elevated  positions, 
make  a  beautiful  appearance. 

The  first  hourly  coach  in  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try commenced  running  between  Boston  and 
Roxbury  in  1827.  There  are  now  a  large  num- 
ber continually  running  between  the  two  cities, 
and  the  number  of  passages  back  and  forth 
amounts  to  nearly  a  million  annually. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


553 


The  natural  alliance  which  subsists  between 
Boston  and  Roxhury,  their  close  connection  by 
wide  and  beautiful  avenues,  the  crowded  state 
of  one  city,  and  the  romantic  beauties  of  the 
other,  can  leave  no  doubt  on  the  mind  of  an 
observer  of  the  rapid  increase  of  Boston,  that 
Roxbury,  with  its  crystal  springs  and  admirable 
sites  for  building,  will  soon  become  the  location 
of  no  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  wealth  and 
fashion  of  the  metropolis. 

There  are  in  Roxbury,  yet  to  be  observed, 
some  memorials  of  the  revolutionary  scenes, 
especially  on  one  of  the  crowning  eminences  of 
the  highlands,  surrounded  by  some  of  the  most 
beautiful  cottages  and  ornamental  gardens  in 
that  section  of  the  city,  where  are  to  be  seen,  in  a 
very  perfect  state  of  preservation,  the  breastwork 
and  intrenchments  of  a  large  military  fortress 
constructed  at  that  period. 

A  little  distance  back  from  the  city,  on  the 
Dedham  Turnpike,  is  situated  the  beautiful 
rural  cemetery  called  the  Forest  Hills  Cemetery. 
The  enclosure  includes  an  area  of  about  70  acres, 
a  large  portion  of  which  is  covered  with  trees, 
shrubs,  herbaceous  plants,  and  flowers,  embracing 
almost  every  variety  indigenous  to  New  Eng- 
land. The  grounds  are  diversified  in  a  very 
picturesque  manner,  by  hills,  valleys,  glades,  pre- 
cipitous cliffs,  masses  of  moss-grown  rocks,  dells, 
and  lakes.  When  the  gradings  are  entirely  com- 
pleted, there  will  be  nearly  5  miles  of  avenues 
for  carriages  and  3  of  footpaths.  An  Egyptian 
gateway  ornaments  the  entrance,  which  is  copied 
from  the  ancient  portico  at  Garsery,  above  the 
first  cataract  of  the  Nile.  A  range  of  four  emi- 
nences in  the  south-western  portion  of  this  beau- 
tiful ground  has  been  designated  as  the  "  Eliot 
Hills,"  to  commemorate  the  name  and  pious 
labors  of  the  Rev.  John  Eliot,  the  venerated 
u  apostle  of  the  Indians,"  who  was  pastor  of  the 
first  church  in  Roxbury,  from  1632,  fora  period 
of  nearly  60  years.  Mr.  Eliot  was  remarkable 
for  his  indefatigable  labors  and  charities.  He 
imbibed  the  true  spirit  of  the  gospel,  and  his 
heart  was  touched  with  the  wretched  condition 
of  the  Indians.  He  learned  their  language, 
preached  to  them  in  it,  and  translated  the  entire 
Scriptures  into  it.  This  would  seem  the  business 
of  a  life,  when  we  consider,  for  example,  that  the 
sense  of  the  expression  "  Kneeling  down  to  him," 
is  conveyed  in  the  Indian  language  by  the  com- 
pound word  Wutappessttukqussunnoowehtunkquoh. 

A  large  eminence  in  the  Forest  Hills  Ceme- 
tery bears  the  name  of  the  most  honored  of  the 
native-born  sons  of  Roxbury  —  General  War- 
ren, who  fell  on  Bunker  Hill,  bravely  contend- 
ing for  the  liberties  of  his  country,  on  the  17th 
of  June,  1776.  He  was  the  first  officer  of  rank 
who  fell  in  this  eventful  conflict. 

The  business  and  wealth  of  Roxbury  are  inti- 
mately connected  with  the  port  of  Boston ;  in- 
deed, its  entire  interests,  in  this  point  of  view,  are 
hardly  capable  of  being  considered  as  separate 
from  those  of  the  metropolis.  It  has,  however, 
considerable  trade  of  its  own,  and  its  manufactures 
are  various  and  extensive.  These  consist  of  car- 
peting; of  worsted  and  silk  fringe  and  tassels; 
of  leather ;  of  iron  castings  ;  steam  engines  and 
boilers  ;  fire  engines  ;  cordage  ;  paints  ;  sheet 
lead  ;  white  lead  and  chemical  preparations ; 
shoes ;  hats  ;  cabinet  ware ;  and  a  great  variety 
of  other  articles. 

When  viewed  from  the  dome  of  the  State 
70 


House  in  Boston,  this  beautiful  city,  together 
with  the  cities  of  Charlestown  and  Cambridge, — 
involved  and  blended  as  they  are  with  Boston, 
from  which  they  are  in  no  part  more  than  5  miles 
distant,  and  from  which  no  other  lines  of  separa- 
tion can  be  distinguished  than  such  as  are  made 
by  the  Charles  River  and  the  several  bridges 
and  avenues  running  from  one  city  to  another,  — 
seem  all  to  be  one  great  city ;  as  in  fact,  from 
their  relations  of  intercourse  and  commerce,  as 
well  as  their  proximity,  they  virtually  are,  ag 
truly  as  the  city  and  liberties  of  Philadelphia. 

Roxbury,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  The  N.  branch 
of  Ashuelot  River  forms  the  boundary  between 
this  town  and  Keene.  Roaring  Brook  waters 
the  S.  part,  and  empties  into  the  Ashuelot  at  the 
S.  W.  corner.  On  the  E.  side  is  Roaring  Brook 
Pond,  at  the  outlet  of  which  arc  mills.  Roxbury 
presents  a  rough  and  uneven  surface,  rising  into 
considerable  swells,  affording  excellent  grazing 
land.  This  town  was  formed  of  a  part  of  Nelson, 
Marlboro',  and  Kcene,  and  is  the  native  place  of 
Joseph  Ames,  Esq.,  a  celebrated  artist  and  por- 
trait painter  to  the  pope  of  Rome.  5  miles  E. 
from  Keene,  and  50  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Roxbury,  N.  J.,  Morris  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Black  River,  and  contains  Budd's  Pond,  a  sheet 
of  water  2  miles  long  and  1  broad,  the  waters  of 
which  flow  into  the  S.  branch  of  Raritan  River. 
The  surface  is  mostly  covered  by  Schooley's 
Mountain,  and  the  soil  is  a  mixture  of  clay  and  cal- 
careous loam.  14  miles  N.  W.  from  Morristown. 

Roxbury,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Watered  by  the 
Papacton  branch  of  the  Delaware  River.  Surface 
hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  good  sandy  loam, 
very  fertile  in  the  valleys.  20  miles  E.  from 
Delhi,  and  63  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Roxbury,  Pa.,  Philadelphia  co.  On  the  Schuyl- 
kill  River.  Surface  rough  and  hilly,  the  N.  W. 
portions  containing  soapstone;  soil  clay  and  loam. 

Roxbury,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  Roxbury  is 
situated  on  the  height  of  land  between  Winooski 
and  White  Rivers,  and  has  consequently  no 
large  streams.  The  surface  is  uneven,  but  the 
soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  grass, 
and  in  general  yields  good  crops  of  grain.  The 
timber  is  mostly  hard  wood.  Iron  ore  is  found 
in  the  south-eastern  part.  There  is  a  small  vil- 
lage in  the  N.  E.  corner,  on  a  principal  branch  of 
Dog  River.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in 
1789,  by  Christopher  Huntington.  15  miles  S. 
W.  from  Montpelier. 

Royalston,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town  was 
first  settled  in  1754,  and  named  for  Colonel  Isaac 
Royal,  one  of  its  proprietors.  The  land  in  this 
town  consists  generally  of  hills  and  valleys,  and 
the  soil  is  excellent,  being  suitable  for  tillage  or 
grazing.  It  is  watered  by  Miller's  River  and  its 
tributary  streams,  upon  which  is  much  good 
meadow.  Several  small  streams,  one  of  which 
has  upon  it  a  perpendicular  fall  of  20  feet,  and 
descends  100  feet  in  40  rods,  unite  and  form 
Tully  River,  which  pours  into  Miller's  River 
a  great  quantity  of  water.  These  various  streams 
afford  a  number  of  good  mill  sites.  There  is  a 
handsome  village  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  and 
2  ponds  well  stocked  with  fish.  Although  these 
ponds  are  within  half  a  mile  of  each  other,  yet 
they  vary  in  height  150  feet.  35  miles  N.  W. 
from  Worcester,  and  65  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston. 
The  Boston  and  Vermont  Railroad  passes 
through  Athol,  7  miles  S.  from  the  centre  of 
this  town. 


554 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,    TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


Royalton,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  Bounded  on  the 
S.  by  Tonawanda  Creek.  It  has  an  undulating 
surface  and  productive  soil.  8  miles  E.  from 
Lockport,  and  269  W.  from  Albany. 

Royalton,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  surface  is 
somewhat  broken  and  hilly,  but  the  soil  is  good, 
particularly  along  White  River  and  its  branches, 
where  it  is  of  a  superior  quality.  White  River 
runs  through  the  town,  and  receives  here  its  first 
and  second  branches.  Royalton  village  is  pleas- 
antly situated  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  on  the 
bank  of  White  River.  The  first  permanent  set- 
tlement was  made  in  1771,  by  Mr.  Robert  Ha- 
vens, who  this  year  moved  his  family  into  the 
town.  30  miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  25  N. 
N.  W.  from  Windsor.  The  Central  Railroad 
passes  through  this  town. 

Rumford,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  On  the  N.  W.  bank 
of  the  Androscoggin,  with  a  good  water  power. 
51  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Rummy,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.,  is  watered  by 
Baker's  River,  and  a  branch  of  it  called  Stinson's 
Brook,  which  flows  from  Stinson's  Pond.  The 
pond  is  400  rods  long  and  280  wide.  Part  of 
Loon  Pond  is  on  the  E.  line  of  this  town.  The 
principal  elevations  are  Stinson's,  Webber's,  and 
Carr's  Mountains ;  the  latter  here  obtains  the 
name  of  Rattlesnake  Mountain,  on  its  N.  W. 
border.  David  Stinson  was  killed  here  by  a 
party  of  Indians,  and  his  name  was  given  to  a 
mountain,  pond,  and  brook.  There  is  much 
good  land  here,  and  the  passage  of  the  Concord 
and  Montreal  Railroad  through  it  will  add  much 
to  its  value.  There  is  a  great  variety  of  splendid 
scenery  here.  First  settlers,  Captain  Jotham 
Cummings,  Moses  Smart,  Daniel  Brainard, 
James  Heath,  and  others,  in  1765.  8  miles  N. 
N.  W.  from  Plymouth,  and  51  N.  by  W.  from 
Concord. 

Rupert,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  A  part  of  this 
township  is  mountainous,  but  the  soil  is  generally 
good  for  grazing.  Rupert  is  watered  by  Paulet 
River  and  a  branch  of  the  Battenkill,  on  which 
streams  are  mills  of  various  kinds.  The  settle- 
ment of  this  town  was  commenced  in  1767.  78 
miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  25  N.  from 
Bennington. 

Ruscumb  Manor,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Bounded  N. 
and  N.  W.  by  Maiden  Creek.  Surface  hilly  5 
soil  rather  poor. 

Rush  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Rushville.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1821.  Bounded  N.  by  Henry,'  E.  by 
Fayette  and  Franklin,  S.  by  Decatur,  and  W. 
by  Shelby  and  Hancock  counties.  Watered  by 
Big  and  Little  Blue  Rivers,  and  Big  and  Little 
Flat  Rock  Creeks.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
fertile. 

Rusk,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Watered  by  Honeoye 
Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Genesee  River,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  W.  Surface  undulating ;  soil 
fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  grain.  12  miles  S. 
from  Rochester,  and  229  W.  from  Albany. 

Rush,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Surface  mountainous ; 
soil  sterile.  Situated  20  miles  N.  E.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Rush,  Pa.,  Northumberland  co.  This  is  a  hilly 
and  mountainous  town. 

Rush,  Pa.,  Susquehanna  co.  Watered  by  Wy- 
alusing,  Lake,  and  Deer  Lick  Creeks.  Surface 
hilly  ;  soil  gravelly  loam. 

Rush  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Henderson.  E.  part. 
Between  the  Upper  Sabine  and  Upper  Neches. 

Rushford,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.    Cold  Creek 


waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  undu- 
lating, and  the  soil  very  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  grass.  15  miles  N.  W.  from  Angelica,  and  270 
W.  from  Albany. 

Rushville,  la.,  c.  h.  Rush  co.  On  Big  Flat 
Rock  Creek.  40  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Russell  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Crawford.  Bounded 
N.  by  Chambers  co.,  E.  by  the  Chattahoochee 
River,  separating  it  from  Gqorgia,  S.  by  Barbour 
co.,  and  W.  by  Macon  co.  Drained  by  branches 
of  the  Chattahoochee. 

Russell  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Jamestown.  Bound- 
ed N.  E.  by  Casey  and  Pulaski  counties,  S.  E.by 
the  Cumberland  River,  separating  it  from  Wayne 
co.,  S.  W.  by  Clinton  and  Cumberland,  and  N. 
W.  by  Adair  co.  Drained  by  Cumberland  River, 
and  its  tributaries,  Wolf  and  Fish  Creeks. 

Russell,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  This  town  was 
formerly  the  N.  W.  part  of  Westfield,  and  the  S. 
W.  part  of  Montgomery.  This  is  a  mountainous 
township,  full  of  wild  and  romantic  scenery,  hav- 
ing Westfield  River  passing  rapidly  through  it. 
The  surface  is  more  pleasant  to  the  spectator 
than  to  the  cultivator;  yet  the  high  lands  afford 
excellent  grazing,  and  along  the  valleys  are  tracts 
of  fertile  meadow.  Russell  possesses  an  immense 
water  power,  with  an  abundance  of  wood  and 
stone  and  other  building  materials,  and  all  with- 
in 6  hours'  ride  of  Boston.  The  Western  Rail- 
road passes  through  the  town.  18  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Springfield,  and  118  W.  by  S.  from 
Boston. 

Russell,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  Watered  by 
Grass  River.  Surface  rather  uneven ;  soil  sandy 
and  clay  loam,  suitable  for  grazing.  10  miles  S. 
from  Canton,  and  203  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Russell  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Lebanon.  Bounded 
N.  W.  by  Tazewell  co.,  S.  E.  by  Washington,  S. 
W.  by  Scott  co.,  and  N.  W.  by  Kentucky.  Wa- 
tered by  Clinch  River  and  the  sources  of  the  W. 
fork  of  Sandy  River.  Surface  mostly  rough  and 
mountainous. 

Russellville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  On  Cedai 
Creek,  a  branch  of  Bear  Creek.  Ill  miles  N.  by 
W.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Russellville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Logan  co.  Between 
Green  and  Cumberland  Rivers,  about  35  miles 
from  each.  172  miles  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Russia,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Watered  by  West 
Canada  Creek.  Surface  elevated  and  hilly  ;  soil 
sandy  loam  and  clay,  well  suited*  to  grass.  iJB 
m.  N.  from  Herkimer,  and  94  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Rutherford  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Rutherford- 
ton.  Bounded  N.  by  McDowell  co.,  E.  by  Cleave- 
land  co.,  S.  by  South  Carolina,  and  W.  by  Hen- 
derson and  Buncombe  counties.  Drairfed  by  the 
head  branches  of  Broad  River.  Soil  much 
diversified. 

Rutherford  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Murfreesboro.' 
Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Davidson  and  Wilson 
counties,  E.  by  Cannon,  S.  by  Bedford,  and  W. 
by  Williamson  co.  Drained  by  Stone's  River  and 
other  branches  of  the  Cumberland.  Soil  very 
fertile. 

Rutland,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  bought  of  the 
Indians,  in  1686,  for  £23.  Its  Indian  name  was 
Naqneag.  This  town  is  situated  on  the  height 
of  land  between  the  sea  and  Connecticut  River, 
and  is  hilly  and  very  uneven.  It  has  no  large 
stream,  but  is  watered  by  a  branch  of  Ware 
River,  which  affords  power  for  several  mills. 
This  is  a  good  grazing  township.  There  is  fine 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


555 


fishing  at  Mustapaug  and  Long  Ponds.  About 
half  a  mile  E.  of  the  meeting  house  is  a  spring, 
the  waters  of  which  soon  divide,  part  runs  to  the 
Merriraac  and  part  to  Connecticut  River.  In  the 
central  part  of  the  town  is  a  pleasant  village, 
which  lies  13  miles  N.  W.  from  Worcester,  and 
50  W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 

Rutland,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Black  River  and 
Sandy  Creek  water  this  town.  Surface  undulat- 
ing ;  soil  fertile  loam,  based  upon  limestone.  In 
this  vicinity  are  many  interesting  remains  of 
Indian  fortifications.  6  miles  E.  from  Watertown. 
and  154  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Rutland,  Pa.,  Tioga  co.  This  is  a  hilly  town, 
with  a  gravelly  soil.  151  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Rutland  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Rutland.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  by  Addison  co.,  E.  by 
Windsor  co.,  S.  by  Bennington  co.,  and  W.  by  the 
state  of  New  York.  The  principal  streams  are 
Otter  Creek,  Black,  White,  Queechy,  and  Paulet 
Rivers.  There  is  some  fine  land  in  this  county, 
along  Otter  Creek,  but  a  large  portion  of  it  is 
elevated,  and  some  parts  mountainous.  The  soil 
is  generally  warm,  and  well  suited  for  grazing. 
Excellent  iron  ore  is  found  at  the  base  of  the 
mountains,  and  a  range  of  marble  quarries  extends 
the  whole  length  of  the  county,  from  N.  to  S. 
This  marble  is  of  the  very  best  quality. 

Rutland,  Vt.,  c.  h.  Rutland  co.  The  prin- 
cipal stream  is  Otter  Creek.  Tributary  to  this 
are  West  River  and  East  Creek.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  there  are  2  other  streams  of  less 
magnitude,  flowing  in  above  East  Creek,  on  the 
right  bank.  Near  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  town 
another  stream,  called  Castleton  River,  enters. 
On  all  of  these  streams  are  convenient  sites  for 
mills.  The  soil  of  Rutland  presents  all  the  vari- 
eties from  heavy  loam  to  a  light  sand.  Some 
minerals  are  found  here,  and  in  the  W.  part 
several  quarries  of  very  beautiful  white  and 
clouded  marble  have  been  opened.  Rutland  is 
divided  into  two  parishes-,  denominated  East  and 
West  Parish.  Rutland  Village,  situated  in  the 
East  Parish,  is  the  most  important  place.  In  the 
West  Parish  are  two  small  villages,  called  West 
Rutland  and  Gookkin's  Falls.  The  village  of 
Rutland  was  incorporated  in  1847.  This  town 
was  chartered  in  1761.  Through  this  town,  during 
the  revolutionary  war,  was  the  only  military  road 
from  Charlestown,  N.  H.,  to  Ticonderoga  and 
Crown  Point,  on  Lake  Champlain.  50  miles  S. 
W.  from  Montpelier.  A  railroad  from  Boston  to 
Burlington  passes  through  this  town.  There 
Is  also  a  railroad  to  Whitehall  and  Troy,  N. 
Y. ;  to  Burlington,  73  miles  :  to  Troy,  85. 

Rutledye,  Mo.,  c.  h.  McDonald  co. 

Rutledge,  Te.,  c.  h.  Granger  co. 

Rye,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.,  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  the  sea-coast,  which  here  is  6  miles  in  ex- 
tent, being  nearly  one  third  of  the  coast  in  the 
state.  On  the  shore  are  3  pleasant  beaches,  Sandy, 
Jenness,  and  Wallis.  There  is  here  a  small 
harbor,  near  Goss's  Mill,  into  which  vessels  of  70 
or  80  tons'  burden  may  enter  at  high  water.  The 
boat  fishery  is  carried  on  to  considerable  advan- 
tage. Breakfast  Hill,  between  this  town  and 
Greenland,  is  distinguished  as  the  place  where  a 
party  of  Indians  were  surprised  at  breakfast,  at 
the  time  of  their  incursion,  in  1696.  Rye  was  taken 
from  Portsmouth,  Greenland,  Hampton,  and  New 
Castle,  chiefly  the  latter.  6  miles  S.  from  Ports- 
mouth, and  50  S.  E.  from  Concord. 

Ryegate,Vt.,  Caledonia  co.     This  town  is  situat- 


ed on  the  W.  bank  of  Connecticut  River,  opposite 
to  Bath,  N.  H.  Ryegate  is  watered  by  Wells 
River,  some  smaller  streams,  and  several  ponds. 
There  is  not  much  intervale  land  on  the  river, 
but  the  soil  is  generally  rich.  Ryegate  was  first 
settled  by  emigrants  from  Scotland,  in  the  year 
1774.  15  miles  S.  from  Danville,  and  40  S.  E. 
from  Montpelier. 

Sabine  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Murray.  On  the  W. 
border,  middle.  Watered  by  the  Sabine  and 
confluents. 

Sabine  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Milam.  On  the 
E.  border,  middle. 

Saccarappa,  Me.,  in  Westbrook,  Cumberland 
co.  On  the  Presumpscot  River,  which  affords 
extensive  hydraulic  power  at  this  place.  N.  from 
Portland  4  miles,  and  S.  W.  from  Augusta  56. 

Sacketfs  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  On 
Black  River  Bay,  near  the  foot  of  Lake  On- 
tario, about  12  miles  from  the  lake,  and  185 
N.  W.  from  Albany.  This  place  has  the  best 
harbor  on  the  lake,  which  is  improved  for  ship 
building  and  as  a  naval  depot.  The  progress  of 
the  settlement  was  very  much  accelerated  during 
the  war  of  1812,  during  which  it  became  an  im- 
portant military  position.  The  United  States 
have  erected  here  three  extensive  stone  barracks, 
a  military  hospital,  &c.,  affording  accommo- 
dations for  2000  troops.  The  New  Orleans,  a 
110  gun  ship,  commenced  during  the  war,  re- 
mains upon  the  stocks,  under  a  large  building  on 
Rocky  Island.  The  place  has  considerable  trade 
by  the  lake  and  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  A  good 
water  power  has  been  created  by  a  canal  brought 
from  the  Black  River,  a  distance  of  about  12 
miles,  to  the  village.  The  fall  thus  obtained  is 
about  30  feet.  This  work  was  executed  by  tho 
citizens,  at  a  cost  of  about  $25,000,  and  is  only 
partially  improved,  as  yet,  for  saw  mills,  grist 
mills,  and  other  manufacturing  and  mechanical 
operations.  After  the  war,  the  business  of  Sack- 
ett's  Harbor  declined  for  a  time,  but  it  now  pap- 
takes  of  the  general  prosperity  of  the  country. 

Saco,  Me.,  port  of  entry,  York  co.  Situated  on 
the  E.  side  of  Saco  River.  7 1  miles  S.  S.  W.  from 
Augusta,  and  15  S.  W.  from  Portland.  The  Saco 
River  terminates  its  fantastic  course  at  this  place 
by  a  fall,  within  a  short  distance,  of  42  feet,  and 
mingling  with  tide  water.  The  water  power  cre- 
ated by  these  falls  is  very  extensive ;  and  Saco 
enjoys  the  rare  advantage  of  possessing  a  great 
hydraulic  power,  united  with  facilities  for  naviga 
tion  close  at  hand.  These  fine  privileges  are  ex- 
tensively improved,  and  are  capable  of  further 
development  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent.  9 
large  cotton  mills  have  been  erected  here,  1 
woollen  mill,  a  large  number  of  saw  mills,  with 
a  variety  of  other  mechanical  establishments. 
The  advantages  of  this  place  for  profitably  carry- 
ing on  manufacturing  operations  are  considered 
as  equal  to  those  of  any  other  place  in  New 
England. 

From  the  mouth  of  the  river  a  fine  beach, 
called  Old  Orchard  Beach,  extends  about  5  miles 
to  the  E.,  which  is  a  place  of  considerable  resort 
for  summer  recreations.  Another  beach,  of  less 
extent,  connects  Fletcher's  Neck  with  the  main 
land,  and  has  a  house  of  entertainment  at  a  place 
called  the  Pool.  Saco  contains  many  handsome 
buildings,  and  the  scenery  around  it  is  pleasant. 
There  are  5  or  6  churches,  some  of  which  have 
handsome  houses  of  worship. 


556 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &o., 


The  villages  of  Saco  and  Biddeford  are  so 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  connected  by 
bridges,  and  united  by  their  business  relations, 
that  they  can  hardly  be  considered  otherwise  than 
as  one  *place.  Some  of  the  mills  and  meeting 
houses  above  mentioned  are  on  the  Biddeford 
side,  and  the  whole  appears  as  one  extended 
cluster  of  buildings. 

The  Eastern  and  the  Boston  and  Maine  Kail- 
roads  having  united  before  reaching  this  place, 
pass  through  Saco,  and  connect  it  with  all  the 
great  routes  of  railroad  communication. 

Sacramento  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Sacramento 
City.  On  the  E.  side  of  the  Sacramento,  between 
American  River  and  the  Moquelumne. 

Sacramento  City,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Sacramento  co. 
This  town,  the  second  in  California,  is  situated  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River,  at  the 
junction  of  the  American  Fork,  on  the  S.  bank  of 
that  stream.  The  Sacramento,  which  is  a  fine 
river,  varying  from  200  to  300  yards  in  breadth, 
its  banks  fringed  with  trees,  is  navigable  to  this 
point  at  all  seasons.  The  distance  from  San 
Francisco  is  about  120  miles.  The  plan  of  Sac- 
ramento is  very  simple.  The  town  plot  embraces 
a  square  of  about  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  side, 
on  a  level  plain  of  great  extent,  and  but  slightly 
elevated  above  the  river.  It  is  laid  out  in  regu- 
lar right  angles,  the  streets  running  E.  and  W., 
being  designated  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet, 
and  those  running  N.  and  S.  by  the  numerals. 
In  April,  1849,  there  were  4  houses  in  the  place. 
Within  six  months  it  boasted  a  population,  in 
tents  and  frame  houses,  of  near  10,000.  The 
original  forest  trees,  still  standing  in  all  parts  of 
the  town,  give  it  a  very  picturesque  appearance. 
Many  of  the  streets  are  lined  with  oaks  and  syca- 
mores, six  feet  in  diameter. 

Though  Sacramento  has  not  suffered,  like  San 
Francisco,  by  fires,  the  low  level  of  the  plain  on 
which  it  stands  has  exposed  it  to  disastrous 
floods,  which  have  made  it  necessary  to  enclose 
the  entire  circuit  of  the  city  with  a  levee  or  dike. 

The  position  of  Sacramento  makes  it  the  grand 
depot  for  the  supply  of  all  the  northern  mines. 
It  is  also  the  point  to  which  the  overland  emigra- 
tion is  directed.  The  banks  of  the  river  in  this 
vicinity  furnish  one  of  the  best  farming  regions 
in  California,  though  the  crops  on  the  low  lands 
are  exposed  to  great  ravages  from  the  periodical 
floods.  These  advantages  of  situation  are  such 
as  to  make  it  certain  that  Sacramento  will  main- 
tain its  position,  as  being,  next  after  San  Francis- 
co, the  first  city  in  the  state.  It  has  regular  daily 
steamboat  communication  with  San  Francisco. 

The  gold  diggings  commence  about  30  miles  E. 
from  Sacramento,  at  the  entrance  of  the  hills, 
which  rise  rapidly  to  the  eastward,  till  they  ter- 
minate in  the  high  ridge  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  gold  was  first  discovered  on  the  S.  fork  of 
the  American  River,  about  50  miles  from  Sac- 
ramento, and  all  that  neighborhood  is  still  much 
resorted  to  by  miners. 

Saddle  River,  N.  J.,  Bergen  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Saddle  and  S.  by  Passaic  River,  and  is  drained  by 
Singac,  Krokaevall,  Preakness,  Goffle,  and  Acker- 
man's  Brooks.  Surface  level  on  the  E.,  but  else- 
where mountainous  ;  soil  fertile  in  the  valleys, 
being  composed  of  red  shale  and  loam.  8  miles 
N.  W.  from  Hackensacktown. 

Sadsburij,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  This  town  lies  on 
the  W.  side  of  Brandywine  River,  between  West 
Cain  and  East  Fallontield. 


Sadsbury,  Pa.,  Crawford  co. 

Sadsbury,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Octara  Creek,  which  affords  hydraulic  poAver, 
Surface  hilly  and  undulating ;  soil  clay  and  cal- 
careous loam.  16  miles  S.  W.  from  Lancaster. 

Sagadahock,  Me.  The  ancient  name  of  a  sec- 
tion of  country,  at  and  E.  of  the  mouth  of  Ken- 
nebec  River. 

Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  This  incorpo- 
rated village  is  situated  on  a  body  of  water  of 
the  same  name,  an  inlet  from  Gardiner's  Bay. 
It  lies  partly  in  the  town  of  East  Hampton,  and 
partly  in  South  Hampton,  at  the  eastern  extrem- 
ity of  Long  Island,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Gardiner's 
Bay.  It  has  a  population  of  about  3000.  The 
whale  fishery  is  carried  on  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, there  being  engaged  in  it  from  this  port,  in 
1851,  4434  tons  of  shipping.  The  whole  tonnage 
of  the  district  was  12,808  tons.  110  miles  E. 
from  New  York,  and  34  from  Riverhead,  tho 
nearest  point  on  the  Long  Island  Railroad. 

Saqinaw  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Saginaw. 
Bounded  N.  by  Midland  co.  and  Saginaw  Bay.  E. 
by  Tuscola  co.,  S.  by  Genesee  and  Shiawassee, 
and  W.  by  Gratiot  co.  Drained  by  Saginaw  Riv- 
er and  branches.  The  surface  is  level  or  slightly 
uneven :  the  soil  a  fertile  sandy  loam  underlaid 
with  clay.  Limestone  and  gypsum  are  found  in 
the  N.  W.  part. 

Saginaw,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Saginaw  co.  Pleas- 
antly situated  on  Saginaw  River,  about  23  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  at  an  elevation  of  30  feet 
above  the  river.  97  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Detroit 

St.  Albans,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  A  good  town- 
ship. 46  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

St.  Albans,  Vt,  c.  h.  Franklin  co.  This  hand- 
some village,  3  miles  from  Lake  Champlain,  and 
12  from  the  Canada  line,  is  built  on  elevated 
ground,  and  commands  a  fine  prospect.  Tho 
soil  is  fertile,  and,  besides  the  lake  navigation, 
the  town  enjoys  railroad  communication  with 
Burlington,  Montreal,  and  Ogdensburg. 

St.  Augustine,  Fa.  City,  port  of  entry,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  St.  John's  co.  200  miles  E.  by 
S.  from  Tallahassee,  and  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
about  30  miles  S.  of  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's 
River.  The  city  stands  back  about  2  miles  from 
the  coast  on  the  side  of  a  peninsula,  and  ia 
shielded  from  the  force  of  the  main  ocean  by 
Anastasia  Island,  which  lies  before  it,  but  is  so 
low  and  narrow  as  not  to  intercept  the  sea 
breezes.  The  site  of  St.  Augustine  is  itself  low, 
being  not  over  12  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean ;  and  the  soil  is  rich  in  calcareous  and 
vegetable  deposits.  The  climate  here  is  reckoned 
equally  mild  and  grateful  with  that  of  Italy  or 
the  south  of  France.  There  are  only  one  or  two 
months  in  the  year  when  frosts  are  ever  experi- 
enced, and  the  winters  are  sometimes  passed  en 
tirely  without  them.  In  the  summer,  too,  the  al- 
ternation of  sea  and  land  breexes  both  tempers 
the  heats  by  day  and  renders  the  nights  generally 
cool  and  pleasant.  This  is.  therefore,  a  favorito 
resort  for  invalids  seeking  to  avoid  the  more  va- 
riable and  rugged  climate  of  the  north. 

The  city  lies  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram, 
one  mile  long  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide, 
fronting  E.  on  Matanzas  Sound,  which  spreads  a 
half  a  mile  before  it,  forming  a  harbor,  protected 
by  Anastasia  Island,  of  large  capacity  and  of 
perfect  security.  Not  more  than  one  half- the 
extent  of  the  city  is  compactly  built,  and  much 
of  this  has  an  antiquated  and  dilapidated  appear- 


IN  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


557 


ance.  St.  Augustine,  indeed,  is  the  oldest  city  in 
the  United  States,  having  been  settled  by  the 
Spaniards  43  years  earlier  than  Jamestown,  in 
Virginia,  by  the  English.  The  streets  are  gen- 
erally very  "narrow,  some  not  more  than  10  feet 
wide',  and  the  principal  ones  not  more  than  15  to 
18  feet  in  width,  and  sometimes  very  crooked.  The 
houses  are  on  a  line  with  the  street,  and  are  gen- 
erally two  stories  high,  with  the  second  story  pro- 
jecting over  the  first.  The  first  story  is  usually 
built  of  stone,  covered  with  stucco,  whilst  the 
second  is  of  wood.  In  the  eastern  part  is  a  fine 
large  square,  opening  from  the  sound,  on  three 
sides  of  which  are  the  Court  House,  a  splendid 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  an  Episcopal  Church, 
a  neat  Gothic  edifice,  and  several  elegant  resi- 
dences. In  front  of  the  harbor  is  a  fine  market 
place.  The  city  is  embosomed  in  orange,  lemon, 
olive,  and  palm  trees,  which  grow  here  in  great 
perfection,  and  which  give  to  the  place  a  rural 
rather  than  a  commercial  appearance. 

About  one  half  of  the  population  of  St.  Au- 
gustine is  made  up  of  Spanish,  French,  and  other 
nations.  Since  the  cession  of  Florida  to  the  United 
States,  however,  the  foreign  population  is  fast  be- 
coming Americanized.  The  old  Spanish  castle 
of  St.  Mark,  now  called  Fort  Marion,  is  quite  an 
object  of  curiosity.  It  was  built  for  the  defence 
of  the  harbor,  and  completed  about  a  hundred 
years  ago.  There  are  in  it  a  number  of  Spanish 
guns,  mortars,  and  howitzers,  which  came  into 
possession  of  our  government  with  the  fort,  one 
of  which  bears  the  date  of  1735. 

St.  Bernard  Parish,  La.  Bounded  N.  W.  by 
Lake  Borgne,  N.  and  E.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
S.  by  Black  Bay,  and  W.  by  Plaquemine  parish. 
Surface  level ;  soil,  where  it  is  sufficiently  elevat- 
ed for  cultivation,  very  fertile.  Productions,  su- 
gar and  coffee. 

St.  Charles  Parish,  La.  Lake  Maurepas,  Pass 
of  Manchac,  and  Lake  Pontchartrain  bound  this 
place  on  the  N.,  the  parish  of  St.  Bernard  on  the 
E.,  and  the  parish  of  St.  John  Baptist  on  the  W. 
(For  general  features,  soil,  and  staples,  see  St. 
Bernard.)  This  parish  is  situated  50  miles  above 
New  Orleans,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

St.  Charles  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Charles. 
This  county  is  bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Cuivre  Rivers,  S.  E.  by  Missouri 
River,  and  W.  by  Montgomery  co.  It  occupies 
the  peninsula  between  the  Mississippi  and  Mis- 
souri, above  their  junction. 

St.  Charles,  Mo.,  c.  h.  St.  Charles  co.  Pleas- 
antly situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Missouri,  on 
the  first  elevated  land  above  the  mouth  of  the 
River.  St.  Charles  College  is  located  here. 
(See  Colleges.}  20  miles  N.  W.  from  St.  Louis, 
and  110  E.  from  Jefferson  City. 

St.  Clair  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  St.  Clairsville.  Shelby 
bounds  it  on  the  S.,  Jefferson  S.  W.,  Blunt  N. 
W.,  Cherokee  lands  N.,  and  Casa  River  E.  Its 
surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  and  it  is  drained  by 
the  Coosa  and  Cahaba  Rivers. 

St.  Clair  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Cahokia.  The 
Mississippi  River  bounds  it  on  the  N.  W.,  Madison 
N.,  Washington  E.,  Randolph  S.  E,  and  Monroe 
S.  W.  The  principal  part  of  the  county  lies  S.  E. 
from  St.  Louis,  commencing  opposite  that  town. 
The  Mississippi  and  Kaskaskia  Rivers  supply  it 
with  water. 

St.  Clair  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Clair.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Sanillac  co.,  E.  by  Lake  Huron  and  the 
River  St.  Clair,  S.  by  Lake  St.  Clair  and  Macomb 


co.,  and  W.  by  Lapeer  co.  Drained  by  Pine, 
Black,  and  Belle  Rivers.  Surface  undulating , 
soil  productive. 

St.  Clair  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Osceola.  Bounded 
N.  by  Henry  co.,  E.  by  Benton  and  Hickory,  S.  by 
Polk  and  Cedar,  and  W.  by  Bates  co.  Drained 
by  Osage  River  and  its  tributaries. 

St.  Clair,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  A  township 
opposite  Pittsburg,  on  the  Monongahela  and  Ohio 
Rivers,  and  between  Chartier  and  Street's  Creeks. 

St.  Clair,  Pa..  Bedford  co.  A  township  situated 
on  Dunning's  Creek.  6  miles  N.  from  Bedford. 

St.  Clairsville,  O.,  c.  h.  Belmont  co.  Finely 
situated  116  miles  E.  from  Columbus.  11  miles 
W.  from  Wheeling. 

St. Croix  County, Wn.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Croix.  Bounded 
N.  by  Lake  Superior,  N.  E.  by  Montreal  River, 
separating  it  from  Michigan,  E.  by  Crawford  co., 
and  S.  and  W.  by  Mississippi,  St.  Croix,  and  St. 
Louis  Rivers,  separating  it  from  Minnesota  terri- 
tory. Drained  by  Rum,  St.  Francis,  and  some 
other  rivers. 

St.  Francis  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Vernon. 
Bounded  N.  by  Jackson  and  Poinsett  counties,  E. 
by  the  St.  Francis  River,  separating  it  from  Crit- 
tenden  co.,  S.  by  Phillips  and  Monroe  counties, 
and  W.  by  the  White  River,  separating  it.  from 
White  and  Pulaski  counties.  Drained  by  Cache 
and  Languille  Rivers. 

St.  Francis  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Farmington, 
Bounded  N.  by  Jefferson  co.,  E.  by  St.  Genevieve 
and  Perry,  S.  by  Madison,  and  W.  by  Washing- 
ton co.  Drained  by  St.  Francis,  Big,  and  Estab- 
lishment Rivers.  Surface  hilly,  containing  iron 
ore ;  soil  fertile. 

St.  Francisville.  La.,  c.  h.  West  Feliciana 
parish,  on  Bayou  Sarah.  1  mile  from  the  E.  bank 
of  Mississippi  River,  and  160  miles  above  New 
Orleans.  By  the  bayou  it  communicates  with 
the  Mississippi.  Many  boats  stop  here,  and  great 
quantities  of  corn  are  shipped  for  market. 

St.  Genevieve  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Gene- 
vieve. On  the  Mississippi,  nearly  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  Kaskaskia. 

St.  Genevieve,  Mo.,  c.  h.  St.  Genevieve  co. 
On  Gabourie  Creek,  about  1  mile  from  the  W. 
bank  of  Mississippi  River.  61  miles  S.  by  E. 
from  St.  Louis,  and  190  E.  S.  E.  from  Jefferson 
City.  The  creek  is  sometimes  beatable.  A  fertile 
prairie  of  6000  acres  lies  below  the  village,  which 
is  enclosed  and  occupied  in  common.  The  popu- 
lation is  mostly  French. 

St.  George's,  De.,  Newcastle  co.  A  town  on  the 
N.  side  of  St.  George's  Creek.  10  miles  S.  from 
Newcastle,  and  9  N.  from  Cantwell's  Bridge. 

St.  George,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  On  the  S.  W. 
point  of  Penobscot  Bay.  57  miles  S.  E.  from 
Augusta. 

St.  George,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  with  considerable  elevations.  The  tim- 
ber is  principally  maple,  beech,  and  birch.  There 
are  no  streams  of  consequence.  A  part  of  Shel- 
burne  was  annexed  to  St.  George  in  1848.  The 
settlement  was  commenced  here  in  the  spring  of 
1 784,  by  Joshua  Isham.  from  Colchester,  Ct.  The 
next  year  several  others  joined  the  settlement 
28  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Montpelier,  and  8  S.  E. 
from  Burlington. 

St.  Helena  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Helena, 
Lakes  Pontchartrain  and  Maurepas  and  Amite 
River  bound  it  on  the  S.,  Amite  River  and  New 
Feliciana  W.,  state  of  Mississippi  N..  and  Tan- 
gipoo  River,  or  Washington,  and  St.  Tammany 


558 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


E.  This  extensive  parish  is  mostly  covered  with 
pine,  with  a  sterile  soil.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Amite,  Tickfoha,  and  Tangipoo  Rivers. 

St.  Helena,  La.,  c.  h.  St.  Helena  parish.  On 
the  Tickfoha  River.  35  miles  N.  E.  by  E.  from 
Baton  Rouge. 

St.  Inigocs,  Md.,  St.  Mary's  co.,  lies  on  a  small 
bay  of  St.  Mary's  River.  53  miles  S.  E.  from 
North  Carolina. 

St.  James  Parish,  La.  This  place  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  Mississippi,  and  is  bounded  by 
St.  John  E.,  Amite  River  N.,  Ascension  W.,  and 
Assumption  S.  W.  For  general  features  and 
staples,  see  St.  Bernard. 

St.  John's  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Augustine. 
Bounded  N.  by  Duval  co.,  E.  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  S.  by  Orange  and  Marion  counties,  and 
W.  by  Alachua  co.  Watered  by  St.  John's  and 
North  Rivers.  Much  of  the  land  is  fertile,  pro- 
ducing cotton,  maize,  and  sugar  cane,  beside  many 
tropical  fruits. 

St.  John  Baptists  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Bonnet 
Carre.  Situated  above  St.  Charles  and  St.  James, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  River.  For  gen- 
eral features  and  staples,  see  S(.  Bernard. 

St.Johnsbury,  Vt,  Caledonia  co.  The  Passump- 
sic  River  runs  through  this  town,  and  receives, 
just  below  the  plain,  the  Moose  River  from  the 
N.  E.,  and  Sleeper's  River  from  the  N.  W.  The 
amount  of  available  water  power  furnished  by 
these  streams  exceeds  that  of  any  other  town  in 
this  part  of  the  state,  and  affords  facilities  for  man- 
ufacturing operations  to  any  desirable  amount. 
There  are  in  this  town  a  number  of  handsome 
villages.  The  villagf  called  the  Plain  is  of  su- 
perior beauty,  and  contains  an  excellent  academy. 
The  soil  is  rich  and  productive ;  the  surface  un- 
even and  somewhat  hilly,  though  not  broken ; 
and  the  farms  are  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation. 
On  the  Passumpsic  Railroad,  61  miles  N.  from 
the  White  River,  and  37  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

St.  Johnsbury  presents  a  fine  specimen  of  Yan- 
kee industry  and  perseverance  in  the  enterprize 
of  the  Messrs.  Fairbanks,  in  the  manufacture  of 
their  celebrated  platform  scales.  Although  shut 
up  in  a  cold  region,  amid  the  craggy  mountains 
of  the  north,  and  hitherto  a  three  days'  toilsome 
journey  to  any  Atlantic  city,  this  mountain  town 
has  sent  forth,  throughout  our  whole  country  and 
to  foreign  lands,  articles  of  manufacture  which 
would  vie  in  workmanship  and  utility  with  any 
of  those  produced  in  Europe. 

Until  the  present  day,  the  location  of  our  cities 
and  trading  towns  have  been  selected  for  their 
proximity  to  the  ocean,  or  situated  on  some  nav- 
igable stream.  Now  the  great  considerations  are. 
in  the  choice  of  a  location,  Does  the  place  pos- 
sess a  good  hydraulic  power  ?  Is  it  situated  in  a 
fertile  and  healthy  country  ?  Does  the  monarch 
carrier  pass  that  way  ?  These  three  things  at- 
tained, Six  Johnsbury,  like  many  other  places 
similarly  situated,  throws  into  the  shade  many 
large  towns,  whose  sites  were  selected  solely  for 
being  situated  on  the  banks  of  some  shallow 
river,  or  at  the  head  of  some  navigable  creek. 

The  giant  power  which  unites  the  business 
communities  of  states  and  distant  countries,  as 
it  were,  by  magic,  will  take  the  burden  of  a 
ship's  cargo  and  500  passengers  from  Boston  to 
St.  Johnsbury,  170  miles,  in  less  time  than  it 
takes  the  swiftest  steamer  to  pass  from  Albany 
to  New  York,  a  distance  of  145  miles,  and  that 
in  any  day  of  any  season  in  the  year. 


St.  Joseph's  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  South  Bend, 
Bounded  N.  by  Michigan,  E.  by  Elkhart  co.,  S. 
by  Marshall  and  Stark,  and  W.  by  Laporte  co. 
Watered  by  St.  Joseph's,  Kankakee,  and  some 
other  rivers,  affording  good  hydraulic  power. 
The  surface  is  level,  having  some  fine  prairies  on 
the  S.,  and  the  soil  fertile. 

St.  Joseph,  La.,  c.  h.  Tensas  parish. 

St.  Joseph's  County,  Mn..  c.h.at  Centreville.  This 
county  was  incorporated  in  1829,  and  is  bounded 
N.  by  Kalamazoo  co.,  E.  by  Branch  co.,  S.  by 
Indiana,  and  W.  by  Cass  co.  Drained  by  St. 
Joseph's,  Prairie,  Portage,  Rocky,  and  Pigeon 
Rivers.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  of  excellent 
quality. 

St.  Joseph,  Mn.,  Berrien  co.  This  important 
town  is  located  on  the  E.  border  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan, at  the  junction  of  St.  Joseph  and  Pawpaw 
Rivers,  and  195  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Detroit. 

St.  Landre  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Opelousas. 
Bounded  N.  by  Rapides  and  Avoyelles  parishes, 
E.  by  Point  Coupee,  Iberville,  and  St.  Martin's. 
S.  by  Lafayette  and  Vermilion,  and  W.  by  Cal- 
casieu  parish.  The  Atchafalaya  Bayou  runs  on 
the  E.,  and  Bayou  Nez  Pique  on  the  W.  boundary. 
It  is  also  watered  by  Teche  and  Vermilion  Riv- 
ers. The  surface  and  soil  are  diversified. 

St.  Landre,  or  Opelousas,  La.,  c.  h.  St.  Landre 
parish.  The  streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles. 
The  country  is  level,  pleasant  and  healthy.  Water 
is  generally  found  only  in  wells :  springs  are  rare, 
but  the  water  is  excellent,  cool,  and  light.  Sfe. 
Landre  is  situated  between  two  bodies  of 
woods,  in,  a  prairie  on  a  small  stream,  which 
forms  part  of  the  sources  of  both  Teche  and  Ver- 
milion Rivers,  the  Bayou  Fasillice  entering 
Teche,  and  the  other,  Bayou  Bourbee,  forming  the 
head  of  Vermilion.  This  town  is  distant  3  miles 
S.  W.  of  its  port,  Bayou  Carron. 

St.  Lawrence  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Canton. 
Lying  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state,  on  the  River 
St.  Lawrence,  which  separates  it  from  Canada. 
This  county  has  the  largest  amount  of  territory 
by  1000  square  miles  than  that  of  any  other 
county  in  the  state.  The  surface,  for  a  distance 
of  30  or  40  miles  back  from  the  river,  is  agreea- 
bly diversified  with  gentle  elevations,  broad  val- 
leys, and  extensive  tracts  of  champaign.  The 
soil  is  equally  rich  and  productive  with  that  of 
any  of  the  uplands  in  the  state.  The  south-east- 
ern part  of  the  county  is  mountainous,  being  in 
part  covered  with  the  Adirondack  Mountains. 
Most  of  this  part  of  the  county  is  but  sparsely 
settled.  These  mountains  abound  with  iron  ore. 
The  principal  streams,  all  having  a  northerly 
course  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  are  the  St.  Regis, 
Racket,  Grass,  Oswegatchie,  and  Indian  Rivers. 
They  afford  some  inland  navigation,  and  a  great 
amount  of  water  power  not  yet  occupied.  A 
natural  canal  from  30  to  80  yards  wide,  and 
about  6  miles  in  length,  unites  the  waters  of  the 
Oswegatchie  and  Grass  Rivers,  in  the  town  of 
Canton.  This  canal  or  creek  is  navigable  for 
boats.  There  are  several  small  lakes  in  the 
county,  the  largest  of  which  is  Black  Lake.  ( See 
p.  172.)  Lead  ore  is  obtained  in  large  quantities 
near  the  village  of  Rossie.  Marble  of  superior 
quality  is  also  found  in  abundance.  The  Og- 
densburg  Railroad  passes  across  the  northern 
section  of  this  county,  forming  a  part  of  a  con- 
tinuous railroad  route  from  Ogdensburg  to  Bos- 
ton. This,  with  the  commerce  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, will  contribute  to  the  rapid  development 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


559 


of  the  rich  mineral  and  agricultural  resources  of 
the  county. 

St.  Leonards,  Md.,  Calvert  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Chesapeake  Bay,  about  10  miles  N.  W.  of 
Drumpoint,  and  55  from  Annapolis. 

-Sit.  Louis  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  St  Louis.  This 
county  is  bounded  by  Missouri  River  N.  W.,  Mis- 
sissippi E.,  Merriniac  S.,  and  Franklin  co.  W. 

-Sic.  Louis,  Mo.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of  St 
Louis  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  18  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri. 
130  miles  E.  from  Jefferson  City,  the  capital  of 
the  state,  and  1101  miles,  by  the  course  of  the 
river,  N.  from  New  Orleans.  Population  in  1810, 
1600;  in  1820,  4598;  in  1830,  6694;  in  1840, 
16,469;  in  1850,  82.774.  St.  Louis  is  the  com- 
mercial metropolis  of  Missouri,  and  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  government.  It  was  first  settled  in 
1764,  but  during  its  subjection  to  the  French  and 
Spanish  colonial  governments,  remained  a  mere 
village.  The  site  is  a  most  eligible  one,  being 
elevated  many  feet  above  the  floods  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  favorable  in  that,  as  well  as  other 
respects,  to  the  salubrity  of  the  place.  It  rises 
from  the  river  by  two  bottoms,  or  plains ;  the 
first,  which  is  alluvial,  being  20  feet  above  the 
highest  water,  and  the  second,  which  is  a  lime- 
stone bank,  ascending  40  feet  higher  than  the 
first,  to  the  level  of  the  adjacent  country,  sweep- 
ing away  towards  the  western  horizon  as  far  as 
the  eye  can  reach.  The  ascent  from  the  river  to 
the  first  of  these  terraces  is  somewhat  abrupt; 
but  the  second  acclivity  is  more  gradual,  carry- 
ing the  observer  into  the  finest  part  of  the  city, 
from  which  is  enjoyed  a  beautiful  prospect  of 
the  river,  the  lower  sections  of  the  city  itself,  and 
the  wide  surrounding  country. 

The  situation  of  St.  Louis,  in  respect  to  its  ad- 
vantages for  becoming  a  great  commercial  place, 
is  unsurpassed,  perhaps,  by  that  of  any  other  in- 
land city  in  the  whole  world.  Being  located  not 
far  from  the  geographical  centre  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  and  almost  at  the  very  focus  towards  which 
its  great  navigable  rivers,  the  Mississippi,  Mis- 
souri, Ohio,  and  Illinois,  converge  their  courses, 
it  is  not  to  be  doubted  that,  as  the  resources  of 
this  immense  region  are  more  and  more  largely 
developed,  this  must  become  a  mart  of  wealth 
and  commerce  scarcely  inferior  to  any  in  the 
United  States.  Its  trade  already  exceeds  that 
of  any  other  place  on  the  Mississippi,  except 
New  Orleans.  The  steamboats,  which  ply  from 
this  place  in  every  direction,  seem  almost  num- 
berless. A  great  number  of  these  and  of  all  de- 
scriptions of  river  craft,  bound  to  every  point  on 
the  navigable  waters  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
are  seen  at  all  times  in  its  harbor.  This  is  also 
a  great  depot  and  point  of  departure  for  the 
American  fur  trade,  and  for  the  rich  lead  mines 
of  the  Upper  Mississippi;  and  here  hunters, 
trappers,  miners,  adventurers,  and  emigrants, 
of.  all  characters  and  languages,  meet  in  the 
prosecution  of  their  various  objects,  and  hence 
scatter  towards  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 
great  west. 

The  city  was  originally  laid  out  on  the  first 
bank,  consisting  of  three  narrow  streets  parallel 
with  the  course  of  the  river ;  but  after  its  more 
rapid  growth  commenced,  under  the  auspices  of 
an  American  population,  it  soon  extended  itself 
to  the  upper  plain  by  the  grading  of  several 
streets  back  of  the  original  plot.  These  are  wide 
and  airy,  and  are  crossed  at  right  angles  by 


about  20  other  streets  ascending  directly  from 
the  river.  N.  and  S.  of  the  more  compact  por- 
tion of  the  city,  which  is  built  up  now  about  2 
miles  on  the  river,  extensive  suburbs  have  been 
laid  out  on  the  same  general  plan.  Front  Street, 
on  the  river  bank,  is  built  up  on  the  side  oppo- 
site the  landing,  with  a  range  of  stone  ware- 
houses, four  stories  high,  which  make  an  im- 
posing appearance,  and  are  the  seat  of  a  heavy 
business.  The  first  street  back  of  this  is  the 
principal  seat  of  the  wholesale  dry  goods  busi- 
ness. The  city  is  generally  well  built,  the  more 
recent  portions  being  chiefly  of  brick,  which  are 
made  in  abundance  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
Stone  also  for  building  is  quarried  from  the 
limestone  strata  on  the  spot.  Many  of  the  resi- 
dences, particularly  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  city, 
are  of  costly  and  beautiful  architecture,  and  are 
surrounded  by  ornamental  yards  and  gardens. 

Many  of  the  public  buildings  are  elegant  and 
finely  situated.  The  Court  House  stands  in  a 
public  square,  near  the  centre  of  the  city.  The 
City  Hall  is  on  a  square  reserved  for  the  purpose 
at  the  foot  of  Market  Street,  the  basement 
being  occupied  as  a  market.  The  edifice  is  a 
splendid  structure  of  brick.  The  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  a  large  and  handsome  building, 
occupies  a  beautiful  site  upon  the  high  ground  of 
the  city,  where  it  is  surrounded  with  ornamental 
trees.  The  Unitarian  Church  is  a  large  and  taste- 
ful building.  The  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  is 
a  spacious  edifice,  136  feet  long  by  58  feet  wide, 
with  a  massive  Doric  portico  in  front.  The  walls 
are  20  feet  in  height,  above  which  rises  a  square 
tower,  to  the  height  of  40  feet,  sustaining  an 
octagonal  spire,  surmounted  with  a  gilt  cross. 
In  the  steeple  of  this  church  is  a  chime  of  bells, 
the  largest  of  which  weighs  2600  pounds.  The 
several  religious  denominations  in  St.  Louis 
have  as  many  as  15  or  16  churches.  There  are 
a  number  of  literary  and  benevolent  institu- 
tions, whose  labors  and  influence  are  important. 
Among  these  are  the  Orphan  Asylum,  under  the 
direction  of  Protestant  ladies,  and  the  Roman 
Catholic  Asylum  for  Orphans,  conducted  by  the 
Sisters  of  Charity.  The  Western  Academy  of 
Sciences  is  established  here,  and  has  an  exten- 
sive museum  of  natural  history,  mineralogy,  &c. 
Besides  this,  there  is  a  museum  of  Indian  an- 
iiquities,  fossil  remains,  and  other  curious  relics. 
The  medical  department  of  the  University  of  St. 
Louis  has  a  building  for  its  laboratory  and  lectures 
in  the  city.  The  university  building  itself  is  4 
miles  N.  of  the  city.  (See  Colleges.)  Within  the 
southern  limits  of  St.  Louis  is  the  arsenal  estab- 
ished  here  by  the  United  States ;  also  a  few 
miles  below  are  the  Jefferson  United  States  Bar- 
racks, capable  of  accommodating  about  700  men. 
St.  Louis  is  supplied  with  water  by  the  opera- 
ion  of  a  steam  engine,  raising  it  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi into  a  reservoir,  upon  the  summit  of  one 
of  those  ancient  mounds  for  which  this  part  of  the 
country  is  remarkable.  Thence  it  is  distributed 
n  iron  pipes  over  the  city.  The  streets,  churches, 
stores,  and  dwellings,  to  some  extent,  are  lighted 
with  gas. 

St.  Louis  was  first  settled  by  a  company  of 

merchants,  to  whom  the  French  director  general 

f  Louisiana  had  granted  the  exclusive  privilege 

f  trading  with  the   Indians  on  the  Missouri. 

They  built  a  large  house  and  four  stores  here, 

which  in  1770  had  increased  to  40  houses,  and  a 

mall  French  garrison  for  their  defence.    In  1780 


560 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


an  expedition,  consisting  of  British  and  Indians, 
was  fitted  out  at  Michilimackinac  for  the  capture 
of  St.  Louis  and  other  places  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Mississippi,  which  was  successfully  repelled 
by  the  aid  of  an  American  force  under  General 
George  Kogers  Clark,  which  was  providentially 
encamped  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

St.  Lucie  County,  Fa.  On  the  southern  Atlan- 
tic coast  of  the  peninsula.  Indian  River  is  the 
only  settlement.  Population,  139. 

St.  Marks,  Fa.,  Wakulla  co.  Port  of  entry.  20 
miles  S.  from  Tallahassee.  On  St.  Marks  River, 
near  its  confluence  with  the  Wakulla,  which 
rivers  unite  to  form  the  Appalachee,  which  is 
navigable  to  this  place  for  vessels  drawing  8  feet 
of  water.  It  constitutes  the  port  of  Tallahassee, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  Sev- 
eral years  ago,  an  appropriation  was  made  by 
Congress  for  improving  the  navigation  below  St. 
Marks,  which  is  very  crooked,  and  is  impeded  by 
oyster  bars.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  busi- 
ness. 

St.  Martin's  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Martins- 
rille.  This  parish,  in  Attacapas,  is  bounded  by 
Opelousas  N.  W.and  W.,  Gulf  of  Mexico  S.  W., 
St.  Mary's  Parish,  in  Attacapas,  S.  E.,  and  the 
Atchafalaya  River  N.  E.  and  E.  From  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  the  shore  rises  imperceptibly  into 
dry,  arable,  prairie  land,  along  the  Teche  and 
Vermilion  Rivers,  and  some  intervening  strips. 
The  whole  is  one  almost  undeviating  plain. 
Where  the  land  is  arable,  it  is  highly  fertile. 
The  south-western,  middle,  and  southern  sections 
present  an  expanse  of  prairie,  with  the  exception 
of  strips  of  woods  along  the  margin  of  the  streams. 
Near  the  Atchafalaya,  it  is  liable  to  annual  over- 
flow. 

St.  Martinsville,  La.,  c.  h.  St.  Martin's  parish, 
Attacapas.  On  the  right  bank  of  the  Teche. 

St.  Mary's,  Ga.,  Carnden  co.  The  position  of 
this  town  renders  it  a  place  of  considerable  con- 
sequence as  a  commercial  port,  it  being  situated 
9  miles  above  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  River,  on 
the  left  bank.  A  fine  channel,  of  inland  commu- 
nication, exists  between  this  place  and  Darien, 
from  which  it  is  80  miles  S.  by  land.  It  has  lost 
some  of  its  consequence  as  a  naval  and  military 
station,  since  the  accession  of  Florida  to  the 
United  States.  S.  S.  E.  from  Milledgeville  293 
miles.  Its  harbor  is  good,  and  vessels  drawing 
21  feet  of  water  come  to  its  wharves. 

St.  Mary's  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Franklin.  Bound- 
ed, N.  and  N.  E.  by  St.  Martin's  parish,  E.  by 
Terre  Bonne  parish,  S.  by  Atchafalaya,  Cote 
Blanche,  and  Vermilion  Bays,  and  W.  by  Lafay- 
ette parish.  Watered  by  Atchafalaya"  Bayou, 
Teche  River,  and  Chetimaches  Lake.  Surface 
flat,  and  liable  to  inundation  in  the  S.  E.  part; 
soil  arable  and  very  fertile  on  the  borders  of  some 
of  the  streams. 

St.  Mary's  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Leonard.  Ches- 
apeake Bay  bounds  this  county  on  the  S.  E.,  Poto- 
mac River  S.  W.,  Charles  co.  N.  W.,  and  Patux- 
ent  River  N.  E.  It  is  situated  on  the  peninsula 
between  the  Potomac  and  Patuxent  Rivers. 

St.  Mary's,  0.,  c.  h.  Anglaize  co.  On  the  Miami 
Canal. 

St.  Paul,  Ma.  Capital  of  the  territory.  Situ- 
ated on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  12  miles 
below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  5  miles  E. 
from  Fort  Snelling,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Peter's. 
This  place,  like  every  other  in  this  young  but 
growing  territory,  is  recent  in  its  origin,  but  is 


making  very  rapid  progress.  200  or  300  houses 
are  to  be  erected  the  present  year  (1852)  within 
its  corporate  limits ;  many  of  them  of  brick  or 
stone,  of  large  dimensions.  New  wharves  aro 
building,  landings  are  being  improved,  and  streets 
graded.  Population  is  pouring  into  this  wholo 
region  with  great  rapidity,  and  it  is  certain  that 
St.  Paul,  with  such  advantages  of  location  as  it 
possesses,  must  immediately  become  a  place  of 
great  importance. 

Besides  its  public  buildings,  which  make  a  good 
appearance,  and  its  churches,  which  are  beginning 
to  be  multiplied,  it  has  several  large  hotels,  which 
are  demanded  by  the  increasing  travel  through 
this  place.  Some  of  the  highest  class  were  built 
more  especially  with  a  view  to  the  entertainment 
of  parties  visiting  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  Reg- 
ular steamboats  run  between  Galena.  Still  water, 
St.  Paul,  St.  Peter's,  and  the  falls.  A  boat  leavei 
St.  Louis  daily  for  this  place.  Distance  695  miles. 

St.  Stephen's,  Aa.,  Washington  co.  On  tho 
W.  bank  of  Tombigbee  River,  at  the  head  of 
schooner  navigation.  120  miles  above  Mobile,  and 
149  S.  by  W.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

St.  Tammany  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Madisonville. 
Pearl  River  bounds  this  parish  on  the  E.,  Lako 
Borgne,  the  Rigolets,  and  Lake  Pontchartrain  S., 
River  Tangipao  or  St.  Helena  W.,  and  the  parish 
of  Washington  N.  Pearl,  Borgne,  Chito,  Chi- 
functe,  and  Tangipao  Rivers  are  the  principal 
streams.  Towards  the  S.  the  surface  is  level, 
in  the  northern  parts  undulating ;  soil  generally 
sterile,  and  timbered  with  pine. 

St.  Thomas,  Pa..  Franklin  co.  A  village  on 
Black  Creek,  branch  of  Conecocheague.  9  miles 
W.  from  Chambersburg. 

Salem,  Ct.  New  London  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  the  towns  of  Colchester.  Lyme,  and 
Montville ;  but  the  principal  part  from  Colches- 
ter, and  incorporated  in  1819.  It  comprises  an 
area  of  6  by  5  miles  of  fertile  and  productive 
land.  The  inhabitants  are  generally  good  farmers, 
who  live  scattered  about  on  their  farms.  Salem 
is  well  watered  by  small  streams,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  E.  by  a  large  and  beautiful  pond.  13 
miles  N.  W.  from  New  London. 

Salem,  Is.,  c.  h.  Marion  co.  On  the  margin  of 
Grand  Prairie.  108  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Salem,  la.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  At  the  head 
of  Blue  River,  93  miles  from  Indianapolis.  Hero 
are  cotton  and  woollen  factories,  oil  mills,  and 
grist  mills,  moved  by  steam,  and  various  othe* 
manufactories.  35  miles  N.  W.  from  Louisville, 
Ky. 

Salem,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Livingston  co.  249  miles  W. 
S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Salem,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  This  town  is  watered 
by  a  branch  of  Seven  Mile  Brook,  and  lies  52 
miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  28  N.  W. 
from  Norridgewock.  Incorporated  1823.  This 
is  a  good  farming  town. 

Salem,  Ms.  City,  seaport,  and  one  of  the  seats 
of  justice  of  Essex  co.  14  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Boston.  Population  in  1790,  7921  ;  1800,  9457; 
1810,12,613;  1820,12,731;  1830,13,886;  1840, 
15,082;  1850,  18,836. 

Salem  is  nearly  surrounded  by  water,  being 
situated  between  2  inlets  of  the  sea,  called  the 
North  and  South  Rivers.  To  the  main  and  now- 
inhabited  part  of  the  town  is  attached  a  pen- 
insular portion  of  land,  called  the  Neck.  This 
was  the  first  inhabited,  and  was  formerly  used 
for  fishing  and  other  purposes.  It  ultimately 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


561 


became  the  property  of  the  town,  and  in  1816, 
when  the  present  almshouse  was  built,  a  large 
portion  of  it  was  enclosed,  and  has  since  been 
cultivated  as  the  almshouse  farm. 

The  situation  of  Salem  is  low,  but  pleasant  and 
healthy.  Its  streets  are  quite  irregular.  Essex 
is  the  only  street  which  runs  through  the  town, 
and  is  very  angular  and  crooked.  Federal  and 
Bridge  Streets  are  broad,  straight,  and  regular. 
Chestnut  is  esteemed  the  handsomest,  though  it  is 
not  the  most  public  street.  It  has  rows  of  fine  elms 
on  either  side.  Winter  and  Broad  Streets  are  the 
widest.  The  first  pavement  was  made  in  Essex 
Street,  between  Court  and  North  Streets,  in  1773. 
The  compact  part  of  the  city  is  over  a  mile  and  a 
half  in  length,  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile  in 
width,  extending  across  the  peninsula.  A  bridge 
over  the  North  River,  1481  feet  long,  connects 
the  city  Avith  Beverly,  and  with  some  of  its  own 
suburbs.  North  of  this  is  the  railroad  bridge, 
which  also  connects  with  Beverly. 

The  history  of  Salem  is  identified  with  that  of 
Massachusetts.  Its  Indian  name  was  Naumkeag. 
It  was  first  settled  in  1626,  by  Roger  Conant, 
Peter  Palfrey,  and  others,  who  had  failed  in  an 
attempt  to  plant  themselves  at  Cape  Ann.  In 
1628,  a  cession  of  Massachusetts  was  made  to  Sir 
Henry  Roswell  and  others,  with  a  view  to  estab- 
lish a  colony  there.  Of  this  company,  Matthew 
Cradock  was  president,  and  in  1628,  John  Endicott 
was  sent  over  to  reside  at  Salem,  as  the  company's 
agent.  The  next  year  the  first  church  was  formed, 
with  Rev.  Francis  Higginson  as  its  pastor,  which 
was  the  first  completely  organized  Protestant 
church  formed  in  North  America. 

Salem  has  always  been  a  commercial  place. 
It  has  a  convenient  harbor  and  good  anchorage. 
In  point  of  wealth  and  commerce,  it  has  always 
ranked  as  the  second  town  in  New  England.  Its 
rank,  the  character  and  number  of  its  population, 
its  facilities  for  commerce,  and  the  advantage  of 
being  the  chosen  residence  of  many  of  the  first 
and  most  distinguished  settlers,  made  it  early  and 
seriously  thought  of  as  the  capital,  instead  of 
Boston.  . 

The  commerce  of  Salem  has  been  very  much 
extended.  There  is  hardly  any  part  of  the  world 
which  her  ships  have  not  visited.  The  number 
of  vessels  engaged  in  foreign  commerce  is  over 
100,  besides  a  number  in  the  whaling  business. 

This  seaport  has  been  more  known  for  its  East 
India  trade  than  any  other  in  the  United  States. 
The  first  ship  from  "Salem  engaged  iirthis  trade 
was  the  Grand  Turk,  owned  by  E.  H.  Derby. 
She  was  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1784,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Jonathan  Ingersoll,  and  at 
Canton  in  1786,  commanded  by  Ebenezer  West. 
A  model  of  this  ship,  completely  rigged,  is  pre- 
served in  the  Museum.  In  1818,  there  were  53 
vessels  employed  in  this  trade  belonging  to  Salem, 
the  tonnage  of  which  was  14,272  tons.  But  the 
East  India  trade  is  not  carried  on  so  extensively 
now  as  formerly  from  the  port  of  Salem.  Many 
of  the  vessels  which  are  owned  here  bring  their 
cargoes  into  Boston  and  New  York.  Yet,  in  pro- 
portion to  its  size,  Salem  is  now  one  of  the 
wealthiest  places  in  the  United  States. 

The  city  is  well  built,  largely  of  wood,  but 
partly  also  of  brick  and  stone.  Many  of  the 
houses  are  elegant,  particularly  on  Chestnut 
Street ;  and  likewise  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Com- 
mon, which  is  a  beautiful  public  ground  in  the 
E.  part  of  the  city,  containing  about  8£  acres.  It 
71 


is  enclosed,  laid  out  in  gravel  walks,  and  bordered 
with  noble  elms.  The  principal  public  buildings, 
besides  the  churches,  are  the  City  Hall,  the  Court 
House,  the  Custom  House,  a  Market  House, 
an  Almshouse,  and  a  Hospital. 

The  City  Hall  was  built  in  1837.  It  has  a 
beautiful  granite  front,  and  is  handsomely  finished 
and  furnished  within. 

The  Court  House  is  likewise  a  new  and  beauti- 
ful building,  handsomely  situated. 

There  are  about  20  churches  in  Salem  of  the 
various  denominations.  Several  of  the  church 
edifices  have  much  architectural  beauty.  The 
North  Church  is  built  of  stone,  with  a  beautiful 
front  of  the  Gothic  order. 

The  Salem  Athenaeum  was  incorporated  in 
1810.  Its  library  contains  about  11,000  volumes, 
and  occupies  a  spacious  hall  in  Lawrence  Place. 
This  is  not  only  an  excellent  library  for  popular 
use,  but  it  contains  an  unusually  large  proportion 
of  works  of  standard  value.  Early  theological 
and  scientific  works,  and  the  transactions  of 
learned  societies,  are  more  fully  represented  than 
in  most  libraries  of  this  kind.  The  Essex  Insti- 
tute, uniting  the  objects  of  natural  and  civil 
history,  has  a  library  of  over  2500  volumes,  be- 
sides a  good  collection  of  maps,  portraits,  speci- 
mens, and  relics. 

Among  the  public  institutions  of  Salem  is  the 
East  India  Marine  Society,  formed,  in  1799,  of 
those  who,  as  captains  or  supercargoes,  have 
doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  or  Cape  Horn. 
In  1823,  there  were  160  of  these  enterprising 
men  resident  in  Salem.  The  Museum  of  this 
society,  consisting  of  the  curiosities  of  nature  and 
art  collected  from  almost  every  part  of  the  world, 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  in  the 
country.  There  are  about  5000  different  articles, 
the  history  and  use  of  which  are  described  in  the 
catalogue.  This  Museum  is  kept  in  a  spacious 
hall,  built  for  the  purpose  by  the  society,  which 
is  open  daily  for  the  reception  of  visitors. 

Although  Salem  is  without  any  important 
water  power,  and  has  ever  been  mainly  devoted 
to  maritime  pursuits,  yet  its  manufacturing  en- 
terprise has  been  by  no  means  inconsiderable. 
The  value  of  its  manufactures  at  this  time  is 
probably  between  three  and  four  millions-  of  dol- 
lars. A  very  extensive  steam  cotton  mill  has 
been  set  in  operation  within  a  few  years  past. 

Salem  became  a  city  in  1836.  An  aqueduct 
furnishes  the  city  with  a  constant  supply  of  soft 
spring  water.  The  railroad  between  Salem  and 
Boston  was  opened  in  1838,  which  brings  it 
within  50  minutes  of  that  metropolis.  There 
is  another  road  opened  to  Boston,  through  Dan 
vers,  going  from  Reading  over  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroad.  On  leaving  the  Salem  station 
for  the  E.,  the  trains  pass  through  a  tunnel  built 
under  Essex  and  Washington  Streets,  and  thence 
over  the  North  River.  Other  railroads  respec- 
tively connect  Salem  with  Marblehead  on  the  S., 
with  Cape  Ann  on  the  E.,  with  Lawrence  and 
with  Lowell  on  the  N.  W. 

The  celebrated  witchcraft  delusion  prevailed 
in  Salem  in  1692,  during  the  continuance  of 
which  19  persons  were  condemned  and  hanged 
as  witches.  The  house  in ..  which  the  accused 
were  tried  is  still  standing,  at  the  corner  of  Essex 
and  North  Streets,  and  the  place  of  their  execu- 
tion is  now  known,  as  "  Gallows  Hill."  From  this 
now  smiling  eminence  the  most  beautiful  view 
of  the  city  is  to  be  obtained.  Though  common- 


562 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c. 


ly  denominated  "  the  Salem  witchcraft,"  this  un- 
happy delusion  prevailed  in  other  places  long 
before  it  existed  here.  In  England  laws  had 
been  enacted  against  it,  as  a  capital  offence, 
which  received  the  sanction  of  that  learned  and 
Upright  jurist  Sir  Matthew  Hale.  It  was  an 
error  belonging  to  those  times,  and  one  not  a 
whit  more  strange  in  its  character,  though  liable 
to  be  visited  with  a  direr  punishment,  than  some 
of  the  delusions  of  the  present  day. 

Salem  was  distinguished  for  its  patriotism,  and 
especially  for  its  naval  achievements  in  the  cause 
of  American  independence.  During  the  revolu- 
tion, there  were  about  60  armed  vessels  fitted  out 
from  Salem,  manned  by  4000  men ;  and  many 
were  the  daring  and  chivalrous  exploits  per- 
formed on  the  sea  by  her  citizens  during  that 
eventful  period. 

Among  the  distinguished  men,  in  almost  every 
learned  profession,  which  Salem  claims  as  among 
its  sons,  the  name  of  Nathaniel  Bowditch,  LL. 
D.,  F.  B.  S.,  author  of  the  Practical  Navigator, 
is  identified  with  its  fame  and  nautical  achieve- 
ments. The  Practical  Navigator  has  been  trans- 
lated into  every  European  language,  and  its  use 
is  coextensive  with  maritime  adventures. 

Salem,  N.  H.,  Buckingham  co.  Policy  Pond, 
partly  in  this  town,  and  partly  in  Windham,  is 
the  largest  collection  of  water.  World's  End, 
Captain,  and  other  small  ponds  are  also  here. 
The  Spiggot  Biver  passes  through  the  town,  and 
receives  in  its  course  numerous  branches  ;  it  fur- 
nishes excellent  mill  privileges.  The  soil  is 
generally  fertile,  and  the  surface  uneven.  40 
miles  S.  from  Concord,  and  about  20  S.  E.  from 
Exeter. 

Salem  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Salem.  Delaware 
Bay  bounds  it  on  the  S.  W.  and  N.  W.,  Gloucester 
co.  N.  E.,  and  Cumberland  co.  S.  E.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  level,  and  the  soil  sandy,  but 
productive. 

Salem,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Salem  co.  This  town  is  sit- 
uated 3£  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Salem  Creek. 
It  has  4  churches  and  an  academy.  34  miles  S. 
S.  E.  from  Philadelphia. 

Salem,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  A  half  shire  town. 
Watered  by  Black  and  White  Creeks,  branches 
of  the  Battenkill,  which  bounds  it  on  the  S.,  and, 
together  with  other  streams,  affords  good  water 
power.  Surface  undulating  and  hilhr;  soil 
sandy  and  clay  loam.  46  miles  N.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Salem,  N.  C.,  Stokes  co.  This  town  was  plant- 
ed and  inhabited  principally  by  Moravians,  who 
have  an  academy  for  young  ladies.  It  is  situated 
5  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Bethania,  and  about  100 
W.  by  N.  from  Baleigh. 

Salem,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  A  township  on  the 
right  bank  of  Susquehanna  Biver. 

Salem,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  One  of  the  northern 
townships  on  Little  Chenango  Creek. 

Salem,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  A  town  on  Waullen- 
jmnpank  Creek.  10  miles  W.  from  Mount  Maria. 

Salem  West,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  The  northern 
township  of  the  county. 

Salem,  Pa.,  Westmoreland  co.  A  township  W. 
from  Loyalhanna  Biver,  commencing  5  miles 
N.  from  Greenbury. 

Salem,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  Clyde  Biver  runs 
through  this  town,  and  falls  into  Salem  Pond, 
which  is  partly  in  Salem  and  partly  in  Derby. 
There  is  no  other  stream  of  consequence.  There 
are -two  other  ponds,  and  they  are  each  about 


one  mile  in  length  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile  in 
breadth.  South  Bay  of  Lake  Memphremagog 
lies  between  Salem  and  Newport.  The  surface 
of  this  town  is  uneven,  but  not  mountainous. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  by  Ephraim 
Black,  in  March,  1798.  The  town  was  organized 
April  30,  1822.  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Irasburg, 
and  53  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Salford,  Lower,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  A  town- 
ship between  Skippack  Creek  and  the  N.  E. 
branch  of  Perkiomen.  10  miles  N.  N.  W.  from 
Norristown. 

Salford,  Upper,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  A  town- 
ship adjacent  to  Lower  Salford,  and  W.  from  the 
N.  E.  branch  of  Perkiomen. 

Salina,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  144  miles  W. 
from  Albany.  The  township  of  this  name  em- 
braces the  region  around  Onondaga  Lake,  and 
the  celebrated  salt  springs  of  the  state  of  New 
York.  Portions  of  the  territory  upon  the  margin 
of  the  lake,  where  the  springs  exist,  are  reserved 
as  the  property  of  the  state.  The  villages  of 
Salina,  Syracuse,  Liverpool,  and  Geddes  are  all 
within  this  township,  and  are  all  places  at  which 
salt  is  extensively  manufactured.  The  village 
of  Salina  is  situated  on  the  E.  border  of  the  lake, 
about  1^  mile  N.  from  Syracuse.  It  was  for- 
merly the  principal  village,  but  is  now  over- 
shadowed by  the  growth  of  Syracuse,  and  has 
virtually  become1  almost  blended  with  it.  The 
salt  manufacture  commenced  at  this  place;  the 
earliest  record  of  its  being  made,  to  any  extent, 
being  in  1787,  when  10  bushels  were  made  in  a 
day.  The  great  salt  spring  is  here,  which  mainly 
supplies  the  works  at  Liverpool  and  Syracuse,  as 
well  as  at  Salina.  The  brine  is  six  times  and  a 
half  stronger  than  sea  water.  The  water  is  forced 
into  an  elevated  reservoir,  at  the  rate- of  about 
300  gallons  a  minute,  whence  it  is  distributed. 
The  manufacture  at  this  place  and  Liverpool  is 
carried  on  wholly  by  boiling,  by  which  process  the 
fine  salt  is  produced.  At  Syracuse  and  Geddes 
the  coarse  salt  is  produced  by  solar  evapora- 
tion. For  other  important  statistics  of  this  man- 
ufacture, see  Syracuse. 

The  manufacture  of  flour  is  also  carried  on 
extensively  at  Salina  village,  by  a  water  power 
from  the  Oswego  Canal.  There  are  likewise  an 
extensive  furnace  and  machine  shop,  and  other 
manufactures  where  the  power  employed  is  that 
of  steam. 

Saline  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Benton.  Bounded 
N.  by  Perry  and  Pulaski  counties,  E.  by  Jeffer- 
son, S.  by  Dallas,  and  W.  by  Hot  Springs  co. 
Drained  by  Hurricane  Creek,  and  watered  on  its 
S.  W.  border  by  Saline  Biver. 

Saline  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Baleigh. 

Saline  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Marshall.  Bounded 
N.  by  the  Missouri  Biver,  separating  it  from 
Can-oil  and  Chariton  counties,  E.  by  Howard  and 
Cooper,  S.  by  Pettis,  and  W.  by  Lafayette  co. 
Drained  by  La  Mine  BiVer.  Surface  undulating ; 
soil  of  excellent  quality. 

Salines,  Mo.,  St.  Genevieve  co.  A  village,  4 
miles  below  St.  Genevieve.  Extensive  salt  works 
are  in  its  vicinity. 

Salisbury,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  The  Housatonic 
and  Salmon  Bivers  give  this  town  a  great  and 
constant  water  power.  The  surface  of  Salisbury 
is  formed  of  lofty  elevations  and  deep  valleys ; 
but  the  soil  is  excellent  for  all  sorts  of  grain  and 
pasturage.  The  valleys  are  generally  limestone, 
and  the  hills  granite. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


563 


Salisbury  Centre  is  a  pleasant  village.  The 
Indian  name  of  the  town  was  Weatog.  50  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Hartford,  and  22  N.  W.  from 
Litchfield. 

Salisbury  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  ex- 
cellent iron  ore  and  iron  manufactures.  The 
guns  for  some  of  the  oldest  ships  of  our  present 
navy  were  made  at  the  old  furnace  in  Salisbury. 

The  Old  Ore  Hill,  2  miles  W.  of  Wansco- 
pommuc  Lake,  has  been  worked  since  the  year 
1732.  The  large  and  inexhaustible  quantities 
of  iron  ore  found  in  Salisbury,  and  the  abundant 
supply  of  wood  for  charcoal,  and  other  materials 
necessary  for  smelting  the  ore,  together  with  the 
superior  quality  of  iron,  introduced  other  manu- 
factures, and  iron  has  continued  from  that  time 
the  staple  commodity  of  the  town. 

Salisbury,  Md.,  Somerset  co.  A  village  lying  on 
the  N.  side  of  Wiccomico  River,  near  the  confines 
of  Delaware.  20  miles  N.  W.  of  Snow  Hill,  and 
33  S.  by  W.  of  Lewistown,  near  Cape  Henlopen. 

Salisbury,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  In  1638  this  town 
was  granted,  by  the  name  of  Merrimac,  to  be  a 
plantation,  unto  Simon  Bradstreet,  Daniel  Den- 
nison,  and  others.  The  year  following  it  was  in- 
corporated by  the  name  of  Colchester,  and  in 
1640  assumed,  by  direction  of  the  then  General 
Court,  the  name  of  Salisbury.  It  is  bounded 
southerly  by  the  River  Merrimac,  westerly  by 
Powow  River,  northerly  by  the  New  Hampshire 
line,  and  easterly  by  the  sea.  There  are  two  con- 
siderable villages  in  Salisbury  ;  the  largest  is  at 
the  westerly  part  of  the  town,  upon  Powow  River, 
at  the  head  of  tide  water.  The  village  is  divided 
by  said  river  into  two  pretty  equal  parts,  one  in 
Salisbury,  the  other  in  Amesbury.  36  miles  from 
Boston  by  the  Eastern  Railroad,  and  2  from 
Newburyport.  The  other  village  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  bank  of  the  Merrimac,  on  a  point 
of  land  formed  by  the  junction  of  that  river  with 
the  'Powow,  and  is  called  Webster's  Point. 
Salisbury  and  Amesbury  are  finely  located  for 
business ;  the  villages  are  neat,  and  the  scenery 
around  them  very  pleasant.  Salisbury  Beach  is 
noted  for  its  beauty,  and  is  much  frequented.  It 
is  about  5  miles  from  the  town. 

Salisbury,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  Blackwater 
River  passes  through  the  W.  part  of  Salisbury. 
There  are  5  bridges  across  it  in  this  town.  On 
the  river  is  some  very  fertile  intervale.  The  Pem- 
igewassct  and  Concord  Rivers  are  on  the  E.  boun- 
dary. The  soil  of  the  upland  is  strong,  deep,  and 
loamy.  A  considerable  portion  of  Kearsarge 
Mountain  is  within  Salisbury.  There  are  2  very- 
pleasant  villages  here,  situated  on  the  Fourth  New 
Hampshire  Turnpike,  about  a  mile  and  a  half 
apart.  First  settlers,  Philip  Call,  Nathaniel  Me- 
loon,  Benjamin  Pettengill,  and  John  and  Eben- 
ezer  Webster,  in  1750.  From  Concord  16  miles 
N.  The  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad  passes 
through  the  town. 

Salisbury,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Watered  by  East 
Canada  and  some  branches  of  West  Canada  Creek. 
Surface  diversified  with  hills,  mountains,  and 
broad  valleys  ;  soil  well  suited  to  grass.  15  miles 
N.  E.  from  Herkimer,  and  71  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Salisbury,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Rowan  co.  On  a  branch 
of  the  Yadkin  River,  118  miles  W.  from  Raleigh. 
An  ancient  stone  wall  has  been  discovered  here, 
the  top  of  which  is  about  a  foot  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  12  to  14  feet  high,  22  inches 
th#k,  and  plastered  on  both  sides.  Its  length,  as 
far  as  it  has  been  traced,  is  about  300  yards.  A 


few  miles  from  this  place  a  similar  wall  has  been 
discovered,  though  of  less  height  and  thickness 
The  origin  of  these  curious  antiquities  is  unknown. 

Salisbury,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  This  town  is  lo- 
cated on  the  head  waters  of  Pequea  Creek,  12 
miles  E.  from  the  city  of  Lancaster. 

Salisbury,  Pa.,  Lehigh  co.  A  township  situated 
between  Sancon  Creek,  Little  Lehigh  Creek,  and 
Lehigh  River. 

Salisbury,  Pa.,  Somerset  co.  A  village.  20 
miles  S.  from  Somerset. 

Salisbury,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Otter  Creek  forms 
the  western  boundary  of  this  town.  The  other 
streams  are  Middlebury  and  Leicester  Rivers. 
Lake  Dunmore  is  about  4  miles  long,  and  from 
half  to  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide,  and  lies  part- 
ly in  Salisbury  and  partly  in  Leicester.  On  the 
o'utlet  of  this  pond,  called  Leicester  River,  are 
several  falls,  which  afford  fine  mill  privileges, 
around  which  is  a  thriving  village.  The  surface 
is  uneven,  but  the  soil  generally  good.  The  east- 
ern part  extends  on  to  the  Green  Mountains.  In 
the  western  part  are  some  fine  tracts  of  meadow. 
In  the  mountain  E.  of  Lake  Dunmore  is  a  cavern, 
thought  to  have  been  inhabited  by  the  Indians,  as 
some  of  their  instruments  have  been  found  here. 
The  first  person  who  came  into  Salisbury  with  a 
view  of  settling  was  Amos  Storey.  Thomas 
Skeels  and  Abel  Waterhouse  were  the  next  set- 
tlers. The  22d  day  of  February,  1775,  the  widow 
of  Mr.  Storey,  and  eight  or  ten  small  children, 
moved  into  town.  34  miles  S.  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier,  and  about  6  miles  S.  from  the  Rutland 
Railroad  depot  in  Middlebury. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Uh.     See  Appendix,  No.  3. 

Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  Monroe  co.  232 
miles  W.  from  Richmond.  See  Fashionable  Re- 
sorts. 

Saltsburg,  Pa.,  Indiana  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  Conemaugh  River.  179  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Harrisburg.  There  are  many  salt  works 
in  the  neighborhood.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal 
passes  through  it. 

Sampson  County,  N.  C.,  is  bounded  S.  E.  by 
New  Hanover,  S.  W.  by  Bladen,  W.  by  Cumber- 
land, N.  by  Johnson,  N.  E.  by  Wayne,  and  E.  by 
Duplin.  It  is  drained  by  Black  River  branch  of 
Cape  Fear  River.  The  court  house  is  about  55 
miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Wilmington. 

San  Antonio,  Ts.,  c.  h.  San  Antonio  co. 

San  Augustine  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  San  Augus- 
tine. On  the  E.  border  of  the  state. 

San  Augustine,  Ts.,  c.  h.  San  Augustine  co. 

Sanbornton,  N.  H.,  Belknap  co.  The  bay  be- 
tween Sanbornton  and  Meredith  is  3  miles  in 
width.  There  are  no  rivers  or  ponds  of  magni- 
tude in  the  town.  Salmon  Brook  Pond,  and  a 
brook  of  the  same  name,  its  outlet,  are  the  only- 
ones  worth  mentioning.  Sanbornton  presents 
an  uneven  surface,  but  contains  no  mountains. 
The  soil  is  almost  universally  good.  There  is  a 
gulf  here  extending  nearly  a  mile,  through  very 
hard,  rocky  ground,  38  feet  in  depth,  the  walls  from 
80  to  100  feet  asunder.  There  is  also  a  cavern 
on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  which  may  be  entered, 
in  a  horizontal  direction,  to  the  distance  of  20 
feet.  On  the  Winnipiseogee,  at  the  head  of  Little 
Bay,  are  found  the  remains  of  an  ancient  forti- 
fication. First  settlers,  John  Sanborn,  David 
Duston,  Andrew  Rowan,  and  others,  in  1765  and 
1766.  By  the  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad, 
this  town  lies  91  miles  from  Concord,  and  8  from 
Gilford. 


564 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


Sanders,  Ky.,  Grant  co.  A  village  50  miles  N. 
N.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Sandersville,  Ga.,  Washington  co.  This  village 
is  the  seat  of  justice,  and  lies  30  miles  S.  E.  from 
Milledgeville. 

Sanford,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  Oquaga  Creek, 
a  branch  of  the  Delaware  River,  waters  this  town. 
Surface  hilly  and  mountainous ;  soil  favorable  for 
grazing.  20  miles  E.  from  Binghampton,  and 
135  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Sandgate,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  The  people  of 
this  town  are  favored  with  mountain  air,  and  with 
crystal  streams.  Shetterack  and  Bald  Mountains 
are  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  town ;  Spruce  and 
Equinox  are  in  the  N.  E.,  Ked  Mountain  in  the 
S.  E.,  and  Swearing  Hill  in  the  S.  W.  Between 
these  elevations  is  some  good  land,  which  pro- 
duces grass  and  grain.  The  settlement  of  this 
town  was  commenced  in  1771,  by  a  Mr.  Bristol. 
20  miles  N.  from  Bennington,  and  31  S.  by  W. 
from  Rutland. 

San  Diego,  Ca.,  c.  h.  San  Diego  co.  This  town, 
near  the  southern  boundary  of  California,  has, 
with  the  exception  of  Acapulco,  the  finest  harbor 
on  the  Pacific.  It  is  on  a  wide  and  spacious  bay, 
the  southern  shore  of  which  is  low  and  sandy. 
From  the  bluff  heights  on  the  opposite  side  a  nar- 
row strip  of  shingly  beach  makes  out  into  the  sea, 
like  a  natural  breakwater,  leaving  an  entrance  of 
not  more  than  300  yards  broad.  The  town, 
which  is  inconsiderable,  is  situated  on  a  plain,  3 
miles  from  the  anchorage,  which  is  at  the  foot  of 
the  hills,  just  inside  the  bay,  and  from  which  the 
town  is  barely  visible.  It  was  the  first  place  in 
Upper  California  occupied  by  the  Spaniards. 
About  425  miles  S.  E.  from  San  Francisco. 

Sanford,  Me.,  York  co.  On  Mousum  River. 
It  has  a  good  water  power,  and  an  establishment 
for  the  manufacture  and  printing  of  cotton  goods. 
It  is  35  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Portland. 

Sandisfield,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.,  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1762,  and  first  permanently  settled  in 
1 750.  The  surface  is  hilly  in  general.  The  hills 
are  of  considerable  height,  but  not  abrupt,  rising 
into  large  swells.  In  the  S.  E.  section  of  the 
town,  a  considerable  mountain  rises  on  the  west- 
ern bank  of  Farmington  River,  known  by  the 
name  of  Hanging  Mountain.  Its  highest  point 
of  elevation  is  450  feet  above  the  bank,  and  pre- 
sents to  the  S.  E.  a  mural  perpendicular  front, 
more  than  300  feet  high.  Farmington  River  runs 
near  the  E.  line  of  the  town,  through  the  whole 
extent,  and  affords  many  mill  seats  and  water 
privileges.  There  are  other  small  streams  inter- 
secting the  town.  In  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  at 
the  outlet  of  Spectacle  Pond,  the  water  privileges 
:are  excellent.  The  soil  is  various,  but  generally 
of  a  good  quality ;  it  consists  of  a  moist  loam,  stony 
in  many  places,  and  principally  adapted  to  graz- 
ing. 115  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  27 
S.  S.  E.  from  Pittsfield. 

Sandiston,  N.  J.,  Sussex  co.    A  township. 

Sand  Lake,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  Watered 
by  the  Poestenkill  and  Wynantskill  Creeks,  and 
contains  several  small  lakes.  Surface  hilly :  soil 
fertile  in  the  valleys,  and  generally  good  for  grass. 
41  miles  S.  E.  from  Troy,  and  10  W.  from  Albany. 

Sandover,  S.  C.,  Abbeville  district.  A  village, 
by  post  road  90  miles  W.  from  Columbia. 

Sandown,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The  sur- 
face is  uneven,  but  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to 
grain  and  grass.  Phillips's  Pond,  in  the  S.  part 
of  the  town,  is  the  largest,  being  about  340  rods 


long  and  200  wide.  Angle  Pond,  in  the  S.  E.  part, 
is  200  rods  long  and  90  or  100  wide.  There  are 
several  other  smaller  ponds.  Squamscot  River 
flows  from  Phillips's  Pond,  and  pursues  a  nearly 
level  course  for  l£  miles,  Avhere  another  stream 
unites  with  it ;  from  this  junction,  whenever  the 
waters  are  high,  the  current  passes  back  with  con- 
siderable force  towards  the  pond.  This  town  was 
originally  a  part  of  Kingston.  First  settlers, 
Moses  Tucker,  Israel  and  James  Huse,  and 
others,  in  1796.  32  miles  S.  E.  from  Concord, 
and  26  S.  W.  from  Portsmouth. 

Sandusky,  O.  Port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice 
of  Erie  co.  Situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Sandusky 
Bay,  opposite  to  the  opening  of  the  bay  into  Lake 
Erie,  from  which  it  is  about  3  miles  distant.  It 
is  105  miles  N.  from  Columbus,  and  60  W.  from 
Cleveland.  The  town  is  based  upon  a  quarry  of 
the  finest  building  stone,  which  furnishes  the  du- 
rable and  ornamental  material  of  which  a  large  «• 
number  of  the  handsomest  blocks  and  edifices  in 
the  place  are  constructed.  It  is  also  an  article  of 
export  to  other  places  upon  the  lake.  The  ground 
on  which  the  town  is  built  rises  gradually  from 
the  water's  edge  for  about  half  a  mile,  thereby 
furnishing  one  of  the  pleasantest  views  of  lake 
scenery  any  where  to  be  enjoyed  in  the  country. 
During  the  season  of  navigation  upon  the  lake, 
which  is  interrupted  for  only  about  three  months 
in  the  winter,  the  bay  before  the  town  presents  a 
lively  scene,  with  steamboats  and  other  vessels 
arriving  and  departing,  and  the  distant  horizon 
upon  the  lake  is  whitened  with  the  floating  can- 
vas. The  building  of  vessels  and  steamboats  is 
carried  on  here  to  considerable  extent.  As  it  is 
one  of  the  great  points  of  landing  and  embarka- 
tion for  travellers  between  the  North-eastern 
States  and  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  as  well 
as  for  the  trade  of  the  interior,  it  has  had  a  very 
rapid  growth,  and  must  continue  greatly  to  in- 
crease for  years  to  come.  A  great  impulse  has 
been  given  to  the  prosperity  of  the  place,  by  the 
construction  of  the  railroads  meeting  here;  by 
one  of  which  it  has  been  connected  with  Cincin- 
nati, 218  miles  distant,  and  by  another  with  New-  ^ 
ark,  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  from  which  the 
connection  will  soon  be  made  complete  to  Colum- 
bus and  to  Zanesville.  Other  lines  of  railroad 
are  projected,  which  will,  ere  long,  be  built.  A 
very  heavy  transportation  business  is  done  upon 
the  roads  above  mentioned,  and  the  whole  com- 
merce of  the  place  is  large  and  rapidly  increasing. 

Sandusky  was  laid  out  upon  a  regular  and 
beautiful  plan,  in  1817,  by  two  gentlemen  from 
Connecticut,  who  were  the  proprietors  of  the  soil, 
Hon.  Zalmon  Wildman  and  Hon.  Isaac  Mills. 
The  first  framed  dwelling  was  erected  in  the  fall 
of  that  year.  The  first  church  erected  here  was 
a  small'Methodist  church,  in  1830.  Sandusky 
now  contains  four  handsome  churches,  an  acad- 
emy, built  of  stone,  three  stories  high,  a  large 
number  of  stores,  several  forwarding  and  com- 
mission houses,  extensive  machine  shops  for  the 
manufacture  of  the  iron  for  railroad  cars,  banks, 
printing  offices,  hotels,  and  other  establishments 
required  for  the  commerce  and  business  of  the 
place.  A  few  hundred  yards  back  from  the  bay 
is  a  large  and  handsome  public  square,  upon 
which,  looking  towards  the  lake,  are  the  principal 
churches  and  public  buildings.  On  the  farm  of 
Isaac  A.  Mills,  W.  of  the  town,  are  to  be  seen 
the  remains  of  some  ancient  works  and  mounds, 
of  unknown  origin.  Population  in  1850, 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


565 


Sandusky  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Lower  Sandusky. 
Lake  Erie  and  St.  Lucas  co.  are  on  the  N.,  Huron 
on  the  E.,  Seneca  on  the  S.,  and  Wood  co.  on 
the  W.  In  January,  1820,  it  was  organized. 
The  land  is  low  and  level,  and  is  watered  by 
Sandusky  Bay  and  River,  also  by  Portage  River, 
Green,  Mud,  and  Muskalunge  Creeks. 

Sandwich,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  This  town 
was  granted  to  Edmund  Freeman  and  others 
in  1637.  Its  Indian  name  was  Shawme.  Sand- 
wich is  situated  on  the  shoulder  of  Cape  Cod, 
and  although  much  of  the  soil  is  thin  and  sandy, 
yet  there  is  not  a  little  of  an  excellent  quality.  It 
is  watered  by  a  number  of  streams,  which  afford 
a  good  water  power,  and  by  numerous  ponds, 
some  of  which  are  large,  affording  a  variety  of  ex- 
cellent fish.  The  forests  afford  an  abundance  of 
deer.  Sandwich  has  a  good  harbor  within  the 
cape,  and  navigable  accommodations  in  Buzzard's 
Bay.  There  are  a  number  of  flourishing  villages 
in  the  town.  There  are  in  this  town  several 
branches  of  manufacture,  but  the  most  important 
is  that  of  the  New  England  Glass  Company,  who 
manufacture  annually  about  $300,000  in  value, 
of  glass,  equal  in  quality,  if  not  superior,  to  any 
manufactured  in  this  country.  63  miles  S.  E. 
from  Boston  by  the  Cape  Cod  Branch  Railroad, 
and  12  N.  W.  from  Barnstable. 

Sandwich,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  This  town  was 
originally  granted  by  Governor  Benning  Went- 
worth.  in  1763.  Sandwich  Mountains  are  a  lofty 
range,  extending  N.  E.,  and  terminating  in  Cho- 
coma  Peak,  in  Albany.  Squam  Mountain  is  of 
considerable  height.  There  are  other  mountains. 
The  Bearcamp  River  passes  E.  into  Tamworth ; 
the  W.  branch  passes  through  Bearcamp  Pond. 
There  is  another  pond,  not  far  distant  from  this, 
from  which  issues  Red  Hill  River,  passing  S.  into 
Winnipiseogee  Lake.  A  small  stream  passes  W. 
into  the  Pemigewasset  River.  About  one  fourth 
of  Squam  Lake  lies  in  the  S.  W.  corner  of  Sand- 
wich. This  is  a  flourishing  town,  and  its  produc- 
tions are  numerous  and  valuable.  52  miles  N. 
from  Concord,  and  about  22  N.  W.  from  Ossipee. 

Sandy  Creek,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  A  township  sit- 
uated between  French  Creek  and  Salem  town- 
ships. 10  miles  N.  from  Mercer. 

Sandy  Creek,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Watered  by 
Little  Sandy  Creek  and  other  streams,  flowing 
into  Lake  Ontario,  which  bounds  it  on  the  W. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  sandy  loam.  7  miles  N. 
from  Pulaski,  and  159  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  53  miles 
N.  from  Albany.  On  the  E.  bank  of  Hudson 
River.  The  river  has  a  fall  of  1 2  feet  in  the  up- 
per part  of  the  village,  and  at  Baker's  Falls,  100 
rods  below,  a  perpendicular  descent  of  50  feet. 
The  place  is  connected  with  the  Champlain 
Canal  by  a  navigable  feeder.  There  are  consid- 
erable manufactories  here,  and  much  more  power 
to  be  improved. 

Sandy  Lake,  Pa.,  Mercer  co.  This  township  is 
on  the  E.  border  of  the  county.  S.  from  French 
Creek  township. 

San  Felipe,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Austin  co. 

Sandford,  Me.,  York  co.  Sandford  is  watered 
by  Mousum  River.  It  has  a  good  water  power, 
and  an  establishment  for  the  manufacture  and 
printing  of  cotton  goods.  35  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Portland,  and  is  bounded  S.  W.  by  Alfred. 

San  Francisco  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, includes  the  peninsula  between  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  and  the  Pacific. 


San  Francisco,  Ca.,  c.  h.  San  Francisco  co. 
The  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco, 
known  as  the  Golden  Gate,  is  about  3  miles  wide, 
and  is  formed  by  a  gap  or  opening,  extending  5 
or  6  miles  through  the  range  of  mountains  that 
runs  along  the  coast  of  California.  Table  Hill, 
not  far  from  the  northern  shore  of  this  strait,  is 
2500  feet  high.  Opposite  the  entrance,  just  as  it 
opens  into  the  bay,  are  the  Islands  of  Alcatraz 
and  Yerba  Buena.  30  miles  in  the  distance., 
nearly  due  W.,  rises  the  peak  of  Monte  Diablo, 
the  highest  point  of  the  second  or  interior  coast 
range,  and  overlooking  every  thing  between  the 
ocean  and  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It  is  between  these 
two  coast  ranges  that  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco 
spreads  out,  extending  in  a  direction  E.  of  S.,  up- 
wards of  50  miles,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  6 
or  7  miles,  where  it  turns  S.,  to  near  20  in  the 
middle,  and  diminishing  to  2  or  3  at  the  southern 
extremity,  into  which  flows  the  Guadaloupe  Riv- 
er, on  which,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  bay,  is  some 
excellent  land.  At  the  N.,  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco communicates  by  a  strait  not  unlike  that  of 
the  Golden  Gate,  with  San  Pablo  Bay,  a  basin 
of  near  15  miles  diameter,  into  which  are  dis- 
charged, through  a  deep  navigable  channel  com- 
ing from  the  W.  and  extending  in  its  course  into 
Susan  Bay,  the  united  waters  of  the  Sacramento 
and  San  Joaquin,  the  two  principal  rivers  of  Cal- 
ifornia. 

The  peninsula  between  San  Francisco  Bay  and 
the  ocean  consists  chiefly  of  barren  sand  hills. 
The  city  of  San  Francisco  lies  just  within  the 
northern  point  of  the  entrance  into  the  bay,  upon 
a  deep  curve  of  the  shore,  and  on  the  sides  of 
three  hills  of  sand,  which  rise  steeply  from  the 
water,  the  middle  one  receding  so  as  to  form 
a  bold  amphitheatre. 

The  Bay  of  San  Francisco  was  entered  by  Sir 
Francis  Drake  during  his  famous  expedition  to 
the  Pacific,  in  1578,  before  any  settlements,  ex- 
cept those  at  St.  Augustine,  had  been  formed  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States.  It  was 
known  to  the  Spaniards  30  years  earlier,  but  was 
neglected  till  their  occupation  of  Upper  Califor- 
nia, which  commenced  in  1769,  not  long  after 
which  San  Francisco  was  taken  possession  of, 
and  was  subsequently  held  by  a  small  garrison, 
maintained  in  a  little  fort  just  at  the  entrance 
into  the  bay,  a  hamlet  of  a  few  houses  growing 
up  on  the  site  of  the  present  city.  At  the  time 
of  the  transfer  of  California  to  the  United  States, 
in  1848,  and  even  as  late  as  April,  1849,  Saa 
Francisco  did  not  contain  more  than  30  or  40 
houses.  But  the  discovery  of  gold  gave  it  a  sud- 
den impulse,  and  by  the  1st  of  September,  1849, 
there  were  500  houses,  tents,  and  sheds,  with  a 
population,  fixed  and  floating,  of  5000  or  6000. 
Streets  had  been  regularly  laid  out,  and  already 
there  were  3  piers  at  which  small  vessels  could 
discharge.  New  buildings,  though  of  the  most 
flimsy  description,  the  oldest  and  most  substan- 
tial of  adobes  or  dried  mud,  the  rest  of  boards 
and  canvas,  were  held,  as  well  as  the  city  lots, 
at  the  most  extravagant  prices.  The  Parker 
House,  an  ordinary  frame  building,  of  60  feel 
front,  used  as  a  hotel,  rented  for  $110,000  yearly, 
and  other  buildings  in  like  proportion  or  at  rates 
still  more  extravagant.  These  enormous  rents 
led  to  a  rapid  and  immense  increase  of  buildings, 
and,  notwithstanding  the  very  high  prices  of 
building  materials  and  labor,  by  the  beginning 
of  1850,  San  Francisco  had  become  a  real  city. 


566 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c. 


with  some  20,000  inhabitants,  spacious  and  con- 
venient buildings,  though  mostly  of  wood,  in- 
cluding'extensive  hotels  and  warehouses,  many 
Of  the  frames  of  which  had  been  shipped  round 
Cape  Horn,  and  others  from  China.  Speculation 
and  prosperity  went  on  increasing  till  the  city  re- 
ceived a  severe  check  by  three  successive  fires,  by 
which  a  vast  extent  of  frame  and  canvas  build- 
ings were  swept  away,  and  immense  amounts  of 
property  destroyed.  These  fires  led,  however,  to 
the  erection  of  fire-proof  buildings  of  brick.  The 
city  has  also  received  a  great  extension  by  the 
filling  up  of  shallow  water  lots  by  sand  from  the 
neighboring  hills,  upon  which  many  solid  and 
substantial  buildings  have  been  built ;  and  though 
real  estate  has  greatly  declined  from  its  former 
extravagant  prices,  to  the  ruin  of  many  who 
thought  themselves  worth  millions,  the  city  con- 
tinues to  be  improved  by  the  erection  of  solid  and 
substantial  buildings.  Great  expenses  have  also 
been  incurred  by  the  city  corporation  in  the  im- 
provement of  the  streets. 

From  its  local  situation  in  reference  to  the 
gold  region,  San  Francisco  must  always  re- 
main the  great  seat  of  the  ocean  trade  of  Califor- 
nia. Already  it  has  extensive  mercantile  com- 
munications with  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  is 
connected  with  New  York  by  two  lines  of  steam 
packets,  one  by  the  way  of  Panama,  making  the 
distance  in  about  four  weeks,  a  packet  leaving 
either  city  every  fortnight,  and  carrying  the  mail ; 
the  other,  also  a  semi-monthly  line,  by  the  Lake 
Nicaragua,  which  accomplishes  the  distance  in 
about  four  days'  less  time.  The  shortest  passage 
from  San  Francisco  to  New  York  has  been  21  days. 

Not  only  is  the  trade  with  the  Atlantic  ports  of 
the  United  States  very  great,  but  San  Francisco 
has  an  extensive  commerce  with  Chili,  from  which 
large  supplies  of  flour  are  derived,  and  also  with 
China,  whence  a  great  influx  of  emigrants  is  flow- 
ing to  California. 

The  arrivals  at  San  Francisco  for  the  first  six 
months  of  1852,  ending  June  30,  were  68  steam- 
ers, 108  ships,  101  barks,  130  brigs,  75  schoon- 
ers, 40  sloops.  Total,  522.  Total  tonnage, 
201,473.  The  clearances  were  77  steamers,  94 
ships,  141  barks,  130  brigs,  229  schooners,  76 
sloops.  Total,  747.  Total  tonnage,  222,805. 

The  amount  of  duties  paid  is  greater  than  at 
any  port  of  the  United  States,  except  New  York 
and  Boston. 

The  arrival  of  passengers  at  San  Francisco 
from  July  1  to  29,  1852,  was  9923;  departures, 
1140;  for  -the  first  six  months  of  the  year  1852, 
the  arrivals  were  40,000.  The  present  population 
of  California  is  estimated  at  240,000. 

Official  Report  of  Deposits  of  Gold  from  California. 

At  the  various  U.  S.  mints  in  1848,        $44,177 

"  1849,     6,147,509 

1850,  36,074,062 

1851,  55,938,232 
Manifested  shipments  to  U.  S.  ports 

in  December,  1851,  which  did  not 

reach  the  mints  in  1851,     ....    2,910,214 

Importations  into  Chili  in 
1851,  by  official  returns 
from  that  country,  .  .  $2,372,000 

Shipments  per  steamers  in 
1851,  on  freight  to  Eu- 
rope and  various  coun- 
tries, not  including  Chili, 
via  Panama,  so  far  as 


destination  was  declared 

on  manifests,  ....  $3,600,000 

Add  estimate  of  shipments 
by  the .  same  course  and 
to  same  quarters  in  1 851 , 
for  which  the  destination 
beyond  Panama  was  not 
declared  —  50  per  cent, 
of  above, 1 ,800,000 

Known  shipments  by  sail- 
ing vessels  in  1851,  to 
various  foreign  ports,  .  1,000.000 

Add  for  amount  not  man- 
ifested, believed  to  be  as 
large  as 1,000.000 

Total  estimate  of  exporta- 
tion to  foreign  countries 
in  1851. 9,772,000 

The  early  foreign  trade 
was  very  large,  par- 
ticularly in  1849,  from 
Pacific  ports.  Remit- 
tances in  this  early  trade 
were  made  chiefly  in 
gold  dust.  The  aggre- 
gate shipment  to  foreign 
countries  for  1848,  1849, 
and  1850,  is  therefore  as- 
sumed for  the  3  years  to 
be  as  large  as  that  of 
1851, 9,772,000 

Total  estimate  of  exports  to  foreign 
countries  to  December  31,  1851, 
which  would  not  reach  U.  States 
mint, 19,544,000 

120,658,194 

Estimated  amount  taken  overland  to 
Mexico,  and  by  passengers  to  Eu- 
rope, East  Indies,  Australia,  South 
America,  (exclusive  of  Chili.)  man- 
ufactured in  California  and  United 
States,  and  otherwise  retained  by 
individuals  leaving  the  country,  and 
therefore  not  represented  in  the 
mint  deposits,  say  5  per  cent,  on 
above, 6,032,909 

In  hands  of  bankers,  merchants,  and 
traders  in  San  Francisco,  per  tabu- 
lar statement  prepared  December 
31,  1851. 5,000,000 

In  hands  of  bankers  and  traders  in 
other  parts  of  California  and  Ore- 
gon, December  31,  1851,  ....  2,500,000 

Estimated  half  month's  yield  at  mines 
not  brought  forward  December, 
1851,  say, 2,500,000 

In  circulation  —  gold  dust  and  Cali- 
fornia private  coin,  estimated  at  $20 
per  individual,  and  population  esti- 
mated at  212,000, 4,240,00t 

Estimated  product  to  December  31, 

1851, 140,931,103 

Estimated  product  from  January  1  to 

June  30,  1852, 33,849,774 


Total  estimated  product  to  June  30, 

1852, $174,780,877 

Sangamon  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Springfield.    Oa 
a  river  of  the    same  name,    and   is    bounded 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


567 


S    by   Montgomery  and   Morgan,   and   W.  by 
Fulton. 

Sangerfield,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  -co.  The  Chenango 
River  and  Oriskany  Creek  water  this  town,  the 
surface  of  which  is  hilly ;  soil  fertile  loam,  under- 
laid by  lime.  15  miles  S.  from  Utica,  and  89  N. 
of  W.  from  Albany. 

Sangerville,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  This  beauti- 
ful and  thriving  town  is  not  mountainous,  but  it 
is  so  elevated  between  Penobscot  and  Kennebec 
Rivers  that  the  waters  of  its  ponds  meet  the  ocean 
by  both  of  those  streams.  Sangerville  is  70  miles 
N.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  is  bounded  by  Dover 
on  the  W.  Incorporated  1814. 

Sanilac  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Sanilac  Mills.  E. 
part.  On  the  S.  W.  shore  of  Lake  Huron. 

Sun  Joaquim  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Stockton.  On 
both  sides  of  the  lower  course  of  the  San  Joa- 
quim River. 

San  Jose,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Santa  Clara  co..  50  miles 
from  San  Francisco,  is  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
pleasant  and  healthy  valleys  in  California.  It  is 
well  watered,  and  for  20  miles  N.  and  S.  there  is 
a  perfect  carriage  road,  with  barely  a  mould  of 
earth  to  lift  a  wheel.  Its  advantages  for  gardens, 
fruits,  and  grains  are  of  the  highest  order.  The 
quicksilver  mines  are  about  20  miles  S.  of  this 
city. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  San  Luis 
Obispo.  On  the  coast,  opposite  the  head  waters  of 
the  San  Joaquim. 

San  Luis  Obispo,  Ca.,  c.  h.  San  Luis  Obispo 
eo.  On  the  coast,  half  way  from  Santa  Barbara 
to  Monterey.  200  miles  S.  by  E.  from  San  Fran- 
cisco. An  unsafe  port  in  winter.  It  has  an  ex- 
tensive seaboard  district  about  it,  but  is  not  well 
watered. 

San  Patricia  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  San  Patricio, 
In  the  S.  E.  angle,  between  the  Nueces  and  the 
Rio  Grande. 

San  Pedro,  Ca.,  Los  Angelos  co.  The  port  of 
Pueblo  Los  Angelos,  from  which  it  is  27  miles  S. 
on  the  Bay  of  San  Pedro,  about  80  miles  N.  W. 
from  San  Diego  Los  Angelos,  is  a  good  farm 
ing  district,  celebrated  for  its  grapes,  and  was 
the  former  Spanish  capital  of  California. 

Santa  Barbara  County,  Car,  c.  h.  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara. On  the  coast  S.  of  Cape  Conception,  to- 
wards the  southern  extremity  of  the  state. 

Santa  Barbara,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Santa  Barbara  co.  A 
small  sea-coast  town,  pleasantly  situated,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains. 

Santa  Clara  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  San  Jose. 
Around  the  southernmost  waters  of  San  Francisco 
Bay.  Watered  by  the  Guadalupe,  near  the  head 
of  which  are  the  quicksilver  mines.  It  contains 
one  of  the  best  farming  tracts  in  California. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  c.  h.  Santa  Fe  co.,  and  capital 
of  the  territory.  The  oldest  town  in  the  United 
States,  next  to  St.  Augustine,  having  been  found- 
ed in  1580.  It  is  situated  on  a  small  tributary  of 
the  Rio  Grande  called  the  Chichito,  or  River  of 
Santa  Fe,  a  short  distance  E.  of  the  Rio  del 
Norte,  and  is  approached  from  the  E.  through  a 
canon  or  narrow  pass  of  the  eastern  chain  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  commencing  about  25  miles 
from  the  town,  and  extending  10  or  12  miles  in 
length,  the  mountains  rising  on  either  side  to  a 
height  of  1000  or  2000  feet,  in  all  cases  within 
cannon  shot  of  each  other,  and  in  many  places 
within  point  blank  musket  shot.  This  continues 
to  within  12  or  15  miles  of  Santa  Fe. 
The  elevation  of  Santa  Fe  above  the  level  of 


the  sea  is  upwards  of  6800  feet,  higher  than  the 
highest  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  and  the 
neighboring  peaks  to  the  N.  are  many  thousand 
feet  higher.  On  leaving  the  narrow  valley  in 
which  the  town  stands,  varying  in  width  from 
1000  feet  to  a  mile  or  two,  and  which  is  cultivated 
entirely  by  irrigation,  the  country  presents  noth- 
ing but  barren  hills,  utterly  incapable,  both  from 
soil  and  climate,  of  producing  any  thing  useful. 
The  river,  5  miles  below  the  town,  disappears  in  the 
granitic  sands.  The  houses  are  of  adobes  or  sun- 
dried  bricks,  in  the  Spanish  style,  generally  of  one 
story,  and  built  on  a  square.  The  interior  of  the 
square  is  an  open  court,  and  the  principal  rooms 
open  into  it.  These  houses  are  forbidding  in  ap- 
pearance, on  the  outside  presenting  the  aspect  of 
a  collection  of  brick  kilns,  but  are  comfortable 
and  convenient  within.  The  thick  walls  make 
them  cool  in  summer  and  warm  in  winter.  The 
better  class  have  good  beds,  but  the  inferior  peo- 
ple sleep  on  untanned  skins.  The  women  appear 
to  be  the  most  refined  and  intelligent  part  of  the 
population.  Those  of  the  upper  class  dress  like 
the  American  women,  except  that,  instead  of  a 
bonnet  or  cap,  they  wear,  both  in  doors  and 
out,  a  scarf  over  the  head  called  a  rebozo.  The 
dress  of  the  lower  class  of  women  is  a  sim- 
ple petticoat,  with  the  arms  and  shoulders  bare, 
except  what  may  chance  to  be  covered  by  the  re- 
bozo.  The  men  who  have  means  to  do  so  dress 
after  the  American  fashion  ;  but  by  far  the  greater 
part,  when  they  dress  at  all.  wear  leather  breech- 
es tight  round  the  hips  and  open  from  the  knee 
down,  shirt  and  blanket  taking  the  place  of  our 
coat  and  waistcoat. 

The  town  is  dependent  on  the  distant  hills  for 
wood,  which  is  brought  in  bundles  on  diminutive 
jackasses  ;  the  only  .animal  that  can  be  subsisted 
in  this  barren  neighborhood  without  great  ex- 
pense. The  inhabitants  manufacture  sugar  from 
the  cornstalk,  which  sells  at  30  or  40  cents  per 
pound.  Grain  is  always  from  $2  to  $3  the  bush- 
el. The  fruits  of  the  place,  including  melons, 
the  apple,  plums,  grapes,  and  apricots,  are,  all  but 
the  grapes  and  apricots,  very  indifferent. 

The  Rio  del  Norte  itself  in  this  neighborhood 
affords,  in  its  narrow,  sandy  valley,  little  or  no 
space  for  agriculture.  On  the  W.  side  the  banks 
are  steep  walls  crowned  by  layers  of  basalt,  form 
ing  the  table  lands.  The  E.  side  is  composed  of 
rolling  sand  hills  rising  gradually  to  the  base  of 
the  mountains. 

The  whole  valley  of  the  Upper  Del  Norte,  so 
far  as  it  contains  any  ground  cultivated,  or  capa- 
ble of  cultivation,  may  be  considered  as  included 
between  Taos,  in  about  36°  30'  N.  latitude,  and 
Rio  Cristobel,  in  33°  30',  a  distance  of  about  200 
miles  in  length,  but  every  where  very  narrow. 
Beginning  at  La  Goga,  about  30  miles  S.  from 
Taos,  the  banks  of  the  Del  Norte  exhibit  a  nar 
row,  sandy  bottom,  so  situated  as  to  admit  of  ir 
rigation  ;  this  lasts  for  about  160  miles.  Th« 
river  itself  is  scarcely  more  than  25  yards  widft 
and  every  where  fordable. 

30  or  40  miles  S.  of  Santa  Fe,  amid  the  moun- 
tains, on  the  E.  of  the  Del  Norte,  are  gold  wash- 
ings, but  not  very  productive  or  profitable. 

The  wealth  of  the  country,  which  is  very  poor 
at  best,  consists  of  flocks  of  sheep  and  cattle,  for 
which  pasturage  is  found  on  the  banks  of  the  rir- 
ers,  but  which  are  exposed  to  constant  depreda- 
tions from  the  Indians. 

Santa  Rosa   County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Milton.    It 


568 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


is  washed    on    the  "W.  by  the  Escambia,  and 
drained  by  tributaries  of  Pensacola  Bay. 

Saquoit,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  On  both  sides  of 
Sadaquada  or  Saquoit  Creek,  90  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Albany.  It  contains  an  inflammable  sul- 
phur spring,  yielding  gas  sufficient  to  light  build- 
ings. 

Sarahsvitte,  0.,  Noble  township,  Morgan  co.  It 
lies  near  the  Buffalo  Fork  of  Wills  Creek.  89 
miles  from  Columbus,  and  28  from  McConnels- 
ville. 

Saranac,  N.  Y.,  Clinton  co.  The  Saranac  Riv- 
er  waters  this  town,  flowing  through  a  valley  of 
considerable  size  and  fertility.  Surface  chiefly 
hilly  and  mountainous,  abounding  in  iron  ore.  15 
miles  W.  from  Plattsburg,  and  180  N.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Milton.  Formed 
from  Albany  co.,  in  1791.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
Warren  co.,  E.  by  the  Hudson  River,  S.  by  Al- 
bany and  Schenectady,  and  W.  by  Fulton  and 
Herkimer  counties.  Watered  by  Mohawk  and 
Sacandaga  Rivers,  Kayaderosseras  and  Fish 
Creeks,  and  Saratoga,  Ballston,  and  Round  Lakes. 
The  Palmertown  and  Kayaderosseras  Mountains 
cover  the  N.  W.  part  of  this  county  ;  the  rest  of 
the  surface  is  undulating  and  hilly,  interspersed 
with  sandy  plains.  Soil  of  various  qualities, 
being  chiefly  composed  of  sandy  or  gravelly  loam 
and  clay.  The  mineral  waters  of  this  county  are 
unrivalled,  and  the  description  of  them  will  be 
found  under  the  appropriate  head.  Agate  and 
chalcedony  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Saratoga 
Springs,  and  there  ai*e  several  localities  of  marl 
and  bog  iron  ore.  The  Saratoga  and  Schenectady 
and  the  Rcnsselaer  and  Saratoga  Railroads  cross 
this  county,  along  the  E.  and  S.  borders  of  which 
extends  the  Champlain  Canal. 

Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Hudson  River,  W.  by  Saratoga  Lake, 
and  watered  by  Fish  Creek,  connecting  the  two  : 
the  Champlain  Canal  also  passes  parallel  to  the 
river  through  this  town.  Surface  uneven,  and 
soil  gravelly  loam,  with  the  exception  of  some 
rich  alluvial  flats  bordering  the  Hudson.  It  was 
in  this  town  that  General  Burgoyne  surrendered 
to  the  American  army,  October  17, 1777.  10  miles 
N.  E.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and  34  N.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Saratoga  Springs.  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  This 
town  is  watered  by  Ellis's  Creek  and  some  other 
small  tributaries  of  Kayaderosseras  Creek,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  S.  Surface  hilly  on  the  N.  E., 
and  chiefly  level  elsewhere ;  soil  light  sandy  loam. 
For  an  account  of  the  celebrated  mineral  springs 
in  this  town,  see  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Sardinia,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Bounded  on  the  S. 
by  Cattaraugus  Creek.  A  hilly  town,  with  a  soil 
well  suited  to  grass.  28  miles  *S.  E.  from  Buffalo, 
and  274  W.  from  Albany. 

Sarecto,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Duplin  co.  About  50  miles 
N.  from  Wilmington. 

Saugerties,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Watered  by 
Platterkill  and  Esopus  Creeks,  flowing  into  the 
Hudson,  which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  The  W. 
part  is  covered  by  the  Catskill  Mountains,  but 
the  E.  is  more  level,  and  the  soil  good.  10  miles 
N.  from  Kingston,  and  46  S.  from  Albany. 

Saugus,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  town  formed  the 
W.  parish  of  Lynn  until  1815,  when  it  was  in- 
corporated, and  received  the  name  of  Saugus,  the 
old  Indian  name  of  Lynn,  and  of  the  river  that 
passes  through  the  town.  Most  of  the  land  on 


the  river  is  excellent  and  well  cultivated.  There 
are  large  tracts  of  salt  meadow  towards  the  sea, 
so  large  as  to  form  one  seventh  part  of  the  area 
of  the  town.  The  land  back  from  the  river  is 
rough,  and  much  of  it  covered  with  wood.  Saugus 
River  winds  delightfully  through  the  meadows, 
and  makes  a  very  picturesque  appearance.  6 
miles  S.  W.  from  Salem,  and  about  the  same 
distance  N.  from  Boston. 

Sank  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Prairie  du  Sac. 
Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Portage  co.,  S.  by  Wiscon- 
sin River,  separating  it  from  Dane  and  Iowa 
counties,  and  W.  by  Richland  co.  Drained  by 
Baraboa  and  other  tributaries  of  Wisconsin  River. 

Sault  de  Sainte  Marie.  This  village  is  situated 
upon  the  borders  of  Saint  Mary's  River,  at  the 
falls  of  Ste.  Marie,  and  is  an  old  Jesuit  missionary 
station  of  the  early  French  settlers  of  this  country, 
and  was  occupied  by  them  from  1626  until  the 
cession  of  the  French  possessions  in  North  Amer- 
ica to  Great  Britain.  It  is  a  famous  fishing  sta- 
tion, immense  quantities  of  white  fish  being 
caught  and  salted  there  for  the  markets  of  the 
West. 

The  American  Fur  Company  have  long  had 
their  factory  there,  and  it  is  now  one  of  the  most 
important  forwarding  places  for  transportation 
of  supplies  to  the  miners  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  for  transmission  of  cargoes  of  cop- 
per from  the  mines  to  the  cities  upon  our  sea- 
coast. 

The  Falls  of  St.  Mary  are  merely  rapids,  there 
being  only  a  fall  of  20  feet  in  a  mile.  Boats 
easily  and  safely  pass  down  these  rapids,  and 
there  has  been  a  single  instance  of  a  sail  boat 
passing  up  the  falls  under  a  heavy  press  of  sail. 

Brook  trout  of  the  finest  flavor  and  of  large 
size  are  caught  in  great  abundance  in  these  rapids. 
White  fish  are  taken  by  the  Indians,  by  means  of 
spears  and  scoop  nets,  directly  under  the  falls. 

It  is  proposed  to  cut  a  ship  canal,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  United  States  government,  so  that 
the  navigation  of  the  lower  lakes  may  pass  readily 
by  these  falls  into  Lake  Superior,  and  an  appro- 
priation has  been  made  by  Congress  for  this  im- 
portant work.  The  proposed  canal  will  be  only 
one  mile  long,  and  must  be  carried  out  into  the 
lake  above  nearly  half  a  mile  in  order  to  enable 
ships  to  enter  it,  and  a  secure  sea  wall  will  have 
to  be  built  to  prevent  the  surf  and  the  ice  from 
damaging  the  locks  of  the  canal.  The  rocks  are 
soft  red  and  gray  sandstone,  and  a  canal  may  be 
cut  in  it  with  nearly  as  much  ease  as  in  earth  or 
hard  soil.  Owing  to  the  vast  increase  of  busi- 
ness on  Lake  Superior,  and  the  importance  of  the 
mines  of  that  region,  it  seems  highly  desirable 
that  the  government  should  hasten  to  construct 
the  ship  canal  at  this  place,  and  thus  open  the 
vast  regions  of  Lake  Superior  and  of  the  country 
between  that  lake  and  the  River  Mississippi  for 
settlement. 

The  climate  of  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  is  mild  and 
cool  in  summer,  but  very  cold  in  winter,  the  ther- 
mometer sinking  to  the  freezing  point  of  mercury 
in  the  coldest  weather. 

There  is  an  old  fort  at  this  place,  where  the 
United  States  government  occasionally  quarters 
a  few  companies  of  troops  ;  but  the  day  has  long 
since  past  when  their  aid  would  have  been  re- 
quired for  the  protection  of  the  inhabitants  from 
Indian  depredations,  the  aborigines  being  far  from 
hostile  to  the  white  people  living  among  them. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  what  is  the  present  populfr- 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


569 


tion  of  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  for  it  is  continually 
fluctuating  with  the  trade  of  that  region ;  but  it  is 
now  certainly  on  the  rapid  increase. 

One  of  the  annual  payments  to  the  Indians  is 
made  here  by  the  government,  and  in  the  autumn 
when  this  takes  place,  thousands  of  the  native 
Americans  throng  the  Sault  to  receive  each  his 
ten  silver  dollars,  or  its  equivalent  in  blankets  or 
arms,  in  payment  for  lands  ceded  to  the  United 
States.  About  $40,000  are  annually  paid  to  the 
Indians  at  this  place. 

There  are  now  two  or  three  good  hotels  at  the 
Sault,  and  travellers  are  hospitably  entertained, 
and  find  abundant  amusement  in  fishing  for 
trout. 

Savannah,  Ga.  The  largest  city  in  the  state,  a 
port  of  entry,  and  the  seat  of  justice  of  Chatham 
co.  It  is  90  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  and  158  E.  S.  E.  from  Milledge- 
ville.  Population,  in  1810,  5195;  1820,  7523; 
1830,  7776  ;  1840,11,214;  1850,  about  17,000.  The 
population  of  Savannah  is  subject  to  considerable 
fluctuations,  with  the  change  of  the  seasons  from 
summer  to  winter.  The  place  having  been  former- 
ly very  unhealthy  in  the  summer  months,  many 
of  the  inhabitants  were  in  the  habit  of  visiting  the 
north  at  that  season.  These  not  only  were  at 
home  in  the  winter,  but  many  visitors  from  the 
north,  in  turn,  sought  the  benefits  of  a  milder 
climate  than  their  own,  in  this  as  well  as  in  other 
cities  of  the  south.  According  to  a  census  of  the 
city  taken  in  the  summer  of  1838,  the  permanent 
inhabitants  amounted  to  12,758,  to  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  computation  of  the  officer  employed  to 
take  the  census,  3000  should  be  added  for  the 
transient  winter  population  ;  making  a  total, 
during  that  season,  of  15.758.  Much  improve- 
ment in  the  salubrity  of  the  place  during  the  hot 
season  has  been  realized  within  the  last  30  years, 
in  consequence  of  the  substitution  of  the  dry  for 
the  wet  cultivation  of  the  rice  crop  in  the  low 
swamps  of  the  vicinity,  and  of  better  building  and 
other  municipal  regimen  in  the  city.  In  the  opin- 
ion of  eminent  physicians,  the  summer  in  Savannah 
is  now  even  more  healthy  than  the  winter. 

The  city  is  built  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Savannah 
River,  17  miles  from  the  ocean,  on  a  sandy  plain 
40  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river.  This  plain, 
which  is  nearly  a  perfect  level,  extends  about  a 
mile  E.  and  W.  upon  the  river,  and  for  several 
miles  S.,  increasing  in  width  as  it  extends  back 
from  the  river.  The  city  is  laid  out  with  regularity 
and  beauty,  by  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles,  and  having  between  every  other  street  a 
public  square,  generally  enclosed  and  ornamented 
•with  trees.  These  open  parks,  18  or  20  in  num- 
ber, with  their  verdant  carpeting  and  shaded 
avenues,  together  with  the  rows  of  trees  with 
which  the  streets  generally  are  lined  on  both  sides 
throughout,  give  to  the  city,  during  the  spring 
and  summer  months,  an  airy,  cool,  and  rural 
appearance.  The  space  at  present  covered  by 
the  city  is  about  a  mile  in  length,  by  three  quar- 
ters of  a  mile  in  breadth.  The  buildings  are  of 
wood,  brick,  and  stone,  and  many  of  them  are  of 
fine  architecture  and  elegant  appearance.  For- 
merly the  great  proportion  of  wooden  buildings 
expo'sed  this  city  to  frequent  ravages  from  fire. 
The  year  1820  was  rendered  memorable  by  a 
most  destructive  conflagration,  by  which  463 
buildings  were  consumed,  occasioning  a  loss  of 
property  to  the  amount  of  $4,000,000.  It  has 
since  been  rebuilt,  chiefly  of  brick,  with  many  im- 
72 


provements  in  the  means  of  securing  cleanliness, 
comfort,  and  health.  Among  the  public  build- 
ings are  the  court  house,  jail,  exchange,  arsenal, 
United  States  barracks,  a  market  house,  several 
fine  banking  houses,  an  academy,  a  theatre,  a 
female  asylum,  a  widows'  asylum,  a  hospital,  and 
a  poorhouse.  One  of  the  most  splendid  structures 
in  the  city  is  that  of  the  Independent  Presbyterian 
Church,  which  is  constructed  of  a  light-colored 
granite,  and  cost  $100,000.  The  city  contains  12 
or  14  churches,  among  which  are  a  Presbyterian, 
an  Independent  Presbyterian,  a  Baptist,  3  African, 
(Baptist,)  2  Episcopal,  a  Methodist,  a  Lutheran, 
a  Unitarian,  a  Mariners'  Church,  a  church  for  the 
Roman  Catholics,  and  a  Jews'  Synagogue.  The 
warehouses  are  ranged  along  the  bank  of  the  river, 
3  or  4  stories  high  on  the  river  side,  accessible  to 
the  lower  story  from  the  wharves,  and  to  the 
upper  from  the  city. 

The  position  and  the  harbor  of  Savannah  offer 
fine  advantages  for  navigation  and  commerce.  The 
harbor  is  one  of  the  finest  on  the  southern  coast 
of  the  United  States.  The  entrance  from  the 
sea,  over  the  bar,  is  full  a  mile  wide,  affording, 
without  change,  a  passage  of  from  18  to  21  feet 
of  water  at  low  tide.  Vessels  requiring  13  feet 
of  water  come  up  to  the  wharves  of  the  city,  and 
those  requiring  15  or  15,  to  a  good  anchorage, 
called  the  Five  Fathom  Hole,  3  miles  below. 
The  navigator  is  guided  to  the  entrance  of  the 
harbor  by  the  light-house  on  Tybee  Island,  which 
having  made,  there  is  no  difficulty,  even  for  a 
stranger,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Coast  Pilot,  in 
effecting  an  entrance  without  risk,  even  during  a 
heavy  gale  of  wind.  Some  impediments  to  the 
navigation,  which  were  placed  in  the  river  during 
the  revolutionary  war,  to  obstruct  the  approach 
of  the  British  armed  vessels,  are  not  yet  entirely 
removed,  though  their  removal  was  undertaken  by 
the  United  States,  and  is  nearly  effected.  The  tide 
flows  up  the  river  55  miles.  Steamboats  go  up  to 
Augusta,  250  miles  by  the  course  of  the  river, 
and  pole  boats  go  up  150  miles  farther.  There 
are  2  companies  employed  upon  the  river,  with  6 
steamboats,  4  of  which  are  of  iron,  and  30  tow 
boats,  of  150  tons'  burden  each,  running  to  Au- 
gusta. There  are  also  2  companies,  with  1 1  steam- 
boats and  42  tow  boats,  running  through  an  inland 
coast  navigation  to  Darien,  and  up  the  Alatamaha 
and  Ockmulgee  Rivers,  650  miles,  to  Macon.  There 
are  also  running,  through  an  inland  coast  naviga- 
tion, 2  steamboats  to  and  from  Florida ;  and  4  to 
Charleston,  2  by  the  inland  and  2  by  the  outside 
passage.  These  boats  run  steadily  through  the 
winter  season,  and  during  the  summer  whenever 
the  state  of  the  rivers  permits.  There  are  3  lines 
of  brigs,  with  6  vessels  in  each  line,  sailing  be- 
tween Savannah  and  New  York,  making  a  de- 
parture from  each  place  every  2  days,  and  oc- 
cupying 7  days,  on  an  average,  in  the  passage. 
Savannah  is  already  the  centre  of  commerce  for 
a  large  area  of  country,  which  must  hereafter  be 
very  much  extended.  The  commerce  of  the 
neighboring  state  of  Florida  is  much  better  ac- 
commodated at  the  fine  port  of  Savannah  than 
in  her  own  shallow  harbors.  The  dangerous 
navigation  round  the  Florida  Cape,  and  the  facility 
of  making  a  railroad  communication  over  land  to 
Savannah,  must  give  to  this  city  an  advantageous 
position  in  the  south.  There  are  railroads,  already 
completed  or  in  process  of  construction,  to  Macon, 
in  the  centre  of  the  state,  and  100  miles  farther 
W.,  to  connect  with  the  Atlantic  and  Western 


570 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Railroad,  which  is  completed,  and  runs  136  miles 
farther  N.  W.,  to  Tennessee  River,  opening,  by  a 
direct  route  to  Savannah,  the  commerce  of  the 
west ;  also  a  branch  of  the  Monroe  Railroad  to 
the  Chattahoochee  River,  at  a  point  leading  to  a 
union  with^he  Montgomery  Railroad,  in  Alabama, 
and  a  railroad  from  the  Flint  to  the  Ockmulgee 
Rivers,  which  easily  admits  of  an  extension  to  the 
Chattahoochee,  to  drain  the  produce  of  Western 
Georgia,  and  a  part  of  Alabama,  to  Savannah. 
A  canal  extends  from  Savannah  to  the  Ogeechee 
River.  Such  are  the  advantages  of  inland  trade 
which  are  already  enjoyed  by  this  city,  or  are 
fairly  open  to  it  in  the  future.  Savannah  is  noted 
for  its  exports  of  tobacco  and  rice,  but  particularly 
for  that  of  vast  quantities  of  upland  cotton. 

This  city  was  founded  by  General  James  Ogle- 
thorpe,  in  1733,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1761. 
Its  charter  was  amended  and  enlarged  in  1787. 
In  December,  1778,  the  city  was  taken  by  the 
British,  under  Colonel  Campbell,  and  held  in  their 
possession  until  1782. 

Savannah,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Andrew  co.  5  miles  dis- 
tant from  Missouri  River. 

Savannah,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  This  town  con- 
tains a  small  sheet  of  water  called-  Crusoe  Lake, 
the  outlet  of  which  flows  E.  into  Seneca  River. 
The  surface  is  level,  and  partly  covered  by  the 
Montezuma  Marshes ;  soil  on  the  N.  and  W.  quite 
productive.  11  miles  E.  from  Lyons,  and  170  N. 
of  W.  from  Albany. 

Savannah,  Te.,  c.  h.  Hardin  co. 

Savoy,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  A  wild  mountain 
township,  whose  soil  and  surface  are  better  adapt- 
ed to  grazing  than  tillage.  The  people  are  gen- 
erally farmers.  The  most  compact  settlement  is 
in  the  S.  part,  at  the  confluence  of  the  two 
streams  which  constitute  the  head  waters  of 
Westfield  River.  •••  This  is  sometimes  called  Sa- 
voy Village,  but  more  Commonly  Savoy  Hol- 
low. 15  miles  N.  E.  from  Pittsfield,  and  114  W. 
by  N.  from  Boston. 

Saxonville,  Ms.,  in  Framingham,  Middlesex  co. 
22  miles  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Saybrook,  Ct,  Middlesex  co.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  ancient  towns  in  the  state.  Lord  Say 
and  Seal,  Lord  Brook,  and  other  gentlemen  in 
England,  dissatisfied  with  the  government  of 
Charles  I.,  contemplating  a  removal  to  this  coun- 
try, procured,  in  1632,  of  Robert,  Earl  of  War- 
wick, a  patent  of  all  the  country  "  which  lies  W. 
from  Narraganset  River,  120  miles  on  the  sea- 
coast  ;  and  from  thence,  in  latitude  and  breadth 
aforesaid,  to  the  South  Sea."  In  1635,  they  ap- 
pointed Mr.  John  Winthrop,  a  son  of  the  govern- 
or of  Massachusetts,  to  build  a  fort  on  Connec- 
ticut River,  and  appointed  him  governor  for  one 
year. 

In  the  summer  of  1639,  Colonel  George  Fen- 
wick,  one  of  the  patentees,  arrived  from  England, 
and  in  honor  of  Lord  Say  and  Seal,  and  Lord 
Brook,  gave  the  tract  about  the  mouth  of  Con- 
necticut River  the  name  of  Saybrook.  Colonel 
Fenwick  superintended  the  affairs  of  the  colony 
until  1644,  when,  his  associates  having  relin- 
quished the  design  of  removal  to  America,  he 
sold  the  jurisdiction  of  Saybrook  to  the  Connec- 
ticut colony. 

The  original  limits  of  the  town  extended  upon 
the  E.  side  of  the  river  for  several  miles,  and  in- 
cluded a  part  of  the  town  of  Lyme.  The  town- 
ship now  comprises  three  parishes,  viz.,  Saybrook, 
Westbrook,  and  Essex.  Saybrook  parish  is  the 


S.  E.  section  of  the  town.  The  Indian  name-  for 
this  place  was  Pattaquasset.  W.  of  this  is  West- 
brook  parish,  which  was  called  by  its  Indian  name, 
Pochaug,  until  October,  1810.  N.  of  these  two 
parishes  is  Pautapoug,  or  Essex. 

The  greater  part  of  the  township  is  uneven 
and  stony.  There  are,  however,  some  extensive 
levels,  and  tracts  of  rich  soil,  particularly  in  the 
vicinity  of  Saybrook  village,  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  town.  Some  of  the  hills,  near  Con- 
necticut River,  have  good  granite  quarries.  There 
are  several  small  harbors  on  the  Sound,  and  on 
Connecticut  River,  at  Saybrook  Point  and  Pau- 
tapoug. The  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Connecti- 
cut is  an  impediment  to  navigation.  Saybrook 
Harbor  is  at  the  mouth  of  a  handsome  cove, 
making  up  from  Connecticut  River,  and  extend- 
ing W.  almost  to  Saybrook  village.  It  is  often 
resorted  to  by  coasters  in  bad  weather.  Large 
quantities  of  fish  are  taken  in  this  town.  The 
shad  fisheries  are  numerous,  and  a  source  of  con- 
siderable wealth.  Connecticut  River  shad  are 
considered  superior  to  any  other  in  this  country. 
White  fish  are  taken  upon  the  shores  of  the 
Sound,  and  are  very  valuable  for  the  purposes  of 
manure.  The  borough  of  Essex  is  about  7  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  Connecticut  River,  on  the  W 
side.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce, 
navigation,  and  ship  building. 

Saybrook  Point  is  a  peninsula,  circular  in  its 
form,  and  connected  with  the  main  land  by  a 
narrow  neck,  over  which  the  tide  sometimes 
flows. 

The  land  on  the  point  was  laid  out  with 
care,  as  it  was  expected  to  become  the  residence 
of  great  men,  and  the  centre  of  great  business 
and  wealth. 

About  half  way  between  the  palisado  was 
erected  the  first  building  designed  for  the  colle- 
giate school,  since  named  Yale  College.  This 
institution  was  founded  in  1700,  and  remained  at 
Saybrook  17  years.  It  was  desired  by  the  found- 
ers and  others,  that  the  churches  should  have  a 
public  standard  or  confession  of  faith,  agreeable 
to  which  the  instruction  of  the  college  should  be 
conducted.  This  led  to  the  adoption  of  the 
"  Saybrook  Platform,"  after  the  commencement 
in  1708. 

David  Gardiner,  born  at  Saybrook,  was  th« 
first  white  child  born  in  Connecticut. 

Saybrook  is  a  very  pleasant  town,  and  full  of 
interesting  associations. 

Saybrook  village  is  40  miles  S.  S.  E.  from 
Hartford,  34  E.  from  New  Haven,  and  19  W. 
from  New  London.  The  New  Haven  and  New 
London  Railroad  passes  through  this  town. 

Scarbord1,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.,  lies  between 
Saco  and  Portland.  A  part  of  this  large  town, 
called  Black  Point,  lying  upon  the  sea  was 
granted  by  the  council  of  Plymouth  to  Thomas 
Cammock,  in  1631  ;  this  was  soon  after  settled, 
and  beeame  of  considerable  importance  on  the 
coast  in  the  fisheries  and  trade.  The  land 
is  held  under  that  ancient  grant  at  the  pres- 
ent day.  Another  settlement  was  early  made  by 
a  family  of  Algers,  from  England,  near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  town,  and  called  Duastan  Corner, 
whieh  name  it  still  bears.  This  was  wholly  de- 
stroyed in  the  Indian  war  of  1675.  It  was, 
however,  revived  by  a  descendant  in  the  fe- 
male line,  through  whom  that  race  is  still  perpet- 
uated. 

Scarboro'  is  principally  an  agricultural  town, 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


571 


for  which  purpose  it  furnishes  some  rich  soil,  and 
has  a  large  quantity  of  salt  marsh.  Ship  build- 
ing, however,  continues  to  be  pursued  here,  al- 
though not  to  the  extent  it  formerly  was.  Nou- 
suck  River  passes  through  the  whole  length  of 
the  town.  Its  present  name  was  given  to  it  in 
1658,  when  it  submitted  to  the  government  of 
Massachusetts  ;  previously  the  eastern  side  of 
the  river  and  marsh  was  called  Black  Point,  and 
the  western  Blue  Point' — ' names  which  are  still 
in  familiar  use. 

This  town  has  the  honor  of  being  the  birth- 
place of  the  distinguished  statesman  Rufus  King, 
and  his  half  brother,  William  King,  the  first 
governor  of  Maine.  About  8  miles  S.  from 
Portland. 

Schaghticoke,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  Watered 
by  the  Hoosic  River  and  Tomhanic  Creek, 
tributaries  of  the  Hudson  Riv.er,  which  bounds 
it  on  the  W.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  fertile. 
10  miles  N.  from  Troy,  and  15  N.  from  Albany. 

Schellsburg,  Pa.,  Bedford  co.,  is  a  small  village 
on  the  main  read  from  Bedford  to  Pittsburg.  9 
miles  N.  N.  W.  from  the  former. 

Schenectady  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Schenectady. 
Formed  from  Albany  co.  in  1809.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Montgomery  and  Saratoga,  E.  by  Saratoga 
and  Albany,  S.  by  Albany,  and  W.  by  Schoharie 
and  Montgomery  counties.  Watered  by  the 
Mohawk  and  Schoharie  Rivers,  and  a  few  small 
streams.  The  surface  and  soil  are  various,  the 
Mohawk  valley  containing  broad  and  fertile 
alluvial  flats.  Bog  iron  ore  is  the  only  important 
mineral.  This  county  is  traversed  by  the  Erie 
Canal,  and  Mohawk  and  Hudson,  the  Schenec- 
tady and  Troy,  the  Utica  and  Schenectady,  and 
the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroads. 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.  City  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Schenectady  co.  On  the  S.  bank  of  the  Mohawk 
River.  16  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany.  The  Erie 
Canal,  and  likewise  the  railroad  routes  from  Al- 
bany and  Troy  to  Buffalo,  pass  through  this  city. 
Here  also  conies  in  the  railroad  from  Whitehall, 
on  Lake  Champlain,  via  Saratoga  Springs  and 
Ballston  Spa.  This  is  the  point  of  embarkation 
for  passengers  travelling  W.  by  the  canal.  The 
city  is  built,  with  a  good  degree  of  regularity,  on 
about  20  streets,  several  of  which  are  intersected 
diagonally  by  the  canal.  It  contains  churches  of 
the  Dutch  Reformed,  Presbyterian,  Episcopal, 
Baptist,  Methodist,  Cameronian,  Universalist. 
and  Roman  Catholic  denominations.  This  is 
the  seat  of  Union  College,  the  buildings  of 
which  are  located  on  an  open  and  elevated  site, 
a  little  E.  of  the  compact  portion  of  the  city. 
See  Colleges. 

The  settlement  of  Schenectady  dates  back  to 
the  earliest  period  of  our  colonial' history.  When 
in  possession  of  the  aborigines,  this  was  the  site 
of  an  Indian  village,  the  name  of  which,  Cou- 
nugh-harie-gugh-harie,  signified'  a  great  multitude 
collected  together ;  and  it  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  principal  seat  of  the  Mohawks,  even  before 
the  confederacy  of  the  Five  Nations.  The  name 
Schenectady.  from  the  Indian  Schagh-nac-taa-da, 
signifying  beyond  the  pine  plains,  denoted  its 
local  position  in  relation  to  Albany  and  the 
North  River ;  between  which  and  this  place  such 
plains  intervene  for  several  miles  on  the  E.  of  it. 
A  few  Hollanders  are  said  to  have  settled  here 
as  early  as  1620,  for  the  purpose  of  trading  in 
furs  with  the  Indians.  The  first  grant  of  lands, 
as  appears  from  the  Dutch  records,  was  made 


here  in  1661,  to  Areut  Van  Corlaer  and  others, 
on  condition  that  they  purchased  the  soil  from 
the  Indians.  This  was  effected,  and  a  deed 
signed  by  four  Mohawk  chiefs,  in  1772. 

On  the  8th  of  February,  1690,  the  town,  then 
consisting  of  63  houses  and  a  church,  was  the 
scene  of  a  general  conflagration  and  most  bar- 
barous massacre,  by  a  party  of  French  and  In- 
dians from  Canada.  A  "  ballad  "  of  the  times 
says,  — 

"  They  marched  for  two  and  twenty  dales, 

All  through  the  deepest  snow  5 
And  on  a  dismal  winter  night 
They  struck  the  cruel  blow. 

"  They  then  were  murther'd  in  their  beddes, 

Without  shame  or  remorse  ; 
And  soon  the  floors  and  streets  were  strew'd 
With  many  a  bleeding  corse. 

"  The  village  soon  began  to  blaze, 

Which  showed  the  horrid  sight : 
But,  O,  I  scarce  can  bear  to  tell 
»  The  miseries  of  that  night. 

"  They  threw  the  infants  in  the  fire  ; 

The  men  they  did  not  spare ; 
But  killed  all  which  they  could  find, 
Though  aged,  or  though  fair-" 

There  is  much  more  of  this  simple  but  touch- 
ing ballad,  of  which  the  author,  who  had  himself 
led  a  party  frftm  Albany  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy, 
says,  in  closing,  — 

"  I  wish  that  it  rnay  stay  on  earth 
Long  after  I  am  dead." 

The  cruelties  which  it  details  are  but  too  faith- 
ful a  representation  of  the  atrocities  committed 
by  the  French  upon  the  English  settlements  dur- 
ing the  wars  of  that  period ;  in  which  they  en- 
gaged the  savages  as  their  allies,  and  themselves 
resorted  not  unfrcquently  to  their  inhuman  modes 
of  warfare.  In  the  subsequent  French  war.  in 
1748,  Schenectady  was  again  carried  by  the  ene- 
my, and  70  of  the  citizens  slain. 

Schenectady  was  incorporated  as  a  city  March 
26,  1798.  Previous  to  the  opening  of  the  Erie 
Canal,  and  the  Albany  and  Mohawk  Railroad, 
this  was  a  great  depository  of  the  commerce  of 
the  west  on  its  passage  to  the  Hudson.  In  con- 
sequence of  the  rapids  on  the  Mohawk,  goods 
had  to  be  transported  in  wagons  over  the  turn- 
pike to  Albany,  which  had  even  at  that  early 
date  become  the  greatest  thoroughfare  for  per- 
sons and  property  between  the  Hudson  River 
and  the  western  country.  To  show  the  immense 
value  of  the  internal  improvements  made  by 
the  state  of  New  York,  we  may  state  that  the 
freight  of  a  barrel  of  flour  by  wagons  from 
Schenectady  to  Albany  was  eight  or  ten  times 
more  than  at  the  present  time  It  was  natural 
to  expect  that  much  trade,  which  had  centred 
at  Schenectady  before  the  opening  of  the  canal, 
would  afterwards  be  transferred  to  Albany  and 
Troy.  But  the  decline  in  the  prosperity  of  the 
city,  which  began  to  be  realized  in  consequence 
of  this  change,  has  been  in  a  good  measure  pre- 
vented by  the  concentration  of  so  many  railroad* 
here,  and  by  its  continuing  still  to  be  a  depot  foi 
the  packet  boats  on  the  canal,  in  which  the  travel, 
by  emigrants  and  others,  since  that  time,  has  beeo 
greatly  increased.  16  miles  W.  from  Albany 
and  80  E.  from  Utica. 

Schodack,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  Bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  Hudson  River,  and  watered  by  & 
few  small  tributaries.  Surface  hilly  and  unda 


572 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


lating  ;  soil  clay,  loam,  and  gravel.     14  miles  S. 
from  Troy,  and  7  S.  by  E.  from  Albany. 

Schoharie  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Schoharic. 
Formed  from  Albany  and  Otsego  counties  in 
1795.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Montgomery, 
E.  by  Schenectady  and  Albany,  S.  by  Ulster  and 
Delaware,  and  W.  by  Otsego  co.  Watered  prin- 
cipally by  Schoharie  Creek  and  its  branches. 
Surface  hilly  and  mountainous,  the  E.  part  being 
covered  by  the  Catskill  Mountains,  and  Helder- 
berg  Hills.  Along  the  borders  of  the  Schoharie 
Creek  are  broad,  fertile,  alluvial  flats,  and  the 
soil  of  the  uplands  is  mostly  well  adapted  to 
grass.  In  this  county  are  a  number  of  caverns, 
containing  beautiful  specimens  of  stalactites  and 
stalagmites ;  water,  limestone,  and  bog  iron  ore 
also  exist  in  small  quantities,  and  there  are  sev- 
eral sulphur  springs. 

Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Schoharie  co.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  Schoharie  and  Fox  Creeks,  which  flow 
through  broad,  fertile  valleys.  Surface  undulat- 
ing and  hilly.  32  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Schroeppel,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Bounded  on  the 
S.  and  W.  by  Oneida  and  Oswego  Kivers,  and 
watered  by  tributaries  of  the  former.  Surface 
rolling;  soil  sandy  loam.  16  miles  S. E.  from 
Oswego  village,  and  150  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Schroon,  N.  Y..  Essex  co.  This  town  contains 
many  lakes  and  ponds,  which  are  the  sources  of 
the  Schroon  branch  of  the  Hudson  River.  The 
E.  and  W.  parts  are  mountainous,  being  separated 
by  a  valley  of  considerable  width.  Soil  chiefly 
sand  and  sandy  loam.  22  miles  S.  from  Elizabeth, 
and  95  N.  from  Albany. 

Schuyler  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Rushville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  McDonough  co.,  E.  by  Fulton,  S.  by 
Brown,  and  W.  by  Marquette  and  Hancock  coun- 
ties. Watered  on  the  S.  E.  boundary  by  Illinois 
River,  and  drained  by  Crooked,  Crane,  McKee's, 
and  Sugar  Creeks.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil  of 
fine  quality. 

Schuyler  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Lancaster.  On 
the  northern  border.  Drained  by  head  streams 
of  the  Chariton  and  Fabius. 

Schuyler,  N.  Y.,  Herkimcr  co.  Bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  Mohawk  River.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil 
very  rich  in  the  valley  of  the  river.  7  miles  W. 
from  Herkimer,  and  87  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Schuylerville,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  Hudson  River.  34  miles  N.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Schuyllcill  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Orwicksburg. 
Berks  bounds  this  county  on  the  S.  E.,  Dauphin 
S.  W.,  Northumberland  and  Columbia  N.  W., 
Luzerne  N.,  and  Northampton  and  Lehigh  N.  E. 
The  surface  is  generally  hilly,  and  some  parts 
mountainous.  Except  near  the  streams  the  soil 
is  rough,  rocky,  and  sterile.  It  is  drained  by 
the  streams  of  Mahony,  Mahantango,  and  Swa- 
tara,  flowing  into  the  Susquehanna,  and  by  the 
head  branches  of  Schuylkill. 

Schuylkill  Haven,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  Situated 
just  below  the  entrance  of  West  Branch  into 
Schuylkill  River,  and  on  the  Schuylkill  Canal. 
68  miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg.  West  Branch 
Railroad  extends  from  this  place  to  the  coal 
mines  at  the  foot  of  Broad  Mountain. 

Schuylkill,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Located  on  Schuvl- 
kill  River,  and  drained  by  French  and  Stony 
Creeks.  Surface  level ;  soil  sandy  loam.  78 
miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Sdo,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  The  Genesee  River 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town.  Sur- 


face hilly  and  broken  ;  soil  moist  clay  loam.  15 
miles  S.  from  Angelica,  and  261  S.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Scipio,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Owasco  Lake,  and  is  watered  by  streams  flowing 
into  this  and  Cayuga  Lake.  Surface  somewhat 
undulating  ;  soil  rich  loam,  clay,  and  alluvion.  8 
miles  S.  from  Auburn,  and  164  W.  from  Albany. 

Scioto  County.  0.,  c.  h.  at  Portsmouth.  Pike 
co.  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Jackson  and  Lawrence 
counties  on  the  E.,  the  Ohio  River  on  the  S., 
and  Adams  co.  on  the  W.  The  land  is  uneven, 
but  very  good.  The  most  important  streams  are 
the  Ohio  River,  which  runs  along  the  southern 
boundary  40  miles,  the  Big  Scioto,  Scioto  Brush 
Creek,  Pine  Creek,  and  Pond,  Turkey,  and  Twin 
Creeks.  Stone  coal  and  iron  ore  are'the  mineral 
productions. 

Scituate,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  This  town,  sup- 
posed to  be  named  from  its  Indian  name,  Satuit, 
lies  at  the  mouth  of  North  River,  in  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  and  has  a  convenient  harbor.  2 
miles  N.  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  defended 
by  rocky  cliff's,  and  Cedar  Point,  on  which  is  a 
light-house.  The  North  River  rises  near  the 
sources  of  the  Taunton.  It  passes  Pembroke, 
Hanover,  and  Marshfield,  and  meets  the  tide  wa- 
ter here.  This  river  is  very  deep,  narrow,  and 
crooked,  and  is  noted  for  the  fine  ships  built  on 
its  banks.  The  town  extends  back  from  the  bay 
a  considerable  distance  ;  it  contains  large  tracts 
of  salt  meadow,  and  some  valuable  upland.  In 
this  large  town  are  a  number  of  handsome  vil- 
lages, and  some  pleasant  ponds.  The  principal 
villages  are  those  at  the  harbor,  Liberty  Plain, 
and  Snappet,  on  the  border  of  Hanover.  Scituate 
Harbor  lies  26  miles  S.  E.  by  E.  from  Boston, 
5  miles  from  the  railroad  depot  in  Cohasset,  and 
17  N.  N.  W.  from  Plymouth. 

Scituate,  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  This  town  was 
a  part  of  Providence  until  1731.  The  surface  of 
the  town  is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys.  In 
the  N.  part  of  the  town  the  soil  is  a  gravelly 
loam,  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  to  tillage. 
Pawtuxet  River,  with  several  of  its  branches, 
gives  Scituate  a  good  water  power,  and  large 
manufactories,  particularly  of  cotton  and  wool, 
are  found  on  their  banks.  There  is  a  valuable 
quarry  of  freestone  in  the  western  part  of  the 
town.  12  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Providence. 

Scotland  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Memphis.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Iowa,  E.  by  Clark,  S.  by  Knox,  and 
W.  by  Schuyler  co.  Surface  level,  and  drained 
by  Wyaconda  and  North  Fabius  Rivers,  and  the 
N.  fork  of  Salt  River. 

Scotland  Neck,  N.  C.,  Halifax  co.  A  bend  of 
the  Roanoke,  which  forms  the  eastern  angle  of 
the  county,  gives  the  village  its  name.  It  is  sit- 
uated 40  miles  below  Halifax  by  water,  and  by 
post  road  100  N.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Scott  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Boonville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Crawford  and  Franklin  counties,  E.  by 
Yell,  S.  by  Montgomery  and  Polk,  and  W.  by 
Indian  territory.  Drained  by  the  Petite  Jean,  a 
branch  of  the*  Arkansas  River.  The  Washita 
hills  lie  on  the  S.  border  of  this  county. 

Scott  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Winchester.  Bounded 
N.  and  E.  by  Morgan  co.,  S.  by  Greene  co.,  and 
W.  by  the  Illinois  River,  separating  it  from  Pike 
co.  Drained  by  small  branches  of  the  Illinois 
River. 

Scott  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Lexington.  Jennings 
is  on  the  N.  E.,  Jackson  N.  W.,  Jefferson  B, 


IN  THE    UNITED   STATES. 


573 


Washington  W.,  Floyd  S.,  and  Clarke  S.  E. 
Several  branches  of  White  Eiver  cross  the 
county. 

Scott  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Davenport.  Bounded 
N.  by  Clinton  co.,  E.  and  S.  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  separating  it  from  Illinois,  and  W.  by 
Muscatine  and  Cedar  counties.  Wabesipinica 
River  runs  on  its  N.  E.  border,  and  Allen's, 
Duck,  and  Crow  Creeks  drain  the  interior. 

Scott  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Georgetown.  The 
soil  is  very  productive.  The  county  has  Owen  on 
the  N.,  Harrison  N.  E.,  Franklin  W.,  Woodford 
S.  W.,  and  Fayette  S.  E. 

Scott  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Hillsbor®'.  Bounded 
N.  by  Leake,  E.  by  Newton,  S.  by  Smith,  and 
W.  by  Jackson  co.  Watered  by  branches  of 
Pearl,  and  by  the  head  branches  of  Leaf  River. 

Scott  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Ben  ton.  Bounded 
N.  W.  by  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  N.  E.  by  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  separating  it  from  Illinois,  S.  E.  and 
S.  by  Mississippi  and  New  Madrid  counties,  and 
W.  by  Stoddard  co.  Surface  diversified ;  soil 
mostly  of  excellent  quality.  Whitewater  and 
James's  Rivers  drain  this  county. 

Scott  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Benton.  S.  E.  part. 
Has  the  Mississippi  on  the  E.,  and  Whitewater 
on  the  W.  Generally  very  fertile. 

Scott,  N.  Y.,  Cortland  co.  Watered  by  the  inlet 
of  Skaneatelcs  Lake  and  the  head  branches  of  the 
Tioughnioga  River.  Surface  somewhat  uneven  ; 
soil  good  argillaceous  and  calcareous  loam.  10 
miles  N.  from  Cortland,  and  146  W.  from  Albany. 

Scott,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  Bounded  W.  by  the 
Susquehanna  River,  and  drained  by  Starucea, 
Shrawder's,  and  Shoohokin  Creeks.  Surface 
hilly;  soil  gravel  and  loam.  199  miles  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Scott  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Huntsville.    New. 

Scott  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Estillville.  Tennes- 
see bounds  it  on  the  S.,  Lee  co.,  Va.,  W.,  Cum- 
berland Mountains,  or  Virginia.  N.,  Russell  co., 
Va.,  N.  E.,  and  Washington  S.  E.  Powell's, 
Clinch,  and  Holston  Rivers,  with  their  numerous 
confluents,  drain  this  county.  Surface  generally 
hilly,  or  mountainous. 

Scottsvitte,  Ky..  c.  h.  Allen  co.  On  a  small 
branch  of  Big  Barren  River.  45  miles  E.  from 
Russellville,  and  by  post  road  160  S.  W.  by  S. 
from  Frankfort. 

Scottville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Allen  co.  On  a  branch  of 
Green  River.  148  miles  S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Scriba,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Watered  bv  several 
small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  N.,  while  Oswego  River  forms 
the  W.  boundary.  Surface  rather  hilly ;  soil 
tolerably  good  sandy  loam.  162  miles  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Scriven  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Jacksonboro'. 
Effingham  co.  is  on  the  S.  E.,  Ogeechee  River  S. 
W.,  Burke  N.  W..  and  Savannah  River  N.  E. 
The  county  is  situated  between  Savannah  and 
Ogeechee  Rivers. 

Seabrook.  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.,  was  formerly 
a  part  of  Hampton  Falls.  The  rivers  are  Black, 
Brown's,  and  Walton's.  Many  of  the  rivulets 
aboftnd  with  bog  ore  of  iron.  This  town  derives 
its  name  from  the  number  of  rivers  and  rivulets 
meandering  through  it.  First  settlers,  Christopher 
Hussy,  Joseph  Dow,  and  Thomas  Philbrick,  in 
1638.  17  miles  S.  W-  from  Portsmouth  by  rail- 
road, and  50  S.  E.  from  Concord. 

Searcy  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Lebanon.  Bounded 
N.  by  Marion  and  Fulton,  E.  by  Izard,  S.  by  Van 


Buren,  and  W.  by  Newton  and  Carroll  counties. 
Drained  by  branches  of  White  River. 

Searcy,  As.,  c.  h.  White  co.  On  the  S.  W. 
side  of  Little  Red,  a  branch  of  White  River.  50 
miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Little  Rock. 

Searsburg,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  Searsburg  is 
too  ^elevated  on  the  Green  Mountains  either  for 
cultivation,  population,  or  wool  growing.  It  pre- 
sents, from  almost  every  point,  wild  and  beauti- 
ful landscapes.  11  miles  E.  from  Bennington, 
and  20  W.  from  Brattleboro'. 

Searsdale,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Bounded  on 
the  W.  by  Bronx  River.  Surface  rolling;  soil 
sandy  and  clay  loam.  4  miles  S.  from  White 
Plains,  and  135  from  Albany. 

Searsmont,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  Searsmont  has  a 
good  soil,  and  some  beautiful  ponds.  It  is  a 
pleasant  and  flourishing  town,  30  miles  E.  from 
Augusta,  and  12  S.  W.  from  Belfast. 

Searsport,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  On  Penobscot  Bay 
Incorporated  in  1845,  from  Prospect  and  a  part 
of  Belfast,  which  it  adjoins  on  the  N.  It  has  a 
good  harbor. 

Seaville,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  This  town  was  in 
corporated  in  1838,  and  was  formerly  a  part  of 
the  town  of  Mount  Desert.  It  includes  Bart- 
lett's,  Robinson's,  Hardwood,  and  other  smaller 
islands  on  the  coast. 

Sebago,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  This  town  lies 
between  Sebago  Lake  and  Hancock  Pond,  and 
was  taken  from  Baldwin  in  1826.  It  lies  87  miles 
S.  W.  by  W.  from  Augusta,  and  30  N.  W.  from 
Portland.  It  has  a  good  soil,  and  is  watered  by 
small  streams. 

Sebec,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  A  good  township. 
87  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Sedgwick,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  W.  side 
of  Blue  Hill  Bay.  87  miles  E.  of  Augusta. 

Sequin,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Guadaloupe  co. 

Seekonk,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  In  1812,  the  W.  part 
of  Rehoboth  was  incorporated  into  a  distinct 
township,  by  its  Indian  name  of  Seekonk,  which 
is  the  Indian  name  for  wild  or  black  goose,  great 
numbers  of  which  used  to  alight  in  Seekonk 
River  and  Cove.  The  Seekonk  and  Providence 
Rivers  bound  this  town  on  the  W.  There  is  con- 
siderable water  power  here.  The  Boston  and 
Providence  Railroad  passes  through  the  town 
The  distance  to  Boston  is  38%  miles. 

Selma,  Aa.,  Dallas  co.  On  the  N.  bank  of 
Alabama  River.  83  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Tus- 
caloosa. 

Sempronius,  N.  Y.,  Caynga  co.  Watered  by 
Skaneatelcs  Lake  and  several  small  streams.  It 
has  a  rolling  surface  and  productive  soil.  16 
miles  S.  E.  from  Auburn,  and  156  W.  from 
Albany. 

Seneca  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Ovid  and  Water 
loo.  Formed  from  Cayuga  co.  in  1804.  Bounded 
N.  by  Wayne,  E.  by  Cayuga,  S.  by  Tompkins, 
and  W.  by  Ontario  and  Yates  counties.  Cayuga 
Lake  forms  a  part  of  the  E.,  and  Seneca  of  the 
W.  boundary,  and  across  the  N.  part  flows  the 
Seneca  River.  Surface  pleasantly  diversified  with 
hills  and  valleys ;  soil  mostly  fertile  calcareous 
loam  and  mould.  There  are  some  important 
mineral  springs  in  this  county,  and  several  ex- 
tensive beds  of  gypsum.  The  Cayuga  and  Seneca 
Canal,  and  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad  run 
parallel  with  the  Seneca  River. 

Seneca,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Bounded  S.  E.  by 
Seneca  Lake,  and  is  watered  by  Flint  Greet. 
Surface  undulating  and  hilly;  soil  fertile  clay 


574 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


and  sandy  loam.  15  miles  E.  from  Canandaigua, 
and  179  W.  from  Albany. 

Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.  Watered  by 
Seneca  River,  and  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Cayuga  Lake.  It  is  also  crossed  by  the  Cayuga 
and  Seneca  Canal.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
chiefly  rich  loam.  4  miles  E.  from  Waterloo,  and 
167N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Seneca  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Tiffin.  Sandusky  is 
on  the  N.,  Huron  on  the  E.,  Crawford  on  the  S., 
and  Hancock  and  Wood  counties  on  th'e  W.  It 
is  a  well- watered,  fertile  county,  with  a  soil  of 
rich  loam,  which  produces  excellent  crops  of 
grass  and  grain.  The  land  is  well  timbered,  and 
is  watered  by  Mad  Kiver.  In  1 820,  the  county  was 
constituted,  but  not  organized  until  April,  1824. 

Seneca,  0.,  Margaretta  township,  Huron  co. 

Seneca,  0.,  Monroe  co.  Guernsey  co.  on  the 
N.  of  this  township,  Centre  township  on  the  E., 
Enoch  township  on  the  S.,  and  Morgan  co.  on 
the  W. 

Sennett,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by  several 
small  branches  of  the  Seneca  Eiver.  Surface 
rolling ;  soil  gravelly  loam  and  clay.  N.  from 
Auburn  village  4  miles,  and  N.  of  W.  from  Al- 
bany 154. 

Sevier  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Paraclifta.  Bounded 
N.  by  Polk,  and  E.  by  Pike  and  Hempstead  coun- 
ties, S.  by  Red  River,  separating  it  from  Lafay- 
ette co.  and  Texas,  and  W.  by  Indian  territory. 
Drained  by  North  Little  River  and  its  tributaries, 
Saline,  Casselose,  and  Rolling  Fork  Creeks. 

Sevier  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Sevierville.  In  the 
E.  part  of  the  state.  Drained  by  French  Broad 
and  Little  Pigeon,  its  tributary.  Great  Smoky 
Mountain  runs  on  its  S.  E.  border. 

Sevierville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Sevier  co.  A  village  in 
the  fork  of  French  Broad  River,  on  the  road 
from  Maryville  to  Dandridge.  25  miles  S.  E. 
from  Knoxville. 

Seward,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Watered  by  the 
Cobleskill.  Has  a  high  and  undulating  surface, 
and  a  generally  good  soil.  15  miles  W.  from 
Schoharie,  and  47  from  Albany. 

Sewichly,  Pa.,  New  Beaver  co.  A  township 
extending  from  Beaver  River,  up  the  right  side 
of  Ohio  River,  to  the  limits  of  Alleghany  co. 

Seymour,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  A  new  town, 
lately  the  village  of  Humphreysville,  in  the  town 
of  Derby,  on  the  Naugatuck  River.  20  miles  N. 
E.  from  Bridgeport,  by  the  Naugatuck  Railroad, 
and  12  N.  W.  from  New  Haven.  A  nourishing 
manufacturing  town,  the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest 
manufactures  of  woollens  in  the  country. 

Shaftsbury,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  Shaftsbury 
lies  between  the  Battenkill  and  Walloomsack 
Rivers ;  it  has  no  large  streams.  Some  tributa- 
ries of  each  of  these  rivers  rise  here,  which  afford 
several  mill  privileges.  West  Mountain  lies 
partly  in  this  town  and  partly  in  Arlington ;  it 
has  a  variety  of  timber.  The  soil  is  of  a  good 
quality.  The  minerals  are  iron,pre,  of  excellent 
quality,  and  a  beautiful  white  marble.  The  set- 
tlement was  commenced  about  the  year  1763. 
From  Montpelier  97  miles  S.  W.,  and  8  N.  from 
Bennington. 

Shandaken,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Watered  by  the 
Neversink  River  and  Esopus  Creek.  The  Cats- 
kill  Mountains  cover  a  large  part  of  the  surface. 
24  miles  W.  from  Kingston,  and  83  S.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Shannon  County,  Mo.,  c.h.  at  Eminence.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Crawford  co.,  E.  by  Reynolds,  S.  by 


Ripley  and  Oregon,  and  W.  by  Texas  co.  Drained 
by  Current  River  and  branches. 

Shapkigh,  Me.,  York  co.  A  level  farming  town. 
103  miles  S.  W.  from  Augusta. 

Sharon,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  Sharon  lies  on  the 
W.  side  of  Housatonic  River,  opposite  to  Corn- 
wall. The  eastern  part  of  the  town  is  elevated, 
mountainous,  and  stony,  but  is  suited  for  grazing ; 
the  western  part,  which  borders  on  the  state  of 
New  York,  is  a  fertile  tract  of  undulating  land, 
and  very  productive  of  all  sorts  of  grain.  Agri- 
culture is  the  chief  business  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  village  is  situated  principally  on  one  street, 
on  the  eastern  side  of  a  beautiful  valley.  There 
is  a  beautiful  village,  called  Hitchcock's  Cor- 
ner, partly  in  Sharon  and  partly  in  the  state  of 
New  York ;  this  also  is  situated  in  a  beautiful 
valley,  and  rich  in  agricultural  resources.  47 
miles  W.  by  N.  from  Hartford. 

Sharon,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.    This  town  was  ori- 

finally  the  second  parish  of  the  old  town  of 
toughton,  and  was  incorporated  in  1765,  by  the 
name  of  Stoughtonham,  but  the  name,  becoming 
unpopular,  was  changed  to  the  scriptural  one  of 
Sharon.  The  natural  scenery  of  this  town  is  ex- 
ceedingly beautiful  and  picturesque.  It  is  the 
height  of  land  between  Boston  and  Providence ; 
and  several  streams  of  water  here  take  their  rise, 
which,  running  in  opposite  directions,  fall  into 
Massachusetts  and  Narraganset  Bays.  Mashapog 
Pond  is  a  beautiful  lake,  more  than  a  mile  in 
length,  containing  500  or  600  acres,  and  rests 
upon  a  bed  of  iron  ore.  Moose  Hill  is  the  most 
elevated  of  a  range  of  hills  in  the  westerly  part 
of  this  town.  It  is  easily  accessible,  and  from  it* 
summit  there  is  one  of  the  richest,  most  com- 
manding, and  beautiful  views  in  New  England. 
The  Boston  and  Providence  Railroad  passes  near 
the  centre  of  the  town.  17  miles  S.  W.  from 
Boston  by  railroad,  and  9  S.  from  Dedham. 

Sharon,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  The  streams 
in  Sharon  are  small  branches  of  Contoocook 
River,  and  rise  near  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  town. 
Boundary  Mountain  lies  on  the  line  between  this 
town  and  Temple,  and  has  an  elevation  of  200 
feet  above  the  surrounding  country.  Sharon  is 
better  for  grazing  than  for  grain.  18  miles  W. 
by  S.  from  Amherst,  and  48  S.  S.  W.  from  Con- 
cord. 

Sharon,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Watered  by  Bow- 
man's Creek,  has  a  high  and  undulating  surface, 
based  upon  limestone,  which  is  seen  breaking 
through  in  the  form  of  caverns,  and  displaying 
interesting  stratifications.  This  town  also  con- 
tains a  celebrated  mineral  spring.  14  miles  W. 
from  Schoharie,  and  40  W.  from  Albany. 

Sharon,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  White  River  passes 
through  Sharon,  and  affords  it  an  abundant 
water  power.  Sharon  contains  a  handsome  and 
flourishing  village.  The  surface  is  broken,  but 
the  soil  warm  and  productive.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  about  the  year  1765,  by  emi- 
grants from  Connecticut.  22  miles  N.  from  Wind- 
sor, and  34  S.  E.  from  Montpelier.  The  Vermont 
Central  Railroad  passes  through  Sharon. 

Shaste  County,  Ca.  In  the  extreme  N.,  on*Kla- 
math  River. 

Shawangunk,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  The  Wallkill 
and  Shawangunk  Creek  water  this  town.  The 
N.  W.  part  is  covered  by  the  Shawangunk  Moun- 
tain, the  E.  level  and  rolling.  Soil  diversified. 
24  miles  S.  W.  from  Kingston,  and  87  S.  by  W. 
from  Albany. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


575 


Shawneetown,  Is.,  Gallatin  co.  On  the  N.  W. 
bank  of  Ohio  River.  10  miles  below  the  entrance 
of  the  Wabash,  and  195  S.  S.  E.-from  Springfield. 
As  a  place  of  trade  this  is  among  the  largest  in 
Southern  Illinois. 

Shdboygan  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Sheboygan. 
Bounded  N.  by  Calumet  and  Manitoowoc  coun- 
ties, E.  by  Lake  Michigan,  S.  by  Washington  co., 
and  W.  by  Fond  du  Lac  co.  Drained  by  She- 
boygan River  and  branches,  and  by  branches  of 
the  Milwaukee.  Soil  of  excellent  quality. 

Sheboygan,  Wn.,  c.  h.  Sheboygan  co.  On  the 
S.  bank  of  Sheboygan  River,  at  its  entrance  into 
Lake  Michigan. 

Sheffield,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  The  Indian  name 
of  this  town  was  Houssatonnock.  It  was  first 
settled  in  1725,  and  at  its  incorporation  in  1733, 
it  was  named  after  Sheffield  in  England.  Mr. 
Obadiah  Noble,  from  Westfield,  was  the  first 
white  man  who  resided  in  the  town.  He  spent 
the  first  winter  here  with  no  other  human  being 
than  the  Indians.  This  town  includes  an  exten- 
sive vale,  and,  except  on  the  E.,  is  generally  level. 
In  that  part  there  is  an  extensive  chain  of  consid- 
erable hills.  On  the  W.  it  is  mountainous.  Sa- 
conic,  or  Mount  Washington,  is  about  2500  feet 
in  height,  and  presents  a  magnificent  spectacle. 
A  part  of  this  mountain  is  in  Sheffield.  This 
town  affords  an  abundance  of  white  marble,  and 
much  of  an  excellent  quality.  The  soil  is  pro- 
ductive, and  in  the  vale  easily  tilled.  The  Housa- 
tonic,  which  passes  through  the  length  of  the 
town,  is  here  a  silent,  sluggish  stream,  from  6  to 
8  rods  in  breadth.  Sheffield  is  one  of  those  de- 
lightful towns,  so  richly  decorated  with  lovely 
valley  and  majestic  mountain  scenery.  The  vil- 
lage is  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river.  180  miles 
from  Boston  by  the  Housatonic  and  Western 
Railroads,  and  56  from  Albany. 

Sheffield,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  This  town  lies  on 
the  height  of  land  between  Connecticut  River 
and  Memphremagog  Lake.  Branches  of  Pas- 
sumpsic  and  Barton  Rivers  both  rise  here.  It  is 
watered  by  several  ponds.  The  lands  are  broken, 
and  not  productive.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced about  the  year  1792.  From  Danville, 
16  miles  N.,  and  46  miles  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Shelburne,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  This  town,  until 
1768,  was  a  part  of  Deerfield,  and  called  "Deer- 
field  North- West."  At  its  incorporation,  it  was 
named  for  Lord  Shelburne.  Deerfield  River 
passes  through  the  town,  and  in  its  course  falls 
nearly  50  feet,  in  the  distance  of  40  rods,  thereby 
producing  a  great  hydraulic  power.  On  the 
banks  of  this  river,  Shelburne  Falls  village  has 
sprung  up.  It  is  neat,  handsome,  and  surround- 
ed by  charming  scenery.  Among  other  buildings 
it  contains  a  well-endowed  academy.  From 
Shelburne  Falls  village  at  the  W.  part  of  the 
town,  to  Greenfield,  is  7  miles. 

Shelburne,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  Androscoggin  River 
passes  through  the  centre  of  this  town,  into  which 
fall  the  waters  of  Rattle  and  some  smaller  streams. 
The  soil  on  each  bank  of  the  river  is  very  good, 
producing  in  abundance  grain  and  grass ;  but  as  we 
rise  from  the  river,  the  tracts  are  mountainous,  and 
unfit  for  cultivation.  Mount  Moriah,  an  elevated 
peak  of  the  White  Mountains,  lies  in  the  S.  part 
of  Shelburne.  Moses'  Rock,  so  called  from  the 
first  man  known  to  have  ascended  it,  (Moses 
Ingalls,)  is  on  the  S,  side  of  the  river,  near  the 
centre  of  the  town.  It  is  about  60  feet  high 
and  90  feet  long,  very  smooth,  and  rising  in  ftn 


angle  of  nearly  50°.  Shelburne  presents  much 
wild  and  beautiful  scenery.  In  this  town  is  an 
extensive  and  valuable  mine  of  lead ;  also  excel 
lent  zinc  ore.  First  settlers,  David  and  Benj 
Ingalls,  in  1775.  From  Concord  123  miles  N 
E.,  and  about  30  S.  E.vfrom  Lancaster. 

Shelburne,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  Shelburne  is 
finely  watered  by  La  Platt  River,  a  pond  cover- 
ing 600  acres,  and  by  the  waters  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  Shelburne  Bay  sets  into  the  town,  and 
affords  a  good  harbor,  and  a  depot  for  the  interior 
trade  on  the  beautiful  Champlain.  The  soil  is 
strong,  fertile,  and  generally  well  improved.  A 
part  of  this  town  was  annexed  to  St.  George  in 
1848.  A  small  settlement  was  made  in  this 
town  previous  to  the  revolutionary  war.  The 
earliest  settlers  were  two  Germans  by  the  name 
of  Logan  and  Pottier,  who  commenced  upon  two 
points  of  land  extending  into  Lake  Champlain, 
which  still  bear  the  names  "  Pottier's  Point,"  and 
"  Logan's  Point."  33  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Mont- 
pelier, and  7  S.  from  Burlington. 

Shelby  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Shclbyville.  This 
county  is  bounded  by  Coosa  River  E.,  Bibb  co. 
S.,  Tuscaloosa  S.  W.,  Jefferson  N.  W.,  and  St. 
Clair  N.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Cahaba 
River. 

Shelby  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Shelbyvillc.  Bound- 
ed N.  and  N.  E.  by  Macon  and  Moultrie  counties, 
E.  by  Coles  and  Cumberland,  S.  by  Effingham 
and  Fayette,  and  W.  by  Montgomery  and  Chris- 
tian counties.  Drained  by  Kaskaskia  River  and 
branches,  and  by  the  head  branches  of  the  S. 
fork  of  Sangamon  River.  Surface  level ;  soil 
very  fertile. 

Shelby  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Shelbyville.  Madi- 
son bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Rus.h  E.,  Decattir  S.  E., 
Johnson  W.,  Marion  N.  W.,  and  Bartholomew 
S.  Branches  of  the  E.  fork  of  White  River 
.drain  this  county. 

Shelby  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Shelbyville.  Hen- 
ry co.  is  on  the  N.,  Franklin  E.  and  S.  E.,  Jeffer- 
son W.,  and  Spencer  S.  The  soil  is  highly  pro- 
ductive, and  is  drained  by  the  N.  E.  fork  of  Salt 
River. 

Shelby  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Shelbyville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Knox  and  Lewis  counties,  E.  by  Marion, 
S.  by  Monroe,  and  W.  by  Macon  co.  Drained 
by  Salt  River,  on  the  banks  of  which  coal  is 
found,  and  by  North  Two  Rivers,  which  affords 
hydraulic  power.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the 
soil  fertile. 

Shelby,  N.  Y.,  Orleans  co.  Watered  by  Oak 
Orchard  Creek.  Mostly  a  level  town,  with  a 
soil  of  calcareous  loam.  10  miles  S.  W.  from 
Albion,  and  260  W.  from  Albany. 

Shelby,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Cleveland  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  First  Broad  River.  There  is  a  fine  sul- 
phur spring  in  the  vicinity. 

Shelby  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Sidney.  Allen  and 
Mercer  counties  are  on  the  N.,  Logan  and  Cham- 
paign on  the  E.,  Miami  on  the  S.,  and  Dark 
and  Mercer  counties  on  the  W.  The  soil  is 
good,  and  is  watered  by  Turtle,  Loramie's,  and 
Musketoe  Creeks,  and  Miami  River.  The  Mi- 
ami Canal  passes  through  the  S.  W.  part  of  the 
county.  In  1819  the  county  was  constituted. 
In  1804  or  1805  it  was  settled  by  James  Thatch- 
er, on  Loramie's  Creek. 

Shelby  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Raleigh.  This  coun- 
ty has  a  hilly  surface,  and  is  drained  by  Wolf 
River  and  its  branches.  Madison  co.,  Te.,  bounds 
it  on  the  N.  and  E.,  Mississippi  River  W.,  and 


576 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   Ac- 


state  of  Mississippi  S.   It  includes  old  Fort  Pick- 
ering, now  Memphis. 

Shelby  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Shelbyville.  On 
the  E.  border,  between  the  eastern  heads  of  the 
Neches  and  the  Sabine. 

Shelbyville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co. 

Shelbyville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Kaskaskia  River.  60  miles  S.  E. 
from  Springfield.  There  is  a  copious  sulphur 
spring  in  this  place. 

Shelbyville,  la.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co.  On  Blue  Riv- 
er, branch  of  White  River.  25  miles  S.  E.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Shelbyville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co.  On  Brashears 
Creek,  12  miles  above  its  junction  with  Salt 
River,  and  23  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Frankfort. 

Shelbyville,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co. 

Shelbyville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Bedford  co.  A  town  lo- 
cated on  the  right  bank  of  Duck  River.  It  con- 
tains a  bank,  printing  office,  and  the  county  build- 
ings. 30  miles  S.  from  Murfreesboro'. 

Shelbyville,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co. 

Sheldon,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Watered  by 
Tonawanda  and  Seneca  Creeks.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  moist  clay  loam.  13  miles  W.  from  War- 
saw, and  262  from  Albany. 

Sheldon,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  This  is  a  good 
township  of  land.  The  River  Missisco  passes 
through  it,  and  Black  Creek,  a  branch  of  that 
river,  gives  Sheldon  an  ample  water  power.  The 
village  is  a  thriving  place.  The  settlement  was 
commenced  about  the  year  1790,  by  Colonel 
Elisha  Sheldon  and  Samuel  B.  Sheldon,  emi- 
grants from  Salisbury,  Ct.  46  miles  N.  W.  from 
Montpelier,  and  32  N.  by  E.  from  Burlington. 

Shelter  Island,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  This  town, 
lying  between  Gardiner's  and  Great  Peconic 
Bays,  is  6  miles  long  and  4  wide.  Surface 
mostly  uneven  ;  soil  light  and  sandy,  but  fertile 
in  some  parts.  20  miles  E.  from  Riverhead,  and* 
245  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Shenandoah  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Woodstock. 
Blue  Ridge,  or  Culpepper  and  Madison  counties 
are  on  the  S.  E.,  Rockingham  S.  W.,  Hardy 
and  Hampshire  N.  W.,  and  Frederick  N.  E. 
The  two  main  branches  of  Shenandoah  River 
traverse  this  county,  and  it  is  drained  by  many 
minor  tributaries.  All  parts  of  the  county  are 
hilly,  except  the  space  between  the  two  great 
branches  of  the  Shenandoah,  which  is  very 
mountainous.  The  soil  is  productive  in  grain, 
pasturage,  and  fruits. 

Shepherdsville,  Ky.,  c.h.  Bullitt  co.  On  the  N. 
side  of  Salt  River.  1  mile  from  Paroquette  Springs 
and  72  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Frankfort.  At  the 
springs  are  fine  accommodations  for  visitors. 

Sherborn,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Sherborn  is 
watered  by  Charles  River  on  its  eastern  boundary, 
and  by  several  brooks  and  pleasant  ponds.  Its 
Indian  name  was  Boggeston.  The  soil  is  good  and 
productive.  It  contains  many  skilful  farmers, 
and  some  delightful  farms.  The  village  is  on  ele- 
vated land ;  it  is  pleasant,  and  commands  good 
prospects.  18  miles  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  16 
S.  from  Concord. 

Sherburne,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  by 
the  Chenango  River,  parallel  to  which  runs  the 
Chenango  Canal.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  sandy  and 
argillaceous  loam.  12  miles  N.  from  Norwich, 
and  92  W.  from  Albany. 

Sherburne,  S.  C.,  Beaufort  district.  A  village 
2 1 4  miles  from  Columbia  by  post  road. 

Sherburne,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.    Killington  Peak, 


3924  feet  in  height,  several  ponds,  and  Thun- 
dering Brook,  with  a  handsome  fall,  lie  in  this 
town.  Queechy  River  rises  here,  and  along  its 
banks  is  some  good  land,  but  the  lands  are  gen- 
erally too  elevated  even  for  pasturage.  The  set- 
tlement was  commenced  here,  in  1785,  by  Isaiah 
Washburn.  The  town  was  organized  in  1794. 
From  Rutland  10  miles  N.  E. 

Sheridan,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Watered  by 
Scott's.  Walnut,  and  some  other  creeks  flowing 
into  Lake  Erie,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  W. 
Surface  hilly  ;  soil  clay  loam  and  sand.  20  miles 
N.  E.  from  Maysville,  and  307  W.  from  Albany. 

Sherman,  Ct.,  Fail-field  co.  Sherman  was  for- 
merly the  N.  part  of  New  Fairfield,  and  incorpora- 
ted in  1802.  13  miles  N.  from  Danbury.  There 
is  a  variety  of  soils  in  the  town,  but  they  are-  gen- 
erally strong,  warm,  and  productive  of  grass  and 
grain.  A  branch  of  the  Housatonic  waters  the 
town.  Iron  ore  is  found  here. 

Sherman,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  French  Creek 
waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  uneven, 
and  the  soil  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  10  miles  SL 
W.  from  Maysville,  and  340  S.  of  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Shiawassee  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Corunna.  This 
county  was  incorporated  in  1837,  and  is  bounded 
N.  by  Saginaw,  E.  by  Genesee,  S.  by  Livingston 
and  Ingham,  and  W.  by  Clinton  co.  Drained  bj 
Shiawassee,  Looking  Glass,  and  Meshtagayock 
Rivers,  which  afford  hydraulic  power.  Surface 
level  or  undulating,  and  containing  anthracite 
coal;  soil  fertile. 

Shieldsboro1 ,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Hancock  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  St.  Louis  Bay,  which  connects  with  Lake 
Borgne.  S.  by  E.  from  Jackson  212  miles. 

Shippen,  Pa.,  McKean  co.  Drained  by  Drift- 
wood Creek,  on  the  margin  of  which  are  salt 
springs,  and  by  another  branch  of  Sunenmahoning 
Creek.  The  surface  is  rough  and  mountainous, 
but  in  the  valleys  is  some  good  land.  171  miles  N 
W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Shippinsburg,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  A  town  and 
borough,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  coun- 
try. It  is  11  miles  N.  E.  from  Chambersburg. 
and  136  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Shippingport,  Ky.,  Jefferson  co.,  is  a  large  vil 
lage,  2  miles  below  Louisville,  at  the  bottom  of 
the  Rapids  of  the  Ohio.  It  is  in  reality  the  lower 
part  of  Louisville,  and  at  low  water  is  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation  in  the  Ohio. 

Shirley,  Me.,  Piscataquis  co.  This  town  was 
incorporated  in  1834.  It  was  formerly  No.  3  in 
the  4th  range  of  the  Bingham  Purchase.  It  is 
watered  by  the  higher  branches  of  Piscataquis 
River,  and  lies  about  76  miles  N.  by  E.from  Au- 
gusta. 

Shirley,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Before  its  incor- 
poration, in  1753,  the  territory  of  this  town  was 
the  S.  W.  part  of  Groton.  The  lands  are  rather 
level  and  low ;  the  soil  of  some  part  of  them 
is  cold  and  unproductive,  but  generally  they 
make  good  farms  ;  some  parts  of  the  town,  par- 
ticularly along  the  streams,  are  under  a  high  state 
of  cultivation,  and  very  productive.  Shirley  is 
separated  from  Groton  by  Nashua  River,  and 
from  Pepperell  by  the  Squanicook,  a  branch  of 
the  Nashua.  These  streams  afford  a  fine  water 
power.  In  the  S.  part  of  the  town  is  a  pleasant 
village,  through  which  the  Fitchburg  Railroad 
passes.  This  village  lies  18£  miles  N.  W.  from 
Concord,  and  38i  N.  W.  from  Boston.  About  a 
mile  S.  of  this  village  is  a  family  of  more  than  a 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


577 


a  hundred  Shakers,  or  United  Society  of  Be- 
lievers. 

Shirley,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  A  township  op- 
posite Hamiltonville,  on  the  right  side  of  Juniata 
River. 

Shirleysburg,  Pa.,  Shirley  township,  Huntingdon 
co.  A  village  about  20  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

Shoccoe  Springs,  N.  C.,  Warren  co.  A  village, 
academy,  and  watering-place,  about  60  miles  N. 
E.  from' Raleigh. 

Shorcham,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Shoreham  lies  on 
the  E.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  is  watered  by 
Lemonfair  River,  a  good  mill  stream.  The  sur- 
face is  level,  and  the  soil  remarkably  good.  There 
is  a  pleasant  village  on  the  banks  of  the  lake. 
This  is  one  of  the  best  farming  towns  in  the 
state.  Most  of  the  waters  here  are  impregnat- 
ed with  Epsom  salts.  This  is  the  site  of  New- 
ton Academy.  The  settlement  was  commenced 
about  the  year  1766,  by  Colonel  Ephraim  Doolit- 
tle,  Paul  Moore,  Marshal  Newton,  and  others. 
The  settlement  was  broken  up  during  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  but  was  recommenced  on  the  return 
of  peace.  12  miles  S.  W.  from  Middlebury,  and 
about  42  S.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Shreveport,  La,,  c.  h.  Caddo  parish.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  Red  River,  380  miles  N.  W.  from  New 
Orleans. 

Shrewsbury,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town  pre- 
sents to  the  eye  an  uneven  surface,  variegated 
with  hills  and  valleys.  A  range  of  highland,  ex- 
tending from  N.  to  S.,  passes  through  the  middle 
of  the  town.  The  town  is  well  watered  by  springs 
and  rivulets,  though  there  are  no  large  rivers  in 
the  town.  Long  Pond,  called  by  the  natives 
Quinsigamond,  lying  in  this  town  by  the  line  of 
Worcester,  is  a  beautiful  piece  of  water.  It  lies 
in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  nearly  4  miles  long  as  it 
runs,  and  from  100  rods  to  near  a  mile  in  width. 
The  water  in  some  places  is  90  feet  deep.  There 
are  12  islands  in  this  pond  of  various  sizes.  Strat- 
ton's  Island,  which  contains  150  acres  under  cul- 
tivation, has  several  families  living  upon  it.  Some 
of  the  other  islands  are  more  or  less  cultivated. 
This  pond  is  the  principal  feeder  of  Blackstone 
Canal.  In  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  town  is  a  large 
meadow,  which  contains  excellent  peat.  36  miles 
W.  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  6  E.  by  N.  from 
Worcester. 

Shrewsbury,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  This  town  is 
located  near  the  sea-shore,  and  is  resorted  to  in 
summer  by  the  people  of  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia as  a  bathing-place.  It  has  a  high  and  dry 
soil.  47  miles  N.  E.  from  Trenton,  and  77  N.  E. 
from  Philadelphia. 

Shrewsbury,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Shrewsbury  lies 
mostly  on  the  Green  Mountains,  and  the  eastern 
part  is  much  elevated.  In  the  N.  part  is  Shrews- 
bury Peak,  which  is  one  of  the  highest  summits 
of  the  Green  Mountains,  and  is  more  than  4100 
feet  above  the  tide  water.  Mill  and  Cold  Rivers 
pass  through  the  town,  and  both  are  sufficiently 
large  for  mills.  Peal's  and  Ashley's  Ponds  are  in 
the  southerly  part.  Shrewsbury  is  well  adapted 
to  the  production  of  grass,  and  the  timber  is  such 
as  is  common  to  the  mountain  towns.  The  town 
was  chartered  in  1763.  From  Windsor  22  miles 
W.,  and  9  S.  E.  from  Rutland. 

Shrewsbury,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.,  was  called  Road- 
town,  from  the  time  of  its  grant,  in  1734,  to  its  in- 
corporation, in  1761.  It  was  first  settled  by  people 
from  Sudburv,  about  the  year  1738.  The  town  is 
73 


well  watered  by  branches  of  Mill  River,  which 
rise  here,  and  by  Swift  River,  which  passes 
through  the  town,  and  several  of  its  tributaries, 
which  also  rise  here.  The  surface  is  elevated,  and 
many  parts  of  it  are  hilly  and  rocky  ;  in  some 
parts  the  soil  is  thin,  and  not  very  productive,  but 
in  other  parts  the  soil  is  fertile,  particularly  along 
its  numerous  brooks  and  rivers.  At  the  N.  W. 
corner  of  the  town,  about  4  miles  from  the  centre 
village,  is  Lock's  Pond,  covering  about  700  acres, 
well  stocked  with  fish  of  various  kinds.  Near 
this  beautiful  little  lake  is  a  neat  village.  There 
is  a  mineral  spring  of  some  note  near  the  centre 
of  the  town.  It  is  said  to  have  been  opened  by 
an  earthquake,  in  1815,  and  it  abounds  in  muri- 
ate of  lime.  16  miles  S.  E.  from  Greenfield,  and 
74  W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 

Sidney,  Io.,  c.  h.  Fremont  co. 

Sidney,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  This  is  a  very  pleas- 
antly situated  town,  on  the  W.  side  of  Kennebee 
River,  and  watered  by  a  large  and  beautiful  pond 
lying  in  this  town  and  Belgrade.  12  miles  N. 
from  Augusta. 

Sidney,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  Watered  by  Ole- 
out  Creek  and  some  other  branches  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna  River,  which  bounds  it  on  the  W 
Surface  rather  hilly;  soil  well  suited  to  grazing.  18 
miles  W.  from  Delhi,  and  100  S.  W.  from  Albany 

Sidney,  0.,  c.  h.  Shelby  co.  79  miles  W.  by  N. 
from  Columbus. 

Sigourney,  la.,  c.  h.  Keokuck  co. 

Sliver  Spring,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  Conedog- 
winit  Creek  and  branches  water  this  town.  Sur- 
face hilly ;  soil  calcareous  loam  and  slate,  very 
fertile  in  the  valleys.  7  miles  N.  E.  from  Car- 
lisle. 

Simpson  County,  Ky..  c.  h.  at  Franklin.  War- 
ren is  on  the  N.,  Allen  E.,  Logan  co.  W.  and  N. 
W.,  and  Tennessee  S.  Two  rivers  rise  in  this 
county  —  Red,  a  branch  of  Cumberland,  and  Big 
Warren,  a  branch  of  Green  River. 

Simpson  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Westville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Rankin,  E.  by  Smith,  S.  by  Covington 
and  Lawrence  counties,  and  W.  by  Pearl  River, 
separating  it  from  Copiah  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Pearl  River. 

Simsbury,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  The  territory  of 
this  town  was  formerly  a  part  of  Windsor.  Its 
Indian  name  was  Massacoe,  and  it  was  incorporat- 
ed in  1670.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  greatly 
diversified  by  hills  and  valleys.  A  range  of 
mountains  passes  through  the  town,  and  there  is 
some  level  and  good  land  within  its  limits,  on 
Farmington  River.  Tariffville,  a  flourishing 
village,  is  situated  at  the  north-eastern  extremity 
of  this  town,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Farmington 
River.  45  miles  from  New  Haven  by  the  Canal 
Railroad. 

Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  in  Mount  Pleasant  township, 
Westchester  co.  On  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson 
River.  112  miles  S.  from  Albany,  and  33  miles  N. 
from  the  city  of  New  York.  It  is  pleasantly  sit- 
uated, on  uneven  ground,  rising  in  one  part  into 
an  eminence  180  feet  above  tide  water,  overlook- 
ing Tappan  and  Haverstraw  Bays,  the  Hudson 
and  Croton  Rivers,  and  the  surrounding  country, 
including  views  of  the  Palisades  and  the  High- 
lands in  the  distance.  It  was  incorporated  as 
a  village  in  1813.  Near  the  river  is  located  the 
Mount  Pleasant  Academy,  an  incorporated  insti- 
tution for  boys,  which  has  an  edifice,  constructed 
of  marble,  three  stories  high ;  also  the  Mount 
Pleasant  Female  Seminary,  an  incorporated  in- 


578 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


stitution,  beautifully  located,  and  possessing 
every  advantage  for  a  female  boarding  school. 

About  half  a  mile  S.  of  the  village  is  located 
the  Mount  Pleasant  State  Prison,  better  known, 
perhaps,  as  the  Sing  Sing  State  Prison,  which 
occupies  130  acres  of  ground.  The  buildings 
are  in  the  form  of  a  hollow  square,  enclosing  a 
yard  500  feet  by  250.  The  main  prison  is  484 
feet  in  length  and  44  in  width,  fronting  westerly 
on  the  Hudson,  being  five  stories  high,  and  con- 
taining 1000  cells  for  prisoners.  In  the  front 
and  rear  are  the  workshops,  together  Avith  the 
keeper's  house ;  and  on  the  S.,  attached  to  the 
building,  are  a  chapel,  hospital,  kitchen,  and 
storehouses.  These  buildings,  as  well  as  the 
principal  edifice,  are  all  of  rough  dressed  marble, 
quarried  on  the  state  farm.  The  prison  for 
female  convicts,  a  more  recent  structure,  stands 
separate  from  that  of  the  men,  on  an  elevated 
site,  and  is  a  handsome  marble  building,  of  the 
Ionic  order.  These  premises  can  be  distinctly 
traced  from  the  boats,  in  passing  up  and  down 
the  river.  The  average  number  of  convicts  at 
Sing  Sing,  in  the  year  1850,  was  721,  of  whom  80 
were  females. 

Sing  Sing  is  celebrated  for  its  marble  quarries, 
which  are  worked,  to  a  great  extent,  by  the  state 
prison  convicts.  The  marble  obtained  here  is  of 
an  excellent  quality.  The  village  derives  its 
name,  we  are  told,  from  the  Indian  words  Ossin- 
sing,  signifying  a  place  of  stone. 

The  Croton  Aqueduct  Bridge  at  this  place,  over 
the  Sing  Sing  Creek,  constructed  of  stone  ma- 
sonry, in  a  single  arch  of  88  feet  span,  and  rising 
about  100  feet  from  the  creek,  is  an  object  of 
much  curiosity,  for  its  massive  strength  and  ex- 
cellent workmanship. 

Skaneateles,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Watered  by 
Skaneateles  Lake,  the  larger  part  of  which  lies  in 
this  town,  and  by  its  outlet.  Surface  undulating  ; 
soil  very  fertile.  16  miles  S.  W.  from  Syracuse, 
and  146  W.  from  Albany. 

Skowhegan,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Kennebec  Eiver,  at  Skowhegan  Falls,  which 
afford  a  great  water  power.  5  miles  below  Nor- 
ridgewock,  and  33  N.  from  Augusta. 

Slatersville,  R.  I.,  town  of  Smithfield,  Provi- 
dence co.  A  factory  village,  on  a  branch  of  Paw- 
tucket  River.  19  miles  N.  W.  from  Providence. 
See  Smithfield. 

Smith  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Raleigh.  Bounded 
N.  by  Scott,  E.  by  Jasper,  S.  by  Jones  and  Co- 
vington,  and  W.  by  Simpson  and  Rankin  coun- 
ties. Drained  by  the  head  branches  of  Leaf  River. 

Smith  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Carthage.  Ken- 
tucky is  on  the  N.,  Jackson  co.  E.,  White  and 
Warren  S.  E.,  Wilson  S.  W.,  and  Summer  W. 
At  Carthage,  Caney  Fork  River  joins  the  Cum- 
berland. Surface  rather  rolling  than  hilly ;  soil 
generally  productive. 

Smithfield,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Watered  by 
Canaseraga  and  Cowasalon  Creeks.  A  hilly 
town,  with  a  very  fertile  soil.  5  miles  N.  from 
Morrisville,  and  106  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Smithfield,  N.  C.,  c.h.  Johnson  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  Neuse  River.  27  miles  S.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Smithfield.  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  This  is  a  large 
town,  containing  a  great  variety  of  surface  and  soil. 

Smithfield  has  generally  an  undulating  surface, 
presenting  an  agreeable  diversity  of  moderate 
eminences  and  gentle  declivities;  but  in  some 
sections  it  is  considerably  rough  and  broken. 

The  manufacture  of  lime  is  an  important  and 


extensive  business,  and  affords  employment  to  a 
great  number  of  persons.  There  is  also  a  quarry 
of  white  stone  at  what  is  called  Woonsocket  Hill, 
that  sustains  heat  remarkably  well,  which  renders 
it  very  valuable  for  furnace  hearths.  About  two 
miles  distant  from  this,  there  is  a  quarry,  contain- 
ing excellent  whetstones,  for  edge  tools. 

The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  sandy  loam,  with  some 
sections  of  a  calcareous  loam.  It  is  generally 
rich  and  fertile,  although  in  some  places  it  has 
been  reduced  by  an  exhausting  system  of  culti- 
vation. There  are,  however,  some  low  and 
marshy  tracts,  which  are  generally  appropriated 
to  mowing,  and  afford  good  crops  of  grass.  The 
agricultural  productions  consist  of  the  various  ar- 
ticles common  to  the  climate. 

The  waters  of  the  town  consist  of  the  Black- 
stone,  which  washes  its  north-eastern  border,  and 
a  branch  of  this  river,  nearly  of  equal  size,  which 
intersects  the  town,  discharging  its  waters  into 
the  former,  in  the  northern  section  of  the  town. 
After  the  union  of  these  streams,  the  Blackstone 
is  from  100  to  200  feet  in  width.  At  some 
seasons  of  the  year,  it  overflows  its  banks,  and 
has  been  known  to  rise  from  1 5  to  20  feet  above 
its  usual  height.  Besides  these,  there  are  numer- 
ous small  streams,  some  of  which  afford  valuable 
sites  for  mills.  In  the  S.  part  of  the  town,  within* 
about  4  miles  from  Providence,  there  is  a  consid- 
erable body  of  water,  called  Scots  Pond.  It  is 
nearly  a  mile  in  length,  about  half  a  mile  in 
width,  and  of  great  depth.  What  is  remarkable 
in  this  pond  is  the  steep  descent  of  its  shores. 
Cases  have  occurred  of  persons  being  drowned 
in  attempting  to  water  their  horses  at  this 
pond. 

There  is  a  remarkable  fall  of  water  upon  the 
Blackstone  River,  called  Woonsocket  Falls, 
which  is  considered  as  quite  a  curiosity.  The 
fall  is  about  20  feet,  not  perpendicular,  but  over 
a  precipice  of  rocks  for  some  distance.  The  fall 
of  the  water  upon  these  rocks,  through  a  succession 
of  ages,  has  occasioned  numerous  excavations,  all 
of  which  are  smooth  and  circular,  and  some  of 
them  very  large,  being  sufficient  to  contain  sev- 
eral hogsheads. 

The  beautiful  village  of  Woonsocket  is  situated 
at  these  falls,  on  the  line  of  Cumberland ;  the 
river  dividing  the  towns  and  the  village  into 
nearly  equal  parts.  This  village  is  a  beautiful 
place.  1 1  miles  from  Providence  by  the  railroad 
from  Worcester  to  Providence. 

Slatersville  is  another  beautiful  village  in  this 
town,  on  Branch  River,  about  2  miles  W.  from 
Woonsocket. 

Smithfield  is  a  large  manufacturing  town,  con- 
taining many  other  pleasant  villages,  almost  ex- 
clusively devoted  to  manufacturing  objects. 

Smithfield,  Va.,  c.  h.  Isle  of  Wight  co.  On  a 
branch  of  James  River.  15  miles  above  Hamp- 
ton, and  65  S.  E.  from  Richmond. 

Smithport,  Pa.,  c.  h.  McKean  co.  196  miles 
N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Smithtown,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  Washed  on  the 
S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  drained  by  Nes- 
aquake  River.  Surface  chiefly  level ;  soil  sandy 
loam.  28  miles  W.  from  Riverhead,  and  197 
S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Smithville,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  by 
Geneganslette  and  some  other  small  branches  of 
Chenango  River.  Surface  undulating ;  soil  sandy 
loam.  15  miles  S.  W.  from  Norwich,  and  131 
S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 


IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


579 


Smithville,  N.  C.,  Brunswick  co.  A  village  on 
the  right  bank  of  Cape  Fear  River,  near  the 
mouth,  and  opposite  Smith's  Island.  It  has  a 
good  harbor,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  academy. 

Smithville,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Brunswick  co.  On  the 
W.  bank  of  Cape  Fear  River,  2  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  173  from  Raleigh.  It  has  a  good 
harbor. 

Smithville,  Te.,  c.  h.  De  Kalb  co.  Near  the 
Caney  Fork  of  Cumberland  River,  and  61  miles 
E.  from  Nashville. 

Smyrna,  De.,  Kent  co.,  was  formerly  the 
Duck  Creek,  Cross  Roads  village.  The  inhab- 
itants carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in  grain.  It 
is  on  Duck  Creek.  12  miles  a  little  E.  of  S.  from 
Dover,  and  35  S.  from  Wilmington. 

Smyrna,  N.  Y.,  Chenango  co.  Watered  by 
several  branches  of  Chenango  River.  Surface 
hilly;  soil  mostly  good,  and  rich  in  the  valleys. 
12  miles  N.  from  Norwich,  and  96  W.  from 
Albany. 

Smyrna,  0.,  Freeport  township,  Harrison  co. 
A  town  16  miles  S.  W.  from  Cadiz,  and  100  E. 
from  Columbus. 

Smythe  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  Marion.  Bounded 
N.  E.  by  Wythe  co.,  S.  E.  by  Grayson,  S.  W.  by 
Washington,  and  N.  W.  by  Tazewell  co.  Wa- 
tered by  the  head  branches  of  Holston  and  New 
Rivers.  Surface  uneven ;  soil  fertile  on  the 
streams. 

Smytlifield,  Pa.,  Somerset  co.,  is  a  pleasant  vil- 
lage, located  on  the  right  bank  of  Youghiogany 
River,  and  on  the  United  States  road,  almost  ex- 
actly midway  between  Brownsville,  on  Mononga- 
hela,  and  Cumberland,  on  Potomac.  According 
to  Shriver's  map,  Smythfield  is  1405  feet  above 
the  Atlantic  tides. 

Snowhill,  Md.,  c.  h.  Worcester  co.  On  the  S. 
E.  side  of  Pocomoke  River.  A  port  of  entry,  and 
a  place  of  considerable  commerce.  60  miles  S. 
E.  from  Easton,  and  20  miles  a  little  S.  of  E. 
from  Princess  Ann. 

Snow  Hill,  Md.,  c.  h.  Worcester  co.  A  port  of 
entry,  on  Pocomoke  River.  115  miles  S.  E.  from 
Annapolis. 

Snow  Hill,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Green  co.  By  post  road 
96  miles  S.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Sodus,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by  Salmon 
Creek  and  several  small  streams  flowing  into 
Sodus  Bay  and  Lake  Ontario,  which  bound  it  on 
the  N.  Surface  chiefly  level ;  soil  well  suited  to 
grass  and  grain.  12  miles  N.  from  Lyons,  and 
176  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Solano  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Benecia.  North  of  the 
lower  course  of  the  Sacramento,  and  between  that 
river  and  the  Nappa. 

Solesbury,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  A  township  between 
3er  Makefield  and  Plumstead,  on  the  S.  W.  side 


upr 

oftl 


New  Hope. 

Solon,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  A  good  farming 
town,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Kennebec.  44  miles 
N.  by  W.  from  Augusta. 

Solon,  N.  Y.,  Cortland  co.  Watered  by  Ostelic 
River  and  some  of  its  branches.  Surface  undu- 
lating ;  soil  fertile,  and  well  adapted  for  grazing. 
12  miles  E.  from  Cortland,  and  140  W.  from 
Albany. 

Solon,  0.,  Cuyahoga  co.  Two  streams  unite 
in  this  township  and  form  the  Chagrin  River. 
40  rods  below  this  junction  commences  a  fall, 
which  descends  20  feet  in  80  rods,  affording  a 
valuable  water  power.  l£  miles  from  this  place, 


up  the  Worster  Branch,  is  another  fall  of  100 
feet  in  a  mile.  On  the  Aurora  Branch,  half  a 
mile  above  the  forks,  is  another  fall  of  70  feet  in 
80  rods.  1 50  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Somers,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  First  settled  1713. 
It  was  incorporated  by  Massachusetts  in  1 734,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Lord  Somers,  at  the  request 
of  Governor  Belcher.  Part  of  the  town  is  level 
and  productive  of  grass  and  grain,  and  part  is 
quite  elevated,  producing  good  pasturage  for 
sheep,  and  presenting  delightful  views  of  the 
valley  of  Connecticut  River.  It  is  watered 
by  Scantic  River.  Somers  has  a  very  neat  vil- 
lage. 22  miles  N.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Somers,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  The  Croton 
River  and  some  of  its  tributaries  water  this  town, 
which  contains  some  extensive  plains  and  some 
uneven  surface.  Soil  diversified,  but  generally 
adapted  to  grass  or  grain.  20  miles  N.  from 
White  Plains,  and  120  S.  from  Albany. 

Somerset,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Pulaski  co.  5  miles  N.  from 
Cumberland  River,  and  84  S.  S.  E.  from  Frank- 
fort. 

Somerset  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Norridgewock. 
Extending  from  near  the  centre  to  the  N.  W. 
boundary  of  the  state.  The  Kennebec  flows 
through  the  southern  and  settled  part.  Much 
the  larger  portion  is  still  unsettled.  Surface 
varied  with  occasional  mountains;  soil  good. 
The  Portland  and  Montreal  Railroad  passes 
through  it. 

Somerset  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Princess  Ann. 
This  county  is  bounded  by  Worcester  co.,  in  Md., 
E.,  Dorchester  co.  N.  W.,  Sussex  co.,  in  De.,  N. 
E.,  Pocomoke  Bay  S.,  and  Chesapeake  Bay  S. 
W.  The  surface,  though  sandy,  is  generally 
level,  and  the  soil  very  good.  Nanticoke  River 
is  on  the  N.  W.  of  this  county,  and  Pocomoke  S. 
E.,  and  it  is  drained  by  Manokin  and  Wicomico 
Rivers. 

Somerset,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  This  was  formerly 
the  Indian  Shewamet,  and  called  the  Shewamet 
Purchase,  a  part  of  Swansey,  at  its  incorporation 
as  a  town  in  1790.  This  town  enjoys  almost 
unlimited  navigable  facilities.  It  extends  its 
whole  length  and  breadth  on  the  deep  navigable 
waters  of  Taunton  River  and  Mount  Hope  Bay  ; 
besides,  a  part  of  its  western  boundary  is  Lee's 
River,  jutting  up  from  Mount  Hope  Bay  to  Swan- 
sey village.  This  town  comprises  Long  Point 
and  Shawmut  Neck,  at  the  mouth  of  Taunton 
River.  From  Slade's  Ferry,  across  Taunton 
River,  to  Fall  River  village,  is  about  Ik  miles 
S.  For  distances,  see  Fall  Kitfer. 

Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Somersville. 
This  county  has  Morris  on  the  N.,  Hunterdon 
S.  W.  and  W.,  Middlesex  S.  E.,  and  Essex  E. 
The  different  branches  of  Raritan  River  drain 
the  entire  county.  The  soil  is  productive  in  grain, 
pasturage,  and  fruit ;  the  surface  pleasantly  diver- 
sified by  hill  and  dale. 

Somerset,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  Drained  by  some 
small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface  level ;  soil  sandy 
and  clay  loam.  14  miles  N.  E.  from  Lockport, 
and  280  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Somerset,  O.,  c.  h.  Perry  co.  47  miles  E.  S.  B. 
from  Columbus. 

Somerset  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Somerset.  Cam- 
bria is  on  the  N,  Bedford  E.,  Westmoreland 
N.  W.,  Fayette  co.  W.,  and  Alleghany  co.,  Md., 
S.  This  county  is  not  very  hilly,  though  en- 
closed on  two  sides  by  mountains.  The  soil  is 


580 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


good,  and  is  well  adapted  for  the  production  of 
grain  and  meadow  grasses.  Youghiogany  and 
Conemaugh  Rivers  drain  it. 

Somerset,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Somerset  co.  On  Cox's 
Creek.  40  miles  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Somerset,  Pa.,  Somerset  co.  Drained  by  Lau- 
rel Hill,  Middle,  and  Cox's  Creeks.  Surface  un- 
dulating ;  soil  clay. 

Somerset,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  This  township 
is  situated  between  the  eastern  branch  of  Char- 
tier's  Creek  and  Pigeon  Creek. 

Somerset,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  Mount  Pisgah 
and  other  elevations  give  to  the  surface  of  this 
township  so  rough  and  dreary  an  aspect,  that  but 
few  are  bold  enough  to  attempt  the  cultivation 
of  its  soil.  It  is  watered  by  the  upper  branches 
of  Deerfield  River.  14  miles  N.  E.  from  Ben- 
nington,  and  16  N.  W.  from  Brattleboro'. 

Somers  Point,  N.  J.,  Atlantic  co.  On  Great 
Egg  Harbor  Bay,  and  port  of  entry  for  that  dis- 
trict. S.  from  Trenton  91  miles.  A  place  of 
summer  resort. 

Somersworth,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  The  soil  is 
well  adapted  to  Indian  corn,  and  most  kinds  of 
grain  and  grass.  The  tide  flows  on  the  E.  side 
of  this  town,  4  miles,  to  Quamphegan  Falls. 
The  S.  part  of  the  town  bounds  on  Cocheco  River. 
The  White  Mountains  may  be  seen  from  the 
summit  of  Otis  Hill.  There  are  but  2  ponds 
of  note  in  this  town —  Humphrey's,  on  the  line  of 
Dover,  200  rods  long  and  120  wide,  and  Cole's, 
150  rods  long  and  75  wide.  Red  and  yellow 
ochre,  also  iron  ore,  have  been  found  here.  At 
Great  Falls,  on  Salmon  River,  is  a  large  and 
flourishing  village.  The  water  falls  100  feet, 
and  produces  a  power  of  great  value.  First  set- 
tlers, William  Wentworth,  John  Hall,  William 
Stiles,  and  others.  1 2  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Ports- 
mouth, and  45  E.  from  Concord.  The  Boston 
and  Maine  Railroad  passes  through  this  town, 
with  a  branch  to  the  village  of  Great  Falls, 
whence  a  railroad  extends  towards  Conway. 

Somerville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Morgan  co.  5  miles  S. 
from  Tennessee  River,  and  133  miles  N.  N.  E. 
from  Tuscaloosa. 

Somerville,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town  was 
set  off  from  Charlestown,  and  incorporated  in 
1842.  A  considerable  part  of  it  is  elevated  above 
the  surrounding  country.  The  celebrated  hills, 
called  Winter  and  Prospect,  are  comprised  in  the 
town  of  Somerville.  The  town  is  bounded  in 
part  by  Mystic  River,  Miller's  Creek,  and  an  arm 
of  Charles  River.  The  McLean  Asylum  for  the 
Insane  is  in  this  town.  A  small  stream,  called 
the  Shawsheen,  runs  through  the  town.  The  Milk 
Row  Bleaching  Company  have  their  extensive 
works  in  this  place.  The  most  extensive  and 
beautiful  views  of  the  city  and  surrounding  coun- 
try are  to  be  had  from  the  tops  of  Winter  and 
Prospect  Hills.  From  Boston  about  3  miles  N. 
W.  Three  important  lines  of  railroads  pass 
through  the  town. 

The  Tufts  College  was  chartered  A.  D.  1852, 
and  is  situated  on  land  lying  partly  in  Somer- 
ville and  partly  in  Medford,  given  by  Charles 
Tufts,  of  Somerville,  after  whom  it  is  named.  It 
is  5  miles  from  Boston,  near  the  Lowell  Railroad 
Its  site  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  country,  and 
commands  a  view  of  Boston,  its  neighboring 
cities  and  beautiful  towns.  Its  funds  amount  at 
present  to  $100,000,  raised  by  subscription 
through  the  exertions  of  Rev.  Otis  A.  Skinner, 
D.  D.,  of  Boston.  The  Institution  was  established 


>y  the  Universal ists,  though  it  is  not  sectarian  in 
ts  character,  each  student  being  left  free  to  choose 
lis  own  meeting,  and  to  enjoy  his  own  religious 
pinions.  The  system  of  instruction  is  adapted, 
not  only  to  those  who  wish  to  fit  themselves  for 
one  of  the  professions,  but  also  to  those  who  wish 
o  pursue  the  business  of  a  farmer,  mechanic,  or 
manufacturer,  particular  attention  being  paid  to 
he  natural  sciences. 

The  buildings  are  in  progress  of  erection,  and 
will  probably  be  completed  in  1853. 

Somerville,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Somerset  co.,  is  a  neat 
and  well-built  village,  located  in  a  fertile  and  high- 
y-cultivated  country,  on  Raritan  River.  16  miles 
above  New  Brunswick,  and  38  a  little  E.  of  N. 
rom  Trenton. 

Somerville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.  Half  a  mile 
S.  from  Loosahatchie  River,  and  185  miles  W.  S. 
W.  from  Nashville. 

Sonoma  County,  Ca.  N.  of  San  Pablo  Bay,  the 
northern  expansion  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and 
between  the  Petaloma  Creek  and  Nappa  River. 

Sonoma,  Ca.,  c.  h.  Sonoma  co.  About  20  miles 
N.  W.  from  Vallejo.  This  is  one  of  the  best 
farming  districts  in  the  state.  In  the  Sonoma, 
Napa,  and  Suisan  valleys,  the  land  is  good,  the 
ountry  healthy,  and  the  temperature  is  never 
very  cold  in  winter  —  snow  being  seen  only  on 
the  highest  mountains.  This  part  of  the  country 
contains  the  best  of  grazing  land,  many  places 
being  covered  with  clover  and  with  wild  oats. 

Sonora,  Ca..  c.  h.  Tuolumne  co.  In  the  moun- 
tains, on  the  head  waters  of  Tuolumne  River. 

Southampton,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  This  town 
was  the  second  parish  of  Northampton  until  its 
incorporation  in  1753.  It  is  well  supplied  with 
mill  sites,  by  Manham  River,  a  considerable 
stream.  The  Canal  Railroad  to  New  Haven 
passes  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  town.  Lead 
is  found  here,  and  there  is  a  subterraneous  pas- 
sage leading  to  a  lead  mine.  This  is  an  artificial 
excavation,  mostly  in  solid  rock,  of  900  feet  in 
length,  and  large  enough  to  admit  a  boat.  The 
soil  is  well  adapted  to  agricultural  pursuits.  12 
miles  N.  W.  from  Springfield,  and  118  from  Bos- 
ton by  the  railroads. 

Southampton,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.'  Bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Great  and  Little  Peconic  Bays,  and  S. 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Surface  chiefly  level; 
soil  light  sand  and  sandy  loam,  very  productive 
when  well  cultivated.  10  miles  S.  E.  from  River- 
head,  and  247  from  Albany. 

Southampton,  Pa.,  Bedford  co.  Qne  of  the 
southern  townships.  8  miles  S.  from  the  borough 
of  Bedford. 

Southampton,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  A  township  op- 
posite the  N.  W.  angle  of  Philadelphia  co.,  and 
the  N.  E.  angle  of  Montgomery. 

Southampton  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Jerusalem. 
This  county  is  bounded  by  North  Carolina  S, 
Greensville  S.  W.,  Sussex  N.  W.,  Surry  W.,  and 
Blackwater  River  of  Isle  of  Wight  and  Nanse- 
mond  E.  Nottaway  River  crosses  this  county, 
and  it  is  washed  by  Blackwater  River  on  the  E., 
and  the  Mehere  on  the  S.  W. 

Southward,  Pa.     See  Philadelphia. 
South  Beaver,  Pa.,  Beaver  co.     A  township  N. 
from  Ohio  River,  and  adjoining  the  state  of  Ohio. 
South  Bend,  la.,  c.  h.  St.  Joseph's  co.     On  a 
high  bluff  on  the  S.  bank  of  St.  Joseph's  River. 
Possesses  great  water  privileges. 

Southboro1,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Taken  from 
Marlboro'  in  1727.  This  is  not  a  large  town,  but 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


581 


is  one  of  the  prettiest  in  the  county.  The  surface 
is  gently  undulating,  with  Pine  and  Breakneck 
Hills,  just  high  enough  to  give  a  fair  view  of  the 
delightful  country  surrounding  them.  The  soil 
is  a  strong,  gravelly  loam,  rich,  well  cultivated, 
and  productive  of  all  the  fruits  common  to  a 
New  England  climate.  Sudbury  River  passes 
the  southern  border  of  this  town.  Stony  and 
Angle  Brooks,  and  some  smaller  streams,  afford 
the  town  an  ample  water  power  for  domestic  use, 
and  some  to  spare.  Southboro'  Centre  and  Fry- 
ville  are  neat  and  pleasant  villages.  The  Centre 
village  is  about  5  miles  from  the  Worcester  Rail- 
road depot  at  Westboro',  from  which  to  Worces- 
ter is  12  miles  W.,  and  to  Boston  32  E.  N.  E. 

Southbridge,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Incorporated 
in  1816.  It  was  taken  mostly  from  Sturbridge, 
but  considerable  portions  from  Charlton  and 
Dudley.  It  was  formerly  called  Honest  Town. 
The  land  is  generally  uneven  and  hilly,  but  of 
good  quality  for  grain,  fruit,  pasturage,  &c. 
Quinebaug  River,  an  excellent  and  permanent 
mill  stream,  passes  through  the  centre  and  prin- 
cipal parts  of  this  town,  uniting  with  French  Riv- 
er, and  other  streams,  to  form  a  branch  of  the 
Thames.  The  town  has  a  good,  productive  soil, 
with  pleasant,  attractive,  and  flourishing  villages. 
54  miles  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

South  Bristol,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Watered  by 
Mud  Creek  and  some  small  streams  flowing  into 
Canandaigua  Lake.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  tolerably 
good  clay  loam.  12  miles  S.  from  Canandaigua, 
and  205  W.  from  Albany. 

South  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Middlesex  co.  Drained 
by  Lawrence's  Brook  and  tributaries  of  Mill- 
stone River.  Surface  somewhat  hilly  on  the  W., 
but  elsewhere  level ;  soil  fertile  sandy  loam  and 
red  shale.  12  miles  S.  W.  from  New  Bruns- 
wick. 

Southbury,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  The  principal 
village  in  this  town  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Pampcraug,  a  fine  mill  stream,  which  passes 
through  the  town. 

The  village  of  South  Britain  is  about  4  miles 
S.  W.  from  the  principal  or  central  village  ;  it  is 
a  flourishing  place.  This  village  is  surrounded 
by  high  hills  and  precipices,  and  has  a  romantic 
and  picturesque  appearance.  The  surface  of  the 
town  is  generally  uneven :  there  is  some  good 
meadow  land  on  Housatonic,  Pamperaug,  and 
Shepaug  Rivers,  and  the  uplands  are  warm  and 
productive.  Some  traces  of  coal  have  been  dis- 
covered. 

The  northern  part  of  the  town  is  called  "  White 
Oak,"  from  an  oak  tree  under  which  the  first  per- 
sons who  explored  the  town  encamped.  20  miles 
N.  W.  from  New  Haven. 

Southeast,  N.  Y.,  Putnam  co.  Watered  by 
Croton  River.  A  hilly  town,  with  a  rich  soil, 
yielding  large  crops  of  grass  and  grain.  5  miles 
E.  from  Carmel,  and  113  S.  from  Albany. 

Sontlifield,  N.  Y.,  Richmond  co.  Bounded  on 
the  S.  E.  by  the  Narrows  and  the  Lower  New 
York  Bay.  Surface  hilly  on  the  N.  and  level  on 
the  S.,  comprising  some  large  salt  marshes.  On 
the  E.  are  situated  Forts  Tompkins  and  Rich- 
mond, and  some  batteries  for  the  protection  of 
New  York  Harbor.  2  miles  E.  from  Richmond, 
and  155  S.  from  Albany. 

South  Hadley,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  This  town 
was  formerly  the  second  parish  of  Hadley,  and 
•was  first  settled  about  the  year  1721.  It  lies  on 
the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  and  has  a  good 


and  productive  soil.  The  surface  is  varied,  from 
that  of  the  rich  and  lovely  meadows  on  the  Con- 
necticut, to  the  lofty  summit  of  Mount  Holyoke. 
The  village  in  the  centre  of  the  town  is  very 
pleasant;  it  lies  about  3  miles  N.  of  the  village 
at  the  falls.  Hockanum  is  a  small  village  nearly 
opposite  to  Northampton,  where  we  cross  over  to 
visit  Mount  Holyoke.  There  is  a  canal  in  this 
town,  2  miles  long,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut 
River,  and  a  dam  across  the  river  of  1100  feet, 
which  is  constructed  to  overcome  a  fall  in  the 
river  of  50  feet.  This  dam  produces  a  water 
power  of  great  extent.  The  canal  has  5  locks, 
and  a  cut  through  solid  rock  of  40  feet  in  depth, 
and  300  in  length.  5  miles  S.  by  E.  from  North- 
ampton. 

South  Hampton,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  of  a  good  quality. 
Powow  River  passes  through  it,  affording  valua- 
ble mill  sites.  50  miles  S.  E.  from  Concord,  and 
18  S.  S.  W.  from  Portsmouth.  The  Eastern 
Railroad  passes  near  this  town. 

South  Hero,  Vt.,  Grand  Isle  co.  Lake  Cham- 
plain  bounds  this  town  on  all  sides.  The  town 
was  formerly  a  part  of  North  Hero,  and  was  sep- 
arated from  it  in  1788.-  It  is  supposed  that  all 
the  lands  of  this  island  county  were  once  covered 
by  the  waters  of  the  lake,  as  clam  shells  are  found 
incorporated  with  the  rocks  in  the  highest  places. 
The  scenery  around  these  islands  is  beautiful. 
This  vicinity  was  a  favorite  resort  for  the  Indians. 
The  Sand  Bar  Bridge  connects  this  island  with 
the  main  land  at  Milton.  This  town  was  char- 
tered to  Ethan  Allen,  Samuel  Herrick,  and  others, 
October  27,  1779.  From  Burlington  12  miles 
N.  W.,  and  16  S.  S.  W.  from  St.  Albans. 

Southold,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  This  peninsula, 
constituting  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Long  Island, 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and 
E.  and  S.  by  Gardiner's  and  Great  Peconic  Bays. 
It  comprises  Fisher's,  Gull,  Plum,  Robbins's,  and 
several  smaller  islands.  Surface  chiefly  level; 
soil  sandy.  15  miles  E.  from  Riverhead,  and  245 
S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Southington,  Ct.,  Hartford  co.  Southington 
was  taken  from  Farmington  in  1779.  There  are 
some  elevations  in  the  town,  particularly  in  the 
eastern  part ;  but  the  soil  is  generally  very  good 
for  all  kinds  of  grain  and  the  pasturage  of  cattle. 
It  is  watered  by  the  Quinnipiac,  and  contains  a 
neat  village.  21  miles  N.  from  New  Haven. 

The  inhabitants  are  generally  engaged  in  agri- 
culture; yet  several  kinds  of  manufactures  re- 
ceive considerable  attention. 

South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  c.  h.  Washington  co. 
This  town  was  formerly  a  part  of  North  Kings- 
ton. It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  com- 
prising 98  square  miles,  and  within  its  limits 
is  the  noted  Point  Judith.  It  has  an  uneven  sur- 
face, a  soil  of  a  gravelly  loam,  based  on  a  granite 
foundation.  This  town  possesses  great  navigable 
advantages  ;  its  eastern  and  southern  borders  be- 
ing washed  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Narragan- 
set  Bay.  It  contains  a  great  number  of  fresh 
water  ponds,  and  a  large  salt  pond  ;  one  of  the 
fresh  water  ponds  covers  an  area  of  between 
3000  and  4000  acres. 

The  fisheries  on  the  shores  and  hi  the  ponds 
of  South  Kingston  are  of  considerable  extent 
and  value.  The  fish  taken  are  principally  bass, 
alewives,  perch,  and  smelts.  Some  portion  of 
the  inhabitants  follow  a  maritime  life  for  a  liveli- 
hood. 


582 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


The  principal  village  in  South  Kingston  is  im- 
properly called  "  Little  Rest  Hill,"  for  it  is  quite 
a  snug  and  comfortable  place.  28  miles  from 
Providence  by  railroad. 

Southport,  Ct,  town  of  Fairfield.  Fairfield  co. 
60  miles  S.  W.  from  Hartford,  at  the  entrance  of 
Mill  River  into  a  small  bay  of  Long  Island 
Sound.  It  has  a  good  harbor  for  vessels  of  100 
tons,  to  improve  which  the  United  States  govern- 
ment has  erected  an  extensive  breakwater. 

Southport,  N.  Y.,  Chemung  co.  The  Chemung 
River  waters  this  town,  forming  a  part  of  the  N. 
boundary.  Surface  somewhat  hilly,  with  broad 
fertile  flats  on  the  border  of  the  river.  4  miles 
S.  from  Elmira,  and  203  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

/South  Reading,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town 
was  formerly  the  south  parish  in  Reading,  and 
was  first  settled  in  1639.  South  Reading  has  a 
varied,  pleasant  surface,  with  a  good  soil.  The 
town  is  well  watered  by  Saugus  River  and  two 
delightful  ponds.  The  village,  near  the  centre  of 
the  town,  is  compact,  neat,  and  flourishing.  The 
Boston  and  Maine  Railroad  passes  through  the 
town.  10  miles  N.  from  Boston,  and  10  W. 
from  Salem. 

South  Scituate,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  A  new 
town  taken  from  Scituate.  The  Old  Colony 
Railroad  passes  near  it.  A  flourishing  agricul- 
tural place. 

South  Thomaston,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.,  a  new  town ; 
taken  from  Thomaston  in  1848,  lies  on  the  E. 
side  of  George's  River,  and  is  largely  engaged  in 
ship  building  and  the  coasting  trade.  In  the 
midst  of  a  handsome,  fertile,  and  well-improved 
country.  38  miles  S.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Souihwick,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  This  town  was 
formerly  the  south  part  of  Westtield.  It  is 
elevated,  but  not  mountainous ;  it  comprises  a  va- 
ried surface,  with  much  good  land.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  Little  River  and  some  small  streams. 
There  is  a  pleasant  village  in  this  town,  which 
lies  6  miles  S.  of  the  Westfield  depot,  on  the 
Western  Railroad,  108  miles  from  Boston.  The 
village  in  the  S.  part  of  the  town  is  pleasant ;  it 
is  about  3  miles  from  the  other. 

Spaffbrd,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Bounded  by 
Otisco  Lake  and  its  inlet  on  the  E.,  and  Skaneat- 
eles  Lake  on  the  W.  Surface  hilly  and  broken ; 
soil  various.  18  miles  S.  W.  from  Syracuse,  and 
152^W.  from  Albany. 

Sparta,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Conecuh  co.  On  Murder 
Creek,  branch  of  Conecuh  River,  about  70  miles 
a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Pensacola,  and  90  N.  E. 
from  Mobile. 

Sparta,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Hancock  co.  Between  the  Great 
Ogeechee  and  Oconee  Rivers,  on  the  dividing 
ground.  25  miles  N.  E.  from  Milledgeville.  It 
contains  2  academies. 

Sparta,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Buchanan  co.  On  a  head 
branch  of  Bee  Creek.  8  miles  S.  W.  from  Roubed- 
oux  Landing,  on  Missouri  River. 

Sparta,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  Watered  by 
Caneseraga  Creek.  A  somewhat  hilly  town.  Soil 
rieh  clay  loam  on  the  hills,  and  sandy  alluvion  in 
the  valleys.  12  miles  S.  from  Geneseo,  and  231 
W.  from  Albany. 

Sparta,  Te.,  c.  h.  White  co.  On  a  branch  of  the 
Caney  Fork  of  Cumberland  River.  83  miles  E.  by 
S.  from  Nashville. 

Spartanburg  District,  S.  C.,  e.  h.  at  Spartanburg. 
This  district  is  bounded  N.  by  North  Carolina, 
York,  and  Union  districts  E.,  Ennoree  River  or 
Laurens  S.,  and  Greenville  W.  The  soil  is 


productive,  and  the  surface  hilly.    Broad  River 
and  its  numerous  branches  drain  this  district. 

Spartanburg,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Spartanburg  district 
98  miles  N.  W.  from  Columbia. 

Spencer  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Rockport.  The  Ohio 
River  is  on  the  S.,  Warwick  co.  W.,  Dubois  N., 
and  Perry  E.  Most  of  the  soil  is  excellent.  The 
land  is  hilly  and  broken,  and  drained  by  small 
creeks.  , 

Spencer,  la.,  c.  h.  Owen  co. 

Spencer  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Taylorsville.  This 
county  has  Shelby  on  the  N.,  Anderson  E.,  Nelson 
S.,  and  Jefferson  and  Bullitt  W.  The  northern 
branch  of  Rolling  Fork  River  crosses  this  county, 
from  E.  to  W. 

Spencer,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  The  whole  of  this 
town  was  included  in  the  original  grant  of  Leices- 
ter. It  was  made  a  parish  in  the  year  1744,  by 
the  name  of  the  West  Parish  of  Leicester,  and 
incorporated  a  town  in  1753,  by  the  name  of 
Spencer.  This  town  is  elevated,  and  is  said  to 
be  950  feet  above  tide  water.  The  surface  is 
rough  and  uneven,  but  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  It 
is  watered  by  many  streams,  but  none  of  them  are 
of  much  size.  Seven  Mile  River  is  the  largest. 
18  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Worcester,  by  the  West- 
ern Railroad,  and  62  W.  by  S.  from  Boston. 

Spencer,  N.  Y.,  Tioga  co.  Cattotong  Creek 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town.  Surface 
hilly;  soil  gravelly  loam.  15  miles  N.  W.  from 
Owego,  and  181  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Spencer,  Te.,  c.  h.  Van  Buren  co. 

Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  Fredericksburg. 
Rapid,  Ann,  and  Rappahannock  Rivers  are 
on  the  N.  E.  of  this  county,  North  Anna  River 
on  the  S.  W.,  and  Caroline  co.  on  the  S.  E.  The 
surface  is  pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  dale. 
The  sources  of  Mattapony  River  are  in  this 
county. 

Spottsylvania,  Va.,  c.  h.  Spottsylvania  co.  On 
the  Po,  a  branch  of  Mattapony  River.  71  miles 
N.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Springboro\  O.,  Clear  Creek,  Warren  co.  On 
the  N.  s'ide  of  Clear  Creek.  84  miles  S.  W.  from 
Columbus.  It  is  named  from  a  spring,  which 
affords  a  water  power  sufficient  for  several 
mills. 

Springfield,  Is.  Capital  of  the  state,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Sangamon  co.  105  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  St.  Louis.  Since  this  place  was  made  the 
capital  of  the  state,  in  1840,  it  has  had  a  rapid 
growth.  It  stands  upon  the  confines  of  a  rich  and 
beautiful  prairie,  and  is  abput  4  miles  S.  of  the 
Sangamon  River.  It  was  laid  out  in  1822,  upon 
a  regular  plan,  with  a  public  square  in  the  centre, 
and  wide  streets,  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles.  The  State  House,  which  stands  upon  the 
centre  of  the  public  square,  is  an  elegant  building, 
in  the  Doric  style  of  architecture,  for  the  erection 
of  which  the  state  appropriated  $50,000.  The 
Court  House  and  the  State  Bank  are  also  beautiful 
buildings.  Several  of  the  churches  have  handsome 
edifices,  many  of  the  hotels  and  stores  are  spacious 
and  well  built,  and  there  is  great  activity  and 
prosperity  in  the  business  of  the  place.  A  rail- 
road is  in  operation  between  Springfield  and 
Naples,  on  the  Illinois  River,  a  distance  of  53 
miles.  This  road  passes  through  Jacksonville. 

Springfield,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Washington  co. 

Springfield,  Ms.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Hampden  co.  On  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut 
River.  98  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Boston,  102 
miles  E.  by  S.  from  Albany,  N.  Y.,  25  miles 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


583 


N.  from  Plartford,  Ct.,  and  20  miles  S.  from 
Northampton.  This  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful and  important  inland  towns  in  New  Eng- 
land. It  was  settled  in  1635,  then  called  by 
its  Indian  name,  Agawam.  In  1640  the  name  of 
Springfield  was  given  to  the  town.  Its  limits, 
by  successive  purchases  from  the  natives,  and 
grants  from  the  legislature,  became  very  extensive, 
embracing  a  territory  nearly  25  miles  square,  from 
which  several  of  the  surrounding  towns,  on  each 
side  of  the  river,  have  been  constituted. 

The  natural  situation  of  Springfield  is  beautiful. 
Along  the  river  are  rich  alluvial  meadows,  highly 
productive,  back  of  which  the  grounds  rise  grad- 
ually to  a  considerable  elevation,  and  terminate 
in  a*plain  extending  several  miles  E.  The  busi- 
ness part  of  the  city  is  chiefly  on  Main  Street, 
which  is  broad,  and  nearly  3  miles  in  length,  and 
contains  many  elegant  buildings.  This  street 
runs  parallel  with  the  Connecticut,  at  some  dis- 
tance from  it,  and  is  intersected  by  a  number  of 
streets,  at  right  angles,  extending  towards  the 
river,  and  in  the  opposite  direction,  to  the  elevated 
plain,  where  the  United  States  armory  is  located. 
Other  streets,  parallel  or  nearly  so  to  Main  Street, 
run  between  this  and  the  height  of  land,  along  the 
rising  ground,  on  which  are  situated  many  elegant 
private  residences,  overlooking  the  city  and  the 
valley  of  the  Connecticut  far  to  the  S. 

Springfield  is  the  centre  of  a  large  inland  and 
river  commerce,  its  natural  and  artificial  ad- 
vantages rendering  it  one  of  the  most  important 
commercial  depots  on  Connecticut  River.  Being 
nearly  equidistant  from  Boston  and  Albany  on 
the  line  of  the  Western  Railroad  and  at  the  point 
of  intersection  between  this  and  the  route  extend- 
ing from  New  Haven  N.  through  the  Connecticut 
valley,  it  is  brought  into  connection  by  railroad 
communication  with  the  four  cardinal  points  of 
the  country,  and  becomes  not  only  a  great  thor- 
oughfare of  travel  between  all  these  points,  but 
of  necessity,  in  passing,  a  place  of  much  traffic 
and  exchange.  Several  of  the  most  celebrated 
hotels  in  New  England  have  been  established 
here,  to  answer  the  increasing  demands  of  the 
travelling  public  on  these  great  routes. 

The  United  States  armory,  located  here,  is 
situated  chiefly  on  the  elevated  ground  about  half 
a  mile  E.  of  Main  Street.  The  principal  build- 
ings are  of  brick,  and  are  handsomely  arranged 
around  a  square,  presenting  a  fine  appearance. 
From  twelve  to  fifteen  thousand  muskets  are 
manufactured  here  annually,  and  from  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  to  two  hundred  thousand  are  stored 
in  the  arsenals  of  the  establishment.  This  is  the 
largest  and  most  important  arsenal  of  construction 
in  the  United  States,  and  its  establishment  at 
Springfield  early  gave  an  impulse  to  the  enter- 
prise and  prosperity  of  the  place. 

On  Mill  River,  which  flows  into  the  Connec- 
ticut at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  city,  there  is  an 
extensive  water  power,  which  is  improved  for 
paper  and  iron  manufactures,  mechanical  estab- 
lishments, and  mills  of  various  kinds.  The 
machine  shops  of  the  United  States  armory,  in 
which  a  power  is  required,  are  also  here.  These 
are  advantageously  located  on  three  different  sites 
along  the  stream,  "called  the  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Water  shops,  the  whole  comprising  5  shops, 
in  which  are  18  water  wheels,  10  trip  hammers, 
and  about  30  forges.  These  works,  extensive  as 
they  arc,  are  far  from  occupying  the  whole  power 
which  is  owned  here  by  the  United  States. 


The  W.  part  of  the  city,  where  the  railroad 
station  is  located,  is  more  rapidly  advancing  in 
population  and  business  now  than  any  other. 
A  large  manufactory  of  cars  and  other  apparatus 
for  use  upon  the  railroads  has  been  established  at 
this  point.  Two  or  three  of  the  first-rate  hotels 
are  located  here. 

Several  of  the  church  edifices  in  Springfield  are 
handsome  structures.  That  of  the  First  Congre- 
gational Church  enjoys  the  advantage  of  a  beauti- 
ful location,  on  a  green  in  the  centre  of  the  city, 
which  is  tastefully  laid  out,  enclosed,  and  orna- 
mented with  shade  trees. 

During  the  insurrection  in  Massachusetts,  in 
1786,  commonly  known  as  Shays's  rebellion, 
Springfield  was  in  part  the  theatre  of  the  move- 
ments of  the  insurgents.  An  attempt  was  made 
to  get  possession  of  the  United  States  arsenal, 
and  Shays,  at  the  head  of  1100  men,  marched 
towards  it  for  that  purpose.  Being  warned  to 
desist,  by  General  Shepherd,  who,  with  a  con- 
siderable force,  had  taken  his  position  near  the 
arsenal  for  its  defence,  and  paying  no  regard  to 
this  warning,  they  were  fired  upon,  and  three  of 
their  number  killed,  and  one  wounded,  whereupon 
the  whole  body  precipitately  dispersed. 

Springfield,  La.,  parish  of  St.  Helena.  This  is 
the  seat  of  justice,  and  is  located  on  Notalbany 
River,  on  the  road  between  New  Orleans  and 
Natchez.  58  miles  from  the  former,  and  98  from 
the  latter  place. 

Springfield,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.  On  the  head 
waters  of  James:s  Fork  of  White  River.  158  miles 
S.  W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Springfield,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  A  branch  of 
Sugar  River,  also  one  of  Blackwater,  have  their 
sources  in  this  town  ;  the  former  empties  into  the 
Connecticut,  the  latter  into  the  Merrimac.  There 
are  several  ponds,  viz.,  Station,  about  250  rods 
long,  140  wide;  Cilley,  240  rods  long,  and  about 
80  wide ;  Star,  Stony,  and  Morgan's  Ponds. 
The  land  is  rough  and  stony,  but  good  for  graz- 
ing. First  settlers,  Israel  Clifford,  Israel  Clif- 
ford, Jr.,  Nathaniel  Clark,  and  Samuel  Stevens, 
in  1772.  38  miles  N.  W.  from  Concord,  and  13 
N.  E.  from  Newport. 

Springfield,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Watered  in  the 
centre  by  the  N.  part  of  Otsego  Lake,  and  W.  by 
Canaderaga  Lake.  Surface  elevated  and  hilly; 
soil  fertile  in  the  valleys.  8  miles  N.  from  Coo- 
perstown,  and  601  W.  from  Albany. 

Springfield,  O.,  c.  h.  Clarke  co.  On  the  E. 
fork  of  Mad  River,  and  has  great  hydraulic  priv- 
ileges. The  national  road,  and  the  road  from 
Cincinnati  to  Sandusky,  passes  through  this 
place,  which  is  also  connected  by  railroad  with 
Dayton.  43  miles  W.  from  Columbus. 

Springfield,  Te.,  c.  h.  Robertson  co.  On  the 
S.  bank  of  the  Sulphur  Fork  of  Red  River.  26 
miles  N.  by  W.  from  Nashville. 

Springfield,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  land  is  gen- 
erally rich,  with  a  deep  soil.  On  the  rivers  are 
extensive  intervales,  forming  some  of  the  most 
beautiful  farms  in  the  state.  The  principal  vil- 
lage is  situated  on  Black  River  Falls,  near  the 
centre  of  the  town.  This  is  a  flourishing  town, 
and  the  scenery  around  its  neat  and  handsome 
village  is  delightful.  It  was  chartered  August 
20,  1761.  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Mr. 
Simeon  Stevens,  and  the  Hon.  Lewis  R.  Morris. 
70  miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  24  S.  from 
Woodstock.  A  railroad  passes  by  this  town,  on 
the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River. 


584 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c, 


Spring  Garden,  Va.,  Pittsylvania  co.  A  vil- 
lage. By  post  road  130  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Spring  Place,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Murray  co. 

Springport,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by 
small  streams  flowing  into  Cayuga  Lake,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  W.  Surface  rolling  ;  soil  fer- 
tile calcareous  loam.  9  miles  S.  W.  from  Au- 
burn, and  165  W.  from  Albany. 

Springville,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  On  Spring  Creek. 
287  miles  W.  from  Albany.  There  is  a  valuable 
water  power  here,  which  is  improved  for  flouring 
mills  and  manufactories  of  various  kinds. 

Springwater,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  Watered 
by  the  inlet  of  Hemlock  Lake.  Surface  hilly 
and  broken  ;  soil  clay  loam,  yielding  large  crops 
of  grass.  1 6  miles  S.  E.  from  Geneseo,  and  223 
W.  from  Albany. 

Stafford,  Ct.,  "Tolland  co.  The  surface  of  the 
town  is  rough :  in  some  parts  mountainous, 
abounding  with  rocks  of  primitive  formation.  Its 
soil  is  a  coarse,  hard,  and  dry  gravelly  loam, 
generally  not  very  productive.  There  are  several 
minerals  in  the  town,  but  iron  ore  is  the  principal. 

The  town  is  watered  by  Furnace  River  and 
the  Willimantic,  which  unite  in  Stafford,  and  af- 
ford a  good  water  power. 

Stafford  Mineral  Springs  have  acquired  con- 
siderable notice,  and  are  celebrated  for  their  vir- 
tues in  curing  cutaneous  diseases.  The  cele- 
brated Dr.  Joseph  Warren,  who  fell  at  the  battle 
of  Bunker  Hill,  was  the  first  person  who  ana- 
lyzed these  waters,  and  highly  approved  their 
virtues. 

By  the  New  London  and  Willimantic  Railroad 
1 6  miles  from  the  Palmer  depot  on  the  Massa- 
chusetts Western  Railroad,  50  N.  from  New 
London,  52  by  railroad  from  Hartford,  and  24 
by  stage.  See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Stafford,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  This  township 
has  some  good  farms,  though  the  soil  is  generally 
sandy.  Mannahankin  is  the  principal  settlement. 

Stafford,  N.  Y.,  Genesee  co.  Allen's  and 
Black  Creeks  water  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  chiefly  level,  and  the  soil  clay  and  grav- 
elly loam,  based  upon  limestone.  5  miles  E. 
from  Batavia,  and  238  W.  from  Albany. 

Stafford  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Stafford.  Bound- 
ed by  Prince  William  N.,  Fauquier  co.  N.  W., 
Rappahannock  River  S.  W.  and  W.,  and  King 
George  co.  S.  E.  It  is  situated  between  the  Po- 
tomac and  Rappahannock  Rivers,  and  has  a  sandy 
soil  and  hilly  surface.  The  principal  towns  are 
Stafford,  Falmouth,  and  North  Marlboro'. 

Stafford,  Va.,  c.  h.  Stafford  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  Rappahannock  River,  opposite  Freder- 
icksburg,  and  73  miles  N.  from  Richmond. 

Statnford,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Rippowams.  It  was  purchased  of  the  natives 
for  "  twelve  coats,  twelve  hoes,  twelve  hatchets, 
twelve  knives,  two  kettles,  and  four  fathom  of 
white  wampum/'  The  soil  of  Stamford  is  a  rich 
gravelly  loam,  well  cultivated,  and  very  productive. 
The  surface  is  undulating,  presenting  a  great  va- 
.  riety  of  delightful  prospects.  The  town  is  well 
supplied  with  mill  sites  by  Mill  and  Miannas 
Rivers,  and  within  its  bay,  between  Shippan  and 
Greenwich  Points,  are  good  harbors  for  vessels 
of  8^  feet  draught  of  water. 

Stamford  Borough  is  a  neat  village,  beautifully 
situated  near  the  Sound,  and  surrounded  by  a 
country  full  of  interesting  scenery.  40  miles  by 
railroad  from  New  Haven,  36  from  New  York. 


Stamford,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Lincoln  co.  Near  Dick's 
River.  10  miles  S.  E.  from  Danville. 

Stamford,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  The  head 
branches  of  the  Delaware  River  water  this  town. 
Surface  rather  hilly  and  broken ;  soil  well  suited 
to  grazing.  16  miles  E.  from  Delhi,  and  58  S. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Stamford,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  A  mountain 
township,  on  the  line  of  Massachusetts.  Branches 
of  the  Hoosic  and  Walloomsack  rise  here.  Ther~e 
are  several  fine  fish  ponds  among  the  mountains, 
and  some  good  land,  but  the  land  is  generally  too 
elevated  for  culture.  The  township  was  char- 
tered in  1753.  9  miles  S.  E.  from  Bennington, 
and  21  W.  by  S.  from  Brattleboro'. 

Standish,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  Bounded  on 
the  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Sebago  Lake,  and  S.  W.  by 
Saco  River.  It  lies  16  miles  N.  W.  from  Port- 
land. This  is  a  good  farming  town,  with  two 
pleasant  villages.  It  has  Buxton  on  the  S.,  and 
Gorham  on  the  N.  E. 

Stanford,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  Watered  by 
Wappinger's  Creek.  A  hilly  -and  mountainous 
town.  Soil  chiefly  sandy  loam,  suitable  for  graz- 
ing. 16  miles  N.  E.  from  Poughkeepsie,  and  72 
S.  from  Albany. 

Stanhope,  N.  J.,  Sussex  co.  60  miles  N.  from 
Trenton,  on  the  Morris  Canal,  on  Musconetcong 
River,  which  affords  a  good  hydraulic  power,  by 
a  fall  of  30  feet,  produced  at  this  place  by  turning 
it  from  its  natural  bed.  The  canal,  by  an  inclined 
plane,  here  overcomes  an  ascent  of  76  feet. 

Stanly  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Albemarle.  South 
central  part.  Washed  on  the  W.  by  the  Yadkin, 
and  on  the  S.  by  Rocky  River,  branches  of  which 
flow  through  it  from  N.  to  S. 

Stapleton,  N.  Y.,  Richmond  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Staten  Island,  2  miles  N.  of  the  Nar- 
rows, at  the  entrance  of  New  York  Harbor. 
The  Seamen's  Retreat,  a  hospital  for  sick  and 
disabled  seamen,  is  located  here.  It  was  opened 
in  1831.  The  building  is  208  feet  long,  and  3 
stories  high,  with  wings  32  feet  deep,  and  2  stories 
high.  The  grounds  attached  to  it  include  37 
acres. 

Stark  County,  la.  In  the  N.  W.  angle.  The 
Kankakee  flows  through  it  from  N.  to  S.  W. 

Steuben  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Angola.  In  the  N. 
E.  corner  of  the  state. 

Stark  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Towton.  N.  cen- 
tral part.  Spoon  River,  a  western  tributary  of 
the  Illinois,  flows  through  it. 

Stark,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  This  town  was  former- 
ly named  Piercy.  It  was  altered  to  compliment 
the  memory  of  General  Stark.  In  the  N.  E. 
part  of  the  town  the  N.  and  S.  branches  of  the 
Amonoosuck  form  a  junction.  Nash's  Stream 
falls  into  this  river,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town. 
Piercy's  Pond  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  the  town. 
The  soil  is  extremely  broken.  Mill  Mountain 
is  in  Stark,  and  a  part  of  Pilot  Mountain.  There 
is  also  a  singular  ledge  opposite  Mill  Mountain, 
called  the  Devil's  Sliding-Place.  On  the  S.  it 
breaks  abruptly  into  a  precipice  of  nearly  300 
feet,  while  on  the  N.  cattle  may  be  driven  to  the 
top.  The  scenery  of  this  town  is  well  worth 
visiting.  First  settlers,  Caleb  and  Benjamin 
Smith,  in  1788.  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Lancaster, 
and  135  N.  from  Concord. 

Stark,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Watered  by 
Otsquaga  Creek.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  fertile  cal- 
careous loam.  12  miles  S.  E.  from  Herkimer, 
and  69  N.  W.  from  Albany. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


585 


Stark  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Orradeen.  Portage  and 
Medina  counties  are  on  the  N.,  Columbiana  and 
Carroll  on  the  E.,  Carroll  and  Tuscarawas  on  the 
S.,  and  Wayne  on  the  W.  The  Ohio  and  Erie 
Canal  crosses  this  county ;  the  other  waters  are 
Sugar.  Sandy,  and  some  other  Creeks.  Emi- 
grants from  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  were 
the  first  settlers.  Wells,  Congress,  Mead,  Sippo. 
and  Turkey  Foot  Lakes  are  found  here.  The 
land  is  excellent  for  raising  wheat. 

Starksboro\  Vt.,  Addison  co.  This  town  is 
watered  by  Lewis  Creek  and  Huntington  River, 
which  are  good  mill  streams.  There  are  three 
springs  in  the  town,  not  more  than  20  rods  apart, 
which  unite  and  form  a  stream  of  sufficient  power 
for  a  number  of  mills.  The  town  is  rough  and 
mountainous.  Hog  Back  Mountain  skirts  its  west- 
ern border,  and  East  Mountain  passes  through  its 
centre,  and  divides  the  waters  of  the  rivers.  There 
is  some  good  land  in  the  town,  but  a  large  por- 
tion is  too  elevated  for  cultivation.  Here  are 
two  pleasant  villages.  22  miles  W.  by  S.  from 
Montpelier,  and  18  N.  by  E.  from  Middlebury. 

Starkey,  N.  Y.,  Yates  co.  Drained  by  some 
small  streams  flowing  into  Seneca  Lake,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface  hilly;  soil  clay 
loam.  10  miles  S.  E.  from  Penn-Yan,  and  190 
W.  from  Albany. 

Starks,  Me.,  Somerset  co.  A  good  township. 
S7  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Starkville,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Oktibbeha  co.  143  miles 
N.  E.  from  Jackson. 

Statesboro1 ',  Ga.,  c.  h.  Bullock  co. 

Statesburg,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Sumpter  co. 

Statesville,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Iredell  co.  145  miles  W. 
from  Raleigh. 

Staunton,  Va.,  Augusta  co.  An  old  place,  wa- 
tered by  Lewis  Creek,  a  head  branch  of  Shenan- 
doah  River.  166  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. The  ground  gradually  rises  from  the 
creek.  The  streets  are  regular  and  straight, 
though  narrow.  A  lunatic  asylum  is  located 
here. 

Steelsville,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Crawford  co.  On  the  up- 
per waters  of  the  Moramie. 

Stephenson  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Freeport.  On  the 
N.  border.  The  Peetoncha  branch  of  the  Rock 
River  flows  through  it  from  N.  W.  to  E. 

Stephentown,  N.  Y.,  Rensselaer  co.  Kinder- 
hook  Creek  flows  through  this  town.  Surface 
mostly  hilly  and  mountainous  ;  soil  fertile,  and 
well  suited  to  grazing.  22  miles  S.  E.  from 
Troy,  and  21  from  Albany. 

Sterling,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  This  town  was 
taken  from  Voluntown  in  1794.  The  soil  is  a 
light  gravelly  and  sandy  loam,  and  produces 
good  grain.  'Sterling  is  watered  by  two  branches 
of  Moosup  River,  a  good  mill  stream.  "  Near 
the  centre  of  this  town,  there  is  a  cavern,  called 
the  Devil's  Den,  possessing  very  singular  and 
curious  features."  44  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Hart- 
ford. 

Sterling,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  was  for 
many  years  the  second  parish  of  Lancaster,  and 
was  first  settled  in  1720.  Its  Indian  name  was 
Chockset.  At  its  incorporation,  in  1781,  it  was 
named  in  honor  of  Lord  Sterling,  of  New  Jersey, 
an  American  general.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
uneven,  but  there  is  very  little  broken  or  waste 
land  in  it.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  land  is  nat- 
urally moist,  and  by  the  help  of  the  rivulets  the 
water  may  be  turned  over  the  sides  of  most  of 
the  hills.  There  is  but  one  river  in  the  town, 
74 


called  Still  River,  from  the  placid  motion  of  its 
waters.  In  the  central  part  of  the  town  there 
is  an  uncommonly  beautiful  little  village.  12 
miles  N.  from  Worcester  by  railroad,  and  40  W. 
by  N.  from  Boston. 

Sterling,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by  Little 
Sodus  Creek,  flowing  into  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 
which,  with  Lake  Ontario,  bounds  it  on  the  N. 
Surface  level  and  undulating ;  soil  chiefly  sandy 
loam.  25  miles  N.  from  Auburn,  and  172  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Sterling,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  Sterling  Peak,  in 
the  S.  part  of  this  town,  ranks  among  the  most 
elevated  summits  of  the  Green  Mountain  Range. 
Some  streams  issue  from  this  mountain  town.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1799.  5  miles  S.  W.  from 
Hydepark,  and  32  N.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Steuben,  Me.,  Washington  co.  A  maritime 
township.  107  miles  E.  from  Augusta. 

Steuben  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Bath.  Formed 
from  Ontario  co.  in  1796.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
Livingston,  Ontario,  and  Yates  counties,  E.  by 
Seneca  Lake  and  Chemung  co.,  S.  by  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  W.  by  Alleghany  co.  Watered  by 
the  Conhocton  and  Canisteo  Rivers,  which  unite 
in  the  E.  part  to  form  the  Chemung,  and  by 
Seneca  and  Crooked  Lakes.  Surface  diversified 
with  hills  and  valleys ;  soil  fertile,  and  well 
adapted  to  grazing.  It  contains  some  beds  of 
iron  ore,  and  several  mineral  springs.  Seneca 
and  Crooked  Lakes  communicate  by  canals  with 
the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  county  is  crossed  by  the 
Corning  and  Blossburg,  and  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroads. 

Steuben,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Cincinnati  Creek 
and  some  branches  of  the  Mohawk  River  water 
this  town.  Surface  hilly;  soil  moist  clay  loam, 
well  suited  to  grass.  16  miles  N.  from  the  city 
of  Utica,  and  103  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Steubenville,  0.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  On  the  "W. 
bank  of  Ohio  River.  141  miles  E.  N.  E.  from 
Columbus.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  con- 
tains, besides  the  county  buildings,  six  or  seven 
churches,  an  elegant  town  hall  and  market,  sev- 
eral cotton  and  woollen  factories,  flouring  mills, 
iron  and  brass  founderies,  and  other  large  estab- 
lishments. 

Stewart  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Lumkin.  On  the 
western  border.  The  Chattahoochee  separates  it 
from  Alabama. 

Stewart  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Dover.  Kentucky 
is  on  the  N.  E.,  Montgomery  co.  E.,  Dickson  S. 
E.,  Humphreys  S.,  and  Tennessee  River,  or  Henry 
co.,  W.  This  county  is  crossed  by  Cumberland 
River  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.,  and  is  washed  on  one 
side  by  the  Tennessee. 

Stewartstoivn,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  The  Connecti- 
cut River  is  about  15  rods  in  width  at  this  place. 
The  other  waters  are  Bishop's  Brook,  Dead 
Water,  and  Mohawk  Rivers,  and  Hall's  Stream. 
Little  and  Great  Diamond  Ponds  are  here ;  they 
are  well  stocked  with  salmon  trout.  There  are 
no  large  mountains,  although  there  are  many 
elevations.  The  soil  of  the  intervale  is  rich,  and 
the  uplands  productive.  The  first  settlements 
were  made  under  grants  from  Colonel  David 
Webster,  soon  after  the  close  of  the  revolutionary 
war.  150  miles  N.  from  Concord,  and  about  40 
N.  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Stillwater,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  A  very  flour 
ishing  village  on  the  Lower  Falls  of  Penobscot 
River,  in  the  town  of  Orono.  An  immense 
amount  of  lumber  is  sawed  at  this  place,  and 


586 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c.f 


rafted  down  to  the  Bangor  market.  See 
Orono. 

Stillwater,  Ma.  Situated  on  the  W.  side  of  St. 
Croix  Eiver,  at  its  entrance  into  the  head  of 
Lake  St.  Croix,  about  25  miles  N.  E.  from  St. 
Paul,  the  present  capital  of  the  territory,  and 
about  20  miles  E.  by  N.  from  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony.  These  distances  are  by  the  land  route 
direct.  The  trip  by  water,  down  the  lake  and  up 
the  Mississippi,  to  these  places,  is  considerably 
longer,  especially  to  the  falls,  but  is  the  one 
usually  chosen,  for  the  accommodations  afforded 
by  the  steamboats,  which  run  regularly  on  this 
route. 

Stillwater  is  a  large  and  nourishing  town,  ad- 
vantageously situated  for  trade.  It  has  many 
fine  buildings,  cottages,  churches,  stores,  &c. 
Travellers  meet  with  fine  accommodations  at  the 
hotels  in  this  place,  and  find  themselves  in  the 
midst  of  natural  scenery  the  most  beautiful. 

Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Watered  by 
Anthony's  Kill  and  other  small  branches  of  the 
Hudson  River,  which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Sur- 
face level  and  undulating ;  soil  sandy  and  clay 
loam.  In  the  N.  part  of  this  town  is  situated  the 
battle  ground  where  General  Burgoyne  was  de- 
feated by  General  Gates,  the  American  com- 
mander, "in  1777.  Here  also  are  Freeman's 
Farm  and  Bemus's  Heights,  both  famous  battle 
grounds,  and  the  meadow  where  the  British  Gen- 
eral Frazer  was  mortally  wounded.  10  miles 
E.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and  20  N.  N.  E.  from 
Albany. 

Stockbridge,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  The  surface  is 
exceedingly  varied,  from  tall  and  majestic  moun- 
tains to  deep  and  lovely  valleys.  The  soil  in  the 
valleys  is  rich,  and  produces  great  crops  of  grain 
and  hay,  and  the  higher  grounds  afford  the  sweet- 
est pasturage.  Its  water  power  is  large  and  very 
extensive.  Stockbridge  Mountain  lies  at  the  W., 
and  Monument  Mountain  at  the  S.  part  of  the 
town,  and  in  the  S.  E.  corner  the  Beartown 
Mountains  rise.  On  the  height  of  the  N.  W.  spur 
of  these  mountains  is  a  very  narrow  and  deep 
ravine,  perhaps  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long,  where 
the  rocks  of  every  size  and  form  are  thrown  to- 
gether in  the  wildest  confusion.  This  is  called 
the  "  Ice  Hole,"  from  the  fact  that  ice  remains  in 
this  chasm  through  the  year.  On  the  E.  side  of 
the  town,  and  wholly  within  its  limits,  is  Rattle- 
snake Mountain,  about  2  miles  in  length.  The 
Housatonic  passes  through  the  town ;  its  wind- 
ings ai-e  many,  and  extensive  meadows  lie  on  its 
borders.  This  receives  Konkapot  Brook  from  the 
S.,  and  Barnum's,  Great  Pond,  and  Mohawk 
Brooks  from  the  N.  There  are  a  number  of 
large  and  beautiful  ponds  in  the  town,  which 
serve  to  swell  the  Housatonic.  Near  the  centre 
of  the  town  is  a  delightful  village,  situated  on  an 
elevated  plain,  between  the  river  and  a  mountain. 
7  miles  S.  E.  from  the  depot  of  the  Western  Rail- 
road at  West  Stockbridge,  from  which  it  is  11 
miles  to  Pittsfield,  and  162  to  Boston. 

Stockbridge,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Watered  by 
Oneida  Creek.  A  somewhat  hilly  town,  with 
a  fertile  soil.  5  miles  N.  E.  from  Morrisville.  and 
97  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Stockbridge,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  White  River 
runs  through  the  northerly  part  of  this  town,  and 
in  its  passage  receives  the  Sweed  River  from  the 
W.  The  mill  privileges  at  the  Great  Narrows  in 
White  River  are  the  best.  The  whole  river  is 
here  compressed  into  a  channel  but  a  few  feet  in 


width.  Steatite  is  found  here.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  in  1784  and  1785.  From  Mont- 
pelier  36  miles  S.  by  W.,  and  26  N.  W.  from 
Windsor. 

Stockholm,  N.  -Y.,  St.  Lawrence  co.  The  St. 
Regis  River  and  its  branches  water  this  town. 
Surface  hilly  and  rather  stony ;  soil  fertile  mould, 
based  upon  'limestone.  1 8  miles  N.  E.  from  Can- 
ton, and  227  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Stockport,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Watered  by 
Kinderhook  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Hudson  Riv- 
er, which  bounds  it  on  the  W.  5  miles  N.  from 
Hudson,  and  25  S.  from  Albany. 

Stockport,  Pa.,  Wayne  co.  A  village  on  the 
right  bank  of  Delaware  River.  180  miles  N. 
from  Philadelphia,  and  40  E.  from  Montrose. 

Stockton,  Ca.,  c.  h.  San  Joaquim  co.  The  third 
city  in  California,  ranking  next  to  San  Francisco 
and  Sacramento.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  San  Joaquim  River,  somewhat  more  than 
100  miles  by  water  from  San  Francisco,  from 
which  it  lies  due  E.  There  is  good  navigation 
to  this  place,  at  all  times,  for  steamers  and  ves- 
sels of  400  tons'  burden.  Stockton  'lies  a  littla 
S.  of  the  Calaveros  River,  a  tributary  of  the  San 
Joaquim,  on  an  inlet,  or,  as  it  is  called,  a  slough, 
which,  at  a  little  distance  from  the  San  Joaquim, 
divides  into  3  branches.  The  city  occupies  the 
peninsula  between  the  two  northern  branches,  ex- 
tending also  S.  to  the  third  branch.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1849,  by  Mr.  Weaver,  who  had  emigrated 
to  California  7  years  before,  and  had  obtained 
from  the  government  a  grant  of  11  square 
leagues,  about  50,000  acres,  on  condition  of  ob- 
taining settlers  within  a  specified  time.  In  April, 
1849,  the  site  of  the  city  was  occupied  by  a  soli- 
tary rancho  in  the  midst  of  che  marshes.  The 
sale  of  the  lots  produced  $500,000,  and  by  Sep- 
tember, 1849,  Stockton  was  a  canvas  city  of 
1000  inhabitants,  with  a  fleet  of  merchant  vessels 
lying  before  it.  Since  that  period  the  population 
has  greatly  increased,  and  many  substantial  build- 
ings have  been  erected.  Its  position  is  such  as  to 
make  it  the  capital  of  the  southern  mining  dis- 
trict, as  Sacramento  is  of  the  northern. 

The  southern  mines  are  situated  among  the 
hills  and  mountains  forming  the  western  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  commencing  some  20  miles 
E.  of  Stockton,  and  extending  thence  E.  to  the 
banks  of  the  rivers. 

The  following  account  by  Bayard  Taylor  of  a 
journey,  in  the  autumn  of  1849,  to  the  Mokelumne 
Diggings,  N.  E.  from  Stockton,  will  serve  to  give 
an  idea  of  the  mines.  "  The  sun  was  shining 
hotly,  the  tent  streets  of  Stockton  glowing  like  a 
brick  kiln.  The  thermometer  stood  at  98°,  and 
the  parched  sandy  soil  burned  through  our  very 
boot  soles.  We  therefore  resolved  to  wait  till 
evening  before  starting.  We  started  at  four 
o'clock,  when  a  pleasant  breeze  had  sprung  up, 
and  rode  over  the  level  plain  through  beautiful 
groves  of  oak.  The  trail  was  crossed  by  deep 
dry  arroyos,  or  watercourses,  which  in  the  rainy 
season  make  the  country  almost  impassable. 
Now,  however,  the  very  beds  of  the  Tule  marshes 
were  beginning  to  dry  up.  The  bed  of  the  Ca- 
varas  River,  which  in  the  spring  is  30  feet  deep, 
was  perfectly  dry,  and  the  trees  above  its  banks 
made  a  roof  which  shut  out  the  wind  and  sand, 
but  let  in  the  sunlight. 

"  We  encamped  in  the  very  bed  of  the  river, 
and  heaping  the  loose  ground  for  pillows  enjoyed 
a  delightful  sleep.  Leaving  soon  after  sunrise, 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


587 


we  entered  the  hills.  The  country  was  dotted 
with  picturesque  clumps  of  oak,  and  as  the 
ground  became  higher  and  more  broken,  with 
pines  of  splendid  growth.  Now,  however,  the 
ground  was  parched  like  a  furnace,  the  vegetation 
snapped  like  glass  under  the  hoofs  of  our  mules, 
and  the  cracks  and  seams  in  the  arid  soil  seemed 
to  give  out  an  intense  heat.  In  the  glens,  where 
the  little  air  stirring  was  cut  off,  the  mercury  rose 
to  110°.  Crossing  several  steep  spurs,  we  reached 
the  top  of  the  dividing  ridge  overlooking  the 
Mokelumne  valley,  and  here  one  of  the  most 
charming  mountain  landscapes  in  the  world 
opened  to  our  view.  Under  our  very  feet,  as  it 
seemed,  flowed  the  river,  and  a  little  corner  of 
level  bottom  wedged  between  the  bases  of  the 
hills  was  clothed  with  the  tents  of  the  gold  hunt- 
ers, whom  we  could  see  burrowing  along  the 
water.  The  mountains,  range  behind  range, 
spotted  with  timber,  made  a  grand  indistinct 
background  in  the  murky  air.  Coming  down  the 
almost  perpendicular  side  of  the  hill,  near  the 
bottom,  we  came  upon  the  Sonorian  town,  as  it 
was  called,  from  the  number  of  Mexican  miners 
encamped  there.  Our  first  move  was  for  the 
river  bottom,  where  a  number  of  Americans,  So- 
norians,  Kanakas,  and  French  were  at  work  in 
the  hot  sun.  The  bar,  as  it  was  called,  was  noth- 
ing more  nor  less  than  a  level  space  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  river  with  a  dry  arroyo  or  gulch, 
which  winds  for  about  eight  miles  among  the 
hills.  It  was  hard  and  rocky,  with  no  loose  sand, 
except  such  as  had  lodged  between  the  large 
masses  of  stone,  which  must,  of  course,  be  thrown 
aside  to  get  at  the  gold.  The  whole  space,  con- 
taining about  four  acres,  appeared  to  have  been 
turned  over  with  great  labor,  and  all  the  holes, 
slanting  down  between  the  broken  strata  of  slate, 
to  have  been  explored  to  the  bottom.  The  first 
party  we  saw  had  just  succeeded  in  cutting  a  new 
channel  for  the  shrunken  waters  of  the  Moke- 
lumne, and  were  commencing  operations  on  about 
twenty  yards  of  the  river  bed,  which  they  had 
laid  bare.  They  were  ten  in  number,  and  their 
only  implements  were  shovels,  a  rude  cradle  for 
the  top  layer  of  earth,  and  flat  wooden  bowls  for 
washing  out  the  sand.  When  I  first  saw  the  men 
carrying  heavy  stones  in  the  sun,  standing  nearly 
waist  deep  in  water,  and  grubbing  with  their  hands 
in  the  gravel  and  clay,  there  seemed  to  me  little 
virtue  in  resisting  the  temptation  to  gold  digging  ; 
but  when  the  shining  particles  were  poured  out 
lavishly  from  a  tin  basin,  I  confess  there  was  a 
sudden  itching  in  my  fingers  to  seize  the  heaviest 
crowbar  and  the  biggest  shovel. 

"  A  company  of  thirty,  somewhat  farther  down 
the  river,  had  made  a  much  larger  dam,  after  a 
month's  labor,  and  a  hundred  yards  of  the  bed 
were  clear. 

"  I  slept  soundly  that  night,  and  went  down 
early  to  the  river,  where  I  found  the  party  of  ten 
bailing  out  the  water  which  had  leaked  into  the 
river  bed  during  the  night.  They  were  standing 
in  the  run,  and  had  two  hours  of  hai'd  work  be- 
fore they  could  begin  to  wash.  Again  the  pros- 
pect looked  uninviting ;  but  when  I  went  to  them 
again  towards  noon,  one  of  them  was  scraping  up 
the  sand  from  the  bed  with  his  knife,  and  throw- 
ing it  into  a  basin,  the  bottom  of  which  glittered 
with  gold.  Every  knifeful  brought  out  a  quanti- 
ty of  grains  and  scales,  some  of  which  were  as 
large  as  the  finger  nail.  At  last,  a  two-ounce 
lump  fell  plump  into  the  pan,  and  the  diggers, 


now  in  the  best  possible  humor,  went  on  with 
their  work  with  great  alacrity.  It  is  only  by  such 
operations  as  these,  through  associated  labor,  that 
great  profits  are  to  be  made  in  those  districts 
which  have  been  visited  by  the  first  eager  horde  of 
gold  hunters.  The  deposits  most  eagerly  reached 
are  soon  exhausted  by  the  crowd,  and  the  labor 
required  to  carry  on  further  work  successfully 
deters  single  individuals  from  attempting  it 
Those  who,  retaining  their  health,  return  homo 
disappointed,  say  they  have  been  humbugged 
about  the  gold,  when,  in  fact,  they  have  hum- 
bugged themselves  about  the  work.  If  any  one 
expects  to  dig  treasures  out  of  the  earth  in  Cali- 
fornia without  severe  labor,  he  is  wofully  mis- 
taken. Of  all  classes  of  men,  those  who  pave 
streets  and  quarry  limestone  are  best  adapted  for 
gold  diggers." 

Stockton,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Bear  Creek 
and  some  other  small  streams  water  this  town. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  well  adapted  to  grass  on 
the  uplands,  and  in  the  valleys  to  the  growth  of 
grain.  7  miles  E.  from  Maysville,  and  323  S.  of 
W.  from  Albany. 

Stoddard  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Bloomfield,  in 
the  S.  E.  corner,  between  the  St.  Francis  and 
White  Water,  contains  large  lakes,  and  is  largely 
subject  to  overflow. 

Stoddard,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.,  is  situated  on  the 
height  of  land  between  Merrimac  and  Connecti- 
cut Rivers.  It  is  mountainous,  and  very  rocky. 
The  soil  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  tillage. 
The  S.  branch  of  Ashuelot  River,  and  several  other 
streams,  water  this  town.  There  are  14  ponds 
here,  some  of  which  are  of  considerable  magni- 
tude. The  first  family  was  that  of  John  Taggard, 
whose  privations  and  hardships  were  very  great 
Their  grain  was  procured  at  Peterboro',  at  the 
distance  of  20  miles,  which  was  conveyed  by  him 
on  his  back  through  the  pathless  wilderness.  At 
one  time,  they  had  nothing  for  six  days  on  which 
to  subsist  but  the  flesh  of  the  horse.  This  town 
was  formerly  called  Limerick.  It  was  incorporated 
in  1774,  when  it  received  the  name  of  Stoddard, 
from  Colonel  Samson  Stoddard,  of  Chelmsford,  to 
whom,  with  several  others,  it  was  granted.  First 
settlers,  John  Taggard,  Reuben  Walton,  Alex- 
ander Scott,  James  Mitchell,  and  others,  in  1769. 
14  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Keene,  and  45  W.  S.  W. 
from  Concord. 

Stokes  County,  N.  C.,  Germantown  and  Salem 
shire  towns.  This  county  is  bounded  N:  by  Rock- 
ingham  and  Guilford  counties  and  Virginia,  E. 
by  Car,  S.  by  Rowan,  and  W.  by  Surry.  The 
sources  of  Dan  and  Yadkin  Rivers  drain  the 
county. 

Stoneham,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  Stoneham  was  in- 
corporated in  1834.  It  lies  westerly  of  Albany, 
and  comprises  the  grant  to  Fryeburg  Academy. 

Stoneham,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  comprised  the  N. 
part  of  Charlestown  until  its  incorporation,  in 
1725.  There  is  some  good  land  in  Stoneham,  and 
the  soil  is  generally  of  a  gravelly  loam,  but  it  is 
too  rough  and  stony  for  easy  cultivation.  Spot 
Pond,*a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  covering  an  area 
of  233  acres,  lies  in  this  town.  It  is  143  feet 
above  sea  level.  9  miles  N.  from  Boston,  and  2 
E.  from  the  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad,  at  Wo- 
burn. 

Stonington,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  This  town  is 
situated  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Long  Island 
Sound,  at  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  state,  and  on  the 
line  of  Rhode  Island.  The  land  is  rocky  and  un- 


588 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


even,  but  fertile  and  productive.  A  considerable 
amount  of  agricultural  products  is  annually  sent 
from  this  town  to  Nantucket  and  other  places.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Mystic  and  Paucatuck. 

The  harbor  of  Stonington  sets  up  from  the 
Sound,  opposite  Fisher's  Island,  and  is  well  pro- 
tected by  an  expensive  breakwater. 

This  place  is  noted  for  the  commercial  enter- 
prise of  its  people.  Large  capitals  are  employed 
in  the  whale,  seal,  and  cod  fisheries.  This  place 
is  accommodated  with  a  marine  railway,  and  a 
lighthouse  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor. 

Stonington  borough  is  located  on  a  narrow 
point  of  land,  extending  into  the  Sound  about 
half  a  mile.  It  was  incorporated  in  1801.  It  is 
handsomely  laid  out,  and  is  well  built.  47  miles 
by  railroad  from  Providence,  and  112  from  New 
York  by  water. 

Stony  Brook,  N.  Y.,  Suffolk  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Long  Island,  197  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Albany. 
It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  ship  building  is  car- 
ried on. 

Stony  County,  Io.  Central.  Between  the  Iowa 
and  Des  Moines. 

Stoughton,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  town  was 
originally  a  part  of  Dorchester,  and  was  named 
in  honor  of  William  Stoughton,  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor of  the  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay  from 
1692  to  1702.  Some  of  the  head  waters  of  Ne- 
ponset  and  Taunton  Rivers  rise  in  this  town. 
The  highest  land  in  the  town  is  a  hill  called  the 
Pinnacle.  A  large  village  of  shoe  manufacturers 
has,  within  a  few  years,  "  sprung  up  as  if  by  en- 
chantment." From  this  village  is  a  railroad  to 
the  Canton  depot  of  the  Boston  and  Providence 
Eailroad,  distance  4  miles.  This  town  lies  18 
miles  S.  from  Boston,  and  10  S.  E.  from  Dedham. 
The  ancient  records  of  this  town  are  very  inter- 
esting. 

Stow,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  is  an  ancient 
town,  and  was  first  settled  about  the  year  1680. 
The  Indians  had  two  names  for  it,  from  two  hills, 
Pompascitticutt  and  Shabbukin.  The  surface  is  va- 
ried, and  the  soil  in  many  parts  light  and  sandy ; 
but  it  contains  much  good  land  for  cultivation. 
The  Assabet  River  passes  through  the  town,  and 
affords  a  good  water  power.  3  miles  from  the 
Fitchbtirg  Railroad  at  Acton,  which  is  25  miles 
from  Boston. 

Stowe,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  Waterbury  River  and 
its  branches  give  this  town  a  good  water  power. 
Stowe  is  situated  between  the  Mansfield  and 
Hog's  Back  Mountains,  and  contains  a  large  tract 
of  level,  fertile  land.  Stowe  is  a  flourishing  town, 
and  contains  4  neat  and  pleasant  mountain  valley 
villages.  All  that  tract  of  land  formerly  called 
Mansfield  was  annexed  to  this  town  in  1848.  The 
settlement  was  commenced  about  the  year  1793. 
From  Hydepark  10  miles  S.,  and  37  N.  from 
Montpelier. 

Strabane,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  A  township  on 
the  head  waters  of  Chartier  Creek.  5  miles  E. 
from  Washington. 

Strafford  County,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  at  Dover. 
Bounded  N.  by  Belknap  co.,  E.  by  the  stfcte  of 
Maine,  S.  and  S.  W.  by  Rockingham  and  Merri- 
mac  counties.  The  larger  rivers  are  the  Piscata- 
qua,  Salmon  Falls,  and  Cocheco.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally good.  The  lands  are  generally  hard  of 
cultivation,  but  the  patient  laborer  finds  an  ample 
reward  for  his  industry.  This  county  possesses 
a  large  hydraulic  power.  Although  this  county 
has  recently  lost  a  large  share  of  its  territory  by 


the  formation  of  the  counties  of  Belknap  and 
Carroll,  it  still  retains,  in  consequence  of  its  rapid 
increase  in  population  and  wealth,  its  former  im- 
portance and  power. 

Strafford,  N.  H.,  Strafford  co.  Bow  Pond  is  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  the  town,  and  is  about  650  rods 
long  and  400  wide ;  its  waters  form  one  of  the 
principal  branches  of  the  Isinglass  River.  Front 
Pond  lies  W.  of  the  Blue  Hills,  and  Wild  Goose 
Pond  between  this  town  and  Pittsfield.  There  is 
a  great  variety  of  scenery  here.  The  range  of 
Blue  Hills  crosses  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  town. 
The  soil  is  generally  of  a  good  quality.  Straf- 
ford was  formerly  a  part  of  Barrington.  15  miles 
N.  W.  from  Dover,  and  30  E.  N.  E.  from  Concord. 

Strafford,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  Strafford  contains 
two  pleasant  villages.  The  surface  is  uneven,  but 
the  soil  generally  good.  It  is  watered  by  a  prin- 
cipal branch  of  Ompompanoosuc  River,  which 
affords  several  good  mill  privileges.  In  the 
north-easterly  part  is  Podunk  Pond,  covering 
about  100  acres.  In  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Straf- 
ford is  an  extensive  bed  of  the  sulphuret  of 
iron,  from  which  immense  quantities  of  copperas 
are  made.  The  settlement  of  this  town  was  com- 
menced just  before  the  revolutionary  war.  30 
miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Montpelier,  and  USE.  from 
Chelsea. 

Stratford,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Cupheag.  The  township  is  mostly  level  and 
free  from  stone,  and  there  is  a  very  rich  alluvial 
tract  of  meadows  on  the  river  and  harbor.  The 
principal  street  in  the  town  is  1  mile  in  length^ 
running  N.  and  S.,  parallel  to  the  Housatonic ; 
it  is  level,  pleasant,  and  ornamented  with  shade 
trees.  This  place  lies  at  the  mouth  of  Housatonic 
River,  and  has  considerable  inland  and  coasting 
trade.  Stratford  Point,  jutting  out  into  the 
Sound,  is  very  pleasant,  and  a  noted  landing- 
place  for  passengers.  13  miles  S.  W.  from  New 
Haven  by  railroad. 

Stratford,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  This  town  lies  on 
the  E.  bank  of  Connecticut  River.  The  soil,  ex- 
cept along  the  river,  is  rocky,  gravelly,  and  coldu 
The  Peaks,  two  mountains  of  a  conical  form,  sit- 
uated in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  town,  are  seen  at  a 
great  distance.  Bog  Brook,  Nash's  Stream,  and 
several  smaller  streams,  furnish  this  town  with 
water.  There  is  a  pond  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the 
town.  First  settlers,  Isaac  Johnston,  James 
Curtis,  James  Brown,  Josiah  Lampkin,  and  A. 
Blodgett.  18  miles  N.  from  Lancaster,  and  137 
N.  from  Concord. 

Stratford,  N.  Y.,  Fulton  co.  Watered  by  East 
Canada  Creek  and  its  branches.  A  hilly  and 
mountainous  town,  with  a  rather  sterile  soiL 
15  miles  N.  W.  from  Johnstown,  and  60  from 
Albany. 

StratJiam,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.,  is  about  8 
miles  from  the  sea.  The  land  is  even,  and  well 
calculated  for  agricultural  purposes.  Farming  is 
so  exclusively  the  employment  of  the  people,  thab, 
although  a  navigable  river  adjoins  it,  there  is 
little  attention  given  to  any  other  pursuit.  In  the 
E.  part  of  the  town,  in  a  swamp,  is  perhaps  the 
largest  deposit  of  peat  in  the  state.  This  town 
was  a  part  of  Hilton's  Purchase.  43  miles  S.  E.  by 
E.  from  Concord,  and  3  E.  N.  E.  from  Exeter. 

Stratton,  Vt,  Windham  co.  This  is  a  moun- 
tainous town.  Branches  of  Deerfield  and  Win> 
hall  Rivers  rise  here  from  two  ponds.  The  soil  is 
cold  and  generally  unprofitable.  Stratton  was 
settled  principally  by  emigrants  from  Massacm> 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


589 


setts.  1 8  miles  N.  E.  from  Bennington,  and  22 
N.  W.  from  Brattleboro'. 

Strawntonn,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  On  Tohicon  Creek, 
about  40  miles  W.  of  N.  from  Philadelphia. 

Strong^  Me.,  Franklin  co.  A  good  township.  On 
both  sides  of  Sandy  Kiver.  45  miles  N.  W.  from 
Augusta. 

Stroudsbury,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  On  the  N. 
bank  of  Smithneld  Creek.  3  miles  N.  W.  from 
the  Delaware  Water  Gap,  and  124  N.  E.  by  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Sturbridge,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town  was 
formerly  called  Tantuesque  by  the  Indians,  and 
New  Medfield  by  the  English.  It  is  a  pleasant 
town,  and  well  watered  by  Quinebaug  River. 
The  surface  is  uneven  and  hilly,  and  the  soil  hard 
to  subdue.  There  are  some  good  fish  ponds  in 
the  town,  which  serve  to  swell  the  Quinebaug. 
18  miles  S.  W.  from  Worcester,  and  60  W.  S.  W. 
from  Boston. 

Stmjvesant.  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  On  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Hudson  River.  A  hilly  town  with  a 
productive  soil.  12  miles  N.  from  Hudson,  and  1 8 
S.  from  Albany. 

Success,  N.  H.,  Coos  co.  There  are  several  con- 
siderable mountains  in  this  town,  and  2  or  3 
ponds.  Narmarcungawack  and  Live  Rivers  rise 
here,  and  pass  westerly  into  the  Androscoggin. 
This  town  is  exceedingly  rough  and  hard  to  cul- 
tivate. First  granted,  in  1773,  to  Benjamin  Mac- 
kay  and  others.  1 43  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Concord, 
and  about  30  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Sudbury,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  ancient  town 
is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  watered  by  a  branch  of  Sudbury 
River,  and  has  some  water  power.  The  surface 
is  pleasant,  and  rather  romantic.  Along  the 
borders  of  the  river  are  large  tracts  of  meadow 
land,  some  of  which  is  very  valuable.  Sudbury 
was  first  settled  in  1638.  19  miles  W.  from 
Boston,  and  6  S.  S.  W.  from  Concord. 

Sudbury,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  Otter  Creek  touches 
upon  the  eastern  border  of  this  town.  The  other 
streams  are  small.  Hubbardton  Pond  extends 
into  the  S.  part,  and  there  are  in  town  several 
smaller  ponds,  of  which  Hinkum  Pond  is  the 
most  considerable.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  a 
high  ridge  of  land  extends  through  the  town. 
The  soil  is  generally  a  rich  loam  ;  the  timber 
principally  pine,  beech,  and  maple.  There  is  a 
small  village  in  the  easterly  part  of  the  town. 
This  town  was  chartered  in  1761  ;  the  early  set- 
tlers were  generally  from  Connecticut.  43  "miles 
S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  17  N.  W.  from 
Rutland. 

V  Suffidd,  Ct,  Hartford  co.  Sumcld  lies  on  the 
W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  and  is  bounded  N. 
by  Massachusetts,  to  which  state  it  was  attached 
until  1752.  This  territory  was  purchased  about 
the  year  1670,  of  two  Indian  chiefs,  for  $100.  The 
surface  on  the  banks  of  the  river  is  elevated,  and 
although  the  town  is  without  much  alluvial 
meadow,  the  soil  being  of  a  strong,  deep  loam,  is 
very  fertile  and  productive.  Suffield  contains 
some  of  the  best  farms  in  the  state.  The  principal 
village  is  pleasantly  located  on  rising  ground.  It 
contains  many  handsome  buildings  ;  it  is  the  site 
of  the  Connecticut  Literary  Institution,  and  com- 
mands delightful  views  of  the  river  and  circum- 
jacent country.  16  miles  N.  from  Hartford. 

Suffolk  County,  Ms.,  c.  h.  at  Boston.  It  includes 
the  city  of  Boston  and  the  towns  of  Chelsea, 
North  Chelsea,  and  Winthrop. 


Suffolk  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Riverhead. 
Incorporated  in  1683.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Long 
Island  Sound,  E.  and  S.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  W.  by  Queens  co.  Surface  somewhat  broken 
and  hilly  on  the  N.,  but  elsewhere  level  5  soil 
easily  tilled  and  productive.  Watered  by  Peconic 
River  and  several  small  streams.  There  are  sev- 
eral islands  attached  to  this  county,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  are  Gardiner's,  Shelter,  and  Fisher's 
Islands. 

Suffolk,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Suffolk  co.  226  miles 
S.  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

Suffolk,  Va.,  c.  h.  Nansemond  co.  On  the  E 
side  of  Nansemond  River.  28  miles  N.  W.  by  W 
from  Norfolk,  and  85  S.  E.  from  Richmond. 

Sullivan  County,  la.,  c.h.  at  Sullivan.  Various 
creeks  of  the  Wabash  drain  this  county.  It  is 
bounded  by  Vigo  N,  Martin  E.,  Davies  and  Knox 
S.,  and  the  Wabash  River  W. 

Sullivan,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  At  the  head  of 
Frenchman's  Bay.  93  miles  E.  from  Augusta. 

Sullivan  County,  Mo.,  N.  part.  Watered  by  trib- 
utaries of  the  Grand  River,  which  run  through 
it  from  N.  to  S. 

Sullivan  County,  N.  H.,  c.  h.  at  Newport.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  by  Grafton  co.,  E.  by  Mer- 
rimac  and  a  part  of  Hillsboro'  counties,  S.  by 
Cheshire  co.,  and  W.  by  Connecticut  River,  or 
the  state  of  Vermont.  It  was  taken  from  Cheshire 
co.  in  1827.  The  surface  is  elevated,  but  not 
mountainous.  Croydon  Mountain  is  the  highest 
Along  the  streams,  particularly  on  Connecticut 
River,  the  soil  is  rich  and  exceedingly  productive. 
The  uplands  produce  good  'grain,  and  afford  ex- 
cellent pasturage.  There  is  a  great  variety  of  de- 
lightful scenery  in  this  county.  Besides  the  Con- 
necticut, which  waters  its  whole  western  frontier, 
the  Ashuelot,  Cold,  Sugar,  Little  Sugar  Rivera, 
and  other  streams,  furnish  the  county  with  an 
abundant  water  power,  and  Sunapee  Lake  and 
numerous  ponds  give  beauty  to  its  otherwise 
varied  and  picturesque  scenery. 

Sullivan  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Thompson. 
Formed  from  Ulster  co.  in  1809.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Delaware  and  Ulster,  E.  by  Ulster  and 
Orange,  S.  and  S.  W.  by  Orange  co.  and  the  Del- 
aware River,  which  separates  it  from  Pennsylva- 
nia. Watered  by  several  small  lakes,  and  by 
Delaware,  Neversink,  and  Mongoup  Rivers.  Sur- 
face hilly  and  mountainous,  the  Shawangunk 
Mountain  lying  on  the  E.  border ;  soil  fertile  in 
the  valleys,  and  mostly  good  for  grazing  on  the 
uplands.  Lead  ore  is  the  principal  mineral.  The 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  and  the  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad  both  cross  this  county. 

Sullivan,  N.  Y.,  Madison  co.  Wratered  by 
Caneseraga  and  Chittenango  Creeks,  flowing  into 
Oneida  Lake,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface 
level  and  undulating;  soil  of  excellent  quality, 
consisting  of  rich  alluvion  on  the  N.  18  mile* 
N.  W.  from  Morrisville,  and  129  from  Albany. 

Sullivan  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  La  Port.  N.  cen- 
tral part.  Hilly.  Drained  by  northern  tributa- 
ries of  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna. 

Sullivan  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Blountville.  Scott 
and  Washington  counties,  Va.,  are  on  the  Nn 
Ashe  co,  N.  C.,  E.,  Carter  co.,  in  Te.,  S.  E.,  Wash- 
ington S.,  and  Hawkins  W.  Part  of  the  surface 
is  mountainous,  the  rest  hilly.  From  E.  to  W., 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  county,  flows 
Holston  River,  and  in  its  course  receives  the 
Wantauga  from  the  S.  E. 

Summer  Hill,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.    Watered  by 


590 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


the  head  branches  of  Fall  Creek.  A  hilly  town, 
with  a  pretty  good  soil.  24  miles  S.  E.  from 
Auburn,  and  147  W.  from  Albany. 

Summit,  N.  Y.,  Schoharie  co.  Watered  by 
branches  of  Schoharie  Creek,  and  by  Charlotte 
River.  This  is  an  elevated  and  hilly  town,  with 
a  soil  well  suited  to  grass.  16  miles  S.  W.  from 
Schoharie,  and  52  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Summit  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Akron.  In  the 
N.  E.  angle  of  the  state.  Drained  by  head  streams 
of  the  Tuscarawas,  and  by  the  Cuyahoga  and 
Little  Cuyahoga,  which  afford  much  water  power. 
Crossed  from  N.  to  S.  by  the  Ohio  Canal,  with 
which  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Canal  unites 
in  this  county. 

Sumner,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  On  a  branch  of  the 
Androscoggin.  44  miles  W.  from  Augusta. 

Sumner  County,  Te..  c.  h.  at  Gallatin.  This 
county  is  bounded  by  Kentucky  N.,  Smith  E., 
Cumberland  River  or  Wilson  S.'Davison  S.  W., 
and  Robertson  N.  W.  Cumberland  River  washes 
it  on  the  S.,  and  it  is  drained  by  various  creeks 
of  that  stream. 

Sumpter  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Livingston.  W. 
part.  Between  the  Tombigbee,  by  whose  affluents 
it  is  watered,  and  the  Mississippi  line. 

Sumpter  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Americus.  S.  W. 
part.  Drained  by  confluents  of  the  Flint  River, 
which  washes  it  on  the  E.  from  the  Mississippi 
to  the  Pearl. 

Sumpter  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Sumpterville. 
This  district  has  Santee  River  or  Charleston  dis- 
trict on  the  S.,  Santee  River  or  Orangeburg  S. 
W.,  Wateree  River  or  Richland  W.,  Kershaw  N. 
W.,  Lynch's  Creek  River  or  Darlington  N.  E., 
and  William  sburg  N.  The  surface  is  level,  and 
the  soil  generally  sandy.  A  branch  of  Black 
River,  called  Great  Pedee,  drains  the  centre  of 
this  district.  The  canal  connecting  Santee  River 
with  Charleston  Harbor  leaves  the  Santee  nearly 
opposite  to  the  S.  E.  angle  of  Sumpter. 

Sumpterville,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Sumpter  district.  On 
the  dividing  ground  between  the  two  main  branch- 
es of  Black  River,  about  100  miles  a  little  W.  of 
N.  from  Charleston. 

Sunbury,  Ga.,  Liberty  co,  A  town  and  port  of 
entry  on  the  S.  side  of  Newport  River.  Cath- 
erine Island,  which  lies  off  the  entrance  of  the 
harbor,  forms  and  defends  it  from  the  weather. 
An  academy  was  erected  here  in  1788.  45  miles 
S.  by  W.  from  Savannah. 

Sunbury,  Pa.  Seat  of  justice  of  Northumber- 
land co.  58  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Harrisburg. 
It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  broad  plain  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Susquehanna,  just  below  the  con- 
fluence of  its  N.  and  W.  branches  at  Northum- 
berland. The  navigation  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal  is  carried  across  the  river  by  a  basin  in 
front  of  the  town,  nearly  a  mile  in  width,  created 
by  the  Shamokin  dam,  2783  feet  long,  a  short 
distance  below.  A  railroad  is  in  operation  for 
19  miles,  from  Sunbury  to  the  Shamokin  coal 
mines,  which  was  originally  projected  to  extend 
to  Pottsville.  An  enterprise  is  on  foot  for  the 
development  of  a  great  water  power,  by  the  con- 
struction of  a  short  canal  from  the  Susquehan- 
na basin,  in  the  rear  of  the  town,  to  empty  into 
the  Shamokin  Creek,  below  the  level  of  the'great 
dam.  With  this  improvement,  and  the  abundant 
supplies  of  coal,  iron,  and  limestone  In  the  imme- 
diate vicinity,  Sunbury  must  become  an  active 
manufacturing  place.  A  bridge  about  a  mile 
above  the  town,  across  the  N.  branch  of  the 


Susquehanna,  connects  it  with  Northumber 
land. 

Sunderland,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  This  town  lies 
on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River.  It  was  taken 
from  Hadley  in  1718.  The  central  village  of 
Sunderland  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  fine  inter- 
vale of  land,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Connecticut  River. 
North  village  is  3  miles  from  the  centre,  and 
Plum  Tree  village  3  miles  S.  At  the  central 
village  there  is  a  bridge  over  the  Connecticut. 
Mount  Toby  lies  partly  in  Sunderland  and  partly 
in  Leverett.  See  Mountains  and  Caves.  90  miles 
W.  from  Boston,  and  9  S.  by  E.  from  Greenfield. 

Sunderland,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  The  Batten 
kill  River  passes  through  the  town,  and  on  it  are 
some  fine  alluvial  flats.  Roaring  Branch  origi- 
nates in  several  large  ponds  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  town,  and  running  westerly,  unites  with 
the  Battenkill  in  Arlington.  The  soil  consists 
of  alluvion,  loam,  and  marl.  Near  the  foot  of 
the  Green  Mountains,  the  sulphurct  of  iron  is 
found  in  considerable  quantities.  On  the  side'of 
the  mountain  a  vein  of  lead  ore  has  been  discov- 
ered in  granular  limestone.  The  settlement  was 
commenced  in  1766,  by  emigrants  from  Connec- 
ticut. 87  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  15 
N.  by  E.  from  Bennington. 

Sunfloioer  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  McNutt.    New. 

Sunkhaze,  Me.,  Penobscot  co.  Sunkhaze  Stream 
meets  the  Penobscot,  from  the  E.,  about  1 5  miles 
above  Old  Town  village,  in  Orono.  The  planta- 
tion of  Sunkhaze  lies  on  this  stream,  82  miles  N. 
E.  from  Augusta. 

Surry,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.,  is  watered  by  Ashu- 
elot  River,  on  which  there  is  a  tract  of  valuable 
meadow  land,  extending  almost  the  whole  length 
of  the  town.  On  the  E.  side  of  Ashuelot  River 
is  a  steep  and  high  mountain,  on  the  summit 
of  which  is  a  pond  of  about  3  acres  in  extent, 
and  about  25  feet  depth  of  water.  Surry  was 
originally  a  part  of  Gilsum  and  Westmoreland, 
and  derived  its  name  from  Surry  in  England. 
First  settler,  Peter  Hayward,  in  1764.  52  miles 
S.  W.  from  Concord,  and  6  N.  W.  from  Keene. 

Surry  County,  N.  C.,  Rockford  and  Huntsvilia 
shire  towns.  Surry  co.  is  bounded  N.  by  Vir- 
ginia, E.  by  Stokes  co.,  N.  C.,  S.  by  Row- 
an and  Iredell,  and  W.  by  Wilkes  and  Ashe. 
The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous,  and 
the  county  is  drained  by  the  extreme  northern 
sources  of  the  Yadkin. 

Surry  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Surry.  This 
county  has  James  River  on  the  N.  and  N.  E.,  Isle 
of  Wight  S.  E.,  Sussex  S.  W.  and  W.,  and 
Prince  George  N.  W.  In  Surry  rise  the  N.  E. 
sources  of  Black  River,  a  branch  of  Nottaway. 

Susquehanna  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Montrose, 
Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  on  the  N.,  Wayne  co., 
Pa,  E.,  Luzerne  S.,  and  Bradford  W.  The 
soil  generally  is  of  a  middling  quality,  and 
the  surface  hilly.  The  local  features  of  this 
county  are  very  peculiar.  The  Susquehanna  en- 
ters and  again  retires  from  its  northern  border, 
and  thence,  after  an  immense  sweep  through 
Broome  and  Tioga  counties,  N.  Y.,  and  Brad- 
ford co.,  Pa.,  it  again  reaches,  in  the  N.  W. 
angle  of  Luzerne,  within  less  than  5  miles 
from  the  S.  W.  angle  of  Susquehanna.  From  this 
singular  position,  the  creeks  of  the  latter  county 
flow  from  its  centre  like  radii  of  a  circle,  and  yet 
nearly  all  enter  Susquehanna  River. 

Sussex  County,  De.,  Georgetown  and  Lewis- 
town  shire  towns.  Delaware  Bay  is  on  the 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


591 


N.  E.,  Atlantic  Ocean  E.,  "Worcester  co.,  Md., 
S.,  Somerset  co.,  Md.,  S.  W.,  Dorchester  and 
Caroline  counties,  Md.,  and  Kent  co.,  De.,  N. 
Part  of  the  surface  is  marshy,  but  it  is  generally 
level.  The  soil  is  mostly  of  a  middling  qual- 
ity, though  some  parts  are  sandy.  The  wa- 
ters flow  from  the  centre  of  the  county  in 
opposite  directions.  Nanticoke  drains  its  west- 
ern side.  Pocomoke  has  its  source  near  its  south- 
ern limits  ;  Indian  River,  interlocking  sources 
with  both  the  preceding,  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  Cold  Spring,  Broadkill,  Prunehook, 
Slaughter,  Cedar,  and  Mispillan  Creeks  enter  the 
Bay  of  Delaware. 

Sussex  County,  N.  J.,  is  bounded  N.  E.  by 
Orange  co.,  N.'  Y.,  N.  W.  by  Delaware  River, 
opposite  Pike  co.,  Pa.,  S.  E.  by  Passaic  and 
Morris,  N.  J.,  and  S.  W.  by  Warren.  Most  of  the 
land  is  hilly,  and  some  mountainous,  though 
in  the  N.  E.  section  the  flat  and  marshy  bot- 
toms of  the  Wallkill  cover  a  considerable  space. 
The  climate  of  Sussex  differs  from  that  of  the 
adjacent  counties,  on  account  of  its  superior 
elevation.  The  extreme  western  sources  of 
the  Passaic  are  in  this  county.  From  it  also 
flow  S.  W.,  towards  the  Delaware,  the  Muscone- 
cung,  Pequest,  Flatkill,  and  Pauling's  Creeks,  and 
those  of  the  Wallkill  N.  W.  towards  the  Hudson. 
This  county  has  a  great  variety  of  soil,  from  the 
most  fertile  alluvion  to  very  barren  mountain.  The 
valleys  of  the  creeks,  particularly  those  flowing 
towards  the  Delaware,  afford  very  fine  meadow, 
orchard,  and  grain  lands. 

Sussex  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Hunting.  This 
county  has  Surry  on  the  N.  E.,  Dinwiddie  and 
Prince  George  N.  W.,  Greenville  S.  W.,  and 
Southampton  S.  E.  The  Nottaway  River  and 
its  confluents  drain  more  than  four  fifths  of  the 
surface.  The  N.  E.  section  is  also  watered  by 
Black  Water  River. 

Sussex.  Va.,  c.  h.  Sussex  co. 

Sutter  County,  Ca.  On  the  E.  side  of  Sacra- 
mento, and  on  both  sides  of  Feather  River. 

Sutton,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  purchased  of 
the  Indians  about  the  year  1704.  This  is  a  pleas- 
ant town,  watered  by  the  Blackstone  River,  and 
the  Blackstone  Canal  passes  on  the  northern  bor- 
der. The  township  is  generally  hilly,  though  of 
good  soil.  There  are  a  number  of  neat  and 
handsome  villages  in  the  town,  that  near  the  cen- 
tre, Wilkinsonville,  at  the  N.  part  of  the  town, 
and  Manchaug,  at  the  S.,  are  the  principal. 
There  are  a  number  of  beautiful  ponds  in  Sutton, 
and  a  great  curiosity  called  "  Purgatory  Cavern." 
8  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Worcester  by  railroad,  and 
43  W.  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

Sutton,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  Three  branches 
of  Warner  River,  and  a  large  branch  of  Black 
Water  River,  supply  this  town  with  vrater.  On 
the  margin  of  the  last  stream  is  iome  rich 
meadow  and  intervale  land.  There  are  several 
ponds  here :  the  most  important  are  Long  and 
Kesar's  ;  the  last  is  190  rods  square.  Kearsarge 
Mountain  extends  more  than  half  the  length  of 
Sutton,  on  the  E.  side.  King's  Hill  is  situated 
on  the  W.  part  of  Sutton.  On  the  most  elevated 
part  of  this  hill  there  is  one  of  the  most  extensive 
landscape  views  in  the  country.  Sutton  was 
called  Perry's-town  from  Obadiah  Perry,  one  of 
its  principal  proprietors.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
Kesar  s  Pond  were  found  Indian  hearths  of  stone 
laid  with  skill  and  ingenuity,  also  several  Indian 
implements.  This  town  has  almost  every  variety 


of  soil,  and  although  the  surface  is  uneven,  it 
produces  all  the  grains  and  grasses  common  to 
the  country.  23  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Con- 
cord 

Sutton,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  Sutton  is  watered 
by  two  considerable  branches,  which  unite  near 
the  S.  line  of  Burke,  and  join  the  Passumpsic 
River  in  Lyndon.  There  are  several  ponds, 
of  which  Fish  Pond  is  the  largest.  It  covers 
about  200  acres.  The  surface  of  Sutton  is  gener- 
ally even,  and  considerable  tracts  of  it  are  so  low 
and  wet  as  to  be  incapable  of  cultivation.  There 
are  several  bogs  of  marl  in  this  town.  The  set- 
tlement of  Sutton  was  commenced  about  the  year 
1791,  by  a  Mr.  Hackett,  who  was  soon  after  joined 
by  other  families  from  Rhode  Island  and  Con- 
necticut. 21  miles  N.  from  Danville,  and  51  N 
E.  from  Montpelier. 

Swainsbord*,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Emanuel  co.  Near  Can- 
nouchee  River.  98  miles  N.  W.  from  Savannah, 
and  96  S.  E.  by  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Swampscot,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  A  new  town.  A 
fishing  village  taken  from  the  N.  E.  part  of  Lynn. 

Swan  Quarter,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Hyde  co.  203  miles 
E.  by  S.  from  Raleigh. 

Swansea,  Ms.,  Bristol  co.  The  Indian  name  of 
this  place  was  Pockanocket.  Between  Lee's  and 
Cole's  Rivers  lies  Mattapoiset  Neck,  at  the  head  • 
of  which  is  Swansea  village,  a  place  of  consider- 
able trade  and  navigation.  This  town  is  favored 
with  good  navigable  waters,  and  an  hydraulic 
power.  This  town  will  be  memorable  on  account 
of  its  being  the  place  where  the  first  English 
blood  was  shed  in  King  Philip's  war.  1  mile  N. 
W.  from  Fall  River,  and  48  miles  S.  from  Boston. 

Sivanton,  Vt.,  Franklin  co.  This  township  is  sit- 
uated on  the  E.side  of  Lake  Champlain.  Missis- 
co  River  passes  through  Swanton,  and  fertilizes  a 
considerable  portion  of  its  territory.  This  river  is 
navigable  for  lake  vessels  to  Swanton  Falls,  6 
miles  from  its  mouth.  These  falls  descend  20 
feet,  and,  with  other  smaller  streams,  give  to  Swan- 
ten  a  water  power  of  great  value.  Bog  iron  ore, 
and  an  abundance  of  beautiful  marble,  are  found 
in  this  town.  The  surface  and  soil  are  favorable 
to  agricultural  pursuits,  with  the  exception  of  a 
part  bordering  the  lake.  The  village  of  Swanton 
is  pleasantly  located,  and  may  boast  of  the  purity 
of  its  air  and  water.  The  first  permanent  settlers 
here  were  John  Hiliker  and  family,  about  the  year 
1787.  50  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  30 
N.  from  Burlington  by  railroad. 

Swanville,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  This  town  lies  8 
miles  N.  from  Belfast,  and  46  E.  by  N.  from  Au- 
gusta. It  was  incorporated  in  181 8.  It  is  watered 
by  Paasaggassawakeag  Lake  and  River,  and  pos- 
sesses a  pleasant  surface  and  fertile  soil. 

Swanzey,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  The  principal 
streams  in  this  town  are  the  Ashuelot  and  the 
South  Branch  Rivers.  The  surface  is  diversified 
with  hills,  valleys,  and  swells  of  upland.  There 
is  one  pond  in  the  S.  W.  part,  the  source  of  the 
South  Branch.  There  is  a  mineral  spring,  the 
water  of  which  is  impregnated  with  sulphate  of 
iron.  6  miles  S.  from  Keene,  and  60  S.  W.  from 
Concord. 

Sweet  Springs,  Va.,  Monroe  co.  The  medicinal 
virtues  of  these  waters  attract  yearly  a  large  com- 
pany of  valetudinarians.  The  village  is  43  miles 
S.  W.  from  Bath  court  house,,  and  93  in  the  same 
course  from  Staunton. 

Sweden,  Me/,  Oxford  co.  The  waters  from  Ke- 
zer  pond  in  Lovell,  pass  through  this  town,  and 


592 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


give  it  mill  privileges.  Sweden  lies  9  miles  N. 
E.  from  Fryeburg,  1 9  S.  W.  from  Paris,  and  62 
W.  S.  W.  from  Augusta.  Incorporated  1813. 

Sweden,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Drained  by  Salmon 
Creek.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil  moist  argilla- 
ceous loam,  yielding  large  crops  of  grass,  grain, 
and  fruit.  15  miles  W.  from  Rochester,  and  241 
N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Switzerland  County,  la.,  c,  h.  at  Vevay.  This 
county  has  a  productive  soil  and  hilly  surface.  It 
is  bounded  by  Dearborn  N.,  Ripley  N.  W.,  Jef- 
ferson W.,  and  by  the  Ohio  River  E.",  S.E.,  and  S. 

Sycamore,  Is.,  c.  h.  De  Kalb  co. 

Sylvania,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Scriven  co. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  shire  town  of  Onondaga  co., 
is  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal,  at  the  point  of  its 
connection  with  the  Oswego  Canal,  about  one 
mile  and  a  half  S.  of  Onondaga  Lake.  A  railroad 
from  Oswego  also  here  connects  with  the  great 
chain  of  railroads  between  Buffalo  and  the  Hud- 
son River,  thus  giving  to  Syracuse  the  twofold 
advantage  of  railroads  and  canals  on  these  most 
important  thoroughfares  of  intercourse  and  trade. 
This  flourishing  city  is  one  of  the  sudden  and 
magnificent  creations  in  our  country  of  those  arti- 
ficial channels  and  facilities  of  business  which 
have  been  *  so  greatly  multiplied  and  extended 
within  the  last  30  years.  It  was  incorporated  as 
a  village  in  1830,  when  the  population  was  2566. 
In  1840  it  had  a  population  of  6500 ;  and  in  1850 
of  22,271.  It  lies  147  miles  W.  from  Albany  by 
railroad,  and  178  E.  from  Buffalo.  It  is  35  miles 
S.  by  E.  from  Oswego. 

This  place,  as  well  as  others  in  the  township 
of  Salina,  in  which  it  is  included,  is  celebrated 
for  the  manufacture  of  salt,  made  from  the  sarlt 
springs  which  abound  in  the  vicinity.  The  water 
is  brought  in  pipes  to  Syracuse  from  Salina,  a 
mile  and  a  half  distant.  The  fine  salt  is  made  by 
boiling,  and  other  modes  of  applying  artificial 
heat,  and  the  coarse  by  solar  evaporation.  An 
experiment  has  recently  been  made,  by  order  of 
the  secretary  of  war,  for  the  purpose  of  testing 
the  relative  merits  of  the  Onondaga  and  the 
Turk's  Island  salt,  in  consequence  of  a  prejudice 
heretofore  existing  against  the  salt  of  home  man- 
ufacture, which  had  made  it  a  requisite  in  all  con- 
tracts of  the  government  for  the  packing  of  pork 
and  beef  for  public  stores,  expressly  to  stipulate 
that  Turk's  Island  salt  should  be  used.  As  the 
result  of  this  experiment  upon  a  lot  of  800  barrels 
of  pork,  it  is  believed  that  the  virtues  of  the  do- 
mestic article  are  in  all  respects  equal  to  those 
of  the  foreign,  while  in  some  points  the  advan- 
tage is  clearly  on  the  side  of  the  former.  The 
Onondaga  salt,  as  it  is  called,  is  decidedly  the 
best  in  appearance,  being  of  much  the  lightest 
color,  and  is  4  pounds  heavier  in  the  bushel. 
There  are  annually  manufactured  at  Syracuse 
about  800.000  bushels  of  this  coarse  solar  salt, 
and  the  amount  can  be  increased  to  any  extent. 
"  The  springs  at  Salina,  from  which  these  works 
are  supplied,  are  pierced  through  the  alluvial,  and 
terminate  on  gravel.  A  difference  of  opinion 
prevails  as  to  the  source  of  the  brine.  The  gen- 
eral opinion  is,  that  beds  of  rock  salt  exist  here, 
as  at  Other  salt  springs.  Borings  have  been  made 
at  several  points,  and  in  one  instance  to  the  depth 
of  250  feet,  without  finding  fossil  salt.  But  the 
very  important  fact  was  elicited  that  the  strength 
of  the  brine  increased  with  the  depth  of  the  well." 
The  wells,  or  springs,  ordinarily  used,  are  exca- 
vated only  to  the  depth  of  18  or  20  feet.  Four- 


teen  pounds  of  salt  are  manufactured  from  a 
cubic  foot  of  the  water  of  the  strongest  spring. 
The  whole  amount  of  revenue  to  the  state  from 
the  salt  made  at  the  four  localities  of  Salina, 
Geddes,  Liverpool,  and  Syracuse,  in  1850,  was 
$44,364  03 ;  which,  at  the  impost  of  6  cents  per 
bushel,  gives,  for  the  quantity  manufactured, 
739,400  bushels. 

To  those  who  remember  the  appearance  of 
this  spot,  and  the  country  around  it,  no  longer 
ago  than  1820,  in  which  year  the  middle,  and 
first  constructed,  section  of  the  Erie  Canal  was 
opened  for  navigation,  having  penetrated  a  wild 
and  dark  wilderness  at  Rome  only  to  emerge 
from  it  at  this  place,  and  when  Syracuse  con- 
sisted of  only  a  miserable  tavern  and  a  few  scat- 
tered and  indifferent  wooden  houses,  the  change 
which  the  brief  period  of  30  years  has  made  must 
appear  more  like  enchantment  than  reality.  In 
every  thing  but  the  name  Syracuse  is  now  a 
city.  Its  extent,  the  magnitude  and  durability 
of  its  warehouses,  its  splendid  hotels,  its  lofty 
spires  glittering  in  the  sun,  its  extended  and  well- 
built  streets,  thronged  with  people  full  of  life  and 
activity,  and  its  canal  basins  crowded  with  boats, 
lading  and  unlading  at  the  lofty  stone  warehouses 
upon  the  wharves,  all  conspire  to  give  to  this 
place  the  aspect  of  one  of  our  most  busy  and 
flourishing  marts  of  commerce. 

Tacony.  A  landing  place  on  the  Delaware.  8 
miles  above  Philadelphia.  Passengers  leave  the 
cars  at  this  place  and  take  the  steamboat. 

Tayhkanic,  N.  Y.,  Columbia  co.  Copake  Creek 
waters  this  town.  Surface  hilly  and  mountain- 
ous ;  soil  clay  loam,  very  fertile  in  the  valleys. 
12  miles  S.  E.  from  Hudson,  and  40  from  Albany, 

Talbot  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Talbotton.  Bound- 
ed N.  W.  by  Merriwether  co.,  N.  E.  and  E.  by 
Flint  River,  separating  it  from  Upson  and  Craw- 
ford counties,  S.  by  Macon,  Marion,  and  Muscogee 
counties,  and  W.  by  Harris  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Flint  and  Chattahoochee  Rivers. 

Talbot  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Easton.  Choptank 
and  St.  Michael's  Bays  penetrate  into  this  county, 
also  Treadhaven  River,  to  a  distance  of  about  10 
miles.  The  county  occupies  the  peninsula  be- 
tween Tuckahoe  River  and  Choptank,  Ches- 
apeake, and  St.  Michael's  Bays.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Queen  Ann,  E.  by  Tuckahoe  River,  or 
Caroline  co.,  and  S.  E.  by  Choptank  Bay,  or 
Dorchester  co. 

Talbotton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Talbot  co. 

Talladega  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Talladega.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  by  Benton,  E.  by  Ran- 
dolph, S.  by  Tallapoosa  and  Coosa,  and  W.  by 
Coosa  River,  separating  it  from  Shelby  and  St. 
Clair.  The  land  slopes  westward  towards  tha 
Coosa  River. 

Talladega.  Aa.,  c.  h.  Talladega  co. 

Tallahassee,  Fa.  City,  capital  of  the  state,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Leon  co.  292  miles  W.  N.  \V. 
from  St.  Augustine.  The  situation  of  this  place 
is  on  elevated  ground,  having  a  fine  mill  stream 
on  its  eastern  border,  with  a  fall  of  15  or  16  feet, 
after  which  it  disappears  in  a  cleft  of  the  lime- 
stone strata.  The  adjacent  country  is  rolling, 
but  not  hilly,  and  the  soil  good.  The  city  is  of 
recent  origin,  having  been  commenced  in  1824, 
on  this  epot  being  selected  as  the  capital  of  the 
state.  The  legislature  held  its  first  session  there 
the  following  winter.  It  was  incorporated  as  a 
city  in  1825.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  containing 


IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


593 


a  number  of  public  squares,  and  has  among  its 
public  buildings  a  state  house,  court  house,  jail, 
an  academy,  and  churches  of  the  Episcopal.  Pres- 
byterian, and  Methodist  denominations.  It  is 
connected  by  a  railroad  with  Port  Leon,  26  miles 
distant,  on  the  Appalachee  Bay,  which  may  be 
regarded  as  the  port  of  Tallahassee. 

Tallahatchee  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Charleston. 
Bounded  N.  by  Ponola  co.,  E.  by  Yalabusha,  S. 
by  Carroll  <and  Sunflower,  and  W.  by  Sunflower 
and  Coahoma  counties.  Drained  by  Talla- 
hatchee River  and  tributaries. 

Tallapoosa  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Dadeville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Talladega  and  Randolph  coun- 
ties, E.  by  Chambers,  S.  by  Macon  and  Mont- 
gomery, and  W.  by  Coosa  co.  Drained  by  Tal- 
lapoosa River  and  its  tributaries. 

Taliaferro  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Crawfordsville. 
Lying  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  state,  and  having 
Oglethorpe  co.  on  the  N.,  Wilkes  on  the  E.  and 
N.  E.,  Hancock  on  the  S.  and  S.  E.,  and  Greene 
on  the  W.  It  has  a  length  of  17  miles,  and  a 
mean  width  of  8  miles,  with  an  area  of  136  square 
miles.  It  has  a  general  declivity  towards  the  S. 
E.,  and  is  drained  in  that  direction  by  the  higher 
sources  of  the  Ogeechee  and  Little  Rivers.  Its 
staple  productions  are  cotton,  corn,  and  wheat. 

Tallulap,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Issaquena  co. 

Tama  County,  lo.  S.  E.  central  part  of  the 
state.  On  the  Iowa  River. 

Tamaqua,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  79  miles  N.  E. 
from  Harrisburg.  On  Tamaqua  or  Little  Schuyl- 
kill River.  Connected  by  railroad  with  Port 
Carbon.  Abundance  of  anthracite  coal  is  found 
in  this  vicinity,  and  the  coal  trade  is  the  principal 
source  of  wealth. 

Taney  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Forsyth.  Bounded 
N.  by  Green  and  Wright  counties.  E.  by  Ozark 
co.,  S.  by  Arkansas,  and  W.  by  Barry  and  Law- 
rence counties.  Drained  by  White  River  and  its 
branches. 

Tappahannock,  Va.,  c.  h.  Essex  co.  50  miles 
N.  E.  by  E.  from  Richmond.  A  port  of  entry  on 
the  Rappahannock. 

Tarboro1,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Edgecombe  co.  On  the 
W.  bank  of  Tar  River,  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation,  and  76  miles  E  by  N.  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

Tariffville,  Ct.,  in  the  town  of  Simsbury,  Hart- 
ford co.  On  the  W.  side  of  Farmington  River. 
12  miles  N.  from  Hartford.  Here  is  a  large  man- 
ufactory of  ingrain  carpeting. 

Tarlton,  O.,  Pickaway  co.  46  miles  S.  from 
Columbus.  On  Salt  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the 
Scioto. 

Tatnall  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Perry's  Mills,  is 
bounded  N.E.  by  Canouchee  River  or  Bullock  co., 
S.  E.  by  Liberty  and  Wayne,  N.  W.  by  Emanuel, 
W.  by  Telfair  and  Montgomery,  and  S.  by  Ap- 
pling.  On  the  western  boundary  of  this  county 
the  Oconee  and  Ockmulgee  Rivers  unite,  and 
form  the  Alatamaha.  The  Alatamaha  winds  S.  E. 
along  the  county,  and  receives  Great  Ohoopee 
from  the  N. 

Taunton,  Ms.,  one  of  the  shire  towns  of  Bristol 
co.  Situated  on  Taunton  River,  at  its  junction 
with  Mill  River.  By  the  railroads,  35  miles  S. 
from  Boston,  20  N.  by  W.  from  New  Bedford, 
and  31  E.  by  N.  from  Providence,  R.  I.  Popula- 
tion in  1790,  3804;  1800,  3860;  1810,  3907; 
1820,  4520;  1830,  6042;  1840,  7645;  1850, 
10,431. 

This  town  contains  some  excellent  land,  which 
75 


is  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation.    But  the  at- 
tention of  the  people  has  long  been  turned  chiefly 


to 


manufacturing  pursuits.    The  Taunton  Riref, 

much  celebrated  for  the  multitude  of  alewire* 
taken  from  its  waters,  is  no  less  important  for  the 
great  and  widely-distributed  water  power  it  pro- 
duces. It  is  also  navigable  for  small  vessels 
between  this  place  and  Fall  River,  about  17 
miles  S.  W.,  where  it  empties  into  Mount  Hope 
Bay.  There  is  some  navigation  owned  in  Taun- 
ton, which  is  employed  in  the  coastwise  trade 
and  domestic  fishery. 

The  village  contains  a  large  number  of  hand- 
some public  and  private  buildings,  located  around 
and  in  the  vicinity  of  a  beautiful  enclosure,  called, 
from  time  immemorial,  "  Taunton  Green."  This 
public  ground  is  handsomely  ornamented  with 
trees,  which  give  a  peculiar  charm  to  the  place. 
The  court  house,  on  one  side  of  this  green,  is  a 
tasteful  edifice,  with  a  portico  of  four  lonio 
columns.  There  are  nine  or  ten  churches  in  the 
place,  several  of  which  have  beautiful  houses  of 
worship.  Many  of  the  private  mansions  are 
finely  situated,  and  give  evidence  of  the  taste  and 
affluence  of  their  occupants. 

The  Mount  Pleasant  Cemetery,  a  short  distance 
from  the  green,  is  laid  out  on  the  plan  of  Mount 
Auburn,  near  Boston,  and  is  among  the  most 
pleasing  of  our  rural  cemeteries.  The  ladies  of 
Taunton  have  erected  here  a  chaste  and  beautiful 
monument  to  the  memory  of  Miss  Elizabeth 
Pool,  the  pious  Puritan  lady,  of  family  and  for- 
tune, who  conceived  the  bold  design  of  planting 
a  church  among  the  Indians  in  this  part  of  the 
wilderness,  and  for  that  purpose  came,  with  others, 
from  Taunton,  in  England,  in  1639,  and  formed 
the  settlement  here.  She  died  in  1654. 

There  are  in  Taunton  a  large  number  of  cotton 
mills,  print  works,  paper  mills,  nail  factories, 
forges,  furnaces,  &c.  Here  are  also  manufac- 
tures of  leather,  boots,  shoes,  hats,  chairs,  straw 
bonnets,  books,  bricks,  and  other  articles.  Iron 
works  were  established  here  as  early  as  1652,  and 
nails,  to  a  large  amount,  continue  to  be  among 
the  products  of  the  manufactures.  Britannia 
ware  is  made  here,  which,  in  the  quality  of  the 
metal,  and  in  the  beauty  of  its  polish,  is  said  to  be 
equal  to  any  which  is  imported. 

Taunton  is  approached  from  all  points,  with 
great  facility,  by  the  different  lines  of  railroad 
communication  connected  with  the  railroad  from 
Boston  to  New  Bedford,  which  passes  through 
the  town.  This  town  has  long  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  skilful  mechanics  and  men  of  wealth 
as  a  place  of  business,  and  of  persons  of  taste  and 
elegant  leisure  as  an  agreeable  and  healthful 
place  of  residence.  There  are  a  number  of  beau- 
tiful ponds  in  the  vicinity,  and  some  high  grounds 
from  which  delightful  prospects  are  obtained,  of- 
fering attractions,  especially  in  the  summer  sea- 
son, to  persons  wishing  for  temporary  as  well  as 
permanent  residence  at  a  convenient  remove 
from  the  heat  and  bustle  of  our  crowded  cities. 

Taylor  County,  lo.  On  the  southern  border 
of  the  state. 

Taylor  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Campbellsville. 
Central  part  of  the  state.  New.  Taken  from 
Green.  Drained  by  affluents  of  Green  River. 
Undulating  and  fertile. 

Taylor  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Proutytown.  N. 
W.  part  of  the  state.  Watered  by  the  W.  fork 
of  the  Monongahela,  which  passes  through  it 
from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.  Hilly. 


594 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Taylorsville,  Te.,  c.  h.  Johnson  co.  N.  from 
Roan's  Creek,  and  232  miles  E.  bv  N.  from 
Nashville. 

Taylorsville,  Is.,  c.  h.  Christian  co.  26  miles  S. 
E.  from  Springfield. 

Taylorsville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Spencer  co.  Near  the 
centre  of  the  county.  30  miles  S.  E.  by  E.  from 
Louisville,  and  30  S.  W.  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Tazewell,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Marion  co.  On  the  E.  side 
of  South  Whitewater  Creek,  a  branch  of  Flint 
River,  and  110  miles  S.  W.  from  Milledgevillc. 

Tazewell  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Tremont  Incor- 
porated from  Peoria  co.  in  1827,  and  is  bounded 
N.  and  N.  E.  by  Woodford  co.,  E.  by  McLean,  S. 
by  Logan  and  Mason  counties,  and  W.  by  the 
Illinois  River,  separating  it  from  Peoria  co. 
Drained  by  Mackinaw  and  branches  of  Sanga- 
mon  River.  Surface  level,  or  slightly  uneven, 
with  some  swamps ;  soil  fertile  in  some  portions. 

Tazewell,  Te.,  c.  h.  Claiborne  co.  Near  the 
head  of  Russell's  Creek,  a  branch  of  Powell's 
River,  and  221  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Nashville. 

Tazewell  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Jefferson ville. 
Kentucky  and  Cabell  co.,  Va.,  are  on  the  N.  W., 
Giles  N.  E.,  Washington  S..  Russel,  S.  W., 
and  Wythe  S.  E.  Part  of  the  surface  is  moun- 
tainous, and  the  rest  hilly.  In  this  county  are  the 
sources  of  Chinchard  and  Great  Sandy  Rivers, 
and  from  its  N.  E.  section  flow  several  branches 
of  Great  Kanawha. 

Tazewell,  Va.,  c.  h.  Tazewell  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  the  N.  fork  of  Clinch  River.  284  miles 
W.  by  S.  from  Richmond. 

Telfair  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Jacksonville.  This 
county  is  bounded  by  Appling  S.,  Dooley  S.  W., 
Pulaski  N.  W.,  Little  Ockmulgee  River  or  Mont- 
gomery co.  N.  E.,  and  Tatnall  E.  The  Ockmulgee 
River  enters  the  N.  W.  side  of  this  county,  and, 
after  an  immense  curve  to  the  S.  E.,  E.,  and  N.  E., 
joins  the  Oconee  at  its  N.  E.  angle. 

Tecumseh,  Mn.,  c.  h.  Lenawee  co.  56  miles 
S.  W.  from  Detroit. 

Temple,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  This  was  formerly 
a  part  of  Kennebec  co.  It  lies  40  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Augusta,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Farmington. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1803. 

Temple,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  The  several 
streams  which  empty  into  Souhegan  River,  at 
Wilton,  rise  among  the  mountainous  tracts  on  the 
W.,  and  generally  from  sources  within  the  limits 
of  Temple.  This  town  is  of  considerable  eleva- 
tion. From  the  highest  point,  in  a  clear  atmos- 
phere, about  20  meeting  houses  may  be  seen  by 
the  naked  eye.  The  surface  is  uneven  and  pleas- 
ant ;  soil  tolerably  good.  Temple  is  the  easterly 
part  of  what  was  called  Peterboro'  Slip.  12 
miles  W.  by  S.  from  Amherst  and  45  S.  S.  W. 
from  Concord. 

Templeton,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  is  a  fine 
farming  town,  with  a  pleasant  surface  and  fertile 
soil.  Templeton  is  somewhat  elevated,  and  sends 
branches  both  to  Miller's  River,  on  its  N.,  and  to 
the  Chicopee  on  its  S.  These  streams  afford  the 
town  a  constant  and  valuable  water  power.  Along 
the  streams  are  fine  intervales,  and  the  town  is 
well  supplied  with  all  the  varieties  of  woods  for 
timber  and  fuel.  There  are  a  number  of  pleasant 
villages  in  the  town ;  that  in  the  centre  is  very 
handsome.  Baldwinsville  and  Dedmunsville,  two 
neat  and  flourishing  manufacturing  villages,  are 
situated  at  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  on  Otter  River, 
a  branch  of  the  Miller's.  15  miles  W.  by  S.  from 
Fitchburg,  from  which  to  Boston  is  50  miles. 


The  railroad  from  Boston  to  Vermont  passes 
through  the  town. 

Tensas  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  St.  Joseph's.  On 
the  E.  border,  between  the  Mississippi  and  the 
Tensas. 

Terre  Bonne  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Houma. 
Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Assumption  and  La 
Fourche  Interior  parishes,  S.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  W.  by  Atchafalaya  Bay  and  Atcha- 
falaya  River,  which  separates  it  from  St.  Mary's 
parish.  Drained  by  Terre  Bonne,  Petite,  and 
Grand  Bayou,  Cailloux,  and  Bayou  de  Large 
Rivers.  Surface  level,  and  much  of  it  too  low  for 
cultivation,  but  the  soil  on  the  borders  of  the 
streams  is  arable  and  productive. 

Terre  Haute,  la.,  c.  h.  Vigo  co.  On  high  ground 
on  the  E.  bank  of  Wabash  River,  73  miles  W. 
from  Indianapolis.  The  national  road  here  crosses 
the  river,  on  a  fine  bridge.  It  is  connected  with 
Lake  Erie  by  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  and  is 
to  be  connected  by  railroad  with  Columbus  and 
St.  Louis.  This  town,  from  its  situation  and  the 
facilities  of  intercommunication  with  which  it  is 
about  to  be  furnished,  promises  to  become  one  of 
the  principal  towns  of  Indiana. 

Tewksbury,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  was  formerly  an 
Indian  village,  a  part  of  Billerica,  and  called 
Wamesitt.  It  has  the  Concord  River  on  its 
western  boundary.  The  surface  is  rather  level, 
with  a  thin  soil,  better  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
hops  and  rye  than  other  crops.  5  miles  S.  E.  from 
Lowell,  and  20  N.  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Tewksbury,  N.  J.,  Hunterdon  co.  Watered  by 
Lamington  River  and  Rockaway  Creek  and 
branches.  Surface  hilly;  soil  fertile  clay  and 
loam.  14  miles  N.  E.  from  Flemington. 

Texas  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Houston.  S.  central. 
Watered  by  Big  Piney  Fork  of  Gasconade  and 
the  head  streams  of  Currant  River. 

Theresa,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by  Indian 
River.  Surface  uneven  ;  soil  rather  sterile.  In- 
corporated in  1841,  from  the  town  of  Alexandria. 
20  miles  N.  from  Watertown,  and  178  N.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Thetford,  Vt..  Orange  co.  This  town  is  pleas- 
antly situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut 
River,  opposite  Lyme,  New  Hampshire.  The 
Ompomponoosuc  and  its  branches  give  the  town 
an  excellent  water  power.  There  are  several 
ponds  in  Thetford,  one  of  which  covers  about  9 
acres,  and  is  situated  on  an  elevation,  the  base  of 
which  is  only  4  rods  from  Connecticut  River,  and 
100  feet  in  height.  It  is  very  deep ;  it  has  neither 
inlet  nor  outlet,  and  contains  large  quantities  of 
perch  and  other  fish.  The  surface  of  the  town  is 
generally  rocky  and  uneven  ;  it  has  but  little  in- 
tervale, but  the  soil  is  strong  and  productive. 
There  are  3  neat  villages  in  the  town,  and  a  rich 
vein  of  galena.  The  settlement  was  commenced 
in  1764,  by  John  Chamberlain,  from  Hebron,  Ct., 
34  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Montpelier,  and  18  S.  E. 
from  Chelsea.  On  the  Passumpsic  Railroad,  14 
miles  N.  from  the  White  River  Junction. 

Thomas  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Thomasville. 
Bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Baker  and  Lowndes 
counties,  S.  by  Florida,  and  W.  by  Decatur  co. 
Drained  by  Ocklockany  and  Ocilla  Rivers. 

Thomaston,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Upson  co. 

Thomaston,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.,  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  the  St.  George's  River.  Here  is  the 
state  prison,  the  buildings  of  which  occupy  a  plot 
of  10  acres,  including  a  marble  quarry.  The 
convicts  are  principally  employed  in  working 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


595 


granite  into  various  forms  for  building,  which, 
when  prepared,  is  transported  by  water.  The 
granite  is  of  excellent  quality,  and  is  found  in 
large  quantities  on  the  river.  This  is  a  fine  town 
and  the  neighboring  country  is  very  pleasant  and 
fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  36  miles  S.  E.  from 
Augusta,  and  37  E.  from  Wiscasset. 

Thompson,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  This  town  was 
formerly  a  part  of  Killingly,  and  was  first  set- 
tled about  the  year  1715.  The  sui-face  is  hilly, 
but  not  mountainous  ;  it  presents  a  pleasing 
variety  of  elevations  and  valleys.  The  soil  is 
a  gravelly  loam,  strong,  and  productive  of  good 
crops  of  corn  and  hay,  and  affords  excellent 
pasturage.  French  River  meets  the  Quinebaug 
near  the  centre  of  the  town,  and  Five  Mile  River, 
issuing  from  several  ponds,  waters  the  eastern  part. 
These  streams  give  to  the  town  a  valuable  water 
power,  and  on  their  banks  are  the  pleasant  and 
thriving  villages  of  Masonsville,  Fishersville,  and 
New  Boston.  This  town  is  large,  and  very 
pleasant ;  it  contains  a  class  of  enterprising  and 
intelligent  agriculturists  and  mechanics.  The 
Indian  name  of  the  place  was  Quinnetessett.  47 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Hartford,  27  W.  N.  W.  from 
Providence,  and  53  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

Thompson,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Sullivan  co.  It  is 
watered  by  Mongoup  and  Neversink  Rivers. 
Surface  rather  hilly ;  soil  gravelly  and  sandv  loam. 
113  miles  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Thompsonville,  Ct.,  in  Enfield,  Hartford  co. 
At  the  junction  of  Freshwater  with  the  Con- 
necticut, and  on  the  railroad  from  Springfield  to 
Hartford.  20  miles  N.  from  Hartford.  There  is 
here  a  large  manufactory  of  carpets  of  the  best 
quality.  See  Enfold,  Ct. 

Thornbury,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Drained  by  Brandy- 
wine  River  and  Chester  Creek.  Surface  level ;  soil 
sandy  loam.  87  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Thornbury,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  A  township  be- 
tween Egmont  and  Birmingham.  18  miles  W. 
S.  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Thorndike,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  An  inland  town- 
ship. 59  miles  N.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Thornton,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  This  town  is  wa- 
tered by  Pemigewasset  and  Mad  Rivers,  and  sev- 
eral small  brooks.  On  Mill  Brook  there  is  a  cas- 
cade, at  which  the  water  falls  7  feet  in  2  rods, 
and  then  falls  over  a  rock  42  feet  perpendicularly. 
The  intervales  on  the  Pemigewasset  are  produc- 
tive. There  are  many  elevations,  but  none  dis- 
tinguished for  a  remarkable  height.  First  set- 
tler, Benjamin  Hoit,  in  1770.  12  miles  N.  from 
Plymouth,  and  55  N.  by  W.  from  Concord. 

Three  Rivers,  Mn.,  St.  Joseph  co.  145  miles 
S.  W.  from  Detroit.  It  lies  on  St.  Joseph  River, 
between  the  junction  of  Portage  River  and  Stony 
Creek,  and  has  great  water  privileges.  Boats  of 
30  tons  come  up  the  river  to  this  place. 

Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  Watered  by  the 
outlet  of  Lake  George  and  by  some  small  streams 
flowing  into  Lake  Champlain,  which  bounds  it  on 
the  E.  Surface  mostly  level  on  the  E.,  and  hilly 
and  mountainous  on  the  W.  In  the  S.  E.  part  is 
the  peninsula,  on  which  are  the  ruins  of  old  Fort 
Ticonderoga.  97  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Tiffin,  0.,  c.  h.  Seneca  co.  On  Sandusky  River. 
85  miles  N.  from  Columbus. 

Tilden,  Me.  Hancock  co.  A  new  town  taken 
from  Mariaville  in  1850. 

Tinicum,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Bounded  on  the  N. 
and  E.  by  Delaware  River,  and  drained  by  Tini- 
cum  Creek.  Tohickon  Creek  also  runs  on  its  S. 


boundary.      Surface  level  or  undulating ;    soil 
sandy  loam.     12  miles  N.  E.  from  Doylestown. 

Tinicum,  Pa..  Delaware  co.  This  township 
consists  mostly  of  grazing  farms.  It  lies  on  the 
Delaware,  below  the  mouth  of  Darby  Creek, 
about  6  miles  from  Philadelphia, 

Tinmouth,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  This  town  is  sep- 
arated from  Wallingford  by  Otter  Creek.  Fur- 
nace Brook  rises  from  a  pond  in  the  south  part 
of  the  town.  This  stream  has  been  noted  for 
great  quantities  of  fish  of  an  extraordinary  size. 
The  surface  of  Tinmouth  is  hilly,  in  some  parts 
mountainous.  There  is  good  land  on  the  streams, 
and  the  high  land  is  good  for  pasturage.  There 
are  several  quarries  of  beautiful  marble  in  this 
town,  and  iron  ore  in  abundance.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  here  about  the  year  1770.  The 
town  was  organized  March  11, 1777.  From  Rut- 
land, 8  miles  S. 

Tioga  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Ovrego,  was 
formed  from  Montgomery  co.  in  1794.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Tompkins  and  Cortland,  E.  by 
Broome  co.,  S.  by  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
W.  by  Chemung  co.,  and  is  watered  by  the  Sus- 
quehanna  River  and  Owego  Creek  and  tributa- 
ries. Surface  hilly ;  soil  well  adapted  to  guazing, 
and  in  the  valleys  very  fertile.  This  county  has 
little  mineral  wealth."  It  is  traversed  by  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  which  follows 
the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna  River. 

Tioga, "N.  Y.,  Tioga  co.  Watered  by  the  Sus- 
quehanna River  and  some  of  its  branches.  Sur- 
face hilly ;  soil  gravelly  loam,  very  fertile  in  the 
valleys.  5  miles  W.  from  Owego,  and  172  S. 
of  W.  from  Albany. 

Tioga  County,  *Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Wellsboro'. 
This  county  has  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  N., 
Bradford,  Pa.,  E.,  Lycoming  S.  E.  and  E.,  and 
Potter  W.  The  soil  is  of  a  middling  quality, 
the  surface  broken.  The  main  southern  branch 
of  Tioga  River  rises  in  the  S.  E.  angle,  and  trav- 
erses this  county,  flowing  N.  into  New  York. 
The  sources  of  Pine  Creek  drain  its  S.  W.  angle. 

Tionesta,  Pa.,  Venango  co.  Drained  by  some 
streams  flowing  into  the  Susquehanna  River, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  W.  206  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Tippah  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Ripley.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Tishamingo  co.,  S.  by 
Pontotoc  and  W.  by  Marshall  co.  Drained  by 
Hatchie,  Muddy,  Wolf,  and  Tippah  Creeks,  and 
the  head  branches  of  Tallahatchee  River. 

Tippecanoe  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Lafayette. 
Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  White  and  Carroll 
counties,  E.  by  Clinton,  S.  by  Montgomery,  and 
W.  by  Fountain  and  Warren  counties.  Drained 
by  Wabash  and  Tippecanoe  Rivers,  Wild  Cat 
Creek  and  its  branches,  which  afford  water  power. 
Surface  level  or  undulating,  a  large  part  being 
prairie.  The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  traverses 
this  county. 

Tipton,  Io.,  c.  h.  Cedar  co.  On  a  high  prairie, 
a  little  W.  from  Sugar  Creek. 

Tipton  County.  la.,  c.  h.  at  Tipton.  New.  N. 
central  part  of  the  state. 

Tipton  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Covington.  The 
Mississippi  River  is  on  the  W.  of  this  county, 
Shelby  co.  S.,  Fayette  S.  E.,  Haywood  E.,  and 
Lauderdale  N.  The  general  course  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  in  this  county  is  S.  W.  It  is  very 
winding. 

Tisbury,  Ms.,  Dukes  co.,  extends  from  Vineyard 
Sound  oh  the  N.  to  the  sea  on  the  S.  The  noted 


596 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


harbor  of  Holmes's  Hole,  in  this  town,  is  on  Vine- 
yard Sound.  This  harbor  is  large  and  safe,  and 
of  sufficient  depth  of  water  for  the  largest  mer- 
chantmen. The  village  at  this  harbor  is  pleasant, 
large,  and  quite  a  place  of  business.  There  are 
some  high  lands  near  the  harbor,  but  the  town  is 
generally  level.  There  is  much  good  land  in  the 
town.  Lagoon  Pond  communicates  with  Holmes's 
Hole  by  an  opening  which  is  only  4  rods  wide  and 
7  feet  deep  at  high  water.  The  pond  is  3  miles  in 
length,  and  1  in  width,  and  in  several  places  40 
feet  in  depth.  Newtown  Pond,  in  the  S.  part  of 
Tisbury.  is  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  and  has  a  nat- 
ural communication  with  the  sea,  through  which 
the  tide  rises  and  falls.  The  largest  brooks  in  the 
island  empty  into  the  head  of  this  pond,  not  more 
than  100  rods  apart,  one  running  from  the  W., 
and  one  from  the  N.  W.  On  the  easterly  side  of 
this  pond  are  a  number  of  deep  coves,  around 
•which  is  much  marshy  land.  The  wells  are  on  a 
lerei  with  the  sea ;  the  common  depth  of  them  is 
from  15  to  20  feet.  The  water  is  soft,  and  of  good 
quality.  Holmes's  Hole  village  lies  8  miles  N.  W. 
from  Edgartown,  and  77  S.  S.  E.  from  Boston  by 
railroad  and  steamboat,  via  New  Bedford. 

Tishaminyo  County.  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Jacinto.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by  Ita- 
wamba  co.,  and  W.  by  Tippah  co.  Watered  by 
Tennessee  River,  which  runs  on  its  N.  E.  boun- 
dary, by  Yellow  and  Tuscumbia  Creeks,  and  by 
the  head  streams  of  the  E.  fork  of  Tombigbee 
River. 

Titus  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Pleasant.  In 
the  N.  E.  angle.  Watered  by  Sulphur  Eork  and 
Cyprus  Bayou  of  Red  River. 

Tiverton,  II.  I.,  Newport  co.  This  town  is  con- 
nected with  Portsmouth,  on  the  Island  of  Rhode 
Island,  by  a  stone  bridge  at  a  place  called  How- 
land's  Ferry.  It  adjoins  Fall  River. 

The  surface  of  the  town  is  varied  by  hills  and 
valleys.  Its  structure  is  granite,  and  the  land,  in 
some  parts,  is  stony.  The  soil  is  principally  a 
gravelly  loam,  and  capable  of  producing  good 
crops.  There  are  valuable  forests  of  timber  in 
the  town.  13  miles  N.  E.  from  Newport. 

The  navigable  privileges  of  Tiverton  are  of  a 
superior  kind,  and  are  improved,  to  some  extent, 
in  the  fishery  and  foreign  and  domestic  trade. 
There  are  large  ponds  in  the  town,  well  supplied 
with  fish.  These  ponds  produce  a  water  power 
which  is  applied  to  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and 
other  materials. 

The  captor  of  the  British  General  Prescott  was 
a  native  of  Tiverton.  His  name  was  Tak,  a  slave, 
the  property  of  Thomas  Sisson,  a  wealthy  farmer. 
*  During  the  revolution,  Tak  was  sent  by  his 
master  into  the  army,  to  serve  as  a  substitute  for 
another  man  who  was  drafted.  When  Colonel 
Barton  took  General  Prescott  on  Long  Island, 
Tak  was  one  of  Colonel  Barton's  chosen  men, 
and  the  one  on  whom  he  most  depended.  Having 
entered  the  house  where  General  Prescott  was 
quartered,  Colonel  Barton,  followed  by  Tak  and 
two  or  three  others,  proceeded  silently  to  the  door 
of  the  chamber  where  General  Prescott  was  sleep- 
ing. The  colonel,  finding  the  door  fastened,  turned 
and  whispered  to  Tak,  '  I  wish  that  door  opened, 
General  Prescott  taken,  and  carried  by  the  guard 
to  the  boat,  without  the  least  noise  or  disturbance.' 

"  Tak  stepped  back  two  or  three  paces,  then 
plunging  violently  against  the  door,  burst  it  open, 
and  rushed  into  the  middle  of  the  room.  At  the 
same  instant,  General  Prescott  sprang  from  his 


bed,  and  seized  his  gold  watch,  hanging  upon  the 
wall.  Tak  sprang  upon  him  like  a  tiger,  and 
clasping  the  general  in  his  brawny  arms,  said  in  a 
low,  stern  voice,  '  One  word,  and  you  are  a  dead 
man.'  Then  hastily  snatching  the- general's  cloak, 
and  wrapping  it  round  his  body,  and  at  the  same 
time  telling  his  companions  to  take  the  rest  of 
his  clothes,  he  took  the  general  in  his  arms,  as  if 
a  child,  and  ran  with  him  by  the  guard  towards 
the  boat,  followed  by  Colonel  Barton  and  the  rest 
of  his  little  company." 

Tak  was  more  than  6  feet  in  height,  well  pro- 
portioned, and  remarkable  for  his  shrewdness, 
agility,  and  strength.  He  attained  great  age,  and 
was  never  known  to  taste  of  any  kind  of  meat. 

Tivoli,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  On  the  E.  bank 
of  Hudson  River,  opposite  Saugerties.  51  miles 
S.  from  Albany.  There  is  a  steam  ferry  here. 

Toby,  Pa.,  Clarion  co.  Bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Clarion  River,  and  W.  by  the  Alleghany,  and 
drained  by  Licking,  Catfish,  Cherryrun,  and  Red 
Bank  Creeks.  Surface  undulating  or  level ;  soil 
loam.  Copperas  and  salt  are  found  here.  •  190 
miles  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Todd  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Elkton.  Muhlenburg 
is  on  the  N.,  Logan  E.,  Christian  W.,  and  Rob- 
ertson co.,  Te.,  S.  Red  River,  a  branch  of  Cum- 
berland, and  Muddy  Fork,  a  branch  of  Green 
River,  drain  this  county. 

Toledo,  O.,  Lucas  co. "  City.  Situated  on  the  W. 
side  of  Maumee  River,  near  its  entrance  into  Mau- 
mee  Bay,  at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Erie, 
134  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Columbus.  Population  in 
1840, 1322  ;  in  1850,  3819.  It  is  66  miles  S.from 
Detroit,  between  which  place  and  Toledo  steam- 
boats ply  upon  the  lake  daily.  Steamboats  run 
regularly  between  Buffalo  and  Toledo,  310  miles, 
touching  at  the  intermediate  ports  of  Cleveland 
and  Sandusky.  A  railroad,  33  miles  in  length, 
connects  Toledo  with  the  Michigan  Southern  Rail- 
road, at  Adrian,  and  thence,  with  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Michigan.  The  Miami  and  Erie 
Canal,  247  miles  long,  connects  Toledo  with  Cin- 
cinnati ;  and  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  extend- 
ing from  this  point  through  the  circuit  of  the  Wa- 
bash valley,  will  unite  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  with 
those  of  the  Ohio  at  Evansville,  la.,  324  miles  be- 
low Cincinnati.  The  whole  length  of  this  canal 
will  be  460  miles,  opening  to  Toledo  the  valuable 
internal  resources  of  Indiana  and  Eastern  Illinois. 
By  these  canals,  connecting  the  commerce  of  the 
lakes  with  that  of  the  lower  valleys  of  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi,  one  of  the  most  important  chan- 
nels of  trade  is  opened  between  the  eastern  cities 
and  the  vast  interior  of  the  W.  The  produc- 
tions of  the  S.  and  S.  W.,  which,  during  the  sea- 
son of  1846,  reached  Toledo  by  these  two  canals, 
exceeded  3.000,000  of  dollars  in  value.  By  its 
position,  and  the  aid  of  these  great  internal  im- 
provements, Toledo  is  evidently  destined  to  be 
one  of  the  greatest  gathering  points  of  the  agri- 
cultural products  of  the  country. 

Toledo  is  extended  for  more  than  a  mile  along 
the  river  bank ;  but  the  business  chiefly  concen- 
trates at  its  upper  and  lower  extremities  or  land- 
ings, which  were  originally  two  distinct  settle- 
ments, called  Port  Lawrence  and  Vistula.  At 
these  points,  especially  at  the  upper  landing,  for- 
merly Port  Lawrence,  the  city  is  compactly  built, 
with  stores,  warehouses,  dwellings,  and  public 
houses,  among  which  are  many  large  and  impos- 
ing edifices.  Toledo  was  incorporated  as  a  city 
in  1836,  about  5  years  after  the  settlement  at  Vi>- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


597 


tula  commenced.  There  are  churches  here  of 
the  Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Methodist,  Lutheran, 
and  Roman  Catholic  denominations. 

About  the  year  1833,  there  arose  a  serious  boun- 
dary dispute  between  the  state  of  Ohio  and  the 
territorial  government  of  Michigan,  the  chief 
importance  of  which  turned  upon  the  value,  to 
Ohio,  in  the  opinion  of  her  leading  men,  of  this 
harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee,  to  enable 
her  to  realize  the  benefit  of  her  canals  to  the 
Ohio  and  the  Wabash  valleys.  The  difficulty, 
which  had  arisen  from  a  discrepancy  between  one 
of  the  provisions  of  the  ordinance  of  1787  and 
the  terms  upon  which  Ohio  had  been  admitted 
into  the  Union,  was  finally  adjusted  by  Congress, 
by  giving  to  Michigan,  instead  of  this  small  strip 
of  disputed  territory,  averaging  about  8  miles  in 
width,  the  whole  of  the  extensive  tract  lying  be- 
tween Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior,  now  so 
valuable  for  its  rich  deposits  of  copper  and  other 
minerals. 

Tolland  County,  Ct.,  c.  h.  at  Tolland.  This 
county  was  taken  from  Hartford  and  Wind- 
ham  counties  in  1786.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Mas- 
sachusetts, E.  by  Windham,  S.  by  New  London, 
and  W.  by  Hartford  counties. 

The  western  part  of  the  county  lies  within  the 
great  valley  of  the  Connecticut  5  it  is  generally 
free  from  stone,  undulating,  fertile,  and  produc- 
tive ;  the  eastern  section  is  within  the  granitic 
range  which  extends  through  the  state :  much 
of  this  portion  of  the  country  is  covered  with  for- 
ests ;  that  part  which  is  cleared  affords  good 
grazing.  The  Scan  tic,  Willimantic,  Salmon, 
Hockanum,  and  Hop  Rivers,  with  their  tributa- 
ries, afford  the  county  a  good  water  power. 

Tolland,  Ct.,  c.  h.  Tolland  co.  Situated  on  the 
nearest  mail  route  from  Hartford  to  Boston.  18 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Hartford.  Its  products  are 
English  grain,  grass,  potatoes.  &c.  The  land  is 
rather  sterile,  mountainous,  and  uneven.  The 
inhabitants  are  industrious  and  intelligent. 

Tolland,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.,  was  taken  from 
Granville  and  Sandisfield  in  1810.  It  was  for- 
merly called  Southfield.  This  township  is  on 
elevated  land  adapted  for  grazing.  It  is  watered 
by  Farmington  River,  the  western  boundary  of 
the  town,  which  is  here  a  beautiful  and  lively 
stream.  Tolland  has  a  neat  village  in  the  centre 
of  the  town,  and  another  on  the  border  of  the 
river,  called  New  Boston.  22  miles  W.  from 
Springfield,  and  120  W.  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

Tompkins  County.  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Ithaca,  was 
incorporated  from  Cayuga  and  Seneca  counties 
in  1817.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Seneca  and  Cayu- 
ga, E.  by  Cortland,  S.  by  Tioga  and  Chemung, 
and  W.  by  Chemung  co.  and  Seneca  Lake.  Wa- 
tered by  Cayuga  Lake  and  Inlet,  and  Six  Mile 
and  Fall  Creeks.  Surface  hilly  but  arable ;  soil 
well  adapted  to  grazing,  and  in  the  valleys  to  the 
growth  of  grass,  grain,  and  fruit.  This  county 
has  little  mineral  wealth.  The  Cayuga  Lake  and 
Inlet  and  the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal  open  a 
water  communication  with  the  Erie  Canal,  and 
the  Ithaca  and  Owego  Railroad  also  crosses  this 
county. 

Tompkins,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  The  Mohawk, 
or  W.  branch  of  the  Delaware,  winds  through 
this  town,  forming  the  W.  boundary  for  some 
distance.  Surface  hilly  and  mountainous.  22 
miles  S.  W.  from  Delhi,  and  100  S.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Tompkinsville,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  On  a  branch 


of  Big  Barren  River.  15S  miles  S.  S.  W.  from 
Frankfort. 

Tompkinsville,  N.  Y.,  Richmond  co.  Situat- 
ed on  Staten  Island,  6  miles  S.  from  New- 
York,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  steam  ferry 
boats.  It  is  pleasantly  situated,  overlooking  the 
quarantine  ground,  and  is  the  site  of  a  marine 
hospital,  or  lazaretto,  for  the  reception  of  sick 
seamen  arriving  from  foreign  ports.  It  is  open 
only  from  the  1st  of  April  to  the  1st  of  Novem- 
ber. This  building  is  177  feet  long  and  3  stories 
high.  Here  are  also  other  hospitals  for  patients 
from  the  city  with  contagious  diseases,  which, 
have  spacious  buildings  and  ample  grounds,  sub- 
stantially enclosed. 

Tonawanda,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  Ton- 
awanda  Creek,  and  comprises  Grand  Island,  lying 
in  Niagara  River.  Surface  chiefly  level,  and  soil 
fertile.  10  miles  N.  from  Buffalo,  and  288  W. 
from  Albany. 

Topsfield,  Me.,  Washington  co.  This  town- 
ship was  number  eight  in  the  second  range  N.  of 
the  Bingham  Penobscot  Purchase.  It  was  in- 
corporated in  the  year  1838.  This  town  lies 
about  60  miles  N.  E.  from  Bangor. 

Topsfield,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  Before  the  incor- 
poration of  this  town,  in  1650,  it  was  called  by 
the  Indians  Sheweenemeady,  and  by  the  whites 
New  Meadows.  This  is  a  pleasant  town,  watered 
by  Ipswich  River  and  its  branches.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified.  There  are  some  fine  tracts 
of  intervale  in  the  town,  and  the  uplands  possess 
a  strong  soil.  Topsfield  was  first  settled  about 
the  year  1642.  21  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Boston, 
and  9  N.  by  W.  from  Salem. 

Topsham,  Me.,  a  shire  town  of  Lincoln  co.  On 
the  N.  side  of  the  Androscoggin,  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  opposite  to  Brunswick,  in  common 
with  which  it  enjoys  from  that  river  a  great  hy- 
draulic power.  A  place  of  considerable  trade, 
particularly  in  lumber. 

Topsham,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  Topsham  is  on  ele- 
vated ground,  with  a  rocky,  strong  soil,  adapted 
to  grazing.  It  contains  much  granite,  and  is 
watered  by  the  upper  branches  of  Wait's  River, 
which  propel  a  number  of  mills.  The  settlement 
was  commenced  about  the  year  1781.  The  first 
settlers  were  mostly  from  New  Hampshire.  19 
miles  S.  E.  from  Montpelier,  and  15  N.  E.  from 
Chelsea. 

Torrington,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  This  town  was 
first  settled  in  1737.  Its  surface  is  diversified  by 
hills  and  valleys,  and  the  soil  is  better  adapted 
to  grazing  than  the  culture  of  grain.  Two 
branches  of  Naugatuck  River  meet  at  Wolcott- 
ville,  a  beautiful  village  in  the  S.  part  of  the  town. 
This  village  is  situated  in  a  valley,  and  near  it  a 
good  bed  of  copper  ore  has  recently  been  discov- 
ered; and  Mr.  Israel  Coe,  the  proprietor,  has 
commenced  the  manufacture  of  brass  kettles 
the  first  establishment  of  the  kind,  it  is  believed, 
in  the  United  States.  26  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Hartford. 

Wolcottville  owes  its  rise,  principally,  to  Oliver 
Wolcott,  secretary  of  the  United  States  treas- 
ury during  the  administrations  of  Washington 
and  John  Adams,  and  governor  of  Connecticut 
10  successive  years.  He  was  born  at  Litchfield, 
and  died  in  New  York,  1833,  aged  74. 

Toulon,  Is.,  c.  h.  Stark  co. 

Towamensing,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Drained 
by  Shippack  and  Towamensing  Creeks.  Surfac* 
level ;  soil  red  shale.  9  miles  from  Norristown. 


598 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,    TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Towanda,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  This  village  is  the 
seat  of  justice,  and  is  located  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  River.  Excellent  bitumi- 
nous coal  has  been  discovered  in  the  mountain 
valleys  S.  W.  from  Towanda.  137  miles  N.  by 
E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Townsend,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town  was 
formerly  a  part  of  "  Turkey  Hills,"  or  Fitchburg, 
and  was  called  North  Town.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level ;  there  is  a  good  deal  of  pine  plain 
in  the  town.  The  Squanicook,  a  good  mill 
stream,  rises  in  this  town,  and  joins  the  Nashua 
in  Shirley.  On  this  stream,  at  the  eastern  part 
of  the  town,  is  a  pleasant,  flourishing  little  vil- 
lage, called  Townsend  Harbor.  About  4  miles 
W.  from  this  is  the  west  village.  There  is  a  fe- 
male seminary  in  this  place.  At  Centreville,  a 
neat  village,  is  an  academy  for  youth  of  both 
sexes.  Townsend  west  village  lies  8  miles  N. 
N.  E.  from  Fitchburg,  and  42  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Townshend,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  West  River 
passes  through  this  town  with  considerable  rapid- 
ity. Along  its  banks  are  some  tracts  of  good 
intervale  ;  but  the  surface  of  the  town  is  general- 
ly hilly,  and  the  soil  more  calculated  for  grazing 
than  tillage.  The  first  settlement  was  com- 
menced here  in  1761,  by  Joseph  Tyler,  who  was 
soon  joined  by  John  Hazelton.  28  miles  N.  E. 
from  Bennington,  and  95  S.  from  Montpelier. 

Travis  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Austin.  S.  central. 
On  both  sides  of  the  Colorado. 

Tredypin,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Drained  by  Valley 
Creek.  Surface  gently  sloping;  soil  calcareous 
loam. 

Tremont,  Me.,  Hancock  co.    New. 

Trenton,  Me.,  Hancock  co.  7  miles  S.  by  E. 
from  Ellsworth,  on  navigable  waters. 

Trenton,  N.  J.  City,  capital  of  the  state,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Mercer  co.  29  miles  N.  E. 
from  Philadelphia,  and  57  miles  S.  W.  from  New 
York.  Population  in  1810,  3003  ;  in  1820,  3942  ; 
1830,3925;  1840,4035;  1850,6766. 

Trenton  is  situated  at  the  head  of  sloop  navi- 
gation, on  the  E.  side  of  the  Delaware  River,  op- 
posite the  lower  falls.  The  Assunpink  Creek 
here  enters  the  Delaware.  At  the  foot  of  the 
falls,  or  rapids,  the  Delaware  is  crossed  by  a  fine 
bridge,  1100  feet  in  length,  consisting  of  5  arches, 
resting  upon  stone  piers,  which  is  considered  a 
superior  specimen  of  this  species  of  architect- 
ure. It  was  built  in  1806,  at  an  expense  of 
$180,000.  The  Philadelphia  and  Trenton  Rail- 
road is  carried  over  the  river  on  this  bridge.  The 
ground  on  which  the  city  is  built,  as  well  as  the 
surface  of  the  town  generally,  is  considerably 
varied.  The  districts  of  Mill  Hill,  Bloomsburg, 
and  Lamberton,  included  in  the  borough  of 
South  Trenton,  and  extending  about  a  mile 
down  the  river,  may  in  a  general  description  be 
regarded  as  a  part  of  the  city. 

Trenton  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  has  many 
handsome  stores,  dwellings,  and  other  edifices. 
The  public  buildings  in  the  city  proper  are  the 
state  house,  the  governor's  house,  a  public  libra- 
ry, a  lyceum,  and  7  or  8  houses  of  public  wor- 
ship. The  state  house  is  beautifully  situated 
near  the  Delaware,  commanding  a  fine  view 
of  the  river  and  the  surrounding  country.  It  is 
100  feet  long  and  60  feet  wide,  built  of  stone,  and 
stuccoed  to  resemble  granite.  Several  of  the 
public  offices  are  fire-proof  buildings.  The  gov- 
ernor's house  is  a  plain  but  commodious  edifice. 
The  public  buildings  in  South  Trenton  are  the 


court  house,  the  state  prison,  and  4  or  5  churches. 
The  court  house  is  a  handsome  edifice  of  brick, 
stuccoed,  in  the  Grecian  style  of  architect- 
ure, with  a  portico  of  6  Ionic  columns  on  each 
end,  and  surmounted  with  a  balcony.  The  state 
prison  is  well  situated,  near  the  Delaware  and 
Raritan  Canal,  and  the  railroad  from  Phila- 
delphia to  New  York.  The  walls,  20  feet  high 
and  3  feet  thick,  enclose  an  area  of  4  acres.  The 
entrance  is  through  the  main  building,  in  which 
reside  the  family  of  the  warden  and  his  assist- 
ants, to  an  observatory  in  the  rear,  from  which 
diverge,  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  on  each  side, 
the  two  corridors,  in  which  are  the  cells  for  the 
prisoners.  If  the  enlargement  of  this  penitentia- 
ry is  ever  wanted,  it  is  the  design  to  add  other 
radii,  in  conformity  to  the  plan  of  these  corri- 
dors. 

The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal,  which  forms 
an  inland  navigation  from  Brunswick  to  this 

Elace,  passes  through  the  city.  It  is  42  miles 
>ng,  75  feet  wide,  and  7  feet  deep,  and  is  suf- 
ficient for  the  passage  of  small  sloops.  It  crosses 
the  Assunpink  Creek,  on  a  fine  stone  aqueduct. 
It  was  finished  in  1834,  at  a  cost  of  $2,500,000. 

The  Delaware  is  navigable  for  large  boats 
above  the  falls  at  Trenton,  as  far  as  Easton,  Pa. 
The  New  Jersey  Railroad,  between  New  York 
and  Philadelphia,  via  Newark,  Elizabethtown, 
and  Princeton,  passes  through  this  place. 

Trenton  was  first  settled  in  1 720 ;  and  received 
a  city  charter  in  1 792.  It  will  ever  be  memora- 
ble as  the  place  where  the  favor  of  Providence 
began  decidedly  to  smile  on  the  American  arms 
in  the  war  of  the  revolution ;  for  here,  on  the 
night  of  December  25,  1776,  at  a  gloomy  period 
of  the  war,  Washington  crossed  the  Delaware, 
with  2400  of  the  continental  troops,  and  sud- 
denly attacked  and  captured  1000  Hessians  of 
the  British  army,  "  which  greatly  revived  the 
spirit  of  the  nation,  and  had  an  important  influ- 
ence on  the  final  result  of  the  contest."  The 
ground  on  which  the  Hessians  laid  down  their 
arms  is  a  little  to  the  N.  E.  of  the  state  house. 

Trenton  is  an  admirable  site  for  manufacturing 
purposes,  possessing,  as  it  does,  an  extensive  wa- 
ter power,  created  by  artificial  means,  from  the 
falls  on  the  Delaware,  and  the  waters  of  the  As- 
sunpink Creek. 

Trenton,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Watered  by  Nine 
Mile  and  West  Canada  Creeks,  on  the  latter  of 
which  are  situated  the  celebrated  Trenton  Falls. 
Surface  hilly;  soil  fertile  clay  loam.  12  miles 
N.  from  Utica,  and  92  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Trenton  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  On  West 
Canada  Creek.  93  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  from  Al- 
bany. See  Fashionable  Resorts. 

Trenton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Jones  co.,  is  on  Trent  Riv- 
er. 20  miles  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Newbern, 
and  by  post  road  139  S.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Trescott,  Me.,  Washington  co.  This  is  an  At- 
lantic town,  and  bounded  N.  E.  by  Lubec.  It 
comprises  Moose  Cove,  Bailey's  Mistake,  and 
Haycock  Harbors,  and  is  flourishing  in  its  trade 
and  navigation.  It  was  incorporated  in  1827. 

Triangle,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  The  Tioughnioga 
and  Ostelic  Rivers  form  a  junction  in  this  town, 
the  surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  well 
suited  to  grass.  16  miles  N.  from  Binghampton, 
and  132  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Trigg  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Cadiz.  Bounded 
N.  W.  by  Livingston  co.,  N.  E.  by  Caldwell  and 
Christian,  S.  E.  by  the  state  of  Tennessee,  and 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


599 


S.  W.  by  Tennessee  River.  Cumberland  River 
winds  obliquely  through  this  county  to  the  N.  W. 
The  surface  is  mostly  low  and  flat. 

Trimble  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Bedford.  Bounded 
W.  and  N.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from 
Indiana,  E.  by  Carroll  and  Henry  counties,  and 
S.  by  Oldham  co.  Drained  by  the  Little  Ken- 
tucky and  other  branches  of  the  Ohio  River. 

Trinity  County,  Ca.     On  the  N.  coast. 

•  Troupsburg,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by 
Cowanesque  Creek.  Surface  undulating ;  soil 
clay  and  gravelly  loam,  well  suited  to  grass.  25 
miles  S.  W.  from  Bath,  and  247  from  Albany. 

Troy,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Pike  co.  174  miles  S.  E.  from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Troy,  Ia.,.c.  h.  Perry  co.  Above  the  mouth  of 
Anderson's  Creek,  on  the  Ohio  River.  50  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Green  River  and  168  S.  S. 
W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Troy,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  Formerly  called  Joy. 
A  fertile  inland  township.  39  miles  N.  E.  from 
Augusta. 

Troy,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Lincoln  co.  On  the  S.  W.  side 
of  Cuivre  River.  129  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Jeffer- 
son City. 

Troy,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  The  inhabitants  are 
principally  agriculturists.  Tl*e  soil  and  pro- 
ductions are  similar  to  those  of  Fitzwilliam.  It 
possesses  but  few  water  privileges.  This  town 
was  taken  from  Marlboro'  and  Fitzwilliam.  54 
miles  S.  W.  from  Concord,  and  12  S.  E.  from 
Keene. 

Troy,  N.  Y.  City,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Rensselaer  co.  Situated  on  the  E. 
bank  of  Hudson  River,  6  miles  N.  from  Albany, 
and  150  N.  from  New  York.  Population  in  1810, 
3895;  in  1820,  5264;  in  1830,  11,405;  in  1840, 
19,334;  in  1850,28,785.  The  city  is  built  on  a 
somewhat  elevated  plain,  extending  from  the 
river  back  to  a  range  of  hills  terminating  ab- 
ruptly about  1  mile  E.,  and  furnishing  from 
their  brows,  elevated  from  300  to  400  feet,  a  com- 
manding and  beautiful  view  of  the  city  and  sur- 
rounding country.  Mount  Ida.  directly  in  the 
rear  of  the  broadest  part  of  the  city,  and  Mount 
Olympus,  towards  the  northern  part,  are  the  emi- 
nences most  distinguished  for  the  fine  prospects 
which  they  afford.  Two  streams,  the  Wynahts- 
kill  and  Poestenkill,  affording  an  extensive  water 
power,  empty  into  the  Hudson,  within  the  limits 
of  the  city;  the  latter  rolling  down,  through  a 
narrow  and  picturesque  ravine,  S.  of  Mount  Ida, 
with  successive  short  rapids  and  beautiful  cas- 
cades, and  forming  an  object  of  interest  well 
worthy  of  a  visit  from  the  curious  traveller.  The 
Wynantskill  has  a  wider  valley,  through  which  a 
road  passes,  ascending  to  the  upper  level  of  the 
country. 

The  compact  portion  of  the  city  is  built  N.  of 
the  Poestenkill,  and  extends  along  the  Hudson 
for  a  distance  of  about  3  miles.  The  river,  having 
a  curve  here,  has  given  that  form,  for  a  consider- 
able distance,  to  the  great  business  street  imme- 
diately on  its  bank.  With  this  exception,  the 
streets  are  laid  out  straight,  intersecting  each 
other,  for  the  most  part,  at  right  angles.  In  con- 
sequence of  this  curve  in  River  Street,  several  of 
the  most  important  streets,  which  are  parallel  to 
the  general  course  of  the  river,  fall  into  it  at  their 
termination  towards  the  central  part  of  the  city. 
This  feature  of  the  place,  combining  with  its 
prevailing  regularity,  unites  the  greatest  sim- 
plicity and  beauty  of  arrangement  with  the  most 


entire  facilities  for  business  purposes.  A  rail- 
road track  is  laid  through  the  centre  of  River 
Street,  upon  which  the  cars  from  all  the  railroads 
coming  into  Troy  are  taken  by  horses  through 
the  city,  passing  in  front  of  the  principal  hotels, 
and  leaving  their  passengers  where  they  may 
severally  desire  —  a  desideratum,  in  this  mode  of 
travelling,  which  obviates  almost  the  only  incon- 
venience to  which  it  is  ordinarily  subject,  that  of 
taking  carriages  for  conveyance  to  and  from  the 
stations. 

There  are  numerous  hotels  in  Troy,  several  of 
which  are  of  the  first  class.  Among  these  are 
the  Mansion  House  and  the  Troy  House,  both 
equally  well  situated  in  respect  to  the  conven- 
ience above  mentioned.  The  great  seat  of  busi- 
ness is  River  Street,  which  extends  the  whole 
length  of  the  city,  and  is  built  up  on  both  sides, 
with  many  splendid  and  spacious  stores  and  ware- 
houses. The  streets  running  back  from  the  river 
are  handsomely  built  and  quiet;  and  most  of 
them  are  adorned  with  beautiful  shade  trees, 
giving  an  air  of  neatness,  elegance,  and  comfort 
to  the  city,  which  make  it  one  of  the  most  attrac- 
tive places  to  sojourn  or  reside  in  of  any  in  the 
country.  Many  of  the  public  squares  and  private 
gardens  are  ornamented  with  fountains,  perma- 
nently supplied  from  the  public  reservoir  on  the 
neighboring  hills,  which  also  sends  an  abundance 
of  excellent  water  in  pipes  to  all  the  streets  and 
dwellings.  The  elevation  of  this  reservoir  is  75 
feet  above  the  city,  giving  a  sufficient  head  to 
carry  the  water  into  the  uppermost  stories  of  the 
buildings,  and,  in  case  of  fire,  to  throw  it  upon  and 
over  them,  from  the  numerous  hydrants  at  the 
corners  of  the  streets,  with  the  force  of  the  most 
powerful  engines. 

Of  the  public  buildings  in  Troy,  the  court 
house  is  one  of  the  most  splendid.  It  is  con- 
structed of  the  Sing  Sing  marble,  after  a  Grecian 
model.  One  of  the  Presbyterian  churches,  too, 
is  a  costly  and  beautiful  edifice,  in  the  same  style 
of  architecture.  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church  is  a 
noble  specimen  of  the  Gothic  style,  erected  at  an 
expense  of  about  $50,000.  There  are  in  Troy  from 
16  to  20  churches,  of  the  various  denominations. 
The  Presbyterians  have  4,  the  Episcopalians  3, 
and  the  Methodists  and  Baptists  2  or  more 
each.  Besides  these  there  are  churches  of  the 
Scotch  Presbyterians,  Friends,  and  Roman  Cath- 
olics. 

The  Troy  Female  Seminary,  established  in 
this  place  through  the  exertions  of  Mrs.  Emma 
Willard,  holds  a  preeminent  rank  among  insti- 
tutions of  this  kind  in  our  country.  The  school 
was  commenced  by  Mrs.  Willard  in  1814,  at 
Middlebury,  Vt.  In  1819,  having  received  incor- 
poration from  the  legislature  of  New  York,  it 
was  removed  to  Waterford.  In  1821  it  was 
again  removed  to  Troy,  the  corporation  of  this 
city  having  voted  $4000  towards  the  erection  of 
suitable  buildings  for  its  accommodation.  These 
buildings  are  beautifully  situated  in  the  central 
part  of  the  city,  with  a  finely-ornamented  ground 
in  front.  This  school  has  educated  at  least  5000 
pupils.  Since  1837  it  has  received  from  the  state 
a  share  of  the  benefit  of  the  literature  fund,  by 
which  its  library,  apparatus,  &c.,  are  replenished 
from  time  to  time,  and  made  more  and  moro 
complete. 

The  Rensselaer  Institute,  founded  by  the  lat« 
Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  of  Albany,  for  the 
thorough  practical  education  of  young  men  for 


500 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


the  profession  of  civil  engineering,  is  also  located 
at  Troy.  - 

While  the  natural  facilities  enjoyed  by  this 
city  for  commercial  prosperity  are  good,  they  are 
such,  at  the  same  time,  as  must  have  required"  that 
spirit  of  enterprise  and  thrift  for  which  its  inhab- 
itants have  ever  been  distinguished,  to  render 
them  fully  available.  In  this  they  have  been 
eminently  successful.  Being  at  the  head  of  sloop 
and  steamboat  navigation  on  the  noble  Hudson, 
they  have  extensively  availed  themselves  of  this 
advantage,  in  connection  with  that  of  several 
artificial  channels  of  communication  to  this  point. 
The  Champlain  and  Hudson  Canal,  which  opens 
an  extensive  trade  with  the  N.,  and  the  Erie 
Canal,  which  reaches  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Hudson  from  the  W.,  have  each  contributed 
essentially  to  the  prosperity  of  Troy.  Railroads 
also  centre  here  which  connect  the  city  with 
Boston,  via  the  great  Western  Railroad,  on  the  E., 
with  New  York  on  the  S.,  with  the  ports  of  Lake 
Erie,  via  Schenectady,  Utica,  Rochester,  &c.,  on 
the  W.,  and  with  Canada  and  Vermont,  via 
Lake  Champlain,  on  the  N.  The  latter  crosses 
the  Hudson  a  little  above  the  centre  of  the  city, 
on  a  substantial  bridge  1650  feet  in  length.  Other 
rery  important  projects  of  internal  improvement 
are  now  in  an  encouraging  course  of  consumma- 
tion. One  of  these  is  the  construction  of  a  rail- 
road from  Troy  to  connect  with  the  Boston  and 
Fitchburg  Railroad  at  Greenfield  on  Connecticut 
River,  thus  forming  a  new  and  most  direct  and 
eligible  route  to  Boston.  The  chief  obstacle  to  the 
complete  success  of  this  enterprise  —  the  excava- 
tion of  a  tunnel  through  the  Hoosic  Mountain  — 
seems  likely  now  to  yield  to  the  energy  and  per- 
severance of  the  capitalists  engaged  in  its  accom- 
plishment. However  flourishing,  therefore,  this 
beautiful  city  has  been  in  the  past,  its  future  pros- 
pects are  still  more  flattering.  It  will  be  seen  that 
Troy,  although  a  little  N.  of  Boston,  is,  with 
that  city,  almost  in  the  direct  line  of  intercom- 
munication between  Buffalo,  Detroit,  Chicago, 
and  other  principal  depots  of  the  produce  of  the 
west,  and  the  greatest  marts  of  our  commerce  in 
Europe.  When  the  enterprising  spirit  of  the 
citizens  of  Boston  and  Troy  shall  have  succeeded 
in  the  great  undertaking  of  tunnelling  the  Hoosic 
Mountain,  thereby  bringing  the  two  cities  within 
170  miles  of  each  other,  and  upon  a  grade  which 
will  defy  competition,  between  the  eastern  ter- 
minus of  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  waters  of  Bos- 
ton Harbor,  no  one  can  doubt  that  Troy  must 
become  one  of  the  greatest  inland  cities  of  our 
country. 

There  are  also  immense  facilities  for  manufac- 
turing purposes,  which  have  been  or  may  yet  be 
developed  within  and  around  this  city.  'Consid- 
erable is  already  done  with  the  power  afforded 
by  the  Poestenkill  and  Wynantskill.  The  state 
dam,  which  has  been  thrown  across  the  Hudson, 
just  above  the  city,  renders  the  waters  of  that 
river  extensively  available  for  manufacturing 
operations.  Indeed,  if  we  extend  our  view  to 
the  privileges  upon  the  Mohawk,  from  the  Cohoes 
Falls  to  its  mouth,  it  may  be  said  that  the  hy- 
draulic power  available  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses within  a  circuit  of  5  miles  around  the  city 
of  Troy,  is  more  than  sufficient  to  turn  every 
spindle  now  in  operation  in  the  United  States. 

In  1720  a  grant  of  490  acres  extending  along 
the  Hudson  between  the  Poestenkill  and  Meadow 
Creek,  and  including  the  ground  on  which  Troy 


was  afterwards  laid  out,  was  made  by  the  propri- 
etor of  Rensselaerwyck  to  Derick  Van  Derhey 
den,  at  the  rent  of  3  bushels  and  3  pecks  of 
wheat,  and  4  fat  fowls  annually.  Portions  of  this 
land  were  occupied  by  him  and  his  descendants 
for  a  farm,  and  the  village  which  sprang  up  here 
was  afterwards  known  by  the  name  of  Van  Der- 
heyden.  This  village  was  incorporated  by  tho 
name  of  Troy  in  1796.  But  the  principal  settlers 
of  Troy  were  emigrants  from  New  England, 
who,  seeing  the  advantages  of  its  position,  both 
in  an  agricultural  and  commercial  point  of  view, 
induced  the  proprietors  to  lay  it  out  into  town 
lots,  and  turned  their  attention,  with  all  their 
characteristic  enterprise,  to  the  means  of  its  en- 
largement and  prosperity.  Under  these  good 
auspices  Troy  has,  grown  to  its  present  flourish- 
ing condition. 

Troy,  O.,  c.  h.  Miami  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Great  Miami  River.  68  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
Columbus,  and  21  N.  from  Dayton.  The  Miami 
Canal  passes  through  it. 

Troy,  Te.,  c.  h.  Obion  co.  147  miles  N.  W. 
by  W.  from  Murfreesboro'. 

Troy,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  This  town  is  well  wa- 
tered by  Missisco  River  and  several  of  its  trib- 
utaries. The  falls  on  the  Missisco,  in  the  N. 
part,  are  a  considerable  curiosity.  Here  the 
river  precipitates  itself  down  a  ledge  of  rocks 
about  70  feet.  The  soil  is  in  general  a  strong 
loam,  suitable  for  grass  and  most  kinds  of  grain ; 
the  surface  is  generally  level,  and  along  the  river 
are  tracts  of  intervale.  Iron  ore  of  an  excellent 
quality  is  found  here,  and  also  some  minerals, 
The  settlement  was  commenced  about  the  year 
1800,  by  emigrants  from  different  towns  on  the 
Connecticut  River.  10  miles  N.  from  Irasburg, 
and  47  N.  from  Montpelier. 

Trumbull,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  This  territory  was 
formerly  called  North  Stratford,  and  was  taken 
from  Stratford  in  1798.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Pequannock,  which  empties  into  Bridgeport  Har- 
bor. The  surface  is  varied  by  hills  and  valleys  ^ 
the  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  productive  of  good 
crops  of  grain  and  hay.  Tamtashua  Hill,  in  tho 
N.  part  of  the  town,  is  the  first  land  seen  in  this 
direction  from  the  ocean.  5  miles  N.  from 
Bridgeport. 

Trumbull  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Warren.  Ashta- 
bula  co.  is  on  the  N.,  the  state  of  Pennsylvania 
on  the  E.,  Columbiana  on  the  S.,  and  Portage 
and  Geauga  counties  on  the  W.  The  land  is 
valuable  for  farming,  and  is  watered  by  the  Ma- 
honing  River  and  Canal,  and  Musketoe  Creek. 

Truro,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  Truro  lies  on  both 
sides  of  Cape  Cod,  between  Wellfleet  and  Prov- 
incetown.  It  was  the  Pamet  of  the  Indians. 
Pamet  River,  which  sets  up  from  Cape  Cod  Bay, 
about  the  centre  of  the  town,  affords  a  good  har- 
bor for  fishermen.  There  is  in  this  town,  near 
the  lighthouse,  a  vast  body  of  clay,  called  the 
'  Clay  Pounds."  There  are,  also  in  the  town  a 
number  of  beautiful  ponds,  and  200  acres  of  peafc 
land.  Pamet  village,  at  the  head  of  the  river  of 
that  name,  is  very  pleasant  and  flourishing,  is  a 
fine  location,  and  easy  of  access  for  all  those  who 
wish  to  enjoy  sea  air,  bathing,  and  marine  sce- 
nery, in  their  greatest  perfection,  on  terra  jirma* 
Another  neat  settlement,  called  Pond  village, 
lies  about  3  miles  N.  from  Pamet.  37  miles  be- 
low Barnstable,  102  from  Boston  by  land,  and 
about  60  by  water. 

Truxton,  N.  Y.,  Cortland  co.     The  Tioughnio 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


601 


ga  River  waters  this  town.  Surface  undulating ; 
•oil  argillaceous  mould,  and  calcareous  gravel. 
12  miles  N.  E.  from  Cortla»d,  and  131  W.  from 
Albany. 

Trydriffen,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  This  township 
adjoins  Montgomery  co.  on  the  N.  E.,  and  lies 
between  Charlestown  and  Radnor  townships. 

Tuftonboro\  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  There  are  sev- 
eral ponds  in  this  town,  together  with  many  small 
•treams,  running  into  Winnipiseogee  Lake.  The 
soil  is  various.  TJiere  are  several  arms  of  the 
lake  stretching  far  into  the  town,  and  presenting 
from  the  elevated  parts  a  succession  of  beautiful 
riews.  First  settlers,  Benjamin  Bean,  Phinehas 
Graves,  and  Joseph  Peavey,  about  1 780.  50  miles 
E.  by  N.  from  Concord,  and  about  8  W.  from 
Ossipee. 

Tully,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Watered  by  Onon- 
daga  Creek  and  some  small  lakes  which  are  the 
sources  of  the  Tioughnioga  River.  This  is 
mostly  a  level  town,  with  a  soil  well  suited  to 
grass.  16  miles  S.  from  Syracuse,  and  128  W. 
from  Albany. 

Tuckerton,  N.  J.,  Little  Egg  Harbor,  Burlington 
co.  This  village  and  port  of  entry  is  situated  on 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  the  head  of  Tuckerton 
Mill  Creek,  which  empties  into  the  Bay  of  Little 
Egg  Harbor.  It  is  handsomely  laid  out,  the 
streets  crossing  at  right  angles,  and  shaded  with 
poplar  and  willow  trees.  From  Philadelphia  it  is 
62  miles.  6  miles  from  Little  Egg  Harbor  Bay, 
and  69  miles  S.  from  Trenton.  The  manufacture 
of  salt  is  carried  on  here,  and  wood  and  lumber 
are  exported.  The  place  is  resorted  to  in  the 
summer  for  sea  bathing. 

Tunica  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Peyton.  Bounded 
N.  by  De  Soto  co.,  E!  by  De  Soto  and  Ponola,  S. 
by  Tallahatchee  co.,  and  W.  by  Coahoma  co. 
and  the  Mississippi  River,  dividing  it  from  Ar- 
kansas. Drained  by  Cold  Water  River  and 
•ome  smaller  branches  of  the  Mississippi.  There 
are  several  small  lakes  in  this  county. 

Tunkhannock,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Wyoming  co.  Bounded 
8.  W.  by  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  drained  by 
Tunkhannock  and  Meshoppen  Creeks.  Surface 
uneven  ;  soil  fertile  on  the  margins  of  the  streams. 
154  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg.  55  miles 
above  Wilkesbarre. 

Tuolumne  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Sonora,  stretches 
across  the  valley  of  the  San  Joaquim,  into  the 
mountain  ranges  on  both  sides. 

Turin,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  "Watered  by  some 
small  streams  flowing  into  Black  River,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface  rolling ;  soil  rich 
loam.  6  miles  S.  from  Martinsburg,  and  121  N. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Turner,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  A  tributary  of  the 
Androscoggin  meets  that  river  in  this  town,  and 
finely  waters  it.  The  soil  of  Turner  is  good,  and 
its  surface  pleasant.  There  is  a  number  of  thriv- 
ing villages  in  the  town ;  there  are  considerable 
trade  and  some  manufactures,  but  the  business 
of  the  people  is  generally  agricultural.  It  has 
Livermore  on  its  N.,  Leeds  and  Greene  on  its  E., 
Minot  and  Auburn  on  its  S.,  and  Buckfield  and 
Hebron  on  its  W.  38  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Au- 
gusta, and  14  E.  from  Paris. 

Tuscarawas  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  New  Philadel- 
phia. Stark  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  Harrison  and 
Carrol  on  the  E.,  Harrison  and  Guernsey  on  the 
S.,  and  Coshocton  and  Holmes  counties  on  the  W. 
It  is  watered  by  Tuscarawas,  Sandy,  Conoton, 
Stillwater,  and  Sugar  Creeks.  Emigrants  from 
76 


Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  settled  here  about  the 
year  1803  or  1804;  they  were  mostly  of  German 
origin. 

Tuscaloosa  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Tuscaloosa. 
This  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Jefferson,  E.  by 
Shelby  and  Bibb,  W.  by  Pickens,  and  S.  by  Perry 
and  Greene. 

Tuscaloosa,  Aa.  City  and  shire  town  of  Tusca- 
loosa co.  On  the  left  bank  of  the  Black  Warrior 
River.  123  miles  N.  W.  from  Montgomery,  and 
about  250  miles  N.  from  Mobile.  It  is  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation  from  the  Mobile 
Bay.  This  was  the  seat  of  government  of  the 
state  until  recently,  when  the  capital  was  removed 
to  Montgomery.  The  city  is  handsomely  laid 
out,  and  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
several  churches,  a  masonic  hall,  an  'academy,  a 
lyceum  for  boys,  an  athenaeum  for  young  ladies, 
the  Alabama  Institute,  and  the  halls  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Alabama,  which  is  located  here.  The 
university  buildings  are  situated  about  a  mile  E. 
of  the  centre  of  the  city.  They  are  5  in  number, 
besides  professors'  houses,  and  make  an  imposing 
appearance.  See  Colleges. 

Tuscumbia,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Miller  co.  On  the  N.  W. 
side  of  Osage  River.  35  miles  S.  W.  from  Jeffer- 
son City. 

Tuskeqee,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Macon  co.  On  a  branch  of 
Tallapobsa  River.  152  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Tus- 
caloosa. 

Twiygs  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Marion.  Wilkinson 
is  on  the  N.  E.,'  Pulaski  S.  E.,  Jones  N.  W.,  and 
Ockmulgee  River,  or  Monroe  co.,  W. 

Tyboine,  Pa.,  Perry  co.  A  township  joining  the 
S.  E.  side  of  the  Tuscarora  Mountain. 

Tyler  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Woodville.  In  the 
S.  E.  angle,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Neches. 

Tyler  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Middlebourne.  has  a 
fertile  soil,  but  broken  surface.  It  is  bounded 
N.  W.  by  the  Ohio  River,  N.  by  Ohio  co.,  S.  K 
by  Harrison,  and  S.  W.  by  Wood. 

Tyngsboro\  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  was  formerly 
attached  to  Dunstable.  It  was  incorporated  as  a 
district  in  1789,  to  enable  it  to  receive  a  donation 
from  Mrs.  Sarah  Winslow,  daughter  of  Ebenezer 
Tyng,  for  whom  the  town  was  named.  This  is  a 
pleasant  town,  on  both  sides  of  Merrimac  River. 
There  is  not  much  water  power  in  the  town,  and 
the  soil  is  light  and  sandy.  The  name  of  the  first 
white  inhabitant  was  Cranwell,  originally  from 
England,  but  last  from  Boston.  Tyngsboro',  by 
the  railroads,  lies  8  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Lowell, 
and  34  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Tyre,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.  Watered  by  Clyde,  a 
branch  of  Seneca  River,  which  bounds  it  on  the 
E.  Surface  level  ;  soil  calcareous  and  sandy 
loam.  8  miles  N.  E.  from  Waterloo,  and  171  N. 
of  W.  from  Albany. 

Tyringham,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  This  town  was 
first  settled  in  1739.  It  is  said  to  have  received  its 
name  at  th^suggestion  of  Lord  Viscount  Howe, 
a  few  days  before  he  fell  in  battle  at  Ticonderoga, 
July  6,  1758,  who  owned  lands  in  Tyringham,  in 
England.  This  town  is  twice  crossed  by  two 
heavy  ranges  of  hills.  In  the  hollow  between 
these  ranges,  the  Hop  Brook,  rising  in  a  small 
pond  in  Otis,  flows  westerly,  and  discharges  itself 
into  the  Housatonic,  in  Lee.  It  derives  its  name 
from  the  wild  hops  which  formerly  grew  upon 
its  banks.  In  this  town  are  a  number  of  pondi 
and  small  rivers,  whose  waters  fall  into  the 
Housatonic.  Although  the  surface  is  rough  and 
uneven,  yet  the  soil  is  strong  and  productive* 


602 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


There  is  a  neat  and  pretty  village  near  the  centre 
of  the  town,  which  lies  20  miles  S..by  E.  from 
Pittsfield,  and  134  W.  S.  W.  from  Boston.  From 
this  village,  about  3  miles  N.,  are  Hop  Brook  and 
Shaker  villages. 

Tyrone,  Pa.,  Adams  co.  Bounded  E.  by  Ber- 
mudian  and  W.  by  Conewago  Creek.  Surface 
level ;  soil  gravel  and  red  shale.  10  miles  N.  E. 
from  Gettysburg. 

Tyrone,  Pa.,  Perry  co.  Drained  by  Sherman's 
Creek  and  branches.  Surface  mountainous ;  soil 
fertile  calcareous  loam  in  the  valleys. 

Tyrone,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  A  township  on 
Sinking  Creek.  14  miles  N.  W.  from  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

Tyrone,  Pa.,  Perry  co.  A  township  between 
Big  Buffalo  and  Sherman's  Creek,  with  Eye  Tip 
in  the  E.,  and  Tyboine  in  the  W. 

Tyrone,  Pa.,  Fayette  co.  A  township  between 
Youghiogany  River  and  Jacob's  Creek. 

Tyrone,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by  Mud 
Creek.  A  hilly  town.  Soil  calcareous  loam  and 
clay,  yielding  large  crops  of  grain.  16  miles  N. 
E.  from  Bath,  and  204  W.  from  Albany. 

Tyrrd  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Elizabeth.  This 
county  is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  parts,  by 
Alligator  River  or  Bay,  which  puts  up  from  Al- 
bemarle  Sound.  It  has  a  poor,  sandy  soil,  but 
level  surface.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Albemarle 
Sound,  E.  by  Roanoke  Sound,  S.  E.  by  Pam- 
lico  Sound,  S.  by  Hyde  co.,  and  W.  by  Wash- 
ington. 

Ulster  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Kingston.  Incor- 
porated in  1 683.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Greene  co., 
E.  by  the  Hudson  River,  S.  by  Orange,  and  W. 
by  Sullivan  and  Delaware  counties.  Watered  by 
Rondout,  Shawangunk,  and  Esopus  Creeks,  and 
the  Wallkill.  The  Catskill  Mountains  cover  the 
N.  W.,  and  the  Shawangunk  the  S.  portion  of 
this  county.  The  soil  on  the  borders  of  the  streams 
is  very  fertile,  and  on  the  uplands  well  suited  to 
grazing.  The  water  power  is  of  great  impor- 
tance, and  water  limestone,  marl,  and  lead  ore  are 
abundant.  There  are  also  several  sulphur  springs 
of  some  note.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal 
follows  the  course  of  the  Rondout  to  within  3 
miles  of  the  Hudson,  for  which  distance  the  stream 
itself  is  navigable. 

Ulster,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  On  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Susquehanna  River.  142  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Ulster,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  A  town  on  the  right 
side  of  Susquehanna  River,  above  Towanda. 

Ulysses,  N.  Y.,  Tompkins  co.  Watered  by 
some  small  streams  flowing  into  Cayuga  Lake, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface  undulating, 
sloping  towards  the  lake;  soil  good  gravelly 
loam.  8  miles  N.  W.  from  Ithaca,  and  175  W. 
from  Albany. 

Unadilla,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  This%wn  is  wa- 
tered by  the  Unadilla  and  Susquehanna  Rivers, 
which  form  a  junction  in  the  S.  W.  part.  Surface 
hilly  and  broken,  with  some  fertile  alluvion  flats ; 
the  soil  of  the  uplands  is  rich,  and  well  suited  to 
grass.  30  miles  S.  W.  from  Cooperstown,  and 
100  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Uncasville,  Ct,  in  Montville,  New  London  co. 
45  miles  S.  E.  from  Hartford.  An  Indian  village 
on  the  Mohegan  reservation,  between  Norwich 
and  New  London.  There  are  a  chapel,  a  school 
house,  and  a  house  for  a  teacher,  towards  the  erec- 
tion of  which  the  United  States  appropriated 


$500,  with  an  annuity  of  $400  for  the  teacher's 
support. 

Underhill,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  The  head 
branches  of  Brown's  River  water  this  town. 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  and  the  soil 
hard.  The  settlement  was  commenced  about 
the  year  1786.  15  miles  N.  E.  from  Burlington, 
and  26  N.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Union  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Champagnole,  is 
bounded  N.  by  Washita  co.,  E.  by  the  Washita 
River,  separating  it  from  Bradley  co.,  S.  by 
Louisiana,  and  W.  by  Lafayette  co.  Drained  by 
tributaries  of  the  Washita  River. 

Union,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  The  surface  of  Union 
is  hilly,  with  a  hard  and  unproductive  soil. 
Mashapaug  and  Breakneck  Ponds,  lying  in  this 
town,  are  the  principal  sources  of  Quinebaug 
River.  A  branch  of  the  Natchaug  also  risej 
here.  33  miles  N.  E.  from  Hartford. 

Union  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Blairsville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  North  Carolina,  E.  by  South  Carolina 
and  Habersham  co.,  S.  by  Lunipkin,  and  W.  by 
Gilmer  co.  Surface  uneven,  and  watered  by 
Hiawassee  River  and  branches. 

Union  County,  Is.,  Hamburg  and  Jonesburg 
shire  towns.  Jackson  and  Franklin  counties  are 
on  the  N.,  Johnson  E.,  and  Mississippi  River  on, 
theW. 

Union  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Liberty.  Bounded 
N.  by  Wayne  co.,  E.  by  Ohio,  S.  by  Franklin  co, 
and  W.  by  Fayette  co.  Drained  by  the  E.  fork 
of  Whitewater  River  and  its  branches,  which  af- 
ford hydraulic  power.  Surface  undulating ;  soil 
fertile/ 

Union  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Morganfield.  This 
county  is  situated  opposite  the  mouth  of  Wabash 
River,  and  is  bounded  by  Henderson  co.  N.  E*, 
Hopkins  S.  E.,  the  Ohio  River  W.  and  N.  W., 
and  Tradewater  River,  or  Livingston  co.,  S.  W. 

Union  Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Farmersville,  is 
bounded  N.  by  Arkansas,  E.  by  the  Washita 
River,  separating  it  from  Morehouse  parish,  S. 
by  Washita  and  Jackson  parishes,  and  W.  by 
Claiborne  parish.  Drained  by  De  Arbon« 
River  and  branches,  and  by  other  tributaries  of 
the  Washita. 

Union,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  This  pleasant  and 
flourishing  town  is  watered  by  Muscongus  and 
St.  George  Rivers,  and  by  several  beautiful 
ponds.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  surface  gen- 
erally swelling.  Union  was  incorporated  in  1786, 
It  is  28  miles  S.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  7  N.  by  W. 
from  Warren. 

Union  City,  Mn.,  Branch  co.  At  the  head  of 
navigation,  on  St.  Joseph's  River,  at  its  junction 
with  Coldwater  River.  116  miles  W.  S.  W.  from 
Detroit.  It  possesses  an  extensive  water  power, 

Union,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  Watered  by  Nanti- 
coke  C^ek  and  other  streams  flowing  into  the 
Susquehanna  River,  which  bounds  it  on  the  S. 
Surface  undulating ;  soil  rich  gravelly  loam.  6 
miles  W.  from  Binghampton,  and  150  S.  W.from 
Albany. 

Union  Vale,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  The  Fishkill 
Creek  waters  this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is 
hilly  and  rolling,  having  the  Matteawan  Ridge  on 
the  E. ;  soil  gravel,  clay,  and  loam.  12  miles 
E.  from  Poughkeepsie,  and  85  S.  from  Albany. 

Union  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Marysville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Hardin  and  Marion,  E.  by  Delaware,  S.  by 
Madison  and  Franklin,  and  W.  by  Champaign 
and  Logan  counties.  Darby,  Mill,  Bokes,  and 
Rush  Creeks  rise  in  this  county,  and  furnish  it 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


604 


with  a  good  supply  of  water.  The  land  is  level, 
fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  grazing.  The  county 
was  organized  in  1820,  and  settled  in  1799,  by 
George  Reed.  Samuel  Mitchell,  and  several  others, 
all  natives  of  Pennsylvania. 

Union  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  New  Berlin. 
This  county  is  bounded  by  Lycoming  co.  N., 
Centre  W.,  Mifflin  S.  and  S.  W.,  and  Susquehan- 
na  River  E.  It  is  mountainous  and  much  broken, 
but  the  river  and  creek  lands  are  highly  produc- 
tive. Susquehanna  River  washes  the  greatest 
length  of  this  county,  and  it  is  drained  by  White 
'Deer,  Buffalo,  Penn's,  and  Mahoning  Creeks. 

Union,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Bounded  N.  by  the  Schuyl- 
kill River,  and  drained  by  Mill,  French,  and  Six- 
pence Creeks.  Surface  very  hilly ;  soil  gravelly 
and  sterile. 

Union,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  A  township  extend- 
ing from  the  Susquehanna  River  to  the  E.  limit 
of  Lycoming  co.  13  miles  below  Wilkesbarre. 

union,  Pa.,  Union  co.  Watered  by  the  Sus- 
quehanna River  and  its  W.  branch.  Surface 
mountainous ;  soil  calcareous  loam. 

Union,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.  On  both  sides 
of  Redstone  Creek.  About  4  miles  from  the 
western  foot  of  Laurel  Hill,  186  a  little  S.  of 
W.  from  Harrisburg,  and  276  W.  from  Phil- 
adelphia. 

Union,  Pa.,  Fayette  co.  A  township  around 
the  borough  of  the  same  name.  On  both  sides 
of  Redstone  Creek.  12  miles  S.  E.from  Browns- 
rille. 

Union,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  A  township  in 
Trough  Creek  valley.  15  miles  nearly  S.  from 
Huntingdon. 

Union  District,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Union.  This  dis- 
trict is  bounded  by  Broad  River,  or  York,  Ches- 
ter, and  Fairfield  districts  E.,  Ennoree  River,  or 
Newberry,  and  Laurens  districts  S.  W.,  and  Spar- 
tan burg  W.  and  N.  W.  Besides  the  two  rivers, 
which  form  part  of  its  boundary,  it  is  drained  by 
Pacolet  and  Tyger  Rivers. 

Union,  Va.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  229  miles  W. 
from  Richmond. 

Unionville,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  Union  District.  On  a 
small  branch  of  Tyger  River.  70  miles  N.  W. 
from  Columbia. 

Unity,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  Little  Sugar  River 
has  its  source  in  Whortleberry  Pond  and  Beaver 
Meadow,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  passes 
through  its  centre,  and  empties  into  the  Connec- 
ticut at  Charlestown.  Cold  Pond  is  partly  in 
this  town.  From  Oilman's  Pond,  in  the  E.  part, 
proceeds  a  branch  of  Sugar  River,  flowing  through 
Newport.  Perry's  Mountain  is  in  the  S.  W.  part, 
and  partly  in  Charlestown.  Unity  is  an  uneven 
township,  but  the  soil  is  favorable  for  grazing.  It 
is  excellent  for  flax.  This  town  was  called  Unity 
from  the  happy  termination  of  a  dispute  which 
had  long  subsisted  between  certain  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Kingston  and  Hampstead,  claiming  the 
same  tracts  of  land,  under  two  different  grants. 
First  settlers,  John  Ladd  and  Moses  Thurston, 
in  1769.  50  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Concord,  and 
9  S.  from  Newport. 

Upper  Alloway^s  Creek,  N.  J.,  Salem  co.  Drained 
by  Alloway's  and  Stow  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
undulating  ;  the  soil  clay  and  loam  in  the  N.  E., 
and  sandy,  gravelly  loam  in  the  S.  W.  portions. 
7  miles  S.  E.  from  Salem.  / 

Upper  Alton,  Is.,  Madison  co.  Adjoining  the 
town  of  Alton,  on  elevated  ground,  about  2£ 
miles  back  from  the  Mississippi. 


Upper  Bern,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Drained  by  a 
stream  flowing  into  the  Schuylkill  River,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  E.  Blue  Mountain  lies  on  its 
N.  border. 

Upper,  N.  J.,  Cape  May  co.  This  town  is 
bounded  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  drained 
by  Tuckahoe  and  Cedar  Swamp  Creeks.  Surface 
level;  soil  sand  and  clay.  It  lies  13  miles  N.  E. 
from  Cape  May  Court  House. 

Upper  Chichester,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  Drained 
by  Hook  and  Naaman's  Creeks.  Surface  level ; 
soil  loamy. 

Upper  Darby,  Pa.,  Delaware  co.  Drained  by 
Darby  and  Cobb's  Creeks,  which  afford  hydraulic 
power.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  loamy. 

Upper  Freehold,  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.  A  town- 
ship on  the  S.  side  of  the  River  Shrewsbury.  12 
miles  S.  from  Amboy. 

Upper  Hanover,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Watered 
by  Perkiomen  Creek  and  branches.  Surface 
hilly ;  soil  red  shale.  82  miles  E.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Upper  Mahantango,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  Drained 
by  two  branches  of  Mahantango  Creek.  Surface 
hilly;  soil  sterile,  consisting  of  red  shale  and 
gravel. 

Upper  Makefield,  Pa.,  Bucks  co/  Bounded  N. 
by  Pidcock's  Creek.  Surface  undulating;  soil 
cfav  and  sandy  loam. 

Upper  Marlboro1,  Md.,  Prince  George's  co.  A 
little  W.  from  Patuxent  River,  and  23  miles  S. 
W.  from  Annapolis. 

Upper  Merion,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Drained 
by  Valley  and  Gulf  Creeks,  which  afford  hydrau- 
lic power.  Surface  undulating;  soil  calcareous 
loam. 

Upper  Milford,  Pa.,  Lehigh  co.  Drained  by 
the  N.  branch  of  Perkiomen  Creek  and  the  head 
streams  of  Upper  Saucon  Creek.  Surface  most- 
ly hilly;  soil  gravel  and  red  shale  of  medium 
quality. 

Upper  Nazareth,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  Drained 
by  two  branches  of  Manoosky  Creek.  Surface 
undulating ;  soil  productive  gravel  and  slate. 

Upper  Paxton,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Bounded 
W.  by  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  drained  by 
Mahantango,  and  Great  and  Little  Wiconisco 
Creeks.  Surface  partly  mountainous  ;  soil  red 
shale.  22  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Upper  Penn's  Neck,  N.  J.,  Salem  co.  Located 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware  River.  Surface 
level ;  soil  light  sandy  loam. 

Upper  Providence,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Bound- 
ed S.  W.  by  the  Schuylkill  River,  and  drained 
by  Perkiomen  and  Mingo  Creeks.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  gravelly  loam  and  red  shale. 

Upper  St.  Clair,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Drained 
by  Chartier's  Creek.  Surface  hilfy ;  soil  loam. 

Upper  Salford,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  Perkio- 
men and  Rich  Valley  Creeks  drain  this  town, 
the  surface  of  which  is  level,  and  the  soil  red 
shale  and  loam.  10  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Nor- 
ristown. 

Upper  Sandusky.  0.,  c.  h.  Wyandot  co.  64 
miles  N.  from  Columbus.  It  was  laid  out  in 
1843.  The  neighboring  district  was  occupied 
till  recently  by  the  Wyandots. 

Upper  Saucon,  Pa.,  Lehigh  co.  Drained  by 
Saucon  Creek.  Surface  diversified ;  soil  calcare- 
ous loam  in  the  valleys.  South  Mountain,  in 
which  iron  ore  is  found,  lies  in  the  N.  part  of  this 
town.  6  miles  N.  E.  from  Northampton. 

Upper  Swatara,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.    Drained  by 


604 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


Swatara  Creek.  Surface  diversified;  soil  grav- 
elly. 

Upper  Tulpehocken,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  "Watered  by 
Tulpehocken  Creek  and  its  tributaries,  Northkill 
and  Little  Northkill  Creeks.  Surface  diversified  ; 
soil  fertile  calcareous  loam  and  gravel.  The 
Union  Canal  runs  along  the  S.  border  of  this 
town. 

Upshur  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Gilme.  In  the 
N.  E.  angle  of  the  state,  between  the  Upper  Sa- 
bine  and  Cypress  Bayou. 

Upson  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Thorn aston.  W. 
part.  Drained  by  branches  of  the  Flint,  which 
washes  it  on  the  S..W. 

Upton,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Previous  to  its  in- 
corporation, in  1735,  this  town  was  attached  to 
Mendon,  Sutton,  Uxbridge,  and  Hopkinton.  The 
surface  is  partly  plain  land,  and  partly  rough 
and  hilly,  with  a  strong  soil.  West  River,  a 
branch  of  the  Blackstone,  rises  from  a  pond  in 
Upton,  and  furnishes  a  power  for  a  number  of 
mills.  Near  Pratt's  Pond  and  two  other  beautiful 
little  lakes  is  a  pleasant  village,  near  the  centre 
of  the  town,  which  lies  13  miles  S.  E.  from 
Worcester,  and  about  7  S.  from  the  Worcester 
Railroad  at  Westboro',  from  which  it  is  32  miles 
to  Boston. 

Urbana,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  The  S.  part  of 
Crooked  Lake  and  its  inlet  water  this  town. 
Surface  rather  hilly ;  soil  clay  and  loam.  6  miles 
N.  E.  from  Bath,  and  207  W.  from  Albany. 

Urbana,  0.,  c.  h.  Champlain  co.  46  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Columbus. 

Urbana,  Va.,  Middlesex  co.  A  village  and  sea- 
port on  the  S.  E.  side  of  Rappahannock  River. 
12  miles  S.  W.  from  Lancaster,  and  60  N.  by  W. 
from  Williamsburg. 

Urbanna,  Is.,  c.  h.  Champaign  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  the  Salt  Fork  of  Vermilion  River.  92 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Utica,  N.  Y.  City  and  seat  of  justice  of  Onei- 
da  co.  Situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Mohawk 
River,  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Schuyler.  93  miles 
W.  by  N.  from  Albany,  and  232  E".  from  Buffalo. 
Population  in  1820,  2972  ;  in  1830,  8323  ;  in  1840, 
12,782;  in  1850,  17,642.  Utica  has  a  pleasant 
location,  on  ground  gradually  ascending  from  the 
river,  and  commanding  a  fine  prospect  from  its 
more  elevated  parts.  It  is  well  built,  having 
many  fine  stores  and  large  and  elegant  dwellings. 
The  streets  are  laid  out  with  a  good  degree  of 
regularity,  generally,  but  not  always  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles.  They  are  neat  and 
spacious,  some  of  them  100  feet  wide,  and  well 
paved.  It  contains  a  court  house,  offices  for  the 
clerks  of  the  Supreme  and  United  States'  Courts, 
about  20  churches  of  the  various  denominations, 
an  Exchange  building,  an  academy,  a  museum, 
a  Protestant  and  a  Roman  Catholic  Orphan 
Asylum,  and  various  other  charitable  institutions. 
(  The  New  York  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  at  Uti- 
ca, is  situated  on  somewhat  elevated  ground, 
about  a  mile  W.  of  the  city.  It  has  fine  build- 
ings, with  a  farm  of  160  acres  attached.  It 
contained  about  500  patients  in  1850. 

The  country  around  Utica  is  fertile,  and  the 
city  is  the  centre  of  an  active  and  extensive  trade. 
Railroads,  canals,  and  turnpikes  radiate  from  it 
in  all  directions.  The  great  Western  Railroad, 
from  Albany  and  Troy  to  Buffalo,  and  the  great 
Erie  Canal  between  the  same  points,  pass  through 
Utica.  The  Chenango  Canal  also  conies  in  here 
from  Binghampton,  which  is  on  the  Erie  Rail- 


road, and  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  96  miles  to 
the  S.  E. 

The  Erie  Canal  has  been  widened,  where  it 
passes  through  the  city,  to  70  feet,  and  made  7 
feet  deep,  and  presents  a  fine  appearance  from 
the  substantial  and  beautiful  bridges  with  which 
it  is  spanned.  A  culvert  has  been  constructed 
in  the  city  from  the  canal  to  the  river,  at  an  ex- 
pense of  about  $100,000.  It  is  surrounded  by 
one  of  the  finest  and  richest  agricultural  district's 
in  the  union,  and  is  a  wealthy  and  flourishing 
place  of  business. 

The  first  building  erected  within  the  limits  of 
Utica  was  a  mud  fort,  constructed  during  the  old 
French  war,  and  named  Fort  Schuyler.  It  occu- 
pied the  portage,  or  carrying  place  between  the 
Mohawk  and  Wood  Creek,  which  discharge 
through  Lake  Oneida,  into  lake  Ontario. 

In  1798  Utica  took  its  present  name,  being 
incorporated  as  a  village.  It  was  but  an  in- 
considerable village  until  about  the  year  1800, 
when  the  location  of  the  Seneca  Turnpike, 
crossing  the  Mohawk  at  this  po%*,  operated  to 
make  it  an  important  place  of  deposit  and  trade. 
In  1817  it  was  taken  from  Whitestown,  and 
received  a  separate  incorporation  as  a  town.  It 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1832.  It  is  divided 
into  6  wards,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor  and  1 2 
aldermen. 

Uxbridge,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  large, 
wealthy,  and  flourishing  town  was,  until  1727, 
the  W.  part  of  ancient  Mendon.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Wacuntug.  The  central  part  of  the  town 
has  a  fair  soil ;  the  surrounding  hills  are  moist, 
and  well  adapted  to  grazing  and  orchards.  There 
are  in  the  town  a  quarry  of  stone  and  an  iron 
mine.  Uxbridge  enjoys  important  advantages  in 
being  situated,  for  nearly  its  whole  length,  on  the 
Blackstone  River  and  Canal,  as  well  as  from  the 
water  power  of  West  and  Mumford  Rivers,  which 
here  join  the  Blackstone.  There  are  a  number 
of  flourishing  manufacturing  villages  in  Uxbridge, 
situated  in  valleys,  and  surrounded  by  picturesque 
scenery.  The  principal  village  is  situated  at  the 
north  part  of  the  town.  The  railroad  from 
Worcester  to  Providence  passes  through  it.  16 
miles  S.  E.  from  Worcester,  and  40  S.  W.  from 
Boston. 

Vallejo,  Ca.,  Solano  co.     See  Appendix,  No  1. 

Valley  Forge,  Pa.,  Schuylkill,  Chester  co.  At 
the  entrance  of  Valley  "Creek  into  Schuylkill 
River.  20  miles  N.  W.  from  Philadelphia,  and 
81  E.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg.  The  celebrated 
winter  quarters  of  the  American  army  in  1777. 

Van  Buren  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Clinton. 
Bounded  N.  by  Searcy,  Izard,  and  Independence 
counties,  E.  by  Independence  and  White,  S.  by 
Conway,  and  W.  by  Pope  co.  Little  Red  River 
ancl  branches,  and  some  branches  of  the  Arkan- 
sas, water  this  county. 

Van  Buren  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Keosauque. 
Bounded  N.  by  Warello  and  Jefferson  counties, 
E.  by  Henry  and  Lee,  S.  by  Missouri,  and  W. 
by  Davis  co.  Drained  by  Des  Moines  River 
and  branches.  Iron,  copper,  tin  ore,  and  marble 
are  found  in  this  county.  The  soil  is  fertile. 

Van  Buren,  Me.,  Aroostook  co.    A  new  town. 

Van  Buren  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Pawpaw 
Bounded  N.  by  Allegan  co.,  E.  by  Kalamazoo,  S. 
by  Cass,  and  W.  by  Berrien  co.  and  Lake  Mich- 
igan. Drained  by  Pawpaw  River  and  its  trib- 
utaries, the  S.  branch  of  Black  River,  Dowage- 
ake  and  Brush  Creeks,  all  which  afford  good 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


605 


water  power.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil 
productive. 

Van  Buren,  N.  Y.,  Onondaga  co.  Watered  by 
Camp  Brook,  a  branch  of  Seneca  River,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface  rolling ;  soil  sandy 
loam  and  clay  12  miles  N.  W.  from  Syracuse, 
and  145  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Van  Buren  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  On 
the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Has  a  good  steam- 
boat landing.  5  miles  S.  E.  from  Dunkirk,  and 
334  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 

Vanceburg,  Ky.,  Lewis  co.  This  village  is  sit- 
uated near  the  Ohio  River.  35  miles  N.  E.  by  E. 
from  Washington.  Near  this  place  are  salt 
works. 

Van  Wert,  0..  c.  h.  Van  Wert  co.  On  a  branch 
of  the  Little  Auglaize.  136  miles  N.  W.  by  W. 
from  Columbus. 

Vandalia,  Is.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.  Situated  on 
the  Kaskaskia  River.  73  miles  S.  E.  from 
Springfield,  and  82  N.  E.  from  St.  Louis.  Until 
1840  this  was  the  capital  of  the  state.  The  town 
is  regularly  laid  out,  with  streets  80  feet  wide, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  a  hand- 
some public  square  in  the  centre.  The  public 
buildings  are  a  court  house,  jail,  a  United  States 
land  office,  and  churches  of  different  denomina- 
tions. The  national  road  extends  to  this  place. 

Vanderburg  County,  Ia.;  c.  h.  at  Evansville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Gibson.  E.  by  Warrick  co., 
S.  by  the  Ohio  River,  separating  it  from  Ken- 
tucky, and  W.  by  Posey  co.  Drained  by  Big 
Pigeon,  Blue,  Grass,  Locust,  and  Little  Creeks. 
Surface  mostly  hilly ;  soil  very  fertile  in  the  S. 
part. 

Van  Wert  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Van  Wert.  Bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Paulding,  E.  by  Putnam  and  Allen, 
S.  by  Mercer,  and  W.  by  the  State  of  Indiana. 
This  county  was  constituted  in  1820.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Van  Wert,  one  of  the  men 
who  took  up  Major  Andre,  a  British  spy.  The 
Boil  is  various ;  the  land  level,  and  of  a  good 
quality.  Some  prairies  are  found  here.  The  St. 
Mary's  River  is  the  principal  stream.  There  are 
several  others,  and  all  furnish  an  excellent  sup- 
ply of  water.  The  Miami  Canal  crosses  the 
eastern  part. 

Van  Zandt  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Jordan's  Sa- 
line. In  the  N.  E.  angle  of  the  state,  on  the 
head  waters  of  the  Sabine. 

Varick,  N.  Y.,  Seneca  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Cayuga,  and  W.  by  Seneca  Lake.  Surface  de- 
rated in  the  centre;  soil  fertile,  yielding  large 
crops  of  grain.  8  miles  S.  from  Waterloo,  and 
180  W.  from  Albany. 

Vassalboro*,  Me.  This  is  a  large  and  flourish- 
ing town,  on  the  E.  side  of  Kennebec  River,  op- 
posite to  Sidney.  There  are  several  large  and 
beautiful  ponds  in  the  town,  from  which  issue  two 
excellent  mill  streams,  one  a  branch  of  the  Se- 
basticook,  the  other  of  the  Kennebec.  This  is  a 
place  of  considerable  interior  trade  and  business 
on  the  river.  Vessels  of  considerable  burden 
pass  to  the  ocean  from  Vassalboro',  by  means  of 
the  Kennebec  Dam.  The  valleys  are  very  pleas- 
ant, and  the  surface  and  soil  of  the  town  varied 
and  fertile.  12  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Augusta. 

Venango  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Franklin.  There 
is  much  good  soil  along  the  watercourses,  but 
the  surface  generally  is  broken.  Armstrong  is 
on  the  S.  E.  of  this  county,  Butler  S.  W.,  Mercer 
W.,  Crawford  N.  W.,  Warren  N.  E.,  and  Jeffer- 


son E.  Through  this  county  winds  the  Alle- 
ghany  River,  and  in  its  course  receives  French 
Creek. 

Venice,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Watered  by  Salmon 
Creek.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil  clay  and  grav- 
elly loam,  based  upon  lime  and  gypsum.  15 
miles  S.  from  Auburn,  and  162  W.  from  Al- 
bany. 

Vergennes,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  This  city  is  beau- 
tifully located  at  the  falls  on  Otter  Creek,  and  is 
7  miles  from  Lake  Champlain.  Otter  Creek,  at 
this  place,  is  about  500  feet  wide,  and,  at  the  falls, 
is  separated  by  two  islands,  which  form  3  distinct 
falls-  of  37  feet.  These  falls  produce  a  great  hy- 
draulic power,  rendered  more  valuable  by  being 
situated  in  the  heart  of  a  fertile  country,  and  on 
the  navigable  waters  of  the  lake.  The  railroad 
between  Boston  and  Burlington  passes  through 
this  city.  Here  are  united,  in  great  perfection, 
the  two  great  powers,—  water  for  mills,  and  steam 
for  transportation,— which  cannot  fail  to  render 
any  place  that  possesses  them  an  important  mart 
for  trade  and  manufacture.  The  first  settlement 
within  the  present  limits  of  Vergennes  was  mado 
in  1766,  by  Donald  Mclntosh,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  was  in  the  battle  of  Culloden.  12  miles 
N.  W.  from  Middlebury,  and  21  S.  by  E.  from 
Burlington. 

Vermilion  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Danville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Iroquois  co.,  E.  by  Indiana,  and  S.  and 
W.  by  Champaign.  Big  and  Little  Vermilion 
Rivers  drain  this  county  the  surface  of  which  i» 
undulating,  and  the  soil" fertile. 

Vermilion  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Newport. 
Bounded  W.  by  Vermilion  co.  Is.,  and  crossed 
by  the  river  of  the  same  name. 

Vermilion  Parish,  La.  On  the  southern  border 
E.  On  the  shore  of  the  gulf,  between  Vermilion 
Bay  and  Mermentau  Lake  and  River.  Low  and 
swampy. 

Vermilion,  O.,  Richland  co.  A  township  86 
miles  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Vernon,  Ct.,  Tolland  co.  Rock  village  and 
Tankerooson  are  pleasant  and  flourishing  manu- 
facturing villages.  The  Hockanum,  and  a  branch 
of  that  river,  the  Tankerooson,  are  the  principal 
streams. 

Vernon  was  first  settled  in  1716.  It  was  a  part 
of  East  Windsor  and  Bolton  until  1808.  Tha 
surface  of  the  town  is  varied  by  hills  and  valleys , 
the  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  sandy,  but  good  for 
grain  and  grass.  12  miles  from  Hartford. 

Vernon,  la.,  c.  h.  Jennings  co. 

Vernon,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Watered  by  Oneida 
and  Shenandoah  Creeks,  has  an  undulating  surface 
and  fertile  soil.  16  miles  W.  from  Utica,  and  1 13 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Vernon,  Te.,  c.  h.  Hickman  co.  On  Pine  Creek 
62  miles  S.  W.  from  Nashville. 

Vernon,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  Vernon  lies  on  the 
W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  opposite  to  Win- 
chester, N.  H.  The  surface  is  generally  mouiL- 
tainous  and  rocky.  There  are  in  the  town  firro 
forests  of  oak  and  chestnut  timber,  and  quarries 
of  slate.  This  was  one  of  the  first  settled  towns 
in  the  state,  but  the  precise  time  of  its  commence- 
ment is  not  known.  The  earliest  inhabitants  were 
emigrants  from  Northampton  and  Northfield,  Ms. 
18  miles  S.  E.  from  Newfane,  and  about  50  S. 
from  Windsor.  The  Connecticut  River  Railroad 
passes  through  the  town. 

Verona,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.    Bounded  on  the  N. 


606 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


by  Wood  Creek,  and  W.  by  Oneida  Lake,  and 
watered  by  some  small  streams  flowing  into  the 
former.  The  Erie  and  Oneida  Lake  Canals  also 
form  a  junction  in  this  town.  Surface  level  and 
swampy;  soil  fertile.  120  miles  W.  from  Utica. 

Versailles,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Morgan  co. 

Versailles,  Pa.,  Alleghany  co.  Bounded  S.  by 
the  Youghiogeny  River,  and  W.  by  the  Monon- 
gahela,  and  drained  by  Turtle  Creek  and  Long 
Run.  Surface  hilly;  soil  loam.  12  miles  S.  E. 
from  Pittsburg. 

Versailles,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Woodford  co.  12  miles 
W.  from  Lexington,  and  12  S.  E.  from  Frank- 
fort. 

Versailles,  la.,  c.  h.  Ripley  co.,  is  on  Laughery 
Creek.  45'  miles  W.  from  Cincinnati,  and,  by 
post  road,  69  miles  S.  E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Vershire,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  The  surface  is  un- 
even and  stony,  but  furnishes  good  pasturage. 
Branches  of  Ompomponoosuc  River  rise  here,  but 
give  the  town  no  valuable  water  power.  The 
settlement  commenced  here  in  1780,  and  the  town 
was  organized  in  1783.  25  miles  S.  E.  from 
Montpelier,  and  6  E.  by  S.  from  Chelsea. 

Vestal,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  Watered  by  Choco- 
nut  Creek  and  some  other  tributaries  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna  River,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N. 
Surface  rather  ridgy  and  uneven ;  soil  of  good 
quality  on  the  flats.  8  miles  S.  W.  from  Bing- 
hampton,  and  154  from  Albany. 

Veteran,  N.  Y.,  Chemung  co.  A  tributary  of 
Seneca  Lake,  a  fine  mill  stream,  waters  this  town. 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  soil  productive.  1 1  miles 
N.  from  Elmira,  and  190  W.  from  Albany. 

Vevay,  la.,  c.  h.  Switzerland  co.  On  the  N.  E. 
bank  of  Ohio  River.  It  was  settled  by  Swiss 
emigrants,  who  cultivate  the  vine  in  this  vicinity 
with  good  success.  94  miles  S.  E.  from  In- 
dianapolis. 65  miles  by  water,  and  45  by  land, 
below  Cincinnati. 

Vicksburg,  Mi.,  Warren  co.  Situated  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  50  miles  N.  N.  E. 
from  Natchez,  and  about  45  W.  from  Jackson, 
the  capital  of  the  state,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  railroad.  The  town  is  on  a  high  bluff,  about 
200  feet  above  the  river.  The  scenery  is  very  fine 
from  the  bluffs  in  this  neighborhood.  The  'Wal- 
nut Hills,  a  little  above  Vicksburg,  rise  boldly, 
with  alternate  swells  and  gullies,  to  the  height  of 
nearly  500  feet,  and  form  one  of  the  most  strik- 
ing views  met  with  by  the  traveller  on  the  Lower 
Mississippi.  This  town  has  4  or  5  churches,  2 
of  which,  the  Methodist  and  the  Roman  Catholic, 
are  fine  structures,  several  private  schools,  and 
1  public  school  supported  by  special  tax,  con- 
taining about  500  scholars.  An  active  business 
is  done  here  in  the  preparation  of  lumber  and 
building  materials  by  saw  mills,  shingle  factories, 
and  brick  yards.  About  90,000  bales  of  cotton 
are  annually  shipped  from  this  place  to  New 
Orleans. 

Victor,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Watered  by  Mud 
Dreek.  A  somewhat  hilly  town.  Soil  sandy  and 
clay  loam  upon  a  layer  of  lime.  12  miles  N.  W. 
from  Canandaigua,  and  203  N.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Victoria  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Victoria.  Near 
the  coast  between  the  Guadaloupe  and  La  Bacca 
Bay. 

Victory,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  This  unorganized  town 
was  granted  November  6, 1780,  and  chartered  Sep- 
tember 6,  1781,  to  Ebenezer  Fisk  and  others.  It 


is  watered  by  Moose  River.  20  miles  W.  from 
Guildhall,  and  54  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Victory,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  co.  Sodus  Creek  waters 
this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  undulating,  and 
the  soil  gravelly  loam.  20  miles  N.  from  Auburn, 
and  167  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Vidalia,  La.  Parish  of  Concordia.  Directly 
opposite  Natchez,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Vienna,  Md.,  Dorchester  co.  A  port  of  entry 
and  village  on  the  W.  side  of  Nanticoke  River. 
13  miles  N.  W.  from  Salisbury,  on  the  Wicomoca, 
and  33  from  Snow  Hill,  in  the  same  direction. 

Vienna,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Watered  by  Fish 
Creek  and  other  streams,  flowing  into  Oneida 
Lake,  which  partly  bounds  it  on  the  S.  Surface 
undulating ;  soil  mostly  productive.  30  miles  N. 
W.  from  Utica,  and  125  W.  from  Albany. 

Vienna,  Is.,  c.  h.  Johnson  co.  On  a  small 
branch  of  Ca^h  River.  40  miles  N.  E.  from  the 
mouth  of  Ohio,  and  156  S.  from  Vandalia. 

Vigo  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Terre  Haute.  Wabash 
River  crosses  this  county  from  N.  to  S.  The 
state  of  Illinois  is  on  the  W.,  Parke  N.,  Putnam 
E.,  and  Sullivan  S. 

Villanova,  N.  Y.,  Chautauque  co.  Conne- 
wango  Creek  and  some  of  its  tributaries  water 
this  town,  the  surface  of  which  is  hilly  and 
broken,  and  the  soil  well  suited  to  grass.  22 
miles  N.  E.  from  Maysville,  and  318  W.  by  S. 
from  Albany. 

Vinal  Haven,  Me.,  Waldo  co.,  includes  the  Fox 
Islands,  at  the  mouth  of  Penobscot  Bay.  About 
50  miles  below  Bangor. 

Vincent,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  French  Creek  runs 
nearly  through  the  middle  of  this  town.  The 
village  is  situated  between  Pikeland  and  East 
Nantmill,  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  Schuylkill  River. 
30  miles  N.  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Vincennes,  la.,  c.  h.  Knox  co.  In  the  midst  of 
a  fine  prairie,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Wabash  River, 
100  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  oldest  settlement 
in  the  state,  having  been  established  by  the 
French  as  a  trading  post  in  1730.  It  extends 
over  half  a  mile  along  the  river,  which  is  naviga- 
ble to  this  place.  The  streets  are  wide,  and 
cross  each  other  at  right  angles.  There  are  ex- 
cellent schools  here,  and  a  valuable  library  for 
popular  use.  The  trade  is  considerable,  and  a 
handsome  capital  is  employed  in  cotton  and 
other  manufactures.  A  railroad  communication 
is  in  progress  with  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis.  118 
miles  from  Indianapolis. 

Vinton,  la.,  c.  h.  Benton  co. 

Vinton,  O.,  Gallia  co.  On  the  W.  side  of  Big 
Raccoon  Creek,  20  miles  from  its  junction  with 
Ohio  River,  and  92  S.  by  E.  from  Columbus. 
There  is  an  abundance  of  mineral  coal  and  iron 
in  the  vicinity. 

Virgil,  N.  Y.,  Cortland  co.  Watered  by  East 
Owego  Creek  and  the  Tioughnioga  River.  It  is 
a  somewhat  hilly  town,  with  a  fertile  soil.  9 
miles  S.  from  Cortland,  and  148  S.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Volney,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Watered  by  Black 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Oswego  River,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  W.  Surface  undulating ;  soil 
sandy  loam.  1 1  miles  S.  E.  from  Oswego,  and 
159  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Voluntown,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  This  town  was 
incorporated  in  1719.  It  derived  its  name  from 
the  circumstance  that  most  of  its  territory  wa« 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


607 


granted,  in  1696,  to  volunteers  in  the  Narragan- 
set  war.  The  surface  is  in.  some  parts  hilly  ;  but 
the  prevailing  character  of  the  surface  and  soil 
is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  The  town  is 
watered  by  Wood  River,  a  branch  of  the  Pawca- 
tuck.  14  miles  E,  from  Norwich. 

Wabash  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Mount  Carmel.  In 
the  S.  E.  part  of  the  state,  on  the  waters  of  Wa- 
bash River. 

Wabash  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Wabash.  In  the 
N.  part  of  the  state,  on  both  sides  of  the  Wabash 
River. 

Waculla  County,  Fa.  Central  part  of  the  state, 
GJJ  Appalachee  Bay. 

Wadesbord1,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Anson  co.  On  a  branch 
of  the  Great  Pedee  River,  called  Brown  Creek.  70 
miles  W.  from  Fayetteville,  and  143  S.  E.  from 
Raleigh. 

Wadesbord1,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Callaway  co.  255  miles 
S.  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Waitsfield,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  The  soil  of 
this  town  is  diversified,  but  generally  a  mellow 
loam,  deep,  and  of  excellent  quality,  producing 
grass  and  grain  in  the  greatest  abundance.  Mad 
River  passes  through  the  town,  and  receives  here 
Mill  and  Shepherd's  Brook  from  the  W.,  and 
Fay's  and  Pine  Brook  from  the  E.,  all  of  which 
are  sufficient  for  mills.  The  intervales  and  high 
lands  are  of  an  excellent  quality.  A  range  of 
high  lands  runs  through  the  eastern  part  of  the 
town,  the  chief  summit  of  which  is  called  Bald 
Mountain.  The  first  settlers  were  General  Wait 
and  family,  who  moved  into  this  town  in  1789. 
From  Montpelier  20  miles  S.  W. 

Wake  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Raleigh.  This  coun- 
ty is  bounded  N.  by  Granville,  N.  E.  by  Franklin, 
S.  E.  by  Johnson,  W.  by  Chatham  and  Orange, 
and  S.  W.  by  Cumberland  and  Chatham.  From 
N.  to  S.  through  the  county  winds  Neuse  River, 
and  it  is  drained  by  the  various  branches  of  that 
stream. 

Wakefield,  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  Province  Pond 
lies  between  Wakefield  and  Effingham,  and  is  480 
rods  long  and  400  wide.  Pine  River  Pond  is  the 
source  of  the  river  of  that  name,  flowing  N.  W. 
into  Ossipee  Lake.  The  principal  branch  of  the 
Piscataqua  has  its  rise  in  Piscataqua  Lake,  for- 
merly called  East  Pond,  between  Wakefield  and 
Newfield,  Me.  Lovewell's  Pond,  in  the  S.  part  of 
this  town,  is  about  700  rods  long  and  275  wide.  It 
derived  its  name  from  Captain  John  Lovewell,  of 
Dunstable,  who.  on  the  20th  of  February,  1725, 
surprised  and  destroyed  a  party  of  Indians  en- 
camped on  the  side  of  the  pond.  Wakefield  is  a 
pleasant  town  ;  possesses  an  excellent  water  pow- 
er ;  has  a  good  soil  and  some  excellent  forms.  50 
miles  N.  E.  from  Concord,  and  about  10  S.  E. 
from  Ossipee.  A  railroad  from  Great  Falls  to 
Con  way  is  to  pass  through  this  town. 

Wakesha  County,  Wn.  In  the  S.  E.  angle  of 
the  state. 

Walden,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  This  is  an  elevated 
town,  between  the  head  waters  of  Winooski  and 
Lamoille  Rivers.  Cole's  Pond,  lying  in  the  town, 
produces  a  small  stream  called  Joe's  Brook.  The 
surface  is  generally  rough,  but  the  soil  in  some 
parts  of  the  town  produces  good  crops.  Nathaniel 
Perkins,  Esq.,  mover  nis  family  into  this  town- 
ship in  January,  1789,  and  his  was  for  three 
years  the  only  family  in  Walden.  10  miles 
N.  W.  from  Danville,  and  25  N.  E.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Waldo  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Belfast.     Southern 


central.  Bounded  E.  by  Penobscot  River  and 
Bay.  Undulating  and  fertile,  with  good  facilities 
for  both  navigation  and  agriculture. 

Waldo,  Me.,  Waldo  co.  Its  surface  is  pleasant, 
and  its  soil  fertile :  it  abounds  with  mill  sites.  44 
miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  7  W.  N.  W. 
from  Belfast. 

Waldoboro1,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  A  port  of  entry, 
on  both  sides  of  Muscongus  River.  The  tonnage 
of  the  district,  which  includes  several  neighboring 
towns,  exceeds  100,000  tons.  The  soil  is  good, 
and  there  is  a  large  water  power  in  the  vicinity. 
37  miles  S.  E.  from  Augusta. 

Wales,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  There  is  a  beautiful 
pond  lying  partly  in  Wales  and  partly  in  Lisbon  ; 
its  outlet  meets  the  Androscoggin  a  few  miles 
abote  Topsham.  Wales  is  an  agricultural  town 
of  good  soil  and  even  surface.  20  miles  S.  W. 
from  Augusta,  and  26  N.  W.  from  Wiscasset. 
Incorporated  1816. 

Wales,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.,  was  formerly  a  part 
of  Brimfield,  and  called  South  Brimfield.  This 
is  a  mountainous  township,  but  there  is  much 
good  land  in  the  valleys,  and  most  of  the  high 
lands  afford  excellent  grazing.  Near  the  village 
in  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  beautiful  pond,  the 
outlet  of  which  is  the  rise  of  the  Wales  Branch 
of  Quinebaug  River.  This  stream  affords  the 
town  a  good  water  power.  From  the  top  of 
Hitchcock's  Hill,  in  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the 
town,  1190  feet  above  the  sea,  is  a  splendid 
prospect.  Wales  was  named  for  James  Wales, 
Esq.,  one  of  the  principal  men  in  the  town, 
at  its  incorporation,  in  1828.  9  miles  S.  E.  from 
the  depot  of  the  Western  Railroad  at  Palmer, 
from  which  to  Boston  is  83  miles. 

Wales,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  Watered  by  Seneca 
Creek.  Has  an  undulating  surface,  and  good 
soil.  18  miles  S.  E.  from  Buffalo,  and  268  W. 
from  Albany. 

Walker  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Jasper.  Has  Frank- 
lin, Lawrence,  and  Morgan  on  the  N.,  Blount  E., 
Jefferson  and  Tuscaloosa  S.,  and  Marion  and 
Fayette  W.  The  higher  branches  of  Tuscaloosa 
River  drain  the  county. 

Walker  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  La  Fayette.  In 
the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  state.  Includes  the 
height  of  land  between  the  waters  of  the  Ten- 
nessee and  those  of  the  Coosa.  Rough  and  hilly, 
with  fertile  valleys. 

Walker,  Pa.,  Huntingdon  co.  The  Raystown 
branch  of  the  Juniata  River  bounds  this  town 
on  the  E.  and  S.  Its  surface  is  hilly  5  soil  good 
calcareous  loam  in  the  valleys. 

Walker  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Huntsville.  East- 
ern central.  On  the  W.  side  of  Trinity. 

Wallingford,  Ct,  New  Haven  co.  Its  length 
from  E.  to  W.  is  nearly  7  miles,  and  its  breadth 
about  6.  The  prevailing  surface  is  pleasantly 
diversified  with  moderate  hills  and  dales  ;  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  township  is  mountain- 
ous. The  soil  is  generally  excellent,  excepting 
a  tract  called  Wallingford  Plain,  consisting  of 
coarse  sand,  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Quinnipiac.  The  town  is  watered  by  the  Quin- 
nipiac,  a  valuable  mill  stream,  which  passes 
through  the  extent  of  the  town.  Yaleville  is  a 
little  manufacturing  village  in  the  northern  sec- 
tion of  the  town.  The  principal  village  of  Wal- 
lingford is  beautifully  situated  on  a  fine  elevation 
upwards  of  a  mile  E.  of  the  river,  on  two  parallel 
streets  extending  along  the  ridge  of  the  hill. 
Wallingford  originally  belonged  to  New  Ha- 


608 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


ren,  and  was  called  New  Haven  village.  13 
miles  N.  from  New  Haven. 

Wallinaford,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  This  town  is 
watered  by  Otter  Creek,  Mill  River,  and  by  3 
ponds,  one  of  which,  Hiram's  Pond,  covering  an 
area  of  350  acres,  lies  on  very  elevated  ground, 
and  is  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  Otter 
Creek.  These  mountain  ponds  are  very  hand- 
some, and  contain  fish.  The  soil  is  generally 
good  ;  that  on  the  banks  of  Otter  Creek  is  very 
fertile  and  productive.  A  range  of  primitive 
limestone  passes  through  the  western  part  of  the 
town,  in  which  have  been  opened  several  quarries 
of  excellent  marble.  Green  Hill,  situated  near 
the  centre,  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  quartz. 
A  part  of  White  Rocks,  belonging  to  Green 
Mountain  range,  appears  to  be  granite,  the*  rest 
quartz.  At  the  foot  of  White  Rooks  are  large 
cavities,  formed  by  the  fallen  rocks,  called  the 
icebeds,  in  which  ice  is  found  in  abundance 
through  the  summer  season.  The  village  of 
Wallingford  is  pleasantly  located  on  the  banks  of 
Otter  Creek,  near  one  of  the  ponds.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  in  1773,  by  Abraham  Jack- 
son and  family.  10  miles  S.by  E.  from  Rutland, 
and  42  N.  N.  E.  from  Bennington.  The  railroad 
between  Boston  and  Rutland  passes  through  the 
town. 

Wallkill,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  The  Wallkill  and 
Shawangunk  Creek  water  this  town.  Surface 
undulating  and  hilly ;  soil  well  adapted  to  graz- 
ing. 22  miles  W.  from  Newburg,  and  105  S. 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Walpole,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  Walpole  was  a  part 
of  Dedham  until  1724.  The  surface  presents  a 
pleasing  variety  of  hill  and  valley,  and  its  soil 
generally  is  of  a  good  quality.  Three  beautiful 
tributaries  to  the  Neponset  meet  in  this  town. 
These  streams  afford  the  town  a  good  water 
power.  This  is  a  nourishing  town  with  a  num- 
ber of  pleasant  villages  within  its  borders.  The 
S.  village  lies  3  miles  from  the  E.  village.  The 
E.  village  lies  9  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Dedham, 
and  19  S.  S.  W.  from  Boston. 

Walpole,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  This  town  is 
beautifully  diversified  by  hills  and  vales.  The 
soil  is  similar  to  that  of  other  towns  on  Connecti- 
cut River.  The  intervales  afford  excellent  till- 
age; the  uplands  are  inferior  to  none  in  the 
state.  Cold  River  passes  through  the  N.  part, 
and  forms  a  junction  with  the  Connecticut.  Thei-e 
is  a  lofty  hill,  called  Fall  Mountain,  a  part  of  the 
range  of  Mount  Toby,  the  highest  parts  of 
which  are  about  780  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
river.  The  village  of  Walpole  is  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill,  on  a  plain.  Drewsville,  in  this 
town,  is  a  pleasant  village,  romantically  situated 
near  the  falls.  Bellows  Falls,  on  Connecticut 
River,  separate  this  town  from  Rockingham,  Vt. 
At, the  bridge,  which  crosses  the  river  at  this 
place,  first  built  in  1785,  and  365  feet  in  length,  is 
a  most  interesting  and  sublime  view.  The  river 
here  is  compressed  into  a  narrow  strait,  between 
steep  rocks,  and,  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile, 
is  hurried  on  with  great  rapidity  and  loud  roaring. 
In  no  place  is  the  fall  perpendicular,  to  any  con- 
siderable extent ;  but  in  the  distance  of  half  a 
mile,  the  waters  descend  42  feet.  A  canal,  with 
9  locks,  passes  round  these  falls,  on  the  W.  side. 
First  settler,  Colonel  Benjamin  Bellows,  in  1749. 
From  Concord  60  miles  S.  W.  by  W.,  and  22  N. 
W.  from  Keene  by  railroad  from  Boston. 

Walterboro\  S.  C.,Colleton  district.  On  a  branch 


of  Ashepoo  River.  This  village  is  situated  46 
miles  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Charleston,  and  by 
post  road  178  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Columbia. 

Waltham,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.,  was  the  W.  par- 
ish of  Watertown,  until  its  incorporation,  in  1738. 
The  surface  is  moderately  level,  with  some  eleva- 
tions. Prospect  Hill,  482  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  presents  a  delightful  view  of  Boston,  its 
harbor,  and  the  adjacent  country.  A  part  of 
Fresh  Pond  lies  within  the  limits  of  this  town. 
The  soil  is  generally  not  very  fertile.  Waltham 
Plain  is  a  beautifuf  tract  of  land,  under  a  high 
state  of  cultivation.  On  the  road  over  this  plain 
is  a  continuous  village.  Charles  River  passes 
through  the  town.  Beaver  and  Mead's  Ponds  are 
handsome  sheets  of  water,  well  stored  with  fish. 
The  former  produces  a  mill  stream,  which  passes 
to  Sudbury  River.  The  Fitchburg  Railroad 
passes  through  Waltham.  9  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
Boston,  and  11  E.  S.  E.  from  Concord. 

Waltham,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Buck  Mountain 
lies  near  the  centre  of  Waltham,  and  is  the  high- 
est land  in  the  county  west  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tains. Waltham  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Otter 
Creek.  At  this  place  the  creek  is  sluggish,  and 
affords  no  mill  privileges.  The  soil  is  generally 
good  ;  that  along  the  stream  is  excellent.  The 
settlement  of  Waltham  was  commenced  just  be- 
fore the  revolutionary  war,  by  a  family  of  Gris- 
wolds  and  others,  from  Connecticut.  9  miles  N. 
W.  from  Middlebury,  and  40  S.  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Walton  County,  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Euchee  Anna. 
Bounded  N.  by  Alabama,  E.  by  the  Choctaw- 
hatchee  River,  separating  it  from  Jackson  and 
Washington  counties,  S.  by  Choctawhatchee  Bay, 
and  W.  by  Santa  Rosa  co.  Drained  by  Yellow 
Water  and  Shoal  Rivers  and  branches,  and  White 
and  Alequa  Creeks.  Soil  fertile  in  the  N.  por- 
tions. 

Walton  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Monroe.  Gwinnett 
bounds  this  county  on  the  W.,  Hall  N.  W.,  New- 
ton S.  W.,  Oconee  River,  or  Jackson  and  Clark, 
N.  E.,  and  Morgan  and  Jasper  S.  E.  It  is  drained 
by  the  sources  of  Oconee  and  Ockmulgee  Rivers. 

Walton,  N.  Y.,  Delaware  co.  The  W.  branch 
of  the  Delaware  River  and  some  of  its  tributaries 
flow  through  this  town.  Surface  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous; soil  well  suited  to  grazing.  13  miles 
S.  W.  from  Delhi,  and  94  from  Albany. 

Walworth,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by  sev- 
eral small  streams  flowing  N.  into  Lake  Ontario. 
Surface  rolling;  soil  fertile  gravelly  loam.  18 
miles  N.  W.  from  Lyons,  and  199  N.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Walworth  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Elkhorn.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Jefferson  and  Waukesha  counties,  E.  by 
Racine  'co.,  S.  by  Illinois,  and  W.  by  Rock  co. 
Watered  by  Turtle  River  and  its  branches,  by 
branches  of  Fox  River,  and  by  Geneva  Lake, 
which  lies  in  its  S.  part.  The  surface  is  level,  and 
the  soil  very  rich. 

Wanahta  County,  Ma.  On  the  uppermost  wa- 
ters of  the  Mississippi. 

Wantage,  N.  J.,  Sussex  co.  Situated  on  the 
N.  border  of  the  state,  and  drained  by  Deep 
Clove  River  and  Papakating  Creek,  head  branch- 
es of  the  Wallkill  River.  Surface  undulating  on 
the  E.,  but  hilly  and  mountainous  on  the  W. 

Wapankonetta,  O.,  c.  h.  Auglaise  co. 

Wapello  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Ottumwa.  S.  E. 
part.  The  Des  Moinea  passes  through  it  from  N 
W.  to  S.  E. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


609 


Wapello,  Io.,  c.  h.  Louisa  co.,  received  its  name 
from  a  chief  of  the  Fox  Indians,  who  resided 
here  until  1836.  It  is  regularly  laid  out  with 
*  streets  and  squares,  and  is  neatly  built. 

Wardsboro1,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  and  in  some  parts  rocky,  and  the  soil  is  hard. 
Wardsboro'  is  watered  by  West  River,  and  con- 
tains a  number  of  minerals.  There  are  some 
mills  in  the  town,  but  the  water  power  is  not  ex- 
tensive. The  settlement  was  commenced  June, 
1780,  by  people  from  Milford  and  Sturbridge,  Ms. 
15  miles  N.  W.  from  Brattleboro',  and  20  N.  E. 
from  Bennington. 

Ware  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Waresboro'.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Telfair  and  Appling,  and  E.  by  Wayne 
and  Camden  counties,  S.  by  Florida,  and  W."  by 
Lowndes  and  Irwin  counties.  Drained  by  San- 
tilla  River  and  branches,  and  by  the  head  branches 
of  Suwannee  and  St.  Mary's  Rivers.  This  county 
contains  the  greater  part 'of  Okefinokce  Swamp, 
a  tract  of  land  about  280  miles  in  circumference, 
which  in  wet  seasons  is  entirely  submerged,  with 
the  exception  of  a  number  of  islands.  The  land 
in  the  remainder  of  the  county  is  fertile,  but,  lying 
low,  is  liable  to  inundation. 

Ware,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  Ware  was  former- 
ly connected  with  Brookfield  and  Palmer,  and 
was  called  Ware  River  Parish.  Ware  possesses 
a  most  extensive  and  valuable  water  power,  by 
Ware  and  Swift  Rivers,  and  Beaver  branch,  all 
branches  of  the  Chicopee.  Ware  contains  a 
beautiful  village,  surrounded  by  high  lands  and 
picturesque  scenery.  5  miles  N.  W.  from  the 
Warren  depot  on  the  Western  Railroad,  which  is 
73  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Boston. 

Wareham,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.  This  town  for- 
merly comprised  the  E.  end  of  Rochester,  and  a 
plantation  belonging  to  Plymouth.  The  Indians 
called  this  place  Wanayantat.  The  town  was 
first  settled  about  the  year  1682.  It  lies  at  the 
head  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  is  watered  by  the 
Weweantic,  Wankinco,  and  Agawam  Rivers, 
which  severally  fall  about  50  feet,  thereby  pro- 
ducing a  great  and  valuable  water  power.  Ware- 
ham  presents  a  rare  instance  of  the  union  of 
hydraulic  and  navigable  privileges.  This  town 
is  largely  engaged  in  the  iron  manufacture, 
crossed  by  nine  mill  dams  for  the  purpose  of  car- 
rying several  rolling  and  puddling  mills,  and  ex- 
tensive nail  and  hoop  factories.  There  are  also 
a  number  of  furnaces  for  castings,  manufactures 
of  salt,  and  other  establishments.  The  harbor 
of  Wareham  is  good,  and  safe  for  vessels  drawing 
12  feet  of  water.  The  soil  is  generally  light  and 
sandy,  but  there  is  much  good  salt  marsh.  There 
is  a  good  deal  of  oak  and  pitch  pine  timber  in  the 
town.  There  are  a  number  of  expensive  bridges 
across  the  streams,  and  6  villages,  called  the 
Narrows,  Centre,  Agawam,  Tihonet,  Washington, 
and  Poles.  The  rivers  and  ponds  of  Wareham 
abound  with  a  great  variety  of  fish,  the  shores 
with  oysters,  lobsters,  &c..  while  the  deer  and  fox 
gambol  in  the  forests.  52  miles  S.  S.  E.  from 
Boston,  and  15  S.  from  Plymouth. 

Waresboro\  Ga.,  c.  h.  Ware  co.  A  little  S. 
from  Santilla  River.  75  miles  N.  W.  from  St. 
Mary's,  and  212  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Milledge- 
ville. 

Warner,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  This  town  is  15 
miles  from  Concord.  It  is  watered  by  Warner 
River,  a  handsome  stream  which  rises  in  the  Sun- 
apee  Mountain  in  Newbury.  The  lands,  though 
broken,  have  in  general  a  good  soil.  Miuk  Hills 


lie  in  the  W.  part,  and  furnish  fine  orchards  and 
good  pasturage.  There  are  4  ponds,  viz.,  Tom, 
Bear,  Bagley,  and  Pleasant  Ponds.  This  town 
was  granted  in  1735,  by  the  General  Court  of 
Massachusetts,  to  Deacon  Thomas  Stevens  and 
others.  It  was  incorporated  in  1774. 

Warren,  As.,  c.  h.  Bradley  co. 

Warren,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  Warren  was  taken 
from  Kent  in  1786.  The  town  is  watered  by 
Shepaug  River,  a  branch  of  the  Housatonic,  and 
by  a  large  and  handsome  pond,  called  Raumaug. 
Warren  is  hilly  and  rocky,  and  in  some  parts 
mountainous.  38  miles  W.  from  Hartford. 

Warren  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Warren  ton.  Wilkes 
is  on  the  N.,  Columbia  N.  E.  and  E.,  Jefferson 
S.  E.,  and  Great  Ogeechee  River,  or  Washington, 
and  Hancock  S.  W. 

Warren  County,  Is.,  c. h. at  Monmouth.  Formed 
in  1825,  and  incorporated  in  1830.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Mercer  co.,  E.  by  Knox  and  Fulton,  S.  by 
McDonough,  and  W.  by  Henderson  co.  Drained 
by  Henderson  River  and  its  branches,  and  by 
Ellison,  Camp,  and  Honey  Creeks.  Surface  level, 
and  in  the  W.  part  liable  to  inundation ;  soil  very 
fertile. 

Warren  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Williamsport.  In- 
corporated in  1828.  Bounded  N.  by  Benton  co., 
E.  by  Tippecanoe,  S.  E,  by  the  Wabash  River, 
separating  it  from  Fountain  co.,  S.  by  Vermilion 
co.,  and  W.  by  Illinois. 

Warren  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Indianola.  S.  cen- 
tral. Watered  by  South  River  and  other  south- 
ern tributaries  of  the  Des  Moines. 

Warren  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Bowling  Green. 
This  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Grayson  and  Hart, 
E.  by  Barren  or  Green  River,  N.  W.  by  Butler, 
S.  W.  by  Logan,  S.  by  Simpson,  and  S.  E.  by 
Allen.  It  is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  sec- 
tions, by  Big  Barren  River. 

Warren,  Me.  One  of  shire  towns  of  Lincoln 
co.  This  town  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  St. 
George  River,  at  the  head  of  the  tide  waters,  and 
is  bounded  N.  by  Union,  S.  by  Camden  and 
Thomaston,  E.  by  Gushing,  and  W.  by  Waldo- 
boro'.  34  miles  S".  E.  from  Augusta. 

The  location  of  this  town  is  very  favorable  for 
manufactures  and  navigation.  The  lumber  busi- 
ness is  not  so  large  as  formerly,  yet.  considerable 
quantities  are  now  sawed  and  shipped.  Ship 
building  is  an  important  branch  of  business,  and 
the  manufacture  of  lime  from  a  superior  quality 
of  limestone,  with  which  this  section  of  country 
abounds,  is  carried  on  extensively,  and  is  annu- 
ally increasing.  The  village  is  well  located  and 
pleasant. 

Warren,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  Warren  was  for- 
merly attached  to  Brookfield,  Brimfield,  and 
Palmer,  until  its  incorporation  by  the  name  of 
Western,  in  1742.  In  1834,  it  took  its  present 
name,  in  honor  of  the  memory  of  the  patriot 
Warren,  who  fell  at  Bunker  Hill.  The  land, 
though  rather  rough,  is  productive.  The  River 
Quaboag  passes  through  the  town.  Coy's  Hill, 
in  the  N.  part,  affords  abundance  of  granite.  At 
the  foot  of  the  hill  iron  ore  has  been  found,  and 
a  mineral  spring  been  discovered.  Warren  has  a 
fine  water  power.  The  Quaboag  Seminary  is  in 
this  town.  The  Western  Railroad  passes  through 
Warren,  and  the  depot  is  73  miles  W.  by  S.  from 
Boston,  and  25  E.  N.  E.  from  Springfield. 

Warren  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Vicksburg.  Bound  - 
ed  N.  E.  by  Yazoo  co.,  E.  and  S.  by  the  Big  Black 
River,  separating  it  from  Hinds  and  Claiborne 


610 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c., 


counties,  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  separating 
it  from  Louisiana,  and  N.  W.  by  Yazoo  River, 
separating  it  from  Issaquena  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  the  Big  Black  River.  Surface  rough 
and  hilly  on  the  E.,  and  liable  to  inundation  in  the 
W.  portions;  soil  fertile.  The  Vicksburg  and 
Brandon  Railroad  traverses  this  county. 

Warren  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Warrenton.  E. 
part,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Missouri. 

Warren,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  This  town  is 
watered  by  the  N.  branch  of  Baker's  River,  which, 
near  the  S.  line,  furnishes  valuable  mill  sites. 
The  S.  E.  part  presents  a  mountainous  aspect, 
having  a  large  portion  of  Carr's  Mountain  on  its 
south-eastern  border.  Copper  ore  is  found  here. 
Warren  was  granted  by  charter,  July  14,  1763. 
From  Haverhill,  14  miles  S.  E.,  and  65  N.  by 
W.  from  Concord. 

Warren  County,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  at  Belvidere.  In- 
corporated in  1824.  Bounded  N.  by  Sussex  co., 
E.  by  Morris,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Hunterdon  co.,  and 
W.  by  the  Delaware  River,  separating  it  from 
Pennsylvania.  Drained  by  Pequest,  Paulinskill, 
and  Powhatcong  Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
having  Musconetcong  or  Schooley's  Mountain  on 
the  S.  E.  border. 

Warren  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Caldwell.  Formed 
from  Washington  co.  in  1813.  It  is  bound- 
ed N.  by  Essex  co.,  E.  by  Washington  and  Lake 
George,  S.  by  Saratoga,  and  W.  by  Hamilton  co. 
Watered  by  the  Main  and  Schroon  branches  of 
the  Hudson,  which  here  unite,  and  by  Lake  George 
or  Horicon,  and  several  smaller  lakes.  Surface 
high,  hilly,  and  broken,  the  Palmertown  Moun- 
tains covering  the  E.,  the  Kayaderosseras  the 
central,  and  the  Adirondack  the  W.  portions. 
Great  quantities  of  magnetic,  oxide,  and  hematite 
iron  ores  are  found  in  this  county,  besides  marl, 
graphite,  and  other  minerals. 

Warren,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  Watered  by 
Nowadaga  Creek,  and  some  streams  flowing  into 
Canaseraga  and  Otsego  Lakes.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  the  uplands  being  well  adapted  to  grazing, 
and  the  valleys  to  the  growth  of  grain.  12  miles 
S.  from  Herkimer,  and  68  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Warren  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Warrenton. 
Mecklenburg  and  Brunswick  counties,  Va.,  are 
on  the  N.,  Northampton  and  Fairfax  counties,  N. 
C.,  E.,  Franklin  S.,  and  Granville  W.  Through 
the  N.  E.  angle  of  the  county  crosses  Roanoke 
River,  and  it  is  drained  by  several  creeks,  which 
flow  into  that  stream,  and  by  Fishing  Creek,  a 
branch  of  Tar  River. 

Warren  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Lebanon.  Green 
and  Montgomery  counties  are  on  the  N.,  Clinton 
on  the  E.,  Clermont  and  Hamilton  on  the  S.,  and 
Butler  on  the  W.  This  county  was  settled  in 
the  early  part  of  the  year  1796 ;  the  land  is  of  a 
fine  quality,  and  is  well  watered  by  the  Great 
and  Little  Miami  Rivers,  and  several  smaller 
streams. 

Warren,  0.,  c.  h.  Trumbull  co. 

Warren,  0.,  Belmont  co.  The  heads  of  Cap- 
tina  and  Stillwater  Creeks  water  this  township. 
It  is  wealthy  and  agricultural,  with  rolling  land, 
excellent  for  grain  and  tobacco.  Within  two  or 
three  miles  of  this  place  is  a  remarkable  ancient 
fortification.  It  is  a  circular  enclosure,  of  4  or 
5  acres,  surrounded  with  a  wall,  from  3  to  6  feet 
high,  and  in  some  places  15  feet  broad  at  the 
base.  Trees  of  as  large  a  growth  as  any  in  the 
neighboring  forests  grow  on  and  within  the  walls. 

Warren  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Warren.  Chautau- 


que  and  Cattaraugus  counties  are  on  the  Nn 
McKean  E.,  Jefferson  and  Venango  S.,  and 
Crawford  and  Erie  W.  This  county  is  well  wa- 
tered.  The  Alleghany  River  winds  obliquely 
through  it,  and  within  it  receives  the  discharge 
of  Chautauque  Lake,  or  Connewango  Creek,  Bro- 
ken Straw  Creek,  and  several  other  large  creeks. 
The  surface  is  hilly,  much  of  the  soil  good,  and 
some  highly  fertile. 

Warren,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Warren  co.,  occupies  an  ele- 
vated position  on  the  N.  bank  of  Alleghany 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  Connewango  Creek. 

Warren,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  Wepasening  Creek 
and  its  branches  water  this  town,  the  surface  of 
which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  gravelly  loam.  17 
miles  N.  E.  from  Towanda. 

Warren,  R.  L,  Bristol  co.  This  small  town, 
comprising  an  area  of  only  about  2600  acres,  is 
situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Narraganset  Bay.  It 
is  11  miles  S.  E.  from  Providence,  and  19  N.  by 
E.  from  Newport.  Incorporated  1746.  The  sur- 
face of  Warren  is  undulating,  with  a  soil  of 
rich  mould,  very  fertile  and  productive.  War- 
ren has  a  safe  and  commodious  harbor  for  ves- 
sels of  300  tons'  burden.  Ship  building  has  been, 
pursued  here  to  a  great  extent.  The  village  is 
delightfully  situated  on  a  rise  of  ground  front-, 
ing  the  harbor. 

Warren  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  McMinville. 
Franklin  bounds  this  county  on  the  S.,  Ruther- 
ford W.,  Wilson  and  Smith  N.  W.,  Caney  Fork 
River,  or  White,  N.  E.,  and  Bledsoe  S.  E.*  It  is 
drained  mostly  by  the  Creeks  of  Caney  Fork 
River. 

Warren,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  Warren  is  wa- 
tered by  Mad  River,  and,  although  between  the 
two  Green  Mountain  ranges,  the  surface  is  not 
much  broken.  The  settlement  was  commenced 
about  the  year  1797.  23  miles  S.  W.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Warren  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Front  Royal. 
Bounded  N.  by  Frederick  and  Clarke  counties,  E. 
by  Fauquier  and  Rappahannock,  S.  by  Page, 
and  W.  by  Shenandoah  co.  Drained  by  the 
Shenandoah  River. 

Warrenton.  Aa.,  c.  h.  Marshall  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  a  branch  of  Tennessee  River.  135  miles 
N.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Warrensburg,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Johnson  co.  On 
Blackwater  River,  above  Post  Oak  Fork,  and  98 
miles  W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

Wari-ensburg,  N.  Y.,  Warren  co.  Bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  Schroon  branch,  and  W.  by  the 
main  stream  of  the  Hudson,  the  two  uniting  on 
the  S.  boundary  of  the  town.  Surface  hilly  and 
mountainous ;  soil  fertile  in  the  valley  of  the 
Hudson.  6  miles  N.  W.  from  Caldwell,  and  68 
N.  from  Albany. 

Warrenton,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Warren  co.  44  miles  E. 
N.  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Warrenton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Warren  co.  At  the 
head  of  Fishing  Creek.  62  miles  N.  N.  E.  from 
Raleigh. 

Warrenton,  Va.,  c.  h.  Fauquier  co.  102  miles 
N.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Warsaw,  Is.,  Hancock  co.  On  the  E.  side  of 
Mississippi  River,  at  the  foot  of  Des  Moines 
Rapids,  and  114  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Spring- 
field. 

Warsaw,  la.,  c.  h.  Kosciusco  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Tippecanoe  River.  126  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Warsaiv,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Gallatin  co.    In  the  north- 


IN  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


611 


(eastern  part  of  the  county.  45  miles  from 
Frankfort. 

Warsaw,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Benton  co.  On  the  N.  side 
of  Osage  River.  80  miles  S.  W.  by  W.  from 
Jefferson  City. 

Warsaw,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Wyoming  co.  Watered 
by  Allen's  Creek,  which  flows  through  a  broad 
and  fertile  valley.  Surface  hilly  in  some  parts, 
and  soil  remarkably  fertile,  yielding  large  crops 
of  grass  and  grain.  248  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Warsaio,  Pa.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by  a 
branch  of  Bank  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Alle- 
ghany.  168  miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Warwick  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Booneville.  Big 
and  Little  Pigeon  and  some  other  creeks  drain 
this  county.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Pike  and  Du- 
bois,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  Spencer,  W.  by  Vanderburg 
and  Posey,  and  S.  by  the  Ohio  River. 

Warwick,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  The  territory  of 
this  town  was  granted,  in  1736,  to  the  descend- 
ants of  39  soldiers,  who  went  from  Roxbury  and 
Brookline,  in  an  expedition  to  Canada,  in  1690; 
all  of  whom  perished,  save  one  by  the  name  of 
Newell.  The  tract  was  called  Roxbury  Canada 
until  its  incorporation  by  its  present  name  in 
1763.  It  was  first  settled  about  1744,  and  its  In- 
dian name  was  Shaomet.  This  town  is  elevated, 
and  contains  Mount  Grace.  The  soil  is  strong. 
warm,  and  produces  excellent  pasturage.  There 
are  no  considerable  streams  in  the  town.  Morse 
Pond,  a  pleasant  sheet  of  water,  furnishes  an 
abundance  of  fine  trout,  pickerel,  and  perch. 
There  is  a  pleasant  village  in  the  centre  of  the 
town,  which  lies  16  miles  N.  E.  from  Greenfield, 
and  75  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston. 

Warwick,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.  Watered  by  the 
Wallkill  and  some  branches  of  the  Passaic  River. 
Contains  on  the  W.  a  portion  of  the  "  Drowned 
Lands."  Surface  uneven  and  mountainous  ;  soil 
diversified,  but  mostly  good.  24  miles  S.  W. 
from  Newburg,  and  116  S.  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Warwick,  R.  I.,  Kent  co.  This  important  town, 
the  Indian  Shawomet,  is  situated  on  the  W.  side 
of  Narraganset  Bay,  5  miles  S.  from  Providence. 
The  surface  of  the  town,  along  the  bay,  is  gener- 
ally level,  but  the  westerly  part  is  hilly,  so  much 
so,  that  from  some  of  the  elevations  a  large  part 
of  the  state  may  be  seen  in  a  clear  day.  The 
prevailing  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  strong,  and 
productive  of  grain,  grass,  fruits,  and  vegetables. 
The  town  is  well  supplied  with  a  great  variety  of 
fish,  and  forests  of  walnut,  oak,  and  chestnut. 
Pawtuxet  River  washes  the  northern  part  of 
the  town,  and  meets  the  waters  of  the  Narragan- 
set at  this  place,  separating  Warwick  from  Crans- 
ton. An  arm  of  the  bay  extends  westward,  giving 
to  Warwick  and  East  Greenwich  a  number  of 
excellent  harbors.  Vessels  of  50  tons'  burden 
pass  to  the  flourishing  village  of  Apponaug, 
between  4  and  5  miles  from  the  bay.  This  vil- 
lage is  pleasantly  located,  10  miles  S.  from  Prov- 
idence, and  is  the  site  of  considerable  enterprise 
in  ship  building,  the  fishery,  and  the  coasting  trade. 

Pawtuxet  village  is  at  the  mouth  of  Pawtuxet 
River,  a  port  of  entry,  and  lies  partly  in  Warwick 
and  partly  in  Cranston.  This  beautiful  village, 
5  miles  S.  from  Providence,  is  celebrated  for  its 
great  hydraulic  power  on  navigable  waters.  War- 
wick is  eminently  distinguished  as  a  manufactur- 
ing town. 

"  Within  a  mile  from  the  village  of  Apponaug 
may  be  seen  a  huge  rock,  so  completely  balanced 
upon  another,  and  its  equilibrium  so  exact,  that  a 


boy  14  years  of  age  may  set  it  in  such  motion 
that  the  contact  or  collision  caused  thereby  pro- 
duces a  sound  somewhat  like  that  of  a  drum,  but 
more  sonorous,  which,  in  a  still  evening,  may  be 
heard  a  distance  of  6  or  8  miles.  Hence,  from 
time  immemorial,  it  has  gone  by  the  name  of  the 
Drum  Rock.  From  the  ponderous  weight  of  that 
part  which  is  thus  nicely  balanced,  it  is  generally 
believed  that  no  other  "than  the  hand  of  nature 
ever  could  have  done  it.  Yet  some  are  inclined 
to  believe  that  it  was  thus  placed  by  the  herculean 
labor  of  some  tribe  of  the  natives.  There  re-? 
mains  no  doubt  but  that  this  was  a  place  of  their 
resort  or  encampment,  and  that  the  Drum  Rock 
served  them  either  to  give  an  alarm  in  case  of 
danger,  or  to  call  the  tribe  together  from  their 
daily  avocations.  This  rock  is  considered  as  a 
great  curiosity,  excites  much  attention,  and  con- 
sequently is  at  the  present  day  a  place  of  much 
resort,  particularly  in  the  pleasant  season  of  the 
year." 

Warwick  County,  Va.,  c,  h.  at  Warwick.  It  is 
bounded  N.  W.  by  James  co.,  N.  E.  by  York,  S.  E. 
by  Elizabeth  co.,  and  S.  W.  by  James  River. 

Warwick,  Va.,  c.  h.  Warwick  co.  79  miles 
E.  S.  E.  from  Richmond. 

Washington  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Old  Washing- 
ton. Mississippi  is  on  the  W.  of  this  county.  Choc- 
taw  co.  N.,  Tombigbee  River  E.,  and  Mobile  co., 
S.  It  has  a  moderately  hilly  surface,  and  soil, 
except  in  a  few  places  near  the  streams,  sterile, 
and  covered  generally  with  pine.  Drained  by 
branches  of  the  Toriibigbee  River. 

Washington,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Autauga  co.  At  the 
mouth  of  Autauga  Creek,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Alabama  River.  23  miles  above  Cahaba. 

Washington  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Fayetteville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Benton  co.,  E.  by  Madison,  S.  by 
Franklin  and  Crawford  counties,  and  W.  by 
Indian  territory.  Drained  by  a  head  branch  of 
White  River.  Surface  hilly  and  broken. 

Washington,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  Judea,  the  first 
society  in  this  town,  was  a  part  of  Woodbury 
until  1741.  It  was  first  settled  in  1734.  It  was 
incorporated  as  a  town  in  1779.  40  miles  S.  W. 
from  Hartford,  and  10  S.  W.  from  Litchfield. 

"A  large  part  or  this  town  is  elevated  and 
mountainous.  Limestone  abounds  in  many  of 
the  valleys.  Several  quarries  of  marble  have 
been  worked,  from  which  considerable  quantities 
have  been  raised.  Iron  ore  has  been  found  in 
various  places.  Ochre,  fuller's  earth,  and  white 
clay  have  also  been  found.  The  town  is  wa- 
tered by  the  Shepaug  River,  a  branch  of  the 
Housatonic,  which  passes  through  the  whole 
length  of  the  town,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly 
equal  parts.  The  town  is  divided  into  two  so- 
cieties, Judea  and  New  Preston. 

"  There  is  in  Judea,  orWashington,  as  it  is  called, 
about  2  miles  S.  W.  of  the  centre  of  the  town, 
a  place  called  Steep  Rock.  From  the  top  of  this 
eminence,  which  is  easy  of  access,  the  beholder 
has  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  beautiful 
prospects  in  the  state." 

Washington  County,  D.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Washing- 
ton, is  bounded  S.  E  by  Potomac  River,  and  W., 
N.,  and  E.  by  Maryland.  The  soil  is  of  middling 
quality,  and  the  surface  hilly.  It  includes  the 
whole  of  the  district. 

Washington,  D.  C.  The  seat  of  government  of 
the  United  States  is  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of 
the  Potomac,  in  the  angle  between  that  river  and 
the  eastern  branch,  near  the  head  of  navigatior 


612 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


and  distant  from  the  Atlantic,  via  the  river  and 
the  Chesapeake  Bay,  about  290  miles. 

It  was  at  the  suggestion  of  General  Washing- 
ton that  this  particular  site  for  the  federal  city 
was  fixed  upon.  The  ground  on  which  it  stands 
was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the  state  of 
Maryland  on  the  23d  December,  1788.  The  city 
is  laid  out  on  a  magnificent  plan,  including  5000 
acres,  or  over  8  square  miles,  sufficient  to  accom- 
modate a  million  of  inhabitants  or  more.  The 
extent  of  this  plan,  which  has  caused  Washington 
to  be  called  a  city  of"  magnificent  distances,"  gave 
to  the  place  for  a  long  time  a  very  scattered  ap- 
pearance ;  but  the  rapidity  with  which  of  late  years 
the  city  has  been  built  up  seems  to  give  hopes 
that  the  expectations  of  the  original  founders 
may  be  at  least  partially  fulfilled. 

The  ground  on  which  Washington  stands  has 
a  general  elevation  of  about  40  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  river,  with  some  points  still  higher. 
The  streets  run  N.  and  S.,  E.  and  W.,  across 
which,  in  a  diagonal  direction,  run  a  series  of 
broad  avenues,  designed  to  facilitate  communica- 
tion from  one  part  of  the  city  to  another,  five 
of  them  radiating  from  the  Capitol,  and  five 
others  from  the  President's  House.  The  avenues 
and  principal  streets  are  from  130  to  160  feet  wide, 
and  the  points  at  which  they  meet  are  selected 
as  sites  for  public  buildings.  The  avenues  are 
named  from  the  different  states  ;  the  streets,  be- 
ginning at  the  Capitol,  are  designated,  those  N. 
and  S.  of  it  as  A  North  and  A  South,  B  North 
and  B  South,  &c.,  and  those  E.  and  W.  of  it  as  First 
East,  First  West,  Second  East,  Second  West, 
&c.  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  extending  about  a 
mile  from  the  Capitol  to  the  President's  House, 
is  the  most  compactly  built,  and  forms  the  prin- 
cipal thoroughfare. 

The  Capitol,  standing  on  Capitol  Hill,  near 
the  centre  of  the  city  plot,  is  the  most  striking 
building  in  the  city,  and  the  first  object  that  fixes 
attention  on  approaching  it.  Elevated  72  feet 
above  tide  water,  it  commands  an  extensive 
view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country. 

The  building,  independently  of  the  additions 
now  in  progress,  is  of  freestone,  and  occupies  an 
area  of  more  than  an  acre  and  a  half.  It  is  352 
feet  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  with  a  depth  from  E. 
to  W.  of  121  feet.  On  the  E.  front  is  a  splendid 
projecting  portico,  160  feet  wide,  of  22  lofty 
Corinthian  columns,  greatly  admired  for  the 
grandeur  of  its  design  and  the  beauty  of  its 
execution.  It  is  approached  by  a  noble  flight  of 
steps,  and  is  ornamented  by  two  gigantic  marble 
statues  representing  War  and  Peace.  This  east- 
ern front  faces  a  wide  plain  not  yet  much  built 
upon.  On  the  western  front  is  a  projection  83 
feet  in  width,  adorned  by  a  recessed  portico  of  10 
Corinthian  columns.  From  this  front  there  is  a 
rapid  descent  of  some  30  or  40  feet,  to  the  level 
of  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  and  the  building  is  ap- 
proached on  this  side  by  winding  walks  and  sev- 
eral flights  of  steps.  In  the  middle  of  the  build- 
ing, between  these  two  porticoes  and  the  two 
wings  on  either  side,  is  the  Rotunda,  a  grand  cir- 
cular hall  95  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  same  in 
height.  To  the  top  of  the  dome  over  the  Rotunda, 
and  from  which  it  is  lighted,  the  height  of  the 
building  is  120  feet.  The  walls  of  the  Rotunda 
are  adorned  with  magnificent  paintings,  with 
flgures  as  large  as  life.  Four  of  them,  by  Trum- 
bull,  representing  the  signing  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne,  the 


surrender  of  Cornwallis,  and  Washington's  resig- 
nation of  his  commission,  are  particularly  valua- 
ble on  account  of  the  portraits  which  they  con- 
tain. There  are,  besides,  the  Baptism  of  Poca- 
hontas,  by  Chapman,  the  Embarkation  of  the 
Pilgrims,  by  Weir,  and  the  Landing  of  Columbus, 
by  Vanderlyn.  One  panel  is  yet  unfilled.  The 
room  is  also  adorned  with  sculptures  in  alto 
rilievo,  representing  the  rescue  of  Smith  by  the 
interposition  of  Pocahontas,  the  landing  of  the 
Pilgrims,  Penn's  Indian  treaty,  and  Boone  in 
murderous  conflict  with  the  Indians.  The  library 
room,  on  the*W.  of  the  rotunda,  is  92  feet  by  34, 
and  36  feet  high.  A  large  part  of  the  library 
was  recently  destroyed  by  an  accidental  fire,  but 
effectual  steps  have  been  taken  to  replace  it. 
The  wings,  which  are  121  feet  in  depth,  contain, 
the  northern  one,  the  Senate  Chamber,  and  that 
on  the  S.,  the  Chamber  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. The  Senate  Chamber  is  78  feet 
diameter  and  45  high,  and  of  a*  semicircular 
form.  The  vice  president's  chair  has  a  canopy 
of  rich  crimson  drapery,  held  by  the  talons  of  an 
eagle :  above  and  behind  the  chair  is  a  gallery  for 
spectators,  supported  by  Ionic  columns  of  varie- 
gated marble,  and  another  gallery  extends  round 
the  semicircle.  In  the  basement  below  is  the 
room  occupied  by  the  Supreme  Court.  The  Hall 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  in  the  S.  wing, 
is  semicircular  like  the  Senate  Chamber,  but  larg- 
er, being  96  feet  diameter,  and  60  feet  high.  The 
dome  of  this  hall  is  supported  by  24  Corinthian 
columns,  of  the  beautiful  variegated  Potomac  mar- 
ble, highly  polished.  As  in  the  Senate  Chamber, 
the  seats  are  so  arranged  as  to  face  the  speaker, 
whose  chair,  placed  opposite  the  circular  sweep, 
is  considerably  elevated,  and  is  approached  by 
avenues  radiating  from  it  as  a  centre.  The  gal- 
lery above  the  speaker's  chair  is  reserved  for 
ladies;  another,  for  gentlemen,  extends  round 
the  semicircle. 

The  Capitol,  begun  in  1793,  planned  by  Charles 
Bulfinch  of  Boston,  and  continued  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  M.  Latrobe,  was  many  vears  in 
building,  and  has  cost  more  than  $2,00*0,000  in 
the  whole.  It  was  first  occupied  in  1800,  the 
northern  wing  only  being  then  completed,  at  a 
cost  of  $480,000.  In  1814,  after  the  completion 
of  the  southern  wing,  which  cost  $308.000,  but 
before  the  erection  of  the  Rotunda  and  porticoes, 
during  the  British  occupation  of  Washington,  the 
building  was  set  on  fire,  and  the  roofs  and  inte- 
rior were  burned.  The  wings  were  repaired  and 
occupied  in  1819.  The  centre  building  was  com- 
pleted in  1827,  costing  about  a  million.  The 
sandstone  of  which  the  Capitol  is  built  is  very 
perishable,  cracking  off  by  the  effect  of  the  rain 
and  frosts  ;  and  to  save  it  from  rapid  disintegra- 
tion it  is  necessary  to  keep  it  covered  with  a  coat 
of  paint.  Loud  complaints  have  always  been 
made  that  the  Representatives'  Hall,  in  spite  of 
its  splendid  appearance,  is  very  badly  adapted 
for  either  hearing  or  speaking,  and  at  length 
measures  have  been  taken  for  providing  new 
chambers  for  the  Senate  and  House  by  the  erec- 
tion of  two  additional  wings,  which  are  now  in 
progress. 

This  extension  of  the  Capitol  consists  of  two 
wing  buildings  of  marble  placed  at  the  N.  and  S. 
ends  of  the  present  structure,  at  the  distance  of 
44  feet  from  it,  with  connecting  corridors.  Each 
building  is  142  feet  8  inches  front,  from  N.  to  S., 
by  238  feet  10  inches  deep,  from  E.  to  W.,  ex- 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES, 


613 


elusive  of  the  porticoes  and  steps  ;  the  corridors 
consist  of  passages  leading  from  the  centre  build- 
ing to  the  wings,  of  21  feet  4  inches  in  width, 
with  outside  colonnades,  which  make  the  entire 
width  of  each  corridor  56  feet  8  inches. 

The  wing  buildings  have  porticoes  on  the  E. 
front,  extending  the  whole  width,  with  a  flight  of 
steps  to  each,  corresponding  to  the  steps  of  the 
present  Capitol.  Each  of  these  porticoes  has  a 
centre  projection  of  10  feet  4  inches  by  78  feet  in 
width ;  thus  forming  a  double  portico  in  the  centre 
of  the  facade,  similar  in  general  design  to  that  of 
the  present  eastern  portico.  There  is  also  a  por- 
tico on  the  W.  front  of  each  wing,  105  feet  8 
inches  in  width,  projecting  10  feet  6  inches;  and 
on  the  N.  and  S.  fronts,  porticoes  of  the  same  pro- 
jection, each  of  which  is  121  feet  4  inches  in 
width. 

The  whole  extent  of  the  buildings,  from  N.  to 
S.,  when  finished,  will  be  751  feet  4  inches,  and 
the  greatest  width  from  E.  to  W.,  including 
porticoes  and  steps,  324  feet. 

The  ground  actually  covered  by  the  buildings, 
including  the  porticoes  and  steps,  and  exclusive 
of  the  court  yards,  is  153,112  square  feet,  or  652 
square  feet  more  than  three  and  a  half  acres  ;  of 
which  there  is  covered  by  the  present  building 
61,201  square  feet,  and  by  the  new  wings  and 
corridors  91,911. 

The  architecture  of  the  exterior  is  designed  to 
correspond  in  its  principal  features  to  that  of  the 
present  building,  and  the  disposition  of  the  vari- 
ous parts  is  intended  to  present  the  appearance 
of  one  harmonious  structure,  and  to  impart 
dignity  to  the  present  building,  rather  than  to 
interfere  with  its  proportions,  or  detract  from  its 
grandeur  and  beauty. 

The  principal  entrance  to  each  wing  is  on  the 
eastern  front;  the  approach  to  it  is  by  means  of  a 
flight  of  39  steps,  flanked  by  massy  cheek  blocks, 
similar  to  those  of  the  present  building,  with  a 
vaulted  carriage  way  below  to  enter  the  basement. 
The  front  door  opens  into  a  vestibule  of  27  feet  in 
width,  leading  into  a  hall  55  feet  square,  lighted 
from  the  roof,  and  embellished  by  20  marble 
columns,  supporting  an  entablature  and  balus- 
trade ;  this  colonnade  will  support  the  galleries 
for  approaching  the  offices  in  the  second  story. 
These  halls  will  be  enriched  with  marble  antas 
against  the  walls  in  both  stories,  and  lighted  by 
ornamental  stained  glass  skylights,  supported  by 
iron  rafters. 

From  each  hall  a  vaulted  passage,  of  26  feet  10 
inches  in  width,,  leads  into  a  corridor  of  23  feet  6 
inches,  running  across  each  wing  from  N.  to  S., 
and  uniting  it  with  the  centre  building. 

The  Hall  of  Representatives  occupies  the  west- 
ern half  of  the  S.  wing,  and  is  lighted  on  3  sides 
by  50  windows.  Its  dimensions  are  130  feet  from 
N.  to  S.,  and  97  feet  10  inches  from  E.  to  W. 
The  ceiling  is  35  feet  in  height,  deeply  panelled 
and  ornamented  with  brackets,  pendants,  and 
enriched  mouldings  •,  the  panels  will  be  filled  in 
with  ornamental  glass,  through  which  light  will 
be  transmitted  from  skylights  in  the  roof. 

The  floor  of  the  House  is  large  enough  to  ac- 
commodate 400  members  with  separate  desks, 
and  allow  ample  space  for  lobbies  and  seats  for 
distinguished  visitors,  while  at  the  same  time  it 
may  be  conveniently  adapted  to  the  number  of 
representatives  which  at  present  constitute  this 
branch  of  the  legislature. 

The  galleries  for  spectators  extend  around  3 


sides  of  the  hall,  and  are  designed  to  accommo- 
date 1200  persons  ;  they  are  approached  by  2 
spacious  flights  of  marble  stairs. 

The  southern  and  western  porticoes  open  into 
the  hall,  and  will  be  appropriated  exclusively  to 
the  use  of  the  members,  and  such  as  have  the 
privilege  of  the  floor  of  the  House. 

The  Senate  Chamber  is  located  on  the  western 
half  of  the  N.  wing,  and  is  lighted  on  the  N.  and 
W.  by  26  windows.  Its  dimensions  are  70  feet 
6  inches  by  97  feet  10  inches  ;  the  ceiling  is  35 
feet  in  height,  with  sunken  panels  and  ornaments, 
similar  to  those  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
already  described.  There  is  ample  room  in  this 
hall  for  separate  seats  for  100  senators,  allowing 
at  the  same  time  all  the  space  that  will  ever  be 
required  for  lobbies  and  the  accommodation  of 
distinguished  visitors. 

The  galleries,  like  those  of  the  Hall  of  Repre- 
sentatives, occupy  3  sides  of  the  chamber,  and 
contain  accommodations  for  1200  persons  ;  they 
are  approached  by  2  flights  of  marble  stairs,  like 
those  of  the  S.  wing.  The  galleries  of  each  of 
the  halls  have  Jive  spacious  doorways,  which  will 
afford  ingress  and  egress  without  crowding,  or 
causing  inconvenience  to  the  audience  or  disturb- 
ance of  the  members. 

The  Senate  Chamber  and  the  Hall  of  Repre- 
sentatives are  both  designed  with  reference  to  the 
principles  of  acoustics.  The  magnitude  of  these 
rooms,^  especially  the  latter,  and  the  fact  that  they 
are  to  be  constructed  for  speaking  in  from  every 
point,  render  it  necessary  to  avoid  all  forms  that 
would  produce  echoes,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
present  reflecting  surfaces  enough  to  give  power 
to  the  voice  without  resolving  the  sound  with 
greater  intensity  on  one  point  than  on  another. 
To  attain  these  objects,  the  rooms  are  made  rec- 
tangular, and  the  ceilings  comparatively  low 
and  flat. 

The  whole  number  of  rooms  in  both  wings,  ex- 
clusive of  the  legislative  halls,  is  101 ;  all  of 
which  are  vaulted  with  bricks,  and  rendered 
completely  fire-proof.  95  of  these  rooms  are 
lighted  directly  from  the  outside,  by  one  or  more 
windows,  and  the  remaining  6  depend  on  second- 
ary light,  and  are  designed  for  the  storing  of  doc- 
uments, stationery,  &c. 

The  warming  of  the  buildings  will  be  effected 
by  means  of  hot-water  pipes  enclosed  in  chambers 
erected  in  the  cellars,  and  connected  with  boilers 
for  heating  the  waiter ;  the  external  air  will  be 
admitted  into  these  chambers,  where  it  will  be 
warmed  and  conducted  by  flues  to  all  the  halls 
and  rooms  in  the  buildings.  An  artificial  draught 
will  be  created  by  means  of  fans  placed  at  the 
bottom  of  the  air  shafts,  and  worked  by  a  small 
steam  engine  erected  in  the  cellar  of  the  centre 
building,  and  kept  continually  at  work  during 
cold  weather.  By  these  means,  a  constant  breeze 
of  warm  air  will  be  thrown  into  every  room,  by 
which  a  corresponding  volume  of  air  previously 
in  the  room  will  be  displaced  ;  thus  assisting  the 
process  of  ventilation,  and  creating  a  circulation 
of  the  atmosphere  which  could  not  be  attained  by 
any  other  process. 

The  time  required  for  the  completion  of  the 
additions  is  five  years,  and  the  estimated  expense, 
$2,575,000.  The  architect  is  Thomas  U.  Wal- 
ter, Esq. 

The  grounds  about  the  Capitol,  22  acres  in 
extent,  have  been  enclosed,  beautifully  laid  out^ 
and  ornamented  with  walks,  fountains,  trees 


614 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,   &c. 


flowers,  and  shrubbery.  In  the  enclosure  oppo- 
site the  eastern  front  has  been  placed  Greenough's 
colossal  statue  of  Washington,  in  a  sitting  posture, 
twice  as  large  as  life. 

v  The  President's  House,  one  mile  W.  of  the 
Capitol,  is  a  very  beautiful  building,  also  of  free 
stone,  170  feet  long  and  86  feet  deep,  ornamentOl 
on  its  N.  front,  facing  Lafayette  Square,  with  a 
portico  of  4  Ionic  columns.  The  garden  front 
on  the  S.  has  a  circular  colonnade  of  6  Ionic 
columns.  Not  far  from  the  President's  House  are 
the  offices  of  the  executive  departments.  These 
are  plain  edifices  of  brick,  130  feet  long  by  60 
Wide,  except  the  treasury  building,  which  is  of 
freestone,  336  feet  long,  with  a  wing  in  the  rear 
190  feet  deep,  and  with  a  colonnade  in  front  of 
32  massive  pillars.  It  contains  150  apartments. 
The  General  Land  Office  occupies  the  third 
story. 

The  General  Post  Office,  on  E.  Street  West, 
running  from  Seventh  to  Eighth  Streets  N.,  is 
an  extensive  marble  building,  with  two  wings, 
adorned  in  front  and  at  the  ends  with  fluted 
columns. 

The  Patent  Office,  between  Seventh  and  Ninth 
Streets  W.,  and  F  and  G  Streets  N.,  built  of 
freestone  and  marble,  270  feet  long,  and  in  the 
centre  1 70  feet  deep,  is  the  handsomest  of  all  the 
public  offices.  The  portico,  copied  from  the 
Parthenon  at  Athens,  consists  of  16  columns, 
50  feet  high,  in  a  double  row.  This  edifice  is 
partly  occupied  as  a  National  Museum,  and  as  a 
receptacle  for  models  of  new  inventions.  There 
are  two  wings  of  marble  now  in  course  of 
erection. 

The  Smithsonian  Institute,  on  a  19  acre  plot 
of  ground,  granted  by  the  government,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city,  between  Seventh  and 
Twelfth  Streets,  is  built  of  reddish  sandstone,  in 
the  ancient  style  of  Norman  architecture,  and  is 
447  feet  in  length,  with  a  width  where  broadest 
of  132  feet.  It  has  10  towers,  one  of  which  is 
145  feet  high,  and  the  others  100  feet,  and  makes 
an.  imposing  appearance. 

The  central  portion  of  the  building  contains, 
on  the  first  floor,  a  library,  134  feet  by  50,  di- 
rided  into  alcoves,' and  a  hall  for  philsosophical 
apparatus,  65  feet  by  50.  The  second  story  con- 
tains the  Museum,  200  feet  by  50.  This  is  divided 
into  3  aisles,  the  centre  aisle  being  40  feet  in 
height. 

The  E.  wing  contains  a  lecture  room,  capable 
6f  accommodating  1000  persons.  The  eastern 
range  contains  laboratories,  workshops,  rooms 
for  apparatus,  offices,  £e. 

The  western  wing  and  range  contains  two  large 
rooms,  one  of  which  will  be  used  as  a  reading 
room. .  Beneath  are  rooms  for  unpacking  books, 
and  other  purposes  of  the  library. 

The  Smithsonian  Institution  derives  its  name 
and  endowment  from  James  Smithson,  Esq.,  of 
England. 

Mr.  Smithson  was  a  son  of  the  first  Duke  of 
Northumberland.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
Where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  scientific 
attainments.  He  was  an  associate  of  most  of  the 
eminent  men  of  science  of  the  last  generation  in 
England.  He  had  no  fixed  residence,  and  formed 
no  family  ties.  He  died  at  Genoa,  June  27, 
1829. 

From  the  property  which  he  received  by  his 
tiaother,  and  the  ample  annuity  allowed  him  by 
his  father,  his  frugality  enabled  him  to  accumulate 


a  fortune,  which,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  amoum 
ed  to  about  £120,000  sterling. 

By  his  will,  he  directed  that  the  income  of  this 
property  should  be  paid  to  a  nephew  during  his 
life,  and  that  the  property  itself  should  descend 
to  his  children,  if  he  had  any,  absolutely  and 
forever. 

"  In  case  of  the  death  of  my  said  nephew  with- 
out leaving  a  child,  or  children,  or  of  the  death  of 
the  child  or  children  he  may  have  had  under  the 
age  of  21- years,  or  intestate,  I  then  bequeath  the 
whole  of  my  property  to  the  United  /States  of 
America,  to  found  at  Washington,  under  the  name 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  an  establishment  for 
the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men." 

Such  are  the  words  of  the  will,  and  the  only 
words  of  Smithson  which  have  come  to  us  re- 
lating to  this  remarkable  bequest. 

Of  the  reasons  which  led  him  to  make  this 
disposal  of  his  fortune,  we  know  nothing  except 
by  inference.  He  was  never  in  America,  had  no 
friends  or  acquaintances  here,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  had  no  particular  fondness  for  republican 
institutions. 

The  event  having  occurred,  in  which  the  claim 
of  the  United  States  attached,  the  particulars  of 
the  bequest  were  communicated  to  our  govern- 
ment, and  both  Houses  of  Congress  passed  a  bill, 
which  was  approved  the  1st  of  July,  1836,  author 
izing  the  president  to  appoint  an  agent  to  pros- 
ecute, in  the  Court  of  Chancery  of  England,  the 
right  of  the  United  States  to  the  bequest,  and 
pledging  the  faith  of  the  United  States  to  the 
application  of  the  fund  to  the  purposes  designated 
by  the  donor. 

It  was  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  United 
States,  in  sovereigns,  during  the  month  of  Sep- 
tember, 1838. 

The  amount  of  the  fund  at  this  time  was 
$515,169.  It  was  not  till  8  years  after  this  period, 
lOfli  August,  1846,  that  the  act  establishing  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  was  finally  passed. 

This  act  creates  an  establishment,  to  be  called 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  composed  of  the 
president  and  vice  president  of  the  United  States, 
the  secretaries  of  state,  of  the  treasury,  of  war, 
and  the  navy,  the  postmaster  general,  attorney 
general,  and  mayor  of  Washington,  with  such 
others  as  they  may  elect  honorary  members.  It 
devolves  the  immediate  government  of  the  Insti- 
tution upon  a  board  of  regents,  of  15  members; 
namely,  the  vice  president  of  the  United  States, 
the  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  the 
mayor  of  the  city  of  Washington,  ex  officio,  3 
members  of  the  Senate,  to  be  appointed  by  the 
president  thereof.  3  members  of  the  House,  to  be 
appointed  by  the  speaker,  and  6  persons  to  be 
chosen  from  the  citizens  at  large,  by  joint  resolu- 
tion of  the  Senate  and  House,  2  of  whom  shall 
be  members  of  the  National  Institute,  and  the 
other  4  inhabitants  of  states,  and  no  two  from 
the  same  state. 

The  act  establishes  a  permanent  loan  of  the 
original  fund  ($515,169)  to  the  United  States,  at 
6  per  cent,  interest ;  appropriates  the  accumulated 
interest,  then  amounting  to  $242,129,  or  so  much 
as  might  be  needed,  together  with  so  much  of  the 
accruing  income  as  might  be  unexpended  in  any 
year,  for  the  erection  of  a  building  :  provides  for 
the  establishment  of  a  library,  museum,  chemical 
laboratory,  &c.,  and  left  most  of  the  details  of  the 
organization  to  the  board  of  regents. 

The  cost  of  the  building  is  limited  (with  furni- 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


615 


lure,  grading  the  grounds,  &c.)  to  $250,000.  This 
will  be  taken  mostly  from  the  income  of  the  ori- 
ginal and  building 'funds,  so  as  to  save  $150,000 
of  the  building  fund,  which  will  be  added  to  the  ori- 
ginal fund,  making  a  permanent  fund  of  $675,000, 
yielding  nearly  $40,000  per  annum. 

This  income,  with  all  sums  received  from  other 
sources,  is  to  be  permanently  and  equally  divided 
between  two  great  methods  of  increasing  and 
diffusing  knowledge  —  the  first  by  publications, 
researches,  and  lectures  —  the  second  by  col- 
lections of  literature,  science,  and  art. 

The  first  two  volumes  of  a  series  entitled 
"  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,"  in 
4to.,  have  been  issued ;  also  several  works  in  a 
series  of  a  more  popular  character,  and  in  8vo. 
form,  entitled  "  Smithsonian  Eeports."  It  is 
proposed,  also,  to  publish,  for  still  wider  circula- 
tion, a  monthly  "Bulletin."  Researches  in  vari- 
ous depart ments  of  science  have  been  instituted, 
or  aided  by  the  Institution,  and  several  courses 
of  free  lectures  have  been  delivered. 

The  library  has  been  commenced.  Measures 
have  been  taken,  also,  for  supplying  the  cabinet 
of  natural  history  and  the  gallery  of  art. 

The  Washington  Monument,  in  the  same  part 
of  the  city,  W.  of  Fifteenth  Street,  is  in  progress 
of  erection,  from  private  subscriptions  collected 
throughout  the  Union.  The  following  is  the 
description  of  the  design,  as  put  forth  by  the 
Monument  Association.  The  rotunda  remains 
to  be  built,  but  the  obelisk  has  already  attained 
a  height  of  70  or  80  feet. 

"  The  design  embraces  the  idea  of  a  grand 
circular  colonnaded  building,  250  fcet  in  diame- 
ter and  100  feet  high,  from  which  springs  an 
obelisk  shaft,  70  feet  at  the  base  and  500  feet  high, 
making  a  total  elevation  of  517  feet  above  the 
ground. 

"  This  vast  rotunda,  forming  the  grand  base  of 
the  monument,  is  to  be  surrounded  by  30  columns 
of  massive  proportions,  being  12  feet  in  diameter, 
and  45  fcet  high,  elevated  upon  a  lofty  base  or 
stylobate  of  20  feet  elevation  and  300  feet  square, 
surmounted  by  an  entablature  20  feet  high,  and 
crowned  by  a  massive  balustrade  15  feet  in 
height. 

"  The  terrace  outside  of  the  colonnade  is  25 
feet  wide,  and  the  pronaos,  or  walk  within  the 
colonnade,  including  the  column  space,  25  feet. 
The  walks  enclosing  the  cella,  or  gallery  within, 
are  fretted  with  30  massive  antse,  (pilasters,)  10 
feet  wide,  45  feet  high,  and  7h  feet  projection, 
answering  to  the  columns  in  front,  surmounted 
by  their  appropriate  architrave.  The  deep  re- 
cesses formed  by  the  projection  of  the  antaa  pro- 
vide suitable  niches  for  the  reception  of  statues. 

"  This  spacious  gallery  and  rotunda,  which  prop- 
erly may  be  denominated  the  li  National  Parthe- 
non," is  lighted  in  4  grand  divisions  from  above, 
and  by  its  circular  form,  presents  each  subject 
decorating  its  walls  in  an  interesting  point  of 
view,  and  with  proper  effect,  as  the  curiosity  is 
kept  up  every  moment,  from  the  whole  room  not 
being  presented  to  the  eye  at  one  glance,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  straight  gallery. 

"  Entering  the  centre  pier  through  an  arched 
way,  you  pass  into  a  spacious  circular  area,  and 
ascend  with  an  easy  grade,  by  a  railway,  to  the 
grand  terrace,  75  feet  above  the  base  of  the  mon- 
ument. This  terrace  is  700  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence, 180  feet  wide,  enclosed  by  a  colonnaded 
balustrade,  1 5  feet  high  with  its  base  and  capping. 


"  In  the  centre  of  the  grand  terrace  rises  the 
lofty  obelisk  shaft  of  the  monument,  50  feet  square 
at  the  base,  and  400  feet  high,  diminishing  as  it 
rises  to  its  apex,  where  it  is  40  feet  square.  Ou 
each  face  of  the  shaft  is  sculptured  the  four 
leading  events  in  General  Washington's  eventful 
career,  in  basso  rilievo,  and  above  this  the  shaft 
is  perfectly  plain  to  within  50  feet  of  its  summit, 
where  a  simple  star  is  placed,  emblematic  of  the 
glory  which  the  name  of  Washington  has  at- 
tained. 

"  To  ascend  to  the  summit  of  the  column,  the 
same  facilities  as  below  are  provided  within  the 
shaft,  by  an  easy,  graded  gallery,  which  may  be  tra- 
versed by  a  railway,  terminating  in  a  circular 
observatory  20  feet  in  diameter,  around  which,  at 
the  top,  is  a  lookout  gallery,  which  opens  a  pros- 
pect all  around  the  horizon. 

"  In  the  centre  of  the  monument  is  placed  the 
tomb  of  Washington,  to  receive  his  remains  should 
they  be  removed  thither,  the  descent  to  which  is 
by  a  broad  flight  of  steps."  Many  states,  cities 
and  corporations  have  contributed"  blocks  to  this 
monument,  highly  ornamented,  which  form  part 
of  the  inside  wall,  and  the  inscriptions  on  which 
can  be  read  as  one  ascends. 

The  Navy  Yard,  on  the  E.  branch  of  the  Poto- 
mac, about  a  mile  E.  of  the  Capitol,  has  an  area 
of  27  acres,  enclosed  by  a  substantial  brick  wall. 
Many  extensive  manufacturing  operations  for  the 
supply  of  the  navy  are  carried  on  here. 

Half  a  mile  beyond  the  Navy  Yard,  in  the  east- 
ern section  of  the  city,  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
Capitol,  is  the  Congressional  Burying  Ground, 
containing  10  acres,  near  the  eastern  branch, 
tastefully  laid  out  and  neatly  kept. 

The  arsenal  is  about  one  mile  S.  of  the  Capitol, 
on  Greenleaf  Point,  between  the  Potomac  and 
the  eastern  branch. 

Not  the  least  important  and  interesting  of  the 
public  establishments  is  the  National  Observatory, 
nearly  a  mile  W.  of  the  President's  House,  near 
Georgetown,  between  Twenty-Third  and  Twenty- 
Fifth  Streets.  The  building  is  50  feet  square, 
and  3  stories  high,  ornamented  with  a  movable 
dome,  and  provided  with  the  best  astronomical 
instruments. 

The  principal  city  and  county  buildings  are  an 
unfinished  and  shabby  City  Hall,  in  which  the 
courts  are  held,  the  County  Jail,  a  large,  new  build- 
ing, 3  stories  high,  and  the  Penitentiary,  a  large 
building  of  freestone,  on  Greenleaf  Point,  facing 
the  Potomac  and  adjoining  the  Arsenal  grounds. 

Columbian  College  is  beautifully  situated  on 
elevated  ground,  commanding  a  broad  view  of 
the  surrounding  country.  The  college  edifice  is 
5  stories  high,  117  feet  long  and  47  wide. 

Washington  is  separated  from  Georgetown  by 
Rock  Creek,  over  which  are  two  bridges.  A 
bridge  a  mile  long,  across  the  Potomac,  leads  to 
Alexandria,  with  which  also  there  is  steamboat 
communication.  There  are  also  bridges  across 
the  eastern  branch,  which,  though  deep  enough 
to  float  a  frigate  opposite  the.  navy  yard,  sooa 
dwindles  to  a  shallow  stream.  Vessels  requiring 
14  feet  of  water  can  come  up  to  Potomac  Bridge. 
The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  *hich  commu- 
nicates with  a  local  canal  extending  through  th« 
city  S.  of  Pennsvlvania  Avenue,  opens  a  com- 
munication with  an  extensive  back  country;  but 
the  trade  of  Washington  is  almost  entirely  lim- 
ited to  the  articles  required  for  the  consumption 
of  the  city. 


616 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


Population  in  1800,  3210 ;  in  1810,  8208 ;  in 
1820,13,247;  in  1830,  18,227;  in  1840,  23,364 ; 
in  1850,  40,001,  of  whom  about  a  quarter  part 
are  colored.  Congress  meets  annually  at  Wash- 
ington on  the  first  Monday  of  December,  and 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  annually 
on  the  first  Monday  of  January. 

Washington  County.  Fa.,  c.  h.  at  Holmes  Valley. 
Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Jackson  co.,  E.  by  the 
Appalachicola  River,  separating  it  from  Gadsden 
co.,  S.  by  Calhoun  co.  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  W.  by  the  Choctawhatchee  River,  separating 
it  from  Walton  co.  Drained  by  Econfina  River, 
and  by  branches  of  the  Choctawhatchee  River. 
In  the  S.  part  of  this  county  is  the  fine  Bay  of  St. 
Andrews.  There  is  some  good  soil  in  the  N. 
portions,  but  it  is  mostly  sterile. 

Washington  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Sandersville. 
Oconee  River,  of  Wilkinson  co.,  is  on  the  S.  W., 
Hancock  N.W.,  Ogeechee  River,  or  Warren,  N.  E., 
Jefferson  E..  and  Emanuel  and  Laurens  S.  E. 

Washington,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Wilkes  co.  On  Kettle 
Creek,  a  branch  of  Little  River.  50  miles  W. 
U.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  78  N.  E.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Washington  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Covington. 
Randolph  is  on  the  S.  of  this  county,  St.  Clair  W., 
Madison  and  Bond  N.,  and  Jefferson  E.  Kaskas- 
kias  River  passes  obliquely  through  it. 

Washington  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Salem.  This 
co.  is  bounded  by  Floyd  S.  E.,  Harrison  S..  Or- 
ange and  Lawrence  W.,  White  River,  or  Jack- 
son, N.,  and  Scott  E.  Big  Blue  River  rises  in 
this  county,  and  flows  S.  into  Ohio  River. 

Washington,  la.,  c.  h.  Davis  co.  Between  the 
two  main  branches  of  White  River.  20  miles 
S.  E.  by  E.  from  Vincennes,  and  103  S.  S.  W. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Washington,  la.,  c.  h.  Daviess  co.  4  miles  E. 
from  the  West  Fork  of  White  River,  and  106 
S.  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Washington  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Washington. 
Bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Iowa  and  Johnson 
counties,  E.  by  Louisa,  S.  by  Henry  and  Jeffer- 
son, and  W.  by  Keokuk  co.  Drained  by  Iowa 
River,  Long  and  Crooked  Creeks,  and  by  a  branch 
of  Skunk  River.  The  soil  is  fertile. 

Washington  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Springfield. 
Green  is  on  the  S.  of  this  county,  Nelson  W.  and 
N.  W.,  Salt  River,  or  Franklin.  N.,  Mercer  E., 
and  Casey  S.  E.  The  various  sources  of  Salt 
River  drain  the  county. 

Washington,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Mason  co.  77  miles 
E.  S.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Washington  Parish,  La.  This  parish  is  bounded 
by  Mississippi  N.,  Pearl  River  E.,  parish  of  St. 
Tammany  S.,  and  Tangipao  River,  or  St.  Helena, 
W.  It  has  a  moderately  hilly  surface,  and  gen- 
erally sterile  soil,  covered  with  pine  timber. 
Bogue,  Chitto,  and  Chifuncte  Rivers  are  the 
principal  streams. 

Washington  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Machias.  In 
the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  state,  between  the  coast 
on  the  S.  E.,  and  Passamaquoddy  Bay  and  St. 
Croix  River  on  the  N.  E.  Has  a  great  extent 
of  coast,  and  abounds  in  bays  and  harbors.  The 
settlements  are  confined  to  tide  waters.  The 
soil  is  cold,  and  not  favorable  to  cultivation. 
The  interior  is  covered  with  dense  forests. 

Washington,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  Formerly  called 
Putnam.  35  miles  E.  from  Augusta. 

Washington  County,  Md.  Hagerstown,  Han- 
cock, and  Williamsport,  shire  towns.  Potomac 


River,  or  Virginia,  is  on  the  S.  of  this  county, 
Alleghany  co.,  Md.,  W.,  Pennsylvania  N.,  and 
Frederick  co.,  Md.,  E.  The  county  is  well  watered, 
and  is  traversed  by  Connolaways,  Licking,  Con- 
ococheague,  Antietam,  and  other  large  creeks 
flowing  from  Pennsylvania  into  Potomac  River. 
The  surface  is  much  broken  by  mountains  and 
hills,  though  much  of  the  river  and  creek  alluvial 
soil  is  excellent. 

Washington,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.,  was  first  set- 
tled in  1760,  and  was  called  Greenwood,  and 
for  some  time  Hartwood.  Its  Indian  name  was 
Tukonick.  This  town  is  situated  on  the  Green 
Mountain  range,  and  its  surface  is  greatly  di- 
versified by  hills  and  valleys.  It  is,  however, 
a  fine  township  for  grazing,  and  within  its 
limits  are  many  large  and  productive  farms. 
No  large  river  waters  the  town,  but  the  crystal 
springs  which  gush  from  the  mountains,  and 
the  sparkling  ponds  which  decorate  the  valleys, 
give  to  the  town  an  ample  water  power  for 
domestic  uses.  The  principal  settlement  is  beau- 
tifully located  in  a  mountain  valley,  through 
which  the  Western  Railroad  passes.  138  miles 
W.  from  Boston,  and  13  S.  E.  from  Pittsfield. 

Washington,  Mn.,  Macomb  co.  Stony  Creek 
and  the  head  branches  of  the  Middle  Fork  of 
Clinton  River  water  this  town,  the  soil  of  which 
is  fertile,  yielding  large  crops  of  grain. 

Washington  County,  Ma.,  c.  h.  at  Still  water.  In 
the  angle  between  the  St.  Croix  and  Mississippi. 

Washington,  Mi.  Recently  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  the  state.  6  miles  N.  E.  from  Natchez!, 
and  84  S.  W.  from  Jackson,  on  the  left  bank  of 
St.  Catharine  Creek,  on  a  high,  dry,  and  healthy 
site.  In  1802  Jefferson  College  was  incorpo- 
rated, and  located  in  this  town. 

Washington  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Potosi.  Sit- 
uated S.  from  Franklin,  and  S.  W.  from  Jeffer- 
son and  St.  Genevieve.  This  county  lies  on  the 
heads  of  Big  Black,  Gasconade,  Merrimac,  and 
St.  Francis  Rivers.  It  has  a  hilly,  mountainous, 
and  broken  surface,  though  much  fertile  soil  is 
found  in  detached  places,  particularly  along  the 
banks  of  the  Merrimac,  Big  River,*  and  other 
streams.  A  great  part  of  the  lead  mines  of 
Missouri  are  included  within  the  limits  of  this 
county. 

Washington,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  This  town  is 
hilly,  but  not  mountainous.  Lovewell's  Moun- 
tain, so  called,  from  Captain  Lovewell's  killing 
7  Indians  near  it,  is  of  a  conical  shape,  about 
three  fourths  of  a  mile  in  diameter.  Washing- 
ton abounds  with  springs,  rivulets,  and  natural 
ponds.  Of  the  last  there  are  16,  some  of  con- 
siderable magnitude.  Island  Pond,  so  called 
from  its  being  full  of  islands,  is  2  miles  long 
and  1^  wide.  Ashuelot  is  l£  miles  long  and  1 
wide;  Half  Moon-is  l£  miles  in  length  ;  Brock- 
way's,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  lying  on  a 
white  sand,  is  one  mile  long,  and  half  a  mile 
wide.  Long  Pond,  lying  in  this  town  and  Stod- 
dard,  is  5  miles  in  length.  These  ponds  abound 
with  a  variety  of  fish.  The  borders  present  de- 
lightful scenery.  The  soil  is  deep  and  moist, 
better  for  grass  than  tillage.  The  first  settlers 
had  180  acres  of  land  each  for  settling.  First 
settler,  Reuben  Kidder,  Esq.,  in  1768.  35  miles 
W.  from  Concord,  and  about  16  S.  E.  from 
Newport. 

Washington,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  A  township 
adjoining  Little  Egg  Harbor.  The  soil  is  sandy, 
and  covered  with  pines.  Bog  ore  abounds  in. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


617 


the  low  lands  ;  that  mixed  with  mountain  ore  is 
manufactured  into  all  kinds  of  iron  and  cast- 
ings. 

Washington,  N.  J.,  Gloucester  co.  Watered 
by  Pensauken  and  Cooper's  Creeks,  and  some 
branches  of  Atsion  River.  Its  surface  is  level ; 
its  soil  light  sand  and  loam.  Shell  marl  is  found 
here. 

Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  Kingsbury  and  Sa- 
lem shire  towns.  Formed  from  Albany  co.  in  1772. 
It  is  bounded  N.  by  Warren  and  Essex  counties 
and  Vermont,  E.  by  Lake  Champlain  and  Ver- 
mont, S.  by  Rensselaer,  and  W.  by  Saratoga  and 
Warren  counties  and  Lake  George.  The  Bat- 
tenkill,  Pawlet,  Poultney,  and  Hoosic  Rivers, 
and  Wood  Creek,  are  its  principal  streams.  Sur- 
face hilly  and  mountainous,  being  partly  covered 
by  the  Palmertown  range.  Soil  various,  but 
warm  and  fertile  in  many  parts.  The  different 
kinds  of  iron  ore,  marl,  lime,  marble,  and  water 
lime  are  the  principal  mineral  productions.  The 
Champlain  Canal  traverses  this  county. 

Washington,  N.  Y.,  Dutchess  co.  Watered  by 
tributaries  of  Wappinger's  and  Ten  Mile  Creeks. 
Surface  hilly  and  uneven,  being  covered  on  the 
E.  by  the  Matteawan  Mountains.  Soil  fertile, 
yielding  fine  crops  of  grass  and  grain.  12  miles 
N.  E.  from  Poughkeepsie  village,  and  88  S.  from 
Albany. 

Washington  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Plymouth. 
The  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Roanoke  River  and 
Albemarle  Sound,  Tyrrell  co.  E.,  Martin  W.,  and 
Hyde  and  Beaufort  S.  The  soil  generally  is 
thin  and  sterile;  the  surface  level  and  in  part 
marshy. 

Washington.  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Beaufort  co.  On  the 
N.  side  of  Tar  River,  at  its  junction  with  Pamlico 
River,  and  127  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Raleigh.  A 
seaport  largely  engaged  in" the  lumber  trade. 

Washington  County,  0.,  c.  h.  at  Marietta. 
Lying  on  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Muskingum,  and  having  Morgan  and  Monroe 
counties  on  the  N.,  the  Ohio  River  separating  it 
from  Virginia  on  the  S.  E.,  and  Athens  and  a 
part  of  Morgan  co.  on  the  W.  This  county,  with 
boundaries  originally  embracing  nearly  one  half 
the  territory  of  the  state,  was  constituted  July 
27,  1788,  by  proclamation  of  Governor  St.  Clair, 
being  the  first  county  established  within  the  limits 
of  Ohio.  With  the  settlement  of  this  county  were 
laid  the  foundations  of  this  great  and  flourishing 
state,  under  the  auspices  of  the  "  New  England 
Ohio  Company,"  organized  in  New  England  in 
1787.  Forty-seven  men,  after  making  a  toilsome 
journey  across  the  Alleghanies,  in  the  winter  of 
that  year,  by  the  old  Indian  path,  which  has 
since  been  followed  by  the  national  road  from 
Cumberland  to  Wheeling,  planted  themselves  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum,  on  the  spot  where 
Marrietta  now  stands,  which  had  been  previously 
selected  for  the  commencement  of  their  colony. 
General  Rufus  Putnam  had  the  superintendence 
of  the  enterprise  ;  and  others  of  the  company,  as 
well  as  many  of  those  who  joined  the  colony 
afterwards,  had  served  as  officers  or  soldiers  in 
the  war  of  the  revolution.  They  were  a  set  of 
men  of  whose  fitness  for  such  a  purpose  Wash- 
ington was  able  to  say,  "  No  colony  in  America 
was  ever  settled"  under  such  favorable  auspices  as 
that  which  was  first  commenced  at  the  Musking- 
um. Information,  property,  and  strength  will  be 
its  characteristics.  I  know  many  of  the  settlers 
personally;  and  there  never  were  men  better 
78 


calculated  to  promote  the  welfare  of  such  a  com- 
munity." 

The  present  extent  of  Washington  county  is 
45  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  from  12  to 
22  miles  in  breadth  from  N.  to  S.,  containing 
about  713  square  miles.  The  Muskingum,  by  a 
circuitous  but  generally  S.  E.  course,  divides  flie 
county  nearly  in  the  middle.  Other  streams  are 
the  Little  Muskingum,  Little  Hockhocking,  Biz 
Run,  Bear  Creek,  Wolf  Creek,  Duck  Creek,  Cat's 
Creek,  Rainbow  Creek,  and  Pawpaw  Creek.  The 
Ohio  River  washes  the  whole  south-eastern  boun- 
dary of  the  county.  The  general  surface,  with  the 
exception  of  the  broad  strips  of  alluvial  lands  upon 
the  Ohio  and  the  Muskingum  Rivers,  is  hilly  or 
broken.  While  there  are  extensive  tracts  of  ara- 
ble and  fertile  lands  in  the  middle  and  western 
parts  of  the  county,  the  uplands  are  better 
adapted,  in  general,  to  pasturage  than  to  tillage. 
The  staple  productions  are  sheep,  cattle,  and 
horses,  pork,  wool,  fruit,  grains  of  various  kinds, 
and  the  products  of  the  dairy.  Stone  coal  is 
abundant,  especially  on  the  Muskingum  River. 
On  the  waters  of  the  Pawpaw  arc  found  great 
quantities  of  iron  pyrites,  bedded  in  the  clay  at 
the  bottom  of  the  creek.  Near  these  localities 
are  the  remains  of  numerous  furnaces,  built  of 
stone,  with  hearths  of  clay,  containing  cinders 
and  pieces  of  stone  coal,  partly  consumed,  which 
had  been  used  in  smelting  these  ores.  These 
remains  are  very  ancient,  some  of  them  having 
large  forest  trees  growing  upon  their  ruins.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Marietta  there  are  also  other  an- 
cient works,  which  appear  to  have  been  designed 
and  used  as  fortifications,  and  which  are  a  great 
curiosity  to  travellers. 

Washington,  0.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co.   38  miles  S.  W. 
from  Columbus,  and  30  N.  W.  from  Chillicothe. 
Washington  County,  On.     In  the  lower  valley 
of  the  Willamette. 

Washington  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Washington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Beaver  co.,  N.  E.  by  Alleghany, 
S.  by  Green,  E.  by  Monongahela  River,  or  West- 
moreland and  Fayette,  and  W.  by  Virginia.  It 
has  a  productive  soil  and  hilly  surface.  The 
height  of  land  between  Ohio  and  Monongahela 
Rivers  is  occupied  by  this  county,  and  the  creeks 
flow  from  its  central  parts  like  radii  from  a  com- 
mon centre. 

Washington,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Washington  co.  209 
miles  W.  from  Harrisburg.  Washington  Col 
lege  is  located  here,  (see  Colleges;}  likewise  a 
female  seminary.  There  are  numerous  stores  in 
the  village,  and  an  active  trade  centres  here. 
The  college  edifice  stands  to  the  E.  of  the  town, 
is  constructed  of  stone,  three  stories  high,  and 
sufficiently  spacious  to  accommodate  150  students. 
Washington,  Pa.,  Lycoming  co.  A  township 
situated  opposite  Williamsport,  in  the  great  bend 
of  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquchanna. 

Washington  County,  R.  I.,  c.  h.  at  South  Kings- 
ton. S.  W.  part.  Surface  diversified  and  hilly. 
Fertile.  An  excellent  grazing  district.  The 
coast  has  but  two  or  three  smaller  harbors.  The 
Pawcatuck.  which  flows  S.  through  the  W.  part, 
is  the  principal  river.  The  Stoning! on  Railroad 
traverses  this  county  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W. 

Washington  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Jonesboro'. 
This  county  has  a  hilly  and-broken  surface.  No- 
lachucky  River  drain's  its  southern  part,  and 
Holston  its  northern.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Sulli- 
van, E.  by  Carter,  W.  by  Greene  co.,  Te.,  and  S. 
by  North  Carolina. 


618 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


Washington,  Te.,  c.  h.  Rhea  co.  On  the  right 
bank  of  Tennessee  River,  about  100  miles  below 
Knoxville,  and  80  miles  S.  E.  by  E.  from  Mur- 
freesboro'. 

Washington  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Washington. 
S.  E.  central.  On  the  W.  side  of  the  Brazos. 

Washington  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Montpelier. 
This  county  is  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  state, 
and  the  principal  part  of  it  lies  between  the  two 
ranges  of  the  Green  Mountains.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Lamoille  and  part  of  Chittenden  and  Cale- 
donia counties,  E.  by  Caledonia  co.,  S.  by  Orange 
and  Addison  counties,  and  W.  by  Addison  and 
Chittenden  counties.  It  was  incorporated  in  1810, 
by  the  name  of  Jefferson,  and  took  its  present  name 
in  1814.  This  county  is  finely  watered  by  the  Wi- 
nooski  River  and  many  of  its  important  branches. 
The  surface  of  the  county  is  uneven,  hilly,  and 
in  some  parts  mountainous,  but  there  is  much 
valuable  land  along  the  streams.  There  are  large 
bodies  of  beautiful  granite  in  the  county,  and 
slate  of  various  kinds. 

Washington,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  Branches  of  Wi- 
nooski,  Wait's,  and  White  Rivers  rise  in  this 
town,  but  afford  no  considerable  water  power. 
There  is  some  excellent  land  along  the  streams, 
and  the  uplands  are  generally  arable,  and  afford 
good  pasturage.  There  is  a  neat  village  in  the 
town.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in  1785, 
by  Daniel  Morse,  who  was  soon  joined  by  his 
brother,  John  Morse.  15  miles  S.  by  E.  from 
Montpelier. 

Washington  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Abingdon. 
This  county  has  Tennessee  on  the  S.,  Scott  co., 
Va.,  W.,  Russell  N.  W.,  Tazewell  N.,  Wythe  N. 
E.,  and  Grayson  S.  E.  It  lies  in  the  various  val- 
leys of  the  two  great  branches  of  Holston  River, 
and  is  drained  by  those  streams  and  their  numer- 
ous confluents.  The  soil  is  fertile,  though  gen- 
erally hilly. 

VVashington  County,  Wn.,  c.  h.  at  Washington. 
Bounded  N.  by  Fond  du  Lac  and  Sheboygan 
counties,  E.  by  Lake  Michigan,  S.  by  Milwaukie 
and  Waukesha  counties,  and  W.  by  Dodge  co. 
Drained  by  Milwaukie  and  Menemonee  Rivers. 

Washita  (according  to  the  French,  Ouachitta) 
Parish,  La.,  c.  h.  at  Monroe.  Lying  towards 
the  N.  E.  part  of  the  state,  drained  by  the  Wa- 
shita River  and  its  branches,  and  the  sources  of 
the  Little  River.  Its  length  from  E.  to  W.  is  90 
miles,  and  its  mean  width  60  miles.  It  is  exten- 
sively covered  with  pine  forest;  and  in  some 
parts,  on  the  rivers,  the  land  is  liable  to  be  over- 
flowed. Where  the  soil  will  admit  of  cultivation, 
cotton  is  the  chief  article  of  production. 

Waslttenaw  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Ann  Arbor. 
Incorporated  in  1826.  Bounded  N.  by  Livings- 
ton and  Oakland  counties,  E.  by  Wayne,  S.  by 
Monroe  and  Lenawee,  and  W/by  Jackson  co. 
Watered  by  Huron,  Raisin,  Macon,  and  Saline 
Rivers.  Mullet's,  Honey,  Mill,  and  Paint  Creeks, 
and  several  lakes.  Surface  slightly  undulating ; 
soil  rich  clay  and  loam.  Most  of  its  streams  af- 
ford hydraulic  power. 

Waterbury,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  The  Indian 
Mattatuck,  a  territory  comprising  this  and  some 
of  the  neighboring  towns,  being  18  miles  in 
length,  and  10  miles  in  width,  was  sold  by  the 
red  men  to  the  whites,  in  the  year  1684,  "  for  di- 
vers good  causes  and  39  pounds."  This  piece  of 
ground  was  supposed,  by  the  white  men,  to  af- 
ford sufficient  room  and  accommodations  for  thirty 
families. 


There  are  some  good  lands  on  the  borders  of 
the  streams,  within  the  present  limits  of  Water- 
bury  ;  but  the  surface  of  the  town  is  generally 
rough,  and  the  soil  difficult  of  cultivation. 

The  site  upon  which  the  borough  of  Water- 
bury  stands  is  situated  in  a  valley,  which  is 
washed  by  Mad  River  on  the  E.,  and  the  Nauga- 
tuck  on  the  W.  32  miles  from  Bridgeport  by 
the  Naugatuck  Railroad. 

Waterboro\  Me.,  York  co.  This  town  is  wa- 
tered by  a  large  and  pleasant  pond,  which  emp- 
ties into  Little  Ossipee  River,  a  branch  of  the 
Saco,  and  by  the  head  branches  of  the  Mousum, 
a  stream  which  meets  the  ocean  at  Kennebunk. 
This  is  a  flourishing  town,  with  a  pleasant  sur- 
face and  good  soil.  It  lies  24  miles  W.  from 
Portland,  and  is  bounded  S.  by  Alfred. 

Waterbury,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  The  surface 
is  generally  level,  with  some  pleasant  swells. 
The  soil  is  warm  and  fertile,  and  the  lands  on 
the  rivers  are  not  excelled  in  richness  by  any  in 
the  state.  Waterbury  is  separated  from  Dux- 
bury  by  Winooski  River,  which,  with  Waterbury 
River  and  other  streams,  affords  the  town  a  good 
water  power.  ,  In  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  town, 
the  passage  of  Winooski  River  through  a  consid- 
erable hill  has  worn  a  channel  through  the  rocks. 
The  chasm  is  at  present  about  100  feet  wide,  and 
nearly  as  deep. 

This  town  was  first  settled  by  Mr.  James 
Marsh,  who  moved  here  with  his  wife  and  8 
children,  in  June,  1784,  and  for  nearly  a  year  this 
family  scarcely  saw  a  human  being  but  them- 
selves. 12  mifes  N.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  26 
E.  S.  E.  from  Burlington.  The  railroad  from 
Boston  to  Burlington  passes  through  this  town. 

Waterford,  Ct.,  New  London  co.  This  town 
was  taken  from  New  London  in  1801.  It  is 
washed  on  the  E.  side  by  the  River  Thames,  and 
on  the  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  from  which  a  bay 
or  inlet  extends,  between  Millstone  and  Black 
Points,  quite  into  the  centre  of  the  town,  afford- 
ing a  harbor  for  small  vessels.  This  is  a  resort 
for  fishermen  on  the  Sound,  and  many  species 
of  the  finny  tribe  are  taken  captive.  There  are  a 
number  of  ponds  in  the  town.  On  the  New  Ha- 
ven and  New  London  Railroad,  4  miles  from 
New  London. 

Waterford,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  It  has  a  number 
of  beautiful  ponds.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
and  the  soil  good.  57  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Augusta. 

Waterford,  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Rivers. 
Surface  undulating;  soil  alluvion  and  sand.  19 
miles  S.  E.  from  Ballston  Spa,  and  10  N.  from 
Albany.  The  village  of  Waterford  is  situated 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Hudson  at  the  head  of 
sloop  navigation.  The  Champlain  Canal  passes 
through  it,  and  enters  the  river  here.  The  Troy 
and  Saratoga  Railroad  passes  through  it.  It  has 
various  manufactures,  and  considerable  business. 
5  miles  from  Troy. 

Waterford,  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.  The  W.  part 
of  Waterford  is  watered  by  the  Passumpsic,  and 
the  N.  border  by  Moose  River.  A  part  of  th« 
town  borders  on  Fifteen  Mile  Falls,  in  Connecti- 
cut River.  The  banks  of  that  river  are  steep  at 
this  place,  and  form  but  little  intervale.  The 
uplands  are  rough  and  stony.  The  settlement 
of  the  town  was  commenced  in  1787.  18  miles 
S.  E.  from  Danville,  and  48  N.  E.  from  Montpe- 
lier. The  Passumpsic  Railroad  passes  through 
the  town. 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


619 


Waterloo,  Mo.,  c.  h.  Clark  co.  A  little  W. 
from  Mississippi  Eiver,  W.  from  the  entrance  of 
Des  Moines  River,  and  186  miles  N.  by  E.  from 
Jefferson  City. 

Waterloo,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Seneca  co.  Watered  by 
Seneca  River,  parallel  to  which  runs  the  Ca- 
yuga  and  Seneca  Canal.  Surface  chiefly  level ; 
soil  rich  calcareous  loam.  173  miles  N.  of  W. 
from  Albany. 

Watertown,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  Watertown  was 
formerly  a  parish  in  Waterbury,  by  the  name  of 
Westbury.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  in 
1780.  The  township  is  generally  uneven,  or 
rather  hilly ;  but  some  sections  are  level.  The 
prevailing  soil  is  a  dry  gravelly  loam,  and  best 
adapted  to  grazing ;  but  the  different  grains  com- 
mon to  this  part  of  the  country  are  cultivated. 
Steel's  Brook,  a  sprightly  stream,  passes  through 
the  central  part  of  the  town,  and  for  a  mile  be- 
low and  some  distance  above  the  centre  of  the 
town,  a  chain  of  rich  meadows,  though  small  in 
extent,  border  the  sides  of  this  stream.  This  is 
the  birthplace  of  John  Trumbull,  the  poet.  26 
miles  N.  by  W.  from  New  Haven,  and  10  S.  E. 
from  Litchfield. 

Watertown,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  The  name  of 
Watertown  is  said  to  have  originated  from  the 
circumstance  of  its  being  a  "  well-watered  place," 
or.  perhaps,  from  its  being  situated  on  a  consid- 
erable fresh-water  river,  and  the  communication 
with  Boston  being  at  first  by  water,  in  boats. 
The  Indian  name  of  the  town  was  Pogsguesset. 
Charles  River  gives  this  town  a  good  water 
power ;  it  passes  along  its  whole  southern  bor- 
der. This  river  is  navigable  to  the  centre  of  the 
town  for  vessels  drawing  6  feet  of  water.  The 
surface  is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys.  A  part 
of  Fresh  Pond  and  a  part  of  Mount  Auburn 
Cemetery  lie  in  this  town.  On  the  N.  bank  of 
the  river,  the  United  States  Arsenal  occupies  a 
site  of  40  acres  of  ground.  Watertown  village 
lies  about  7  miles  W.  from  Boston,  and  12  S.  E. 
from  Concord.  The  Fitchburg  Railroad  passes 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  town,  and  the  Worcester 
Railroad  on  the  S. 

Watertown,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Jefferson  co.  Watered 
by  Stony'  and  Sandy  Creeks,  and  on  the  N.  by 
Black  River,  which  affords  immense  hydraulic 
power  at  this  place.  Surface  rather  uneven ;  soil 
fertile.  160  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Waterville,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.,  is  'situated  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Kennebec  River,  opposite  to 
Winslow,  and  bounded  N.  by  Fail-field,  and  S.  by 
Sidney.  It  contains  30  square  miles,  mostly  of 
the  best  quality  of  farming  land  of  the  Kennebec 
region.  Seven  twelfths  of  the  population  is  esti- 
mated to  be  agricultural.  The  principal  village, 
of  about  180  houses,  is  on  the  Kennebec,  at  Ti- 
conic  Falls.  These  falls  are  18  feet  in  height,  ex- 
tending quite  across  the  Driver.  In  the  town  there 
are  many  saw,  4  grist  mills,  carding  machines, 
plaster  mills,  also  extensive  tanneries,  and  a  ma- 
chine shop,  iron  foundery,  a  branch  of  the  cele- 
brated Fairbanks  establishment  in  Vermont,  sup- 
plies a  great  portion  of  the  interior  of  the  state 
with  ploughs.  Waterville  College  is  situated  here. 
See  Collies. 

The  water  power  at  Waterville  and  vicinity  is 
very  great.  A  circle  described  from  the  Ticonic 
Falls,  before  named,  as  a  centre,  with  a  radius  of 
5  miles,  includes  2  falls  across  the  whole  Kenne- 
bec, at  Kendall's  Mills,  2  miles  above  Waterville  ; 
2  falls,  5  miles  distant,  on  the  Sebasticook,  a 


large  tributary  stream ;  and  an  indefinite  series 
of  falls  upon  the  Emerson  Stream,  from  the  cas- 
cade to  its  confluence,  besides  numerous  rapids, 
which  could  easily  be  dammed,  on  all  these 
streams.  It  is  believed  that  no  similar  circle  of 
10  miles  diameter  in  New  England  comprehends 
so  large  and  convenient  water  power.  But  a  very 
small  part  of  this  power  is  yet  occupied.  The 
river  is  navigable  to  this  place  from  the  dam  at 
Augusta.  Connected  with  Portland,  82  miles 
S.  W.  by  Railroad. 

Waterville,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  This  town  com- 
prises ^the  territory  called  Gillis  and  Foss  Grant, 
until  its  incorporation  in  1829.  It  was  granted 
June  29,  1819,  to  Josiah  Gillis,  Moses  Foss,  Jr., 
and  others.  The  latter  commenced  the  settle- 
ment some  years  since.  It  is  watered  by  Mad 
and  Swift  Rivers. 

Waterville,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  Waterville  is  en- 
vironed by  mountains,  and  is  itself  mountainous. 
It  is  watered  by  a  branch  of  Lamoille  River 
There  are  many  good  mill  privileges  in  this  town, 
and  some  fine  land  on  the  borders  of  its  streams. 
The  settlement  commenced  here  about  the  year 
1789.  12  miles  N.  W.  from  Hydepark,  and  39  N. 
W.  from  Mpntpelier. 

Water  vliet,  N.  Y.,  Albany  co.  This  township 
lies  on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  River,  opposite 
the  city  of  Troy,  and  6  miles  N.  from  the  city 
of  Albany.  The  Mohawk  River  waters  its  north- 
ern part.  The  surface  is  level  or  undulating  on 
the  E.,  with  some  extensive  flats  on  the  Hudson, 
which  are  productive  and  well  cultivated.  The 
western  part  rises  into  hills.  Several  islands,  ly- 
ing at  the  confluence  of  the  Mohawk  with  the 
Hudson,  belong  to  this  township.  The  Cham- 
plain  Canal,  crossing  the  mouths  of  the  Mohawk 
in  the  northern  part  of  this  town,  and  bearing  to 
the  right,  forms  a  junction  with  the  Erie  Canal, 
after  which  their  united  channel  traverses  its  east- 
ern boi'der  to  Albany.  At  the  Cohoes  Falls,  on 
the  Mohawk,  an  immense  water  power  has  been 
developed,  and  considerably  occupied.  (See 
Fashionable  Resorts.)  At  Port  Schuyler  a  race- 
way is  taken  from  the  Erie  Canal,  supplying  sev- 
eral hydraulic  works.  A  small  creek,  at  the  S.E. 
course  of  the  town,  furnishes  the  power  for  a  facto- 
ry, and  for  mills.  In  this  town  there  is  a  Shaker 
settlement,  sometimes  called  Niskayuna,  cstab 
lished  in  1776,  by  Ann  Lee.  the  first  in  the  United 
States.  They  occupy  about -2000  acres  of  land. 

Watson,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  Watered  by  Inde- 
pendence Creek  and  other  streams  flowing  into 
Black  River,  which  bounds  it  on  the  W.  Surface 
hilly  and  mountainous;  soil  sandy  loam.  Itf 
miles  N.  E.  from  Martinsburg,  and  135  N.  W 
from  Albany. 

Wawarsing,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.,  is  watered  by 
Rondout  Creek  and  its  tributaries,  affording  fine 
hydraulic  power  at  this  place.  Surface  hilly  and 
mountainous,  the  Shawangunk  Mountain  cover- 
ing the  E.  part ;  soil  gravelly  loam  and  clay. 
Plumbago,  lead,  and  iron  ore  are  found  in  this 
vicinity.  22  miles  S.  W.  from  Kingston,  and  81 
from  Albany. 

Wayland,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  The  name  of 
this  town  was  East  Sudbury  from  1780  to  1835. 
It  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Sudbury  River,  and  was 
once  a  part  of  Sudbury.  The  surface  is  pleasant, 
and  the  soil  generally  good.  16  miles  W.  from 
Boston,  and  7  S.  from  Concord. 

Wayne  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Tucker ville. 
Wayne  county  has  Glynn  on  the  S.  E.,  Camden 


620 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


and  Appling  S.,  Appling  and  Tatnall  W.,  and 
Alatamaha,  or  Elbert  and  Mclntosh  counties, 
N.  E.  Great  and  Little  St.  Ilia  Rivers  traverse 
this  county,  and  Turtle  River  rises  in  it. 

Wayne  County,  Is.,  has  Johnson  and  Union 
S.,  Jackson  and  Randolph  W.,  Jefferson  N.,  and 
White  and  Gallatin  E.  The  W.  branch  of  Little 
Wabash  drains  the  county. 

Wayne  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Centreville.  Ohio 
is  on  'the  E.,  Union  co.,  la.,  S.,  Fayette  S.  W., 
Henry  W.,  and  Randolph  N.  The  sources  of 
Whitewater  River  drain  the  county. 

Wayne  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Corydon.  Cm  the 
southern  border.  Central.  Watered  by  the  S. 
fork  of  Chariton  River. 

Wayne  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Monticello.  This 
county  is  drained  principally  hy  Big  Sinking 
Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Cumberland.  It  is  bound- 
ed N.  by  Cumberland  River,  or  Adair  and  Pu- 
laski  counties,  E.  by  Whitely,  S.  by  Tennessee, 
and  W.  by  Cumberland  co.,  in  Kentucky. 

Wayne,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  Wayne  lies  N.  of 
IJeeds,  and  is  situated  a  little  below  the  centre  of 
a  chain  of  beautiful  lakes  or  ponds,  whose  outlet, 
which  passes  through  the  town,  falls  into  the  An- 
droscoggin.  The  centre  of  the  town  is  about  4 
miles  E.  of  the  Androscoggin,  and  16  W.  from 
Augusta.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  undulating, 
and  the  soil  fertile.  It  was  incorporated  in  1798. 

Wayne  County,  Mn.,  c.  h.  at  Detroit.  Detroit 
River  and  St.  Clair  Lake  are  on  the  S.  E., 
McComb  co.  N.  E.,  Oakland  N.  W.,  and  Monroe 
S.  W.  and  S.  It  has  generally  a  level  surface, 
rising  by  a  very  gentle  acclivity  from  Lake  St. 
Clair  and  Detroit  River,  and  gradually  becoming 
flat,  receding  from  these  waters.  This  county  has 
a  very  productive  soil,  and  is  drained  by  the  Ri- 
viere Rouge. 

Wayne  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Winchester.  This 
county  is  bounded  by  Alabama  E.,  (areene  co.,  in 
Michigan,  S.,  Covington  W.,  and  the  Choctaw 
country  N.  Chickasawhay  and  other  branches  of 
Pascagoula  River  drain  it. 

Wayne  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Lyons,  was  formed 
from  Ontario  co.  in  1823.  It  is'  bounded  N.  by 
Lake  Ontario,  E.  by  Cayuga,  S.  by  Seneca  and 
Ontario,  and  W.  by  Monroe  co.  Watered  by 
Clyde  River  and  several  small  streams  flowing 
into  Lake  Ontario.  Surface  undulating  and  some- 
what ridgy ;  soil  fertile,  yielding  abundant  har- 
vests of  fruit  and  grain.  Different  kinds  of  iron 
ore,  gypsum,  marl,  and  water  limestone  are  abun- 
dant ;  there  are  also  numerous  sulphur  and  a  few 
salt  springs.  The  Erie  Canal  follows  the  course 
of  the  Clyde  River  through  this  town. 

Wayne,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by  Little 
and  Mud  Lakes  on  the  E.,  and  Crooked  Lake  on 
the  W.  Surface  chiefly  level ;  soil  well  adapted 
to  grain.  14  miles  N.  E.  from  Bath,  and  198  W. 
from  Albany. 

Wayne  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Waynesboro'. 
Wayne  co.  is  bounded  N.  by  Nash  and  Edge- 
comb,  E.  by  Greene  *and  Lenoir,  N.  W.  by  John- 
son, S.  W.  by  Sampson,  and  S.  by  Duplin. 
Neuse  River  crosses  the  county. 

Wayne  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Wooster.  Medina 
co.  is  on  the  N.,  Stark  on  the  E.,  Coshocton  on 
the  S.,  and  Richland  on  the  W.  It  was  laid  out 
in  1808.  by  General  Wayne,  from  whom  it  de- 
rived its  name ;  but  it  was  not  organized  until 
January,  1812.  People  from  Pennsylvania  set- 
tled here  in  1805.  The  land  is  excellent,  and  is 
high  and  elevated,  with  extensive  prairies  scat- 


tered here  and  there.  The  most  important  streams 
are  Killbuck  River.  Chippewa,  Sugar,  and  the 
Lake  Fork  of  Mohican  Creek. 

Wayne  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Bethany.  New 
York  is  on  the  N.  of  this  county,  Delaware  Riv- 
er, or  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  E.,  Pike  co.  S.  E., 
and  Luzerne  and  Susquehanna  counties  W.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Lackawaxen  and  other  creek* 
of  the  Delaware.  It  has  a  hilly  and  broken  sur- 
face, and  generally  thin  and  poor  soil. 

Wayne,  Pa.,  Erie  co.  French  Creek  and  a 
branch  of  Broken  Straw  Creek  water  this  town, 
the  surface  of  which  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  gravelly 
loam.  250  miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Wayne,  Pa.,  Greene  co.  Watered  by  Dunk- 
ark's  Creek  and  branches.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil 
loam.  15  miles  S.  W.  from  Waynesburg. 

Wayne,  Pa.,  Mifflin  co.  This  town  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  drained  by  the 
Juniata  River. 

Wayne  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Waynesboro'.  Lau- 
derdale  co.,  in  Alabama,  is  on  the  S.,  Hardin  co., 
Te.,  W.,  Perry  N.,  and  Lawrence  E.  The  great 
bend  of  the  Tennessee  River  encircles  this  county, 
where  that  stream  turns  N.  on  entering  the  state  ; 
and  though  in  no  place  actually  reaching  Tennes- 
see River,  the  creeks  of  this  county  are  discharged 
from  it  like  radii  from  a  centre. 

Wayne  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Trout's  Hill.  W. 
part.  Separated  from  Kentucky  by  the  Big 
Sandy,  and  from  Ohio  by  the  Ohio  River.  Hilly. 

Wayne,  Va.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co. 

Wai/nesboro\  Ga.,  c.  h.  Burke  co.  On  a  branch 
of  Brier  Creek.  82  miles  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Waynesboro1,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co.  On  the 
N.  side  of  Neuse  River,  just  below  the  entrance 
of  Little  River,  and  51  miles  S.  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Waynesburg,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Greene  co.  On  the 
N.  side  of  Ten  Mile  Creek,  12  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  222  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Waynesboro1,  Te.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Green  River.  99  miles  S.  W.  from  Nash- 
ville. 

Waynesboro1,  Va.,  Augusta  co.  On  South  Riv- 
er, at  the  W.  foot  of  Blue  Ridge.  30  miles  W. 
by  N.  from  Charlottesville,  and  105  miles  W.  N. 
W.  from  Richmond.  Has  a  fine  water  power, 
and  contains  extensive  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. 

Weare,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  The  only  river 
in  Weare  is  the  N.  W.  branch  of  Piscataquog ;  it 
affords  some  good  mill  sites.  Here  are  3  ponds. 
Rattlesnake  Hill,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  N. 
line  of  the  town,  abounds  with  shelving  rocks, 
abrupt  precipices,  forming  dens  and  caves.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  season,  the  reptile  from  which  it 
takes  its  name,  is  frequently  found.  The  town, 
though  rather  broken,  is  not  mountainous.  It 
has  small  swamps  and  some  good  meadows.  It 
received  its  name  in  honor  of  Meshcch  Weare, 
chief  justice  of  the  province  of  New  Hampshire. 
First  settlers,  emigrants  from  Massachusetts, 
about  the  year  1749.  From  Concord  14  miles 
S.  W.,  and  17  N.  N.  W.  from  Amhorst. 

Weathe.rsfidd,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  This  town  lies 
on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  at  the. 
"  Bow,"  so  called  from  a  bend  in  the  river.  It 
contains  large  tracts  of  rich  meadow  land,  and 
the  uplands  are  of  a  good  quality.  This  town  is 
large,  and  contains  a  number  of  pleasant  villages. 
It  is  Weltered  by  several  ponds  and  by  Black 
River.  From  Mt.  Ascutney,  at  the  N.  part  of  tho 
town,  is  ~a  delightful  prospect.  Perkinsville,  situ- 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


621 


ated  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  town,  de- 
rives its  name  from  a  Mr.  Perkins,  a  capitalist 
from  Boston,  who,  in  1830,  purchased  a  small 
woollen  factory,  which  he  greatly  enlarged,  thus 
giving  an  impulse  to  the  business  of  the  village, 
and  attracting  the  attention  of  other  capitalists 
to  improve  the  favorable  advantages  afforded  by 
the  rapids  in  Black  River  to  engage  in  the  same 
enterprise.  The  early  settlers  emigrated  princi- 
pally from  Connecticut.  70  miles  S.  by  E.  from 
Montpelier,  and  about  10  below  Windsor.  The 
Sullivan  Railroad  passes  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river. 

Webb  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Larido. 

Webster,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town  was 
incorporated  in  1832,  and  named  in  compliment 
to  Hon.  Daniel  Webster.  It  included  a  part  of 
Dudley  and  Oxford,  and  a  tract  of  land  previ- 
ously unincorporated.  French  River  and  a  pond 
give  this  place  a  large  and  unfailing  water  power. 
The  original  name  of  this  pond  was  Chabana- 
konglcomom,  the  same  name  by  which  Dudley 
was  known.  The  fall  at  the  outlet  of  this  pond 
is  24  feet,  which  is  increased,  after  it  empties  into 
French  River,  to  about  90  feet,  before  it  joins  the 
Quinebaug.  The  features  of  this  town  are  rather 
rough.  There  are  a  number  of  pleasant  and 
flourishing  villages  in  Webster,  but  Merino  vil- 
lage, party  in  this  town  and  partly  in  Dudley,  is 
the  largest.  This  village,  through  which  the 
Worcester  and  Norwich  Railroad  passes,  lies  16 
miles  S.  from  Worcester,  and  60  S.  W.  from 
Boston. 

Webster,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Watered  by  a  few 
small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface  level  or  slightly 
uneven;  soil  gravelly  loam  and  sand.  10  miles 
N.  W.  from  Rochester,  and  216  N.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Wellborn,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Coffee  co. 

Weldon,  N.  C.,  Halifax  co.  Situated  at  the 
Great  Falls  of  Roanoke  River,  on  the  S.  W.  side, 
12  miles  above  Halifax,  and  95  N.  E.  from  Ra- 
leigh. Connected  by  railroad  with  Raleigh  and 
Wilmington  on  the  S.,  and  Peterburg  and  Ports- 
mouth on  the  N. 

Wdlfleet,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  Extends  across 
Cape  Cod.  It  was  taken  from  Eastham  in  1763. 
Its  Indian  name  was  Punnonakanit.  The  village 
is  on  the  W.  side  of  the  cape ;  it  is  neatly  built, 
and  although  its  soil  is  light  and  sandy,  it  pre- 
sents a  handsome  appearance.  Wellfleet  Bay 
sets  into  the  town  from  the  S.,  and  is  separated 
from  Cape  Cod  Bay  by  several  islands,  which 
form  a  good  harbor,  at  a  place  called  "Deep 
Hole."  The  eastern  section  of  the  town  is  wood- 
ed to  the  edge  of  the  ocean,  which  lashes  a 
smooth,  sandy  beach.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
thriving  towns  in  the  state.  30  miles  below  Barn- 
stable,  and  95  E.  S.  E.  from  Boston  by  land,  and 
65  by  water. 

Wells  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Bluffton.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1837.  Bounded  N.  by  Allen,  E.  by 
Adams,  S.  by  Jay  and  Blackford,  and  W.  by 
Grant  and  Huntington  counties.  Drained  by 
Wabash  River,  which  affords  fine  water  power. 

Wells,  Me.,  York  co.  An  ancient  town,  con- 
taining 35,000  acres,  about  one  fifth  of  which  is 
waste.  There  are  extensive  salt  meadows,  and  a 
harbor  for  the  small  vessels.  30  miles  S.  W.  by 
S.  from  Portland. 

Wells,  N.  Y.,  Hamilton  co.  Sacondaga  River 
waters  this  town.  Surface  diversified ;  soil  chiefly 


productive.  8  miles  E.  from  Lake  Pleasant,  and 
72  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Wells,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  Watered  by  South 
Creek  and  branches,  and  by  a  branch  of  Seely 
Creek.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  gravelly  loam. 

Wells,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  A  part  of  this  town- 
ship is  level,  and  a  part  mountainous.  The  soil 
is  generally  good,  and  productive  of  grain  and 
pasturage.  The  principal  stream  issues  from 
Wells  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  partly  in 
Poultney,  5  miles  in  length,  and  covering  2000 
acres.  At  the  outlet  of  this  pond  is  a  snug  vil- 
lage. The  settlement  was  commenced  by  Ogden 
Mallary,  about  the  year  1768.  65  miles  S.  S.  W. 
from  Montpelier,  and  13  S.  W.  from  Rutland. 

Wellsburg,  Va.,  c.  h.  Brooke  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Buffalo 
Creek.  16  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Wheeling,  and 
344  N.  W.  from  Richmond.  It  has  mills  and 
manufactories  of  various  kinds,  and  is  surrounded 
by  inexhaustible  beds  of  bituminous  coal. 

Wellsville,  0.,  Colurnbiana  co.  On  the  N.  bank 
of  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Little  Yellow 
Creek.  51  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Columbus.  This 
place  has  an  extensive  trade  with  the  interior, 
and  exports  large  quantities  of  flour. 

Wendell,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.,  was  formerly  part 
of  Shutesbury  and  Erving,  and  was  incorporated 
in  1781,  and  named  in  honor  of  Oliver  Wendell. 
Esq.  This  town  is  on  elevated  ground,  and  is 
the  source  of  streams  which  flow  to  the  Chico- 
pee  on  the  S.,  and  Miller's  River  on  the  N.  Its 
soil  is  strong  and  fertile,  and  well  adapted  for 
gr&in  and  grass.  Miller's  River  affords  a  valua- 
ble water  power,  and  on  its  banks  are  some  fine 
intervale  and  delightful  scenery.  At  the  N.  part 
of  the  town,  Bear  Mountain  rears  its  head,  1281 
feet  in  height.  There  is  a  handsome  village  in 
the  town,  about  4  miles  S.  of  the  river,  and  80 
W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 

Wendell,  N.  H.,  Sullivan  co.  A  considerable 
part  of  Lake  Sunapee  lies  in  this  town.  The 
surface  of  this  lake  is  said  to  contain  4095  acres, 
of  which  2720  acres  are  in  Wendell.  Here  is 
the  principal  source  of  Sugar  River,  which  flows 
from  the  lake  near  its  centre  from  N.  to  S.  There 
are  3  small  ponds,  containing  an  area  of  about 
300  acres.  The  town  received  its  name  from 
John  Wendell,  one  of  the  principal  proprietors. 
First  settlers :  in  1772  emigrants  from  R.  I.  settled 
here.  40  miles  N.  W.  from  Concord,  and  7  E. 
from  Newport. 

Wenham,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  town  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Salem.  It  was  first  settled  about 
1638,  and  was  called  Enon.  The  surface  is  pleas- 
ant, and  the  soil  generally  of  a  good  quality. 
Wenham  or  Enon  Pond  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of 
water,  of  irregular  form,  comprising  an  area  of 
about  a  mile  square,  and  affords  an  abundance 
of  excellent  fish.  6  miles  N.  from  Salem,  and  20 
N.  from  Boston.  The  Eastern  Railroad  passes 
through  the  centre  of  the  town,  near  the  pond. 

Wenlock,  Vt.,  Essex  co.  This  mountain  town 
gives  rise  to  a  principal  branch  of  Nulhegan 
River.  The  lands  here  are  too  elevated  for  cul- 
tivation. In  1791  the  town  was  chartered.  30 
miles  N.  W.  from  Guildhall,  and  73  N.  E.  from 
Montpelier. 

Wentworth,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  This  town  is 
watered  by  Baker's  River,  on  which  is  a  fall  of 
18  or  20  feet,  affording  a  valuable  hydraulic 
power.  Here  are  but  few  ponds.  Baker's,  situ- 
ated on  Orford  line,  is  the  most  considerable; 


622 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


the  outlet  of  which  is  called  Pond  Brook,  and 
affords  water  sufficient  for  several  valuable  mill 
sites.  In  the  E.  part  of  the  town  lies  part  of 
Carr's  Mountain.  A  part  of  the  elevation  called 
Mount  Cuba  lies  in  the  W.  part  of  Wentworth. 
This  mountain  contains  inexhaustible  quantities 
of  the  best  limestone.  Iron  ore  is  found  here. 
The  soil  is  generally  good.  The  town  received 
its  name  from  Governor  Benning  Wentworth. 
The  first  settlement  commenced  a  few  years  be- 
fore the  revolutionary  war.  1 5  miles  N.  W.  from 
Plymouth,  and  about  50  N.  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

'Wentworth,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Buckingham  co.  On  a 
branch  of  Dan  Biver.  116  miles  N.  W.  from 
Raleigh. 

West  Almond,  N.  Y.,  Alleghany  co.  Watered 
by  Angelica  Creek.  A  hilly  town,  with  a  good 
soil.  6  miles  E.  from  Angelica,  and  248  W.  from 
Albany. 

West  Bath,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  Adjoining  the 
city  of  Bath. 

West  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.,  Ontario  co.  Watered 
by  Honeoye  Creek.  Surface  rather  hilly;  soil 
chiefly  clay,  based  upon  slate  and  lime.  14  miles 
W.  from  Canandaigua,  and  208  N.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Westboro9,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.,  was  a  part  of 
Marlboro',  and  called  Chauncy  village  until  its 
incorporation  in  1717.  The  waters  of  this  town 
consist  of  some  of  the  sources  of  Concord  and 
Blackstone  Rivers,  which  furnish  a  good  water 
power.  There  are  several  handsome  ponds  in 
the  town,  well  stocked  with  fish.  This  is  a  beau- 
tiful town  :  the  surface  is  diversified,  and  the  Soil 
good.  There  are  a  number  of  neat  and  handsome 
villages  in  Westboro'.  12  miles  E.  from  Worces- 
ter, and  32  W.  from  Boston. 

West  Boylston,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town 
once  comprised  a  part  of  Boylston,  Holden,  and 
Sterling.  It  was  first  settled  about  the  year  1720. 
The  surface  is  very  pleasant,  the  soil  good  and 
well  cultivated.  The  Quinepexet  and  Still  water 
Rivers  meet  the  Nashua  in  this  town,  and  afford 
a  water  power  of  much  value.  There  are  in  the 
town  a  number  of  pleasant  manufacturing  villages. 
There  is  a  romantic  spot,  called  Pleasant  Valley, 
in  this  town ;  it  was  once  the  bed  of  a  small  pond, 
and  lies  about  a  mile  S.  from  the  principal  vil- 
lage. 8  miles  N.  from  Worcester,  and  42  W. 
from  Boston. 

West  Bradford,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Bounded  S. 
W.  by  Brandywine  Creek,  and  drained  by  its 
branches,  which  afford  good  water  power.  Sur- 
face hilly;  soil  calcareous  loam.  11  miles  S.  W. 
from  Chester. 

West  Bridqewater,  Ms.,  Plymouth  co.,  was 
taken  from  Bridgewater  in  1822.  The  surface 
is  generally  level,  and  its  soil  is  capable  of  pro- 
ducing large  crops,  A  large  branch  of  Taunton 
River  gives  this  town  a  good  water  power.  Cen- 
tre and  Madagascar  villages,  about  two  miles 
apart,  are  neat,  and  busy  in  the  labors  of  domestic 
industry.  21  miles  S.  from  Boston  by  railroad, 
and  20  N.  W.  from  Plymouth. 

Westbrook,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  A  trading 
and  manufacturing  town,  adjoining  Portland  on 
the  N.  52  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Augusta.  The 
principal  village  is  called  Saccarappa. 

West  Cambridge,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  was 
the  W.  parish  of  Cambridge,  called  Menotomy, 
until  its  incorporation  in  1807.  Apart  of  the 
lands  is  low  and  swampy,  but  the  general  fea- 
tures of  the  town  are  pleasant.  Spy,  Little,  and 


a  part  of  Fresh  Pond  lie  in  this  town ;  they 
abound  with  fish,  and  add  much  to  the  beauty  of 
the  place.  These  ponds  cover  an  area  of  about 
200  acres,  and  furnish  large  quantities  of  ice  for 
transportation.  In  this  town  are  some  pleasant 
villages.  Sucker  Brook,  though  a  small  stream, 
furnishes  a  good  water  power.  The  descent  of 
this  stream  is  so  great,  that  dams  are  erected  in 
the  town,  for  appropriating  its  waters  9  different 
times.  From  Boston  by  railroad,  6  miles. 

West  Carlisle,  O.,  Pike  township,  Coshocton 
co.  A  village  60  miles  from  Columbus,  and  22 
N.  E.  from  Newark. 

West  Charleston,  0.,  Bethel  township,  Miami 
co.  This  town  is  located  on  an  elevated,  healthy 
spot.  12  miles  N.  from  Dayton. 

Westchester  County,  N.  Y.,  Bedford  and  White 
Plains  shire  towns,  was  incorporated  in  1683. 
It  is  bounded  N.  by  Putnam  co.,  E.  by  the  state 
of  Connecticut,  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound  and  the 
Haerlem  River,  and  W.  by  the  Hudson.  Surface 
hilly  and  uneven ;  soil  fertile  in  many  parts. 
Watered  by  Croton,  Bronx,  and  Sawmill  Rivers. 
It  is  rich  in  mineral  productions,  the  principal 
of  which  are  iron  and  lead  ores  and  marble. 

Westchester,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered 
by  Bronx,  Haerlem,  and  East  Rivers.  Surface 
hilly  and  rolling ;  soil  clay  loam,  mostly  fertile. 
Marble  is  quarried  here  in  large  quantities.  16 
miles  S.  from  White  Plains,  and  150  S.  from 
Albany. 

Westchester,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Chester  co.,  may  vie  with 
any  other  place  in  the  U.  S.  of  equal  population, 
in  neatness  of  its  buildings,  beauty  of  site,  and 
healthful  position.  It  has  daily  intercourse  with 
Philadelphia  by  a  railroad,  and  is  22  miles  W. 
from  it.  2  miles  W.  from  Brandywine  River,  and 
73  E.  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Westerly,  R.  I.,  Washington  co.  In  the  S.  W. 
angle  of  the  state,  between  the  Atlantic  and  the 
Pacantuck,  at  the  mouth  of  which  it  has  a  har- 
bor. The  village  is  finely  located  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  6  miles  from  the  sea,  on  the  Provi- 
dence and  Stonington  Railroad,  40  miles  S.  S. 
W.  from  Providence. 

At  Westerly  is  presented  the  very  singular 
feature  of  two  Sabbaths  every  week.  Almost  one 
half  of  the  inhabitants  are  Seventh  Day  Baptists, 
who  keep  Saturday  with  great  sacredness,  and  on 
no  account  will  do  any  work.  The  remainder 
observe  Sunday  as  a  holy  day,  and  as  studiously 
avoid  all  labor.  The  result  is,  that  on  Saturday, 
a  portion  may  be  seen  going  to  church,  a  part  of 
the  stores  are  closed,  and  some  of  the  factories 
are  short-handed  or  closed  entirely.  On  Sunday 
the  same  thing  is  to  be  observed.  A  part  are 
engaged  in  worship  and  acts  of  devotion,  while 
their  neighbors  are  busily  at  work,  and  public 
worship  is  disturbed  by  the  din  of  business  and 
the  noisy  bustle  of  the  crowd.  Both  parties  ap- 
pear strictly  conscientious,  and  live  peaceably 
together,  although  the  partial  obserrance  of  two 
days  is  very  annoying  and  inconvenient. 

West  Farms,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  On 
Bronx  River.  11  miles  N.  E.  from  New  York, 
and  146  S.  from  Albany.  Connected  with  New 
York  city  by  railroad. 

Westfteld,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  A  beautiful  place 
on  Westfield  River.  The  town  is  famous  for  its 
manufacture  of  whips.  Several  other  manufac- 
tures are  also  carried  on.  It  has  an  academy  of 
good  repute.  10  miles  W.  from  Springfield,  on 
the  Western  Railroad. 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


623 


West  Findlay,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  Watered 
by  branches  of  Wheeling  Creek.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  loam.  231  miles  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Westford,  Ms..  Middlesex  co.  This  is  a  good 
farming  town,  on  elevated  ground.  The  surface 
and  soil  are  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grain, 
grass,  and  fruit.  Quantities  of  fine  granite, 
called  "  Chelmsford  granite,"  are  found  here, 
quarried,  and  transported.  Westford  is  watered 
by  several  beautiful  ponds,  and  by  Stony  Brook, 
which  rises  in  the  town.  The  village  in  the 
centre  of  the  town  is  handsomely  situated  on  a 
swell  of  fine  land.  28  miles  N.  W.  from  Boston, 
and  10  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Westford,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Elk  and  Cherry 
Valley  Creeks  water  this  town.  Surface  hilly; 
soil  productive  sandy  loam.  8  miles  S.  E.  from 
Cooperstown,  and  68  W.  from  Albany. 

Westford,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  Westford  was 
settled  soon  after  the  revolutionary  war,  by 
Hezekiah  Parmelee  and  others.  The  town  is 
well  watered  by  Brown's  River,  a  branch  of  the 
Lamoille.  The  surface  is  rough,  and  the  soil 
good  for  grazing.  13  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Bur- 
lington, and  35  N.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

West  Goshen,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Drained  by 
branches  of  Chester  Creek,  and  of  Brandywine 
River.  Surface  gently  sloping  ;  soil  sandy  loam. 

Westhampton,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.,  was  first 
settled  about  the  year  1767,  and  formed  the  W. 
parish  of  Northampton,  until  its  incorporation  in 
1778.  The  features  of  the  town  are  generally 
rough,  but  pleasing  ;  the  soil  is  good.  A  number 
of  streams  rise  in  the  high  lands,  among  which  is 
the  Manhan,  affording  a  water  power  sufficient  for 
domestic  uses.  There  is  a  neat  village  hear  the 
centre  of  Wcsthampton,  which  lies  8  mile?  W.  S. 
W.  from  Northampton,  and  98  W.  by  S.  from 
Boston. 

West  Haven,  Vt.,  Rutland  co.  West  Haven 
was  set  off  from  Fair  Haven  in  1792.  It  is  well 
watered  by  Hubbardston  and  Poultney  Rivers, 
and  Cogman's  Creek,  on  the  former  of  which  are 
handsome  falls  and  mill  sites.  19  miles  W.  from 
Rutland. 

West  Hempjield,  Pa.,  Lancaster  co.  Bounded 
W.  by  the  Susquehanna  River,  N.  by  Chiques 
Creek,  and  drained  by  Strickler's  Creek.  Sur- 
face hilly;  soil  calcareous  loam.  8  miles  W. 
from  Lancaster. 

West  Liberty,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Morgan  co.  On  the  N. 
E.  side  of  Licking  River.  107  miles  E.  by  S. 
from  Frankfort. 

Westminster,  Md.,  Frederick  co.  This  village 
is  situated  on  the  road  from  Baltimore  to  Cham- 
bersburg.  30  miles  N.  W.  from  Baltimore,  and 
a  similar  distance  N.  E.  from  Frederick. 

Westminster,  Ms.,  Worcester  co.  This  town 
lies  on  the  range  of  high  lands  which  separate 
the  waters  of  the  Connecticut  and  Merrimac. 
Several  streams,  rising  from  large  ponds  in  this 
town  and  its  neighborhood,  produce  a  considera- 
ble water  power.  The  town  was  first  settled  in 
1737.  There  is  a  handsome  village  in  the  centre. 
50  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  20  N.  by 
W.  from  Worcester. 

Westminster,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  The  surface 
and  soil  of  Westminster  are  favorable  for  agricul- 
ture. The  principal  and  oldest  village  is  delight- 
fully situated  in  the  E.  parish,  on  the  bank  of 
Connecticut  River.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  semi- 
circle of  hills,  which  touch  the  river  about  2  miles 
above  and  below  the  town.  It  is  this  barrier 


which,  while  it  contributes  to  the  natural  beauty 
of  the  place,  has,  by  turning  the  watercourses  in 
another  direction,  deprived  it  of  all  those  facil- 
ities of  access  and  of  water  power  which  have  so 
much  contributed  to  the  rapid  growth  of  some  of 
the  neighboring  villages.  The  earliest  perma- 
nent settlers  came  from  Northfield,  Ms.,  and 
from  Ashford  and  Middleton,  Ct.,  about  1741, 
and  were  soon  followed  by  others  from  the  same 
states.  82  miles  S.  from  Montpelier,  and  13  N.  E. 
from  Newfane.  This  town  lies  a  little  below 
Bellows  Falls,  and  is  in  the  vicinity  of  two  rail- 
roads. 

West  Monroe,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Watered  by 
Bay  Creek,  flowing  into  Oneida  Lake,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  S.  Surface  level ;  soil  sandv 
loam.  25  miles  S.  E.  from  Oswegq,  and  147  N 
W.  from  Albany. 

Westmore,  Vt.,  Orleans  co.  Westmore  con- 
tains Willoughby's  Lake,  a  handsome  sheet  of 
water,  surrounded  by  Mounts  Hor,  Pico,  and 
other  elevations.  Branches  of  Barton,  Clyde, 
and  Passumpsic  Rivers  rise  in  this  and  other 
ponds  in  the  town.  Westmore  appears  to  be  too 
high  for  the  habitation  of  many  people,  or  cattle. 
The  settlement  commenced  here  about  the  year 
1800  :  it  was  abandoned  during  the  war  of  1812, 
but  resumed  on  the  return  of  peace.  12  miles  B. 
from  Irasburg,  and  52  N.  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Westmoreland^  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  This  town 
lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  and  is 
watered  by  several  small  streams,  which  empty 
into  it.  The  one  issuing  from  Spafford's  Lake, 
in  Chesterfield,  is  the  largest,  and  affords  some 
of  the  best  water  privileges  in  the  town.  The  sur- 
face is  less  varied  than  the  neighboring  towns. 
First  settlers:  four  families  settled  in  1741.  65 
miles  S.  W.  from  Concord,  and  about  10  W. 
from  Keene.  A  railroad  passes  through  the 
town. 

Westmoreland,  N.  Y.,  Oneida  co.  Oriskany 
Creek  and  one  of  its  branches  water  this  town. 
Surface  level ;  soil  chiefly  fertile  loam.  12  miles 
W.  from  Utica,  and  105  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Greensburg. 
Somerset  is  on  the  S.,  Washington  W.,  Alle- 
ghany  N.  W.,  Armstrong  and  Indiana  N.,  and 
Bedford  E.  This  county  is  well  watered.  The 
Monongahela  forms  its  extreme  western  border, 
near  which  it  is  traversed  by  the  Youghiogany. 
Its  entire  northern  limit  is  formed  by  the  Kis- 
kiminitas,  and  its  north-western  by  the  Alle- 
ghany,  whilst  its  surface  is  drained  by  the  numer- 
ous confluents  of  these  rivers.  The  country  is 
hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous ;  soil  productive 
in  grain,  pasturage,  and  fruit. 

Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Leeds.  Po- 
tomac River  is  on  the  N.  E.  of  this  county,  King 
George  co.  N.  W.,  Rappahannock  River  and 
Richmond  S.,  and  Northumberland  S.  E. 

West  Newbury,  Ms.,  Essex  co.  This  delightful 
agricultural  town  was  taken  from  ancient  New- 
bury in  1819.  It  occupies  an  elevated  situation 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Merrimac.  The  soil  is 
excellent.  The  town  is  connected  with  Rocks 
Village,  Haverhill,  by  an  excellent  bridge  over 
the  Merrimac.  West  Newbury  lies  4  miles  W. 
from  Newburyport,  and,  by  the  railroad  from 
Newburyport,  38  N.  from  Boston. 

Weston,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  Weston  was  taken 
from  Fairfield  in  1787.  It  was  settled  in  1738. 
The  town  is  watered  by  Saugatuck  and  Mill 
Rivers  and  a  pleasant  brook,  which  furnish  a 


624 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  fee- 


water  power.  There  are  some  valuable 
mills  for  manufactures  in  the  town,  but  the  chief 
business  of  the  inhabitants  is  agricultural."  The 
soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  with  an  uneven  surface. 
60  miles  S.  W.'from  Hartford. 

Weston,  Me.,  Washington  co.  This  town  was 
incorporated  in  1835.  It  is  the  half  township 
granted  to  Hampden  Academy.  It  lies  a  few 
miles  W.  from  Grand  Lake.  It  is  watered  by 
Baskahegan  River,  and  is  about  90  miles  N.  E. 
from  Bangor. 

Weston,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Previous  to  its 
incorporation,  in  1713,  the  territory  of  this  town 
was  a  part  of  Watertown.  The  town  was  settled 
about  1673.  It  is  on  high  ground,  and  its  surface 
is  varied  by  hills  and  valleys.  The  soil  is  good 
and  well  improved.  There  are  some  small 
streams  in  the  town.  Stony  Brook  and  others, 
and  Charles  River,  wash  its  eastern  border. 
The  Worcester  Railroad  passes  its  south-eastern 
corner,  and  the  Fitchburg  Railroad  goes  through 
the  N.  part  of  the  town.  14  miles  W.  by  S.  from 
Boston,  and  9  S.  S.  E.  from  Concord. 

Weston,  Vt,  Windsor  co.  West  River  passes 
through  this  town,  and  on  its  banks  are  some 
good  lands  and  two  pleasant  villages.  It  was 
set  off  from  Andover  in  1790,  and  organized  as  a 
town  in  1800.  66  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Montpc- 
lier,  and  22  from  Windsor. 

West  Penn,  Pa.,  Schuylkill  co.  Watered  by 
Little  Schuylkill  River  and  Mahoning  and  Lizard 
Creeks.  Surface  hilly,  abounding  with  anthra- 
cite coal;  soil  gravelly  and  unproductive.  79 
miles  N.  E.  from  Harrfsburg. 

West  Pennsboro1,  Pa.,  Cumberland  co.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Conedogwinit  Creek.  Surface  level ; 
soil  calcareous  loam.  8  miles  W.  from  Carlisle. 

West  Pikeland,  Pa.,  Chester  co.  Watered  by 
some  branches  of  Schuylkill  River,  which  afford 
hydraulic  power.  Surface  gently  sloping ;  soil 
sandy  loam. 

West  Point,  N.  Y.,  Orange  co.,  Cornwall  town- 
ship. Situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Hudson.  93 
miles  from  Albany,  and  52  N.  from  New  York. 
This  is  the  site  of  one  of  the  most  important 
fortresses  during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  is 
now  the  seat  of  the  United  States  Military 
School,  organized  in  1802.  During  the  war,  this 
post  was  emphatically  the  key  of  the  country,  as 
it  commanded  the  river,  and  prevented  the  Brit- 
ish from  holding  communication  with  their  prov- 
inces in  Canada.  At  this  point,  the  hill,  com- 
posed of  huge  crags  and  blocks  of  stone,  protrudes 
to  the  middle  of  the  river,  impelling  the  current 
towards  the  opposite  bank,  and  reducing  the  chan- 
nel to  less  than  half  a  mile  in  breadth.  This 
natural  formation  was  eminently  favorable  to  the 
object  of  the  fortifications  erected  here.  The 
cliff  selected  for  the  fortress  rises  from  the  river 
in  3  retreating  terraces  ;  upon  the  third  of  which, 
188  feet  above  the  water,  and  spreading  out  into 
a  plain  of  more  than  a  mile  in  circumference,  old 
Fort  Clinton  was  erected.  Upon  some  of  the 
eminences  rising  still  higher  in  the  rear,  redoubts 
were  erected  covering  this  fort ;  one  of  which 
was  Fort  Putnam,  at  the  height  of  598  feet  above 
the  river,  the  ruins  of  which  are  still  seen.  On 
Constitution  Island,  which  is  a  mass  of  rock,  to- 
wards the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  works  of 
strong  defence  were  also  constructed ;  and  a 
heavy  chain,  supported  by  buoys,  was  stretched 
across  the  angle  made  by  the  river,  forming  an 
effectual  bar  to  the  passage  of  the  enemy's  ships. 


These  works  were  constructed  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  celebrated  Kosciusco,  as  engineer ;  to 
whose  memory  a  monument  has  been  erected 
about  30  rods  E.  of  the  hotel  in  the  vicinity  of 
"  Kosciusco's  Garden,"  a  spot  to  which  the  "  Polish 
chieftain  was  accustomed  to  retire  for  study  and 
reflection." 

These  fortifications  were  defended  by  4000 
men.  They  were  built  in  a  single  year,  almost 
without  cost  to  the  country.  The  French  engi- 
neers, superintending  the  execution  of  their  own 
plans  to  the  minutest  details,  received  no  emolu- 
ment, and  the  soldiers  who  labored  at  them  had 
no  pay.  The  British  had  a  strong  desire  to  pos- 
sess themselves  of  this  important  post;  and  its 
surrender,  as  is  well  known,  was  to  have  been  the 
first  fruit  of  Arnold's  treason,  which  was  provi- 
dentially prevented  by  the  detection  of  Major 
Andre,  and  the  discovery  of  the  correspondence 
in  his  possession. 

These  grounds,  now  occupied  by  the  national 
Military  Academy,  were  ceded  to  the  United 
States  government,  by  the  state  of  New  York, 
in  1826.  Here  are  erected,  for  the  purposes  of 
this  institution,  two  stone  barracks,  one  3  and 
the  other  4  stories  high,  with  accommodation* 
for  250  cadets,  the  number  authorized  to  be  re- 
ceived by  law;  also  a  large  3  story  building,  275 
feet  long  by  75  feet  wide,  for  the  recitation  and 
drawing  rooms,  for  military  exercises  in  winter, 
and  for  a  depository  of  apparatus,  models,  &c. 
Besides  these,  there  is  a  beautiful  stone  building, 
2  stories  high,  150  feet  in  length  by  60  in  width, 
in  the  Gothic  style  of  the  period  of  Elizabeth, 
designed  for  the  library  and  philosophical  appa- 
ratus, with  an  astronomical  observatory  upon  one 
of  the  3  towers  with  which  the  N.  front  is  orna- 
mented ;  a  chapel ;  a  hospital ;  a  mess  hall ;  and 
17  separate  dwellings  for  the  officers  of  the  in- 
stitution, with  many  other  necessary  buildings. 
There  is  a  spacious  hotel,  finely  situated  at  the 
brow  of  the  hill,  built  of  stone,  surrounded  with 
a  beautiful  piazza  for  promenade,  and  command- 
ing in  front  a  full  view  of  the  plain  and  build- 
ings of  the  academy,  and  in  the  rear  a  most 'en- 
chanting prospect  of  the  river  and  Highlands. 
During  the  months  of  July  and  August,  the  ca- 
dets leave  their  barracks,  and  encamp  upon  the 
plain ;  and  their  time  is  devoted  to  a  series  of 
drills  and  evolutions  upon  parade,  which  are 
highly  interesting  to  visitors. 

West  Point,  Ky.,  Hardin  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  the  Ohio,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Salt  River, 
and  75  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Frankfort. 

Westport,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  This  pleasant 
town  was  called  Saugatuck,  the  name  of  a  river 
that  passes  through  it,  until  1835.  It  was  taken 
from  the  towns  of  Fairfield,  Norwalk,  and  Weston. 

Westport,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  This  town  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  waters  of  Sheepscot  River  and 
Bay,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Wiscasset,  E.  by 
Edgecomb  and  Boothbay,  and  S.  and  W.  by 
Sheepscot's  Bay  and  Georgetown.  It  is  29  miles 
S.  by  E.  from  Augusta.  Incorporated  in  1828. 

Westport,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Oldham  co. 

Westport,  Ms.,  Bristol  co..  lies  near  the  en- 
trance into  Buzzard's  Bay,  on  the  N.  side.  It  has 
an  excellent  harbor  near  the  sea,  formed  by 
Horse  Neck  Beach,  extending  in  front  of  a  larg« 
and  handsome  maritime  village,  called  Westport 
Point,  situated  between  the  E.  and  W.  branches 
of  Acoakset  River,  which  meet  the  tide  wateri 
here.  This  town  was  attached  to  Dartmouth 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


625 


.intil  its  incorporation  in  1787.  Acoakset  River, 
extending  the  whole  length  of  the  town,  affords 
a  good  water  power.  There  as  another  flourish- 
ing village  in  the  town,  called  the  Head  of  West- 
port,  on  the  Acoakset.  There  is  much  good 
land  here,  but  the  surface  is  somewhat  varied. 
The  village  at  the  harbor  lies  about  12  miles  S. 
W.  from  New  Bedford,  and  67  S.  from  Boston. 

Westport,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  Watered  by  Black 
Creek  and  several  small  streams  flowing  into 
Lake  Champlain.  which  bounds  it  on  the  E. 
Surface  level  on  the  E.  and  hilly  on  the  W. ;  soil 
clay  and  loam,  chiefly  fertile.  5  miles  E.  from 
Elizabeth,  and  123  N.  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

West  Rockhill,  Pa.,  Bucks  co.  Watered  by 
Perkiomen  Creek  and  a  branch  of  Tohickon 
Creek.  Surface  hilly;  soil  gravel.  92  miles  E. 
N.  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

West  Roxbury,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  A  new  town, 
taken  in  1852  from  the  city  of  Roxbury,  includ- 
ing the  parish  of  West  Roxbury,  and  the  village 
of  Jamaica  Plain. 

West  Springfield,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.  This  is 
a  large,  pleasant,  and  flourishing  agricultural 
town,  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Connecticut 
River,  and  watered  by  the  beautiful  Westfield 
River  from  W.  to  E.  The  surface  of  the  town  is 
delightfully  varied  by  hills  and  valleys.  Proven's 
Mountain  is  the  principal  elevation.  The  soil  is 
greatly  varied,  but  for  the  most  part  the  lands  are 
excellent.  There  are  a  number  of  pleasant  and 
flourishing  villages  in  this  large  town ;  those 
called  West  Springfield,  Agawam,  and  Feed- 
ing Hills,  are  the  principal.  This  town  was 
formerly  a  part  of  Springfield,  and  called 
Springfield  Mountains.  It  was  first  settled  about 
1654.  The  town  is  connected  with  Springfield 
by  a  bridge,  four  ferries,  and  by  the  Western  Rail- 
road, which  crosses  the  river  by  a  viaduct,  and 
passes  through  the  town.  100  miles  W.  S.  W. 
from  Boston,  and  100  E.  S.  E.  from  Albany. 

West  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.,  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Stockbridge.  It  was  purchased 
of  the  Stockbridge  Indians,  by  the  whites,  and 
called  Queensboro',  until  its  incorporation  in  1774. 
A  collection  of  rugged  hills  occupy  the  centre  of 
the  town.  Tom  Ball  Mountain  is  near  the  S. 
W.  corner,  and  Stockbridge  Mountain  is  on  the 
eastern  side.  The  S.  and  south-eastern  parts 
consist  of  rough,  broken  land.  Lime  quarries 
abound,  and  much  valuable  marble  is  found  here. 
West  Stockbridge  village,  watered  by  Williams 
River,  is  a  pleasant,  busy  place  ;  it  is  the  termi- 
nus of  the  Housatonic  Railroad  from  Bridgeport, 
on  Long  Island  Sound,  but  is  united  to  the  West- 
ern Railroad  by  a  branch  railroad  to  the  state 
line,  where  a  depot  on  the  Western  Railroad  in 
this  town  is  located.  From  this  depot  the  dis- 
tances by  railroads  are,  to  Boston  162  miles,  to 
Albany  38  miles. 

West  Troy,  N.  Y.,  upon  the  W.  side  of  the  Hud- 
gon,  opposite  Troy,  is  properly  a  suburb  of  that 
city,  and  is  connected  with  it  by  a  bridge  at  the  N. 
part,  and  by  three  ferries  farther  S.,  which  ply  con- 
tinually between  the  two  places.  It  lies  within  the 
limits  of  the  township  of  Watervliet.  It  was  incor- 
porated as  a  village  in  1836,  comprising  what  was 
before  called  the  village  of  Watervliet,  with  Gib- 
bonsville  and  Port  Schuyler.  Outlet  locks  here 
connect  the  Erie  and  Champlain  Canals  with  the 
Hudson  River.  It  has  a  valuable  water  power, 
derived  from  the  canal.  There  is  a  United  States 
arsenal,  established  here  in  1813,  which  has  sev- 
79 


eral  extensive  buildings  of  stone  and  brick,  with 
a  large  store  of  arms,  arranged  and  kept  in  fine 
order.  Attached  to  this  establishment  are  about 
100  acres  of  land,  enclosed  by  an  iron  fence  in 
front,  and  by  a  wall  on  the  sides  and  rear,  con- 
taining in  all  nearly  40  buildings.  A  fine  Mac- 
adamized road  connects  West  Troy  with  Albany, 
6  miles  distant.  Enjoying  similar  advantages 
for  trade  and  business  with  Troy  herself,  this 
flourishing  suburb  is  destined,  with  the  parent 
city,  to  a  rapid  growth. 

West  Turin,  N.  Y.,  Lewis  co.  Watered  by 
Fish  Creek  and  Salmon  River,  and  partly  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  Black  River,  in  which  are  the  High 
Falls.  The  Black  River  Canal  also  enters  the 
river  on  the  W.  side,  just  below  the  falls.  Sur- 
face mostly  undulating  ;  soil  rich  sandy  loam  and 
clav.  11  miles  S.  from  Martinsburg,  and  126 
N.  W.  from  Albany. 

West  Union,  Io.,  c.  h.  Fayette  co. 

West  Union,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Incorporated 
in  1843. 

West  Union,  0.,  Tiffin  township,  c.  h.  Adams 
co.  Lies  100  miles  S.  from  Columbus,  and  55  S. 
W.  from  Chillicothe. 

West  Union,  0.,  c.  h.  Adams  co.,  106  miles  S. 
from  Columbus. 

West  Union,  Va.,  c.  h.  Doddridge  co. 

Westviile,  Mi.,  c.'  h.  Simpson  co.  A  little  S. 
from  Strong,  a  branch  of  Pearl  River,  and  55  miles 
from  Jackson. 

Westviile,  N.  Y.,  Franklin  co.  Watered  by 
Salmon  River.  Is  mostly  a  level  town;  soil 
sandy  loam.'  8  miles  N.  W.  from  Malone,  and 
220  N.  from  Albany. 

West  Windsor,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  The  western 
part  of  the  beautiful  town  of  Windsor  was  set  off 
in  the  year  1848,  and  called  by  the  above  name. 

Wethersfield,  Ct,  Hartford  co.  A  very  fertile 
town  on  Connecticut  River,  adjoining  Hartford, 
and  famous  for  the  cultivation  of  onions,  which 
are  raised  in  large  quantities  for  exportation. 
The  state  prison  is  here.  It  is  situated  on  a  cove 
which  sets  back  from  the  Connecticut  at  the  N. 
end  of  the  village.  The  apartments  of  the  warden 
are  at  the  E.  end  of  the  prison  building.  The 
hall,  or  central  part,  is  154  feet  long,  43  feet  wide, 
and  30  feet  high,  including  200  cells,  in  which  the 
male  prisoners  are  locked  up  at  night.  The  W. 
end  is  used  as  the  female  department,  containing 
cells,  rooms  for  labor,  kitchen  and  apartments  for 
the  matron.  To  the  N.  of  the  prison  is  a  quadran- 
gular yard,  containing  the  workshops  in  which  the 
convicts  perform  their  daily  labor. 

Wethersfield,  N.  Y.,  Wyoming  co.  Watered 
by  Tonawanda  and  Wiskoy  Creeks.  Surface 
rolling;  soil  well  suited  to  grass.  10  miles  S. 
W.  from  Warsaw,  and  258  W.  from  Albany. 

Wetumpka,  Aa.,  Montgomery  co.  This  town 
and  village  are  situated  on  the  Coosa  River,  a 
few  miles  above  its  junction  with  Tallapoosa,  to 
form  the  Alabama,  and  by  post  road  110  miles 
E.  by  S.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa.  It  is  in  a  healthy 
and  fertile  section  of  country,  at  the  head  of 
steamboat  navigation,  and  is  a  flourishing  village. 

Wetzel  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  New  Martins ville. 
N.  W.  part  of  the  state.  On  the  Ohio  River, 
Watered  by  Fishing  Creek.  Hilly. 

Weybridge,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Weybridge  is 
watered  by  Otter  Creek,  which  affords  it  good 
mill  sites.  Lemonfair  River,  a  sluggish  stream, 
also  waters  it.  Some  parts  of  the  town  are 
mountainous,  but  the  soil  is  generally  good ;  the 


626 


COUNTIES,  CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,^  &c., 


basis  being  limestone,  it  yields  good  crops.  The 
settlement  was  commenced  about  the  beginning 
of  the  revolutionary  war,  by  Daniel  Stow  and 
John  Sanford,  but  the  settlers  were  soon  after 
dispersed  or  made  prisoners  by  the  enemy.  The 
settlement  was  recommenced  on  the  return  of 
peace.  The  first  settlers  were  mostly  from  Mas- 
sachusetts. 30  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Burlington. 

Weymouth,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  place  was 
called  Wessaguset  by  the  Indians,  and  Wey mouth 
by  the  English,  after,  a  town  in  England,  from 
which  emigrants  came  in  1624.  This  was  the 
second  settlement  made  by  white  men  in  New 
England.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified 
by  hills  and  valleys ;  the  soil  is  a  strong,  gravelly 
loam,  with  a  granite  superstructure.  Weymouth 
is  finely  watered  by  large  and  beautiful  ponds, 
and  by  "two  important  arms  g>f  Boston  Harbor, 
called  Fore  and  Back  Rivers.  Between  these 
rivers  is  a  large  tract  of  gently  swelling  land,  of 
good  soil,  extending  to  Quineg,  and  is  united  to 
Quincy  Point  by  a  bridge  across-,.  Fore  River. 
There  are  several  pleasant  villages  in  Wey- 
mouth, but  the  principal  place  of  business  is  at 
Weymouth  Landing,  so  called,  or  Washington 
Square,  at  the  head  of  Fore  River,  on  the  line  of, 
and  connected  with,  a  large  village  in  Braintree. 
The  South  Shore  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Cohas- 
set  passes  through  this  pleasant  and  flourishing 
Tillage.  The  village  at  the  S.  part  of  the  town  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  elevated  ground,  3  miles 
S.  from  Washington  Square.  The  Old  Colony 
Railroad  passes  through  this  part  of  the  town. 
14  miles  from  Boston.  From  Weymouth  Land- 
ing it  is  11  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Boston,  and  24  N 
N.  W.  from  Plymouth.  Among  other  manufac- 
tures, that  of  boots  and  shoes  is  extensively  car- 
ried on. 

Wharton,  Pa.,  Potter  co.  Watered  by  a  branch 
of  Stony  Creek.  179  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Wharton  County,  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Wharton.  On 
both  sides  of  the  Colorado,  towards  its  mouth. 

Whartonville,  Va.,  Fauquier  co.  A  village 
about  40  miles  from  North  Carolina. 

Whatdy,  Ms.,  Franklin  co.  Previous  to  its  in- 
corporation, in  1771,  this  town  comprised  the  N. 
part  of  Hatfield.  The  Connecticut  River  bounds 
it  on  the  E.,  and  the  town  is  well  watered  by  Mill 
River  and  West  Brook.  In  this  town  is  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  intervale  land  on  Connecti- 
cut River,  but  it  is  not  of  the  first  quality.  The 
principal  street  runs  parallel  with  the  river,  about 
2  miles  westward.  Between  this  street  and  the 
river  is  an  extensive  tract  of  swampy  land,  called 
Whately  Swamp.  Westward  of  the  street  the 
township  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  in  many  places 
rich  and  fertile.  The  village  of  West  Whyatel  is 
pleasantly  located  amid  the  high  grounds  at  the 
W.  part  of  the  town.  About  2  miles  northward 
from  this  village  is  Mount  Esther.  1 1  miles  S. 
from  Greenfield,  and  90  W.  by  N.  from  Boston. 
The  railroad  between  Springfield  and  Greenfield 
passes  through  this  town. 

Wheatfield,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  Bounded  S.  by 
Tonawanda  Creek,  and  S.  W.  by  the  Niagara 
River.  Surface  undulating;  soil  chiefly  fertile 
loam.  12  miles  W.  from  Lockport,  and"  289  N. 
of  W.  from  Albany. 

Wheatland,  N.  Y.,  Monroe  co.  Watered  by 
Allen's  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Genesee  River, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface  undulating  • 


soil  productive  calcareous  loam.  17  miles  S.  W 
from  Rochester,  and  232  W.  from  Albany. 

Wheeler,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by  sev- 
eral streams  flowing  into  Conhocton  River,  which 
partly  bounds  it  on  the  S.  W.  Surface  hilly ; 
soil  sandy  loam  and  clay.  7  miles  N.  from  Bath, 
and  210  W.  from  Albany. 

Wheeling,  Va.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Ohio  co.  Situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Ohio 
River.  About  35  miles  N.  W.  from  Richmond, 
308  W.  by  N.  from  Baltimore,  and  383  N.  by  W. 
from  Cincinnati.  The  hills  back  of  the  city  come 
so  near  the  river  as  to  leave  rather  a  small  area  for 
building,  so  that  the  place  is  forced  to  extend 
along  the  high  alluvial  bank,  principally  on  one 
street,  for  a  distance  of  about  2  miles.  It  lies  OH 
both  sides  of  the  Wheeling  Creek,  which  here 
empties  into  the  Ohio.  This  was  the  site  of  old 
Fort  Henry,  and  the  seat  of  important  operations 
in  the  early  wars  with  the  Indians.  A  fine  stone 
bridge  over  the  mouth  of  this  creek  connects  the 
upper  and  lower  portions  of  the  city.  It  is  the 
most  important  place  in  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures in  Western  Virginia.  It  contains  several 
handsome  churches,  and  other  public  and  pri- 
vate buildings.  It  has  cotton  mills,  rolling  mills, 
glass  works,  a  silk  factory,  'a  steam  engine  fac- 
tory, &c.  A  large  business  is  done  in  the  build- 
ing of  steamboats.  The  Virginia  Iron  Works, 
located  here,  turn  out  from  1000  to  1200  kegs  of 
very  superior  nails  per  week. 

The  national  road,  from  Cumberland  across 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  St.  Louis,  passes 
through  Wheeling,  and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad  terminates  here,  making  this  place  a 
great  thoroughfare  of  travel  between  the  east  and 
west.  The  Ohio  River  is  here  crossed  by  a 
magnificent  wire  suspension  bridge,  erected  at  a 
cost  of  over  $200.000.  The  span  (said  to  be  the 
longest  in  the  world)  is  1010  feet,  from  centre  to 
centre  of  the  stone  supporting  towers,  and  its  height 
above  low-water  mark  is  97  feet.  The  height  of 
the  towers  on  the  Wheeling  side  is  153^  feet 
above  low-water  mark,  and  60  feet  above  the 
abutment  on  which  they  stand.  The  entire 
bridge  is  supported  by  12  wire  cables,  1380  feet 
in  length,  and  4  inches  in  diameter,  each  com- 
posed of  550  strands.  These  cables  are  laid  in 
pairs,  3  pairs  on  each  side  of  the  flooring.  The 
bridge  has  a  carriage  way,  1 7  feet  wide,  and  two 
foot-walks,  3£  feet  wide.  The  wire  for  this  stu- 
pendous and  beautiful  structure  was  manufac- 
tured by  D.  Richards  &  Co.,  an  enterprising  firm 
in  Wheeling. 

Wheelock,  Vt..  Caledonia  co.  There  is  some  good 
land  in  this  town,  but  a  great  part  of  it  is  moun- 
tainous or  hilly,  and  fit  only  for  pasturage.  The 
streams  flow  N.  W.  into  the  Lamoille,  and  S.  E. 
into  the  Passumpsic.  This  town  was  granted,  in 
1785,  to  Moore's  (Indian)  Charity  School,  at 
Dartmouth  College,  and  named  in  honor  of  John 
Wheelock,  who  was  at  that  time  president  of  that 
institution.  The  first  settlers  were  Joseph  Page, 
Abraham  Morrill,  and  Dudley  Swasey,  in  1790. 
44  miles  N.  E.  from  Montpelier,  and  10  N.  from 
Danville. 

Whitfidd  County,  Ga.  New.  In  the  N.  W. 
angle  of  the  state. 

White  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Searcy.  Bounded 
N.  by  Independence  co.,  E.  by  White  River,  sep- 
arating it  from  Jackson  and  St.  Francis  counties; 
S.  by  Pulaski  co.,  and  W.  by  Conway  and  Van 


IN  .THE   UNITED"  STATES. 


627 


Buren  counties.  Drained  by  Little  Red  and 
other  branches  of  White  Ri^er. 

White  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Carmi.  Wabash 
River  is  on  the  E.,  Gallatin  co.  S.,  Franklin  and 
Jefferson  W..  and  Wayne  and  Edwards  N.  Lit- 
tle Wabash  River  drains  most  of  the  county. 

White  County,  Ia^  c.  h.  at  Monticello.  Bounded 
N.  by  Pulaski  co.,  E.  by  Cass  and  Carroll.  S.  by 
Tippecanoe,  and  W.  by  Benton  and  Jasper  coun- 
ties. Drained  by  Tippecanoe  River  and  branches. 
The  surface  is  level,  much  of  it  being  prairie, 
and  the  soil  fertile. 

White  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Sparta.  White 
co.  is  bounded  by  Bledsoe  S.  E.,  Warren  W., 
Caney  Fork  River  S.  W.,  Smith  N.  W.,  Jackson 
N.,  and  Overton  N.  E.  The  eastern  branches  of 
Caney  Fork  River  drain  the  county. 

White  Creek,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  Watered 
by  Owl  and  Little  White  Creeks,  flowing  into 
the  Hoosic  River,  which  partly  bounds  it  on  the 
S.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  rich  sandy  loam.  12  miles 
S.  from  Salem,  and  42  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Whitefield,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  Sheepscot  River 
passes  through  this  town,  giving  it  fertility,  beauty, 
and  a  good  water  power.  It  has  Windsor  on  the 
N.,  Jefferson  on  the  E.,  Alna  on  the  S.,  and 
Pittston  on  the  W.  16  miles  S.  E.  from  Au- 
gusta. 

Whitejield,  N.  II.,  Coos  co.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally thin  and  light,  of  easy  cultivation,  and 
tolerably  good.  In  the  N.  part  low  spruce 
swamps  abound.  Here  lie  part  of  Blake's,  Long, 
Hound,  and  Little  River  Ponds,  besides  two  other 
small  ponds.  The  second  of  these  is  a  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  of  considerable  size,  abounding 
with  fish.  John's  River  passes  through  this 
town.  First  settlers,  Major  Burns  and  others, 
who  settled  soon  after  1774.  120  miles  N.  from 
Concord,  and  about  12  S.  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  Washington  co.  At  the  S. 
end  of  Lake  Champlain.  73  miles  N.  from  Al- 
bany, and  82  miles  S.  from  Burlington,  Vt.  This 
place  derives  its  importance  from  its  peculiarly 
favorable  situation  for  business,  at  the  junction 
ef  the  Champlain  Canal,  from  Albany  and  Troy, 
with  the  lake,  and  from,  its  being  a  thoroughfare 
of  travel  on  the  great  route  between  New  York 
and  Canada.  The  place  is  located  in  a  romantic 
situation,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  called  Wood 
Creek,  which  descends  through  a  rocky  ravine, 
and  over  a  fall  of  about  20  feet,  into  the  lake. 
The  village  is  compactly  built  between  the  bold 
and  lofty  cliffs  which  overlook  the  town,  and 
consists  of  about  150  houses  ;  a  number  of  mills, 
for  which  the  river  furnishes  a  fine  water  power  ; 
numerous  warehouses  for  the  forwarding  and 
commission  business ;  several  churches,  and  other 
public  buildings.  This  place  was  occupied  by 
Burgoyne  as  his  head-quarters,  for  a  considerable 
time,  and  on  the  heights  overlooking  the  harbor 
are  the  remains  of  a  battery  and  blockhouse 
erected  by  him.  Some  of  the  finest  steamboats 
on  any  of  our  waters  ply  between  this  place  and 
St.  John's,  in  Canada,  150  miles  distant,  whence 
there  is  steam  communication  direct  to  Mon- 
treal. There  is  also  a  continuous  line  of  railroad 
communication  N.,  via  Rutland,  Middlebury.  and 
Burlington,  to  Montreal,  E.  to  Boston,  and  S.  to 
Saratoga  Springs,  Troy,  Albany,  and  Schenec- 
tady,  and  the  great  routes  of  travel  centring  at 
these  places. 

Whitehead,  Me.,  Lincoln  county.  An  island 
off  the  town  of  St.  George,  with  a  light  and 


tower  30  feet  in  height.  The  light  bears  about 
S.  W.  by  S..  9  miles  from  Owl's  Head. 

Whitely  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Whitcly.  Ten- 
nessee is  on  the  S.  of  this  county,  Wayne  co., 
Ky.,  W.,  Rockcastle  River,  or  Pulaski  co"  N.  W., 
Knox  N.  E.,  and  Harlan  E.  From  S.  E.  to  N. 
W.  the  county  is  crossed  by  the  Cumberland 
River. 

Wfiitemarsh,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  White- 
marsh  has  long  been  noted  for  its  elegant  and 
variegated  marble.  The  village  lies  12  miles  N. 
from  Philadelphia. 

White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  Westchester  co.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Bronx  River  and  Mamaroneck 
Creek.  Surface  somewhat  hilly  ;  soil  chiefly 
loam,  well  suited  to  grass.  131  miles  S.  from 
Albany. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  Greenbrier  co.  See 
Fashionable  Resorts. 

Whitesides  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Lyndon.  Formed 
from  Jo  Daviess  county  in  1836.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Carroll  co.,  E.  by  Ogle  and  Lee,  S.  by  Bu- 
reau and  Henry  counties,  and  W.  by  Rock  Island 
co.  and  the  Mississippi  River,  separating  it  from 
Iowa.  Drained  by  Rock  River  and  its  branches. 
Surface  level,  or  slightly  uneven ;  soil  fertile. 

Whitestown,  N.  Y.,  Oricida  co.  Half  shire  town 
with  Rome.  It  is  watered  by  Oriskany  and  Sad- 
aquada  Creeks,  flowing  into  the  Mohawk  River, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  E.  Surface  undulating, 
with  broad  fertile  valleys ;  soil  rich  calcareous 
loam.  97  miles  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Whiting,  Me.,  Washington  co.  This  town 
lies  at  the  head  of  Machias  Bay,  and  is  watered 
by  several  ponds  and  a  good  mill  stream.  It 
lies  152  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Augusta,  and  6 
N.  E.  from  Machias.  Incorporated  1825. 

Whiting,  Vt.,  Addison  co.  Otter  Creek  waters 
the  eastern  border  of  the  town,  but  affords  no 
mill  privileges.  Along  the  eastern  part  of  the 
town,  near  Otter  Creek,  is  a  swamp  which  covers 
2000  or  3000  acres.  It  affords  an  abundance  of 
excellent  cedar,  pine,  ash,  &c.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally of  the  marly  kind,  and  produces  good 
grass  and  grain.  John  Wilson  erected  the  first 
house  in  Whiting  in  1772,  and  in  June,  1773,  a 
family  by  the  name  of  Bolster  moved  into  it. 
During  the  revolution  the  settlement  was  aban- 
doned, but  was  recommenced  at  the  close  of  the 
war.  40  miles  S.  W.  from  Montpelier,  and  10 
S.  from  Middlebury. 

Whitingham,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  Deerfield 
River  runs  through  the  whole  length  of  this 
town,  along  the  western  part.  There  are  many 
other  smaller  streams  in  different  parts.  There 
are  two  natural  ponds.  Sawdawda  Pond  is  so 
called  from  an  Indian  of  that  name,  who  formerly 
lived  near  it,  and  was  afterwards  supposed  to 
have  been  drowned  in  going  down  Deerfield 
River.  The  surface  of  Whitingham  is  uneven, 
but  the  soil  is  generally  good,  and  has  a  variety 
of  timber.  A  mineral  spring  was  discovered 
here  in  1822.  The  western  part  of  the  town 
abounds  with  limestone.  The  settlement  was 
commenced  in  1770,  by  Mr.  Bratlin  and  Silas 
Hamlinton.  17  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Brattle- 
boro',  and  18  E.  S.  E.  from  Bennington. 

Whitley  County,  la.,  c.  h.  at  Whitley.  Bounded 
N.  by  Noble  co.,  E.  by  Allen,  S.  by  Huntingtoa 
and  Wabash,  and  W.  by  Kosciusco  co.  Eel  River 
and  its  tributaries  water  this  county,  affording 
hydraulic  power.  The  soil  is  fertile. 

Whitley,  la.,  c.  h.  Whitley  co.    On  the  N.  W 


628 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


side  of  Eel  River.  120  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  In- 
dianapolis. 

Whitley  County,  Ky.  Wayne  co.  bounds  this 
county  on  the  W.,xPulaski  and  Laurel  N.,  Knox 
E.,  and  Claiborne  and  Campbell  counties,  of 
Tennessee,  S. 

Whitley,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Whitley  co.  On  the  S.  side 
of  Cumberland  River.  125  miles  S.  S.  E.  from 
Frankfort. 

Whitpaine,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  On  the  W. 
side  of  Wissahicon  Creek.  This  township  is 
Situated  15  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Whitesburg,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Letcher  co. 

Whiteville,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Columbus  co.  On  the  E. 
side  of  Beaver  Dam  Creek.  125  miles  S.  by  W. 
from  Raleigh. 

Whitesville,  N.  C.,  Columbus  co.  This  village 
is  located  on  Beaver  Dam,  a  branch  of  Wac- 
camaw  River.  It  is  the  seat  of  justice,  and  lies 
118  miles  S.  from  Raleigh. 

Whitneyville,  Me.,  Washington  co. 

Wickford,  R.  I.,  Washington  co.  Situated  on 
a  W.  branch  of  Narraganset  Bay,  and  has  a  good 
harbor.  S.  from  Providence  22  miles.  It  has 
considerable  shipping  in  the  West  India  and 
coasting  trade. 

Wiconisco,  Pa.,  Dauphin  co.  Watered  by  Wi- 
conisco  Creek,  which  enters  the  Susquehanna 
River  at  this  place.  Distant  53  miles  N.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Wiggins  Ferry,  Is.,  St.  Clair  co.  On  the  Mis- 
sissippi, opposite  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  95  miles  S. 
by  W.  from  Springfield.  It  has  constant  com- 
munication with  St.  Louis  by  steam  ferry  boats. 

Wilbraham,  Ms.,  Hampden  co.,  was  first 
settled  in  1731.  Before  its  incorporation,  in 
1763,  it  was  the  fourth  parish  of  Springfield,  and 
called  Springfield  Mountains.  This  town  is 
watered  by  the  Chicopee,  and  several  of  its 
small  tributaries.  The  surface  is  diversified  by 
hills  and  valleys,  and  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to 
agricultural  pursuits.  The  Wesleyan  Academy, 
in  Wilbraham,  is  an  institution  of  great  value, 
and  in  high  reputation.  It  is  situated  at  the 
N.  part  of  the  town,  in  a  pleasant  village,  about 
3  miles  from  the  Western  Railroad.  From  this 
village,  by  the  railroad,  it  is  9  miles  to  Springfield, 
and  89  from  Boston.  South  Wilbraham  village 
lies  4  miles  S.  from  the  academy,  and  2  N.  from 
Rattlesnake  Hill. 

Wilcox  County,  Aa.,  c.  h.  at  Canton.  Butler  is 
on  the  S.  E.  of  this  county,  Monroe  S.,  Clarke  and 
Marengo  W.,  Dallas  N.,  and  Montgomery  N.  E. 
Through  the  county,  from  N.  to  S.  passes  the 
Alabama  River. 

Wilkes  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Washington.  Co- 
lumbia and  Warren  are  on  the  S.  E.,  Greene  S. 
W.,  Oglethorpe  N.  W.,  and  Broad  River,  or 
Jefferson  co.,  and  Lincoln  E. 

Wilkes  County,  N.  C.  This  county  is  situated 
in  a  valley  between  mountains,  and  is  drained  by 
the  sources  of  Yadkin  River.  A  small  village  at 
the  court  house  is  the  principal  place. 

Wilkesbarre,  Pa.  Shire  town  of  Luzerne  co.,  in 
the  Wyoming  valley.  114  miles  N.  E.  of  Harris- 
burg,  and  about  120  N.  N.  W.  from  Philadelphia. 
This  town  was  laid  out  in  1773,  by  Colonel 
Durkee,  who  gave  it  the  compound  name  it  bears 
in  honor  of  two  eminent  and  zealous  advocates  of 
the  American  cause-  in  the  British  Parliament  — 
Wilkes  and  Barre.  It  is  situated  on  a  high  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  River,  which  is  here  spanned 
by  a  fine  bridge,  and  occupies  one  of  the  most 


splendid  sites  in  the  state.  The  town  is  regularly 
laid  out,  but  upon  a  plan,  perhaps,  entirely  unique. 
There  are  four  streets  forming  a  parallelogram 
of  equal  sides,  enclosed  by  which  are  four  others 
running  diagonally  to  these,  and  forming  a  dia- 
mond within  the  outer  square,  containing  about  4 
acres.  This  diagonal  square  is  the  public  green, 
in  which  are  the  churches,  the  court  house,  and 
other  buildings.  At  the  angles  it  is  cut  by  the 
sides  of  the  parallelogram  which  surrounds  it. 
The  western  angle  is  opposite  the  bridge,  with 
the  width  of  Main  Street  intervening.  The 
bridge  connects  Wilkesbarre  with  the  village  of 
Kingston. 

This  is  now  a  place  of  considerable  business. 
There  is  here  one  of  the  most  extensive  rolling- 
mills  in  the  country.  The  iron  for  these  works  is 
brought  by  canal  from  Danville.  The  Pennsyl- 
vania North  Branch  Canal  passes  E.  of  the  town  ; 
and  a  railroad  runs  over  the  mountains  20  miles 
to  the  Lehigh  at  White  Haven.  The  rich  coal 
mine  of  the  Baltimore  Company  is  about  2  miles 
N.  E.  of  the  village. 

The  first  settlers  of  this  town,  and  of  the  beauti- 
ful valley  in  which  it  is  situated,  were  principally 
from  Connecticut.  The  inhabitants  are  still  a 
highly-intelligent  and  moral  people,  retaining,  in 
a  good  degree,  the  manners,  habits,  and  enterprise 
of  their  New  England  fathers. 

The  valley  of  Wyoming,  it  is  well  known,  is 
one  of  the  most  enchanting  spots  in  its  natural 
features,  and  one  of  the  richest  in  historical  asso- 
ciations, among  the  localities  of  our  country.  We 
cannot  indulge  in  any  extended  description  here, 
or  enter  into  the  minute  incidents  of  its  thrilling 
history.  The  site  of  Fort  Wyoming  was  where 
the  court  house  now  stands.  There  was  another 
fort  a  little  below  the  bridge.  Fort  Durgee  was 
half  a  mile  below,  and  on  the  hill,  N.  of  the  vil- 
lage, the  remains  of  the  old  redoubts  are  still 
visible. 

"  The  severe  and  long-continued  struggle  for 
the  possession  of  this  country,"  says  Professor 
Silliman,  who  visited  this  valley  in  1829,  "  which 
was  sustained  by  the  original  Connecticut  settlers 
from  50  to  80  years  since,  and  the  repeated  at- 
tempts which  were  made  to  disposses  them  by 
arms,  sufficiently  evince  the  high  estimation  in 
which  it  was  held  by  all  parties.  .  .  No  one 
who  now  surveys  this  charming  valley  can  wonder 
that  they  would  not  quietly  relinquish  their  claims. 
.  .  Few  landscapes  that  I  have  seen,"  he  adds, 
"  can  vie  with  the  valley  of  Wyoming.  The  first 
glance  of  a  stranger,  entering  at  either  end,  or 
crossing  the  mountain  ridges  which  divide  it 
(like  the  Happy  Valley  of  Abyssinia)  from  the  rest 
of  the  world,  fills  him  with  the  peculiar  pleasure 
produced  by  a  fine  landscape,  combining  richness, 
beauty,  variety,  and  grandeur." 

The  visitor  to  this  beautiful  valley  will  not  fail 
to  inquire  for  the  battle  ground,  which  was  the 
scene  of  such  a  desperate  conflict,  and  bloody 
massacre  during  the  war  of  the  revolution.  The 
site  of  Forty  Fort,  the  place  where  the  little  force 
of  Wyoming  was  chiefly  concentrated,  to  defend 
their  settlement  against  an  invading  army  of  about 
three  times  their  number,  composed  of  British- 
American  loyalists  and  Indians,  is  two  or  three 
miles  N.  of  Wilkesbarre,  on  the  Kingston  side  of 
the  river,  and  about  as  much  farther  still  to  the 
N.  is  the  plain,  on  and  near  which  most  of  the 
men  of  Wyoming  were  slain,  in  and  after  the 
battle,  —  chiefly  in  their  flight,  and  after  sur- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


629 


rendering  themselves  prisoners  of  war.  Only  60 
of  the  men  who  went  into*  this  battle  survived. 
The  slain  were  buried  about  a  month  afterwards 
in  one  common  grave.  A  beautiful  monument 
has  recently  been  erected  on  the  spot  where  their 
ashes  moulder,  to  commemorate  their  heroic 
martyrdom  in  defence  of  their  homes,  their  liber- 
ties, and  their  country's  cause. 

Wilkesbaro',  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Wilkes  co.  On  the  S. 
side  of  Yadkin  River.  172  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Raleigh. 

Wilkinson  County,  Ga.,  c.  h.  at  Irwinton.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  E.  by  Oconee  River,  or 
Washington  co.,  S.  E.  by  Laurens,  S.  W.  by 
Twiggs,  and  N.  W.  by  Jones. 

Wilkinson  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Woodville. 
Mississippi  River  is  on  the  W.,  New  Feliciana, 
La.,  S.,  Homochitto  River,  or  Adams  co.,  Mi., 
N.  W.,  Homochitto  River,  or  Franklin  co.,  N.  E., 
and  Amite  E. 

Will  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Juliet.  Bounded  N. 
by  Du  Page  and  Cook  counties,  E.  by  Indiana, 
S.  by  Iroquois  and  Vermilion,  and  W.  by  Grun- 
dy  and  Kendall  counties.  Watered  by  Des- 
plaines  River  and  Kankakee  River  and  their 
branches. 

Williams  County,  O.,  c.  h.  at  Defiance.  This 
county  has  an  excellent  soil,  very  valuable  for 
grain  "and  grass.  It  is  well  supplied  with  water 
by  many  streams,  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
Mauwee,  Auglaise,  Little  St.  Joseph's,  and  Tif- 
fin. On  Maumee  River  are  the  Sulphur  Springs ; 
they  are  clear  and  cold,  and  have  a  strong  odor, 
perceptible  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile.  The  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal  passes  through  the  county,  and 
will  increase  its  business. 

Williamsburg,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  This  town- 
ship was  granted,  in  1 736,  to  volunteers,  for  ser- 
vices against  the  Indians  in  1 704.  It  was  attached 
to  Hatfield,  and  called  Hatfield  Addition,  until 
its  incorporation  in  1771.  The  surface  is  quite 
elevated,  but  pleasantly  variegated  by  hills  and 
valleys  ;  the  soil  is  warm  and  fertile.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  Mill  River,  a  fine  stream,  which  passes 
through  the  centre  of  the  town.  Haydensville,  a 
flourishing  village,  is  located  in  Williamsburg. 
8  miles  N.  W.  from  Northampton,  and  95  W. 
from  Boston. 

Wil/iamsburg,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Covington  co.  Situ- 
ated between  the  head  branches  of  Leaf  River. 
82  miles  S.  E.  from  Jackson. 

Williamsburg,  N.  Y.,  in  the  township  of  Bush- 
wick,  Kings  co.,  on  Long  Island,  about  3  miles 
N.  E.  of  Brooklyn,  and  opposite  to  the  N.  part  of 
the  city  of  New  York.  It  lies  extended  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  on  the  bank  of  the  East  River, 
which  has  a  bold  elevation  from  the  water  at  this 
place.  Here  are  several  large  and  substantial 
docks,  with  ample  depth  of  water,  for  safe  and 
convenient  moorings  for  vessels  of  the  largest 
class.  It  is  but  a  few  years  since  Williamsburg 
was  but  an  inconsiderable  village.  An  act  of 
incorporation  was  obtained  for  it  as  a  village  in 
1827,  a  steam  ferry  having  previously  been  estab- 
lished to  the  foot  of  Grand  Street,  New  York,  by 
which  an  impulse  was  given  to  its  prosperity.  A 
steam  ferry  boat  also  now  plies  betAveen  this 
place  and  Peck  Slip,  at  the  lower  part  of  New 
York,  which  accommodates  a  rapidly-increasing 
number  of  merchants  and  other  men  of  business, 
who  come  here  to  find  a  pleasant  residence  out 
of  the  city.  So  great  has  been  the  progress  of 
improvement,  that  the  ancient  village  of  Bush- 


wick,  which  was  formerly  quite  distinct  from  that 
of  Williamsburg,  can  scarcely  be  identified. 

Williamsburg  has  now  about  30  streets  graded 
and  regulated,  some  of  which  are  paved,  and  one 
Macadamized;  and  the  number  of  streets  per- 
manently laid  out  amounts  to  over  70.  It  has 
several  churches  of  different  denominations, 
many  large  and  handsome  blocks  of  stores  and 
warehouses,  and  numerous  dwellings  enjoying 
the  best  advantages  of  situation.  The  population 
in  1840  was  5094;  in  1845,  11,338;  and  in  1850, 
30,786. 

Williamsburg  District,  S.  C.,  Williamsburg 
and  Kingstree  shire  towns.  This  district  has 
Santee  River  on  the  S.  W.,  Sumpter  district  N. 
W.,  Lynch's  Creek,  or  Marion  district,  N.  E.,  and 
Georgetown  S.  E.  A  branch  of  Great  Pedee, 
called  Black  River,  drains  the  district. 

Williamsburg,  Va.,  c.  h.  James  City  co.  This 
village  was  formerly  the  metropolis  of  Virginia. 
It  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of  a  small  creek  that 
runs  into  James  River,  32  miles  E.  by  S.  from 
Richmond,  and  175  S.  by  E.  from  North  Caro- 
lina. The  streets  are  laid  out  with  great  regular- 
ity, and  the  public  edifices  exhibit  the  ruins  of 
comparative  grandeur,  particularly  the  Capitol 
and  college.  The  college,  called  the  College  of 
William  and  Mary,  was  endowed  by  the  royal 
government  with  a  clear  and  certain  revenue  of 
£3000  per  annum.  Though  built  to  accommo- 
date 100  pupils,  it  has  seldom  more  than  40. 
Attempts  have  recently  been  made  to  revive  the 
former  prosperous  state  of  this  institution.  See 
Colleges. 

Williamson  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Bainbridge. 
Bounded  N.  by  Franklin  co.,  E.  by  Gallatin,  S. 
by  Johnson  and  Union,  and  W.  by  Jackson  co. 
Drained  by  Muddy  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  Saline,  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  River. 

Williamson,  N.  Y.,  Wayne  co.  Watered  by 
several  small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  17  miles  N.  W.  from 
Lyons,  and  200  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Williamson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Franklin, 
Bedford  bounds  it  on  the  S.  E.,  Duck  River  or 
Murray  S.,  Dickson  W.,  Davidson  N,  and  Ruth- 
erford N.  E.  Harpeth  River,  a  branch  of  Cum- 
berland, rises  in  this  county,  and  drains  its  north- 
ern side.  Duck  River  and  its  branches  water  the 
southern  parts. 

Williamson  County.  Ts.,  c.  h.  at  Georgetown. 
E.  of  the  Colorado. 

Williamsport,  la.,  c.  h.  Warren  co.  On  the  W. 
bank  of  Wabash  River.  78  miles  W.  N.  W.  from 
Indianapolis. 

Williamsport.  Md.,  Washington  co.  On  the  E 
side  of  Potomac  River,  at  the  entrance  of  Coneco- 
cheague  Creek,  107  miles  N.  W.  from  Annapolis. 
The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  passes  through  it 

Williamsport,  Pa.,  Washington  co.  This  place 
was  formerly  called  Parkinson's  Ferry.  It  is  al 
the  mouth  of  Pigeon  Creek,  on  Monongahela 
River.  18  miles  E.  from  Washington. 

Williamsport,  Pa.,  c.  h.  Lycoming  co.  On  tht 
N.  bank  of  the  W.  fork  of  Susquehanna  River. 
93  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg.  The  Pennsylvania 
Canal  passes  through  it,  and  a  railroad,  25  miles 
long,  connects  it  with  Ralston.  65  miles  S.  from 
Tioga,  and  160  N.  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Williamston,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Martin  co.  On  the  S 
side  of  Roanoke  River.  25  miles  W.  from  Plym- 
outh, and  53  N.  W.  from  Washington,  on  Pam- 
lico  River. 


630 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,    VILLAGES,   &o., 


Williamstown,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Grant  county.  On  the 
E.  side  of  Eagle  Creek,  a  branch  of  Kentucky 
River,  and  49  miles  N.  N.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Williamstown,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  This  town  is 
situated  in  a  large  and  fertile  valley,  surrounded 
by  romantic  elevations,  and  watered  by  Hoosic 
and  Green  Rivers.  It  was  first  settled  about  the 
year  1751,  and  was  called  Hoosic  by  the  Indians. 
The  general  character  of  the  soil  is  clayey  ;  but 
in  few  places  is  the  clay  so  hard  and  stiff  as  to  be 
injurious  to  its  fertility.  Loam  predominates  in 
some  places,  and  a  few  spots  of  some  extent  may 
be  called  gravelly.  Some  of  the  best  lands  lie 
along  the  Hoosic  and  Green  Rivers.  But  the 
hills,  also,  and  generally  the  mountain  sides,  al- 
most, and  sometimes  quite  up  to  their  tops,  have 
a  good,  and,  in  many  places,  an  excellent  soil, 
suited  both  to  grazing  and  tillage.  The  village  in 
this  town  is  delightfully  situated  on  a  gentle  rise 
from  the  river.  Williams  College,  in  this  town, 
is  handsomely  located.  (See  Colleges.)  125  miles 
W.  N.  W.  from  Boston,  and  24  N.  from  Pittsficld/ 
About  5  miles  W.  from  North  Adams,  and  thence 
by  railroad  to  Boston,  171. 

"  Williamstown,  N.  Y.,  Oswego  co.  Watered  by 
a  branch  of  Fish  Creek,  and  by  Salmon  Creek. 
Surface  level ;  soil  moist  sandy  loam,  well  suited 
to  grass.  28  miles  E.  from  Oswego,  and  137  N. 
W.  from  Albany. 

WiUiamsville,  N.  Y.,  Erie  co.  On  Ellicott's 
Creek.  278  miles  W.  from  Albany.  Large  quan- 
tities of  water  lime,  or  cement,  are  produced  from 
the  vicinity. 

Williamstown,  Vt.,  Orange  co.  "Williamstown 
lies  on  the  height  of  land  between  "Winooski  and 
White  Rivers,  and  contains  no  large  streams.  A 
brook,  which  here  runs  down  a  steep  hill  towards 
the  W.,  divides  naturally,  and  while  one  part  runs 
to  the  N.,  forming  Stevens's  Branch  of  Winooski 
River,  the  other  runs  to  the  S.,  forming  the 
second  branch  of  White  River.  The  turnpike 
from  Royalton  to  Montpelier  passes  along  these 
streams,  and  is  known  by  the  name  of  the  Gulf 
Eoad,  from  the  deep  ravine  through  which  it 
passes  in  this  town,  near  the  head  of  the  second 
branch.  In  this  ravine  a  medicinal  spring  has 
been  discovered.  Williamstown  is  timbered  prin- 
cipally with  hard  wood,  and  the  soil  is  well  adapt- 
ed to  the  production  of  grass.  There  is  a  small 
but  pleasant  village  near  the  centre  of  the  town. 
The  settlement  was  commenced  in  June,  1784. 
From  Montpelier  10  miles  S.  E.,  and  about  the 
same  distance  N.  W.  from  Chelsea. 

Wi/limantic,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  A  factory  vil- 
lage, on  the  N.  side  of  Willimantic  River.  32 
miles  E.  from  Hartford,  and  30  N.  from  New 
London  by  railroad. 

Willinboro1,  N.  J.,  Burlington  co.  Bounded  N. 
W.  by  the  Delaware  River.  Surface  mostly  level ; 
soil  good  sandy  loam.  7  miles  N.  W.  from  Mount 
Holly. 

Williston,  Vt.,  Chittenden  co.  This  is  an  ex- 
cellent farming  town,  of  a  rich  soil,  with  an  un- 
even surface,  but  not  mountainous.  Williston  is 
watered  by  Winooski  River  and  some  smaller 
streams,  but  its  water  power  is  small.  Thomas 
Chittenden  was  the  father  of  this  town.  He  came 
here  in  1774.  When  the  Vermont  constitution 
was  established,  in  1778,  Mr.  Chittenden  was  se- 
lected as  a  candidate  for  governor,  to  which  of- 
fice he  was  annually  elected,  with  the  exception 
of  one  year,  till  his  death,  in  1797.  27  miles  W. 
N.  W.  from  Montpelier.  This  town  adjoins  Bur- 


lington, and  is  easy  of  access  to  lake  and  railroad 
transportation. 

Willoughby,  O.  A  township  in  Lake  co.,  lying 
on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  and  extending  8  miles 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  5  from  E.  to  W.  The  lands 
are  productive  and  highly  cultivated. 

There  is  a  flourishing  village  in  this  township, 
of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the  Chagrin  River, 
two  miles  and  a  half  from  its  mouth,  11  miles  S, 
W.  from  Parisville,  the  county  seat,  19  miles  E. 
from  Cleveland,  and  158  N.  E.  from  Columbus. 
This  village,  and  the  township  to  which  it  belongs, 
were  both  formerly  called  Chagrin,  from  the  name 
of  the  river.  This  name  was  changed  for  Wil- 
loughby  in  1834.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
here  by  the  eccentric  pioneer,  David  Abbot,  and 
others  with  him,  about  the  year  1799.  The  firsS 
organized  town  meeting  was  held  in  1815. 

This  was  the  site,  for  some  years,  of  a  flourish- 
ing and  well-conducted  Medical  Institution,  which 
was  founded  in  1834,  and  provided  with  a  spacious 
brick  edifice,  pleasantly  located,  and  with  an  am- 
ple corps  of  instructors.  This  institution  has 
since  been  removed  to  Columbus.  The  village 
contains  a  Presbyterian  and  a  Methodist  church. 
Tradition  says  that  a  bloody  battle  was  fought 
here  in  early  days  between  hostile  Indian  tribes  ; 
and  some  human  bones,  which  were  thrown  up 
when  preparing  the  foundations  for  the  Medical 
College,  have  been  supposed  to  be  the  bones  of 
the  slain. 

Willow  Grove,  Pa.,  Montgomery  co.  In  a 
beautiful  vale,  13  miles  N.  from  Philadelphia,  and 
1 1 1  E.  from  Harrisburg.  The  buildings  are  chiefly 
of  stone.  It  is  a  place  of  summer  residence  for 
the  citi/ens  from  Philadelphia. 

WMsborc?,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  Watered  by  Bo- 
quet  River  and  some  other  tributaries  of  Lake 
Champlain,  which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Surface 
mostly  level  on  the  E.,  and  hilly  on  the  W. ;  soil 
rich  clay  loam.  15  miles  N.  E.  from  Elizabeth, 
add  137  N.  N.  E.  from  Albany. 

Wiltshire,  O.,  c.  h.  Van  Wert  co. 

Wilmington,  DC.,  New  Castle  co.  City,  and 
port  of  entry.  Situated  between  Brandywine  and 
Christiana  Creeks,  1  mile  above  their  junction.  47 
miles  N.  from  Dover,  and  28  miles  S.  W.  from 
Philadelphia,  Population  in  1830,  6628  ;  in  1840, 
8367;  in  1850,  13.931.  Both  the  business  and 
population  of  the  place  have  rapidly  increased 
within  a  few  years  past.  It  is  situated  in  the  midst 
of  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  districts  in  the  Mid- 
dle States.  Its  site,  like  that  of  Philadelphia,  and 
of  Baltimore,  is  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  primi- 
tive formation,  and  on  the  inner  edge  of  the  sea 
sand  alluvion.  The  city  is  built  on  ground  grad- 
ually rising  to  the  height  of  112  feet  above  the 
level  of  tide  water.  It  is  laid  out  with'regularity ; 
the  streets,  which  are  broad  and  airy,  crossing- 
each  other  at  right  angles.  It  is  supplied  with 
water  from  the  Brandywine,  by  waterworks,  like 
those  of  Philadelphia.  The  place  is  well  built ; 
the  houses  are  generally  of  brick,  and  many  of 
them  are  elegant.  It  has  several  churches  of  dif- 
ferent denominations,  and  is  distinguished  for  its 
excellent  private  schools.  The  principal  pub- 
lic buildings  are  a  city  hall,  a  hospital  and 
almshouse,  two  market  houses,  several  banks,  and 
an  arsenal.  The  hospital  is  a  large  edifice,  126 
feet  long,  and  3  stories  high,  located  upon  a  fine, 
healthy  eminence. 

Wilmington  is  the  largest  place  in  Delaware, 
and,  next  to  Philadelphia,  the  greatest  mart  of 


IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


631 


trade  in  the  basin  of  the  Delaware  River.  The 
Christiana  admits  vessels  drawing  14  feet  of 
water  to  the  city ;  and  those  drawing  8  feet  can 
come  up  the  Brandywine.  Considerable  shipping 
is  owned  here,  and  the  whale  fishery  is  carried  on 
to  some  extent  from  this  port. 

But  Wilmington  is  more  distinguished  for  its 
various  kinds  of  manufactures  than  for  its  mari- 
time commerce.  The  falls  of  the  Brandy  wine,  in 
the  immediate  neighborhood,  afford  a  valuable 
water  power,  which  is  rendered  available  to  a 
great  extent  for  the  operations  of  machinery  ;  ap- 
plied to  flouring  mills,  paper  mills,  saw  mills,  cot- 
ton, woollen,  and  various  other  manufactories. 
The  flouring  mills  at  Wilmington  are  among  the 
largest  in  the  United  States.  The  making  of 
gunpowder  has  been  carried  on  here  extensively 
for  many  years.  Within  10  miles  of  this  place, 
there  is  a  large  number  of  important  manufac- 
tories, rendering  it  one  of  the  largest  manufac- 
turing districts  in  the  United  States  south  of 
Philadalphia. 

Wilmington,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  At  the  time 
of  its  incorporation,  in  1730,  this  town  was  a  part 
of  Woburn  and  Reading.  The  surface  is  gener- 
ally level,  with  a  light  and  sandy  soil,  well  adapt- 
ed for  the  growth  of  hops.  The  wood  is  chiefly 
pine,  and  much  charcoal  is  made.  The  town  is 
watered  by  a  branch  of  Ipswich  River,  and  the 
Middlesex  Canal  passes  through  it.  The  Boston 
and  Lowell  and  Boston  and  Maine  Railroads 
pass  through  this  town.  15  miles  N.  W.  from 
Boston,  and  11  S.  E.  from  Lowell. 

Wilmington,  N.  Y.,  Essex  co.  Watered  by  the 
Saranac  and  the  W.  branch  of  the  Au  Sable 
River.  Surface  mountainous;  soil  fertile  in  some 
of  the  valleys.  In  this  vicinity  are  immense  beds 
of  excellent  iron  ore.  28  miles  N.  W.  from  Eliz- 
abeth, and  148  N.  from  Albany. 

Wilmington,  N.  C.,  port  of  entry  and  seat  of 
justice  of  New  Hanover  co.  90  miles  S.  E.  from 
Fayetteville,  and  148  S.  S.  E.  from  Raleigh.  It 
is  on  the  E.  side  of  Cape  Fear  River,  about  35 
miles  from  the  sea.  The  harbor  has  a  dangerous 
shoal  at  its  entrance,  but  will  admit  vessels  of 
200  tons.  There  are  two  islands  enclosed  by  dif- 
ferent channels  of  the  river,  opposite  the  town, 
which  afford  some  of  the  finest  rice  fields  in  the 
»tate.  Wilmington  is  well  situated  for  trade, 
though  not  accounted  healthy  in  its  location.  It 
.3  at  the  terminus  of  the  great  series  of  southern 
railroads  extending  from  New  York,  and  branch- 
ing in  various  directions  from  the  main  route. 

Wilmington,  Va..  Flu  van  n  a  co.  A  village.  60 
miles  N.  VV.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Wilmington,  O.,  c.  h.  Clinton  co.  On  Todd's 
Fork,  a  branch  of  Little  Miami  River.  72  miles 
S.  W.  from  Columbus. 

Wilmington,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  The  E.  and 
W.  branches  of  Deerficld  River  unite  in  this 
town,  which,  with  the  waters  of  Beaver  and  Cold 
Brooks,  and  of  Ray's  Pond,  a  large  and  beauti- 
ful sheet  of  water,  a  valuable  mill  power  is  pro- 
duced. There  are  some  fine  tracts  of  land  in  the 
town,  and  a  considerable  portion  that  is  rough 
and  hard  to  till.  The  village  is  pleasant  and 
thriving.  Wilmington  was  settled  before  the 
revolutionary  war,  but  increased  but  slowly  until 
the  peace.  17  miles  E.  from  Bennington,  and 
14  S.  W.  from  Newfane. 

Wilinot,  N.  H.,  Merrimac  co.  The  streams 
forming  Blackwatcr  River  have  their  origin  in 
the  vicinity  of  Wilmot.  They  afford  a  good 


number  of  mill  sites.  The  town  is  composed  of 
hills  and  valleys.  There  are  no  large  collections 
of  water,  nor  any  mountains,  excepting  Kear- 
sarge,  whose  summit  forms  the  southern  boundary. 
It  received  its  name  from  De  Wilmot,  an  Eng- 
lishman. In  1775  this  town  was  granted  to 
Joseph  Minot,  Matthew  Thornton,  and  others. 
30  miles  N.  W.  from  Concord. 

Wilmurt,  N.  Y.,  Herkimer  co.  This  large 
town  contains  numerous  lakes  and  ponds,  send- 
ing forth  streams  in  every  direction.  The  land 
is  mostly  productive  in  summer  crops,  and  well 
suited  to  grazing.  35  miles  N.  from  Herkimer, 
and  100  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Wilna,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co.  Watered  by  In- 
dian and  Black  Rivers.  Surface  chiefly  level ; 
soil  sandy  and  clay  loam.  15  miles  E.  from  Wa- 
tertown.  and  151  N.  W.  from  Albany. 

Wilson,  Me.  This  town  was  incorporated  in 
1836,  as  "township  number  9  in  the  9th  range, 
N.  of  the  Waldo  Patent  in  the  county  of  Som- 
erset." 

Wilson,  N.  Y.,  Niagara  co.  Watered  by  How- 
ell's  and  Tuscarora  Creeks,  flowing  into  Lak& 
Ontario,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  Surface 
chiefly  level;  soil  gravelly  and  sandy  loam  and 
clay.  "  10  miles  N.  W.  from  Loekport,  and  294 
N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Wilson  County,  Te.,  c.  h.  at  Lebanon.  Sumner 
co.,  or  Cumberland  River,  bounds  the  N.  W.  part. 
Smith  is  on  the  E«,  Warren  S.  E.,  Rutherford  S. 
W.,  and  Davidson  W.  •  «<* 

Wilton,  Ct.,  Fairfield  co.  Wilton  was  taken 
from  the  N.  part  of  JNorwalk,  in  1802.  The  sur- 
face of  the  town  is  broken  by  two  ridges  of  hills, 
but  the  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  productive  of 
grain  and  a  great  variety  of  fruit.  Agriculture 
is  the  principal  business  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
town  is  watered  by  Norwalk  River. 

A  classical  school,  of  high  reputation,  was  es- 
tablished here  in  1818,  by  Hawley  Olmstead, 
Esq.  This  school  is  worth  a  million  of  the  sil- 
ver mines  that  were  discovered  and  worked  in 
this  town  during  the  revolution. 

Wilton,  Me.,  Franklin  co.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  agricultural  townships  in  the 
state.  It  has  a  fertile  soil,  a  beautiful  surface, 
and  two  pleasant  villages.  It  lies  a  little  dis- 
tance from  Sandy  River. 

Wilton  has  an  adequate  water  power  for  com- 
mon purposes,  produced  by  streams  issuing  from 
beautiful  ponds  in  the  town.  The  people  are 
principally  agriculturists.  38  miles  W.  N.  W. 
from  Augusta. 

Wilton,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  Souhegan  is  the 
principal  river,  which,  with  its  branches,  produces 
a  valuable  water  power.  This  town  has  neither 
mountains,  ponds,  nor  swamps.  It  is,  in  general, 
of  strong  and  excellent  soil.  Good  clay  is  found 
in  plenty  near  the  streams.  There  are  several 
quarries  of  excellent  stone  for  splitting  and  hew- 
ing. The  town  derived  its  name  from  Wilton, 
an  ancient  borough  in  Wiltshire,  England.  First 
settlers,  three  families  from  Danvers,  Ms. ;  two  by 
the  name  of  Putnam,  and  one  by  the  name  of  Dale. 
Settled  in  1738.  9  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Am- 
herst,  and  40  S.  by  W.  from  Concord.  A  rail- 
road passes  through  here. 

Wilton.  N.  Y.,  Saratoga  co.  Watered  by  a 
branch  of  the  Hudson  River.  Surface  slightly 
uneven  on  the  E.,  and  hilly  on  the  W.  12  milei 
N.  from  Ballston  Spa  village,  aud  42  miles  from 
Albanv 


632 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c. 


Winchendon,  ivfs.,  Worcester  co.  Before  its  in- 
corporation, in  1764,  this  town  was  called  "  Ips- 
wich Canada,"  it  having  been  granted  to  the 
aeirs  of  soldiers  from  Ipswich,  who  served  in  an 
expedition  to  Canada  in  1690.  It  was  first  set- 
tled about  the  year  1752.  The  surface  is  some- 
what uneven,  but  not  mountainous ;  there  are 
many  rocks,  but  the  soil  is  deep,  strong,  and  fer- 
tile. This  town  is  watered  by  several  streams, 
which  afford  a  good  water  power,  but  particular- 
ly by  Miller's  River,  a  noble  mill  stream,  which 
takes  its  rise  from  Monomonack  Pond,  partly  in 
this  town  and  partly  in  Rindge.  There  are  fine 
quarries  of  granite  'in  the  town,  and  a  spring 
tinctured  with  iron  and  sulphur.  There  are  a 
number  of  neat  and  flourishing  villages,  called 
Robinsonville,  Bullardsville,  Waterville,  Spring, 
North,  and  New  Boston ;  near  the  latter  is  a 
beautiful  pond.  The  excellent  water  power 
in  the  town,  and  the  Boston  and  Vermont  Rail- 
road passing  through  it,  will  place  Winchendon 
high  on  the  list  of  manufacturing  towns.  38 
miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Worcester,  and  about  20 
W.  N.  W.  from  Fitchburg,  from  which  to  Boston 
is  50  miles. 

Winchester,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  The  geological 
character  of  the  town  is  primitive ;  the  rocks 
consisting  of  granite,  mica,  slate,  &c.  The  soil 
is  gravelly,  hard,  and  coarse :  it  affords  good 
grazing. 

The  borough  of  Clifton  was  incorporated  in 
1832.  It  is  a  flourishing  village,  principally 
built  in  a  narrow  valley,  on  the  banks  of  a  mill 
stream,  called  Mad  River,  which  is  a  tributary 
of  Farmington  River.  The  valley  at  this  place 
is  but  barely  of  sufficient  width  to  admit  of  a 
street,  with  buildings  on  each  side,  the  ground 
rising  immediately  in  every  direction.  West- 
ward of  the  main  street  in  the  village,  a  road 
passes  up  a  steep  hill  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a 
mile,  where,  upon  an  elevated  plain,  is  an  inter- 
esting lake,  or  pond,  which  is  one  of  the  largest 
bodies  of  water  in  the  state,  being  three  and  a 
half  miles  in  length,  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
in  breadth.  The  outlet  of  this  lake  presents  a 
novel  scene  ;  it  consists  of  a  small  stream,  com- 
pressed within  a  narrow  channel,  and  literally 
tossed  from  rock  to  rock  till  it  unites  with  Mad 
River: 

Winsted,  or  the  East  village,  is  very  pleasant. 
Winchester  lies  within  the  "  evergreen  district," 
so  named  from  the  forests  of  hemlock  and  other 
evergreen  trees,  with  which  it  abounds.  These 
u  Green  Woods  "  present  one  of  the  most  impres- 
sive scenes  which  can  be  found  in  an  American 
forest.  26  miles  N.  W.  from  Hartford. 

Winchester,  la.,  c.  h.  Randolph  co.  81  miles 
E.  N.  E.  from  Indianapolis. 

Winchester,  Ky.,  c.  h.  Clarke  co.  44  miles 
E.  S.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Winchester,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  Formed  in 
1852,  from  parts  of  Woburn,  Medford,  and  West 
Cambridge. 

Winchester.  Mi.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co. 

Winchester,  N.  H.,  Cheshire  co.  The  face  of 
this  town  is  diversified  with  hills  and  valleys. 
The  soil  is  of  an  excellent  quality.  Ashuelot 
River  passes  through  the  centre  of  this  town, 
affording  a  great  hydraulic  power.  It  is  bor- 
dered on  each  bank  by  extensive  intervales,  of  a 
fertility  rarely  excelled.  There  are  other  small 
streams  running  through  the  town.  The  centre 
Tillage  is  on  the  S.  E.  bank  of  the  Ashuelot ;  it  is 


very  handsome  :  at  the  lower  end  of  it,  the  street 
is  adorned  with  a  beautiful  row  of  native  evergreen 
trees,  which  extend  nearly  half  a  mile.  Two  miles 
W.  is  another  manufacturing  village,  and  in  the 
S.  E.  part  is  another.  First  settlers,  Josiah  Wil- 
lard  and  others,  settled  about  the  year  1732. 
13  miles  S.  W.  from  Keene,  and  65  S.  W.  from 
Concord. 

Winchester,  Te.,  c.  h.  Franklin  co. 

Winchester,  Va.,  c.  h.  Frederick  co.  This  town  is 
located  on  a  branch  of  Opeguan  Creek,  in  a  very 
productive  part  of  Virginia,  and  possesses,  for  its 
relative  population,  much  solid  wealth.  It  lies  74 
miles  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Washington  city,  and 
146  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Richmond. 

Wind  Gap,  Pa.,  Northampton  co.  110  miles 
N.  from  Harrisburg.  Situated  at  the  Wind  Gap, 
so  called,  one  of  the  celebrated  gorges  among  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  through  which  the  road 
passes  from  Easton  to  Wilkesbarre.  The  scenery 
here  is  very  romantic.  It. is  15  miles  S.  of  the 
Water  Gap,  through  which  the  Delaware  finds  its 
way  through  the  mountains. 

Windham  County,  Ct.,  c.  h.  at  Brooklyn.  This 
county  is  uniformly  hilly,  yet  no  part  of  it 
is  mountainous  or  very  elevated.  The  pre- 
vailing soil  is  a  primitive  gravelly  loam.  The 
greatest  portion  of  the  county  is  stony  and  con  - 
siderably  rough,  and  the  lands  generally  best 
adapted  for  grazing,  and  many  sections  afford 
some  of  the  richest  dairy  farms  in  the  state.  The 
Quinebaug  and  Shetucket,  with  their  branches, 
intersect  this  county,  and  afford  many  valuable 
water  privileges  for  mills  and  manufacturing 
purposes.  The  valley  of  the  Quinebaug  River 
comprises  the  best  land  in  the  county. 

Windham  county  originally  belonged  to  the 
counties  of  Hartford  and  New  London.  It  was 
incorporated  as  a  county  in  May,  1726. 

This  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Massachusetts, 
E.  by  Rhode  Island,  S.  by  the  county  of  New 
London,  and  W.  by  Tolland  county. 

Windham,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  The  territory  of 
this  town,  Mansfield,  and  Canterbury  was  given 
by  Joshua,  a  son  of  Uncas,  the  celebrated  Mohe- 
gan  sachem,  to  John  Mason,  James  Fitch,  and 
others,  in  the  year  1675. 

"  Lieutenant  John  Cates,  a  pious  Puritan,  who 
served  in  the  wars  in  England,  holding  his  com- 
mission under  Cromwell,  when  Charles  II.  came 
to  the  throne,  fled  to  this  country  for  safety.  He 
landed  first  in  Virginia,  where  he'procured  a  negro 
servant  to  attend  him.  But  when  advertisements 
and  pursuers  were  spread  through  this  country, 
to  apprehend  the  adherents  of  the  protector,  he 
left  Virginia,  came  to  New  York,  and  from  thence 
to  Norwich.  Still  feeling  that  he  should  be  se- 
curer in  a  more  retired  place,  he  came  to  this  new 
plantation,  dug  the  first  cellar,  and  with  his  ser- 
vant, raised  in  Windham  the  first  English  habita- 
tion, in  the  spring  of  1689.  The  settlers,  rapidly 
increasing,  petitioned  the  General  Court,  and 
obtained  a  grant  of  town  privileges  in  May, 
1692. 

It  has  an  uneven  surface,  with  a  tolerable  soil. 
It  is  pleasantly  located,  compactly  and  neatly 
built,  and  contains  the  charm  of  antiquity  in  as 
great  perfection  as  can  probably  be  found  in  New 
England. 

The  borough  of  Willimantic  is  3  miles  W.  from 
Windham  village.  It  is  well  situated  on  Willi- 
mantic River.  It  is  built  principally  on  one  street, 
and  contains  some  very  handsome  buildings. 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


633 


Willimantic  River  rises  in  the  county  of  Tol- 
land,  and,  with  the  Natchaug,  forms  the  Shetucket 
in  Windham. 

Windham,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  Windham  lies 
on  the  N.  E.  side  of  Presumpscut  River,  which 
separates  it  from  Gorham.  It  is  14  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Portland.  This  is  a  valuable  farming  town, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  principally  employed  in 
agriculture.  Branches  of  the  Presumpscut  give 
the  town  good  mill  privileges.  There  are  two 
pleasant  villages  in  the  town,  and  several  beauti- 
ful fish  ponds. 

Windham,  N.  H.,  Rockingham  co.  Policy  Pond 
lies  in  this  town  and  in  Salem.  Cabot's  Pond  lies 
E.  of  the  centre  of  the  town.  Golden  Pond  is  in 
the  S.,  and  Mitchel's  in  the  N.  E.  part.  Bearer 
River  forms  the  western  boundary,  upon  which  are 
some  meadow  lands.  The  town  is  well  supplied 
with  small  streams,  which  afford  fine  fish.  Wind- 
ham  was  originally  a  part  of  Londonderry.  33 
miles  S.  by  E.  from  Concord,  and  20  S.  E.  from 
Exeter. 

Windham,  N.  Y.,  Greene  co.  The  Bataviakill 
flows  E.  and  W.  through  this  town.  Surface 
hilly  and  mountainous  ;  soil  good  in  some  of  the 
valleys,  and  well  suited  to  grazing  on  the  hills. 
18  miles  W.  from  Catskill,  and  44  S.  W.  from 
Albany. 

Windham,  Pa.,  Luzerne  co.  Drained  by  Big 
and  Little  Mahoopeny  Creeks.  Surface  moun- 
tainous ;  soil  mostly  fertile.  25  miles  N.  W.  from 
Wilkesbarre. 

Windham,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  Drained  by  We- 
passening  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River.  Surface  hilly;  soil  gravelly.  162  miles 
N.  by  E.  from  Harrisburg. 

Windham  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Fayetteville. 
This  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Windsor  co.,  E.  by 
Connecticut  River,  S.  by  the  state  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  W.  by  the  county  of  Bennington. 
The  surface  is  much  broken  by  hills  and  valleys  ; 
the  western  part  is  very  elevated,  and  con- 
tains a  part  of  the  Green  Mountain  range.  The 
geological  character  of  the  county  is  primitive. 
Immense  quantities  of  granite  are  found  in  all 
parts  of  the  county,  mpst  of  which  is  of  fine 
grain  and  very  handsome.  A  variety  of  min- 
erals are  found  here.  The  soil  of  the  county  is 
various,  from  the  rich  and  alluvial  meadows  on 
the  Connecticut,  to  the  cold  and  rugged  lands  on 
the  sides  of  the  mountains.  Windham  county 
is  finely  watered  by  William's,  Saxton's,  and  West 
Rivers,  with  their  branches,  and  by  numerous 
other  streams.  These  waters  give  the  county  a 
great  hydraulic  power. 

Windham,  Vt.,  Windham  co.  Branches  of 
West,  William's,  and  Saxton's  Rivers  give  this 
town  a  good  water  power.  The  surface  is  ele- 
vated ;  the  soil,  though  strong,  is  better  adapted 
for  grazing  than  tillage.  Windham  was  formerly 
a  part  of  Londonderry.  A  variety  of  minerals 
are  found  here.  There  is  in  this  town  a  beautiful 
pond.  Edward  Aiken,  James  McCormick,  and 
John  Woodburn  were  the  first  settlers.  30  miles 
N.  E.  from  Bennington,  and  25  S.  W.  from 
Windsor. 

Windsor,  Ct.  Hartford  co.  This  most  ancient 
town  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut 
River.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  having 
some  extensive  plains.  The  soil  is  various,  and 
free  from  stone :  some  of  it  is  light,  but  a  large 
proportion  of  it  is  fertile,  containing  extensive 
tracts  of  rich  meadow.  Farmington  River  passes 
80 


through  the  town,  and  meeting  the  Connecticut, 
gives  the  town  a  good  hydraulic  power. 

At  a  place  called  Pine  Meadow,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  locks  on  the  En  field  Canal,  a 
variety  of  ship  and  other  timber  is  prepared  for 
market.  Pine  Meadow  is  opposite  to  Warehouse 
Point,  in  East  Windsor. 

The  centre  village  in  Windsor  is  pleasantly 
extended  on  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut. 

Poquonnuck  village  is  a  few  miles  N.  from  the 
centre.  It  is  a  manufacturing  village,  delightfully 
situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Farmino-ton 
River. 

Windsor  Locks.  A  manufacturing  village  in 
the  N.  part  of  Windsor,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Con- 
necticut River,  12  miles  above  Hartford.  At  this 
place,  the  Connecticut  River  Company  (whose  of- 
fice is  at  Hartford)  have  expended  over  $300,000 
in  constructing  a  navigable  canal  over  the  low- 
er rapids  in  the  river,  known  as  Enh'eld  Falls. 
The  canal  and  locks  are  navigable  for  freight 
boats  of  85  tons'  burden,  and  for  all  the  steam- 
boats going  above  Hartford;  and  furnish  an 
immense  water  power  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. 

The  fall  is  32  feet.  The  present  capacity  of 
this  canal  is  about  200,000  spindles'  power,  and 
may  be  increased  considerably  by  enlarging  the 
dam  at  the  head.  The  water  power  is  about  one 
fourth  occupied. 

The  best  of  mill  sites  may  be  selected  on  the 
land  between  the  canal  and  the  river,  for  2  miles 
above  the  locks,  on  all  of  which  is  to  be  found  a 
rock  foundation  of  red  sandstone,  which,  being 
excavated,  furnishes  a  cheap  and  valuable  mate- 
rial for  buildings.  The  New  Haven,  Hartford, 
and  Springfield  Railroad  runs  for  2  miles  on  the 
margin  of  this  extensive  water  power,  having  a 
station  in  the  village,  12  miles  below  Springfield. 

Windsor,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  12  miles  from 
Augusta,  to  which  it  lies  adjacent  on  the  W. 

Windsor,  Ms.,  Berkshire  co.  Noah  Nash  gave 
the  province  of  Massachusetts  1430  pounds  for 
this  township,  in  1762.  It  was  first  settled  about 
the  year  1766.  Its  Indian  name  was  Ouschan- 
kamaug.  It  was  incorporated  by  the  name  of 
Gageboro',  in  1771,  but  after  the  revolutionary 
war  began,  in  1777,  the  name  was  changed,  be- 
cause Gageboro'  might  seem  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  the  detested  General  Gage.  This 
town  has  a  lofty  elevation,  and  surface  somewhat 
uneven.  It  is  watered  by  the  Westfield  and 
Housatonic  Rivers,  which  receive  several  brooks 
in  their  passage  through  the  town.  On  the  Hou- 
satonic, near  the  line  of  Dalton,  are  falls,  judged 
to  be  about  70  feet.  The  soil  is  warm,  and  finely 
adapted  for  grazing.  There  are  some  excellent 
farms  in  Windsor.  The  town  is  remarkable  for 
the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants,  which  is  doubt- 
less owing  to  the  purity  of  its  air  and  water. 
12  miles  N.  E.  from  Pittsfield,  and  120  W.  by  N 
from  Boston,  by  the  old  road. 

Windsor,  N.  H.,  Hillsboro'  co.  This  town 
contains  only  5335  acres.  It  is  diversified  with 
hills  ;  its  soil  is  strong,  good  for  grazing  and 
grain.  Black  Pond,  near  the  centre,  is  said  to 
be  160  rods  long  and  80  broad,  and  a  pond  neai 
the  S.  E.  corner  is  about  80  rods  long  and  40  wide 
30  miles  S.  W.from  Concord,  and  about  27  N.W 
from  Amherst. 

Windsor,  N.  Y.,  Broome  co.  Watered  by  the 
Susquehanna  River  and  some  of  its  branches. 
Surface  hilly  and  mountainous ;  scil  well  adapted 


634 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,    TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


to  grazing.  12  miles  S.  E.  from  Binghampton, 
and  138  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Windsor,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Bertie  co.  On  Cashie 
River,  about  100  miles  S.  W.  from  Norfolk,  in 
Virginia,  and  by  post  road  194  miles  N.  E.  by  E. 
from  Raleigh. 

Windsor,  Pa.,  Berks  co.  Bounded  E.  by 
Maiden  Creek,  and  W.  by  Schuylkill  River  and 
Canal.  Surface  hilly,  Blue  Mountain  occupying 
the  N.  W.  part ;  soil  gravelly  and  sterile. 

Windsor,  Pa.,  York  co.  A  town  on  the  S.  W. 
side  of  Susquehanna  River.  10  miles  E.  from 
York. 

Windsor  County,  Vt.,  c.  h.  at  Woodstock.  This 
county  is  bounded  N.  by  the  county  of  Orange, 
E.  by  Connecticut  River,  S.  by  Windham  co., 
and  W.  by  Rutland  and  a  part  of  Addison  coun- 
ties. Windsor  county  is  watered  by  White, 
Qucechy,  Black,  West,"and  William's  Rivers,  and 
by  other  excellent  mill  streams.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  in  some  parts  mountainous,  but  gen- 
erally not  too  elevated  to  admit  of  cultivation ; 
the  soil  produces  fine  crops  of  grain,  hay,  vege- 
tables, and  fruits.  The  lands  are  peculiarly 
adapted  for  grazing.  The  beautiful  Connecticut, 
which  washes  its  whole  eastern  boundary,  gives 
to  this  county  large  tracts  of  alluvial  meadow 
land,  and  affords  it  a  navigable  channel  to  the 
seaboard.  The  hydraulic  power  of  the  county 
is  very  large,  and  its  local  position  is  such  as  to 
induce  men  of  enterprise  and  capital  to  embark 
in  manufacturing  operations,  which  are  annually 
increasing,  with  fair  prospects  of  success. 

Windsor,  Vt.,  Windsor  co.  Situated  on  the 
W.  side  of  Connecticut  River.  55  miles  S.  by 
E.  from  Montpelier,  and  139  N.  W.  from  Boston 
by  railroad.  First  settled  in  1764.  Its  surface 
is  uneven,  but  there  are  but  few  parts  of  it  unfit 
for  cultivation.  It  contains  large  tracts  of  allu- 
vial meadow,  and  the  uplands  are  generally  fer- 
tile. Mill  Brook  waters  the  S.  part  of  the  town, 
and  furnishes  it  with  excellent  mill  sites.  The 
manufactures  of  the  town  are  numerous  and  val- 
uable. The  agricultural  interests  are  also  valua- 
ble :  10,000  sheep  are  annually  sheared  in  the 
town,  and  many  neat  cattle,  horses,  and  produc- 
tions of  the  dairy  are  annually  transported  to  its 
various  markets. 

The  village  of  Windsor  is  on  elevated  ground, 
on  the  bank  of  the  river;  it  is  compactly  and 
somewhat  irregularly  built,  but  very  beautiful. 
There  are  but  few  villages  in  our  country  which 
make  a  more  delightful  appearance.  It  contains 
a  great  number  of  handsome  dwelling  houses 
and  stores.  Some  of  the  private  houses,  churches, 
and  other  public  buildings  are  in  a  style  of  supe- 
rior elegance.  This  is  the  site  of  the  Vermont 
State  Prison.  The  streets  are  wide  and  beauti- 
fully shaded.  The  scenery  around  Windsor  is 
highly  picturesque.  From  the  high  lands  across 
the  river,  in  Cornish,  which  is  united  to  Windsor 
by  a  bridge,  or  on  the  Ascutney,  at  the  S.  part 
of  the  town,  some  of  the  best  landscapes  in  our 
country  are  presented  to  view. 

This  town  has  become  the  centre  of  an  impor- 
tant commerce,  both  from  the  river  and  a  fertile 
interior  country.  The  favorable  position  of 
Windsor,  as  a  place  of  trade,  was  early  discov- 
ered, and  it  has  been  fortunate  in  possessing  a 
succession  of  men,  who,  by  their  enterprise  and 
wealth,  have  rendered  it  one  of  the  most  flourish- 
ing towns  on  Connecticut  River. 

A  railroad  through  Windsor  connects  it  with 


the  great  routes  running  N.  to  Burlington  and 
Montreal,  E.  to  Concord  and  Boston,  and  S.  to 
Springfield,  Hartford,  &c. 

Winhall,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  This  town  was 
chartered  in  1761.  and  its  settlement  commenced 
during  the  revolutionary  war.  The  surface  is 
rough,  and  the  soil  not  very  productive.  Win- 
hall  River  rises  in  this  town,  and  affords  it  a 
good  water  power.  33  miles  S.  W.  from  Wind- 
sor, and  25  N.  E.  from  Bennington. 

Winnamac,  la.,  c.  h.  Pulaski  co.  100  miles  N. 
by  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Winnebago  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Rockford, 
Formed  in  1836.  Bounded  N.  by  Wisconsin,  E. 
by  Boone  co.,  S.  by  Ogle,  and  W.  by  Stephen- 
son  co.  Drained  by  Rock,  Kishwaukie,  and 
Peckatonokee  Rivers.  Surface  undulating  ;  soil 
fertile. 

Winnebago  County,  Wn.,  Oshkosh  seat  of  jus- 
tice. Bounded  N.  by  Brown  co.,  E.  by  Lake 
Winnebago,  S.  by  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  and  W.  by 
Marquette  and  Brown  counties.  Drained  by 
Neenah,  or  Fox,  and  Pauwaygun  Rivers  and 
tributaries. 

Winneshiek  County,  Io.,  c.  h.  at  Decorah.  In  the 
N.  E.  angle,  bordering  on  Minnesota.  Watered 
by  the  Upper  Iowa  and  Turkey  Rivers. 

Winnsboro1,  S.  C.,  Fairfield  district.  Between 
Wateree  and  Little  Rivers.  29  miles  N.  N.  W. 
from  Columbia.  There  is  a  Baptist  Literary  and 
Theological  Seminary  in  the  vicinity,  with  sev- 
eral fine  brick  edifices. 

Winslow,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  A  fine  town  on 
the  Kennebec  River,  opposite  Waterville,  with  a 
fertile  soil  and  large  water  power.  18  miles  N. 
by  E.  from  Augusta. 

Winston  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Louisville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Choctaw  and  Oktibbeha  counties,  E.  by 
Noxubee,  S.  by  Kemper  and  Neshoba,  and  W. 
by  Atala  co.  Drained  by  tributaries  of  Pearl 
and  Tombigbee  Rivers. 

Winton,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  Hertford  co.  This  village 
is  located  on  Chowan  River,  about  two  miles 
below  the  junction  of  Meherin  and  Nottawar 
Rivers.  By  post  road  153  miles  N.  E.  from  Ra- 
leigh, and  60  N.  W.  from  Norfolk,  Va. 

Winterset,  Io.,  c.  h.  Madison  co. 

Winthrop,  Me.,  Kennebec  co.  10  miles  W. 
from  Augusta.  It  comprises  6  large  ponds,  the 
outlets  to  which  afford  a  good  water  power 
There  are  two  villages,  4  miles  apart,  and  manu- 
factories of  leather,  boots,  and  shoes. 

Winthrop,  Ms.,  Suffolk  co.  A  new  town,  taken 
from  Chelsea,  including  Point  Shirley,  which 
forms  Boston  Harbor  on  the  N.  E. 

Wirt,  N.  Y..  Allcghany  co.  Watered  by  Van 
Campen's  and  Little  Genesee  Creeks.  Surface 
high  and  undulating;  soil  chiefly  sandy  loam. 
15  miles  S.  W.  from  Angelica,  and  270  from 
Albany. 

Wirt  County,  Va.  New.  Taken  from  Logan. 
S.  W.  part.  Watered  by  the  Big  Sandy,  which 
separates  it  from  Kentucky.  Hilly. 

Wirt,  Va.,  c.  h.  Wirt  co. 

Wiscasset,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  Wiscasset  is  a 
shire  town  and  a  port  of  entry,  situated  on  the 
W.  side  of  Sheepscot  River.  20  miles  from  the 
sea,  42  N.  E.  from  Portland,  and  10  N.  E  from 
Bath. 

Wiscasset  contains  a  noble  harbor  for  vesseh 
of  the  largest  class  ;  it  is  easy  of  access,  and 
seldom  obstructed  by  ice.  For  many  years  pre- 
vious to  the  commencement  of  the  commercial 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


635 


restrictions  in  1807,  Wiscasset  was  one  of  the 
most  active  and  flourishing  seaports  in  Maine. 
During  the  disastrous  period  Which  followed, 
Wiscasset  suffered  severely  in  common  with  all 
towns  largely  engaged  in  navigation. 

Since  the  termination  of  the  war,  the  town  has 
been  slowly  hut  safely  progressing  in  wealth  and 
prosperity.  In  addition  to  its  commerce  in  lum- 
ber and  ship  building,  this  place  is  largely  and 
profitably  engaged  in  the  fishery,  for  which  pur- 
suit it  is  admirably  located. 

The  village  of  Wiscasset  is  delightfully  sit- 
uated on  rising  ground,  in  view  of  the  harbor. 
The  court  house,  churches,  stores,  and  dwelling 
houses  are  built  with  taste,  and  many  of  them  with 
elegance.  A  more  beautiful  village  is  rarely  seen. 

Woburn,  Ms.,  Middlesex  co.  This  town  was 
granted  by  the  General  Court  to  the  town  and 
church  of  Charlestown,  in  1640;  settled  there- 
from early  in  1641,  and  called  Charlestown  vil- 
lage. In  1642  it  was  incorporated  under  its 
present  name.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  very 
much  diversified  by  hills,  dales,  and  woods.  It 
contains  several  beautiful  sheets  of  water,  par- 
ticularly Horn  Pond.  Middlesex  Canal  passes 
by  the  side  of  the  pond,  and  makes  a  descent  of 
45  feet,  by  means  of  three  double  locks.  The 
waters  of  this  and  several  smaller,  ponds,  after 
furnishing  some  valuable  and  well-improved  wa- 
ter power,  fall  into  Mystic  River,  through  Mystic 
Pond,  in  Medford.  The  soil  is  various,  but  gen- 
erally strong  and  rough  ;  much  of  it  is  fertile, 
and  the  town  contains  some  beautiful  farms. 
Villages  have  sprung  up  in  various  parts.  The 
Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad  passes  from  S.  to 
N.,  through  the  easterly  part  of  the  town,  from 
which  is  a  branch  railroad  to  Woburn  Centre. 
Warren  Academy,  incorporated  in  1828,  is  de- 
lightfully situated  near  the  centre,  on  a  beautiful 
eminence.  10  miles  N.  W.  by  N.  from  Boston, 
and  16  S.  E.  from  Lowell. 

Wolcott,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  This  is  a  small 
town,  watered  by  a  branch  of  Naugattick  River. 
The  town  was  incorporated  in  1796.  The 
territory  was  formerly  a  parish  in  the  towns 
of  Farmington  and  Waterbury,  and  from  that 
circumstance  was  called  "Farming-bury."  The 
lands  in  Wolcott  are  elevated,  rough,  stony,  and 
hard  to  cultivate.  One  of  the  highest  hills  in 
this  part  of  the  state  lies  in  this  town.  It  com- 
mands a  very  extended  prospect  of  Long  Island 
Sound  and  the  adjacent  country.  22  miles  N. 
from  New  Haven. 

Wolcott,  Vt.,  Lamoille  co.  Wolcott  is  well 
watered  by  Lamoille  River,  and  by  Green  and 
Wild  Branch,  its  tributaries.  Fish  Pond,  in 
Wolcott,  is  a  pretty  piece  of  water,  and  bears 
an  appropriate  name.  There  is  some  good  grain 
land  in  the  town,  but  most  of  the  lands  are  fit 
only  for  pasturage.  Wolcott  was  chartered  to 
Joshua  Stanton  and  others,  in  1781.  10  miles 
S.  E.  from  Hyde  Park,  and  37  N.  from  Mont- 
pelier. 

Wolfd)oro\  N.  H.,  Carroll  co.  The  soil  is  rocky, 
but  productive,  and  the  face  of  the  country  level. 
The  wood  is  principally  oak  and  other  hard  tim- 
ber. The  only  river  is  Smith's ;  it  issues  from 
a  large  pond  of  the  same  name,  in  the  S.  E.  part 
of  the  town.  Near  the  bridge  over  Smith's  Riv- 
er is  a  pleasant  village.  Winnipiseogee  Lake  lies 
on  the  S.  W.  of  this  town.  A  steamboat  plies 
daily  from  Alton,  10  miles  S.,  in  connection  with 
the  Cocheco  Railroad  terminating  there,  to  accom- 


modate travellers  to  the  White  Mountains,  for 
whose  convenience  a  fine  hotel  has  been  erected 
at  Wolfeboro'.  The  charter  of  Wolfeboro'  was 
granted  in  1770,  to  Governor  John  Wentworth, 
Mark  H.  Wentworth,  and  others.  At  the  foot  of 
a  hill,  near  one  of  the  ponds,  is  a  mineral  spring. 
The  scenery  in  this  town  is  splendid.  First 
settlers,  B.  Blake,  J.  Lucas,  James  Lary,  J.  Ful- 
lerton,  and  others.  45  miles  N.  E.  from  Con- 
cord, and  about  8  S.  W.  from  Ossipee. 

Wood  County^  0.,  c.  h.  at  Perrysburg.  Lucas 
co.  is  on  the  N.,  Sandusky  and  Seneca  on  the 
E.,  Hancock  on  the  S.,  and  Henry  on  the  W. 
In  February,  1820,  the  county  was  organized. 
This  county  is  level,  and  has  an  excellent  alluvial 
soil,  based  upon  limestone.  Black  Swamp  lies 
mostly  in  this  county,  and  has  been  taken  for 
farming  purposes,  as  it  has  a  rich,  productive  soil. 
It  has  a  variety  of  timber,  and  iron  ore  is  found 
in  abundance. 

Wood  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Belleville.  Ohio 
River  bounds  it  on  the  N.  W.,  Tyler  co.,  Va.,  N. 
E.,  Louis  co.  S.  E.,  and  Mason  S.  W.  Little 
Kanawha  River  drains  it  mostly. 

Woodbridge,  Ct.,  New  Haven  co.  The  territory 
of  this  town  belonged  to  the  towns  of  New  Haven 
and  Milford,  and  was  called  the  parish  of  "Am- 
ity" from  1739  until  its  incorporation  in  1784. 
West  River  runs  on  the  W.  side  of  West  Rock,  a 
range  of  mountains  on  the  eastern  border  of  the 
town.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  hilly,  but  the 
soil  is  excellent  for  grazing. 

The  regicides  Goffe  and  Whalley  had  a  num- 
ber of  places  of  concealment  in  the  limits  of 
Woodbridge,  the  most  noted  of  which  is  Hatchet 
Harbor,  or  the  Lodge,  near  a  beautiful  spring,  in 
a  valley,  about  7  miles  from  New  Haven. 

Woodbury,  Ct.,  Litchfield  co.  The  settlement 
of  this  town  commenced  in  the  year  1672.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1674.  This  is  a  good  graz- 
ing township ;  the  soil  is  generally  warm  and 
fertile.  The  village  is  situated  in  a  pleasant  val- 
ley, and  watered  by  a  number  of  small  streams, 
which  form  the  Pomperaug.  It  is  surrounded  bj 
high  hills  on  every  side,  forming  a  kind  of  umphi 
theatre,  which  renders  it  strikingly  romantic 
The  village  contains  some  handsome  buildings. 

Bethel  Rock,  near  the  village  of  Woodbury,  is 
about  40  feet  in  height,  and  projects  over  3  01 
4  feet,  forming  a  kind  of  shelter  from  the  wind 
and  rain.  There  is  a  fine  grove  near  it.  This 
spot  is  frequently  visited ;  it  excites  solemn  and 
pleasing  impressions. 

Woodbury,  N.  J.,  c.  h.  Gloucester  co.  At  the 
head  of  navigation,  on  Woodlmry  Creek,  a  branch 
of  Delaware  River.  S.  S.  W.  from  Trenton  37 
miles. 

Woodbury,  Pa.,  Bedford  co.  Drained  by  Yel- 
low Creek  and  branches,  and  by  the  Frankstown 
branch  of  Juniata  River.  Surface  mountainous, 
containing  iron  ore;  soil  calcareous  loam,  gravel, 
and  slate.  113  miles  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Woodlmry,  Te.,  c.  h.  Cannon  co. 

Woodbury.  Vt.,  Washington  co.  Woodbury 
was  first  settled  in  1800.  The  town  is  watered 
by  branches  of  Winooski  and  Lamoille  Rivers, 
and  probably  contains  a  greater  number  of  pond? 
than  any  other  town  in  the  state.  The  surface 
is  rough,  I  nit  the  soil  is  good  for  grazing.  15 
miles  N.  by  E.  from  Montpelier. 

Woodford  County,  Is.,  c.  h.  at  Woodford.  Bound 
ed  N.  by  Marshall  co.,  E.  'oy  Livingston  and  Mc- 
Lean, S.  by  McLean  and  Tazewell  counties,  and 


636 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  &c., 


W.  by  the  Illinois  River,  separating  it  from  Peo- 
ria  co.     Drained  by  Mackinaw  River. 

Woodford  County,  Ky.,  c.  h.  at  Versailles.  Ken- 
tucky River  is  on  the  W.,  Franklin  N.  W.,  Scott 
N.  E.,  Fayette  E.,  and  Jessamine  S.  E. 

Woodford,  Vt.,  Bennington  co.  Woodford 
contains  several  large  ponds,  from  which  issue 
branches  of  Walloomsack  and  Deerfield  Rivers. 
The  greater  part  of  this  town  is  too  elevated  and 
broken  for  cultivation.  It  is  a  good  location  for 
the  sportsman.  The  town  began  to  be  settled 
immediately  after  the  revolutionary  war.  7  miles 
E.  from  Bennington,  on  the  road  to  Brattleboro'. 
Woodhull,  N.  Y.,  Steuben  co.  Watered  by 
Tuscarora  Creek.  Has  an  uneven  surface,  and 
tolerably  good  soil.  20  miles  S.  from  Bath,  and 
225  S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Woodsfield,  O.,  c.  h.  Monroe  co.  On  elevated 
ground,  18  miles  from  Ohio  River,  and  117  E. 
from  Columbus. 

Woods  Hole,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.  In  the  town 
ofFalmoufh.  See  Falmouth. 

Woodstock,  Ct.,  Windham  co.  The  surface  of 
the  town  is  characteristically  hilly,  but  not  moun- 
tainous or  broken,  and  comprises  very  little  waste 
land,  most  or  all  of  the  eminences  being  capable 
of  cultivation.  The  prevailing  soil  is  a  deep 
gravelly  loam,  which  is  strong  and  fertile.  It  is 
best  adapted  to  grazing.  It  may  be  considered 
one  of  the  richest  agricultural  towns  in  this  part 
of  the  state.  The  town  is  divided  into  3  parts, 
viz.,  the  old  society  of  Woodstock,  West  Wood- 
stock or  New  Roxbury,  and  Muddy  Brook  Socie 
ty  or  North  Woodstock. 

The  villages  of  Thompson,  North  Killingly, 
and  Dudley,  in  Massachusetts,  on  corresponding 
elevations,  are  in  fair  view  from  the  village  in 
Old  Woodstock.  The  village  of  Muddy  Brook, 
or  North  Woodstock,  is  about  3  miles  distant,  sit- 
uated in  a  beautiful  valley,  through  which  Muddy 
Brook,  a  fine  mill  stream,  passes. 

Woodstock,  Me.,  Oxford  co.  In  part  mountain- 
ous, but  with  some  fertile  land.  42  miles  W. 
from  Augusta. 

Woodstock,  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.  The  Pemige- 
wasset  passes  through  the  eastern  section  of  this 
town.  The  three  branches  of  this  river  unite  in 
the  N.  part  of  Woodstock.  There  are  several 
brooks  and  rivulets  which  supply  this  place  with 
a  number  of  mill  privileges.  The  ponds  are  nu- 
merous. Cushman's  Mountain  in  the  S.  W., 
Black  in  the  N.  W.,  and  Blue  in  the  W.,  are  the 
highest  elevations.  Among  these  mountains, 
branches  of  the  Wild  Amonoosuck  and  Baker's 
Rivers,  and  Moosehillock  Brook,  have  their 
sources.  On  the  last  stream  is  a  beautiful  cas- 
cade. There  are  here  two  springs,  which  have 
been  termed  medicinal.  This  town  has  some 
fine  scenery.  First  settlers,  John  Riant  and 
others,  in  1773.  20  miles  N.  from  Plymouth, 
and  62  N.  from  Concord. 

Woodstock,  N.  Y.,  Ulster  co.  Watered  by  the 
Saghkill  and  other  branches  of  Esopus  Creek. 
The  Catskill  Mountains  cover  most  of  the  sur- 
face; soil  clay,  gravel,  and  loam  of  indifferent 
quality.  12  miles  N.  W.  from  Kingston,  and  57 
S.  W.  from  Albany. 

Woodstock,  Vt.,  c.  h.  Windsor  co.  Well  watered 
by  Quechee  River  and  its  branches.  The  soil  is 
generally  very  fertile,  with  a  pleasant  surface  of 
hills  and  vales.  Woodstock  Green,  so  called,  is  a 
beautiful  village.  The  court  house,  planned  and 
built  under  the  supervision  of  Ammi  B.  Young, 


Esq.,  the  architect  of  the  custom  house  in  Boston, 
is  one  of  the  most  chaste  and  classical  structures 
in  New  England.  The  S.  village  is  neat  and 
pleasant;  it  is  about  5  miles  from  the  Green. 
The  settlement  of  this  town  was  commenced  by 
Mr.  James  Sanderson,  who  moved  his  family 
here  about  the  year  1768.  46  miles  S.  from 
Montpelier,  and  11  N.  W.  from  Windsor. 

Woodstock,  Va.,  c.  h.  Shenandoah  co.  About  1 
mile  from  the  W.  bank  of  the  N.  fork  of  Shenan- 
doah River,  and  150  N.  N.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Woodville,  Aa.,  c.  h.  Jackson  co.  163  miles  N. 
E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Woodville,  Mi.,  c.  h.  Wilkinson  co.  135  miles 
S.  W.  from  Jackson.  Connected  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  by  a  railroad  to  St.  Francisville, 
29  miles. 

Woodville,  Ts.,  c.  h.  Tyler  co. 

Woolwich,  Me.,  Lincoln  co.  Woolwich  lies  a 
little  above  Bath,  on  the  E.  side  of  Kennebec 
River.  32  miles  S.  from  Augusta,  and  7  W. 
from  Wiscasset.  It  was  incorporated  in  1759. 
Woolwich  has  several  ponds  and  small  streams, 
and  its  navigable  privileges  are  valuable. 

Woolwich,  N.  J.,  Gloucester  co.  Bounded  N. 
W.  by  the  Delaware  River,  and  drained  by  Pe- 
paups,  Little  Timber,  Raccoon,  and  Oldman's 
Creeks.  Surface  level ;  soil  sandy.  11  miles  S. 
W.  from  Woodbury. 

Woonsocket  Falls,  R.  I.,  Providence  co.  In  the 
towns  of  Smithfield  and  Cumberland,  at  the  falls 
of  Blackstone  River,  which  afford  a  great  water 
power.  15  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Providence. 
See  Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Wooster,  0.,  c.  h.  Wayne  co.  On  the  forks  of 
Killbuck  and  Apple  Creeks,  and  was  named  for 
General  Wooster,  who  was  killed  at  Danbury, 
Ct.,  in  the  year  1777,  during  the  revolutionary 
war.  61  miles  S.  W.  from  Cleveland,  and  89  N. 
E.  from  Columbus. 

Worcester  County,  Md.,  c.  h.  at  Snow  Hill. 
Delaware  co.  is  on  the  N.,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  E.. 
eastern  shore  of  Virginia  S.,  and  Somerset  co., 
Md.,  W.  The  Pocomoke  River  drains  the  greater 
part  of  this  county. 

Worcester  County,  Ms.,  c.  h.  at  Worcester. 
This  county  crosses  the  state  from  New  Hamp- 
shire on  the  N.  to  the  states  of  Connecticut  and 
Rhode  Island  on  the  S.  It  is  bounded  W.  by 
the  counties  of  Franklin,  Hampshire,  and  Hamp- 
den,  and  E.  by  Norfolk  and  Middlesex  counties. 
This  is  the  largest  county  in  the  state.  Its  terri- 
tory is  larger  than  the  state  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
its  population  greater  than  that  of  the  state  of 
Delaware.  Its  surface  is  rather  undulating  than 
hilly.  Wachuset  Mountain  is  its  highest  eleva- 
tion. The  soil  is  generally  strong,  and  produces 
all  kinds  of  grain,  grasses,  fruits,  &c.,  common  to 
its  climate.  Its  water  power  is  abundant  in 
almost  every  town,  and  perhaps  in  no  section  of 
New  England  are  the  interests  of  agriculture, 
commerce,  and  manufactures  more  completely 
blended,  nor  can  there  be  found  better  resources 
for  their  united  support.  Its  principal  rivers  are 
the  Blackstone,  Quinebaug,  Nashua,  Ware.  Mil- 
ler's, and  Mill.  The  Blackstone  Canal  passes 
from  the  centre  of  the  county  to  the  city  of 
Providence,  and  several  important  railroads 
pierce  the  country  in  various  directions,  whick 
with  their  various  branches,  afford  a  rapid  com- 
munication to  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  to 
distant  towns  and  cities  at  the  N.,  the  W.,  and 
the  S. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


637 


Worcester,  Ms.  City,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Worcester  co.  44  miles  by  railroad  W.  from 
Boston,  54  E.  from  Springfield,  43  N.  W.  from 
Providence,  R.  L,  and  59  N.  W.  from  Norwich, 
Ct.  Population  in  1790.2095;  1800,2411  ;  1810, 
2577;  1820,  2966;  1830,  4173;  1840,  7497; 
1850,  17,059. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  settle  this  part  of  the 
country  as  early  as  1675,  but  the  hostility  of  the 
Indians  was  such  as  to  prevent  a  permanent  set- 
tlement until  1713.  The  Indians,  who  were 
very  numerous,  had  towns  on  Tatnuck  and  Bog- 
gachoag  Hills.  They  called  the  neighboring 
country  Quinsiyamond,  the  name  of  a  lake,  or 
Long  Pond,  which  skirts  the  eastern  border  of 
the  town. 

It  is  stated  that  "in  1718  there  were  in  the 
town  58  humble  dwelling  houses ;  some  were  fur- 
nished with  windows  of  diamond  glass,"  while 
others  obtained  the  light  "  through  the  dim 
transparency  of  oiled  paper." 

The  surface  of  the  town  is  pleasantly  varied  by 
hills  and  valleys.  The  greatest  elevation  is  that 
of  Chandler's  Hill,  748  feet  above  the  sea,  from 
which  a  fine  view  of  the  beautiful  country  sur- 
rounding it  is  presented.  The  soil  is  various,  and 
suited  to  the  cultivation  of  all  the  grains,  grasses, 
vegetables,  fruits,  and  flowers  common  to  a  New 
England  climate,  and  the  uncommon  enterprise 
and  skill  displayed  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil 
have  covered  the  face  of  this  section  of  the  state 
with  beauty  and  abundance. 

Worcester  was  originally  very  large,  including 
the  territory  of  some  of  the  surrounding  towns. 
Its  present  boundaries  are  N.  by  Holden  and 
West  Boylston,  E.  by  Shrewsbury,  S.  by  Mill- 
bury  and  Auburn,  and  W.  by  Leicester  and 
Paxton.  A  number  of  the  streams  which  form 
the  head  waters  of  the  Blackstone  meet  in  this 
town,  and  furnish  a  considerable  water  power. 

The  central  situation  of  Worcester,  both  in  re- 
gard to  the  county  and  the  state,  the  fertility  of 
its  soil,  and  that  of  the  surrounding  country,  the 
salubrity  of  its  climate,  and  the  industry,  intelli- 
gence, and  wealth  of  its  people,  have  long  since 
entitled  it  to  the  honor  of  being  called  the  chief 
town  in  the  "  heart  of  the  commonwealth." 

The  city  of  Worcester  is  delightfully  situated, 
in  a  valley,  surrounded  by  hills  of  gentle  acclivity. 
It  has  long  been  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
places  in  the  interior  of  New  England,  and  by  the 
enterprise  and  wealth  of  its  inhabitants,  without 
the  natural  advantage  of  any  navigable  stream,  it 
parly  became  the  mart  of  a  large  and  prosperous 
business,  giving  it  very  much  the  appearance  of  a 
commercial  town.  It  has  taken  an  enlightened 
and  timely  interest  in  every  form  of  internal  im- 
provement which  has  arisen,  for  the  purpose  of 
overcoming  the  natural  disadvantage  of  its  in- 
terior location,  and  facilitating  its  communication 
with  the  seaboard,  and  every  part  of  the  country. 
The  greatest  of  these  enterprises,  before  railroads 
were  introduced,  was  that  of  the  Blackstone  Ca- 
nal, opening  the  navigation  for  boats  to  the  tide 
waters  at  Providence,  R.  I.  But  all  other  means 
of  communication  and  business,  even  the  great 
navigable  rivers  themselves,  are  now  in  a  measure 
superseded  by  that  which  the  railroad  supplies. 
Of  these  Worcester  has  become  a  great  central 
point.  We  have  given  above  the  direction  and 
distance  to  the  important  seaports  of  Boston, 
Providence,  and  Norwich,  with  each  of  which 
Worcester  is  connected  by  railroads  ;  and  also  to. 


Springfield,  which  is  on  the  Western  Railroad 
from  Worcester  to  Albany,  at  the  point  of  its  in- 
tersection with  the  great  chain  of  railroads  run- 
ning through  the  Connecticut  valley  from  Canada 
to  New  York.  On  the  N.  from  Worcester  there 
are  two  railroads,  one  connecting  at  Fitchburg 
with  the  roads  E.,  W.,  and  N.  from  that  place,  and 
the  other  extending  to  meet  the  great  Northern 
Railroad  at  Nashua,  N.  H.;  and  connecting  at  an 
intermediate  point  with  roads  running  through 
Lowell  and  Lawrence,  and  thence  to  Portland, 
Me.  Worcester  is  thus  made  one  of  the  greatest 
thoroughfares  of  travel  in  New  England,  and  an 
eligible  seat  of  manufacturing  and  other  business 
operations. 

There  are  many  handsome  streets  in  Worcester, 
but  the  most  elegant,  as  well  as  the  most  impor- 
tant, is  Main  Street,  which  is  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  in  length,  straight,  broad,  and  shaded  with 
many  beautiful  trees.  On  this  street  are  the  prin- 
cipal retail  stores,  the  banks,  the  largest  hotels, 
the  court  house,  the  city  hall,  and  three  or  four 
handsome  houses  of  public  worship.  There  are 
likewise,  on  both  sides  of  this  street,  some  of  the 
most  splendid  private  mansions  in  New  England. 
The  ground  rises  rapidly  immediately  W.  of 
Main  Street,  and  affords  a  beautifully-elevated  site 
for  all  that  portion  of  the  city  which  extends  in 
that  direction.  E.  of  Main  Street  the  ground  falls 
away  more  gradually  to  the  small  stream  which 
winds  its  way  through  the  bottom  of  the  valley, 
and  rises  again  on  the  opposite  side,  swelling  in 
the  northern  part  into  the  beautiful  hill  on  which 
the  State  Lunatic  Asylum  is  situated.  Towards 
the  S.  part  of  the  city  there  is  a  spacious  green, 
opening  E.  from  Main  Street,  on  which  stands  the 
large  and  venerable  meeting  house  of  the  first 
church,  which  is  now  known  as  the  Old  South  in 
Worcester.  Fronting  upon  the  N.  side  of  the  green 
another  handsome  church  edifice,  and  a  third, 
beautifully  situated,  opposite  the  eastern  end. 
Nearly  all" the  leading  denominations  of  Christians 
are  provided  with  good  houses  of  public  worship. 

The  hall  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society 
is  a  handsome  edifice,  on  Main  Street,  erected  in 
1820,  at  a  cost  of  about  $10,000,  to  contain  the 
unique  and  interesting  library  and  antiquities  of 
the  society.  It  consists  of  a  central  edifice,  50 
feet  by  40,  and  two  stories  high,  with  wings  each  20 
by  28  feet,  also  two  stories  high  This  important 
society,  and  its  valuable  library,  owe  their  origin 
to  the  sagacious  foresight,  generosity,  and  public 
spirit  of  Isaiah  Thomas,  LL.  D.  Mr.  Thomas 
was  the  father  of  New  England  printers.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1775,  the  first  newspaper  in  Worcester, 
and,  a  few  years  later,  the  first  English  Bible  in 
America.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  great  patriot- 
ism and  liberality.  His  donation  to  this  library 
consisted  of  3000  volumes,  of  his  own  careful 
selection.  This  institution  is  open  freely  to  the 
public,  and  is  visited  by  great  numbers  from  every 
part  of  the  country. 

The  State  Lunatic  Asylum  has  very  extensive 
buildings,  beautifully  situated  on  an  eminence 
eastward  of  the  city,  and  surrounded  by  extensive 
and  highly-ornamented  grounds.  The  W.  front 
consists  of  a  spacious  centre  building,  4  stories 
high,  with  wings  of  3  stories.  The  other  sides  of 
the  square  are  completely  enclosed  by  the  build- 
ings of  the  establishment.  Those  on  the  N.  and 
S.  sides  correspond  in  size  and  structure  with  the 
wings  in  front,  and  are  134  feet  in  length.  The 
plan  and  arrangements  of  this  noble  institution 


638 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,   &c., 


we  excellent  throughout,  rendering  it  a  model  for 
some  of  those  which  have  been  more  recently 
built  in  other  states.  It  is  in  place  to  remark 
here,  that  Worcester  is  extremely  well  suited  to 
the  sanitary  purposes  of  such  an  institution,  from 
the  great  salubrity  of  its  climate.  It  is  almost  en- 
tirely exempt  from  those  chilling  easterly  winds 
which  so  much  prevail  at  certain  seasons  of  the 
year  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

The  Roman  Catholic  College  of  the  Holy 
Cross  has  a  fine  location  upon  a  rounded  hill, 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  S.  W.  of  the  city.  See 
Colleges. 

Two  other  institutions  or  academies  of  the 
higher  class,  one  for  males,  and  the  other  for  fe- 
males, are  situated,  about  the  same  distance,  more 
directly  W.  of  the  city.  The  public  and  private 
schools,  and  other  literary  institutions  in  Worces- 
ter are  of  a  high  order.  In  no  part  of  New  Eng- 
land is  education  more  honored  and  cherished  than 
here. 

There  are  several  public  houses  in  Worcester, 
which  are  among  the  best  in  the  country,  de- 
manded 'and  sustained  by  the  vast  amount  of 
travel  which  comes  to  the  city.  An  abundance 
of  pure  soft  water  is  brought  in  by  an  aqueduct 
from  the  neighboring  hills,  for  the  supply  of  these 
establishments,  and  of  the  inhabitants  generally,. 

The  manufactures  of  Worcester  are  important, 
and  of  great  variety,  including  cotton  and  wool- 
len fabrics  to  a  large  amount,  carpetings,  both  of, 
wool  and  cotton,  paper,  wire,  castings,  machinery, 
carriages  and  railroad  cars,  brass  and  tin  wares, 
musical  instruments,  hats,  straw  bonnets,  shoes, 
harnesses,  and  numerous  other  articles.  In  these 
departments  of  industry  a  large  amount  of  capi- 
tal is  employed,  and  great  ingenuity  and  activity 
are  displayed. 

This  place  presents  a  striking  example  of  what 
railroads  have  done,  and  will  continue  to  do,  in 
favor  of  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  hundreds 
of  other  places  in  our  country  similarly  situated. 
Before  the  railroad  between  Boston  and  Worces- 
ter went  into  operation,  the  freight  on  a  ton  of 
merchandise  was  $10,  and  the  time  of  transporta- 
tion two  days ;  now  it  is  $2,  and  the  time  three 
hours.  It  is  obvious  that  by  this  means  much  of 
our  trade  and  commerce  will  be  transferred  from 
the  seaboard  to  such  convenient  points  in  the  in- 
terior where  real  estate  and  the  means  of  living 
generally  can  be  obtained  at  a  much  lower  cost. 
Our  commercial  cities  on  the  coast,  instead  of 
continuing  to  be  chiefly  rivals  to  each  other,  have 
now  much  more  to  fear  from  the  springing  up  of 
such  places  as  these,  in  the  tendency  there  is 
to  make  them  merely  deposits  of  merchandise 
for  the  country,  rather  than,  as  heretofore,  its  ex- 
clusive marts  of  trade. 

Worcester,  N.  Y.,  Otsego  co.  Charlotte  River 
and  some  of  its  branches  water  this  town.  Sur- 
face hilly ;  soil  favorable  to  the  growth  of  grass 
and  grain.  14  miles  S.  E.  from  Cooperstown, 
and  56  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Worcester,  Vt.,  Washington  co.  A  branch  of 
Winooski  River  gives  this  town  a  good  water 
power,  which  is  used  for  various  purposes.  Much 
of  this  township  is  mountainous ;  but  there  is 
some  good  land  along  the  stream,  and  the  high 
lands  afford  good  pasturage  for  cattle.  The  set- 
tlement was  commenced  in  1797,  by  George 
Martin  and  John  Ridlan,  emigrants  from  Kenne- 
bec,  Me.  The  town  was  organized  March  3, 

803.    8  miles  N.  from  Montpelier. 


Warthington,  Ms.,  Hampshire  co.  This  town- 
ship occupies  an  elevated  situation  near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  Green  Mountain  range,  upon  its  east- 
ern declivity.  The  waters  are  discharged  into 
the  Connecticut  by  the  Westficld  River,  the  prin- 
cipal branch  of  which  washes  the  S.  W.  bounda- 
ry of  the  town,  and  other  branches  pass  through 
the  middle  and  N.  E.  parts.  It  is  one  of  the 
best  townships  of  land  in  this  vicinity ;  the  sur- 
face is  handsome  and  pleasant,  and  much  of  the 
soil  rich  and  productive.  107  miles  W.  from 
Boston,  and  18  E.  from  Pittsfield. 

Worthington,  O.,  in  Sharon  township,  Franklin 
co.  9  miles  N.  from  Columbus.  This  pleasant 
and  thriving  town  stands  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Whetstone  River,  which  is  the  E.  fork  of  the 
Scioto.  The  township  to  which  it  belongs  was 
settled  by  the  Scioto  Company,  formed  in  Gran- 
by,  Ct,  in  1801,  and  embracing  40  associates,  to 
which  number  the  company  was  limited  by  it* 
articles.  This  number  was  filled  up  by  persons 
from  the  counties  of  Hartford  and  Litchfield,  Ct., 
and  Hampshire  and  Berkshire,  Ms.  Their  reg- 
ulations, requiring  the  immediate  establishment 
of  public  worship,  and  of  a  school  for  their  chil- 
dren, were  strictly  adhered  to.  The  first  year  of 
their  enterprise  saw  100  settlers  in  their  new 
hom,e.  Their  first  4th  of  July  was  celebrated  in 
an  original  and  novel  manner.  17  gigantic  trees, 
equal  to  the  then  existing  number  of  the  states 
in  the  Federal  Union,  having  previously  been 
cut  so  that  a  few  blows  of  the  axe  would  fell 
them  to  the  ground,  were  made  at  sunrise,  in  lieu 
of  ordnance,  to  thunder  in  successive  peals 
through  the  resounding  wilderness  their  national 
salute. 

Worthington  is  handsomely  laid  out,  with  10 
streets  extending  N.  and  S.,  parallel  to  each 
other,  and  to  the  general  course  of  the  river,  and 
7  E.  and  W.  It  is  neatly  built,  the  greater  part 
both  of  the  private  and  public  structures  being 
of  brick.  There  are  churches  here  of  several  de- 
nominations ;  also  a  classical  academy,  of  high 
repute,  and  a  flourishing  female  seminary.  Colo- 
nel James  Kilbourne,  who,  as  pioneer  and  agent  of 
the  Scioto  Company,  located  their  purchase,  and 
afterwards  laid  out  this  town,  it  is  said  con- 
structed the  first  map  of  the  state  of  Ohio. 

Wrentham,  Ms.,  Norfolk  co.  This  town  was  a 
part  of  Dedham  until  its  incorporation,  in  1673. 
It  was  first  settled  about  the  year  1667,  and  wai 
named  after  a  town  in  England.  Its  Indian 
name  was  Wollonopange.  The  surface  is  pleas- 
antly diversified  by  hills  and  valleys.  Joe's  Rock 
Hill  and  Red  Brush  Hill  are  the  most  elevated 
grounds.  The  soil  is  generally  of  a  good  qual- 
ity. From  the  high  lands,  and  a  large  and  beau- 
tiful pond,  called  by  the  Indian  name  of  the 
town,  branches  of  the  Charles  and  Neponset  rise. 
These  streams,  though  not  large,  afford  the  town 
an  excellent  hydraulic  power.  There  is  a  curi- 
ous cavern  in  the  town,  called  "  Wampum's 
Rock."  Eagle  Factory  village,  Shepardsville, 
the  village  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  and  the 
one  in  the  N.  part,  are  all  pleasant  villages.  27 
miles  S.  S.  W.  from  Boston,  and  16  N.  from 
Providence. 

Wright  County,  Mo.,  c.  h.  at  Hartville.  Bound- 
ed N.  by  Camden  and  Pulaski  counties,  E.  by 
Texas  co.,  S.  by  Ozark  and  Taney,  and  W.  by- 
Green  and  Dallas  counties.  Drained  by  th« 
head  branches  of  Gasconade  River. 

Wrightsville,  Pa.,  York  co.    On  the  W   bank 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


639 


of  Susquehanna  River.  31  miles  from  Harris- 
burg.  A  bridge  5690  feet  in  length  connects  this 
place  with  Columbia,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river.  It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  York, 
Gettysburg,  Baltimore,  and  Philadelphia. 

Wyalusing,  Pa.,  Bradford  co.  This  town  lies 
adjacent  to  and  includes  the  mouth  of  Wyalu- 
sing  Creek.  50  miles  N.  W.  from  Wilkesbarre, 
and  30  S.  W.  by  W.  from  Montrose. 

Wyoming  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Warsaw. 
Formed  from  Genesee  co.  in  1841.  It  is  bound- 
ed N.  by  Genesee,  E.  by  Livingston,  S.  by  Alle- 
gliany  and  Cattaraugus,  and  W.  by  Erie  co.  Its 
principal  waters  are  Silver  Lake,  Allen's,  Tona- 
wanda,  and  Cattaraugus  Creeks,  and  the  Gene- 
see  Eiver,  which  courses  its  S.  E.  corner.  Sur- 
face undulating ;  soil  well  adapted  to  grass  and 
grain,  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  streams  remark- 
ably fertile. 

Wyoming  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  Tunkhannock. 
Formed  from  Luzerne  co.  in  1 841,  and  is  bounded 
N.  by  Susquehanna  co.,  E.  and  S.  by  Luzerne, 
and  W.  by  Ly  com  ing  and  Bradford  counties 
Drained  by  Susquehanna  River  and  branches. 

Wyoming,  Pa.     See  Wilkesbarre. 

Wyoming  County,  Va.  New.  Taken  from  Lo- 
gan. S.  W.  part.  Includes  the  upper  waters  of 
the  Guyandotte  and  Sandy  Rivers.  Mountainous. 

Wythe  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  Wytheville.  This 
county  occupies  the  country  between  the  head  wa- 
ters of  Tennessee  and  Great  Kanawha.  It  is 
bounded  by  Grayson  S.  E.  and  S.,  Washington 
S.  W.,  Tazewell  N.  W.,  and  Giles  and  Mont- 
gomery N.  E. 

Wytheville,  Va.,  c.  h.  Wythe  co. 

Xenia,  0.,  Xenia  township,  c.  h.  Green  co.  A 
pleasant  town,  situated  on  Shawnee  Creek.  3 
miles  from  the  Little  Miami  River.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  highly  cultivated,  fertile  country. 

Yalabusha  County,  Mi.,  c.  h.  at  Coffeeville. 
Bounded  N.  by  Ponola  and  Lafayette  counties, 
E.  by  Chickasaw,  S.  by  Choctaw  and  Carroll,  and 
W.  by  Tallahatchee  co.  Drained  by  the  Yala- 
busha River  and  branches. 

Yam  Hill  County,  On.,  c.  h.  at  La  Fayette. 
Between  the  Willamette  and  the  coast. 

Yancey  County,  N.  C.,  c.  h.  at  Burnsville.  Bound- 
ed W.  and  N.  by  the  Stone  Mountains,  which 
separate  it  from  Tennessee,  and  by  Ashe  co.,  E.  by 
Caldwell,  Burke,  and  McDowell  counties,  and  S. 
by  Buncombe  co.  Drained  by  the  Nolachucky 
River  and  its  branches.  This  county  contains 
the  highest  land  in  the  United  States  E.  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  Black  Mountain  being  ele- 
vated 6476  feet  above  the  ocean.  Copperas  is 
found  here. 

Yanceyville,  Va.,  Louisa  co.,  lies  14  miles  N. 
from  Caroline  Court  House,  and  60  N.  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Yarmouth,  Me.,  Cumberland  co.  A  pleasant 
town  on  Casco  Bay.  10  miles  N.  of  Portland, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Portland  and 
Montreal  Railroad,  and  42  S*  E.  from  Augusta. 
There  is  a  fine  stream  of  water,  on  which  is  a  pa- 
per mill  and  other  manufactories.  It  was  for- 
merly called  North  Yarmouth. 

Yarmouth,  Ms.,  Barnstable  co.,  was  first  settled 
in  the  year  1637.  It  was  called  Mattacheeset,  or 
Muttacheest,  by  the  Indians.  It  was  incorporated 
as  a  town  in  1639.  The  soil  in  many  parts  is 
quite  productive.  There  are  large  tracts  of  salt 


meadow  in  the  town,  which  is  very  valuable. 
German's  Hill,  136  feet  above  the  sea,  is  the 
highest  land  in  the  town.  Yarmouth  extends 
across  Cape  Cod.  and  has  good  harbors  on  each 
side  of  it,  of  ample  depth  of  water  for  fishing  and 
coasting  vessels.  In  this  town  are  a  number  of 
large  and  beautiful  ponds,  of  pure  and  soft  fresh 
water.  From  one  of  these  ponds  issues  Bass 
River,  affording  a  small  water  power;  at  its 
mouth  is  a  good  harbor.  The  government  of  the 
United  States  have  recently  erected  a  breakwater 
for  its  protection.  There  are  a  number  of  pleas- 
ant villages  in  this  town  :  those  called  Yarmouth, 
Yarmouth  Port,  South  Yarmouth,  and  West 
Yarmouth  are  the  most  important.  The  second 
temperance  society  ever  established  was  organized 
in  Yarmouth,  in  1817,  a  short  time  after  the  es- 
tablishment of  that  in  Boston,  which  was  the  first 
in  the  world.  In  and  about  the  numerous  ponds 
and  large  salt  meadows,  in  this  town  and  Barn- 
stable,  are  found  an  abundance  of  fowl  and  fish 
in  their  season.  Yarmouth  Port  lies  4  miles  E. 
from  Barnstable,  and  69  S.  E.  from  Boston. 

Yates  County,  N.  Y.,  c.  h.  at  Milo.  Formed 
from  Ontario  in  1823.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  On- 
tario co.,  E.  by  Seneca  Lake,  S.  by  Steuben,  and 
W.  by  Steuben  and  Ontario  counties.  Surface 
pleasantly  diversified  ;  soil  various,  but  mostly 
very  fertile.  This  county  contains  an  inflamma- 
ble gas,  a  sulphur,  and  a  salt  spring.  Seneca 
and  Crooked  Lakes  lie  parti}1-  within  its  limits, 
and  are  united  by  the  outlet  and  Crooked  Lake 
Canal.  It  is  also  watered  on  the  N.  W.  by  Can- 
andaigua  Lake. 

Yates,  N.  Y.,  Orleans  co.  Watered  by  John- 
son's Creek  and  other  small  streams  flowing  into 
Lake  Ontario,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.  Sur- 
face level :  soil  sandy  and  clay  loam.  12  miles 
N.  from  Albion,  and  267  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Yell  County,  As.,  c.  h.  at  Danville.  Bounded 
N.  by  Johnson  and  Pope  counties,  E.  by  Perry, 
S.  by  Montgomery,  and  W.  by  Scott  co.  Drained 
by  the  Petite  Jean,  La  Feve,  and  other  branches 
of  the  Arkansas  River,  which  runs  on  its  N.  E. 
boundary. 

Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered  on 
the  E.  by  Bronx  and  Saw  Mill  Rivers,  and 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Hudson.  Surface 
somewhat  rough  and  uneven ;  soil  clay  and 
sandy  loam.  10  miles  S.  W.  from  White  Plains, 
and  130  S.  from  Albany. 

York  County,  Me.,  c.  h.  at  Alfred.  In  the  S.  W. 
corner  of  the  state.  Watered  by  the  Salmon 
Falls  on  its  W.  border,  and  the  Saco  on  the  E. 
The  soil  is  hard  and  rocky,  yet  with  some  good 
land ;  surface  rough  and  uneven,  with  occasional 
mountains.  The  seacoast  is  without  harbors, 
except  two  or  three  inferior  ones.  The  railroad 
from  Boston  to  Portland  passes  through  it,  par- 
allel with  the  coast. 

York,  Me.,  c.  h.  York  co.  This  is  an  ancient 
maritime  town,  on  the  coast  between  Kittery  and 
Wells.  It  is  bounded  W.  by  South  Berwick 
This  was  for  many  years  the  shire  town,  and  the 
place  of  holding  the  courts  and  keeping  the 
records  for  the  whole  province,  until  the  counties 
of  Cumberland  and  Lincoln  were  set  off  in  1 760. 

York  has  a  court  house  and  jail,  but  all  the 
county  courts  have  been,  within  a  few  years  past, 
removed  to  Alfred.  The  principal  harbor  is 
York  River,  about  6  miles  from  Portsmouth,  N. 
H.,  with  water  sufficient  for  vessels  from  200  to 
300  tons'  burden.  The  entrance,  however,  is  dif 


640 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   VILLAGES,  &c., 


ficult,  being  narrow  and  crooked.  The  other 
harbor  is  Cape  Neddock,  about  4  miles  N.  E.  of 
the  former,  navigable  about  a  mile  from  the  sea 
at  full  tides  only;  it  having  a  sand  bar  at  its 
mouth  sufficient  to  prevent  vessels  of  any  consid- 
erable burden  passing  at  low  water. 

The  settlement  of  this  place  began  about  the 
year  1630.  It  was  then  called  Agamenticus, 
(see  Ayamenticus,)  from  a  mountain  of  that  name 
in  the  N.  part  of  the  town.  This  town  was  nearly 
destroyed  by  the  Indians  and  French  in  1692,  who, 
coming  on  snowshoes,  surprised  the  unwary  in- 
habitants at  early  morning.  45  miles  S.  W.  from 
Portland,  and  9  N.  by  E.  from  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

York,  Mn.,  Washtenaw  co.  46  miles  W.  from 
Detroit. 

York,  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.  On  the  W.  side  of 
the  Genesee  River,  and  drained  by  two  or  three  of 
its  tributaries.  Surface  pretty  level,  sloping  to- 
wards the  river ;  soil  very  fertile,  producing  fine 
crops  of  grain.  7  miles  N.  W.  from  Genesee.  and 
237  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

York  County,  Pa.,  c.  h.  at  York.  Maryland  is  on 
the  S.  of  this  county,  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  W.,  Cum- 
berland co.  N.  W.,  and  Susquehanna  River  N.  E. 
It  is  principally  drained  by  Conewago  and  Co- 
dorus  Creeks.  It  has  a  varied  soil  and  hilly 
surface. 

York,  Pa.,  c.  h.  York  co.  Situated  on  both 
sides  of  Codorus  Creek.  The  village  is  laid  out 
on  a  plain,  with  streets  at  right  angles  to  each 
other,  and  contains  the  county  buildings,  jail, 
academy,  and  almshouse.  21  miles  S.  W.  by  W. 
from  Lancaster,  and  1 1  nearly  W.  from  Columbia, 
on  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  connected  by  rail- 
road with  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia. 

York  Haven,  Pa.,  York  co.  Situated  opposite 
Portsmouth,  on  the  W.  side  of  Susquehanna  River, 
below  Conewago  Falls,  and  14  miles  S.  from 
Harrisburg. 

York  Sulphur  Springs,  Pa..  Adams  co.  S.  from 
Carlisle  15,  and  from  Harrisburg  21  miles.  The 
springs  at  this  place  have  valuable  properties, 
and  are  provided  with  good  accommodations  for 
visitors. 

York  District,  S.  C.,  Yorkville  chief  town.  This 
district  is  bounded  by  Lincoln  and  Rutherford 
counties,  N.  C.,  N.,  Catawba  River,  or  Lancaster 
district,  E.,  Chester  S.,  and  Broad  River,  or  Union 
and  Spartanburg  districts,  S.  W. 

York  County,  Va.,  c.  h.  at  York.  York  River 
bounds  this  county  on  the  N.  and  N.  E.,  Eliza- 
beth City  and  Warwick  counties  S.,  and  James 
city  co.  S.  W.  and  N.  W. 

Yorkshire,  N.  Y.,  Cattaraugus  co.  Watered  by 
Cattaraugus  Creek  and  some  of  its  branches. 
This  is  mostly  a  level  town,  with  a  fertile  soil. 
15  miles  N.E.  from  Ellicottville,  and  274  W.  from 
Albany. 

Yorktown,  N.  Y.,  Westchester  co.  Watered  by 
Croton  River  and  several  small  ponds.  Surface 
hilly  and  mountainous  in  the  N.  part ;  soil  mostly 
of  good  quality.  16  miles  N.  from  White  Plains, 
and  117  S.  from  Albany. 

Yorktown,  Va.,  c.  h.  York  co.  Port  of  entry.  70 
miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Richmond.  It  is  on  the  S. 
side  of  York  River,  opposite  Gloucester.  This 
place  is  memorable  as  the  scene  of  the  surren- 
der of  Lord  Cornwallis,  October  19,  1781.  The 
place  of  surrender  was  on  the  S.  side  of  the  road 
to  Hampton,  about  half  a  mile  E.  of  the  town. 
The  Moore  House,  on  Temple  Farm,  yet  stand- 
ng  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  about  a  mile  below 


Yorktown,  is  memorable  as  the  house  in  which 
Lord  Cornwallis  signed  the  articles  of  capitula- 
tion. Various  other  localities  of  special  interest 
are  pointed  out  as  being  connected  with  this  im- 
portant event,  by  which  the  war  of  the  American 
revolution  was  brought  to  a  successful  close. 

Yorktown  was  incorporated  in  1705,  and  was 
once  a  flourishing  village,  with  considerable  com- 
merce. The  Swan  Tavern  here  is  said  to  be  the 
oldest  in  Virginia.  There  are  now  not  more  than 
40  or  50  dwellings,  many  of  which  are  going 
rapidly  to  decay.  On  the  banks  of  its  beautiful 
river  stands  the  ruins  of  an  old  church,  built  1 50 
years  ago,  and  burned  by  the  great  fire  in  1814 
There  are  also,  on  what  is  called  the  Temple 
Farm,  many  old  ruins  indicating  the  site  of  ao 
ancient  settlement. 

Yorkville,  N.  Y.,  New  York  co.  On  the  Haerlem 
Railroad.  5  miles  N.  from  the  City  Hall.  Se« 
New  York  City. 

Yorkville,  S.  C.,  c.  h.  York  district.  On  a 
branch  of  Broad  River.  79  miles  N.  by  W.  from 
Columbia. 

York  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Fremont.  Between 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Sacramento  and  the  coast 
range  of  mountains. 

Youngsville,  Pa.,  Warren  co.  A  village  by  post 
road  328  miles  N.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Ypsilanti,  Mn.,  Washtenaw  co.  On  both  sides 
of  Huron  River,  and  also  drained  by  Stony 
Creek.  30  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Detroit. 

Yuba  County,  Ca.,  c.  h.  at  Marysville.  E.  of 
Feather  River,  on  the  slope  of  the  mountains. 

Zanesfield,  0.,  Logan  co.  The  1 1  th  of  October, 
1819,  this  town  was  laid  out.  It  took  its  name 
from  the  original  proprietor,  Isaac  Zane.  It  lies 
near«the  source  of  Mad  River,  47  miles  N.  W. 
from  Columbus,  and  5  S.  E.  from  Bellefontaine, 

Zanesville,  O.  Shire  town  of  Muskingum  co. 
On  the  E.  side  of  Muskingum  River,  opposite 
the  entrance  of  the  Licking  River.  54  miles  B. 
of  Columbus,  and  about  80  miles  from  Marietta, 
by  the  course  of  the  Muskingum,  or  65  miles  by 
land.  It  is  on  the  national  road,  which  here 
crosses  the  Muskingum.  74  miles  W.  from 
Wheeling. 

At  the  point  where  Zanesville  is  located,  the 
river  sweeps  round  a  kind  of  horseshoe  curve, 
embosoming  the  town,  and  separating  it  from  the 
villages  of  West  Zanesville,  which  lies  opposite, 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Licking,  South  Zanes- 
ville, immediately  below,  and  Putnam,  still  farther 
down.  A  fine  bridge  connects  Zanesville  with 
Putnam ;  and  another,  about  half  a  mile  above, 
is  thrown  over  from  Zanesville  main  street  to  a 
point  in  the  river  where  the  bridge  forks ;  one  of 
the  branches  connecting  with  South  Zanesville, 
on  the  route  of  the  national  road,  and  the  other 
connecting  with  West  Zanesville.  In  its  course 
round  this  curve,  through  a  distance  of  about  a 
mile  and  three  quarters,  the  Muskingum  falls  8 
or  10  feet,  which,  by  the  aid  of  a  dam,  gives  a 
fall  of  over  16  feet;  thus  furnishing  a  very  exten- 
sive water  power  for  hydraulic  purposes.  There 
is  also  a  considerable  water  power  on  the  Licking 
River.  Besides  these  extensive  facilities  for  busi- 
ness, there  is  an  abundant  supply  of  bituminous 
coal  in  the  hills  which  surround  Zanesville,  ren- 
dering the  employment  of  steam  power  cheaply 
and  easily  available. 

The  principal  manufacturing  establishments  at 
Zanesville,  including  those  located  at  South  and 


IN   THE   UNITED     STATES. 


641 


West  Zanesville  and  Putnam,  are  iron  founderies, 
flouring  mills,  glass  works,  woollen  factories,  oil 
mills,  paper  mills,  saw  mills,  machine  shops,  &c. ; 
besides  which  there  are  numerous  other  establish- 
ments of  less  magnitude. 

There  are  several  printing  offices  in  Zanesville, 
from  which  are  issued  4  or  5  weekly  newspapers. 
This  place  has  as  many  as  12  or  15  churches,  of 
different  denominations,  some  of  which  have 
large  and  beautiful  houses  of  worship.  Much 
attention  is  given  to  the  subject  of  education. 
The  founder  of  the  settlement,  John  Mclntire, 
left  a  large  estate  to  found  and  sustain  a  school 
for  the  benefit  of  the  poor.  This  school  has  a 
line  brick  building.  Besides  this  there  are  two 
large  buildings  for  schools  of  the  highest  class, 
one  for  males  and  one  for  females,  provided  by  the 
town.  There  is  also  an  excellent  female  seminary 
in  Putnam,  the  advantages  of  which  are  scarcely 
less  available  for  the  inhabitants  of  Zanesville 
than  for  the  beautiful  village  where  it  is  located. 
Indeed,  these  two  places,  being  only  separated  by 
the  river,  are,  in  many  respects,  virtually  one 
community  ;  although  the  settlement  on  the  Put- 
nam side,  having  been  chiefly  commenced  by 
New  Englanders,  has  more  the  character  and  ap- 
pearance of  a  New  England  village. 

Zanesville  is  abundantly  supplied  with  pure 
water,  for  use  in  the  dwellings,  and  for  extinguish- 
ing fires,  by  an  aqueduct,  constructed  at  a  cost  to 
the  town  of  about  $42,000.  The  water  is  raised 
by  a  powerful  forcing  pump  from  the  river  into  a 
reservoir  on  a  hill  160  feet  high,  and  is  thence  dis- 
tributed by  about  7  miles  of  iron  pipe  through- 
out the  place.  The  reservoir  has  u  capacity  of 
81 


750,000  gallons,  creating  ahead  sufficient  to  throw 
the  water,  through  hose  applied  to  the  hydrants, 
above  the  highest  buildings. 

For  a  place  not  yet  enjoying  the  advantages 
of  railroads,  Zanesville  is  well  situated  in  respect 
to  communication  with  other  parts  of  the  country. 
The  national  road,  a  fine  Macadamized  turnpike 
built  by  the  United  States  government,  to  con- 
nect the  Atlantic  States  with  the  Mississippi  val- 
ley, commences  at  Cumberland,  at  the  eastern 
foot  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  crosses  over 
the  mountains  westward,  to  Wheeling,  Va.,  and 
crossing  the  Ohio  Eiver  by  the  celebrated  wire 
suspension  bridge,  passes  through  Zanesville,  and 
thence  onward  through  the  centre  of  the  state. 
On  this  great  road  there  is  always  an  immense 
travel.  The  Muskingum,  by  dams,  locks,  and 
short  canals,  is  rendered  navigable  for  steamboats 
from  its  mouth  to  Dresden,  15  miles  above  Zanes- 
ville ;  where  is  a  navigable  side  cut,  of  about  2<fe 
miles,  to  the  Ohio  Canal :  through  which  com- 
munication is  had  S.  through  the  interior  of  the 
state,  W.  by  a  connecting  canal  to  Pittsburg,  and 
N.  to  Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie.  One  or  more 
steamboats  run  regularly  from  Zanesville  to  Dres- 
den, and  others  of  larger  size  ply  on  the  Mus- 
kingum and  Ohio  Rivers,  between  this  place  and 
Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  arid  New  Orleans. 

Zebulon,  As.,  c.  h.  Pike  co. 

Zebulon,  Ga.,  c.  h.  Pike  co. 

Zoar,  0.,  Tuscarawas  co.  A  German  settlement 
on  the  E.  side  of  Tuscarawas  River.  120  milea 
N.  E.  from  Columbus.  A  peculiarly  neat  and 
pleasant  village,  and  much  visited  by  strangers 
for  its  fine  garden  of  exotics 


TABLE 


E  fc  T^rfon     For  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  the  capitals  of  the  states  and  territories,  see  p.  262. 

Latitude. 

x>ngitude. 

Latitude. 

ongitude. 

0          / 

2  22 
2  23 
4  47 
2  55 
3  28 
9  17 
44  48 
42  59 
43  55 
32  26 
42  42 
32  22 
42  52 
43  53 
34  35  S. 
42  53 

2  31 
4  53E. 
5  50 
6  28 
1  54 
6  38 
8  47 
8  13 
9  49 
80  41 
73    0 
64  28 
72  27 
69  55 
58  31 
78  55 
"3  10 
74  53 
6  17 
71    8 
80  33 
77  17 
70  35 
70    4 
68  45 
80 
63    7 
87  35 
84  27 
81  46 
28  55  E. 
12  35  E. 
87  49 
84  11 
82  58 
70  54 
79  15 
76    8 
66  56 
77    7 
77  18 
77  38 
66  45 
79  17 
5  19 
72  37 
77  35 
63  37 
82  14 
0    7E. 
70  37 
67  21 
73  46 
81  25 
86  57 
81  48 
76  40 
76  33 
83  54 
76  21 
84  18 
77    7 
9    8 
2  59 
78  46 
0    537 
85  30 
71  19 
79  22 
70  57 
67  22 
70  51 
90 
99    5 
72  39 
87  57 

lobile,  Aa  

o       / 

30  42 
34  55  S. 
45  31 

41  17 

87  59 

73  35 

70    6 
14  16  E. 
91  25 
74  10 
70  56 
77    5     „ 
70  53 
75  33 
72    9 
71  14 
74    1 
79 
70  40 
76  19 
72  38 
72    7 
75  30 
76  35 
79  19 
2  20  E. 
87  10 
35    5 
77  20 
75  10 
62  27 
80    2 
73  16 
73  26 
70  40 
72  10 
70  14 
70  46 
73  55 
74  40 
71  16 
77  51 
72  50 
65  32 
81  15 
75  57 
70  26 
70  54 
122  40 
81    8 
72  36 

93  40 
81  35 
66 
52  29 
90  15 
30  19-E. 
18    4  K 
79  22 
73  40 
78  31 
75  13 
89    2 
96    9 
84  59 
87  25 
77    130 
91  20 
73  58 
80  42 
73  13 
75  28 
78  10 
71  48 
70  40 
76  40 
76  34 

dount  Washington,  N.  H... 

[0  50 

31  34 
40  45 
41  38 
35  20 
42  49 
39  40 
41  22 
41  25 
40  43 
43  14 
41  31 
36  51 
42  19 
41  33 
44  41 
43  28 
8  59 
48  51 
30  24 
8  13  S. 
37  14 
39  57 
45  51 
40  32 
42  27 
44  42 
41  57 
18  40 
43  40 
43    5 
41  41 
40  21 
46  49 
43    8 
43  37 
43  26 
24  50 
43  55 
43  31 
42  31 
37  30 
32    5 
42    6 

44  15 
29  49 
45  20 
47  32 
38  37 
59  56 
59  21 
43  40 
42  44 
38    2 
43    7 
38  50 
19  12 
38  46 
38  43 
38  54 
31  36 
41  24 
40    7 
42  43 
39  41 
34  11 
42  16 
43  10 
39  58 
37  13 

Bath,  Me  

Beaufort,  S.  C  

Newbern,  N.  C  

Bermuda  Island,  N.  part...  . 
Brattleboro',  Vt  

44  27 

40    5 

36  32 
42  23 
34  17 
42  54 
42  38 
42   .2 
42  23 
9  20 
46  15 
42    0 
39    6 
41  31 
41    1 
55  41 
47  28 
39  44 
42  24 
43  13 
42  25 
38  46 
44  54 
39    0 
39  24 
38  34 
46    3 
33  21 
36    7 
42  35 
39  37 
44  39 
23    9 
49  29 
41  27 
55  58  S. 
42  14 
41  15 
34  36 
24  32 
44    8 
18    1 
35  59 
40    3 
38    6 
12    3  S. 
38  42 
53  25 
43  11 
51  31 
38    3 
42  39 
37  36 
42  28 
44  33 
42  30 
35  15 
19  26 
41  33 
43    4 

Camden,S.  C  

&ta^'YN:.T:::::::::: 

Panama,  S.  A  

Charlottetown,  P.  E.  Island 

Constantinople,  Turk,  in  Eu. 
Copenhagen,  Denmark  
Copper  Harbor,  L.  Sup.,  Mn. 

Plattsburo1  N  Y  

Plymouth  Ms  .  .  .  .  ........ 

Port  au  Prince,  Hay  ti  

-pj-    ,_r      -NJ       XT 

Portsmouth,  N.  H  

Rochester,  N.  Y  

Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y  

Halifax,  N.  S  
Havanna,  Cuba  
Havre  de  Grace,  France  

St.  Anthony's  FaUs,  on  the 

TTnrlcrm     TC     V 

St  John,  N.  B  

St.  Johns,  Newfoundland... 

Key  AVest  Fa   .   •••   •'••••• 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia  

Stockholm,  Sweden  
Toronto,  or  York,  Canada... 
Troy,  N.  Y  

University  of  Virginia  
Utica,  N.Y  

Lexington,  Ky  ......  ..••« 

T  nplr-nrvrt    N"    Y 

Lowell  Ms        .  •  

York   Pa     

Yorktown,  Va  

DESCRIPTIONS 


OP 


MINEEAL  SPRINGS,  WATERFALLS,  CAVES,  BEACHES, 
AND  OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS. 


***  WE  have  thought  proper  to  place  in  a  separate  chapter  the  most  important  places  of  public 
resort,  curiosity,  and  entertainment,  which  persons  travelling,  and  seeking  health  or  pleasure,  arc 
desirous  of  bringing  readily  under  their  notice.  This  we  have  done  for  greater  convenience  of  reference, 
as  they  must  otherwise  have  been  sought  promiscuously  throughout  the  entire  work  ;  and  likewise  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  more  particular  details  of  description,  in  many  cases,  than  would  be  suitable  to  the 
general  brevity  with  which  the  great  majority  of  towns,  villages,  &c.,  must  be  noticed. 

There  are,  of  course,  very  many  places  of  the  same  class  with  those  included  in  this  chapter,  but  of 
less  consequence,  which  are  briefly  described  in  connection  with  the  towns  where  they  are  situated.  These, 
being  known  in  their  own  immediate  neighborhood,  will  naturally  be  referred  to  under  the  localities 
where  they  belong.  Such  is  the  progress  of  the  country,  however,  that  it  will  not  be  thought  strange  if 
some  of  these,  and  others  yet  unknown,  should  soon  become  as  important  as  any  which  have  been 
here  described 


ASCUTNEY  MOUNTAIN,  VT. 

From  the  summit  of  this  lofty  mountain,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  near  the  beau- 
tiful town  of  Windsor,  is  presented  one  of  the 
richest  and  most  variegated  landscapes  in  New 
England.  See  Mountains,  &c..  p.  168. 

AVON  SPRINGS,  N.  Y., 
Are  situated  in  the  Genesee  valley,  about  20 
miles  S.  from  Rochester,  and  25  from  Canandai- 
gua.  The  village  is  delightfully  situated  about 
half  a  mile  E.  of  the  Genesee  River,  on  a  terrace 
elevated  about  100  feet  above  its  banks,  command- 
ing an  extensive  prospect  of  its  fertile  valley  and 
the  adjacent  country.  This  place  is  becoming 
more  and  more  a  place  of  resort  for  persons  de- 
siring the  benefit  of  its  medicinal  waters,  which 
are  found  peculiarly  efficacious  in  disorders  of  the 
digestive  organs,  rheumatism,  and  gout,  all  sorts 
of  cutaneous  affections,  and  in  every  kind  of  ob- 
struction of  the  alimentary  system.  The  springs 
are  on  the  S.  W.  of  the  village.  The  two  most 
valuable  are  distinguished  as  the  Upper  and 
Lower  Springs.  Their  properties  are  similar, 
differing  only  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the 


same  mineral  ingredients.  There  are  several 
large  and  well-kept  hotels,  two  of  which  are  at 
the  springs,  and  others  are  in  the  village.  There 
arc  extensive  accommodations  for  bathing  con- 
veniently arranged  in  connection  with  these 
houses,  and  likewise  separate  from  them.  The 
place  is  thus  rendered  delightfully  attractive,  in 
the  summer  season,  for  persons  seeking  recrea- 
tion and  pleasure,  as  well  as  for  the  invalid.  The 
Genesee  Valley  Canal,  between  Rochester  and 
Mount  Morris,  passes  within  about  2  miles  of  the 
springs,  on  which  a  line  of  boats  runs  up  and 
down  dailv.  There  are  also,  during  the  season, 
lines  of  stages  running  every  day  between  this 
place  and  Rochester. 

BALLSTON  SPA,  N.  Y. 

Is  situated  in  the  town  of  Milton,  Saratoga  co., 
in  a  valley  near  the  Kayaderoseras  Creek,  32 
miles  N.  of  Albany,  and  25  from  Troy,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  the  Rensseluer  and  Saratoga 
Railroad.  Its  mineral  waters  were  formerly  much 
celebrated,  but  have  since  lost  some  of  their  prop- 
erties, and  are  relatively  of  less  value  since  the 
discovery  of  springs  in  such  variety  at  Saratoga,  7 


644          MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


miles  N.  The  oldest  and  most  esteemed  fountain 
is  denominated  the  "  Public  Well,"  which  is  in 
the  W.  part  of  the  village,  and  issues  from  a  bed 
of  blue  clay  and  gravel.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
first  discovered  in  1769.  There  are  other  springs 
possessing  the  same  medicinal  properties,  but  of 
less  note. 

The  Sans  Souci  Hotel,  erected  in  1803  for  the 
accommodation  of  visitors,  is  a  popular  establish- 
ment, delightfully  situated  near  the  centre  of  the 
village.  The  main  building  is  160  feet  long,  with 
wings  extending  back  153  feet,  and  is  surrounded 
by  beautiful  pleasure  grounds.  It  can  accommo- 
date about  150  visitors,  and  is  often  thronged, 
during  the  summer  months,  with  temporary  resi- 
dents from  every  part  of  the  United  States,  and 
from  other  countries. 

Long  Lake,  5  miles  S.,  is  a  favorite  resort  for 
those  who  are  fond  of  fishing.  The  village  was 
incorporated  in  1807,  and  has  about  2000  inhab- 
itants. It  contains  a  number  of  hotels  besides 
the  Sans  Souci,  and  several  private  boarding- 
houses  for  visitors  during  the  summer  months. 
There  are  churches  of  the  Presbyterian,  Episco- 
pal, Baptist,  and  Methodist  denominations. 

BELLOWS  FALLS,  VT. 

See  Walpole,  N.  H.,  or  Roclcingkam,  Vt. 

BLACK  MOUNTAIN,  N.  C. 
This  mountain,  which  is  about  30  miles  N. 
from  Morgantown,  rises  to  the  height  of  6476 
feet,  which  is  250  feet  higher  than  Mt.  Washing- 
ton. N.  H.,  and  is  one  of  the  highest  elevations 
in  the  United  States.  In  its  near  vicinity  also  are 
the  summits  called  Grandfather  Mountain  and 
Grandmother  Mountain ;  the  former  5560  feet,  and 
the  latter  2500  feet  in  height. 

BLENNERHASSET'S  ISLAND, 
In  the  Ohio  River,  about  14  miles  below  Ma- 
rietta, is  celebrated  as  having  formerly  been  the 
residence  of  Mr.  Blennerhasset,  an  Irish  gentle- 
man of  distinction,  who  came  to  this  country  and 
built  for  himself  a  splendid  seat  upon  this  island. 
He  expended  here  large  sums  of  money  in  the 
decoration  of  his  mansion,  and  in  the  elegant  and 
tasteful  arrangement  of  his  gardens  and  pleasure 
grounds.  His  wife  was  a  very  accomplished  lady, 
and  his  house  became  the  resort  of  the  most  pol- 
ished and  literary  society.  Unfortunately,  how- 
ever, this  gentleman  became  involved  in  the  trea- 
sonable projects  of  Aaron  Burr :  having  been  in- 
duced by  him  to  embark  with  all  his  wealth  in 
his  famous  scheme  for  bringing  about  the  dismem- 
berment of  the  United  States,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  separate  government  in  the  south-west. 
The  consequence  was,  that  Blennerhasset  was 
ruined  in  fortune  and  reputation ;  his  splendid 
mansion  was  deserted  and  went  to  decay ;  and  this 
once  beautiful  place  now  presents  only  a  mass  of 
ruins.  For  what  it  once  was,  and  because  of  the 
melancholy  historical  interest  which  belongs  to 
it,  we  have  given  the  notice  of  this  island  a  place 
ia  this  section  of  our  work. 

BLUE  HILLS,  MS. 

This  range  of  hills  lies  about  10  miles  S.  from 
Boston,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,  and  from  its 
proximity  to  several  of  the  most  populous  cities 
and  towns,  the  most  cultivated  and  luxuriant 
landscapes,  and  the  chief  commercial  marts  and 
harbors  of  the  commonwealth,  its  summits,  though 


not  absolutely  of  great  elevation,  command  some 
of  the  most  interesting  and  lovely  prospects  to  be 
found  in  this  or  in  any  country.  The  range  has 
several  summits  in  different  parts,  which,  though 
varying  in  height,  have  each  their  respective  fea- 
tures of  interest  to  the  spectator. 

The  most  elevated  height  is  at  the  western  ex- 
tremity, in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Milton,  where  the 
hill  is  710  feet  above  the  ocean.  From  this  po- 
sition a  prospect  of  almost  unexampled  beauty 
and  extent  is  spread  out  before  the  eye.  The 
eight  cities  of  Boston,  Charlestown,  Cambridge, 
Roxbury,  Salem,  Lynn,  Lowell,  and  Lawrence ; 
the  beautiful  suburbs  of  Boston,  embracing  the 
towns  of  Chelsea,  Brookline,  Brighton,  Water- 
town,  Newton,  Dedham,  Dorchester,  Milton, 
Quincy,  Braintree,  Randolph,  Weymouth,  Hing- 
ham,  and  many  others,  with  the  broad  expanse 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  and  Boston  harbor,  stud- 
ded with  islands  and  whitened  with  sails  from 
every  sea,  seem  all  to  be  lying  at  the  feet  of  the 
spectator.  Of  some  of  the  objects  of  this  gor- 
geous scene,  President  Hitchcock  thus  speaks,  in 
his  work  on  the  "  Scenographical  Geology "  of 
Massachusetts :  "  One  circumstance  of  peculiar 
interest  is  the  proximity  of  these  hills  to  Boston, 
whose  numerous  edifices,  masts,  spires,  and  tow- 
ers, and,  nobly  peering  above  the  rest,  the  dome 
of  the  State  House,  present  before  the  observer  a 
most  forcible  example  of  human  skill  and  indus- 
try, vieing  with  and  almost  eclipsing  nature. 
And  the  high  state  of  cultivation  exhibited  in 
the  vicinity  of  Boston,  with  the  numerous  elegant 
mansions  of  private  gentlemen  crowning  almost 
every  hill,  and  imparting  an  air  of  freshness  and 
animation  to  the  valley  and  the  plain,  testify  how 
much  taste  and  wealth  can  do  in  giving  new 
charms  to  the  face  of  nature.  From  these  hills 
the  observer  has  also  a  fine  view  of  Boston  harbor. 
.  .  .  To  look  out  upon  the  ocean  is  always  an 
imposing  sight ;  but  when  that  ocean  is  studded 
with  islands  most  picturesque  in  shape  and  posi- 
tion, and  the  frequent  sail  is  seen  gliding  among 
them,  he  must  be  insensible  indeed  whose  soul 
does  not  kindle  at  the  scene,  and  linger  upon  it 
with  delight." 

Besides  the  State  House,  and  other  imposing 
edifices  in  Boston,  there  are  also  the  venerable 
college  buildings  at  Cambridge,  the  Monument 
oft  Bunker  Hill,  the  granite  for  which  was  quar- 
ried from  a  part  of  this  range,  the  Asylums  and 
Hospitals  at  South  Boston,  the  Navy  Yard  at 
Charlestown,  Dorchester  Heights,  and  the  mas- 
sive fortifications  upon  some  of  the  islands  in  the 
harbor,  which  will  not  fail  to  arrest  the  attention 
of  the  observer. 

The  prospect  from  these  hills  is  remarkable  for 
its  extent  as  well  as  for  its  luxuriance  and  beauty. 
Although  their  elevation  is  not  great,  yet  there  is 
nothing  to  intercept  the  view  on  the  N.  between 
them  and  the  Grand  Monadnoc ;  the  E.  is  open 
to  Massachusetts  Bay  and  the  ocean ;  the  S.  to 
the  counties  of  Plymouth  and  Bristol ;  and  on 
the  W.  the  horizon  is  only  limited  by  the  Wachu- 
sctt  Mountain,  which  lies  in  Princeton,  about  60 
miles  distant.  This  height  is  plainly  discernible, 
in  a  clear  atmosphere,  by  the  naked  eye. 

The  Blue  Hills  constitute  a  convenient  land- 
mark for  vessels  bound  into  Massachusetts  Bay, 
being  the  first  land  which  is  seen  on  their  ap- 
proach from  the  sea;  and  whenever  seen,  they 
have  always  a  blue  appearance,  which  circum- 
stance has  given  them  the  name  they  bear.  The 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


645 


most  elevated  summit  of  this  range  lies  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  roads  which  pass  at  its  base 
in  various  directions,  and  may  be  ascended  by 
several  paths  from  the  different  sides. 

BLUE  SULPHUR  SPRING,  VA. 
This  spring  is  situated  in  the  region  of  the 
other  Virginia  springs,  in  a  beautifully  pic- 
turesque valley,  on  Muddy  Creek,  a  small  tribu- 
tary of  the  Greenbrier  River.  It  is  about  20 
miles  W.  of  the  celebrated  White  Sulphur  Springs. 
The  medicinal  properties  of  the  Blue  Sulphur 
are  considered  as  valuable,  and  draw  a  large  num- 
ber of  visitors.  Accommodations  are  afforded  at 
the  public  houses  for  about  300  guests.  This 
place  is  about  200  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  and  is 
reached  by  the  Richmond,  Fredericksburg,  and 
Louisa  Railroads,  as  far  as  Gordonsville,  thence 
by  stage,  via  Staunton  and  the  Natural  Bridge,  to 
the  springs.  For  particulars  of  this  and  other 
xmtes,  see  White  Sulphur  Springs. 

BOOTHBAY,  ME. 

This  place,  frequently  known  as  Townsend  Har- 
bor, which  is  celebrated  as  on«  of  the  largest  and 
most  commodious  harbors  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
has  become  quite  a  fashionable  resort  for  seekers 
of  health  and  pleasure  from  the  towns  on  the 
Keunebec  River  and  other  parts  of  Maine.  Fish- 
ing and  fowling  here  are  exceeding  good,  and 
the  convenient  pleasure  trips  in  boats  among  the 
islands  in  the  bay  afford  no  small  enjoyment  to 
the  visitors. 

Among  the  thousands  of  coasting  vessels  which 
swarm  upon  this  coast,  many  hundreds  are  fre- 
quently seen  within  this  harbor  at  the  same  time, 
enjoying  a  safe  retreat  from  the  raging  storm 
without.  Boothbay  lies  about  12  miles  E.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Kennebec,  and  24  miles  from  the 
city  of  Bath. 

BRANDYWINE  SPRINGS,  DE. 

These  celebrated  springs  are  situated  near  the 
Brandywine  Creek,  and  are  reached  by  carriages 
from  Wilmington.  They  are  much  resorted  to, 
both  for  health  and  pleasure,  by  the  citizens  of 
Wilmington,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  other 
places.  Distant  from  Wilmington  but  a  few 
miles. 

BURNING  SPRINGS,  N.  Y. 

There  is  one  of  these  curious  springs,  or  rather 
eruptions  of  inflammable  gas  from  the  earth,  sit- 
uated in  a  ravine  on  the  W.  side  of  Bristol,  8 
miles  S.  E.  from  Canandaigua.  The  gas  rises 
through  fissures  of  the  slate  rock,  at  the  margin 
and  in  the  bed  of  a  brook.  Where  it  issues  from 
the  rock  it  burns  with  a  steady  and  beautiful 
flame.  In  winter,  it  forms  openings  in  the  su- 
perincumbent snow;  and,  being  set  on  fire,  it 
presents  the  curious  spectacle  of  a  flame  rising 
out  of  the  snow.  In  very  cold  weather,  tubes  of 
ice  are  formed  around  those  currents  to  the  height 
of  two  or  three  feet.  When  burning  in  a  still 
evening,  these  natural  lights  may  be  seen  pre- 
senting a  novel  and  beautiful  appearance. 

There  is  another  of  these  burning  springs  near 
the  village  of  Barcelona,  51  miles  W.  of  Buffalo, 
which  has  been  applied  to  the  useful  purpose  of 
maintaining  a  Light  on  the  southern  shore  of 
Lake  Erie.  The  gas  escapes  from  the  bed  of 
a  creek  about  1  mile  distant  from  the  lake,  and 
is  carried  in  pipes  to  the  light-house.  There  are 
other-similar  springs  in  the  U.  S. 


CAPE  ANN,  MS. 
See  towns  of  Gloucester  and  Rockport. 

CAPE  MAY,  N.  J. 

This  place,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware 
Bay,  on  the  N.  E.  side,  has,  for  a  number  of  years 
past,  become  an  attractive  watering-place,  much 
frequented  by  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia  and 
others.  During  the  summer  season,  a  steamboat 
runs  from  the  city  to  the  cape,  and  affords  a 
pleasant  trip.  The  beach  is  unsurpassed  as  a 
bathing-place,  and  the  accommodations  for  the 
entertainment  of  visitors  are  of  the  first  order. 
Distance  from  Philadelphia,  102  miles. 

CARROLLTON  GARDENS,  LA. 

This  pleasant  resort  for  "the  citizens  of  New 
Orleans  is  at  Carrollton,  a  rapidly  improving 
place,  about  6  miles  above  the  city,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi. A  railroad  extends  from  the  centre  of 
New  Orleans  to  this  place,  and  it  is  occupied  as  a 
place  of  residence  by  many  who  do  business  in 
the  city.  Excellent  cars  run  over  the  road  every 
few  minutes  during  the  day  and  evening. 

CATAWBA  FALLS,  N.  C. 
Situated  on  the  left  of  the  Swannanoa  road,  so 
called,  leading  from  Morgantown v  to  Nashville, 
through  the  Swannanoa  Gap,  and  about  5  miles 
distant  from  the  road.  These  falls  are  much  vis- 
ited by  tourists,  and  are  well  worthy  the  attention 
and  admiration  they  receive.  The  Catawba  River 
is  a  branch  of  the  Santee.  See  Wateree  River, 
p.  256. 

COHASSET  ROCKS,  MS. 

These  storm-beaten  rocks,  which  have  been  the 
means  of  sending  so  many  shipwrecked  mariners 
to  a  watery  grave,  lie  at  the  entrance  of  Co- 
hasset  harbor,  a  few  miles  S.  E.  of  the  light- 
house at  the  entrance  of  Boston  harbor,  extend- 
ing about  3  miles  from  the  town,  and  quite 
out  into  Massachusetts  Bay.  The  outline  of  tho 
shore  at  this  point  is  such  as  necessarily  to  expose 
this  place  to  the  most  powerful  action  of  the  sea, 
which  has  consequently  here  laid  bare,  to  the 
skeleton,  this  brawny  limb  of  "  New  England's 
rock-bound  coast."  The  area  covered  with  these 
ledges  embraces  many  hundred  square  acres.  It 
is  a  place  of  imminent  hazard  to  vessels  coming 
on  the  coast,  and  many  have  been  the  wrecks 
here  experienced,  with  great  destruction  of  life. 
The  attempt  was  made,  in  1849,  to  establish  a 
light-house  upon  the  outer  extremity  of  these 
rocks,  where,  of  course,  the  sea  breaks  over  them 
with  all  its  force.  On  the  ledge  known  by  mari- 
ners as  Minot's  Ledge,  a  structure  was  erected, 
consisting  of  iron  piles,  inserted  from  5  to  6  feet 
in  the  rock,  eight  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base, 
and  four  and  a  half  inches  at  the  top,  nine  in 
number,  one  being  in  the  centre,  and  firmly 
braced  by  iron  rods  connecting  them  one  with 
another.  The  breadth  of  this  structure  at  the 
base  was  25  feet,  and  its  height  75  feet.  It  was 
first  lighted  January  1,  1850.  In  the  great  gale 
of  April  16,  1851,  this  light-house  was  entirely 
beaten  down,  and  now  lies  buried  in  the  sea. 
Two  persons,  who  had  the  care  of  the  light,  were 
lost  in  its  destruction.  A  light-ship  has  since 
been  placed  at  this  station. 

Cohasset  is  a  pleasant  place  of  summer  resort 
for  the  citizens  of  Boston,  from  which  it  is  dis- 
tant, by  railroad,  22  miles.  Amid  the  rocks  on  the  ' 


646 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


opposite  side  of  the  harbor  from  the  town,  at  a 
place  called  "  The  Glades,"  a  very  good  house  of 
entertainment  has  been  established,  affording  fine 
advantages  for  enjoying  sea  air,  sea  bathing,  and 
fishing.  "  The  Glades  "  is  also  a  favorite  resort, 
in  the  proper  season,  for  shooting  the  various 
kinds  of  sea  fowl,  which  frequent  this  coast  in 
countless  numbers.  This  place  maybe  approached 
either  by  crossing  from  the  village  in  boats,  or 
by  a  road  about  three  miles  round  the  harbor. 
Many  of  the  rocks  of  this  remarkable  locality 
are  of  singular  composition,  and  well  worthy  the 
attention  of  the  geologist.  See  Cohasset. 

COHOES  FALLS,  N.  Y. 
These  falls  are  described  in  our  account  of  the 
Mohawk  River.     See  p.  220. 

CONEY  ISLAND,  N.  Y 
See  p.  184. 

CROWN  POINT,  N.  Y., 
Is  the  name  of  an  ancient  fort,  built  by  the 
French,  in  1731,  in  the  town  of  the  same  name, 
upon  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  a  point  of  land  jut- 
ting out  into  Lake  Cham  plain.  After  the  de- 
struction of  the  old  French  fort,  a  new  fortress 
was  constructed  here  by  Lord  Amherst,  which 
was  built  of  wood  and  earth,  enclosing  an  area 
of  1500  square  yards,  and  surrounded  by  a  deep 
and  broad  ditch,  cut  \vith  immense  labor  in  the 
solid  granite.  There  was  a  gateway  on  the  north, 
a  drawbridge  and  a  covered  way  to  the  lake. 
These  works  are  said  to  have  cost  the  British 
government  2.000,000  sterling.  Near  this  point, 
on  the  13th  of  October,  1776,  the  American 
fleet,  under  Arnold,  was  destroyed,  and  his  ex- 
pedition against  Canada  terminated.  Crown 
point  lies  about  35  miles  north  from  Whitehall. 

DIGHTON  ROCK,  MS. 
See  town  of  Dighton. 

DRENNON  SPRINGS,  KY., 

Situated  in  Henry  county,  about  20  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  River,  and  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  back  from  the  river.  They  are 
easily  reached  from  Frankfort,  40  miles,  Louis- 
ville, 78  miles,  and  Cincinnati,  95  miles,  by 
steamboats,  which  run  back  and  forth  daily  dur- 
ing the  season  of  company  at  the  springs.  Every 
variety  of  sulphur  and  chalybeate  waters  are  to 
be  found  among  the  fountains  of  this  fashionable 
resort. 

FLUSHING,  N.  Y. 

This  pleasant  resort  for  the  citizens  of  New 
York  is  in  the  town  of  the  same  name,  on  Long 
Island,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred. 

FORT  TICONDEROGA,  N.  Y. 
This  old  fort,  in  the  town  of  the  same  name, 
erected  by  the  French  in  1756,  and  by  them  called 
"  Carrillon,"  is  on  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
Champlain,  24  miles  from  Whitehall,  and  58 
miles  from  Burlington.  It  is  at  this  point  that 
the  delightful  and  much  frequented  route  to  Sar- 
atoga Springs,  by  the  way  of  Lake  George,  di- 
verges from  the  more  direct  route,  by  way  of 
Whitehall.  Passengers  here  leave  the  Champlain 
boats  for  stage  coaches,  by  which  they  are  con- 
veyed over  a  hilly  but  romantic  road  about  3 
jtniles,  to  the  village  of  Ticonderoga,  at  the  head 
*of  Lake  George,  and  thence  down  the  lake,  36 


miles,  by  steamboat,  to  the  Lake  House,  at  its 
southern  extremity.  Ticonderoga  was  originally 
a  place  of  much  strength,  having,  from  its  situa- 
tion with  water  on  three  sides,  great  natural  ad- 
vantages for  a  post  of  defence.  It  was  taken 
from  the  English  by  the  brave  Colonel  Ethan 
Allen,  at  the  head  of  83  Green  Mountain  Boys, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war,  in 
1775.  It  was  recaptured  a  however,  by  General 
Burgoyne,  two  years  afterwards,  and  held  by  the 
British  during  the  war.  Burgoyne  gained  a  posi- 
tion for  a  battery  of  artillery  upon  the  summit  of 
Mount  Hope,  about  a  mile  north,  from  which  he 
successfully  stormed  the  fort.  The  ruins  of  this 
ancient  fortress,  which  still  remain,  are  sufficient- 
ly entire  to  give  the  visitor  a  pretty  correct  idea 
of  the  outline  and  interior  of  this  celebrated 
stronghold.  From  Burlington  to  Ticonderoga, 
it  is  58  miles,  and  thence  to  Saratoga  Springs,  by 
the  route  above  described,  69  miles ;  from  Bos- 
ton to  Saratoga  Springs,  by  this  route,  367  miles. 

FRANCONIA  NOTCH,  N.  H. 

This  pass  through  the  western  flank  of  the 
White  Mountains,  Ai  the  route  from  Littleton  to 
the  central  part  of  New  Hampshire,  though  less 
rugged  and  grand  in  its  features,  is  by  many 
thought  to  be  not  inferior  in  interest,  on  the 
whole,  to  the  celebrated  pass  on  the  east  of  it, 
known,  by  way  of  eminence,  as  "  The  Notch  oftht 
White  Mountains.^  The  mountains  between 
which  the  Franconia  Notch  passes  are  those 
which  have  received  the  names  of  Mount  Lafay- 
ette and  Mount  Jackson.  Persons  who  visit  the 
White  Mountains  will  not  consider  their  excur- 
sion as  complete  until  they  have  passed  through 
the  Franconia  Notch.  The  grand  and  the  beau- 
tiful are  so  blended  in  its  wild  scenery,  that  the 
observer  scarcely  knows  with  which  of  these 
great  emotions  he  is  most  absorbed.  There  are 
also  several  particular  objects  of  curious  and  im- 
pressive interest,  on  the  way  through  this  moun- 
tain pass,  which  travellers  pause  to  notice.  One 
of  these,  and  one  which  has  been  declared  to  be 
the  greatest  natural  curiosity  of  the  state,  is  the 
"  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain ; "  who,  as  he  claims 
the  title,  without  dispute,  of  "  the  oldest  inhab- 
itant," so  he  enjoys,  without  fear  of  rotation  in 
office,  the  highest  seat  of  promotion  in  New 
Hampshire.  On  a  bold  and  nearly  perpendicular 
front  of  the  rock  which  terminates  one  of  the 
jutting  cliffs  of  Mount  Jackson,  at  the  height  of 
1000  feet,  in  full  relief  against  the  western  sky, 
and  looking  in  calm  majesty  towards  the  south, 
is  seen  this  wonderful  profile  of  the  human  face, 
delineated  with  striking  exactness  and  in  gigan- 
tic proportions,  wearing  from  age  to  age  the  same 
undisturbed  expression  of  sovereign  dignity  and 
hoary  wisdom.  No  one  who  has  stood  and  gazed, 
in  a  serene  day,  upon  the  face  of  the  Old  Man  of 
the  Mountain,  can  ever  forget  the  visual  image, 
or  lose  the  moral  impression  he  has  there  re- 
ceived. This  profile  is  produced  by  a  peculiar 
combination  of  the  surfaces  and  angles  of  five 
massive  granite  blocks,  which  nature  has  piled 
upon  this  bald  and  storm-beaten  height.  A  guide- 
board  is  placed  upon  the  stage  road,  a  short  dis- 
tance south  of  the  Lafayette  Hotel,  which  is  kept 
here  for  the  entertainment  of  visitors,  to  indicate 
the  true  position  from  which  to  view  this  curious 
freak  of  nature. 

Another  object  of  great  interest  to  be  visited, 
two  or  three  miles  south,  is  "  The  Flume."  Of 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


647 


this,  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  in  his  work 
on  the  Geology  of  New  Hampshire,  thus  speaks : 

"  The  Flume  is  a  deep  chasm,  having  mural 
precipices  of  granite  on  each  side,  while  a  moun- 
tain torrent  rushes  through  its  midst,  falling  over 
precipitous  crags  and  loose  masses  of  rock. 
During  the  freshets  of  the  spring  season,  and  in 
early  summer,  it  is  not  practicable  to  walk  in  the 
bed  of  the  Flume.  But  in  the  driest  season  of 
the  year,  there  is  but  little  water  in  it,  and  the 
bottom  of  the  ravine  affords  a  good  foot  path. 

"  The  direction  of  this  rocky  fisure  is  N.  80° 
E.,  and  it  appears  to  have  resulted,  not  from  the 
abrasion  of  the  rocks  by  the  action  of  running 
water,  but  to  have  been  produced  originally  by 
a  fracture  of  the  uplifted  rocks.  The  walls  of 
the  chasm  on  either  hand  exhibit  proofs  in  favor 
of  this  opinion ;  for  they  are  not  water  worn,  but 
present  surfaces  of  fracture,  and  the  projecting 
ledges  on  each  side  are  still  comparatively  sharp, 
and  well  defined  in  their  outlines. 

"  One  of  the  most  remarkable  objects  in  the 
Flume  is  an  immense  rounded  block  of  granite, 
which  hangs  overhead,  supported  merely  by 
Email  surfaces  of  contact  against  its  sides.  It 
appears  to  the  traveller  looking  at  it  from  below 
as  if  ready  to  fall  upon  him." 

This  Notch,  in  a  remarkable  manner,  resembles 
the  Great  Notch,  in  its  leading  natural  character- 
istics. Like  that,  it  forms  an  extraordinary  nat- 
ural avenue  for  a  road,  which  connects  the  region 
of  the  upper  Connecticut  River  with  the  seaboard. 
In  the  same  manner,  also,  it  has  its  river,  taking 
its  rise  from  a  pond,  called  Ferrin's  Pond,  near 
the  head  of  the  Notch,  and  rapidly  increasing  as 
it  flows  onward,  receiving  perennial  supplies  from 
the  mountain  sides,  and  often  swollen  to  a  mad- 
dening torrent,  by  the  rains  which  fall  upon  their 
broad  and  steep  declivities.  This  river  is  the 
most  N.  branch  of  the  Pemigewasset ;  and  uniting 
with  two  other  branches,  from  the  E.  and  W.,  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  town  of  Woodstock,  forms 
one  of  the  principal  sources  of  the  Merrimack, 
which,  after  performing  such  wonders  of  pro- 
ductive industry  at  Manchester,  Lowell,  Andover, 
and  Lawrence,  falls  into  the  ocean  at  Newbury- 
port. 

Travellers  visiting  the  White  Mountains  by 
this  route  proceed  by  railroad  from  Boston  to 
Concord,  N.  H.,  76  miles  ;  thence  by  railroad  to 
Plymouth,  51  miles;  thence  up  the  valley  of  the 
Pemigewasset,  by  railroad  and  stage  to  the  Flume 
House,  24  miles ;  thence  through  the  Notch,  by 
the  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain,  to  the  Lafayette 
House,  5  miles  farther;  in  all,  153  miles  from 
Boston.  From  this  the  distance  to  Fabyan's 
White  Mountain  House,  via  Bethlem,  is  16  miles. 
From  the  Lafayette  House  N.  to  Littleton  is  12 
miles. 

GINGERCAKE  ROCKS,  N.  C. 
This  remarkable  pile  of  rocks  gives  its  name 
to  the  mountain  summit,  upon  the  top  of  which 
it  is  seen.  They  are  situated  in  the  mountainous 
part  of  Burke  co.,  amidst  wild  and  romantic 
scenery.  The  pile  consists  of  two  rocks,  of  dif- 
ferent form  and  character,  so  poised  as  to  stand 
firmly  upon  an  exceedingly  small  base.  The 
first  or  lower  section,  composed  of  a  brittle  slate 
stone,  is  in  the  form  of  the  half  of  an  inverted 
pyramid.  Its  truncated  top,  which,  by  its  invert- 
ed position,  becomes  the  base,  upon  which  the 
whole  is  supported,  is  only  4  feet  in  diameter. 


The  centre  of  gravity  to  this  part  of  the  pile, 
would  fall  much  without  the  base  upon  which  it 
rests,  were  it  not  most  accurately  balanced  in  its 
position  by  the  second  or  superincumbent  rock, 
which  is  a  table  of  mountain  granite,  32  feet  in 
length,  18  in  breadth,  and  2  feet  thick,  resting 
horizontally  upon  the  other  with  a  sufficient  ex- 
cess of  its  projection. and  weight,  opposite  to  the 
preponderance  of  the  inverted  pyramid  beneath, 
to  produce  a  perfect  counterpoise.  The  form  and 
outline  of  this  upper  rock  is  as  remarkable  as  that 
of  the  other,  being  as  true  in  the  proportions  above 
given  as  if  it  had  come  from  the  hand  of  an  artist 
The  lower  section  is  about  29  feet  high,  which, 
being  increased  by  the  thickness  of  the  upper  sec- 
tion, makes  the  entire  altitude  31  feet. 

A  visitor  to  this  curious  freak  of  nature  re- 
marks that  "  within  the  presence  of  this  strange 
pile,  the  predominant  feeling,  after  that  of  admi- 
ration, is  fear.  An  attempt  to  reason  one's  self 
into  a  feeling  of  conscious  security  is  utterly  fu- 
tile. The  argument  that  it  has  stood  there  per- 
haps for  thousands  of  years,  amid  the  raging 
winds  and  rocking  earth,  is  met  and  opposed  by 
the  ocular  fact  of  its  standing  before  you  almost 
upon  nothing;  and.  approach  it  at  what  point 
you  will,  it  appears  leaning  towards  you." 

As  these  rocks  stand  upon  the  summit  of  the 
mountain,  they  can  be  seen,  in  a  clear  atmosphere, 
from  a  distance  of  many  miles,  looming  up 
above  the  horizon,  against  the  clear  blue  sky,  in 
which  they  seem  to  float  like  a  little  fantastic 
cloud. 

The  prospect  from  this  mountain  summit  to- 
wards other  distant  points  is  also  sublimely  grand. 
Looking  north,  the  eye  runs  down  a  ravine  be- 
tween precipices  from  800  to  1200  feet  high,  at 
the  bottom  of  which  the  Linville  River,  one  of  the 
sources  of  the  Catawba,  dashes  its  pure  waters 
along  its  rocky  bed.  From  the  top  of  one  of  the 
cliffs  which  overhangs  this  chasm  is  seen  a  shaft 
of  rock  shooting  out  over  the  gulf  below,  at  the 
height  of  1500  feet.  This  is  known  in  the  neigh- 
borhood by  the  name  of  the  Hawk's  Bill,  from  it* 
resemblance  to  the  beak  of  that  bird. 

On  the  left  of  this,  from  the  point  of  observa- 
tion, and  about  5  miles  distant,  is  the  famous 
Table  Rock,  of  Burke  co.,  which  rises,  upon  the 
verge  of  the  Catawba  valley,  to  the  height  of 
2500  feet.  It  appears,  as  seen  from  this  point,  to 
have  the  shape  of  a  perfect  cone. 

There  are  few  mountain  districts  in  which  is 
presented  such  a  various  display  of  the  strange, 
the  wild,  the  beautiful,  and  the  grand,  as  here, 

GUILFORD   POINT,   CT., 

Situated  in  the  aid  town  of  Guilford,  on  the 
shore  of  Long  Island  Sound,  1 5  miles  E.  of  New 
Haven.  The  point  runs  out  a  short  distance 
into  the  water,  about  one  mile  from  the  centre  of 
the  town.  This  has  long  been  a  place  of  resort, 
in  the  summer  season,  for  the  citizens  of  New 
Haven,  Hartford,  and  other  places,  in  pursuit  of 
health  and  recreation.  Good  accommodations 
are  found  at  the  Point  itself,  and  also  at  the  ho- 
tels and  boarding-houses  in  the  village. 

HAMPTON  BEACH,  N.  H. 
This  beach  is  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  in  Rock- 
ingham  co.,  about  12  miles  S.  of  Portsmouth,  and 
about  7  miles  S.  W.  from  Exeter.    It  is  little  in- 
ferior to  the  celebrated  Nahant  Beach,  near  Bos- 


648 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND  OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


ton,  and  has  long  been  the  resort  of  invalids  and 
parties  of  pleasure.  There  is  a  good  hotel  for 
the  accommodation  of  visitors.  There  is,  near 
this  place,  an  abrupt  and  singularly-shaped  prom- 
ontory, extending  into  the  sea,  and  dividing  the 
beaches,  which  had  otherwise  been  continuous, 
on  either  side,  called  Great  Boar's  Head.  The 
fishing  is  very  good  here  a  little  distance  from 
the  shore. 

HARPER'S  FERRY,  VA. 

This  spot,  so  celebrated  for  its  wild  and  majes- 
tic scenery,  is  in  Jefferson  co.,  at  the  confluence 
of  Shenandoah  and  Potomac  Rivers,  where,  after 
the  union  of  their  waters,  they  find  a  passage 
through  the  rocky  barrier  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
1200  feet  in  height.  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  his  "  Notes 
on  Virginia,"  has  given  a  full  and  graphic  ac- 
count of  the  scene  which  is  here  presented,  which 
he  characterizes  as  "  one  of  the  most  stupendous 
in  nature."  "  Jefferson's  Rock,"  the  spot  where 
it  is  said  Mr.  Jefferson  wrote  his  description,  is  a 
pile  of  huge,  detached  rocks,  leaning  over  the 
precipitous  cliffs  of  the  Shenandoah,  and  looking 
into  the  mountain  gorge  of  the  Potomac.  Its  top 
is  12  feet  square,  and  almost  level ;  whilst  its 
base  does  not  exceed  5  feet  in  width,  resting 
upon  a  larger  mass  of  rock,  jutting  out  from  the 
hill.  Mr.  Jefferson  pronounces  the  scenery  at 
this  place  as  "  worth  a  trip  across  the  ocean  to 
behold." 

There  is  also  a  most  enchanting  prospect  ob- 
tained from  the  summit  of  a  mountain  opposite, 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  farther  up,  on  the  Mary- 
land side  of  the  river.  The  eye  here  reaches  a 
very  wide  extent  of  country,  fields,  woodlands, 
and  plantations ;  while  the  Shenandoah,  as  it  is 
traceable  upon  the  magic  picture,  appears  like  a 
series  of  beautiful  lakes. 

A  bridge,  750  feet  long,  crosses  the  Potomac  at 
Harper's  Ferry.  The  U.  S.  have  located  an 
armory  and  an  arsenal  at  this  place,  which  are 
well  worthy  the  attention  of  the  tourist.  Nearly 
9000  stand  of  arms  are  annually  manufactured 
here,  employing  about  240  hands.  The  hotels  at 
this  place  afford  excellent  accommodations  for 
visitors. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  here  finds  a 
passage  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  its  route  be- 
tween Baltimore  and  Cumberland.  The  distance 
from  Baltimore  is  82  miles,  and  from  Cumber- 
land 96  miles.  The  Winchester  Railroad  also 
connects  this  point  with  "Winchester,  Va.,  32 
miles  distant. 


HARRODSBURG  SPRINGS,  KY. 

This  celebrated  watering-place  is  situated  in  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  near  the  geographical 
centre  of  the  state,  a  few  miles  S.  W.  of  the  Ken- 
tucky River.  The  springs  are  6  or  8  in  number, 
bursting  out  near  the  summit  of  the  limestone 
ridge  on  which  the  village  of  Harrodsburg  is 
built. 

The  Epsom  Spring  issues  in  the  most  copious 
stream,  has  a  feebler  sulphurous  smell,  and  a 
lower  temperature  than  the  others,  and  therefore 
is  the  one  chiefly  used.  This  spring  contains  the 
following  ingredients  :  Carbonate  of  magnesia, 
sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  lime,  carbonate  of 
lime,  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  Temperature 
60  degrees.  There  is,  as  this  analysis  shows,  a 
striking  analogy  between  the  constitution  of  the 


Epsom  Spring  and  that  of  the  Seidlitz  Spring  of 
Bohemia ;  which  was  examined,  and  its  powers 
warmly  extolled  by  the  celebrated  Hoffman,  in 
1721,  and  has  maintained  its  reputation  unabated 
for  more  than  a  century. 

The  Chalybeate  Spring  is  the  same  in  constitu- 
tion with  the  above,  with  the  addition  of  iron, 
and  a  stronger  impregnation  of  sulphuretted  hy- 
drogen. Temperature  65°. 

From  their  composition,  the  sanative  effects  of 
these  waters  will  be  easily  inferred.  They  ara 
gently  purgative,  diaphoretic,  and  diuretic.  They 
diminish  arterial  action,  promote  various  secre- 
tions, and  exert  an  -alterative  influence  upon  the 
system.  Hence  they  are  clearly  beneficial  in  all 
diseases  attended  by  inflammation :  in  obstruc- 
tions of  the  viscera;  dysentery;  chronic  rheuma- 
tism, and  gout  in  its  earlier  stages  ;  in  cutaneous 
diseases ;  and  in  complaints  of  the  chest  following 
colds,  measles,  or  scarlatina,  or  dependent  upon 
inflammation  of  the  bronchia. 

For  those  from  the  S.  and  W.  in  search  of 
health  or  recreation,  this  watering-place  affords 
a  delightful  retreat  in  the  summer  months  ;  and 
the  number  who  resort  to  it  is  every  year  increas- 
ing. There  have  been  some  $300,000  expended 
upon  the  premises  ;  and  there  is,  perhaps,  no  es- 
tablishment of  the  kind  in  the  United  States, 
owned  by  an  individual  proprietor,  which  sur- 
passes this  in  the  means  afforded  for  making  a 
residence  there  desirable. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  the  springs  are  tha 
Gray  Mural  Cliffs  of  the  Kentucky  River,  which 
are  visited  as  a  great  natural  curiosity.  Here  the 
river  flows,  in  a  narrow  and  winding  ravine, 
nearly  400  feet  deep  ;  and  offers,  in  its  high  and 
precipitous  banks,  embellished  with  evergreens, 
much  to  interest  those  who  have  a  taste  for  the 
sublime  and  beautiful  in  natural  scenery. 

The  distance  of  these  springs  from  Louisville, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  via  Shelby  ville,  Frankfort,  and 
Lawrenceburg,  is  about  120  miles. 

HOBOKEN,  N.  J. 

This  delightful  place  of  recreation  for  the  citi- 
zens of  New  York  lies  on  the  opposite  bank  of 
the  Hudson,  immediately  N.  of  Jersey  City. 
During  the  warm  summer  months,  the  steam 
ferry  boats  running  back  and  forth  between  Ho- 
boken  and  New  York  are  continually  crowded 
with  persons  seeking  refreshment  in  this  charm- 
ing retreat  from  the  heated  and  thronged  streets 
of  the  city. 

HOPKINTON  SPRINGS,  MS. 
These  mineral  springs  have  become  somewhat 
celebrated.  They  contain  carbonic  acid,  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  and  iron.  They  are  three  in  number, 
each  differing  in  its  properties  from  the  others. 
They  are  situated  near  White  Hall  Pond,  which 
abounds  in  fish  of  various  kinds.  At  this  place, 
a  large  and  commodious  hotel  has  been  kept  for 
many  years,  and  has  become  a  favorite  resort  for 
persons  in  pursuit  of  health  or  pleasure,  where 
ample  provision  is  made  for  all  their  wants.  The 
Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad  passes  within 
three  and  a  half  miles  of  the  springs,  at  West- 
borough,  32  miles  W.  from  Boston. 

HOT  SPRINGS,  AS. 

This  place,  situated  a  few  miles  N.  of  the 
Washita  River,  and  about  50  miles  from  Little 


IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


649 


Rock,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  becoming  every 
season  more  and  more  popular.  Its  waters  have 
been  found  efficacious  in  chronic  diseases,  such  as 
scrofula,  rheumatism,  &c.  Visitors  to  these  springs 
find  every  accommodation  suited  to  their  wishes, 
at  the  fine  hotel  established  for  their  reception. 

•  f         * 
HOT  SPRINGS,  VA., 

Situated  in  the  western  section  of  the  state,  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  other  Virginia  Springs,  about 
200  miles  W.  of  Kichmond.  They  are  five  miles 
distant  from  the  Warm  Springs.  They  are  ro- 
mantically situated  in  a  valley  surrounded  by 
mountain  peaks.  There  are  6  separate  springs, 
which  range  in  temperature  from  98°  to  106°  of 
Fahrenheit.  Each  of  the  springs  supplies  a  distinct 
bath ;  and  the  spout  baths  are  natural  spouts.  The 
bathing  establishment  has  recently  undergone 
considerable  improvement.  The  hotels,  or  build- 
ings at  the  springs,  are  sufficient  for  the  comfort- 
able accommodation  of  150  persons. 

These  waters,  as  critically  analyzed  by  Profess- 
or William  B.  Rodgers,  of  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, contain  the  following  saline  ingredients  in 
each  100  cubic  inches,  viz. :  Carbonate  of  lime, 
7  013  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  1.324 ;  sulphate  of 
lime,  1.302;  sulphate  of  magnesia,  1.530;  sul- 
phate of  soda,  1.363  ;  chloride  of  sodium  and  mag- 
nesium, with  a  trace  of  chloride  of  calcium,  0.105  ; 
proto-carbonate  of  iron,  0.096  ;  silica,  0.045.  The 
free  gases  consist  of  nitrogen,  oxygen,  and  car- 
bonic acid  gas. 

These  waters,  when  taken  internally,  are  anti- 
acid,  mildly  aperient,  and  freely  diuretic  and 
diaphoretic.  When  used  as  a  general  bath,  their 
effects  are  great,  frequently  excelling  all  expecta- 
tion. They  relax  contracted  tendons,  excite  the 
action  of  the  absorbent  vessels,  promote  glandular 
secretions,  exert  a  marked  and  salutary  influence 
over  the  biliary  and  uterine  systems,  and  often,  in 
a  short  time,  relieve  excruciating  pain,  caused  by 
long-standing  disease  in  some  vital  organ. 

For  the  routes  to  this  place,  see  White  Sulphur 
Springs. 

HOUSE  OF  NATURE,  IS. 

This  name  is  applied  to  a  curious  natural  cav- 
ern in  the  rock,  on  the  shore  of  the  Ohio  River, 
24  miles  below  Shawneetown.  Passengers  on 
the  boats  will  not  fail  to  have  it  pointed  out  to 
them  as  they  pass  ;  and  sometimes,  at  their  re- 
quest, the  captains  are  so  obliging  as  to  stop  their 
boats  for  a  short  time,  to  allow  an  opportunity  of 
visiting  the  cave.  The  names  of  many  visitors 
are  graven  on  its  front.  The  entrance  is  just 
above  high  water  mark,  and  is  about  20  feet  high, 
leading  into  a  spacious  chamber  with  an  arched 
roof  30  feet  high,  and  extending  back  125  feet. 
Families  of  emigrants,  descending  the  river,  have 
occasionally  found  a  winter  asylum  in  this  cave. 
Mason,  the  noted  pirate  and  outlaw,  who,  about 
the  year  1800,  subsisted  with  his  banditti,  for  some 
time,  by  waylaying,  robbing,  and  murdering  the 
boatmen  upon  the  river,  made  this  cavern  his 
rendezvous.  He  was  finally  shot  by  one  of  his 
own  comrades,  in  order  to  obtain  the  reward  of 
$500,  offered  by  the  governor  of  Mississippi  for  his 
head. 

INDIAN  SPRINGS,  GA. 
This  fashionable  watering-place  is  situated  in 
Butts  co.,  52  miles  N.  W.  from  Milledgeville. 
The  springs  are  in  the  forks  of  two  creeks  which 
82 


empty  into  the  Ockmulgee,  and  about  10  miles  W 
of  that  river.  They  contain  sulphur  and  other 
ingredients,  and  are  considered  efficacious  as  a 
remedy  for  gravel,  rheumatism,  cutaneous  and 
other  diseases.  Visitors  here  find  good  accommo- 
dations. 

ISLES  OF  SHOALS,  ME.  AND  N.  H., 
Off  Portsmouth,  N.  PI.  These  shoals  are  7  in 
number,  lying  about  9  miles  out  at  sea.  The 
largest  of  the  islands,  familiarly  known  as  Hog 
Island,  contains  350  acres,  and  has  an  elevation  in 
its  highest  parts  of  50  feet  above  the  sea.  Upon 
this  island  a  hotel  has  recently  been  erected,  afford- 
ing pleasant  accommodations  for  water  parties 
from  Portsmouth,  from  Hampton  and  Rye 
Beaches,  and  the  neighboring  towns,  and  also  for 
persons  wishing  to  remain  a  few  days  or  weeks  in 
summer,  as  it  were,  at  sea,  without  any  of  the  dis- 
comforts of  a  sea  voyage.  The  place  is  much  more 
frequented  than  formerly  by  parties  of  pleasure. 
See  Isles  of  Shoals,  p.  204. 

LATONIAN  SPRINGS,  KY. 

This  is  a  pleasant  and  fashionable  place  of 
resort  during  the  summer  months,  situated  4 
miles  back  from  Covington,  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  Ohio  River  from  Cincinnati.  Linden  Grove 
Cemetery,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  springs, 
is  an  attractive  place  of  the  kind. 

LONG  BRANCH,  N.  J. 

This  popular  place  of  resort  for  those  fond  of 
sea-shore  recreations  is  on  the  E.  coast  of  N.  J., 
32  miles  from  New  York.  The  Ocean  House,  a 
short  distance  from  Long  Branch,  is  also  a  hotel 
of  the  first  order.  The  constant  sea  breeze  and 
the  convenient  sea  bathing  here  to  be  enjoyed 
have  a  fine  effect  in  restoring  the  exhausted  en- 
ergies of  the  human  system.  There  is  admirable 
sport  for  the  angler  in  the  vicinity.  The  Shrews- 
bury River  on  the  one  side,  and  the  ocean  on  the 
other,  swarm  with  many  delicate  varieties  of  the 
finny  tribe. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Long  Branch  are  also 
Shrewsbury,  Red  Bank,  and  Tinton  Falls,  which 
are  all  places  of  great  resort.  The  above  locali- 
ties are  reached  by  a  steamboat,  running  at  con- 
venient periods  from  New  York. 

LOOKOUT  MOUNTAIN,  GA. 
The  range  on  which  this  lofty  summit  is  situ- 
ated commences  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state, 
and  rises  to  the  height  of  2000  feet.  The  view 
from  Lookout  Mountain  is  very  grand,  over- 
looking a  vast  extent  of  country,  and  comprising 
every  variety  of  landscape.  Encircling  the  brow 
of  the  mountain  is  a  natural  palisade  of  naked 
rocks,  from  70  to  100  feet  in  height.  The  rail- 
roads from  Savannah  and  Charleston  approach 
near  to  this  mountain. 

MADISON'S   CAVE,  VA. 
This  cave  is  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  Weir's 
Cave,  and  somewhat  resembles  that  "remarkable 
curiosity.     It  is,  however,  much  less  extensive, 
not  exceeding  300  feet. 

MADISON  SPRINGS,  GA., 

Are   in   Madison    co.,    about    100     miles  N. 

from  Milledgeville,  23  miles  N.  E.  from  Athens, 

and  7  miles  from  Danielsville,  the  shire  town 

of  the  county.    The  waters  are  impregnated  with 


650 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


iron,  and  are  useful  in  cutaneous  diseases.  This 
is  a  place  of  fashionable  resort,  where  visitors 
meet  with  every  attention. 

MAMMOTH  CAVE,  KY. 

This  stupendous  wonder  of  nature  is  situated  in 
Edmonson  co.,  about  90  miles  S.  from  Louisville, 
and  about  equally  distant,  in  a  N.  E.  direction, 
from  Nashville,  Te.  A  large  and  commodious 
hotel  has  been  erected,  two  or  three  hundred  paces 
from  the  mouth  of  the  cave,  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  visitors.  The  tourist  leaves  the  stage 
road  about  6  miles  from  the  entrance  to  the  cave, 
and  passes  through  some  of  the  most  romantic 
and  beautiful  scenery  in  reaching  this  public 
house,  where  he  finds  every  thing  provided  to 
render  his  visit  agreeable  and  instructive.  It  is 
only  within  a  few  years  that  this  cave  has  been 
very  extensively  explored ;  and  it  is  still  sup- 
posed that  but  a  small  part  of  it,  in  comparison 
with  the  whole,  has  ever  been  trodden  by  the  foot 
of  man.  It  has  been  estimated  that  the  length 
of  all  the  different  avenues  and  branches,  when 
added  together,  would  make  more  than  600  miles. 
As  far  as  known,  there  are  in  the  cave  246  ave- 
nues, 47  domes,  8  cataracts,  and  23  pits.  The 
darkness,  deeper  than  that  of  the  blackest  mid- 
night, which  pervades  these  subterranean  re- 
cesses, and  which  is  little  more  than  rendered 
visible  by  the  torches  which  the  visitors  carry 
with  them,  renders  it  difficult  for  the  spectator 
to  form  any  thing  like  an  adequate  idea  of  its 
vast  dimensions,  its  great  heights  and  depths  in 
the  different  apartments,  and  of  the  singularity 
and  beauty  of  the  natural  decorations  they  con- 
tain. The  recent  attempt  of  an  adventurous 
artist,  however,  to  obtain  drawings  of  a  number 
of  the  different  avenues,  halls,  and  chambers,  for 
the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  hidden  wonders 
of  this  natural  phenomenon  to  the  eye  by  the  aid 
of  the  beautiful  illusion  of  the  moving  panorama, 
has  been,  in  a  great  degree,  successful.  The 
different  parts  of  the  cave  selected  for  this  pur- 
pose were  illuminated  by  hundreds  of  lights, 
placed  at  different  points,  so  as  to  give  the  most 
powerful  and  just  effect  to  the  ever- varying  per- 
spective within. 

Immediately  upon  entering  the  mouth  of  the 
cave,  the  visitor  perceives  a  sensible  change  in 
the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  which  is  that 
of  59°  Fahr.,  and  remains  so  uniformly,  winter 
and  summer.  No  impure  air  exists  in  any  part 
of  it;  decomposition  and  putrefaction  are  un- 
known ;  and  combustion  is  perfect.  Visitors 
going  in  and  out  are  not  liable  to  contract  colds ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  colds  are  commonly  re- 
lieved by  a  visit  to  the  cave.  No  reptiles  of  any 
description  are  found  here.  It  is  a  curious  fact 
that  fish  without  eyes  have  been  caught  in  the 
rivers  of  this  cave.  They  have  been  dissected 
by  skilful  anatomists,  it  is  said,  who  declare  that 
they  are  without  the  slightest  indication  of  an 
organ  similar  to  the  eye,  and  also  that  they  pos- 
sess other  anomalies  in  their  organization  interest- 
ing to  the  naturalist.  These  fishes  are  from  3  to 
6  inches  in  length.  Specimens  of  them  are  found 
in  most  of  our  collections  of  natural  history. 

The  cave  is  also  inhabited  by  two  species  of 
rats  and  a  species  of  crickets,  neither  of  which 
partake  of  the  peculiarity  of  the  fishes,  —  of  the 
want  of  eyes,  —  for  in  both  of  these  animals  that 
organ  is  very  largely  developed.  These  rats  are 
white  and  very  large.  Professor  Agassiz  has 


some  specimens  of  them  in  the  collection  at 
Cambridge.  In  the  winter,  millions  of  bats  find 
here  a  resting-place  well  suited  to  their  wants. 

During  the  last  war  with  England,  a  saltpetre 
manufactory  was  established  in  this  cave ;  and, 
although  it  Avas  discontinued  in  1815,  wheel 
tracks  are  still  to  be  seen  as  clear  and  distinct 
as  if  made  yesterday.  The  guides  also  point 
out  corn  cobs  which  were  brought  into  the  cave  at 
that  time,  and  which  are  perfectly  fresh  and  sound. 

The  waters  of  the  cave  are  of  the  purest  kind ; 
and,  besides  the  springs  and  streams  of  fresh 
water,  there  are  one  or  two  sulphur  springs. 
There  are  streams,  lakes,  and  Avaterfalls  of  suffi- 
cient width  and  depth  to  compare  well  with  those 
of  the  world  above  ground.  Some  of  these  riv- 
ers, as  they  are  called,  are  navigated  by  boats  of 
sufficient  size  to  carry  12  persons  ;  and  one  of 
them,  called  the  Echo,  is  said  to  be  broad  and 
deep  enough,  at  all  times,  to  float  the  largest 
steamers.  The  rivers  of  the  Mammoth  Cavo 
were  never  crossed  till  1840.  Some  of  them 
flow  in  deep  channels,  the  sides  of  which  rise 
high  above  their  ordinary  level.  After  heavy 
rains,  they  are  sometimes  swollen  so  as  to  rise 
more  than  50  feet.  At  such  times  the  streams, 
and  especially  the  cataracts,  of  the  cave,  exhibit 
a  most  terrific  appearance.  Great  exertions  have 
been  made  to  discover  the  sources  of  these 
streams,  and  where  they  find  their  outlets :  yet 
they  still  remain,  in  this  respect,  as  much  a  mys- 
tery as  ever. 

"  Darkly  thou  glidest  onward, 

Thou  deep  and  hidden  wave  ! 
The  laughing  sunshine  hath  not  looked 
Into  thy  hidden  cave." 

The  different  apartments  and  passages  of  this 
wonderful  subterranean  labyrinth  have  many  of 
them  received  names,  from  their  resemblance, 
more  or  less  real,  to  the  most  celebrated  interiors 
and  decorations  of  architectural  design.  A  few 
only  can  be  here  described. 

At  the  Cave  House,  erected  near  the  entrance 
by  Dr.  Croghan,  the  late  proprietor  of  this  won- 
der of  the  world,  those  visiting  the  cave  are  sup- 
plied with  lights,  guides,  and  whatever  else  may 
be  required  for  their  expedition.  The  air  of  the 
cave,  as  you  enter,  gives  a  pleasant  sensation  of 
refreshing  coolness.  As  you  continue  descending 
some  irregular  stone  steps,  the  daylight  fades 
and  the  gloom  deepens.  Nothing  is  heard  save 
your  own  footsteps,  and  the  sound  of  the  waters 
leaping  from  a  precipice  over  your  head  and  fall- 
ing on  the  rocks  below.  A  beautiful  stream  of 
water  falls  over  the  mouth  of  the  cave,  as  one 
writer  has  remarked,  as  if  it  were  the  remnant 
of  a  graceful  curtain,  which  had.  formerly  con- 
cealed this  wonder  from  the  gaze  of  man.  Look- 
ing back  towards  the  orifice,  the  light  of  the 
external  day  appears  dim,  as  if  it  were  the  twi- 
light of  evening.  Looking  before  you,  if  looking 
it  may  be  called,  —  what  a  world  of  darkness! 
With  all  your  torches  how  little  can  be  seen ! 
A  strange  sensation  comes  over  you,  as  with 
hesitating  step  you  proceed. 

The  first  great  expansion  of  the  cavern  which 
you  enter  is  the  Great  Vestibule,  an  immense 
hall,  covering  an  area  of  an  acre  and  a  half, 
with  a  dome,  lost  in  the  darkness,  100  feet  high, 
unsupported  by  a  single  pillar.  By  kindling  a 
fire  at  this  spot,  the  vast  dimensions  of  the  cham- 
ber may  be  faintly  discovered.  "  Far  up  above 
your  head,"  says  one,  "  is  seen  the  gray  ceiling 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


65] 


rolling  dimly  away  like  a  cloud,  and  many  but- 
tresses bending  under  their  weight  begin  to  pro- 
ject their  enormous  masses  from  their  shadowy 
wall."  Two  avenues  lead  out  of  this  hall,  at 
opposite  extremities,  which  are  about  100  feet 
wide  and  500  feet  long,  with  roofs  as  flat  and 
smooth  almost  as  if  finished  by  the  mason's 
trowel.  About  half  a  mile  farther  on,  you  pass 
the  Kentucky  Cliffs,  so  called  from  their  resem- 
blance to  the  famous  cliffs  on  the  Kentucky 
River.  About  half  a  mile  beyond  these  is  the 
Church,  which  is  300  feet  in  circumference,  and 
its  ceiling  63  feet  high.  A  huge  protuberance 
of  the  rock  on  one  side  serves  the  fancy  for  a 
pulpit,  and  a  recess  in  the  wall,  in  a  correspond- 
ing position,  serves  for  a  gallery.  From  this 
hint  of  nature,  religious  worship  has  more  than 
once  been  celebrated  here.  Concerts  of  music 
have  been  held  here,  which  have  been  said  to 
produce  singularly  fine  effects.  After  leaving 
the  Church,  a  passage  leads  off  at  an  acute  angle 
from  the  main  cave  to  the  Gothic  Avenue,  which 
is  nearly  50  feet  wide,  15  feet  high,  and  about  2 
miles  in  length.  The  ceiling  of  this  avenue  is 
so  smooth  and  white  that  it  is  difficult  to  believe 
that  the  trowel  of  the  mason  has  not  been  used 
upon  it.  A  good  road  extends  through  its  entire 
length,  and  so  pleasant  is  the  temperature,  pu- 
rity, and  salubrity  of  its  atmosphere,  that  it  has 
been  selected  as  a  most  desirable  promenade  for 
invalids,  who  have  sometimes  resorted  to  this 
cave  for  their  health.  In  one  of  the  recesses  of 
this  avenue  were  to  be  seen,  as  late  as  1813,  two 
mummies  in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  one  of 
which  was  a  female,  in  a  sitting  posture,  with 
arms  folded,  and  having  before  her  various  arti- 
cles of  her  wardrobe.  When,  or  by  whom,  these 
remains  were  placed  in  this  dark  and  silent 
sepulchre,  is  of  course  unknown.  A  little  far- 
ther on  in  this  direction  are  the  Registry  Rooms, 
the  ceiling  of  which,  being  perfectly  white  and 
smooth,  serves  as  the  register  of  the  cave.  Thou- 
sands of  names  have  been  traced  upon  it  with 
the  smoke  of  the  torches.  Next  is  the  Gothic 
Chapel,  a  hall  of  almost  overwhelming  grandeur, 
elliptical  in  form,  and  80  feet  long  by  50  in 
width.  Immense  stalagmites  have  been  formed 
at  each  end,  which  almost  close  the  entrance. 
There  are  also  two  rows  of  smaller  pillars,  ex- 
tending from  the  ceiling  on  each  side  of  the  wall 
through  its  entire  length.  These  impart  to  it, 
when  strongly  lighted  up,  the  grand  and  solemn 
effect  of  a  Gothic  cathedral.  Near  this  place  is 
Brewer's  Studio,  a  small  room  to  which  this 
name  has  recently  been  given  by  Mr.  Brewer, 
author  of  the  celebrated  Panorama  of  the  Mam- 
moth Cave,  from  whose  descriptions  many  of 
these  notices  have  been  compiled.  He  finished 
many  of  his  sketches  in  this  room.  One  or  two 
other  points  of  curious  interest,  such  as  the  Dev- 
il's  Arm-chair  and  the  Lover's  Leap,  bring  you 
to  the  termination  of  this  Gothic  Avenue. 

Returning  back  to  the  main  cave  by  another 
route,  of  more  than  a  mile,  through  uninteresting 
scenery,  and  proceeding  onward  with  this  grand 
gallery,  you  soon  reach  the  Star  Chamber,  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  apartments  in  the  whole 
cave,  and  called  by  this  name  from  the  myriads 
of  glittering  points  reflecting  the  light  of  the 
torches  from  the  darkness  overhead.  The  resem- 
blance here  to  the  splendid  canopy  of  night  is 
very  perfect.  Further  on,  the  Chief  City,  or 
Temple,  is  formed  by  an  immense  dome,  which 


rises  120  feet  high,  and  covers  an  area  of  2  acres. 
It  exceeds  in  size  the  Cave  of  Staffa,  and  rivals 
the  celebrated  vault  in  the  Grotto  of  Antiparos. 
In  passing  through  it  from  side  to  side,  the  dome 
appears  to  follow  the  spectator,  like  the  sky  in 
passing  from  place  to  place  on  the  earth.  In 
comparison  with  this  dome  of  nature's  rearing, 
the  most  celebrated  of  human  structure  sink 
into  insignificance.  There  are,  however,  other 
domes  in  this  wonderful  cave,  which,  for  height 
and  extent,  are  even  more  extraordinary  than 
this.  Such  is  that,  especially,  which  is' called 
the  Mammoth  Dome.  This  dome  of  domes  is 
nearly  400  feet  above  the  floor  of  the  room  which 
it  covers.  Its  elevation  has  been  carefully  de- 
termined by  a  competent  civil  engineer. 

It  would  be  impossible,  within  the  limits  of 
this  article,  to  describe  in  detail  the  many  objects 
of  curiosity  and  scenes  of  grandeur  which  are  to 
be  found  in  the  apparently  interminable  recesses 
of  the  Mammoth  Cave.  The  names  of  the  prin- 
cipal apartments,  not  already  mentioned,  will 
serve,  by  the  aid  of  the  foregoing  descriptions, 
to  suggest  to  the  imagination  of  the  reader  some 
idea  of  their  most  impressive  characteristics. 
Such  are  the  Giant's  Coffin,  the  Labyrinth,  the 
Cascade,  Gorin's  Dome,  the  Bottomless  Pit,  the 
Winding  Way,  the  Bandit's  Hall,  Great  Relief 
Hall,  River  Hall  and  Dead  Sea,  Natural  Bridge 
over  the  River  Styx,  (80  feet  high,)  Pass  of  El- 
Ghor,  Crogan's  Hall,  City  of  the  Tombs,  Saint 
Cecilia's  Grotto,  Silliman's  Avenue,  Great  West- 
ern Vestibule,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Snowball 
Room,  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  Cleveland's  Cabinet, 
Serena's  Harbor,  Fairy  Grotto,  Paradise,  and 
others  of  a  hardly  less  remarkable  character. 

To  select  one  only  from  this  list  of  wonders 
for  the  conclusion  of  our  descriptions,  we  would 
offer  the  remarks  of  an  intelligent  clergyman, 
who  lately  paid  a  visit  to  the  cave,  upon  that 
splendid  hall  known  by  the  name  of  Cleveland's 
Cabinet.  "  The  most  imaginative  poet,"  says 
this  gentleman,  "  never  conceived  or  painted  a 
palace  of  such  exquisite  beauty  and  loveliness 
as  Cleveland's  Cabinet.  Were  the  wealth  of 
princes  bestowed  on  the  most  skilful  lapidaries, 
with  a  view  of  rivalling  the  splendors  of  this 
single  chamber,  the  attempt  would  be  vain.  The 
Cabinet  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Patten  of  Louis- 
ville and  Mr.  Craig  of  Philadelphia,  accompa- 
nied by  Stephen,  the  guide,  and  extends  in  nearly 
a  direct  line  about  l£  miles,  (the  guides  say  2 
miles.)  It  is  a  perfect  arch,  of  50  feet  span,  and 
of  an  average  height  of  10  feet  in  the  centre  — 
just  high  enough  to  be  viewed  with  ease  in  all 
its  parts.  The  base  of  the  whole  is  carbonate 
(sulphate)  of  lime,  in  part  of  a  dazzling  white- 
ness and  perfectly  smooth,  and  in  part  crystal- 
lized, so  as  to  glitter  like  diamonds  in  the  light 
Growing  from  this,  in  endlessly  diversified  forms, 
is  a  substance  resembling  selenite,  translucent 
and  imperfectly  laminated.  Some  of  the  crys- 
tals bear  a  striking  resemblance  to  branches  of 
celery ;  others,  a  foot  or  more  in  length,  have  the 
color  and  appearance  of  vanilla  cream  candy; 
others  are  set  in  sulphate  of  lime  in  the  form  of 
a  rose ;  and  others  roll  out  from  the  base  in 
forms  resembling  the  ornaments  on  the  capital 
of  a  Corinthian  column.  Some  of  the  incrusta- 
tions are  massive  and  splendid,  others  are  as 
delicate  as  the  lily,  or  as  fancy  work  of  shell  or 
wax.  Tbink  of  traversing  an  arched  way  like 
this  for  a  mile  and  a  half;  and  all  the  wonders 


652 


MINERAL   SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


of  the  talcs  of  youth  —  Arabian  Nights,  and  all 
—  seem  tame,  compared  with  the  living,  growing 
reality.  Here  and  there,  through  the  whole  ex- 
tent, you  will  find  openings  in  the  sides,  into 
which  you  may  thrust  the  person,  and  often 
stand  erect,  in  little  grottoes,  perfectly  incrusted 
with  a  delicate,  white  substance,  reflecting  the 
light  from  a  thousand  different  points.  All  the 
way  you  might  have  heard  us  exclaiming,  Won- 
derful !  wonderful !  O  Lord,  how  manifold  are 
thy  works  ! " 

The  route  by  which  this  cave  is  commonly 
reached  is  by  the  daily  line  of  U.  S.  mail  stages 
from  Louisville  to  Nashville,  over  a  very  good 
turnpike  road.  The  stock  has  been  subscribed 
for  a  railroad  between  these  places,  and  in  a  few 
years  the  cave  will  be  rendered  much  easier  of 
access. 

MITCHELL'S  PEAK,  N.  C. 

This  lofty  peak,  which  now  enjoys  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  the  highest  summit  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  seen  on  the  road 
leading  from  Morgantown  to  Asheville,  through 
the  Swannanoa  Gap,  a  few  miles  from  where  the 
Gap  is  entered.  This  name  was  given  it  in  honor 
of  Professor  Mitchell,  of  Cincinnati,  who  has 
recently  determined  its  altitude  to  be  more 
than  250  feet  higher  than  Mt.  Washington  in 
N.  H.,  which  had  always  before  been  supposed  to 
be  the  highest  land  in  the  U.  S.,  E.  of  the  great 
chain  of  the  Rocky  Mts. 

MONADNOCK  MOUNTAIN,  N.  H. 
This  lofty  mountain,  whose  summit  is  3718 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  situated  in  the 
towns  of  Jaffrey  and  Dublin,  about  22  miles  E. 
of  Connecticut  River,  and  10  miles  N.  of  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  state.  It  has  long  been 
visited  as  one  of  the  most  celebrated  mountain 
heights  in  New  England.  The  prospect  from  its 
top  is  most  extensive  and  delightful.  The  ascent 
has  been  much  improved  within  a  few  years  past, 
and,  for  so  great  a  height,  is  by  no  means  diffi- 
cult. Visitors  have  not  unfrequently  found  a 
serene  and  beautiful  atmosphere  upon  the  summit 
of  this  mountain,  while  thunder,  lightning,  and 
tempest  have  been  raging  below.  For  a  more 
minute  description,  see  the  towns  above  named. 

MONTAUK  POINT,  N.  Y. 

See  Mountains,  &c.,  p.  221. 

MONTMORENCI  FALLS,   CANADA. 

This  beautiful  cataract  is  the  greatest  natural 
curiosity  in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec.  It  is  about 
9  miles  N.  E.  of  the  city,  by  the  usual  land  route, 
on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  which,  coming 
from  the  N.  W.,  in  a  stream  about  60  yards  wide, 
here  falls  directly  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  over 
a  perpendicular  precipice  250  feet  in  height. 
Viewed  from  a  distance,  this  magnificent  waterfall 
appears  like  a  motionless  streak  of  snow  upon 
the  precipitous  bank  of  the  river.  It  is  seen  to 
great  advantage  from  the  St.  Lawrence,  immedi- 
ately abreast  of  the  cataract,  where  it  appears  a 
mighty  torrent,  projected  with  incredible  velocity 
over  the  lofty  cliff  into  the  river,  acquiring  a 
fleecy  whiteness  as  it  falls ;  while  the  sun,  in  fine 
contrast  with  the  snowy  effulgence  of  the  falling 
water,  paints  a  deeply-tinted  rainbow  on  the  vapor 
at  its  base.  The  breadth  of  the  fall  is  100  feet, 
and  its  height,  as  will  be  perceived  from  a  com- 
parison, is  about  100  feet  greater  than  that  of 


Niagara  Falls.  The  volume  of  water  is  so  much 
less  than  that  of  Niagara,  that  the  effect  of  the 
fall,  in  sublimity  and  grandeur  of  impression, 
bears  no  comparison,  of  course,  to  the  effect  of 
that  stupendous  cataract.  Yet,  from  its  great 
perpendicular  descent,  the  ample  woods  with 
which  it  is  fringed,  and  the  broken  rocks  which 
surround  and  intersect  its  channel,  sending  it 
over  the  brink  in  foam  resembling  snow,  spar- 
kling in  the  light  with  its  myriad  crystal  points,  it 
has  long  been  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  ro- 
mantic and  beautiful  curiosities  of  the  kind  on 
the  American  continent.  These  falls  may  be 
seen  in  all  their  beauty  and  grandeur  from  the 
summit  of  the  hill,  near  the  shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  also  on  the  S.  side,  from  a  position 
which  may  be  gained  with  no  great  difficulty, 
part  of  the  way  down  the  bank. 

On  the  hill  near  the  falls  is  the  house  which 
was  once  the  residence  of  the  late  Duke  of  Kent. 
It  is  now  the  residence  of  the  proprietor  of  the 
extensive  saw  mills  in  the  vicinity.  These  mills 
are  earned  by  water  taken  out  of  the  Montmo- 
renci,  about  half  a  mile  above  the  falls.  They 
have  upwards  of  a  hundred  saws  in  motion,  and 
are  said  to  be  capable  of  turning  out  an  entire 
cargo  of  planks  in  a  day. 

It  was  on  the  high  grounds  N.  of  these  falls 
that  General  Wolfe  first  encountered  the  French, 
in  1759,  and  was  repulsed,  with  the  loss  of  700 
men  —  a  disaster  which  he  so  fully  retrieved  for 
the  British  arms,  though  at  the  cost  of  his  own  life, 
a  few  days  after  wards, upon  the  Plains  of  Abraham. 

The  ride  from  the  city  to  the  falls,  on  the  S. 
side,  is  through  the  suburb  of  St.  Roch,  over  the 
St.  Charles  River,  near  its  mouth,  and  onward 
amidst  beautiful  farms  and  orchards  to  the  pretty 
village  of  Beauport,  which  is  well  worth  seeing, 
as  furnishing  a  specimen  of  the  better  sort  of 
Canadian  country  settlements.  The  view  of 
Quebec,  of  Point  Levi,  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
other  interesting  points,  which  is  enjoyed  in  re- 
turning over  this  beautiful  drive,  is  sufficiently 
splendid  of  itself  to  compensate  all  the  trouble  of 
obtaining  it. 

MONTREAL, 

City,  river  port,  seat  of  government,  and  chief 
mart  of  the  commerce  of  Canada.  The  com- 
munication with  this  city  from  the  U.  S.  has  be- 
come so  free  and  frequent,  both  for  purposes  of 
business  and  of  pleasure,  that  we  deem  it  de- 
sirable to  give  in  this  work  a  brief  notice  of  the 
place.  Its  position  at  the  head  of  ship  naviga- 
tion on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  that  river  with  the  Ottawa,  in  connection 
with  its  situation  in  relation  to  the  U.  S.,  renders 
it  necessarily  one  of  the  most  important  com- 
mercial emporiums  of  America.  It  is  the  centre 
of  the  trade  between  Canada  and  the  States, 
which  is  carried  on  by  Lake  Champlain  and  the 
Hudson  to  New  York  ;  with  the  west  by  the  La- 
chine  and  Welland  Canals  and  the  lakes ;  and 
with  New  England  by  the  railroads  connecting 
with  its  ports.  It  is  situated  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  large  island  from  which  it  takes  its  name, 
and  extends,  with  its  suburbs,  nearly  two  miles 
along  the  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  having,  for 
some  distance,  nearly  an  equal  breadth  inland. 
It  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and  the  Lower  towns, 
although  the  difference  of  elevation  between  the 
two  parts  is  but  slight.  The  Upper  town,  being 
the  more  modern,  is  the  more  handsomely  built. 

The  situation  and  appearance  of  the  city  from 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


653 


the  water  somewhat  resembles  that  of  Albany; 
increased,  however,  in  picturesque  beauty  by  the 
hill  in  the  rear,  originally  called  Mount  Royal, 
which  rises,  about  a  mile  from  the  city,  to  the 
height  of  550  feet,  forming  a  prominent  object  in 
the  picture  from  every  point  of  view.  The  bat- 
tlemcnted  wall,  with  which  ttte  old  city  was  once 
surrounded,  has  fallen  into  decay ;  so  that  it  is 
somewhat  less  like  a  European  city  in  appearance 
than  it  formerly  was,  being  now  entirely  open, 
and  the  wooded  heights  around  covered  with 
villas  and  pleasure  grounds.  The  principal 
streets  run  parallel  to  the  river,  being  crossed  by 
others  at  right  angles.  Along  the  bank  of  the 
river,  fronting  upon  the  quays,  is  an  extensive 
line  of  stone  warehouses.  Commissioners  Street 
and  Water  Street  are  nearest  to  the  river,  and 
the  next  is  St.  Paul's  Street,  which  is  the  great 
commercial  thoroughfare,  running  the  whole 
length  of  the  city.  Notre  Dame  Street,  which  is 
the  Broadway  of  Montreal,  extends  in  the  same 
»  direction  along  the  summit  of  the  elevation  of 
the  Lower  town,  as  it  is  seen  from  the  river.  In 
the  Upper  town  and  suburbs,  which  are  mostly 
inhabited  by  the  principal  merchants,  the  houses 
are  handsomely  built  in  the  modern  style  ;  but  in 
the  Lower  town  they  are  very  generally  of  a 
gloomy-looking  gray  stone,  with  dark  iron  win- 
dow shutters  and  tinned  roofs,  giving  to  the 
place  rather  an  antiquated  and  heavy  aspect. 
There  is,  however,  a  great  appearance  of  strength 
and  durability  in  these  stone  structures,  which 
makes  a  favorable  impression  concerning  the 
character  and  wealth  of  the  place.  To  the  tour- 
ist approaching  Montreal  upon  the  St.  Lawrence, 
it  presents  the  aspect  of  a  "  City  of  Granite."  A 
massive  stone  quay  extends  along  the  whole  river 
front,  curving  inward,  and  forming,  with  its 
wharves,  a  convenient  harbor  for  the  shipping. 
A  broad  space  upon  its  brow,  and  in  the  rear, 
affords  a  delightful  promenade  in  summer  ;  and 
whenever  any  grand  arrival  or  departure  upon 
the  river  calls  out  the  population  of  the  city,  this 
position,  which  offers  unequalled  advantages  to 
the  convenience  of  a  multitude  of  spectators, 
presents  an  animated  and  imposing  spectacle. 
Immediately  fronting  the  St.  Lawrence  is  the 
Bonsecours  Market,  which,  by  its  architectural 
embellishments,  at  once  attracts  the  eye.  But 
the  most  remarkable  public  edifice  in  Montreal, 
towering  above  every  thing  else,  is  the  French 
Catholic  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  commonly,  but 
erroneously,  called  the  French  Cathedral. "  The 
Cathedral,  or  Bishop's  Church,  in  Montreal,  is 
in  the  W.  part  of  the  city.  This  Church  of 
Notre  Dame,  situated  on  the  street  of  the  same 
name,  and  fronting  on  a  public  square,  is  the 
largest  religious  edifice  in  America.  The  length, 
fromE.  to  W.,  is  225  feet,  and  the  breadth  134 
feet.  There  are  towers  at  each  of  the  corners, 
on  its  Gothic  front,  220  feet  in  height ;  in  one  of 
which  is  hung  the  largest  bell  in  the  W.  hemi- 
sphere. The  interior  contains  9  spacious  aisles, 
with  1244  pews,  and  will  accommodate  10.000 
people.  The  service  here  is  conducted  in  the 
•French  language.  St.  Patrick's  is  another  large 
church,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Irish  Cath- 
olics, capable  of  containing  about  7000  persons. 
There  are  other  church  edih'ces,  of  various  de- 
nominations, and  numerous  public  buildings, 
which  are  imposing  in  their  architecture.  Among 
these  are  the  Government  House ;  the  Seminary 
of  St.  Sulpice ;  the  Hotel  Dieu,  and  the  Soeurs 


Noires,  two  large  nunneries ;  the  Court  House 
and  Prison ;  some  fine  banks  ;  and  an  extensive 
range  of  barracks,  for  2000  men.  The  hotels 
are  numerous,  some  of  them  affording  elegant 
accommodations  for  the  travelling  public.  In 
one  of  the  public  squares  is  a  colossal  statue  of 
Lord  Nelson,  placed  upon  a  Doric  column,  the 
pedestal  of  which  is  covered  with  bass-reliefs 
representing  his  principal  naval  actions.  "  Mon- 
treal," says  the  British  Whig,  "is  unquestionably 
the  cleanest  city  in  her  majesty's  dominions  ;  al- 
though at  one  time  it  had  the  very  contrary  repu- 
tation." The  labors  of  the  corporation,  in  this 
respect,  are  worthy  of  all  praise,  not  merely  for 
the  extreme  cleanliness  of  the  city,  but  for  the 
good  order  and  perfect  quiet  maintained  both  day 
and  night.  The  cheapness  of  cab  and  caleche  hire 
in  Montreal  is  a  fact  which  will  not  fail  to  interest 
the  stranger  visiting  the  place.  For  an  English 
shilling  you  can  traverse  the  entire  length  of  the 
city  and  return  again  to  your  hotel. 

In  the  year  1640,  an  association  was  formed 
in  France,  of  persons  actuated  by  religious  zeal, 
for  the  purpose  of  colonizing  the  Island  of 
Mount  Royal.  To  this  association  the  king 
ceded  the  whole  island,  which  is  about  70  miles 
in  circumference.  The  spot  selected  for  the  city 
was  consecrated  by  the  superior  of  the  Jesuits ; 
the  "  Queen  of  Angels  "  was  supplicated  to  take 
it  under  her  protection,  and  it  was  called,  at  first, 
after  her  name,  "  La  Ville  Marie."  In  1644  the 
whole  of  this  beautiful  domain,  which,  on  ac- 
count of  its  fertility,  has  been  called  the  "  Garden 
of  Canada,"  became  the  property  of  the  St.  Sul- 
picians  of  Paris,  and  was  by  them  afterwards 
conveyed  to  the  seminary  established  by  that 
order  at  Montreal.  At  the  conquest  of  Canada 
by  Great  Britain,  in  1760,  the  property  and  reve- 
nues of  the  seignories,  and  all  estates  belonging 
to  existing  religious  institutions,  were  guarantied 
to  the  possessors.  Within  the  last  half  century 
many  capitalists  from  England  and  Scotland 
have  become  residents  of  Montreal,  and  have  in- 
fused a  vigor  and  energy  which  are  manifest  in 
its  greatly-extended  commerce,  and  in  the  im- 
provements which  are  continually  taking  place. 
At  the  same  time  it  is  true,  that  every  thing 
about  the  city  still  speaks  of  its  French  origin ; 
and  so  tenacious  have  been  the  French  of  their 
nationality,  that  a  century  of  English  rule  has 
failed  materially  to  alter  their  habits  and  manners. 

The  distance  from  Montreal  to  Boston  is  339 
miles,  and  to  New  York  406  miles. 

MOUNT  EVERETT,  MS. 

This  is  the  most  lofty  of  the  summits  of  the 
Taconic  range,  situated  in  the  E.  part  of  the 
town  of  Mount  Washington,  which  lies  in  the  gf- 
W.  corner  of  the  state.  From  the  fact  that,  in 
connection  with  much  of  the  surrounding  ele- 
vated region  of  the  Taconic  Mountains,  it  consti- 
tutes the  township  of  Mount  Washington,  the  ' 
name  of  this  mountain  has  often  been  confound- 
ed with  that  of  the  town.  By  the  people  of  the 
vicinity  it  has  sometimes  been  called  Bald  Moun- 
tain, and  Bald  Peak.  We  prefer,  however,  the 
name  of  MOUNT  EVERETT,  which  President 
Hitchcock  has  given  to  it  in  his  Geology  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  honor  of  Edward  Everett,  LL.  D. 

The  height  of  this  mountain  is  2624  feet.  The 
scenery  in  its  immediate  neighborhood  is  of  the 
boldest  and  most  romantic  description.  The 
whole  township,  as  before  intimated,  consists  of 


654 


MINERAL   SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


one  vast  pile  of  mountains  belonging  to  the  Ta- 
conic  range,  which  skirts  Massachusetts  on  its 
western  border.  There  are  valleys  here,  but 
the  valleys  themselves  are  not  less  than  from 
1000  to  2000  feet  above  the  Housatonic,  which 
flows  about  5  miles  E.  of  the  centre  valley,  or 
business  part  of  the  town.  On  the  sides  of  this 
mountain  valley  are  mountains  rising,  some  500 
and  some  1000  feet,  from  which  descend  some  of 
the  most  beautiful  cascades  in  nature.  The 
mountain  on  the  E.,  and  nearest  the  Housatonic, 
is  the  mountain  of  which  we  are  now  speaking. 
We  copy  President  Hitchcock's  description  of 
the  view  from  this  lofty  summit. 

"  Its  central  part  is  a  somewhat  conical,  almost 
naked  eminence,  except  that  numerous  yellow 
pines,  two  or  three  feet  high,  and  whortleberry 
bushes,  have  fixed  themselves  wherever  the  crev- 
ices of  the  rock  afford  sufficient  soil.  Thence 
the  view  from  the  summit  is  entirely  unobstruct- 
ed. And  what  a  view  ! 

'  In  depth,  in  height,  in  circuit,  how  serene 
The  spectacle,  how  pure !  —  Of  nature's  works 
In  earth  and  air, 
A  revelation  infinite  it  seems.' 

"  You  feel  yourself  to  be  standing  above  every 
thing  around  you,  and  possess  the  proud  con- 
sciousness of  literally  looking  down  upon  all  ter- 
restrial scenes.  Before  you,  on  the  E.,  the  val- 
ley through  which  the  Housatonic  meanders 
stretches  far  northward  in  Ms.,  and  southward  into 
Ct,  sprinkled  over  with  copse  and  glebe,  with 
small  sheets  of  water  and  beautiful  villages.  To 
the  S.  E.,  especially,  a  large  sheet  of  water  ap- 
pears, I  believe  in  Canaan,  of  surpassing  beauty. 
In  the  S.  W.,  the  gigantic  Alender,  Riga,  and 
other  mountains,  more  remote,  seem  to  bear  the 
blue  heavens  on  their  heads,  in  calm  majesty ; 
while,  stretching  across  the  far  distant  west,  the 
Catskills  hang  like  the  curtains  of  the  sky. 
O,  what  a  glorious  display  of  mountains  all 
around  you !  0,  how  does  one,  on  such  a  spot, 
turn  round  and  round,  and  drink  in  new  glories, 
and  feel  his  heart  swelling  more  and  more  with 
emotions  of  sublimity,  until  the  tired  optic  nerve 
shrinks  from  its  office  ! 

"  This  is  certainly  the  grandest  prospect  in 
Massachusetts,  though  others  are  more  beautiful. 
And  the  first  hour  that  one  spends  in  such  a  spot 
is  among  the  richest  treasures  that  memory  lays 
up  in  her  storehouse." 

The  best  way  of  getting  to  Mount  Everett, 
from  any  part  of  Ms.,  is  through  Egremont, 
which  lies  25  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Pittsfield. 
From  Egremont,  you  pass  along  a  vast  uncul- 
tivated slope,  to  the  height  of  nearly  2000  feet, 
until  you  reach  the  broad  valley  where  the 
inhabitants  reside.  The  distance  from  Boston 
is  183  miles  W.  From  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  the  dis- 
tance E.  is  about  20  miles.  You  pass  the  beau- 
tiful lake  in  Copake,  and  up  through  the  ro- 
mantic gorge  on  the  W.  side  of  the  mountain. 

In  the  near  neighborhood  of  Mount  Everett, 
there  is  a  waterfall  upon  the  side  of  a  deep  gulf, 
which  is  well  worth  visiting,  for  the  lovers  of  im- 
pressive scenery.  It  has  received  the  name  of 
Bashapish,  or  Bash-Pish  Fall  and  Gorge.  The 
stream  descends  rapidly  towards  the  W.,  be- 
tween perpendicular  walls  of  rock,  nearly  100 
feet ;  striking  then  against  a  perpendicular  mass 
of  rock,  it  is  made  to  turn,  almost  at  right  angles, 
to  the  left,  and  then  to  rush  down  a  declivity, 
eloping  at  an  angle  of  about  80°,  in  a  trough 


between  the  strata.  This  part  of  the  fall  cannot 
be  less  than  50  or  60  feet.  And  here  the  torrent, 
having  for  centuries  been  dashing  against  the 
edges  of  the  strata,  while  at  the  same  time  its  bed 
has  been  sinking,  has  worn  out  a  dome-shaped 
cavity  to  the  depth  of  194  feet;  that  is,  measur- 
ing from  the  top  of  the  overhanging  cliff  to  the 
foot  of  the  fall. 

By  creeping  along  the  S.  side  of  the  stream, 
where  the  wall  is  nearly  perpendicular,  one  can 
descend  quite  to  the  foot  of  the  fall,  where  he 
finds  himself  enclosed  on  the  E..  S.,  and  W.  by 
a  vast  wall  of  rock,  which,  as  it  rises,  curves  out- 
ward, so  that,  when  he  looks  upward,  he  sees  its 
surface,  at  the  height  of  nearly  200  feet,  project- 
ing beyond  the  base  as  much  as  25  feet.  A  man 
in  such  a  spot  cannot  but  feel  his  own  impotence. 
There  is  a  position  upon  the  verge  of  this  over- 
hanging precipice  from  which  a  look  down  into 
this  yawning  chasm  may  be  obtained.  Those 
who  visit  these  falls  should  not  fail  to  ascend  to 
this  position,  otherwise  they  will  lose  half  the  in- 
terest of  the  scene. 

The  day  is  not  far  distant  when  Mount  Ever- 
ett, and  the  scenery  around  it,  will  be  visited  by 
thousands,  yearly,  "with  an  admiration  equal  to 
that  excited  by  the  most  celebrated  mountain 
heights  in  our  country. 

MOUNT  HOLYOKE,  MS., 
Situated  in  the  S.  part  of  the  town  of  Hadley, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  opposite  to 
the  Great  Meadows  of  Northampton,  and  about  3 
miles  E.  of  the  centre  of  that  beautiful  town. 
This  mountain  is  830  feet  above  the  river,  and 
presents  from  its  summit  one  of  the  most  charm- 
ing prospects  any  where  to  be  found  in  this  coun- 
try. The  lovely  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  with 
all  its  natural  luxuriance,  and  all  its  adornments 
of  cultivation  and  wealth,  lies  in  view,  more  or 
less  distinctly,  according  to  the  distance  of  its 
several  parts,  for  an  extent  of  50  or  60  miles,  from 
N.  to  S.  The  summits  of  the  mountains  in  Meri- 
den,  Ct.,  about  15  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound, 
may  be  distinctly  seen  from  the  top  of  Mt.  Hoi- 
yoke.  In  a  clear  atmosphere,  Hartford  is  visible 
about  45  miles  to  the  S.  The  beautiful  meadows 
of  Northampton  and  Hadley,  spreading  out  di- 
rectly under  the  eye  of  the  spectator,  with  their 
vast  and  variegated  carpet  of  ploughed  field, 
grass  and  grain,  through  the  midst  of  which,  in  a 
gracefully  winding  course,  the  silver  stream  of 
the  Connecticut  is  threading  its  shining  way, 
having  the  handsome  towns  of  Northampton, 
Hadley,  and  Amherst  set  in  different  points,  as 
gems  upon  the  bosom  of  the  landscape,  consti- 
tute an  entire  vision  of  loveliness,  such  as  almost 
makes  the  beholder  feel  that  he  has  been  trans- 
ported into  some  Elysian  land.  The  college 
buildings,  in  Amherst ;  the  Mount  Holyoke  Fe- 
male Seminary,  in  South  Hadley;  Hopkins  Acad- 
emy, in  Old  Hadley ;  the  beautiful  range  of  build- 
ings upon  Round  Hill,  Northampton,  now  occu- 
pied as  a  celebrated  water  cure  establishment; 
the  Williston  Seminary,  in  East  Hampton ;  a 
large  number  of  church  spires,  and  other  public 
edifices  ;  and  last,  though  not  least,  the  new  city 
of  Holyoke,  growing  up  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
river  at  South  Hadley  Falls,  are  points  of  inter- 
est which  arrest  and  fix  the  eye,  as  it  wanders 
over  this  charming  scene. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Connecticut,  a  little 
to  the  S.  W.,  Mt.  Tom,  the  hoary  compeer  of 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


655 


Mt.  Holyoke,  lifts  up  its  rugged  form  more  than 
1200  feet  above  the  vale,  and  constitutes  almost 
the  only  feature  of  native  wildness  which  has  de- 
fied the  subduing  touch  of  man.  Even  here,  if 
the  not  improbable  theory  of  some  geologists  be 
correct,  the  modifying  hand  of  nature  has  accom- 
plished one  of  its  most  remarkable  achievements 
in  the  excavation  of  a  rocky  channel  for  the  Con- 
necticut, between  these  two  mountain  heights, 
which  are  supposed  originally  to  have  formed  a 
connected  chain,  at  a  considerable  elevation  above 
their  present  bases.  The  appearance  of  the  bold 
cliffs  at  the  Rock  Ferry  crossing,  as  well  as  the 
form  of  the  vast  alluvial  basin  which  would  be 
embraced  within  the  sweep  of  this  mountain 
range,  if  only  a  connection  here  Avere  formed,  to- 
gether with  other  geological  characteristics,  ren- 
der this  theory,  extraordinary  as  it  may  seem, 
almost  a  matter  of  obvious  demonstration. 

A  winding  road  has  been  constructed  within  a 
few  years,  by  which  carriages  ascend  about  two 
thirds  of  the  distance  towards  the  summit  of  Mt. 
Holyoke  ;  and  the  remainder  of  the  ascent,  though 
steep,  is  accomplished  without  difficulty.  A  build- 
ing has  been  erected  on  the  summit,  where  com- 
fortable rest  and  refreshments  may  be  enjoyed. 

There  are  few,  if  any,  mountain  prospects  in 
our  country,  which  lie  so  near  to  a  great  thor- 
oughfare of  travel,  and  are  so  easily  accessible, 
as  this ;  few  where  so  much  delightful  gratifica- 
tion can  be  obtained  at  so  little  expense  of  time 
and  trouble.  In  short,  there  are  few,  if  any, 
which,  for  extent  and  variety  of  interest  adapted 
to  give  pleasure  to  a  refined  and  cultivated  taste, 
can  be  compared  with  advantage  to  this  grand 
enchanting  panorama,  in  which  nature  and  art 
seem  rivalling  each  other,  for  the  meed  of  admi- 
ration. 

31OUNT  HOPE,  K.  I. 

This  interesting  locality,  once  the  scat  of  the 
celebrated  King  Philip,  is'  situated  in  Bristol,  the 
shire  town  of  Bristol  co.,  which  is  the  Pokan- 
ocket  of  the  Indians,  lying  between  the  Narra- 
ganset  and  Mount  Hope  Bays.  The  summit  of 
the  hill  is  about  2  miles  N.  E.  of  the  court 
house,  and  though  not  elevated  more  than  300 
feet  above  tide  water,  affords  a  most  extensive 
and  delightful  prospect.  Here  is  still  shown,  at 
a  little  distance  from  the  apex  of  the  mount,  as 
it  falls  off  towards  Mount  Hope  Bay,  a  sheltered 
niche  or  alcove  in  the  rock,  where,  as  tradition 
says,  King  Philip  had  his  royal  scat,  and  where 
he  presided  in  the  council  of  warriors  and 
sachems,  who  either  acknowledged  fealty  to  his 
realm,  or  yielded  themselves  to  the  lead  of  his 
superior  prowess.  By  means  of  an  extensive  alli- 
ance of  the  Indian  tribes,  Philip  finally  made  a 
desperate  assault  upon  the  English  settlements  in 
1675,  with  the  design  of  exterminating  them  from 
the  American  shores.  The  flame  of  war  was 
lighted  up  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and 
continued  for  more  than  a  year  to  desolate  New 
England.  The  first  attack  was  made  on  Sunday, 
June  20,  1675.  Philip  was  killed  when  attempt- 
ing to  escape  from  the  pursuit  of  Captain  Church, 
on  Saturday,  August  12,  1676. 

MOUNT  YERNON,  VA. 

This  venerated  spot,  where  once  resided  the 
father  of  his  country,  and  where  his  ashes  now 
repose,  is  universally  regarded  with  a  sacred  in- 
terest. It  is  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Potomac,  15 
miles  S.  from  the  city  of  Washington,  and  8  j 


from  Alexandria.  General  Washington's  man- 
sion is  still  in  a  good  state  of  preservation.  The 
new  tomb  into  which  his  remains  were  removed 
in  1830,  and  subsequently  placed  in  a  marble 
sarcophagus,  is  in  a  retired  situation  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  house.  It  is  a  plain  but  substan- 
tial structure  of  brick,  with  an  iron  gate  at  the 
entrance,  through  the  bars  of  which  are  seen  two 
sarcophagi  of  white  marble,  in  which  slumber, 
side  by  side,  the  mortal  remains  of  that  great  and 
good  man  and  of  his  amiable  consort. 

The  old  tomb,  in  which  the  remains  of  Wash- 
ington were  first  deposited,  and  which  is  now 
going  to  decay,  is  upon  an  elevation  in  full  view 
from  the  river. 

A  glimpse  of  this  interesting  spot  may  be  had 
from  the  Potomac  steamer,  on  its  way  from  Wash- 
ington to  the  railroad  terminus  at  Acquia  Creek. 
But  to  visit  the  place,  it  is  necessary  to  stop  at 
Alexandria,  and  take  a  private  conveyance  to 
Mount  Vernon. 

NAHANT,  MS. 

This  celebrated  watering-place  is  a  part  of  the 
beautiful  town  of  Lynn.  It  is  a  peninsula,  jutting 
out  about  5  miles  into  Massachusetts  Bay,  and 
forms  Lynn  Bay  on  the  S.  From  Boston  to 
Nahant  Hotel,  on  the  E.  point  of  the  peninsula, 
by  land,  is  14  miles  ;  from  the  centre  of  Lynn,  5 ; 
and  from  Salem,  9  miles.  On  the  N.  E.  side  of 
this  peninsula  is  a  beach  of  great  length  and 
smoothness.  It  is  so  hard  that  a  horse's  foot- 
steps are  scarcely  visible ;  and,  from  half  tide  to 
low  water,  it  affords  a  ride  of  superior  excellence. 
Much  may  be  said  in  praise  of  Nahant  without 
exaggeration.  Its  formation,  situation,  and  rug- 
ged shore  excite  the  curiosity  of  all,  and  many 
thousands  annually  visit  it  for  health  or  pleasure. 

It  is  only  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Boston,  by  the 
steamboats  continually  plying  in  summer  months. 
At  this  place  are  good  fishing  and  fowling,  and 
excellent  accommodations ;  the  ocean  scenery  ia 
exceedingly  beautiful  in  fair  weather,  and  truly 
sublime  in  a  storm. 

This  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  celebrated 
watering-places  in  New  England,  and  a  place  to 
which  many  of  the  wealthy  citizens  of  Boston, 
having  provided  themselves  with  pleasant  cot- 
tages, resort  in  the  summer  months  with  their 
families.  The  Nahant  Hotel  is  a  large  and 
well-kept  house  near  the  termination  of  the  pen 
insuia. 

NANTASKET  BEACH,  MS. 
This  delightful  retreat  in  the  summer  months, 
for  those  who  wish  to  enjoy  the  luxuries  of  sea 
air,  bathing,  fishing,  fowling,  &c.,  is  approached 
by  the  South  Shore  Railroad,  passing  through 
the  pleasant  towns  of  Dorchester,  Quincy,  Brain- 
tree,  Weymouth,  and  Hingham,  to  the  Nantasket 
station,  about  3  miles  from  the  latter  place,  and 
2  miles  from  Cohasset.  The  ride  from  the  station 
to  the  head  of  the  peninsula  of  Nantasket  is  about 
2  miles,  where  are  several  large  and  well-kept 
houses  of  entertainment.  Thence  you  proceed 
over  a  beautiful,  level,  and  hard  beach,  about  4 
miles  in  length.  After  passing  the  beach,  you 
turn  to  the  left  nearly  at  a  right  angle,  and  cross 
a  narrow  neck  of  land,  which  brings  you  upon  a 
fine  highland,  which  constitutes  the  ancient  town 
of  Hull,  the  termination  of  which  is  Point  Alder- 
ton,  directly  opposite  the  Boston  light-house. 
On  the  N.  and  E.  sides  of  this  peninsula  is  Mas- 


656 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


sachusetts  Bay;  on  the  S.  and  W.  is  included  a 
large  portion  of  Boston  outward  harbor,  contain- 
ing many  beautiful  islands,  and  the  entrances  to 
Hingham,  Weymouth  Fore  and  Back  Rivers, 
and  Quincy  Bay.  Among  many  islands  here,  of 
great  beauty,  is  Georges  Island,  on  which  is  nearly 
completed  one  of  the  strongest  forts  on  the  Amer- 
ican coast,  for  the  protection  of  the  city  and  port 
of  Boston  ;  also  Long  Island,  which  has  recently 
become  celebrated  as  a  watering-place. 

The  peninsular  promontory  on  which  Hull  is 
situated,  from  its  position  in  the  midst  of  the 
waters,  and  from  the  pleasant  situations  which 
have  been  erected  here  by  our  wealthy  citizens 
for  summer  residence,  has  become  to  the  people 
of  Boston  a  second  Nahant.  The  view  of  the  har- 
bor from  this  point,  with  its  many  lovely  islands, 
the  light-house  opposite,  and  the  animated  spec- 
tacle of  going  and  returning  ships,  steamers,  and 
pleasure  boats  upon  its  waters,  is  beyond  descrip- 
tion beautiful.  Here  also,  as  well  as  at  the  beach, 
are  good  houses  of  entertainment. 

This  little  town,  in  addition  to  these  natural 
attractions,  has  an  interesting  and  venerable  an- 
tiquity. It  was  a  mart  of  commerce,  and  the 
residence  of  eminent  men,  6  years  before  Boston 
bore  its  present  name,  and  4  years  before  Salem 
became  a  town.  The  ease  with  which  it  was  ca- 
pable of  being  defended  from  the  incursions  of  the 
Indians  led  to  its  early  occupation  as  a  place  of 
residence.  On  the  highest  ground  are  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  fort,  within  which  was  a  well,  said 
to  be  100  feet  deep. 

The  first  settlers  of  Dorchester  received  the 
hospitalities  of  the  citizens  of  this  place  in  June, 
1660;  and,  in  grateful  remembrance,  every  suc- 
ceeding generation  pays  frequent  visits  to  this 
hallowed  spot. 

The  distance  from  Boston  to  Hull,  by  land,  is 
22  miles ;  and  by  water  9  miles.  A  splendid 
steamboat,  which  plies  between  Boston  and  Hing- 
ham, passing  near  Forts  Independence  and  War- 
ren, Thompson's  Island,  on  which  is  the  Boston 
Farm  School,  Spectacle  Island,  Hospital  Island, 
the  islands  above  named,  and  several  others, 
touches  at  this  place,  and  affords  one  of  the  most 
delightful  trips  any  where  to  be  enjoyed. 

NATURAL  BRIDGE,  VA., 
A  stupendous  natural  arch  of  limestone  rock, 
upon  which  a  road  passes  over  a  small  stream, 
called  Cedar  Creek,  in  the  south  part  of  Rock- 
bridge  co.,  a  short  distance  from  its  entrance  into 
James  River.  It  is  on  the  ascent  of  a  hill,  which 
seems  to  have  been  cloven  through  its  length  by 
some  great  convulsion  of  nature.  This  is  re- 
garded by  many  as  one  of  the  greatest  natural 
curiosities  in  the  United  States.  The  height 
of  the  bridge  above  the  stream,  to  the  top,  is  215 
feet ;  the  chasm  which  it  spans  is  50  feet  wide  at 
the  bottom,  and  90  feet  at  the  top  ;  the  average 
width  of  the  arch  is  80  feet,  being  narrowest  in 
the  middle  ;  and  its  thickness,  from  the  under  to 
the  upper  surface,  is  55  feet.  The  bridge  is  cov- 
ered with  a  stratum  of  clayey  earth,  from  4  to  6 
feet  deep,  having  a  natural  parapet  of  rocks  on 
either  side,  rendered  firm  by  trees  and  shrubbery. 
The  view  from  the  top,  for  those  who  dare  ap- 
proach and  look  over  the  parapet  into  the  abyss 
below,  is  awfully  grand.  From  below  it  is  equally 
sublime,  and  being  divested  of  painful  apprehen- 
sions, is  more  interesting.  In  looking  up  to  this 
stupendous  arch,  at  once  so  massive  and  so  light, 


and  springing,  as  it  were,  tip  to  heaven,  the  emo- 
tions of  sublimity  which  are  experienced  are 
beyond  the  power  of  language  to  express.  The 
names  of  many  adventurous  visitants  are  seen 
upon  a  portion  of  its  walls,  where  they  have  been 
ambitious  to  excel  those  who  have  gone  before 
them,  in  the  height  which  they  could  ascend.  The 
name  of  Washington  still  remains,  where  he 
climbed  up,  and  engraved  it  in  the  rock  with  his 
own  hands,  25  feet  from  the  base.  Through  the 
chasm,  which  continues  narrow,  deep,  and  straight, 
for  a  considerable  distance  above  and  below  the 
bridge,  a  limited  but  very  pleasing  view  is  ob- 
tained of  North  Mountain  on  the  one  side,  and 
of  the  Blue  Ridge  on  the  other,  each  about  5  miles 
distant. 

The  Natural  Bridge  is  made  to  answer  a  very 
useful  purpose  ;  as  the  turnpike  road,  which  is  car- 
ried over  it,  could  not  otherwise  find  a  passage 
across  this  gulf  for  several  miles.  It  lies  156 
miles  W.  from  Richmond. 

NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS,  N.  Y. 

These  celebrated  warm  springs  are  situated  in 
the  lovely  valley  of  New  Lebanon,  a  short  dis- 
tance W.  of  the  Ms.  line.  The  spot  is  sur- 
rounded by  cultivated  hills,  which  present  a 
panorama  of  scenery  greatly  variegated  and  pe- 
culiarly pleasing  to  the  eye.  This  place  has  long 
been  known  as  a  great  resort  for  visitors  from  all 
directions,  who  come  to  enjoy  the  romantic  sce- 
nery of  the  region  and  the  beneficial  influence  of 
its  tepid  waters.  The  warm  spring,  which  is  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  is  10  feet  in  diameter,  and  4 
feet  deep,  and  discharges  water  enough  to  sup- 
ply a  small  mill  power,  to  which  the  stream,  at  a 
little  distance  from  the  source,  has  been  applied. 
The  temperature  of  these  waters  is  72°  Fahren- 
heit at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  They  are  clear 
as  crystal,  tasteless,  inodorous,  and  soft,  which 
renders  them  delightful  for  the  warm  bath,  for 
which  they  are  so  much  used ;  being  found  bene- 
ficial in  cutaneous  affections,  rheumatism,  internal 
obstructions,  liver  complaint,  nervous  debility, 
and  other  diseases. 

Besides  this  abundant  supply  of  warm  water, 
there  are  numerous  rills  gushing  out  of  the  sides 
of  the  mountains  here,  which  are  almost  as  cold 
as  ice.  These,  also,  are  peculiarly  clear  and  pure. 

This  place  has  very  judiciously  been  selected 
for  the  erection  of  an  establishment  for  the  water 
cure,  which  has  of  late  years  been  introduced  into 
our  country  from  Germany. 

A  railroad  will  soon  be  completed,  passing 
through  this  place,  and  connecting  it  with  the 
Western  Railroad,  about  7  miles  distant.  From 
this  point  to  Albany,  about  33  miles  ;  to  Boston, 
about  167  miles  ;  to  New  York,  via  Bridgeport 
and  Long  Island  Sound,  160  miles. 

NEWPORT,  R.  I. 

This  place,  so  "  beautiful  for  situation,"  and 
so  interesting  for  its  antiquities,  has  become 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  summer  resorts 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  located  on  the  S. 
W.  side  of  the  rich  and  fertile  island  of  Rhode 
Island,  lying  within  the  mouth.'  of  Narraganset 
Bay,  5  miles  from  the  ocean.  Its  harbor,  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  world,  spreads  W.  before  the 
town,  which  is  built  on  a  gentle  declivity  to  the 
shore,  and  appears  beautifully  as  it  is  approached 
upon  the  water.  Its  insular  situation  gives  to 
Newport  the  advantage  of  a  cool,  refreshing  sea 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


657 


breeze  from  almost  every  point  of  the  compass ; 
so  that  in  all  the  hot  months  it  is  one  of  the 
most  comfortable  places  of  residence  any  where 
to  be  found.  On  this  account,  it  has  long  been  a 
favorite  place  of  fashionable  resort,  especially 
for  visitors  from  the  south.  Within  a  few  years 
past,  a  number  of  large  and  splendid  hotels  have 
been  erected,  affording  the  best  accommodations 
that  could  be  desired  for  all  who  come ;  so  that, 
in  this  respect,  Newport  is  now  the  rival  of  Sar- 
atoga itself. 

The  largest  of  these  establishments  are  the 
Ocean  House,  situated  at  the  S.  end  of  Bellevue 
Street :  the  Atlantic  House,  at  the  head  of  Pelham 
Street ;  and  the  Bellevue  House,  having  its  most 
extensive  front  on  Catharine  Street,  The  Ocean 
House  was  first  built  in  1843,  by  a  company, 
which  has  since  been  incorporated  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Rhode  Island.  In  August.  1845,  this 
edifice  was  entirely  burnt  to  the  ground ;  and 
in  the  following  autumn  and  winter,  it  was  re- 
built with  great  additions  to  its  extent  and 
splendor.  These  are  the  most  extensive  estab- 
lishments, for  the  entertainment  of  company,  in 
town  ;  but  there  are  a  number  of  others,  where 
boarders  are  handsomely  accommodated,  and  for 
a  few  weeks  in  summer  they  are  all  generally 
filled. 

Newport  is  rendered  attractive  not  only  by  its 
cool  and  salubrious  climate,  but  also  by  several 
objects  of  curious  interest  to  the  lovers  of  anti- 
quarian research  ;  its  splendid  beaches,  adapted 
in  the  highest  degree  to  the  luxury  of  surf  bath- 
ing ;  its  abundant  means  of  enjoyment  for  those 
who  are  fond  of  the  pleasures  of  sailing  or 
fishing  in  its  secure  and  capacious  bay  and  har- 
bor; and  the  many  beautiful  rides  over  the 
area  of  the  island  in  the  rear  of  the  town,  upon 
roads  of  the  finest  description,  and  amidst  the 
beautiful  shrubbery  and  verdure,  which  its  rich 
soil  and  moistened  atmosphere  sustain  in  fresh 
luxuriance. 

Among  the  antiquities  of  Newport  is  what  is 
commonly  called  the  Old  Stone  Mill;  which 
is  one  of  the  very  few  works  of  human  structure 
in  our  country,  the  origin  and  design  of  which 
are  involved  in  impenetrable  mystery.  That  it 
may  have  been  once  fitted  up  and  used  for  a  mill, 
is  perhaps  probable,  from  the  fact  that  it  is  men- 
tioned in  the  will  of  Governor  Benedict  Arnold, 
who,  in  1657,  succeeded  to  Roger  Williams  in 
the  government  of  Rhode  Island,  as  "my  old 
stone-built  wind  mill ; "  but  that  the  structure 
was  originally  intended  for  such  a  purpose,  is 
what  few,  considering  its  peculiar  configuration 
and  unknown  antiquity,  will  be  able  to  believe. 
There  is  no  record,  nor  any  traditionary  legend, 
worthy  of  credit,  to  satisfy  inquiry  concerning 
the  date,  design,  or  artificers  of  this  curious  edi- 
fice. These  points  have  occasioned  much  specu- 
lation ;  but  all  has  been  vain  as  to  any  satisfac- 
tory result. 

This  building,  which,  besides  the  above  name, 
is  frequently  called  the  Old  Tower,  and  the 
Newport  Ruin,  is  a  circular  tower,  23«fe  feet  in 
diameter,  and  28^  feet  high,  composed  of  irregu- 
lar, rough  stones,  said  to  bear  no  affinity  to  the 
rocks  of  the  island.  The  body  of  this  building 
is  elevated  upon  8  round  pillars  of  the  same 
material,  arches  being  turned  between  the  pillars. 
The  height  of  these  pillars  is  about  10  feet.  The 
walls  of  the  tower  above  are  18  inches  thick, 
having  o.ie  narrow  loophole  on  the  N.,  one  on 
83 


the  W.,  and  one  on  the  S.  sides.  On  the  E.  side 
is  a  fireplace,  with  its  flue  in  the  wall.  The 
roof  and  floors,  if  any  it  had,  were  of  perishable 
materials,  and  are  gone,  leaving  the  interior 
open  to  the  sky.  It  stands  on  a  vacant  lot  upon 
the  hill,  a  little  E.  of  Spring  Street,  and  between 
Pelham  and  Mill  Streets.  It  has  been  supposed, 
by  some,  to  have  been  built  by  the  Northmen  for 
a  religious  use;  others  have  maintained  that  it 
was  reared  by  the  early  inhabitants,  as  a  place  of 
refuge  and  defence  against  the  Indians.  The 
former  of  these  hypotheses  is  of  course  conjec- 
tural, and  the  latter  seems  intrinsically  improb- 
able. 

The  company  which  annually  visits  Newport 
is  of  a  peculiarly  select  and  elevated  character. 
The  place  differs  in  this  respect  from  most  of  our 
fashionable  resorts.  It  is  not  health  or  amuse- 
ment which  is  here  sought,  so  much  as  comfort, 
and  fine  society,  and  freedom  from  the  cares  of 
business  and  professional  engagements.  It  is  true 
many  are  here  from  the  gay  and  pleasure-loving 
circles  in  the  community ;  but  the  greater  part 
of  those  who  come  are  persons  who  aim  to  find 
in  these  elegant  establishments,  or  in  the  beauti- 
ful cottages  and  summer  houses  which  they  have 
provided  for  themselves,  a  residence  for  the  time 
being,  partaking  somewhat  of  the  character  of 
the  homes  of  high  life  in  the  cities. 

This  beautiful  island  is  approached  by  a  daily 
line  of  steamboats  from  New  York,  from  which 
it  is  distant  157  miles  N.  E. ;  and  from  Boston, 
also  daily,  by  railroad  and  steamboat,  about  70 
miles. 

NIAGARA  FALLS. 

These  falls,  in  the  Niagara  River,  which  is 
the  outlet  of  the  great  lakes  of  North  America, 
containing  one  half  of  all  the  fresh  water  on  the 
globe,  are  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
sublime  and  imposing  spectacles  in  nature.  The 
river,  which  flows  from  Lake  Erie  in  a  channel 
three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide,  and  from  20  to  40 
feet  deep,  and  which  is,  at  this  place,  about  the 
same  width,  while  pressing  with  great  force  down 
the  declivity  of  the  rapids  for  almost  3  miles 
above,  is  here  precipitated  over  a  perpendicular 
descent  of  160  feet,  with  a  tremendous  roar, 
which  is  ordinarily  heard  from  15  to  30  miles, 
and  has  sometimes  been  heard  at  Toronto,  a  dis- 
tance of  45  miles.  It  has  been  estimated  that 
the  volume  of  water  carried  over  Niagara  is  not 
less  than  six  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  tons  in 
a  minute.  It  is  the  vastness  of  elements  like 
these,  entering  into  the  conception  of  this  stu- 
pendous natural  phenomenon,  which  carries  the 
emotions  of  wonder  and  sublimity  with  which 
it  strikes  the  outward  senses  to  their  highest 
bounds. 

About  three  miles  above  the  falls  commence 
the  rapids.  These  are  caused  by  a  descent 
in  the  bed  of  the  river  of  about  52  to  57  feet,  in 
the  course  of  which  are  numerous  ledges  of  rocks 
from  2  to  4  feet  high,  extending  wholly  across 
the  channel,  over  which  this  mighty  volume  of 
waters,  in  a  dashing  and  foaming  torrent,  is  hur- 
ried on  towards  the  tremendous  cataract.  The 
declivity  of  the  rivers  bed  is  a  little  greater  on 
the  British  than  on  the  American  side,  as  denoted 
by  the  numbers  expressed  above.  This  circum- 
stance, together  with  a  bend  in  the  course  of  the 
stream,  causes  the  principal  weight  of  the  water, 
computed  to  be  about  seven  eighths  of  the  whole, 
to  be  thrown  towards  the  Canadian  side  of  the- 


658 


MINERAL   SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE   RESORTS, 


river,  and  consequently  to  be  carried  over  the 
great  Horseshoe  Fall,  which  is  that  part  of  the 
cataract  between  Goat  Island  and  the  Canadian 
shore.  The  view  of  these  rapids  to  be  obtained 
from  Goat  Island,  or  from  the  opposite  shore, 
were  the  wonder  to  end  here,  would  be  enough 
to  reward  the  pains  of  the  longest  journey. 
Nearly  in  the  middle,  in  respect  to  distance,  the 
falls  are  separated  by  Goat  Island,  which  has 
also  received  the  name  of  Iris  Island.  This 
island,  which  contains  about  75  acres,  and  is  cov- 
ered in  part  with  a  wild  fqrest,  extends  to  the 
brow  and  to  the  bottom  of  the  precipice ;  and, 
from  its  own  romantic  situation,  and  the  advan- 
tage it  affords  for  viewing  the  surrounding  pano- 
rama from  many  interesting  points,  which  other- 
wise could  never  have  been  approached,  constitutes 
one  of  the  most  pleasing  features  of  the  scene. 
A  few  rods  from  Goat  Island,  towards  the  Amer- 
ican shore,  the  fall  is  again  divided  by  the  pro- 
jecting of  a  small  island,  called  Prospect  or  Luna 
Island.  The  section  which  is  included  between 
these  islands  is  denominated  the  Central  Fall,  or 
the  Cascade.  The  distance  across  the  fall,  from 
the  American  shore  to  Goat  Island,  is  65  rods ; 
across  the  front  of  Goat  Island,  78  rods  ;  around 
the  Horseshoe  Fall,  from  Goat  Island  to  the 
Canada  shore,  144  rods;  and  directly  across, 
from  the  island  to  Table  Rock,  74  rods.  The 
curve  of  this  fall  is  somewhat  less  like  that  of 
a  horseshoe  than  it  formerly  was,  having  ap- 
proached a  more  angular  form  in  the  middle. 
The  greatest  height  of  the  falls  is  near  the  shore 
on  the  American  side,  where  the  descent  is  163 
feet ;  near  Goat  Island,  on  the  same  side,  it  is 
158  feet;  near  Goat  Island,  on  the  Canada  side, 
it  is  154  feet ;  and  at  its  termination,  near  Table 
Rock,  on  the  Canada  shore,  it  is  150  feet.  Vis- 
itors are  often  somewhat  disappointed,  at  first,  in 
their  impressions  of  the  height  of  the  falls, 
which  is  owing  to  the  unanticipated  effect  of  their 
other  immense  proportions,  —  in  length  and  in 
volume  of  water.  When  time  and  varying  points 
of  view  have  enabled  the  mind  to  stretch  itself, 
in  some  measure,  to  take  in  these  vast  dimensions 
of  the  scene  before  it,  then  the  awful  grandeur 
of  the  height  from  which  these  mighty  floods  are 
descending,  will  not  fail  to  be  realized  with  al- 
most overwhelming  emotions.  The  different 
views  which  are  to  be  obtained  from  below  the 
falls  are  specially  subservient  to  this  effect. 

The  situation  of  a  small  island  in  the  rapids 
above  the  American  Fall,  about  midway  between 
the  shore  and  Goat  Island,  which  is  called  Bath 
Island,  encouraged  the  attempt  to  construct  a 
bridge,  over  which  the  former  might  be  safely 
reached.  The  work,  though  one  of  extreme 
difficulty  and  hazard,  was  successfully  accom- 
plished in  1818.  This  bridge,  from  the  Ameri- 
can shore  to  Bath  Island,  is  28  rods  in  length, 
and  then  16  rods  between  Bath  and  Goat  Islands. 
It  crosses  the  rapids  only  64  rods  above  the  cat- 
aract. On  Bath  Island  a  toll-house  is  estab- 
lished, where  a  register  of  the  names  of  visitors 
is  kept,  and  the  payment  of  a  fee  of  25  cents 
entitles  each  person  to  pass  and  repass  as  often 
as  he  may  desire  during  the  period  of  his  stay. 
On  this  island  an  extensive  paper  mill  has  been 
established.  The  immense  water  power  which 
might  tre  obtained  at  these  falls,  for  manufac- 
turing purposes,  is  not  improved  to  any  great 
extent,  on  account  of  their  exposed  frontier  sit- 
uation in  the  event  of  war. 


At  the  lowest  extremity  of  Goat  Island,  towards 
the  American  side,  a  fine  view  is  presented  of 
the  Central  and  the  American  Falls,  of  the  river 
below,  of  the  iron  suspension  bridge,  spanning 
the  gulf  in  the  distance,  at  the  height  of  200  feet, 
and  of  the  Whirlpool,  caused  by  a  violent  angle 
in  the  rushing  torrent  two  miles  below,  which  is 
just  distinguishable  by  the  cloud  of  foam  which 
it  sends  into  the  air.  'Those  of  firm  nerves  may 
here  approach  to  the  very  verge  of  the  precipice, 
and  look  directly  down  at  the  descent  of  the 
Cascade,  or  Central  Fall,  which  rolls  over  the 
precipice  at  their  feet,  in  a  clear,  unbroken  col- 
umn, 158  feet  high.  Beneath  and  behind  this 
fall  is  the  celebrated  Cave  of  the  Winds.  From 
Luna  Island,  which  is  here  connected  with  Goat 
Island  by  a  foot  bridge,  a  similar  view  of  the 
American  Fall  is  obtained,  and  the  finest  which 
is  to  be  had  from  any  position  above  the  banks. 
The  broad  and  massive  stream  pours  over  the 
brink  163  feet,  into  the  depth  below.  At  the 
opposite  extremity  of  this  great  cataract,  upon 
the  American  shore,  is  also  a  fine  position,  at 
Prospect  Place,  for  a  view  of  the  entire  falls, 
considered  on  the  whole  as  the  best  panoramic 
view  which  is  to  be  had  from  the  American  side. 
From  the  S.  W.  angle  of  Goat  Island,  towards 
the  British  side,  a  most  grand  view  is  presented 
of  the  Horseshoe  Fall,  the  basin  beneath,  and  the 
rapids  above.  A  bridge,  called  the  Terrapin 
Bridge,  has  been  carried  over  the  rapids  at  this 
point,  about  250  feet,  obliquely,  towards  the  brink 
of  the  fall,  to  a  position  upon  the  rocks,  where  a 
stone  tower  has  been  erected,  called  Prospect 
Tower,  which,  from  its  open  gallery  at  the  top, 
45  feet  high,  furnishes  a  magnificent  view  of  the 
whole  of  this  stupendous  scene.  For  a  view  of 
the  rapids,  perhaps  no  other  point  of  observation 
is  equal  to  this.  From  this  point  the  Horseshoe 
Fall  is  seen  with  the  finest  advantage,  under  the 
light  of  the  morning  sun,  striking  almost  directly 
upon  its  front,  and  spanning  the  clouds  of  vapor 
with  its  brilliant  bow.  This  also  is  the  place  to 
enjoy  the  scene  by  the  evening  moonlight.  Tho 
bridge  was  formerly  extended  about  50  or  60  feet 
beyond  the  tower,  so  as  to  project  a  few  feet  over 
the  edge  of  the  precipice,  enabling  the  spectator 
to  look  directly  down  1 50  feet  to  the  boiling  basin 
into  which  the  cataract  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall 
descends.  This,  however,  has  been  considered  as 
too  daring  an  exposure  of  life  to  be  prudently 
encountered,  and  therefore  this  extension  of  the 
Terrapin  Bridge  has  been  broken  up. 

There  is  a  descent  to  the  bottom  of  the  falls 
from  the  front  of  Goat  Island,  which  is  accom- 
plished by  a  covered  winding  staircase,  erected 
in  the  year  1829  by  the  late  Nicholas  Biddle,  Esq., 
of  Philadelphia,  and  known  as  the  Biddle  Stair- 
case. The  descent  from  the  island  to  the  margin 
of  the  river  here  is  185  feet.  From  the  foot  of 
the  stairs,  to  the  left,  a  path  leads  to  the  Horse- 
shoe Fall,  by  which,  when  the  wind  is  favorable, 
a  passage  may  be  effected  with  safety  for  some 
way  behind  the  sheet  of  falling  water.  To  the 
right,  from  the  staircase,  a  path  leads  to  the  cel- 
ebrated Cave  of  the  Winds,  situated  directly  be- 
'  hind  the  Central  Fall,  towards  the  American  side. 
This  cave,  formed  by  a  recess  in  the  wall  of  the 
precipice,  is  about  120  feet  across,  50  feet  in 
width,  and  100  feet  high.  The  sheet  of  water  on 
the  one  side,  and  the  projecting  rock  on  the  other, 
form  an  overhanging  arch  of  awful  grandeur ; 
and  from  the  back  of  the  cave,  the  sight  and 


IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


659 


sound  of  the  rushing  waters,  and  of  the  rever- 
berating winds  pent  up  in  their  rocky  confines, 
thrill  the  soul  with  emotions  never  to  be  forgotten. 

The  passage  of  the  river  from  one  side  to  the 
other  is  effected  with  ease  and  safety  by  a  ferry, 
a  few  rods  below  the  American  Fall.  This  is 
maintained,  during  the  seasW  of  the  greatest 
concourse  of  visitors,  by  running  a  small  steam- 
boat across,  and  at  other  seasons  by  small  boats 
with  oars.  The  descent  to  the  ferry  on  the  Amer- 
ican side  is  by  a  stairway,  and  also  by  a  rail  car, 
upon  an  inclined  plane  at  an  angle  of  35°, 
and  325  feet  in  length,  carried  down  and  up  by 
the  action  of  a  wheel  turned  by  water.  On  the 
British  side,  a  winding  carriage  road  has  been 
constructed.  One  of  the  best  views  of  the  falls, 
particularly  of  those  on  the  American  side,  is  that 
which  is  enjoyed  from  the  boat  while  crossing  this 
ferry.  The  depth  of  the  water  here  is  250  feet. 

A  pleasing  view  of  the  falls  is  obtained  from 
the  wire  suspension  bridge,  about  2  miles  below, 
which  is  itself  a  wonder  of  art,  now  constituting 
an  additional  object  of  admiration  for  visitors 
at  the  falls.  It  spans  the  narrow  gorge  of  the 
Niagara  River  by  a  reach,  from  pier  to  pier,  of 
800  feet  in  length. and  230  feet  above  the  water. 
The  width  of  the  bridge  is  40  feet.  It  is  sup- 
ported by  16  wire  cables,  1100  feet  long  and 
upwards  of  12  inches  in  circumference,  having  a 
strength  equal  to  6500  tons  tension  strain. 

But  the  best  single  and  comprehensive  view  of 
the  falls  is  obtained  from  the  banks  on  the  Cana- 
dian shore,  where  a  full  view  of  the  great  Cres- 
cent or  Horseshoe  Fall  is  presented  on  the  right, 
while  those  on  the  American  side,  though  more 
distant,  are  seen  in  their  whole  breadth  pouring 
down  almost  directly  in  front. 

Table  Rock,  situated  near  the  angle  made  by 
the  shore  on  the  Canada  side  with  the  precipice 
over  which  the  Horseshoe  Fall  descends,  is  a 
broad  projecting  crag,  150  feet  above  the  bed  of 
the  river,  from  which  this  fearful  cataract,  with  the 
agitated  waters  both  above  and  below,  and  the 
American  Fall,  in  comparative  distance,  are  seen 
with  the  finest  advantage.  Portions  of  this  rock 
have  fallen  off,  at  different  times  within  the  mem- 
ory of  man,  somewhat  curtailing  its  original 
dimensions.  This  fact,  together  with  the  changes 
in  the  shape  of  the  British  Fall,  from  a  compara- 
tively gradual  curve,  according  to  authentic  data, 
in  1678,  to  its  present  more  angular  outline,  might 
6eem  to  favor  the  belief  of  some  geologists,  that 
the  falls  have  been,  and  are  still,  continually  re- 
ceding, and  leaving  behind  them  the  high  banks 
of  a  channel  which  they  have  been  excavating 
perhaps  ever  since  the  creation.  It  is  certain, 
however,  that  the  lapse  of  250  years  has  wit- 
nessed no  perceptible  alteration  in  the  geograph- 
ical position  of  this  wonder  of  nature. 

Near -Table  Rock  there  is  another  staircase  by 
which  visitors  may  descend  to  the  foot  of  the 
Horseshoe  Fall,  and  place  themselves  in  a  situ- 
ation to  feel  the  full  impression  of  that  tremen- 
dous power  which  is  making  the  rocky  founda- 
tions underneath  to  tremble.  Her-e,  too,  those 
who  are  able  to  do  it  may  pass,  with  a  guide  to 
direct  them,  a  distance  of  230  feet  behind  this 
great  sheet  of  water,  to  a  narrow  ledge,  upon 
which  there  is  scarcely  space  to  stand,  called  Ter- 
mination Rock,  and  there  gaze  at  the  arch  above, 
which  appears  threatening  to  fall  and  crush  them, 
or  look  down  into  the  abyss  as  far  as  the  flashing 
waters  and  the  rising  mists  will  permit  the  eye 


to  penetrate.  There  are  many  features  of  sub- 
limity and  of  beauty  belonging  to  a  full  descrip- 
tion of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  which  must  pass 
unnoticed  here. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  those  who  have  been  long 
resident  near  the  falls,  that  not  even  the  different 
kinds  of  fish  that  chance  to  be  carried  down  ever 
escape  with  life  ;  wild  fowl  too,  it  is  said,  never,, 
•escape  destruction  if  once  brought  by  any  means 
near  to  the  verge  of  the  main  cataract.  Three 
large  British  vessels,  stationed  on  Lake  Erie 
during  the. war  of  1812,  were,  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  declared  unfit  for  service,  and  condemned. 
Permission  was  obtained  to  send  them  over  the 
falls.  The  first  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the  rapids, 
and  went  over  in  fragments ;  the  second  foun- 
dered before  she  reached  the  falls  ;  but  the  third, 
which  was  stronger,  took  the  leap  in  gallant 
style,  and  retained  her  figure  till  she  was  hidden 
in  the  mist  below.  A  reward  of  10  dollars,  which 
had  been  offered  for  the  largest  fragment  of  wood 
from  either  wreck,  was  finally  paid  for  the  only 
splinter  which  was  found,  which  was  not  above  a 
foot  in  length,  ragged,  and  crushed  as  by  a  vice. 

There  are  other  falls  in  this  country  which 
have  a  greater  perpendicular  descent  than  those 
of  Niagara ;  but  there  are  none,  either  in  this  or 
any  other  part  of  the  known  world,  where  such  a 
mass  of  water,,  with  such  tremendous  power,  is 
precipitated  from  so  great  a  height.  If  any  thing 
can  add  to  the  emotions  of  sublimity  awakened 
by  these  amazing  demonstrations  of  the  Creator's 
might,  it  is  the  thought  of  their  untiring  en- 
durance—  of  the  centuries  through  which  the 
"  voice  of  God  as  the  sound  of  many  waters " 
here  has  thundered  its  eternal  peal. 

"  These  groaning  rocks  the  Almighty's  finger  piled  ; 
For  ages  here  his  painted  bow  has  smiled, 
Marking  the  changes  and  the  chance  of  time  — 
Eternal  —  beautiful  —  serene  —  sublime  !  " 

NICOJACK  CAVE,  GA. 

This  vast  cave  is  situated  in  the  N.  W.  ex 
tremity  of  the  state,  having  its  entrance  about  20 
miles  S.  W.  of  the  Lookout  Mountain,  and  half 
a  mile  from  the  S.  bank  of  the  Tennessee.  The 
width  of  the  entrance  is  25  feet,  and  the  roof  va- 
ries from  5  to  60  feet  in  height.  The  Students' 
Cave,  first  explored  by  the  students  of  Mercer 
University  in  1848,  which  has  its  entrance  about 
4  miles  distant,  in  Tennessee,  is  supposed  to  be 
connected  with  this. 

The  interior  passages  and  apartments  of  these 
caves  aft'ord  much  both  to  astonish  and  delight  the 
visitor.  Spacious  rooms  and  lofty  domes,  tall 
columns  and  glittering  pendants  from  the  ceil- 
ings, arches  and  resemblances  to  architectural 
facades,  entablatures,  and  other  decorations,  can- 
st itute  a  succession  of  interesting  objects,  the  ex- 
tent of  which  is  not  definitely  known.  The  rail- 
roads from  Charleston  and  Savannah  to  the 
Tennessee  River  afford  a  ready  communication 
with  the  region  in  which  these  caves  are  situated. 

OLD  MAN  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN,  N.  H. 

See  Franconia  Notch,  p.  266. 

OLD  ORCHARD  BEACH,  ME. 

This  fine  beach  is  in  the  town  of  Saco,  which 
lies  on  the  Eastern  Railroad,  about  15  miles 
S.  W.  of  Portland.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Saco 
River,  which  here  enters  the  ocean,  the  beach 


660 


MINEKAL  SPRINGS^  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


stretches  5  miles  and  more  to  the  N.  E.,  and  is 
uncommonly  smooth  and  hard  over  its  whole 
extent.  The  situation  is  retired  and  agreeable 
for  visitors,  being  separated  from  the  town  by  a 
narrow  tract  of  pine  wood,  through  which  there 
are  cool  and  pleasant  rides.  Accommodations 
are  provided  here  for  a  considerable  number  of 
visitors. 

ONONDAGA  SALT  SPRINGS,  N.  Y., 
Are  upon  the  shores  and  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  lake  of  this  name,  which  lies  wholly  in 
Onondaga  co.  They  are  principally  owned  by 
the  state,  and  bring  to  it  a  handsome  revenue. 
They  are  the  largest  and  best  in  the  U.  S.  The 
making  of  salt,  both  by  solar  evaporation  and  by 
artificial  heat,  is  carried  on  very  extensively  at 
Salina,  Syracuse,  Liverpool,  and  Geddes,  places 
adjoining  each  other,  which  are  all  included 
within  the  limits  of  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs 
Reservation.  The  original  Reservation,  indeed, 
embraced  a  much  larger  extent ;  but  the  whole, 
not  included  within  these  several  places,  has 
been  sold  to  private  landholders. 

Salt  was  first  made  on  this  tract  at  Salt  Point, 
near  the  margin  of  the  lake,  and  within  the  pres- 
ent limits  of  Salina.  The  earliest  systematic 
arrangements  for  carrying  on  the  business,  as 
far  as  records  show,  date  back  as  far  as  1787. 
The  principal  spring  is  at  Salina,  which  affords 
an  inexhaustible  supply  of  water,  yielding,  to 
every  40  gallons  about  one  bushel  of  pure  salt. 
The  water  is  forced  up  by  hydraulic  engines  into 
a  large  reservoir,  from  which  it  is  conducted  in 
pipes  to  the  various  works  at  Syracuse,  and  other 
places  in  the  vicinity.  The  amount  of  the  duty 
on  salt,  accruing  to  the  state  from  these  works, 
in  1850,  was  $44,364. 

PASSAIC  FALLS,  N.  J. 

These  beautiful  falls  are  on  the  Passaic  River, 
at  Paterson,  13  miles  N.  of  Newark,  and  17 
miles  from  New  York.  They  are  easily  reached 
by  railroad  from  New  York,  and  constitute  one 
of  the  favorite  resorts  for  citizens  and  strangers 
from  the  city.  The  river  here,  after  pouring 
over  a  dam  several  feet  high,  erected  immedi- 
ately on  the  brow  of  the  falls,  and  rushing  thence 
down  a  steep  declivity,  on  its  natural  rocky  bed, 
some  20  or  30  feet,  finally  makes  a  plunge  over 
a  perpendicular  precipice,  about  60  feet  high,  into 
a  chasm  between  two  walls  of  the  rock,  from 
which  the  waters  emerge  through  a  fissure 
at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the  cataract. 
The  rocks,  being  of  a  basaltic  character,  are  of 
rectilinear  form,  and  perpendicular  in  their  posi- 
tion, which  gives  a  remarkably  bold  and  impos- 
ing aspect  to  the  scenery.  This  also  accounts 
for  the  comparatively  smooth  surfaces  of  this 
deep  excavation.  By  the  dam  above  the  falls,  a 
portion  of  the  river  is  diverted  for  the  purpose 
of  obtaining  the  valuable  water  power  by  which 
the  extensive  factories  at  Paterson  are  carried 
on.  This  has  much  diminished  the  beauty  of 
the  falls,  except  at  seasons  of  high  water,  when 
they  appear  in  their  original  grandeur. 

PHILLIPS'S  POINT,  MS., 
Juts  out  into  Massachusetts  Bay,  about  3  miles 
N.  of  the  centre  of  Lynn,  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
entrance  to  the  peninsula  on  which  Nahant  is 
situated.  Here  is  a  beach  of  great  beauty,  of 
about  half  a  mile  in  length.  The  access  to  this 


delightful  spot  is  so  easy,  and  the  natural  charms 
of  the  place  so  great,  that,  with  public  accommo- 
dations which  are  all  that  guests  can  desire,  it  has 
become  a  favorite  place  of  fashionable  resort. 
The  distance  from  Boston  is  12  miles. 

PICTURED  ROCKS,  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 
See  p.  251. 

PINE  ORCHARD,  N.  Y., 
Is  the  name  given  to  an  elevated  terrace  of 
table  land,  or  ledge,  upon  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, about  2300  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
Hudson  River.  Formerly  it  was  covered  with  a 
scattered  growth  of  pines,  which,  in  its  wild  state, 
give  to  it  the  name  of  Pine  Orchard.  Upon  the 
E.  verge  of  this  table  of  rock,  of  about  6  acres  in 
extent,  stands  the  Catskill  Mountain  House, 
about  140  feet  in  length,  and  4  stories  high, 
which  has  been  erected  for  the  accommodation 
of  visitors,  who  resort  here  in  great  numbers  in 
the  summer  season,  to  enjoy  the  extensive  pros- 
pect, the  cool,  exhilarating  atmosphere,  and  the 
wild  surrounding  scenery.  Few  places  of  fash- 
ionable resort  present  stronger  attractions  than 
this.  A  line  of  stages  runs  between  Catskill  on 
the  Hudson  River  and  the  Mountain  House,  a 
distance  of  12  miles.  The  ride  to  the  foot  of  the 
mountain  is  not  specially  interesting;  but  the 
ascent,  by  a  very  circuitous  route,  from  every 
successive  opening  and  turn  of  which  some  new 
and  more  extensive  vista  is  presented  to  the  eye 
continually,  is  in  a  high  degree  inspiring  and  de- 
lightful. And  when  at  length  the  lofty  eminence 
is  reached,  there  opens,  from  the  front  of  the  noble 
edifice,  a  prospect  of  vast  extent  and  beauty; 
embracing  an  apparently  endless  succession  of 
woods  and  waters,  farms  and  villages,  towns  and 
cities,  spread  out  as  in  a  boundless  panorama, 
over  which  all  inequalities  of  surface  are  over- 
looked. The  beautiful  Hudson  appears  nar- 
rowed in  the  distance,  with  numerous  vessels 
scattered  along  its  silvery  line,  discerned,  as  far 
as  the  eye  can  reach,  by  their  canvas  gleaming  in 
the  sun,  and  with  the  trailing  cloud  of  some 
smoking  steamboat  almost  constantly  in  sight. 

The  view  embraces  an  area  of  about  70  miles 
N.  and  S.  Far  in  the  E.  outline  rise  the  Tagh- 
kanic  mountains,  and  the  highlands  of  Ct.  and 
Ms.  To  the  left  are  seen  the  Green  Mountains  of 
Vt.,  stretching  away  into  the  N.  till  their  blue 
summits  are  blended  with  the  sky.  At  other 
times  all  the  prospect  below  is  enveloped  in  a 
rolling  sea  of  mist  and  cloud,  surging  with  the 
wind,  and  presenting  ever  new  and  fanciful 
forms  to  the  sight.  Thunder  storms  are  not  un- 
frequently  seen  passing  below  the  spectator,  while 
the  atmosphere  is  delightfully  clear  and  cool 
around  him.  There  are  two  small  lakes  a  short 
distance  behind  the  Mountain  House*  which, 
uniting  their  outlets  in  one  stream,  and  pouring 
them  over  a  precipice  175  feet  at  one  leap,  and 
80  feet  at  another,  into  an  immense  ravine  be- 
tween two  mountain  ridges,  present  a  waterfall 
which  is  one  of  the  most  wild  and  at  the  same 
time  pleasing  curiosities  of  nature.  This  is  the 
source  of  the  Kaaterskill  River,  which  winds  its 
way  into  the  Hudson  at  Catskill  village.  A  view 
of  these  falls  is  easily  obtained  by  a  walk  or  ride 
of  a  mile  or  two  from  Pine  Orchard. 

PLUM  ISLAND,  ,MS. 

See  Newburyport. 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


661 


PLEASANT  MOUNTAIN,  ME. 

This  mountain,  which  is  now  much  resorted  to 
for  its  cool,  invigorating  air  and  lovely  prospect, 
by  the  people  of  our  eastern  cities,  is  situated  in 
the  town  of  Bridgeton.  by  the  travelled  route  about 
50  miles  W.  from  Portland*  The  excursion  to 
the  foot  of  the  mountain  is  itself  a  delightful  one, 
having  the  pleasant  variety  of  a  ride  in  the  cars 
10  miles  out.  to  Gorham,  and  thence  8  miles  by 
stage  coach  to  the  Sebago  Lake,  over  which,  and 
the  other  lakes  connected  with  it  by  romantic 
streams,  the  trip  to  Bridgeton,  30  miles,  in  the 
little  steamer  which  plies  upon  these  waters,  is 
quite  enchanting.  The  mountain  is  more  than 
2000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  view 
from  its  summit  is  extensive,  reaching  to  the 
ocean  on  one  hand  and  the  White  Mountains  on 
the  other,  and  embracing  30  or  40  beautiful  sheets 
of  water,  with  the  steamer,  like  a  thing  of  life, 
winding  her  way  among  them;  together  with 
many  neat  and  'pretty  villages,  which  dot  the 
landscape  in  various  directions.  Sometimes  the 
morning  nrists  are  seen  lying  along  the  valleys, 
giving  the  spectator  to  realize  something  like  the 
privilege  of  a  celestial  elevation  above  the  clouds. 

The  ascent  is  accomplished  with  perfect  ease, 
by  a  good  mountain  path,  for  about  one  mile,  on 
horseback  or  on  foot,  as  may  suit  the  visitor.  An 
excellent  house  has  been  erected  on  the  summit, 
where  boarders  can  enjoy  every  comfort  and 
luxury  they  may  desire,  from  a  well-spread  table, 
neat  and  well-furnished  apartments,  piano-forte, 
and  other  accompaniments  of  our  fashionable 
hotels.  No  elevation,  perhaps,  in  New  England, 
is  so  easily  reached,  where  at  once  so  fine  a  pros- 
pect may  be  enjoyed,  and  the  accommodations  of 
so  comfortable  a  home  obtained. 

PLYMOUTH  ROCK,  MS. 

This  interesting  locality  takes  the  precedence, 
in  some  important  respects,  of  all  other  places 
of  public  resort  in  our  country.  A  natural  and 
laudable  desire  to  stand  upon  the  spot  where  the 
forefathers  of  New  England  landed  from  the 
Mayflower,  in  1620;  to  survey  the  natural  fea- 
tures of  the  harbor,  and  the  shore  on  which,  in 
its  wild  and  wintry  desolation,  their  eyes  first 
rested  as  their  home  in  the  new  world ;  and  to 
feel  the  inspiration  of  the  scenes  where  our  glo- 
rious institutions  of  civil  and  religious  freedom 
were  first  conceived  and  nurtured ;  cannot  fail 
to  operate,  with  increasing  numbers  of  our  citi- 
zens, to  induce  them,  at  least  once  in  their  lives, 
to  make  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Rock  of  Plymouth. 

"  No  New  Englander,"  says  Dr.  Dwight,  "  who 
is  willing  to  indulge  his  native  feelings,  can  stand 
upon  the  rock  where  our  ancestors  set  the  first 
foot  after  their  arrival  on  the  American  shore, 
without  experiencing  emotions  very  different  from 
those  which  are  excited  by  any  common  object 
of  the  same  nature.  No  New  Englander  could 
be  willing  to  have  that  rock  buried  and  forgotten. 
Let  him  reason  as  much,  as  coldly,  and  as  in- 
geniously as  he  pleases,  he  will  still  regard  that 
spot  with  emotions  wholly  different  from  those 
which  are  excited  by  other  places  of  equal  or 
even  superior  importance.  .  .  .  Plymouth  was 
the  first  town  built  in  New  England  by  civilized 
man  ;  and  those  by  whom  it  was  built  were  infe- 
rior in  worth  to  no  body  of  men  whose  names 
are  recorded  in  history  during  the  last  seventeen 
hundred  years.  A  kind  of  venerableness  arising 
from  these  facts  attaches  to  this  town,  which  may 


be  termed  a  prejudice.  Still  it  has  its  foundation 
in  the  nature  of  man,  and  will  never  be  eradicat- 
ed, either  by  philosophy  or  ridicule.  .  .  .  When 
we  call  to  mind  the  history  of  their  sufferings  on 
both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  when  we  remember 
their  preeminent  patience,  their  unspotted  piety, 
their  immovable  fortitude,  their  undaunted  reso- 
lution, their  love  to  each  other,  their  justice  and 
humanity  to  the  savages,  and  their  freedom  from 
all  those  stains  which  elsewhere  spotted  the  char- 
acter even  of  their  companions  in  affliction,  we 
cannot  but  view  them  as  illustrious  brothers, 
claiming  the  veneration  and  applause  of  all  their 
posterity. 

"  The  institutions,  civil,  literary,  and  religious, 
by  which  New  England  is  distinguished  on  this 
side  the  Atlantic,  began  here.  Here  the  manner 
of  holding  lands  in  free  socage,  now  universal 
in  this  country,  commenced.  Here  the  right  of 
suffrage  was  imparted  to  every  citizen,  to  every 
inhabitant  not  disqualified  by  poverty  or  vice. 
Here  was  formed  the  first  establishment  of  towns, 
of  the  local  legislature  which  is  called  a  town 
meeting,  and  of  the  peculiar  town  executive 
styled  the  selectmen.  Here  the  first  parochial 
school  was  set  up,  and  the  system  originated  for 
communicating  to  every  child  in  the  community 
the  knowledge  of  reading,  writing,  and  arithme- 
tic. Here,  also,  the  first  building  was  erected  for 
the  worship  of  God,  the  first  religious  assembly 
gathered,  and  the  first  minister  called  and  settled, 
by  the  voice  of  the  church  and  congregation. 
On  these  simple  foundations  has  since  been  erect- 
ed a  structure  of  good  order,  peace,  liberty, 
knowledge,  morals,  and  religion,  with  which 
nothing  on  this  side  the  Atlantic  can  bear  a  re- 
mote comparison." 

Since  the  opening  of  the  Old  Colony  Railroad, 
in  1845,  connecting  Plymouth  with  Boston,  from 
which  it  is  distant  37£  miles  S.E.,  the  access  to 
this  interesting  spot  is  rendered  easy,  and  the 
number  of  visitors,  especially  in  the  summer 
season,  has  very  much  increased.  The  Samoset 
House,  a  spacious  and  well-kept  hotel,  in  a  de- 
lightful situation,  looking  out  upon  the  harbor, 
offering  the  most  tempting  inducements  to  per- 
sons from  the  city  to  find  a  residence  here  dur- 
ing the  heat  of  summer,  and  always  filled  with 
boarders  during  that  season,  furnishes  anothei 
means  of  augmenting  the  number  of  strangers  in 
Plymouth,  who  are  interested  to  find  out  what- 
ever is  to  be  seen  or  known  of  the  antiquities  of 
the  place. 

The  first  object,  of  course,  for  which  the  visitor 
inquires,  is,  THE  ROCK,  — "  FOREFATHERS' 
ROCK."  This  remains,  except  a  portion  of  it 
which  has  been  placed  in  front  of  Pilgrim  Hall,  in 
its  original  position,  where  the  Pilgrims  stepped 
upon  it  from  their  "  shallop ; "  although  the 
whole  appearance  of  the  spot  has  been  changed 
by  the  erection  of  a  wharf  and  warehouses  over 
and  around  it.  The  rock  lies  buried  to  its  sur- 
face in  the  earth  at  the  head  of  "  Hedge's  Wharf," 
and  between  two  stores  which  stand  on  either 
side  of  the  passage  to  the  wharf  from  Water 
Street,  a  few  feet  S.  of  North  Street.  The  top  of 
the  rock  is  bare,  and  upon  a  level  with  the  pres- 
ent surface  of  the  gi-ound.  It  is  about  6i  feet 
broad  in  its  horizontal  diameter,  and,  since  the 
removal  of  the  portion  which  lies  in  front  of 
Pilgrim  Hall,  about  4  feet  in  vertical  thickness. 
In  its  geological  character  it  is  a  Bowlder,  like 
the  Pilgrims  themselves,  a  stranger  upon  these 


662 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE   RESORTS, 


shores ;  and  is  described  as  "  an  extremely  hard 
variety  of  scienitic  granite,  of  a  dark  gray  color. 
The  mica  is  in  very  small  quantity,  in  fine  black 
particles ;  and  the  rock,  by  its  rounded  edges, 
bears  evidence  of  its  solid  character,  as  well  as  of 
the  attempts  to  break  specimens  from  it;  which, 
fortunately,  its  extreme  hardness  renders  seldom 
successful." 

De  Tocqueville,  in  his  work  on  America,  makes 
the  following  beautiful  comment  upon  Plymouth 
Rock :  "  This  rock,"  he  says,  "  has  become  an 
object  of  veneration  in  the  United  States.  I 
have  seen  bits  of  it  carefully  preserved  in  several 
towns  of  the  Union.  Does  not  this  sufficiently 
show  that  all  human  power  and  greatness  is  in 
the  soul  of  man  ?  Here  is  a  stone,  which  the 
feet  of  a  few  outcasts  pressed  for  an  instant ;  and 
the  stone  becomes  famous;  it  is  treasured  by 
a  great  nation ;  its  very  dust  is  shared  as  a  relic. 
And  what  has  become  of  the  gateways  of  a 
thousand  palaces  ?  "Who  cares  for  them  ?  " 

Should  the  stranger  inquire  how  it  is  known 
•with  certainty  that  this  is  the  very  rock  which 
first  received  the  feet  of  the  Pilgrims,  it  may  be 
well  to  state,  that,  besides  the  general  and  undis- 
puted tradition  to  that  effect,  among  a  people 
from  the  first  intelligent  and  well  informed,  and 
in  addition  to  the  natural  probability  of  the  fact, 
from  the  size  and  situation  of  this  solitary  bowl- 
der lying  at  the  water's  edge,  the  following  cir- 
cumstances, in  themselves  full  of  interest,  have 
placed  this  matter  beyond  a  doubt.  Elder 
Thomas  Faunce,  the  last  ruling  elder  in  the  first 
church  of  Plymouth,  who  was  born  at  Plymouth 
in  1646,  was  of  course  well  acquainted  with  a 
considerable  number  of  those  who  arrived  in  the 
Mayflower,  some  of  whom  were  still  alive  un- 
til he  was  of  the  age  of  20  or  25  years.  He 
lived  to  the  year  1745,  and  died  in  his  99th  year. 
In  the  year  1741,  Elder  Faunce,  learning  that 
preparations  were  making  fot  the  erection  of  a 
wharf  near  or  over  the  rock,  and  feeling  an 
anxiety  in  regard  to  its  exposure,  in  the  march 
of  improvement,  to  be  injured  or  displaced, 
though  at  the  advanced  age  of  95  years,  and  in 
declining  health,  left  his  residence,  about  3  miles 
distant,  and,  in  the  presence  of  many  citizens, 
pointed  out  the  rock  as  that  on  which  the  Pil- 
grims landed,  and  then  himself  took  a  final  leave 
of  this  cherished  memorial  of  the  fathers.  These 
circumstances  have  been  related  by  several  aged 
persons,  who  were  present  on  the  occasion,  to 
those  of  the  present  generation  ;  particularly  by 
the  late  honorable  Ephraim  Spooner,  deacon  of 
the  first  church  of  Plymouth  41  years,  and  52 
years  town  clerk,  who  died  in  1818,  and  who,  as 
was  happily  said  by  President  Holley,  in  his  ad- 
dress at  the  commemoration  of  the  landing  in 
1817,  "knew  and  conversed  with  Elder  Faunce, 
who  personally  knew  the  first  settlers  ;  —  so  Poly- 
carp  conversed  with  St.  John,  the  beloved  disci- 
ple of  our  Savior." 

Allusion  has  been  made  to  the  fact  that  a  por- 
tion of  Forefathers'  Rock  has  been  removed  and 
placed  in  front  of  Pilgrim  Hall.  This  came 
about  in  the  following  manner :  In  the  year 
1774,  when  the  spirit  of  national  independence 
was  coming  to  its  crisis  in  the  controversy  with 
the  parent  country,  some  zealous  whigs,  seeking 
to  avail  themselves  in  this  great  cause  of  the  pa- 
triotic associations  connected  with  Plymouth 
Rock,  undertook  to  procure  _its  removal  to  the 
town  square,  where  a  liberty  pole  was  to  be 


erected  over  it,  and  it  was  to  be  made  the  talis- 
man of  resistance  to  civil  oppression.  In  the 
attempt  to  raise  it  from  its  bed,  however,  the 
rock  was  split  asunder ;  which  by  some  was  in- 
terpreted as  a  favorable  omen,  indicating  a  final 
separation  between  the  colonies  and  the  mother 
country.  After  some  hesitation,  the  conclusion 
was,  to  leave  the  lower  part  of  the  rock  in  its 
place,  and  to  remove  the  other,  which  was  accord- 
ingly carried  to  the  town  square,  and  honored  as 
before  mentioned.  Here  it  remained  until  1834; 
when,  on  the  anniversary  of  American  Independ- 
ence, it  was  again  removed  to  the  area  in  front 
of  Pilgrim  Hall,  and  enclosed  in  an  elliptical 
iron  railing  prepared  for  its  reception ;  into  the 
festoons  of  which  are  cast  the  41  immortal  names 
who  subscribed  the  first  civil  compact,  on  board 
the  Mayflower,  November  11,  1620. 

Pleasing  and  appropriate,  however,  as  is  this 
honored  enshrinement  of  the  fragment  of  the  rock 
which  has  been  removed,  it  is  matter  of  much 
greater  felicitation  to  the  sons  of  thp  Pilgrims, 
that  the  great  body  of  it  remains,  to  mark  the 
spot  where  they  first  descended  upon  the  shores 
of  the  new  world,  and  took  possession  of  its  wide 
domain,  as  an  asylum  for  liberty  and  truth.  To 
one  standing  upon  this  sacred  spot,  how  full  of 
force  and  beauty  is  the  graphic  language  of 
Daniel  Webster,  in  his  centennial  address  of  1820 ! 

"  Beneath  us  is  the  rock  on  which  New  Eng- 
land received  the  feet  of  the  Pilgrims.  We  seem 
even  to  behold  them,  as  they  struggle  with  the 
elements,  and  with  toilsome  efforts  gain  the 
shore.  We  listen  to  the  chiefs  in  council;  we 
see  the  unexampled  exhibition  of  female  fortitude 
and  resignation ;  we  hear  the  whisperings  of 
youthful  impatience ;  and  we  see,  what  a  painter 
of  our  own  has  also  represented  by  his  pencil, 
chilled  and  shivering  childhood,  houseless  but  for 
a  mother's  arms,  couchless  but  for  a  mother's 
breast,  till  our  own  biood  almost  freezes.  The 
mild  dignity  of  CARVER  and  of  BRADFORD  : 
the  decisive  and  soldier-like  air  of  STANDISH  ; 
the  devout  BREWSTER;  the  enterprising  AL- 
LERTON  ;  the  general  firmness  and  thoughtful- 
ness  of  the  whole  band  ;  their  conscious  joy  for 
dangers  escaped ;  their  deep  solicitude  about 
dangers  to  come  ;  their  trust  in  Heaven ;  their 
high  religious  faith,  full  of  confidence  and  antici- 
pation, —  all  these  seem  to  belong  to  this  place, 
and  to  be  present  upon  this  occasion,  to  fill  us 
with  reverence  and  admiration." 

From  the  Rock  the  visitor  will  naturally  turn  to 
PiLGRiai  HALL.  This  handsome  edifice,  erected 
by  the  Pilgrim  Society,  which  was  formed  in 
1820,  to  commemorate  the  landing,  and  to  honor 
the  memory,  of  the  Pilgrims,  is  situated  on  the 
E.  side  of  Court  Street,  a  short  distance  N.  of 
Court  Square.  The  corner  stone  of  this  monu- 
mental edifice  was  laid,  with  religious  solemnities, 
September  1,  1824.  It  is  constructed  of  granite, 
in  a  plain  and  substantial  style  of  architecture,  70 
feet  in  length  by  40  feet  in  width,  having  a  pedi- 
ment in  front,  supported  by  six  Doric  columns. 
In  the  body  of  the  building  is  a  spacious  hall, 
appropriated  to  the  reception  of  interesting  relics 
and  memorials  of  the  Pilgrims,  and  to  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Pilgrim  Society.  In  the  basement  is 
a  dining-room,  intended  for  their  accommodation 
whenever  a  great  commemoration  of  the  landing 
is  held  at  Plymouth. 

The  objects  of  interest  in  Pilgrim  Hall  are  too 
many  to  be  here  particularly  described.  The 


IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


663 


fine  historical  painting,  representing  the  landing 
of  the  Pilgrims,  designed  and  executed  by  the 
iate  Henry  Sargent,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  and  by  him 
presented  to  tlie  Pilgrim  Soeiety,  oceupies  a  con- 
spicuous position  on  the  easjjt  end  of  the  room. 
It  is  on  a  canvas  13  feet  by  16,  and  embraces,  in 
its  interesting  group  of  figures,  all  the  most  im- 
portant personages  of  that  memorable  day,  to- 
gether with  SAMOSET,  the  Indian  sagamore,  who, 
l>y  artistic  license,  is  made  to  be  an  astonished, 
though  not  unfriendly  observer  of  the  scene.  The 
room  contains  a  portrait  of  the  first  Governor 
Winslow,  and  also  of  the  second  governor,  his  son, 
copied  from  the  originals,  painted  in  London. 
There  are,  besides  these,  many  others  of  great 
value,  but  none  of  those  who  came  in  the  May- 
flower, except  that  of  Winslow. 

Among  a  great  variety  of  antiquarian  relics  are, 
a  chair  of  Governor  Carver,  the  sword  of  Miles 
Standish,  the  original  letter  of  King  Philip  to 
Governor  Prince,  and  many  utensils  and  articles 
of  furniture  brought  over  in  the  Mayflower.  There 
is  also  here  a  library,  composed  of  ancient  and 
appropriate  books,  to  which,  as  well  as  to  the 
cabinet  itself,  additions  are  continually  making. 
The  early  records  of  the  colony,  with  the  original 
signatures  of  the  first  men  in  authority,  are  kept 
in  the  office  of  the  Register  of  Probate,  at  the 
court  house,  and  are  very  politely  exhibited  bv 
him  to  all  who  are  interested  to  call  and  exam- 
ine them. 

BURYING  HILL  is  the  next  interesting  locality 
which  will  attract  the  steps  of  the  stranger  in 
Plymouth.  This  was  originally  called  Fort  Hill, 
because  it  was  here  that  in  1622  the  Pilgrims  erect- 
ed a  building  for  defence  against  apprehended  in- 
vasions from  the  Indians,  upon  which  their  soli- 
tary piece  of  ordnance  was  mounted.  This  build- 
ing '•  served  them  also  for  a  meeting-house,  and 
was  fitted  accordingly  for  that  use."  A  second 
and  more  substantial  fort  was  erected  here  on  the 
approach  of  Philip's  war,  in  1675.  The  site  of 
this  ancient  fort  is  distinctly  marked,  on  the  S. 
E.  part  of  the  hill,  overlooking  the  bay  and  the 
surrounding  country  in  ever}'  direction. 

Governor  Carver,* and  those  of  the  Pilgrims  who 
died  during  the  first  year,  were  not  buried  in  this 
ground,  but  upon  Cole's  Hill,  a  lower  elevation, 
near  the  water's  edge,  just  above  where  the  high 
terrace  wall  from  Water  Street  now  is,  which  Avas 
in  the  close  vicinity  of  the  first  enclosure  made 
for  their  habitations.  These  early  graves  were 
carefully  smoothed  over,  in  order  that  the  In- 
dians might  not  perceive  how  greatly  death  had 
reduced  their  numerical  strength. 

Burying  Hill,  however,  soon  after  1622,  began 
to  be  used  as  their  place  of  sepulture ;  and  here 
the  generations  of  the  dead  in  Plymouth  have  been 
gathered  to  their  fathers  for  more  than  two  cen- 
turies and  a  quarter.  Guides  have  been  placed 
along  the  paths,  which  have  been  tastefully  laid 
out  through  the  ground,  to  direct  the  notice  of 
the  visitor  to  some  of  the  earliest  and  most  hal- 
lowed graves.  No  dates,  however,  are  legible 
upon  these  stones  earlier  than  1681.  But  a  new 
white  marble  monument  has  been  placed  over  the 
grave  of  Governor  BRADFORD  ;  who  was  chosen 
governor  after  the  death  of  Carver,  in  1621,  and 
was  elected  to  the  same  office  every  year  until 
his  death,  in  1657,  excepting  for  five  years, 
when,  as  Winthrop  says,  he  "  by  importunity 
got  off.'' 

A  position  on  Burying  Hill  is  the  one  of  all 


others  to  be  chosen  for  the  purpose  of  bringing 
under  the  eye  at  one  view  all  the  interesting 
-localities  of  Plymouth.  Imagining,  therefore, 
that  our  readers  stand  with  us 

"  On  the  hill  of  hallowed  brow, 
Where  the  Pilgrim  sleepeth  now," 

we  shall,  as  rapidly  as  possible,  complete  our 
survey  of  whatever  is  most  intimately  associated 
here  with  the  memory  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers. 

Lying  before  us  on  the  E.  are  the  harbor  and 
the  bay.  above  which  our  point  of  observation  is 
elevated  165  feet.  From  this  point  the  eye  is 
enabled,  in  a  clear  atmosphere,  sometimes  to 
discern  the  white  sand  cliffs  of  Cape  Cod,  across 
the  bay,  at  a  distance  of  25  miles  ;  within  which, 
on  the  llth  of  November,  1620,  the  Mayflower, 
after  a  passage  of  98  days,  joyfully  cast  her 
anchor,  and  where  she  remained  until  the  coast 
had  been  explored  to  find  a  place  of  settlement. 
There,  on  that  day,  before  taking  the  first  step 
in  this  urgent  undertaking,  the  Pilgrims  drew  up 
and  signed  their  ever-memorable  compact  for  a 
free  government;  of  which  John  Quincy  Adams 
has  said,  "  This  is  perhaps  the  only  instance  in 
human  history  of  that  positive  original  social 
compact  which  speculative  philosophers  have 
imagined  as  the  only  legitimate  source  of  gov- 
ernment. Here,"  he  adds,  "  was  a  unanimous 
and  personal  assent,  by  all  the  individuals  of  the 
community,  to  the  association  by  which  they 
became  a  nation." 

Contracting  now  the  scope  of  vision  to  the 
entrance  of  the  harbor,  about  8  miles  E.  of  the 
town,  Manomet  Point  is  seen  on  the  right  or  S. 
side,  which  is  the  termination  of  Manomet  Hill, 
about  400  feet  high ;  and  on  the  left  or  N.  side, 
the  Gurnet,  a  promontory  connected  with  Marsh- 
field  by  a  low  beach,  and  forming  a  fine  situation 
for  the  beautiful  double  light  which  has  been 
placed  upon  it. 

A  tongue  of  land  springing  from  the  shore  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  harbor,  and  extending  N.  3 
miles,  directly  in  front  of  the  town,  from  half  a 
mile  to  a  mile  distant  from  it,  divides  this  lessei 
bay  into  the  outer  and  the  inner  harbors.  On 
the  outward  side  of  tin's  natural  barrier  there  is 
the  fine  beach  so  well  known  as  Plymouth  Beach, 
which  is  commensurate  with  its  whole  extent. 

From  the  Gurnet,  along  the  N.  side  of  the 
outer  harbor,  and  round  the  point  of  the  beach, 
lies  the  Channel,  through  which,  after  careful 
soundings  had  been  made,  the  Mayflower,  with 
her  precious  freight,  was  finally  brought  up  as 
far  as  to  an  anchorage  a  little  N.  E.  of  tho 
Beach's  Point,  where  she  lay  from  the  16th  of 
December  to  the  5th  of  April  following,  a  period 
of  110  days. 

Nearly  in  the  same  range  beyond,  and  appar- 
ently in  conjunction  with  the^Duxbury  shore, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  harbor,  is  seen  Clark's 
Island,  memorable  as  the  spot  where  the  first 
New  England  Sabbath  was  kept,  by  a  portion  of 
the  Pilgrims,  while  the  Mayflower  was  yet  lying 
at  Cape  .Cod.  Being  out  in  their  shallop  on  an 
exploring  tour,  they  were  driven  by  a  storm,  on 
the  night  of  December  8,  to  take  shelter  under 
the  lee  of  this  island,  which  is  protected,  in  some 
measure,  from  the  violence  of  the  ocean  by  a 
projecting  head  laud,  a  little  to  the  S.  E.,  called 
Saquish.  This  was  their  first  introduction  into 
Plymouth  harbor,  and  is  the  true  original  of 
Mrs.  Hemans's  graphic  picture  :  — 


664 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


"  The  breaking  waves  dashed  high 

On  a  stern  and  rock-bound  coast ; 
And  the  woods  against  a  stormy  sky 
Their  giant  branches  tossed  ;  — 

"  And  the  heavy  night  hung  dark 

The  hills  and  waters  o'er, 
When  a  band  of  exiles  moored  their  bark 
On  wild  New  England's  shore." 

The  9th  being  extremely  cold,  they  spent  the 
day  in  drying  their  arms,  repairing  their  shallop, 
and  exploring  the  island.  The  next  day  being 
the  Sabbath,  "  they  rested  according  to  the  com- 
mandment;" and  here,  their  company  being 
eighteen  in  number,  they  prayed  and  sang  praises 
for  the  first  time  on  those  heathen  shores  to  Him 
for  whose  pure  faith  and  worship  they  had  suf- 
fered and  sacrificed  so  much  in  coming  to  this 
new  world. 

"  Amidst  the  storm  they  sang;  — 

And  the  stars  heard,  and  the  sea ! 
And  the  sounding  aisles  of  the  dim  woods  rang 
To  the  anthem  of  the  free !  " 

A  short  distance  to  the  left  of  Clark's  Island, 
on  the  Duxbury  shore,  there  rises,  directly  from 
the  water's  edge,  a  low  and  regularly-formed  hill, 
entirely  under  cultivation,  which  is  known  as 
Captain's  Hill;  this  being  a  portion  of  the 
land  assigned  at  an  early  period  to  CAPTAIN 
STANDISH,  the  intrepid  military  leader  of  the 
Pilgrims.  Upon  this  farm  he  settled,  and  built  a 
house  near  where  the  little  cluster  of  buildings 
now  stands,  at  a  little  distance  from  the  shore,  on 
the  S.  W.  side  of  the  hill.  Some  ruins  of  this 
ancient  house,  which  was  finally  consumed  by 
fire,  still  remain  to  attract  the  curiosity  of  the 
antiquarian. 

Contracting  now  our  view  within  the  precincts 
of  the  town  itself,  which  lies  spread  out  around 
us,  it  will  be  easy  to  trace  the  plan  of  the  settle- 
ment, as  it  was  first  laid  out  and  occupied  by  the 
Pilgrims.  We  look  directly  down  before  us 
through  Ley  den  Street,  running  from  the  Town 
Square,  in  front  of  the  Gothic  meeting-house,  to 
the  water  side ;  lying  as  near  as  may  be  upon  the 
steep  margin  of  the  stream  which  here  flows  into 
the  harbor  from  the  W.  It  was  along  this  street, 
formerly  called  First  Street,  that  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  28th  of  December,  they  proceeded  to  meas- 
ure out  their  grounds,  intending  to  build  a  row  of 
houses  upon  each  side  of  the  street,  commencing 
from  what  is  now  Town  Square.  "And  first," 
they  say,  "we  took  notice  how  many  families 
there  were ;  willing  all  single  men  that  had  no 
wives  to  join  with  some  family,  as  they  thought 
fit,  that  so  we  might  build  fewer  houses ;  which 
was  done,  and  we  reduced  them  to  nineteen  fam- 
ilies. To  greater  families  we  allotted  larger 
plots ;  to  every  person  half  a  pole  in  breadth  and 
three  in  length ;  and  so  lots  were  cast  where  every 
man  should  lie ;  which  was  done  and  staked  out. 
We  thought  this  proportion  was  large  enough  at 
the  first,  for  houses  and  gardens,  to  empale  them 
round;  considering  the  weakness  of  our  people, 

many  of  them  growing  ill  with  colds,"  &c 

"  We  agreed  that  every  man  should  build  his  own 
house ;  thinking,  by  that  course,  men  would  make 
more  haste  than  working  in  common" 

They  had  previously  completed  one  frame 
building,  about  20  feet  square,  which  was  to 
serve  them  as  a  common  shelter,  until  separate 
dwellings  could  be  erected.  This,  which  was  the 
first  building  in  the  colony,  was  situated  on  the 


S.  side  of  the  street,  near  the  S.  E.  declivity  of  the 
hill  towards  the  water  side. 

The  first  meeting-house  stood  in  the  Town 
Square,  very  nearly  upon  what  is  now  the  site  of 
the  meeting-house  built  in  1840,  by  the  Trinita- 
rian, or  Third  Church,  which,  in  honor  of  the 
Pilgrims,  has  taken  the  name  of  the  Church  of  the 
Pilgrimage. 

The  most  elevated  ground  which  is  seen  on  the 
S.  from  Burying  Hill,  and  immediately  in  the 
rear  of  that  part  of  the  town  which  lies  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  stream,  is  known  as  WAT- 
SON'S HILL.  By  the  Fathers  it  was  called  Straw- 
berry Hill.  It  was  on  the  summit  of  this  hill  that 
MASSASOIT  appeared  with  his  train  of  sixty  men ; 
and  from  this  place  hostages  were  exchanged  be- 
tween him  and  the  Pilgrims  in  the  town,  and  ne- 
gotiations carried  on,  in  consequence  of  which  the 
first  treaty  of  peace  and  friendship  was  established 
with  the  Indians. 

The  general  aspect  of  the  landscape  south  of 
the  town  is  quite  unique,  moulded  by  the  drift 
formation,  which  overlies  this  section  of  the 
coast,  and  presenting  a  congeries  of  little  rounded 
hillocks,  which  reminds  one  of  the  rolling  sea 
itself.  This  singular  contour  of  the  surface  ac- 
counts for  a  great  number  of  beautiful  ponds, 
said  to  be  about  200,  within  the  precincts  of  the 
town.  But  our  limits,  already  much  exceeded, 
forbid  us  to  point  out  other  'interesting  locali- 
ties. The  view  presented  from  this  eminence, 
embracing  the  harbor  and  the  shores  of  the  bay 
for  miles  around,  especially  when  clothed  with 
the  associations  of  history  peculiar  to  the  spot, 
is  not  inferior  in  interest  and  beauty  to  any  in  the 
country.  ' 

Before  we  take  leave  of  it,  let  us  be  reminded 
again  that  we  stand  among  the  graves  of  the  Pil- 
grims, and  of  the  venerated  forefathers  who  early 
joined  them  in  their  sacred  enterprise.  We  tread 
upon  the  ashes  of  those  to  whom  we  are  indebted, 
under  Providence,  for  all  which  we  hold  most 
valuable  in  our  religious,  civil,  and  social  inherit- 
ance as  a  people.  Verily  they  have  received,  in 
glorious  measure,  the  recompense  of  the  "  blessed 
dead,"  who  rest  from  their  labors,  and  their  works  do 
follow  them. 

We  cannot  better  conclude  than  with  an  ex- 
tract from  the  beautiful  hymn  of  Dr.  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes,  at  the  celebration  of  the  Land 
ng,  in  1846  :  — 

"  The  weary  Pilgrim  slumbers, 

His  resting-place  unknown , 
His  hands  were  crossed,  his  lids  were  closed, 

The  dust  was  o'er  him  thrown  ; 
The  drifting  soil,  the  mouldering  leaf 

Along  the  sod  were  blown  j 
His  mound  has  melted  into  earth  j 

His  memory  lives  alone. 

"  So  let  it  live  unfading, 

The  memory  of  the  dead, 
Long  as  the  pale  anemone 

Springs  where  their  tears  were  shed, 
Or  raining  in  the  summer's  wind, 

In  flakes  of  burning  red, 
The  wild  rose  sprinkles  with  its  leaves 

The  turf  where  once  they  bled  ! 

"Yea,  when  the  frowning  bulwarks, 

That  guard  this  holy  strand, 
Have  sunk  beneath  the  trampling  surge, 

In  beds  of  sparkling  sand, 
While  in  the  waste  of  ocean, 

One  hoary  rock  shall  stand, 
Be  this  its  latest  legend  — 

HERE  WAS  THE  PILGRIM'S  LAND." 


IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


665 


QUEBEC. 

City  and  river  port  of  Canada,  on  the  W.  bank 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  340  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  about  180  miles  below  Montreal. 
As  many  of  our  readers  will  be  interested  to 
know  some  of  the  more  important  particulars 
of  a  place  so  remarkable  in  its  features,  and  so 
much  frequented  by  persons  from  the  United 
States  on  their  excursions  of  pleasure  in  the 
summer  months,  we  shall  give  a  brief  notice  of 
it  here. 

Quebec  is  situated  upon  the  extremity  of  an 
elevated  ridge,  or  bluff,  between  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  the  St.  Charles  Rivers,  at  their  point  of  junc- 
tion. Its  ground  plan  in  this  respect  very  nearly 
resembles  that  of  the  city  of  New  York.  The 
extreme  angle  of  this  promontory  of  rock,  upon 
and  around  which  the  city  is  built,  and  which  is 
called  Cape  Diamond,  rises,  on  the  side  next  to 
the  St.  Lawrence,  almost  perpendicularly  to  the 
height  of  about  340  feet,  giving  to  the  place, 
and  especially  to  the  citadel  which  crowns  its 
summit,  a  most  commanding  appearance,  from 
whatever  direction  it  is  first  approached.  On 
the  17th  of  May,  1841,  a  large  portion,  about 
250  feet,  of  this  cliff  fell  away,  causing  the  ruin 
of  several  buildings  and  the  death  of  aboat 
30  persons. 

Quebec  is  naturally  divided  into  the  Upper 
and  the  Lower  town.  The  Lower  town,  which 
is  the  oldest,  and  lies  wholly  without  the  walls, 
partly  at  the  foot  of  Cape  Diamond  and  partly 
extending  round  to  the  St.  Charles,  has  narrow 
and  dirty  streets,  which  are  in  some  parts  steep 
and  winding,  "  the  most  crowded  parts  of  the 
old  town  of  Edinburgh  not  being  more  irregular 
or  confined  than  the  Lower  town  of  Quebec." 
The  streets  in  the  Upper  town,  though  rather 
narrow,  arc  generally  clean,  and  paved  or  mac- 
adamized. Both  sections  are  almost  wholly  built 
of  stone,  and  the  public  buildings  and  most  of 
the  houses  in  the  Upper  town  are  roofed  with 
tin,  the  glitter  of  which  in  the  sun  has  a  very 
brilliant  effect,  though  not  altogether  in  keeping 
with  the  venerable  aspect  and  associations  of  the 
place  in  other  respects.  The  public  buildings 
are  substantial  rather  than  elegant.  The  Roman 
Catholic  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame ;  the  Cathe- 
dral of  the  English  Church ;  the  old  Episcopal 
palace,  afterwards,  for  a  time,  the  seat  of  the 
Canadian  legislature ;  the  quadrangular  build- 
ing, formerly  the  College  of  Jesuits,  but  now  a 
barrack ;  with  the  Quebec  Bank  ;  —  all  these  in 
the  Upper  town,  and  the  government  warehouses 
in  the  Lower  town,  constitute  the  principal  public 
edifices.  There  are  three  nunneries  in  Quebec, 
one  of  which,  the  Hotel  Dieu,  answers  a  valuable 
purpose  as  a  hospital.  It  was  founded  by  the 
Duchess  Aiguillon  in  1637.  Its  chapel  contains 
some  fine  paintings.  The  Ursuline  Nunnery,  near 
the  centre  of  the  Upper  town,  founded  in  1639,  is 
a  neat  building  surrounded  by  a  garden.  The 
chapel  is  ornamented  with  appropriate  decora- 
tions and  with  handsome  paintings.  The  nuns 
of  this  institution  are  very  rigid  in  their  seclusion. 
Only  persons  of  distinction  are  admitted  within 
the  walls,  though  admittance  to  the  chapel  can 
be  more  freely  enjoyed  upon  application  to  the 
chaplain.  The  bo'dy  of  the  French  General 
Montcalm  was  deposited  within  this  convent. 

Near  the  cathedral  is  the  Place  d'Arrnes,  or 
parade  ground,  where,  on  the  E.  of  the  Penta- 
gon, once  stood  the  Castle  of  St.  Louis,  the 
84 


foundation  of  which  was  laid  by  Champlain  in 
1624.  The  position  is  a  most  commanding  one, 
upon  the  very  brink  of  an  almost  perpendicular 
precipice  of  rock,  200  feet  above  the  river,  flow- 
ing almost  at  its  base.  This  castle  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  French  and  English  governors, 
until  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1834.  Lord 
Durham,  during  his  administration,  had  the  site 
cleared  and  levelled,  floored  with  wood,  and  con- 
verted into  a  spacious  platform,  with  a  railing 
carried  quite  over  the  edge  of  the  precipice,  mak- 
ing it  one  of  the  most  beautiful  promenades 
imaginable.  From  this  platform,  which  is  called 
Lord  Durham's  Terrace,  is  had  an  extensive  view 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  far  down  as  the  Isle  of 
Orleans ;  of  the  harbor  filled  with  shipping,  and 
the  opposite  bank  of  the  river;  with  Point  Levi; 
the  village  of  D'Aubigny  ;  and  the  road,  leading 
up  through  one  continuous  line  of  cottages,  to 
the  Falls  of  the  Chaudiere  ;  with  the  mountains 
in  the  distance  gradually  fading  from  the  view. 
From  this  point  of  observation,  much  of  the 
Lower  town  and  of  the  shipping  at  the  wharves 
lies  far  below  the  eye,  and  almost  directly  under 
the  feet  of  the  spectator. 

Crossing  the  Place  d'Armes  from  the  Terrace 
to  Des  Carrieres  Street,  the  visitor  will  see  the 
beautiful  monument,  erected  by  Lord  Dalhousie, 
"  To  the  Immortal  Memory  of  Wolfe  and  Mont- 
calm."  This  monument,  at  the  period  of  its  erec- 
tion, stood  in  the  gardens  of  the  chateau. 

But  to  the  American  visitor,  Quebec  is  most 
extraordinary  for  the  costliness,  perfection,  and 
strength  of  its  means  of  defence  against  an  invad- 
ing enemy.  It  is,  in  the  first  place,  by  its  natural 
situation,  a  "munition  of  rocks"  —  the  "Gib- 
raltar of  America."  The  whole  Upper  town  is 
surrounded  by  a  lofty  wall,  with  fortifications, 
about  3  miles  in  extent.  All  communication 
from  without  is  through  massive  gates,  protected 
"by  heavy  cannon,  and  attended  by  a  military 
guard  constantly  on  duty.  The  W.  part  of  the 
city,  being  compai-atively  deficient  in  natural 
strength,  has  been  covered  by  a  combination  of 
regular  works,  upon  the  most  approved  system, 
comprising  ramparts,  bastion,  ditch,  and  glacis. 
In  advance  of  these,  also,  to  strengthen  the  de- 
fences of  the  city  on  the  W.,  this  being  the  only 
quarter  from  which  an  invader  can  approach  by 
land,  4  martello  towers  have  been  erected  on  the 
Plains  of  Abraham.  They  extend  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  Coteau  St.  Genevieve,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  500  or  600  yards  from  each  other.  They 
are  constructed  with  almost  impregnable  strength 
on  their  outer  side,  and  the  platform  on  the  top 
is  furnished  with  cannon  of  a  heavy  calibre  5  but 
on  the  side  next  to  the  city,  they  are  so  built  as 
to  be  easily 'battered  down  by  the  guns  from  the 
walls  or  from  the  citadel,  in  the  event  of  an  ene- 
my's gaining  possession  of  them.  The  citadel 
itself  occupies  the  highest  point  of  Cape  Diamond, 
from  which  it  frowns  with  terror  upon  the  foe  in 
every  direction  in  which  access  can  be  had  to  the 
city  by  water  or  by  land.  This  fortress  is  con- 
structed upon  the  most  gigantic  scale,  and  upon 
the  most  approved  principles  of  the  art.  It  in- 
cludes an  area  of  about  40  acres,  accommodates 
the  garrison,  and  contains  a  beautiful  parade, 
ground,  with  a  prison,  and  with  magazines  and 
warlike  implements,  which  are  immense.  The 
officers'  barrack  is  a  fine  building,  looking  di- 
rectly down  upon  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  sol- 
diers' quarters  arc  under  the  ramparts.  If  not 


666 


MINERAL   SPRINGS,  AND  OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


accompanied  to  the  citadel  by  a  citizen,  the  vis- 
itor must  obtain  a  ticket  of  admission  from  the 
office  of  the  adjutant  general  in  the  city,  upon 
which  he  will  be  courteously  received,  and  will 
have  the  honor  of  a  guard  to  accompany  him  to 
all  parts  of  the  work  which  the  regulations  permit 
the  stranger  to  inspect.  It  is  approached  by  a 
zigzag  pathway,  with  32-pounders  staring  you  in 
the  face  at  every  turn.  When  inside,  it  looks  like 
a  world  in  itself;  though  not  that  in  which  it 
might  seem  the  lion  would  ever  lie  down  with  the 
lamb.  The  walk  around  the  ramparts  is  the  most 
delightful  that  can  be  imagined,  commanding  a 
prospect  in  every  direction  of  50  miles  in  extent, 
replete  with  all  the  elements  which  enter  into  the 
formation  of  a  perfect  landscape.  The  author 
of  Hochelaga  thus  glowingly  describes  this  pano- 
ramic view  from  the  citadel :  "  Take  mountain, 
and  plain,  sinuous  river  and  broad  tranquil  water, 
stately  ship  and  tiny  boat,  gentle  hill  and  shady 
valley,  bold  headland  and  rich  fruitful  field, 
frowning  battlement  and  cheerful  villa,  flowery 
garden  and  sombre  forest ;  — group  them  all  into 
the  choicest  picture  of  ideal  beauty  your  fancy 
can  create ;  arch  it  over  with  a  cloudless  sky ; 
light  it  up  with  a  radiant  sun  :  and,  lest  the  scene 
should  be  too  dazzling,  hang  a  veil  of  light  haze 
over  all,  to  soften  tho  light  and  perfect  the  re- 
pose ;  —  you  will  then  have  seen  Quebec  on  this 
September  morning." 

Besides  what  has  been  above  described,  there 
is  the  extensive  suburb  of  St.  Roch,  lying  beyond 
the  ramparts  on  the  N.  W.,  between  the  Upper 
town  and  the  S.  shore  of  the  St.  Charles  River, 
which  is  the  only  portion  of  Quebec  built  on  ground 
approaching  to  a  smooth  and  level  surface.  Al- 
most the  whole  of  this  section,  comprising  near  a 
third  part  of  the  city,  was  desolated  by  fire,  a 
number  of  years  ago,  and  has  been  but  very  im- 
perfectly rebuilt. 

The  Plains  of  Abraham,  covered  with  pastures 
and  cultivated  fields,  lie  spread  out  on  the  W.  of 
the  city,  so  remarkable  in  history  as  the  scene  of 
the  sanguinary  conflict,  as  the  result  of  which,  in 
1759,  Quebec  was  taken  from  the  French,  by  the 
British  army  under  the  command  of  the  brave 
General  Wolfe,  who  received  here  his  mortal 
wound,  and  died  upon  the  field,  at  the  moment 
when  victory  declared  in  his  favor.  The  spot  is 
marked  by  a  small  stone  monument,  on  which  he 
breathed  his  last  in  the  arms  of  his  friends,  ex- 
claiming, as  he  heard  the  shouts,  "  They  fly  !  they 
fly ! "  "  Then  I  die  happy."  The  French  Gen- 
eral Montcalm  also  was  killed  in  the  action. 

The  spot  is  also  marked  upon  the  bottom  of  the 
cliff,  in  the  Lower  town,  near  which  General  Mont- 
gomery, together  with  most  of  his  personal  staff, 
was  killed  during  the  American  revolution,  while 
making  an  attempt,  in  the  night,  to  force  an 
entrance  into  the  city.  The  remains  of  the  gen- 
eral were  interred  by  a  soldier,  and  were  removed 
in  1818  to  New  York,  where  they  now  rest,  in 
front  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  on  Broadway. 

There  are  several  places  of  resort,  which  are 
well  worthy  of  a  visit,  in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec. 
The  most  celebrated  are  the  Falls  of  Montmo- 
renci,  9  miles  N.  E.  •,  the  Falls  of  the  Chaudiere, 
12  miles  S.  W.;  Lake  St.  Charles,  16  miles  N. 
W. ;  the  Indian  village  of  Lorette,  8  miles  on  the 
road  to  the  lake ;  and  the  delightful  excursion, 
along  the  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  8  miles 
out,  to  Cape  Rouge,  passing  over  the  Plains  of 
Abraham,  and  by  Wolfe's  Cove,  where  Wolfe 


disembarked  his  army.  The  roads  on  all  these 
routes  are  mostly  good,  and  the  obliging  French 
drivers  are  not  unreasonable  in  their  charges.  v 

Steamboats  run  constantly,  during  the  travel- 
ling season,  between  Quebec  and  Montreal ;  and 
also  from  Quebec  to  the  River  Saguenay,  140 
miles  down  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  then  up  the 
Saguenay  from  50  to  90  miles,  which  has  become 
a  fashionable  excursion. 

The  principal  hotels  in  Quebec  are  the  Albion, 
in  Palace  Street,  and  Payne's  Hotel,  in  St.  Ann 
Street,  in  the  Upper  town  ;  and  in  the  Lower 
town,  the  Ottawa  House  and  the  St.  Lawrence 
Hotel. 

EED  SULPHUR   SPRINGS,  VA. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  the  S.  part  of 
Monroe  co.,  42  miles  from  the  White  Sulphur, 
17  miles  from  the  Salt  Sulphur,  and  32  miles 
from  the  Sweet  Springs.  They  are  among  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  Virginia  springs  for  their 
medicinal  effects,  and  are  visited  by  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  invalids,  perhaps,  than  any  other. 
Their  decidedly  beneficial  influence  upon  con- 
sumptive patients,  in  the  earlier  stages  of  that 
disease,  has  given  them  an  extensive  reputation- 
Neuralgic  cases,  also,  of  the  most  obstinate  char- 
acter, have  yielded  to  their  influence.  Scrofula, 
diseased  liver,  chronic  diarrhoea,  chronic  rheuma- 
tism, gravel,  dropsy,  and  diseases  of  the  skin  are 
among  the  disorders  for  which  these  waters  have 
been  found  an  efficacious  remedy. 

"  The  Red  Sulphur  water,"  says  a  physician 
who  has  given  an  account  of  them  from  personal 
observation,  "  is  decidedly  sedative  in  its  effects. 
It  subdues  chronic  inflammation,  tranquillizes 
irritation,  and  reduces  the  frequency  of  the  pulse 
in  the  most  astonishing  manner.  It  has  been 
considered  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  cure  of  pul- 
monary diseases ;  but  its  good  effects  equally 
extend  to  all  cases  of  sub-acute  inflammation, 
whether  seated  in  the  stomach,  liver,  spleen,  in- 
testines, kidneys,  or  bladder,  and  most  particu- 
larly in  the  mucous  membrane." 

The  following  is  the  result  of  an  analysis  of 
these  waters  by  Professor  Rogers,  the  geologist 
of  Virginia :  — 

To  1  gallon,  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  cubic 
inches,  4.54  ;  carbonic  acid,  8.75  ;  nitrogen,  4.25  ; 
making  the  gaseous  contents  17.54. 

Solid  contents  of  32  cubic  inches  of  water, 
1.25;  consisting  of  sulphate  of  soda,  lime,  and 
magnesia,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  muriate  of  soda. 

Temperature,  54°  Fahrenheit. 

A  visitor  to  the  Red  Sulphur  Springs  thus 
describes  the  natural  situation  and  the  accommo- 
dations of  the  place  :  — 

"  The  approach  to  the  village  is  beautifully 
romantic  and  picturesque.  Wending  his  way 
around  a  high  mountain,  the  weary  traveller  is 
for  a  moment  charmed  out  of  his  fatigue  by  the 
sudden  view  of  his  resting-place,  some  hundreds 
of  feet  immediately  beneath  him.  Continuing 
the  circuitous  descent,  he  at  length  reaches  a 
ravine,  which  conducts  him,  after  a  few  rugged 
steps,  to  the  entrance  of  a  verdant  glen,  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  lofty  mountains.  The 
S.  end  of  this  enchanting  vale,  which  is  the 
widest  portion  of  it,  is  about  200  feet  in  width. 
Its  course  is  nearly  N.  for  about  150  yards,  when 
it  begins  gradually  to  contract,  and  change  its 
direction  to  the  N.  W.  and  W.,  until  it  terminates 
in  a  narrow  point.  This  beautifully  secluded 


IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


667 


Tempe  is  the  chosen  site  of  the  village.  The  S. 
portion,  just  at  the  base  of  the  E.  and  W.  moun- 
tains, is  that  upon  which  stand  the  various  edi- 
fices for  the  accommodation  of  visitors.  These 
buildings  are  spacious  and  conveniently  ar- 
ranged ;  the  servants  are  prompt  and  obedient ; 
and  the  table  djhdte  is  abundantly  supplied 
with  every  thing*  that  can  tempt  the  appetite. 
The  promenades  are  beautifully  embellished, 
and  shaded  from  the  midday  sun  by  large  sugar 
maples,  the  natives  of  the  forest." 

The  springs  are  situated  in  the  S.  W.  part  of 
the  valley,  and  the  water  is  collected  into  two 
white  marble  fountains,  over  which  is  thrown  a 
beautiful  octagon-shaped  pavilion. 

Regular  stages,  or  post  coaches,  arrive  here  dai- 
ly, both  from  the  N.  and  S.  For  further  particu- 
lars of  the  general  route,  see  White  Sulphur  Springs. 

RICHFIELD  SPRINGS,  N.  Y., 
Situated  in  Otsego  co.,  on  the  N.  side  of 
Schuyler's  Lake,  about  1  mile  from  the  lake 
shore.  They  are  reached  by  the  railroad,  from 
the  E.  or  W.,  to  Herkimer,  whence  stage  coaches 
and  other  conveyances  convey  passengers  to  the 
springs,  12  miles  distant.  The  accommodations 
for  visitors  are  very  convenient  and  agreeable, 
having  been  greatly  enlarged  and  improved  within 
a  recent  period.  The  hotels  are  of  the  first  class, 
supplying  every  luxury  and  comfort  usually  found 
at  these  resorts.  At  the  lake,  pleasure  boats  and 
fishing  apparatus  are  kept  in  readiness  for  vis- 
itors. The  ride  to  Otsego  Lake  is  over  a  fine 
road,  a  distance  of  6  miles. 

The  following  is  an  analysis  of  the  Sulphur 
Spring :  Bicarbonate  of  soda,  20  grains ;  bicar- 
bonate of  lime,  10  grains  ;  chloride  of  sodium 
and  magnesia,  1.5:  sulphate  of  magnesia,  90; 
hydro-sulphate  of  magnesia  and  lime,  2 ;  sulphate 
of  lime,  90;  solid  matter,  153.5;  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  gas,  20.8  inches  per  gallon.  —  These  are 
sometimes  known  as  Canaderaga  Springs. 

ROAN  MOUNTAIN,  N.  C. 
The  location  of  this  mountain  is  35  miles 
N.  W.  of  Morgantown,  and  about  15  miles  from 
Black  Mountain,  which  we  have  mentioned  in  its 
place.  The  height  of  this  mountain  is  6038  feet. 
It  is  ascended  with  less  difficulty  than  Black 
Mountain,  and,  though  less  elevated  by  more 
than  500  feet,  is  considered  more  beautiful  as  a 
height  to  be  visited.  Near  its  S.  W.  extremity 
there  is  a  body  of  rocks  resembling  in  appear- 
ance the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle. 

ROCKAWAY  BEACH,  LONG   ISLAND,  N.  Y. 

This  fashionable  watering-place  is  on  the  At- 
lantic shore  of  Long  Island,  about  20  miles  from 
New  York.  The  principal  hotel  is  the  Marine 
Pavilion,  which  is  a  splendid  establishment,  erect- 
ed in  1834,  upon  the  beach,  only  a  short  distance 
from  the  ocean.  There  is  also  another  hotel, 
which  is  well  kept,  and  several  boarding-houses, 
where  the  visitor  or  the  invalid  may  enjoy  the 
invigorating  ocean  breezes  with  less  of  cost  and 
display  than  at  the  hotels.  The  most  convenient 
route  to  Rockaway  is  by  the  Long  Island  Rail- 
road to  Jamaica,  12  miles  from  New  York,  and 
thence  8  miles  by  stage  to  the  beach. 

RYE  BEACH,  N.  H. 

The  sea-coast  in  this  town  extends  about  6 
miles,  making  nearly  one  fifth  of  the  whole  sea- 


board of  N.  H.  There  are  within  this  distance 
two  or  three  beautiful  beaches,  or  rather  portions 
of  the  beach,  to  which  resort  is  had  for  sea  bath- 
ing and  summer  recreations.  At  the  principal 
place  of  resort,  known  as  Rye  Beach,  there  are 
pleasant  accommodations  provided  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  visitors.  It  lies  E.  of  Portsmouth 
about  6  miles. 

SACHEM'S  HEAD,  CT 

This  is  an  attractive  watering-place  on  the 
Connecticut  shore  of  Long  Island  Sound,  16 
miles  E.  of  New  Haven,  and  3  miles  E.  of  Guil- 
ford  Point.  It  has  a  spacious  and  elegant  hotel, 
with  ample  accommodations  for  visitors.  The 
place  is  wild  and  picturesque,  and  the  sea  breeze, 
bathing,  rides,  £c.,  are  peculiarly  grateful  and 
refreshing  during  the  sultry  summer  months. 

SAGUENAY  RIVER,   CANADA. 

Within  a  few  years,  the  trip  by  steamboat  from 
Quebec  to  this  remarkable  river,  occupying  from 
three  to  four  days,  has  become  a  very  fashionable 
excursion.  We  shall  include  in  this  article, 
therefore,  some  notices  of  the  most  interesting 
places  which  may  deserve  the  attention  of  the 
tourist  upon  such  a  trip. 

Starting  from  Quebec,  and  descending  the  St. 
Lawrence,  the  Falls  of  Montmorenci  are  seen  to 
great  advantage,  about  7  miles  below,  precipi- 
tating their  snow-white  cataract  over  the  lofty 
bank  into  the  river.  For  a  particular  description 
of  these  falls,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  article 
upon  that  interesting  natural  curiosity,  on  page 
272.  The  Island  of  Orleans  is  next  passed,  on 
the  left ;  the  principal  ship  channel  of  the  river 
being  that  upon  the  N.  W.  side  of  the  island. 
This  is  a  fertile  tract  embraced  within  two  encir- 
cling arms  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  21  miles  long  by 
6  or  7  miles  wide,  and  in  part  covered  with  forest. 
It  rises  from  50  to  100  feet  above  the  water.  St. 
Patrick's  Hole,  11  miles  below  Quebec,  on  the 
Orleans  shore,  is  a  fine  anchorage  for  vessels  of 
the  largest  size.  Here,  about  25  years  ago,  an 
immense  ship  was  built,  of  3700  tons  register, 
with  a  view  of  taking  her  to  England,  and  saving 
the  duty  on  the  timber  of  which  she  was  com- 
posed. She  crossed  the  Atlantic ;  but  as  the 
object  was  defeated,  she  returned  again  to  this 
country.  In  the  attempt  to  make  a  second 
voyage,  she  was  wrecked.  Fourteen  miles  below 
Quebec,  on  the  other  side  of  this  island,  is  the 
Parish  of  St.  Laurent.  The  S.  E.  shore  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  for  many  miles  below  Point  Levi, 
presents  a  succession  of  villages  and  hamlets,  con- 
sisting each  of  a  cluster  of  houses  after  the  French 
Canadian  style,  one  story  high,  with  both  roof  and 
sides  painted  white,  and  with  a  church  standing 
in  the  midst.  After  passing  Madam  Island,  26 
miles  from  Quebec,  the  river  widens  to  10  miles, 
and  continues  generally  to  increase  in  width  to  its 
mouth.  Cape  Tourment,  30  miles  below  Quebec, 
is  a  bold  promontory  rising  to  the  height  of  2000 
feet,  and  seen  at  a  great  distance.  Grasse  Island, 
opposite  this  promontory,  is  the  Quarantine  Sta- 
tion for  vessels  inward  bound,  and  has  a  hospital, 
a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  and  other  buildings 
suited  to  the  design  of  the  establishment.  Goose 
Island,  45  miles  from  Quebec,  is  owned  by  the 
nuns,  and  is  cultivated  as  a  farm  by  tenants. 
About  70  miles  below  Quebec  is  the  Isle  aux 
Coudres,  (Isle  of  Filberts.)  said  to  have  been  so 
named  by  Jacques  Cartier,  on  his  first  voyage  of 


666 


MINERAL   SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


discovery  up  the  St.  Lawrence.  On  the  S.E. 
shore  of  this  island  is  St.  Anne,  where  is  a  Catho- 
lic college,  and  a  settlement  of  considerable  size. 
Kamouraska,  on  the  S.  E.  shore,  about  90  miles 
below  Quebec,  containing  about  1600  inhabitants, 
has  become  a  favorite  place  of  resort,  during  the 
summer  months,  for  the  inhabitants  of  Montreal 
and  Quebec,  for  purposes  of  fishing  and  bath- 
ing, and  is  doubtless  destined  to  become  a  fash- 
ionable watering-place,  where,  as  the  waters  are 
perfectly  salt,  invalids  and  the  seekers  of  pleas- 
ure may  enjoy  sea-bathing  and  other  recreations. 
There  is  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Du  Loup,  which  comes  into  the  St.  Lawrence  from 
the  S.  E.  120  miles  below  Quebec,  containing 
some  1 500  or  1 800  inhabitants.  Here  commences 
the  great  road  from  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the 
St.  John's,  by  the  way  of  the  Madawaska  River 
and  settlement.  As  you  come  to  the  mouth  "of 
the  Saguenay,  which  is  140  miles  from  Quebec, 
the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  take  a  blackish 
appearance,  which  is  perceivable  for  many  miles 
below,  extending  far  out  into  the  river.  This 
discoloration  is  occasioned  by  the  entrance  of  the. 
waters  of  this  great  tributary,  which  are  of  a  very 
dark  hue.  Off  the  mouth  of  this  river  is  Red 
Island,  and  nearly  opposite  is  Green  Island,  which 
are  among  the  first  of  the  islands  met  with  in 
ascending  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  St.  Lawrence 
River,  below  this  point,  assumes  an  imposing  ap- 
pearance ;  being  clear  of  islands,  and  gradually 
widening  until  its  breadth  exceeds  100  miles. 

We  are  now  at  the  mouth  of  the  SAGUENAY, 
to  visit  which  is  the  principal  object  of  the  excur- 
sion. From  the  strange,  wild,  and  romantic  char- 
acter of  the  scenery  along  its  banks,  as  well  as 
from  the  great  depth  and  almost  inky  blackness 
of  its  waters,  this  may  be  considered  as  unques- 
tionably the  most  remarkable  river  on  the  Amer- 
ican continent.  It  is  about  a  mile  wide  at  its 
confluence  with  the  St.  Lawrence ;  and,  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  its  course  above,  is  often  from  2  to  3 
miles  in  width.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important 
tributaries  of  this  great  river ;  its  volume  of  wa- 
ter is  indeed  immense  ;  and  the  depth  and  force 
of  its  current  is  so  sensibly  felt  at  its  junction 
with  the  St.  Lawrence,  that  vessels  going  up  or 
down  are  obliged  to  yield  to  its  influence  for.sev- 
eral  miles.  With  the  exception  of  the  St.  Eaw- 
rence  itself,  it  is  decidedly  the  largest  river  E.  of 
the  Appalachian  chain  of  mountains.  It  is  the 
only  outlet  of  the  beautiful  Lake  of  St.  John, 
which  lies  about  140  miles  nearly  W.  from  the 
River  St.  Lawrence,  in  an  immense  vallev  forming 
part  of  the  territory  belonging  to  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company.  This  lake  is  nearly  circular  in 
its  form,  being  between  30  and  40  miles  in  diam- 
eter ;^  and  it  constitutes  the  great  natural  reser- 
voir into  which  no  less  than  twelve  rivers,  and 
many  smaller  streams,  discharge  their  waters. 
The  Saguenay  is  the  channel  by  which  this  vast 
collection  of  water  finds  its  way  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence, draining.an  area  of  country  which  is  more 
extensive  than  all  the  rest  of  Lower  Canada, 
although  but  little  known,  and  till  lately  almost 
entirely  uninhabited,  except  by  one  or  two  hun- 
dred Indian  families. 

The  first  half  of  the  course  of  the  river  lies 
through  a  wilderness  of  hills,  covered  with  an 
unbroken  forest  of  pine,  fir,  and  spruce ;  and 
numerous  and  formidable  rapids  in  this  part 
render  the  navigation  difficult,  and  even  hazard- 
ous, except  to  experienced  canoe-men.  Below 


Chicoutimi,  however,  which  is  68  miles  from  its 
mouth,  it  is  navigable  for  the  largest  vessels. 
From  the  Ha- Ha  Bay,  which  is  12  or  15  miles 
below  Chicoutimi,  the  passage  of  the  waters  of 
the  Saguenay,  for  the  whole  distance  of  50  miles 
to  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  one  of  the  wonders  of  na- 
ture. They  penetrate  through,  solid  mountains 
of  sienitic  granite,  which  seem  to  have  been 
split  asunder  by  the  upheavings  of  an  earth- 
quake, thus  forming  an  immense  canal,  with  banks 
of  perpendicular  rocks,  towering  up  to  1500  or 
2000  feet  above  the  water,  which  is  about  150 
fathoms  deep  nearly  the  whole  distance.  In  many 
places  the  largest  vessel  may  run  close  to  the 
perpendicular  cliffs,  with  100  fathoms  water.  Its 
depth,  at  several  different  points  indeed,  has 
never  been  ascertained.  It  has  been  plumbed,  in 
some  of  these  places,  with  a  line  of  330  fathoms, 
or  1980  feet,  and  that,  too,  immediately  at  the  base 
of  the  cliff,  and  yet  no  bottom  found. 

Mr.  Lanman,  a  talented  artist  and  an  accom- 
plished writer,  who  recently  made  a  tour  through 
Lower  Canada,  thus  speaks  of  the  Saguenay: 
"  Imagine,  for  a  moment,  an  extensive  country 
of  rocky  and  thinly-clad  mountains,  suddenly 
separated  by  some  convulsion  of  nature,  so  as  to 
form  an  almost  bottomless  chasm,  varying  from 
1  to  2  miles  in  width ;  and  then  imagine  this 
chasm  suddenly  half  filled  with  water,  and  that 
the  moss  of  centuries  has  softened  the  rugged 
walls  on  either  side,  and  you  will  have  a  pretty 
accurate  idea  of  the  Saguenay."  "  Generally 
speaking,"  he  continues,  "  these  towering  bul- 
warks are  not  content  to  loom  perpendicularly 
into  the  air,  but  they  must  needs  bend  over  as  if 
to  look  at  their  own  savage  features  reflected  in 
the  deep.  .  .  .  Awful  beyond  expression  is  the  sen- 
sation which  one  experiences  in  sailing  along  the 
Saguenay,  raising  his  eye  heavenward,  to  behold, 
hanging  directly  over  his  head,  a  mass  of  granite 
apparently  ready  to  totter  and  fall,  and  weighing 
perhaps  a  million  of  tons.  Terrible  and  sub- 
lime, beyond  the  imagery  of  the  most  daring 
poet,  are  these  cliffs ;  which,  while  they  proclaim 
the  omnipotent  power  of  God,  at  the  same  time 
whisper  into  the  ear  of  man  that  he  is  but  as  the 
moth  that  flutters  in  the  noontide  air."  Another 
writer  has  remarked  that  "  the  power  and  pride 
of  man  is  as  much  humbled,  in  some  parts  of 
this  tremendous  chasm,  as  in  the  immediate 
presence  of  Niagara  Falls." 

Not  the  least  remarkable  feature  of  this  river 
is  the  ridge  of  rocks  lying  across  its  mouth. 
This  ridge  is  below  the  surface,  and  through  it  is 
a  channel  120  feet  deep,  on  the  upper  side  of 
which  the  depth  immediately  increases  to  840 
feet ;  so  that,  even  at  its  mouth,  the  bed  of  the 
Saguenay  is  absolutely  600  feet,  or  thereabout, 
below  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  into  which  it 
empties. 

After  entering  the  river,  the  hills  soon  rise 
abruptly  from  the  water's  edge,  presenting  an 
appearance,  at  first  somewhat  similar  to  the  en- 
trance into  the  Highlands,  from  the  N.,  on  the 
Hudson  River.  Tadousac,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Saguenay,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  a  small  place, 
occupied  as  a  trading  post  with  the  Indians,  by 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  Tete  du  Boule  is  a 
round  mountain  peak  about  a  mile  from  Tadousac, 
The  Two  Profiles,  a  few  miles  farther  up,  ele- 
vated several  hundred  feet  above  the  water,  bear 
a  striking  resemblance  to  the  outline  of  the 
human  face.  At  St.  John's  Bay,  28  miles  above 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


669 


Tadousac,  are  extensive  lumber  establishments. 
Eternity  Point,  and  Trinity  Point,  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  river,  34  miles  from  the  mouth,  are  two 
enormous  masses  of  rock,  rising  abruptly  from 
the  water's  edge  to  the  height  of  1 500  feet.  Fifty- 
seven  miles  from  Tadousac  opens  the  Ha-Ha 
Bay,  or  Great  Bay,  as  it  is  sometimes  called.  At 
the  head  of  this  bay  there  is  a  large  lumbering 
establishment,  with  several  extensive  saw-mills, 
which  is  said  to  give  employment  to  2000  persons 
living  in  the  regions  of  the  Saguenay  and  the  St. 
Lawrence.  At  Chicoutimi,  68  miles  from  Ta- 
dousac, where  our  steamboat  excursion  must 
necessarily  terminate,  is  another  trading  post  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  Two  or  three  dwell- 
ings, and  a  small  but  venerable  looking  Roman 
Catholic  chapel,  constitute  the  settlement.  It  is 
one  of  those  stations  where,  in  former  days,  the 
Jesuit  missionaries  established  a  home  for  them- 
selves. The  church  edifice,  which  yet  remains  to 
attest  their  religious  zeal,  is  believed  to  be  one 
of  the  first  erected  in  Canada.  Standing  here,  in 
so  romantic  and  remote  a  spot,  it  is  a  peculiarly 
agreeable  object.  It  is  about  100  yards  from  the 
margin  of  the  stream,  in  the  centre  of  a  plat  of 
greensward,  set  out  with  shrubbery,  with  forest- 
trees  crowning  the  rising  ground  in  the  rear. 
The  old  bell,  still  remaining  in  the  tower,  is  cov- 
ered with  characters,  or  hieroglyphics,  which  the 
most  learned  visitors  have  not  been  able  to  in- 
terpret. Here  assemble,  in  the  months  of  June 
and  July,  every  year,  the  children  of  the  forest, 
some  of  them  from  the  far  north,  to  meet  the 
Catholic  priests,  who  visit  the  place  at  that  sea- 
son, to  minister  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  such  as 
still  adhere  to  the  religion  which  their  fathers 
were  taught  in  earlier  ages,  and  reverence  the 
spot  hallowed  by  traditional  associations.  The 
Indians  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  have,  in 
a  great  measure,  abandoned  the  use  of  strong 
drink,  and  have  become  orderly  and  decent  in 
comparison  with  the  other  scattered  remnants  of 
their  race. 

Beyond  this  point  all  traces  of  civilization  end. 
But  the  region  of  the  Saguenay  cannot  long 
remain  waste  and  unoccupied.  It  is  doubtless 
destined  to  become  the  abode  of  an  active  and  en- 
terprising population.  The  aspect  of  the  country 
around  Chicoutimi  is  divested  of  the  rugged 
character  which  distinguishes  the  banks  of  the 
Saguenay  for  the  first  50  miles ;  and  as  the 
traveller  penetrates  into  the  interior,  the  appear- 
ance of  the  country  indicates  a  superior  soil. 
The  climate,  which,  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  St. 
John,  approaches  very  nearly  to  that  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Montreal,  is  well  adapted  to  the  purposes 
of  agriculture ;  and  the  virgin  soil  cannot  fail  to 
repay  the  labor  which  shall  be  bestowed  upon  it. 

ST.  ANTHONY'S  FALLS. 

These  falls  are  on  the  Upper  Mississippi  River, 
about  7  miles  above  Fort  Snelling.  They  are  a 
succession  of  boisterous  rapids,  with  one  cataract 
about  midway,  of  16  feet  perpendicular  descent. 
The  Mississippi  is  here  forced  through  a  narrow, 
descending  channel,  which  is  blocked  up  with 
huge  rocks  piled  one  upon  another,  sometimes  to 
an  enormous  height,  and  assuming  many  and 
singularly  unnatural  appearances.  It  is  through 
and  around  these  jagged  rocks  that  the  river  urges 
its  fretted  course,  foaming  and  tumbling  with  a 
deafening  roar.  The  river  seems  to  stop  for  a 
moment  ere  it  encounters  the  fall ;  then,  breaking 


through  every  obstacle,  it  plunges  on,  its  huge 
billows  breaking  on  the  rocks,  and  throwing  a 
shower  of  spray  over  each  little  rocky  island  in 
the  channel.  There  is  great  grandeur  and  beauty 
in  the  scenery  at  these  falls.  The  whole  descent 
of  the  river  here  is  about  40  feet.  Steamboats 
freighted  with  merchandise  for  the  country  above 
St.  Anthony's  Falls  here  find  an  important  carry- 
ing-place, and  it  is  remarkable  that  this  is  the 
only  carrying-place  in  the  whole  length  of  this 
magnificent  river.  From  these  falls  to  St.  Louis, 
792  miles. 

SALISBURY  BEACH,  MS. 
This  pleasant  beach,  from  4  to  5  miles  distant 
from  Newburyport,  is  celebrated  for  its  beauty 
and  salubrity,  and  is  much  frequented  during  the 
warm  season. 

SALT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  VA. 
This  pleasant  watering  place  is  situated  in 
Monroe  co.,  24  miles  distant  from  the  White 
Sulphur  Springs.  They  are  encircled  by  moun- 
tains on  every  side.  They  are  much  visited  by 
invalids  and  others,  and  enjoy  a  high  reputation 
for  the  virtues  of  their  waters,  as  well  as  for  the 
excellent  accommodations  with  which  they  are 
furnished.  The  temperature  of  their  waters  va- 
ries from  49°  to  56°  Fahrenheit. 


SARATOGA  SPRINGS,   N.  Y. 

This  is  the  most  celebrated  watering-place  in 
the  U.  S.  There  are  here,  within  the  distance  of 
about  half  a  mile,  as  many  as  10  or  12  mineral 
springs,  with  properties  considerably  various,  and 
all  highly  efficacious  in  their  remedial  use.  This 
place  has  become  the  annual  resort  of  thousands, 
especially  during  the  months  of  July  and  August, 
who  come  in  pursuit  of  health  or  pleasure,  from 
every  section  of  this  country  and  of  Europe. 
Large  and  splendid  accommodations  are  provided 
in  the  various  hotels  and  boarding-houses,  which, 
in  the  season  of  company,  arc  often  thronged 
with  visitors,  presenting  an  animated  scene  of 
gayety,  luxury,  and  display. 

The  village,  which  is  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
township  of  Saratoga,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a 
sandy  plain,  in  part  surrounded  by  a  beautiful 
grove  of  pines,  having  its  principal  street  upon 
the  W.  margin  of  a  narrow  vale  in  which  the 
springs  are  found.  On  this  broad  street  the 
largest  hotels  are  situated,  with  several  of  the 
churches  and  other  public  edifices,  which  give  to 
it  an  imposing  appearance.  The  United  States 
Hotel,  which  is  perhaps  the  most  extensive  and 
magnificent  of  these  establishments,  is  a  large, 
four  story  brick  edifice,  furnishing  accommoda- 
tions for  about  400  guests,  located  in  a  central  po- 
sition, and  within  a  short  distance  of  all  the  most 
important  mineral  springs.  Congress  Hall  and 
Unior.  Hall  are  both  large  and  elegant  establish- 
ments, situated  also  at  the  S.  part  of  the  village, 
near  the  Congress  Spring.  All  these  houses  have 
beautiful  grounds  connected  with  them  in  the 
rear,  with  spacious  piazzas  and  colonnades,  and 
are  fitted  up  with  special  reference  to  the  demands 
of  the  more  wealthy  and  pleasure-loving  portion 
of  the  visitors  at  the  springs.  They  are  only  kept 
open  during  the  season  of  fashionable  resort.  The 
Pavilion  Hotel,  which  was  of  this  class,  was  de- 
stroyed by  tire  in  1843.  Other  houses,  as  the 
American  Hotel,  Columbian  Hotel,  Montgom- 
ery Hall,  Adelphi  Hotel,  and  Washington  Hall 


670 


MINERAL   SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


remain  open  during  the  whole  year.  Besides 
these,  there  are  several  respectable  hotels  of  less 
note,  affording  good  accommodations  both  sum- 
mer and  winter.  Near  the  springs  there  are  sev- 
eral public  bathing-houses,  where  cold  and  warm 
water,  and  shower  baths,  can  at  all  times  be  ob- 
tained. 

The  celebrated  mineral  waters,  which  are  the 
great  cause  of  attraction  to  this  place,  require  a 
more  particular  notice.  They  issue  from  the 
limestone  formation,  which  underlies  the  whole 
surface  of  sandy  soil  upon  which  the  village  is 
built ;  most  of  them  coming  out  near  the  margin 
of  a  small  stream  which  runs  through  the  village, 
in  the  narrow  valley  on  the  E.  of  the  principal 
street.  It  is  not  known  at  what  precise  period 
these  springs  were  first  discovered.  It  is  said 
that  the  whites  discovered  them  by  remarking  the 
track  of  the  deer,  who  frequented  them  in  such 
numbers  as  to  wear  a  path  to  the  spot.  In  1773, 
a  settlement  was  established  here  for  the  double 
purpose  of  trading  with  the  Indians,  and  of  accom- 
modating invalids  who  might  seek  the  benefit  of 
two  of  these  fountains  of  health,  which  were  then 
all  that  were  known.  These  were  those  since  dis- 
tinguished as  the  Flat  Rock  and  the  High  Rock 
Springs,  which  had  made  themselves  more  ob- 
vious than  the  rest  by  a  remarkable  limestone 
deposit  around  their  orifices. 

There  are  now  ten  or  twelve  different  springs 
coming  to  the  surface,  within  the  extent  of  about 
half  a  mile,  in  whose  waters  the  mineral  elements 
of  soda,  magnesia,  lime,  and  iron,  with  others  in 
less  volume,  are  combined,  in  different  propor- 
tions, with  carbonic  acid  gas.  Their  prevailing 
character  is  that  of  saline  and  chalybeate  waters. 
Congress  Spring,  Washington  Spring,  Putnam's 
Spring,  Pavilion  Spring,  Iodine  Spring,  Hamilton 
Spring,  Empire  Spring,  and  the  Flat  Rock  and 
High  Rock  Springs,  may  be  mentioned  as  the 
most  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  virtues.  A 
cluster,  known  as  the  "  Ten  Springs,"  is  situated 
about  a  mile  E.  of  the  village,  the  most  valued 
of  which  is  known  as  the  Union  Spring.  The 
Mansion  House,  a  well-kept  summer  establish- 
ment, is  near  to  this  locality. 

The  Congress  Spring  is  the  most  copious,  the 
most  frequented,  and  the  most  salubrious  of  all 
the  springs  in  Saratoga.  It  was  discovered  in 
1792,  by  a  member  of  Congress,  named  Gillman, 
issuing  from  an  aperture  in  the  side  of  a  rock, 
which  formed  the  margin  of  a  little  brook.  Af- 
ter several  years,  the  supply  from  this  small  ori- 
fice in  the  rock  being  wholly  insufficient  to  meet 
the  increasing  demands  of  visitors,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  remove  the  obstructions  to  its  more 
abundant  flow ;  in  consequence  of  which  the 
spring  for  a  time  disappeared,  and  was  supposed 
to  be  forever  lost.  But  at  length  signs  of  gas 
were  observed  rising  through  the  water,  from  the 
bottom  of  the  brook,  which  led  to  the  ultimate 
recovery  of  this  most  invaluable  fountain.  By 
turning  aside  the  stream,  and  digging  about  8 
feet  through  marl  and  gravel  to  the  rock,  its  per- 
manent source  was  found,  and  over  it  a  tube  10 
inches  square  was  placed,  through  which  an 
abundant  supply  of  the  finest  mineral  water  con- 
tinually rises  to  the  surface.  The  Pavilion  Spring 
also  is  brought  from  an  orifice  in  the  rock  40  feet 
under  ground,  and  tubed  up  at  great  expense. 
This  spring  contains  more  of  the  carbonic  acid 
gas  than  any  other,  and  next  to  the  Congress  is 
most  resorted  to. 


These  waters  are  highly  efficacious  in  many 
inveterate  cases  of  disease.  But  even  this  is  not 
their  most  important  benefit.  They  have  an  al- 
most magic  effect  upon  the  healthy  system,  to 
renovate  and  invigorate  its  energies,  when  relaxed 
from  long  confinement  to  business,  or  from  sed- 
entary habits,  and  to  remove  the  latent  causes  of 
languor  and  disease.  Their  chief  medicinal 
properties  are  of  the  cathartic  and  tonic  kinds. 
Large  quantities  of  these  waters  are  bottled, 
transported,  and  sold  in  the  various  cities,  which 
is  one  of  the  methods  in  which  the  springs, 
which  are  mostly  the  property  of  individuals, 
are  made  a  source  of  profit  to  their  several  own- 
ers. For  the  use  of  the  water  at  the  springs 
no  expense  is  incurred,  except  what  is  volun- 
tarily given  to  those  in  waiting.  It  is  a  sufficient 
proof  of  the  estimation  in  which  they  are  held, 
to  state  that  upwards  of  35,000  persons  generally 
visit  Saratoga  during  the  summer  season,  and 
that  there  are  sometimes  not  less  than  3000  vis- 
itors at  the  same  time  in  the  various  hotels  and 
boarding-houses. 

We  copy  the  following  analysis  of  several  of 
the  above-named  springs  from  the  little  work  of 
Dr.  R.  L.  Allen,  a  physician  resident  at  Sara- 
toga:— 

Congress  Spring.  To  one  cubic  gallon :  chloride 
of  sodium,  grs.  390.246  ;  hydriodate  of  soda,  and 
bromide  of  potassium,  6.000  ;  carbonate  of  soda, 
9.213;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  100.981  ;  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  103.416;  carbonate  of  iron,  1.000; 
silex  and  alumina,  1.036.  Solid  contents,  611.892 

Carbonic  acid  gas,  386.188  ;  atmospheric  air, 
3.261.  Gaseous  contents,  389.449. 

High  Rock  Spring.  To  one  gallon :  chloride 
of  sodium,  grs.  190.233 ;  carbonate  of  magne- 
sia, 62.100  ;  carbonate  of  lime.  71.533  ;  carbonate 
of  soda,  18.421 ;  carbonate  of  iron,  4.233  ;  hydri- 
odate of  soda,  2.177  ;  silex  and  alumina,  2.500 ; 
hydriobromate  of  potash,  a  small  quantity.  Solid 
contents,  351.197. 

Carbonic  acid  gas,  331.666;  atmospheric  air, 
2.000.  Gaseous  contents,  333.666. 

Hamilton  Spring.  To  one  gallon  :  chloride  of 
sodium,  grs.  290.500 ;  carbonate  of  soda,  33.500  ; 
carbonate  of  lime,  95.321  ;  carbonate  of  magne- 
sia, 38.000  ;  carbonate  of  iron,  4.500  ;  hydriodate 
of  soda,  3.500  ;  bromide  of  potash,  a  trace  ;  silex 
and  alumina,  1.000.  Solid  contents,  466.321. 

Carbonic  acid  gas,  340.777  ;  atmospheric  air, 
2.461.  Gaseous  contents,  343.238.  Tempera- 
ture of  the  water,  48°. 

Putnam's  Spring.  To  one  gallon  :  chloride  of 
sodium,  grs.  220.000  ;  carbonate  of  soda,  15.321  ; 
carbonate  of  magnesia,  45.500 ;  carbonate  of  lime, 
70.433  ;  carbonate  of  iron,  5.333  ;  hydriodate  of 
soda,  2.500 ;  bromide  of  potash,  a  trace ;  silex 
and  alumina,  1.500.  Solid  contents,  370.587. 

Carbonic  acid  gas,  317.753;  atmospheric  air, 
3.080.  Gaseous  contents,  320.833.  Tempera- 
ture, 48°. 

Iodine  Spring.  To  one  gallon :  chloride  of 
sodium,  grs.  147.665 ;  carbonate  of  magnesia, 
73.348 ;  carbonate  of  lime,  28.955  ;  carbonate  of 
soda,  3.000  ;  carbonate  of  iron,  .900  ;  hydriodate 
of  soda,  3.566.  Solid  contents,  257.434. 

Carbonic  acid  gas,  344.000 ;  atmospheric  air, 
2.500.  Gaseous  contents,  346.5. 

Pavilion  Spring.  To  one  gallon  :  chloride  of 
sodium,  grs.  183.814;  carbonate  of  soda,  6.000 
carbonate  of  lime,  59.593  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia, 
58.266  ;  carbonate  of  iron,  4.133  ;  iodide,  sodium, 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


671 


and  bromide  of  potassa,  2.566  ;  sulphate  of  soda, 
1.000;  alumina,  a  trace ;  silex,  1.000.  Solid  con- 
tents, 316.372. 

Carbonic  acid,  369.166  ;  atmospheric  air,  3.333. 
Gaseous  contents,  372.499. 

Empire  Spring.  To  one  gallon :  chloride  of 
8odium,grs.  215.756;  bi-carboaate  of  lime,  24.678  ; 
bi-carbonate  of  magnesia,  113.459;  bi-carbonate 
of  soda,  33.584  ;  hydriodate  of  potassa,  9.600  ; 
iron,  0.500  ;  silex  and  alumina,  1.300.  Solid  con- 
tents, 399.877. 

Carbonic  acid  gas,  260.132  ;  atmospheric  air, 
3.314.  Gaseous  contents,  263.446. 

These  springs  are  situated  23  miles  from 
Schenectady,  and  37  from  Albany.  To  New 
York,  by  Schenectady  and  Albany,  182  miles  ; 
to  Utica  by  Schenectady,  95  miles  ;  to  Montreal, 
by  Lakes  George  and  Champlain,  226  miles ; 
by  Whitehall  and  Lake  Champlain,  219  miles; 
to  Boston,  by  way  of  Troy,  238  miles.  A  very 
pleasant  way  of  getting  to  the  springs  from  the 
northward  and  eastward  is  by  the  way  of  Lake 
Champlain  and  Lake  George.  See  Fort  Ticon- 
deroga,  p.  266. 

SAYBROOK  POINT,   CT. 

The  situation  of  this  ancient  town  on  the  W. 
shore  and  at  the  mouth  of  Connecticut  River, 
having  Long  Island  Sound  on  the  S.,  gives  it  a 
tine  exposure  to  the  cool,  invigorating  breezes 
from  the  salt  water  ;  and  offers  at  the  same  time 
peculiar  facilities  for  pleasure  excursions  upon 
the  river,  which  here  spreads  out  into  a  broad  and 
beautiful  sheet  of  water.  The  Point  is  a  penin- 
sula about  one  mile  in  length,  crescent-shaped  in 
form,  and  connected  with  the  main  land  by  a 
narrow  neck,  over  which  the  tide  sometimes  flows. 
The  harbor,  making  up  from  the  river,  lies  in  the 
bosom  of  this  peninsula,  on  the  side  opposite  the 
Bea.  Towards  its  extremity  the  land  is  elevated, 
and  spread  out  to  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
in  breadth,  affording  space  for  a  considerable  set- 
tlement, which  has  existed  here  from  the  earliest 
colonial  history  of  the  country.  Indeed,  the  ven- 
erable antiquities  and  important  historical  asso- 
ciations of  this  spot,  constitute  one  of  its  peculiar 
attractions  as  a  place  of  temporary  resort.  The 
monument  of  the  Lady  Fenwick  is  still  extant, 
a  handsome  estate  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river  being  held,  it  is  said,  from  an  original  grant, 
on  the  condition  of  keeping  it  in  a  good  state  of 
preservation.  A  square  was  laid  out  on  this 
peninsula,  on  which  it  was  intended  to  erect 
houses  for  Cromwell,  Pym,  Hasselrig,  and  Hamp- 
den,  who,  it  is  understood,  had  actually  embarked 
in  the  Thames  to  occupy  this  ground.  Here,  too, 
are  to  be  seen  some  relics  of  the  ancient  founda- 
tions of  Yale  College,  which  had  its  location  on 
this  point  for  15  years.  The  old  burial-ground, 
also,  is  a  place  of  great  interest  to  be  visited. 

Lyme,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  is  like- 
wise a  pleasant  town,  affording  delightful  accom- 
modations to  persons  from  the  cities  and  the 
interior  seeking  the  refreshment  of  a  sojourn  in 
the  summer  on  the  sea-coast.  There  are  two 
hotels  on  Saybrook  Point,  which  are  delightfully 
situated  and"  well  kept ;  also  many  other  places 
where  board  can  be  obtained.  Steamboats  run 
down  the  river  to  New  York  and  to  New  London, 
Ct.,  stopping  at  Saybrook.  It  will  soon  be 
reached  also  by  the  New  Haven  and  New 
London  Railroad,  which  is  in  process  of  con- 
struction. 


SCHOOLEY'S  MOUNTAIN,  N.  J. 

This  is  a  place  of  much  fashionable  resort, 
during  the  summer  months,  for  its  pure  air  and 
romantic  scenery.  Belmont  Hall,  an  excellent 
public  house,  is  located  on  its  top,  at  an  elevation 
of  2000  feet,  from  which  the  prospect  is  almost 
unrivalled.  There  is  also,  near  the  summit,  a 
mineral  spring  of  considerable  celebrity.  It  con- 
tains muriate  of  soda,  muriate  of  lime,  muriate 
of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, silex,  and  carbonated  oxide  of  iron.  It 
has  a  temperature  of  56°  Fahrenheit,  and  dis- 
charges 30  gallons  an  hour. 

Seven  miles  from  the  spring,  on  the  mountain, 
is  Budd's  Pond,  2  miles  long  and  1  mile  wide, 
of  great  depth,  and  clear  as  crystal,  which  abounds 
with  fish,  and  is  furnished  with  a  pleasure  boat 
for  the  use  of  fishing  parties  and  parties  of  pleas- 
ure. 

This  place  is  approached  from  New  York  by 
railroad  to  Morristown,  32  miles,  from  which  the 
mountain  is  about  20  miles.  Philadelphia  pas- 
sengers leave  the  cars  at  New  Brunswick,  and 
take  the  stage  via  Somerville.  It  is  86  miles 
from  Philadelphia,  via  Trenton. 

SHARON  SPRINGS,  N.  Y., 
In  the  town  of  Sharon,  in  Schoharie  co.,  about 
45  miles  W.  of  Albany  by  the  Cherry  Valley 
Turnpike.  They  are  also  reached  by  stages  from 
Canajoharie,  on  the  Utica  and  Schenectady  Rail- 
road, from  which  place  they  are  distant  about  12 
miles,  in  a  S.  W.  direction.  There  are  two  springs, 
called  the  Sulphur  and  the  Magnesia  Springs, 
situated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  near  the  village, 
about  half  a  mile  N.  of  the  turnpike  road.  These 
waters  are  highly  impregnated  with  sulphur, 
strongly  resembling  the  White  Sulphur  Springs 
of  Virginia.  They  are  pure  and  clear,  and  have 
been  found  to  be  highly  efficacious  in  cutaneous, 
dyspeptic,  and  rheumatic  complaints.  They  have 
an  exhilarating  effect  upon  the  spirits,  invigorat- 
ing the  system,  and  purifying  the  complexion, 
and  in  some  respects  possess  medicinal  and  heal- 
ing properties  unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  country. 
The  Pavilion  House,  at  this  place,  is  a  large 
establishment,  well  constructed,  and  admirably 
arranged  to  accommodate  a  great  number  of 
visitors.  It  stands  upon  a  commanding  emi- 
nence, having  a  piazza  with  lofty  columns  in 
front,  which  give  to  it  an  elegant  and  inviting 
appearance.  The  prospect  towards  the  N.  is  al- 
most unlimited,  and  by  many  considered  hardly 
inferior  to  that  from  the  Catskill  Mountain 
House.  Its  elevated  situation,  always  securing  a 
pure  and  bracing  atmosphere,  conspires  with  the 
use  of  the  waters  to  render  the  residence  of  vis- 
itors here  in  hot  weather  delightfully  salubrious 
and  refreshing. 

SIASCONSET,  MS. 
See  Nantucket. 

S  QUANTUM,  MS. 

This  is  a  small,  rocky  peninsula,  jutting  out 
between  Dorchester  and  Quincy  Bays,  in  Boston 
harbor,  5  miles  S.  of  Boston,  and  near  the  mouth 
of  Neponset  River.  It  has  ever  been  celebrated  as 
a  favorite  resort,  first  by  the  red  men,  and  after- 
wards by  the  whites,  for  fishing  and  fowling. 

In  1621,  when  our  Pilgrim  Fathers,  10  in  num- 
ber, with  Squantum,  or  Tisquantum,  and  two 
other  Indians  for  their  guides,  made  their  first 


672 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


excursion  to  Massachusetts  Bay,  as  related  by 
Winslow,  they  anchored  at  night  under  Nantasket 
Head,  and  then  ran  over  to  the  Dorchester  shore 
at  this  place,  which  they  called  Squantum,  from 
the  name  of  the  friendly  Indian  who  accompanied 
them. 

This  place  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  sea  air  and  bathing,  and  to  the  procuring 
of  shell  and  other  fish.  In  the  warm  season  of 
the  year,  it  is  frequently  thronged  by  visitors  from 
Boston  and  the  neighboring  towns,  who  obtain 
these  luxuries  in  great  abundance,  and  at  a  mod- 
erate expense.  On  the  approach  to  Squantum 
by  land,  the  ride  is  through  some  of  the  finest 
farms  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.  Indeed  the  ap- 
proach to  this  little  peninsula,  either  by  land  or 
water,  is  delightful. 

STAFFORD  SPRINGS,  CT. 

These  mineral  waters  have  had  a  considerable 
notoriety  ever  since  the  settlement  of  that  por- 
tion of  Connecticut  in  which  they  are  situated. 
The  Indians  first  made  the  early  inhabitants  ac- 
quainted with  their  existence,  it  having  been  their 
practice,  from  time  immemorial,  to  resort  to  them 
in  the  warm  season,  and  to  plant  their  wigwams 
around  them.  They  recommended  the  water  as 
an  eye  water ;  but  gave,  as  their  own  particular 
reason  for  drinking  it,  that  it  "  enlivened  their 
spirits."  It  is  said  that,  in  1766,  Dr.  Joseph  War- 
ren, afterwards  General  Warren,  the  patriot,  who 
fell  on  Bunker  Hill,  made  a  careful  examination 
of  these  waters,  and  had  thoughts  of  purchasing 
the  land  on  which  they  rise,  with  a  view  of  estab- 
lishing himself  there. 

There  are  two  distinct  springs,  the  medicinal 
properties  of  which  are  considerably  diverse. 
One  of  them,  and  that  which  has  been  longest 
known,  contains  a  solution  of  iron,  sustained  by 
carbonic  acid  gas ;  a  portion  of  marine  salt ;  some 
earth}*  substances,  and  an  element  called  natron, 
or  native  alkali.  This  spring  has  been  pro- 
nounced by  chemists  to  be  one  of  the  most  effi- 
cacious of  the  chalybeate  springs  in  the  United 
States. 

The  other  spring,  as  analyzed  by  Professor 
Silliman  in  1810,  contains  hydrogen  gas  and  sul- 
phur in  large  proportions,  and  a  small  propor- 
tion of  iron. 

In  the  year  1765,  an  effectual  cure  occurring  of 
a  most  obstinate  case  of  cutaneous  disease,  which 
had  baffled  all  medical  skill,  very  much  raised 
the  reputation  of  these  springs ;  in  consequence 
of  which  they  immediately  became  a  place  of 
much  resort  for  persons  afflicted  with  various 
diseases.  Within  a  few  years  past,  it  has  been 
ascertained,  as  it  is  confidently  believed,  that  the 
use  of  these  waters  operates  as  a  thorough  and 
effectual  means  of  eradicating  scrofula  from  the 
human  system. 

Dr.  Willard  subsequently  carried  into  execu- 
tion the  plan  of  the  lamented  Dr.  Warren,  by 
building  a  large  hotel  for  the  reception  of  invalids 
and  others.  This  establishment  has  been  con- 
tinued, with  enlargements  and  improvements,  to 
the  present  time.  The  situation  is  one  which  has 
many  attractions  for  the  lovers  of  bold  and  ro- 
mantic scenery :  and  affords  a  most  grateful 
retreat  in  summer  from  the  heat,  din,  and  dust  of 
our  large  cities  and  crowded  marts  of  business. 
The  New  London,  Willimantic,  and  Palmer 
Railroad,  connecting  with  the  Western  Railroad 
at  the  latter  place,  passes  by  Stafford  Springs, 


thus  making  the  place  easy  of  access  from  Bos 
ton,  New  York,  and  all  other  places  on  the  prin 
cipal  routes  through  New  England. 

SWEET  SPRINGS,  VA. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  a  wide  and  beau- 
tiful valley  among  the  mountains  in  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Monroe  co.,  the  region  of  the  mineral 
springs  of  Virginia.  Their  temperature  is  73° 
Fahrenheit.  They  are  celebrated  for  tl\e  tonic 
power  of  their  waters,  whether  used  externally 
or  internally.  They  are  only  17  miles  distant  E, 
from  the  celebrated  White  Sulphur  Springs. 

TINTON  FALLS,  N.  J. 
See  Long  Branch. 

TRENTON  FALLS,  N.  Y  , 
Eighteen  miles  N.  E.  from  Utica,  are  on  th« 
West  Canada  Creek,  in  the  town  of  Trenton. 
These  falls  are  among  the  most  interesting  of  the 
natural  curiosities  of  the  U.  S.  The  creek,  or 
stream,  here  has  its  bed,  for  a  distance  of  two  or 
three  miles,  deep  in  the  stratum  of  dark-colored 
limestone,  which  underlies  the  soil,  and  the  whole 
is  so  densely  embosomed  in  the  primitive  forest, 
that  no  token  of  the  long  and  deep  gorge  through 
which  the  waters  rush  is  visible  till  you  are  on 
the  very  brink.  In  one  place,  the  banks  of  this 
gulf  are  about  140  feet  in  perpendicular  height. 
The  average  breadth,  between  the  banks,  is  about 
200  feet.  Within  a  distance  of  two  miles,  there 
are  no  less  than  six  distinct  cascades,  interchan- 
ging with  rapids  as  picturesque  as  the  falls  them- 
selves. From  the  Upper  Falls,  where  the  water 
pitches  over  a  descent  of  20  feet,  into  a  spacious 
basin,  the  river  dashes  along  down  its  rocky  bed 
for  about  a  mile,  to  the  second  falls,  called  the 
Cascades,  consisting  of  two  pitches,  with  inter- 
vening rapids,  having  a  fall  of  18  feet.  A  little 
below  is  the  third  fall,  called  the  Milldam,  from 
the  regularity  and  smoothness  of  the  sheet  of 
water,  which  here  rolls  over  a  precipice  of  20 
feet.  About  40  rods  below  this  are  the  High 
Falls.  At  this  place,  the  most  remarkable  fea- 
tures of  the  spectacle  are  presented.  The  volume 
of  the  river  is  separated  by  rifts  in  the  ledge  into 
three  distinct  cataracts,  which  have  a  perpendic- 
ular fall  of  109  feet,  from  the  brink  of  the  preci- 
pice to  the  bed  of  the  stream  below.  Here,  of 
course,  the  ravine  has  become  very  deep,  and  the 
lofty  walls  of  bare  and  shelving  rocks  on  each 
side,  as  seen  from  the  bottom,  surmounted  and 
overhung  by  their  wooded  banks,  combine  with 
the  triple  cataract  to  present  a  scene  of  the  wild- 
est grandeur.  About  70  rods  farther  down  is 
the  fifth,  or  Sherman's  Falls,  which  have  a  de- 
scent of  nearly  40  feet ;  and,  after  a  current  of 
less  declivity  than  the  rapids  above,  the  stream 
reaches  the  last  of  this  beautiful  succession  of 
cataracts,  at  Conrad's  Falls,  where  the  pitch  is 
about  15  feet ;  making  an  aggregate  of  312  feet 
descent  in  two  miles,  including  the  rapids.  The 
Falls,  at  all  times  interesting,  become  intensely 
so  in  the  season  of  the  annual  floods.  The  path 
which  the  observer  must  take,  in  order  to  obtain 
any  adequate  view  of  the  scene,  is  found  by  de 
scending  a  stairway  at  the  lower  end  of  the  ra- 
vine, to  the  bottom,  and  pursuing  his  course 
along  the  strand,  up  the  stream.  This  path  a 
part  of  the  way  is  easy,  and  part  of  the  way  it  is 
more  difficult,  being  for  some  distance  along  a 
narrow  shelf  of  rocks,  upon  the  immediate  verge 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


673 


of  the  rushing  waters.  This  passage  was  former- 
ly somewhat  dangerous,  being  without  the  iron 
chain  which  now  protects  it,  and  has  obtained  a 
melancholy  notoriety  from  the  loss  of  two  inter- 
esting young  females,  who  fell,  a  few  years  ago, 
from  the  narrow  ledge  above  the  cascades  into 
the  boiling  stream  below,  and  were  seen  no 
more. 

WACHUSET  MOUNTAIN,   MS. 

This  mountain  is  situated  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Princeton.  It  rears  its  conical  head  2018 
feet  above  Massachusetts  Bay.  The  base  is  cov- 
ered with  a  heavy  groVth  of  wood,  which  dwin- 
dles to  mere  shrubbery  as  you  approach  the 
summit,  giving  the  mountain,  when  seen  from 
a  distance,  an  exceedingly  beautiful  appearance. 
The  hand  of  art  could  hardly  have  shorn  its 
sides  to  more  exactness  than  nature  has  dis- 
played in  proportioning  the  growth  of  wood  to 
the  ascent.  The  prospect  from  this  mountain, 
on  a  clear  summer  morning,  is  delightful  in  the 
extreme.  To  the  observer  from  its  top,  the 
whole  state  lies  spread  out  like  a  map.  On  the 
one  hand  is  visible  the  harbor  of  Boston  ;  on  the 
other  the  Monadnock  is  seen  rearing  its  bald  and 
broken  summit  to  the  clouds ;  while  the  Hoosic 
and  Green  Mts.  fade  away  in  the  distance,  and 
mingle  with  the  blue  horizon.  The  numerous 
and  beautiful  villages,  with  their  churches  and 
spires,  scattered  thickly  in  all  directions,  give  a 
charm  to  the  scene.  This  is  the  most  lofty  sum- 
mit in  the  state  E.  of  Connecticut  River. 

This  mountain  was  much  resorted  to  by  the 
native  Indians,  and  tradition  says,  in  many  in- 
stances, for  the  purpose  of  discovering  the  loca- 
tion of  the  early  settlers  by  means  of  the  smoke 
of  their  fires.  The  roads  to  its  base  are  so  good, 
and  its  ascent  not  difficult,  that  it  is  now  much 
visited  during  the  summer  months. 

A  very  large  and  commodious  hotel  has  re- 
cently been  erected,  which  affords  agreeable  en- 
tertainment to  its  numerous  visitors.  The  moun- 
tain is  easily  approached  by  railroads  to  within 
a  few  miles  of  its  base.  Distance  from  Boston, 
52  miles  W. 

WARM  SPRINGS,  VA. 

This  is  among  the  oldest  of  the  watering- 
places  in  this  part  of  the  country.  It  is  situated 
in  Bath  co.,  about  40  miles  N.  of  the  White 
Sulphur  Springs.  The  water,  which  is  very 
transparent,  has  a  temperature  of  98°  Fahrenheit. 
The  accommodations  for  entertainment  and  for 
bathing  here  are  excellent. 

WARM  SPRINGS,  N.  C. 
Situated  in  Buncombe  co.,  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  French  Broad  River,  about  37  miles  N.  W. 
from  Asheville,  and  W.  from  Raleigh  294  miles. 
These  springs  have  a  most  romantic  locality,  on 
the  road  leading  through  the  Swannanoa  Gap, 
in  the  mountains  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  above- 
named  river  finds  here  its  course  through  this 
gap  in  the  mountains,  which  is  so  narrow  and 
so  closely  shut  up  on  both  sides,  much  of  the 
way,  as  scarcely  to  afford  space  for  a  road  to  be 
constructed  on  the  river's  bank.  Yet  here  has 
been  built  a  fine  macadamized  road,  following 
the  course  of  the  river,  and  having  its  founda- 
tions in  many  places  supported  by  walls  or  piers 
resting  on  the  river's  bed.  It  is  a  work  well 
worthy  of  the  attention  and  admiration  of  the 
85 


traveller,  as  a  fine  monument  of  the  triumph  of 
human  enterprise  over  the  obstacles  of  nature. 
The  scenery  on  this  road  is  wild,  rugged,  and 
picturesque  "in  a  high  degree. 

In  the  course  through  this  romantic  pass  oc- 
curs a  beautiful  plateau,  upon  the  left  or  S.  bank 
of  the  river,  formed  by  a  recess  in  the  highlands, 
in  the  midst  of  which  are  these  springs,  which 
afford  a  very  delightful  watering-place,  much 
resorted  to  by  invalids  and  by  the  seekers  of 
pleasure  from  this  and  the  neighboring  states. 
The  main  building  erected  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  visitors  is  of  brick,  280  feet  in  length, 
with  a  piazza  on  the  entire  front,  supported  by 
13  large  columns.  The  edifice  is  surrounded  by 
charming  pleasure  grounds  and  gardens.  The 
climate  of  this  delightful  spot  is  one  of  the  most 
salubrious  in  the  world,  a  visit  to  it,  as  ha  been 
said,  "insuring  health  and  vigor  to  the  debili- 
tated, its  crystal  waters,  pure  air,  and  exercise 
among  the  mountains  dispelling  all  traces  of 
dyspepsia  and  ennui/' 

Below  the  springs,  by  the  course  of  the  river, 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  road,  is  the  celebrated 
Painted  Rock,  which  is  a  lofty  wall  from  200  to 
300  feet  high,  stained  of  a  yellow  color,  by  the 
water  oozing  through  its  crevices  from  beds  of 
clay,  and  bringing  with  it,  perhaps,  some  ochre, 
or  other  mineral  substance. 

WEIR'S  CAVE,  VA. 

This  is  considered  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
caverns  in  the  world.  It  extends  about  2500 
feet  in  length,  and  is  divided  into  a  number  of 
apartments,  differing  in  size  and  in  the  beauty  of 
their  decorations.  Some  of  the  most  extensive 
have  received  the  names  of  "  Washington  Hall," 
"  Congress  Hall,"  "  Solomon's  Temple,"  "  Or- 
gan Room,"  "  Deacon's  Room,"  &c.  The  walls 
consist  of  the  most  beautiful  crystallized  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  or  calcareous  spar.  That  which  gives 
this  cavern  such  a  peculiar  splendor  is  the  great 
variety  in  form  and  color  of  the  crystals  with 
which  its  walls  and  ceilings  are  adorned,  as  they 
reflect  the  light  of  the  torches  with  which  these 
subterranean  recesses  are  explored.  Some  of 
the  apartments  seem  to  be  furnished,  as  it  were, 
by  the  upholsterer,  with  hangings  of  rich  and 
graceful  drapery,  formed  by  thin  sheets  of  the 
same  kind  of  incrustation ;  and  from  the  lofty 
roof  of  one  of  the  halls  there  is  a  sheet  of  this 
description  which  appears  as  if  floating  in  the 
air,  to  which  the  appellation  of  "  Elijah's  Man- 
tle "  has  been  given. 

The  person  who  has  the  charge  of  this  cave 
gives  every  requisite  attention  to  the  accommo- 
dation of  visitors.  It  lies  17  miles  N.  E.  from 
Staunton. 

WELLS  BEACH,  ME. 

A  pleasant  place  of  summer  resort,  in  the  town 
of  Wells,  8  or  10  miles  E.  of  the  station  for  that 
place,  on  the  Eastern  Railroad.  The  facilities 
for  sea  bathing,  sailing,  fishing,  and  riding,  upon 
the  beach,  are  fine.  The  village  is  near  the  water, 
affording  abundant  accommodations  to  visitors, 
at  reasonable  rates  for  board. 

WHITE  MOUNTAINS,  N.  H. 

These  mountains  are  situated  in  the  county  of 

Coos,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state.     They  extend 

about  20  miles,  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.,  and  are  the 

more  elevated  parts  of  a  range  extending  many 


674 


MINERAL  SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


miles  in  that  direction.  Their  base  is  about  10 
miles  broad. 

The  Indian  name  of  these  mountains,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Belknap,  was  Agiocochook.  An  ancient 
tradition  prevailed  among  the  savages,  that  a 
deluge  once  overspread  the  land,  and  destroyed 
every,  human  being,  except  a  single  powwow  and 
his  wife,  who  sheltered  themselves  in  these  ele- 
vated regions,  and  thus  preserved  the  race  from 
extermination.  The  fancy  of  the  natives  peopled 
these  mountains  with  beings  of  a  superior  rank, 
who  were  invisible  to  the  human  eye,  but  some- 
times indicated  their  presence  by  tempests,  which 
they  were  believed  to  control  with  absolute  au- 
thority. The  savages,  therefore,  never  attempted 
to  ascend  the  summit,  deeming  the  attempt  peril- 
ous, and  success  impossible.  But  they  frequented 
the  defiles  and  environs  of  the  mountains,  and 
of  course  propagated  many  extravagant  descrip- 
tions of  their  appearance  ;  declaring,  among  other 
things  equally  credible,  that  they  had  seen  car- 
buncles at  immense  heights,  which,  in  the  dark- 
ness of  night,  shone  with  the  most  brilliant  and 
dazzling  splendor. 

President  Alden  states,  that  the  White  Moun- 
tains were  called,  by  one  of  the  eastern  tribes, 
Waumbekketmethna.  Waumbekket  signifies  white, 
and  methna,  mountains. 

These  mountains  are  the  highest  in  New  Eng- 
land ;  and,  if  we  except  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
whose  height  has  not  been  ascertained,  and  one 
or  two  peaks  in  North  Carolina,  they  are  the 
most  lofty  of  any  in  the  United  States.  Their 
great  elevation  has  always  rendered  them  exceed- 
ingly interesting,  both  to  the  aboriginal  inhabit- 
ants and  to  our  ancestors.  They  were  visited 
by  Neal,  Jocelyn,  and  Field,  as  early  as  1632, 
who  gave  romantic  accounts  of  their  adventures, 
and  of  the  extent  and  sublimity  of  the  moun- 
tains. They  called  them  the  Crystal  Hills. 

Since  that  time  this  mountainous  region  has 
been  repeatedly  explored  by  hunters  and  men  of 
science. 

Although  these  mountains  are  65  miles  distant 
from  the  ocean,  their  snow-white  summits  are 
distinctly  visible,  in  good  weather,  more  than  50 
miles  from  shore.  Their  appearance,  at  that 
distance,  is  that  of  a  silvery  cloud  skirting  the 
horizon. 

The  names  here  given  are  those  generally  ap- 
propriated to  the  different  summits  :  Mount  Wash- 
ington is  known  by  its  superior  elevation,  and  by 
its  being  the  southern  of  the  three  highest  peaks. 
Mount  Adams  is  known  by  its  sharp,  terminating 
peak,  and  being  the  second  north  of  Washington. 
Jefferson  is  situated  between  these  two.  Madison 
is  the  eastern  peak  of  the  range.  Monroe  is  the 
first  to  the  south  of  Washington.  Franklin  is  the 
second  south,  and  is  known  by  its  level  surface. 
Lafayette  is  known  by  its  conical  shape,  and  being 
the  third  south  of  Washington.  The  ascent  to 
the  summits  of  these  mountains,  though  fatiguing, 
is  not  dangerous;  and  the  visitant  is  richly  re- 
warded for  his  labor  and  curiosity.  In  passing 
from  the  Notch  to  the  highest  summit,  the  trav- 
eller crosses  the  summits  of  Mounts  Lafayette, 
Franklin,  and  Monroe.  In  accomplishing  this, 
he  must  pass  through  a  forest,  and  cross  several 
ravines.  These  are  neither  wide  nor  deep,  nor 
are  they  discovered  at  a  great  distance ;  for  the 
trees  fill  them  up  exactly  even  with  the  mountain 
on  each  side,  and  their  branches  interlock  with 
»ach  other  in  such  a  manner  that  it  is  very  diffi- 


cult to  pass  through  them,  and  they  are  so  stiff 
and  thick  as  almost  to  support  a  man's  weight. 
Mount  Lafayette  is  easily  ascended.  Its  top,  to 
the  extent  of  five  or  six  acres,  is  smooth,  and 
gradually  slopes  away  in  every  direction  from  its 
centre.  It  even  has  a  verdant  appearance,  as  it 
is  every  where  covered  with  short  grass,  which 
grows  in  little  tufts,  to  the  height  of  four  or  five 
inches.  Among  these  tufts,  mountain  flowers 
are  thinly  scattered,  which  add  life  and  beauty  to 
the  scene.  The  prospect  from  this  summit  is 
beautiful.  To  the  N.,  the  eye  is  dazzled  with  the 
splendor  of  Mount  Washington  ;  N.  W.  are  seen 
the  settlements  in  Jefferson  ;  W.,  the  courses  of 
the  Amonoosuck,  as  though  delineated  on  a  map ; 
S.  W.,  the  Moosehillock  and  Haystack  are  dis- 
covered ;  S.,  Chocorua  Peak :  S.  E.,  the  settle- 
ments and  mountains  in  Bartlett ;  E.,  only  dark 
mountains  and  forests.  On  descending  this 
mountain,  a  small  patch  of  water  is  found  at  its 
base,  from  which  the  ascent  is  gradual  to  the 
summit  of  Mount  Franklin.  After  crossing  this 
mountain,  you  pass  over  the  east  pinnacle  of 
Mount  Monroe,  and  soon  find  yourself  on  a  plain 
of  some  extent,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Washing- 
ton. Here  is  a  fine  resting-place,  on  the  margin 
of  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  of  an  oval  form, 
covering  about  three  fourths  of  an  acre.  The 
waters  are  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  deep.  Not  a 
living  creature  is  to  be  seen  in  the  waters  at  this 
height  on  the  hills ;  nor  do  vegetables  of  any 
kind  grow  in  or  around  them,  to  obscure  the 
clear  rocky  or  gravelly  bottom  on  which  they 
rest.  A  small  spring  discharges  itself  into  this 
pond,  at  its  south-east  angle.  Another  pond,  of 
about  two  thirds  its  size,  lies  north-west  of  this. 
Directly  before  you,  the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Wash- 
ington rises  with  majestic  grandeur,  like  an  im- 
mense pyramid,  or  some  vast  Kremlin,  in  this 
magnificent  city  of  mountains.  The  pinnacle  is 
elevated  about  1500  feet  above  the  plain,  and  is 
composed  principally  of  huge  rocks  of  granite 
and  gneiss,  piled  together,  presenting  a  variety 
of  colors  and  forms. 

In  ascending,  you  must  pass  enormous  masses 
of  loose  stone  :  but  a  ride  of  half  an  hour  will 
generally  carry  you  to  the  summit.  The  view 
from  this  point  is  wonderfully  grand  and  pictu- 
resque. Innumerable  mountains,  lakes,  ponds, 
rivers,  towns,  and  villages  meet  the  delighted 
eye,  and  the  dim  Atlantic  stretches  its  waters 
along  the  eastern  horizon.  To  the  north  is  seen 
the  lofty  summits  of  Adams  and  Jefferson ;  and 
to  the  "east,  a  little  detached  from  the  range, 
stands  Mount  Madison.  Mount  Washington  is 
supported  on  the  north  by  a  high  ridge,  which 
extends  to  Mount  Jefferson ;  on  the  north-east  by 
a  large  grassy  plain,  terminating  in  a  vast  spur, 
extending  far  away  in  that  direction  ;  east,  by  a 
promontory,  which  breaks  off  abruptly  at  St. 
Anthony's  Nose  ;  south  and  south-e'ast  by  a  grassy 
plain,  in  summer,  of  more  than  40  acres.  At  the 
south-eastern  extremity  of  this  plain  a  ridge  com- 
mences, which  slopes  gracefully  away  towards 
the  vale  of  the  Saco,  upon  which,  at  short  dis- 
tances from  each  other,  arise  rocks,  resembling, 
in  some  places,  towers ;  in  others,  representing 
the  various  orders  of  architecture. 

It  would  be  vain  in  us  to  attempt  a  description 
of  the  varied  wonders  which  here  astonish  and 
delight  the  beholder.  To  those  who  have  visited 
these  mountains,  our  description  would  be  tame 
and  uninteresting ;  and  he  who  has  never  ascend- 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


675 


ed  their  hoary  summits  cannot  realize  the  extent 
and  magnificence  of  the  scene.  These  mountains 
are  decidedly  of  primitive  formation.  Nothing 
of  volcanic  origin  has  ever  yet  been  discovered, 
on  the  most  diligent  research.  They  have  for 
ages,  probably,  exhibited  -the  same  unvarying 
aspect.  No  minerals  are  "here  found  of  much 
rarity  or  value.  The  rock  which  most  abounds 
is  schistus,  intermixed  with  greenstone,  mica, 
granite,  and  gneiss.  The  three  highest  peaks  are 
composed  entirely  of  fragments  of  rocks,  heaped 
together  in  confusion,  but  pretty  firmly  fixed  in 
their  situations.  These  rocks  are  an  intermediate 
substance  between  gneiss  and  micaceous  schistus ; 
they  are  excessively  rough  and  coarse,  and  gray, 
almost  black,  with  lichens.  The  mica  in  them  is 
abundant,  of  different  colors — red,  black,  and 
limpid  ;  and,  though  sometimes  several  inches  in 
diameter,  yet  most  often  irregularly  stratified. 
The  granite  contains  emerald,  tourmaline,  of 
which  are  found  some  beautiful  specimens,  and 
garnets,  besides  its  proper  constituents.  Crystals 
of  quartz,  pyrites,  actinote,  jasper,  porphyry, 
fluate  of  lime,  and  magnetic  iron  ore  are  some- 
times obtained. 

During  nine  or  ten  months  of  the  year,  the 
summits  of  the  mountains  are  covered  with  snow 
and  ice,  giving  them  a  bright  and  dazzling  ap- 
pearance. On  every  side  are  long  and  winding 
gullies,  deepening  in  their  descent  to  the  plains 
below. 

Here  some  of  the  finest  rivers  of  New  England 
originate.  The  Saco  flows  from  the  east  side  of 
the  mountains ;  the  branches  of  the  Androscog- 
gin  from  the  north ;  the  Amonoosuck,  and  other 
tributaries  of  the  Connecticut,  from  the  west ; 
and  the  Pemigewasset  from  the  south,  its  foun- 
tain being  near  that  of  the  Saco.  The  sides  of 
the  hills  are,  in  many  parts,  covered  with  soil ; 
but  this  is  very  superficial  in  all  cases,  and  every 
spot  that  can  be  reached  by  running  water  is  left 
destitute  of  every  thing  but  rocks  and  pebbles, 
of  which,  likewise,  the  river  bottoms  are  exclu- 
sively composed.  In  these  cold  and  elevated 
regions,  the  period  for  the  growth  of  vegetables 
is  extremely  brief;  the  mountains  must  be  for- 
ever sterile.  Moss  and  lichens  may  be  found 
near  the  summits,  but  of  a  meagre  and  scanty 
growth  5  looking  as  if  they  had  wandered  from 
their  proper  zone  below,  into  those  realms  of 
barren  desolation. 

A  visit  of  Mr.  Vines  to  the  White  Mountains, 
described  by  Winthrop,  is  worthy  of  notice.  It 
was  performed  in  the  month  of  August,  1642,  by 
him,  in  company  with  Thomas  Gorges,  the  dep- 
uty governor.  Darby  Field,  who  was  living  at 
Exeter,  1639,  has  the  credit  of  being  the  first 
traveller  to  these  mountains.  His  journey,  also, 
is  described  by  Winthrop,  who  says  it  was  per- 
formed in  the  year  1632.  He  appears  to  have 
returned  by  the  way  of  Saco.  "  The  report  he 
brought,"  says  Winthrop,  "  of  shining  stones,  &c., 
caused  divers  others  to  travel  thither,  but  they 
found  nothing  worth  their  pains.  Mr.  Gorges 
and  Mr.  Vines,  two  of  the  magistrates  of  Sir  F. 
Gorges'  province,  went  thither  about  the  end  of 
this  month,"  (August.)  They  set  out,  probably, 
a  few  days  after  the  return  of  Field,  dazzled  by 
the  visions  of  diamonds,  and  other  precious  min- 
erals, with  which  the  fancy  of  this  man  had  gar- 
nished his  story.  "  They  went  up  Saco  River  in 
birch  canoes;  and  that  way  they  found  it  90 
miles  to  Pegwagget,  an  Indian  town,  but  by  land 


it  is  but  60.  Upon  Saco  River  they  found  many 
thousand  acres  of  rich  meadow,  but  there  are  ten 
falls,  which  hinder  boats,  &c.  From  the  Indian 
town  they  went  up  hill,  (for  the  most  part,)  about 
30  miles  in  woody  lands  ;  then  they  went  about 
7  or  8  miles  upon  shattered  rocks,  without  tree 
or  grass,  very  steep  all  the  way.  At  the  top  is  a 
plain,  about  3  or  4  miles  over,  all  shattered  stones ; 
and  upon  that  is  another  rock,  or  spire,  about  a 
mile  in  height,  and  about  an  acre  of  ground  at 
the  top.  At  the  top  of  the  plain  arise  four  great 
rivers,  each  of  them  so  much  water  at  the  first 
issue  as  would  drive  a  mill :  Connecticut  River 
from  two  heads,  at  the  north-west  and  south-west, 
which  join  in  one  about  60  miles  off ;  Saco  River 
on  the  south-east ;  Amascoggin,  which  runs  into 
Casco  Bay  at  the  north-east ;  and  the  Kennebec, 
at  the  north  by  east.  The  mountain  runs  east 
and  west,  30  or  40  miles,  but  the  peak  is  above 
all  the  rest.  They  went  and  returned  in  fifteen 
days."  This  description  of  the  mountains  was 
probably  communicated  by  Mr.  Vines  to  Gov- 
ernor Winthrop.  It  conveys  a  very  accurate  idea 
of  them,  as  they  now  strike  the  traveller. 

The  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains  is  a  phrase 
appropriated  to  a  very  narrow  defile,  extending 
two  miles  in  length,  between  two  huge  cliffs,  ap- 
parently rent  asunder  by  some  vast  convulsion 
of  nature,  probably  that  of  the  deluge.  The 
entrance  of  the  chasm  on  the  east  side  is  formed 
by  two  rocks,  standing  perpendicular,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  22  feet  from  each  other;  one  about  20 
feet  in  height,  the  other  about  12.  The  road 
from  Lancaster  to  Portland  passes  through  this 
notch,  following  the  course  of  the  head  stream 
of  the  Saco. 

The  scenery  at  this  place  is  exceedingly  beau- 
tiful and  grand.  The  mountain,  otherwise  a  con- 
tinued range,  is  here  cloven  quite  down  to  its 
base,  opening  a  passage  for  the  waters  of  the 
Saco.  The  gap  is  so  narrow,  that  space  has  with 
difficulty  been  found  for  the  road.  About  half  a 
mile  from  the  entrance  of  the  chasm  is  seen  a 
most  beautiful  cascade,  issuing  from  a  mountain 
on  the  right,  about  800  feet  above  the  subjacent 
valley,  and  about  two  miles  distant.  The  stream 
passes  over  a  series  of  rocks,  almost  perpendicu- 
lar, with  a  course  so  little  broken  as  to  preserve 
the  appearance  of  a  uniform  current,  and  yet  so 
far  disturbed  as  to  be  perfectly  white.  This 
beautiful  stream,  which  passes  down  a  stupendous 
precipice,  is  called  by  Dwight  the  Silver  Cascade. 
It  is  probably  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
world. 

At  the  distance  of  three  fourths  of  a  mile  from 
the  entrance  of  the  chasm  is  a  brook,  called  the 
Flume,  which  falls  from  a  height  of  240  or  250 
feet,  over  three  precipices  ;  down  the  first  two  in 
a  single  current,  and  over  the  last  in  three,  which 
unite  again  at  the  bottom,  in  a  small  basin,  formed 
by  the  hand  of  nature  in  the  rocks.  The  water 
is  pure  and  transparent,  and  it  would  be  impossi- 
ble for  a  brook  of  its  size  to  be  modelled  into 
more  diversified  or  delightful  forms. 

It  is  by  no  means  strange  that  the  unlettered 
Indian  fancied  these  regions  to  be  the  abodes  of 
celestial  beings ;  while  the  scholar,  without  a 
stretch  of  fancy,  in  calling  to  mind  the  mythol- 
ogy of  Greece,  might  find  here  a  fit  place  for  the 
assemblies  and  sports  of  the  Dryads,  Naiads,  and 
Oreads. 

Avalanches,  or  slides,  from  the  mountains.  Ol 
the  28th  of  August,  1826,  there  occurred  one  o' 


676 


MINEEAL   SPRINGS,  AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE   RESORTS, 


the  most  remarkable  floods  ever  known  in  this 
mountainous  region,  and  which  was  attended  by 
the  awful  calamity  of  the  destruction  of  a  whole 
family,  by  an  avalanche,  or  slide,  from  the  moun- 
tains. 

These  avalanches,  as  they  are  termed  in  Swit- 
zerland, are  produced  by  heavy  rains  ;  they  com- 
mence, generally,  near  the  highest  limits  of 
vegetation  on  the  mountains,  which,  on  some  of 
them,  is  near  their  summits  ;  the  slides  widening 
and  deepening  in  their  downward  course,  carrying 
along  all  the  trees,  shrubbery,  loose  rocks  and 
earth,  from  their  granite  foundations.  At  this 
time  there  were  probably  thousands  of  acres  reft 
from  the  sides  of  the  mountain,  and  carried  to 
the  valley  in  the  Notch  below. 

The  house  inhabited  by  Captain  Samuel  Willey 
and  his  family  stood  on  the  westerly  side  of  the 
road,  in  the  Notch,  and  a  few  rods  distant  from 
the  high  bluff,  which  rises  with  fearful  rapidity  to 
the  height  of  2000  feet.  Adjoining  was  a  barn 
and  wood-house ;  in  front  was  a  beautiful  little 
meadow,  covered  with  crops ;  and  the  Saco  passed 
along  at  the  foot  of  the  easterly  precipice. 

Nearly  in  range  of  the  house,  a  slide  from  the 
extreme  point  of  the  westerly  hill  came  down,  in 
a  deep  and  horrible  mass,  to  within  about  five 
rods  of  the  dwelling,  where  its  course  appears  to 
have  been  checked  by  a  large  block  of  granite, 
which,  falling  on  a  flat  surface,  backed  the  roll- 
ing mass  for  a  moment,  until  it  separated  into 
two  streams,  one  of  which  rushed  down  by  the 
north  end  of  the  house,  crushing  the  barn,  and 
spreading  itself  over  the  meadow;  the  other 
passing  down  on  the  south  side,  and  swallowing 
up  the  unfortunate  beings  who  probably  attempt- 
ed to  fly  to  a  shelter,  which,  it  is  said,  had  been 
erected  a  few  rods  distant.  This  shelter,  what- 
ever it  might  have  been,  was  completely  over- 
whelmed ;  rocks,  weighing  ten  to  fifty  tons,  being 
scattered  about  the  place,  and  indeed  in  every 
direction,  rendering  escape  utterly  impossible. 
The  house  remained  untouched,  though  large 
stories  and  trunks  of  trees  made  fearful  approaches 
to  its  walls ;  and  the  moving  mass,  which  sep- 
arated behind  the  building,  again  united  in  its 
front!  The  house  alone  could  have  been  their 
refuge  from  the  horrible  uproar  around  —  the 
only  spot  untouched  by  the  crumbling  and  con- 
suming power  of  the  storm. 

The  family  consisted  of  nine  persons  :  Captain 
Willey,  his  wife,  five  children,  and  two  men,  by 
the  names  of  Nickerson  and  Allen. 

Travellers  visiting  this  section  of  country,  in 
autumn,  will  be  gratified  with  the  rich  and  varied 
beauties  of  autumnal  foliage  common  in  this 
country,  but  more  particularly  so  at  the  north, 
and  which  is  thus  described  by  Dr.  Dwight :  — 

"  The  bosom  of  both  ranges  of  mountains  was 
overspread,  in  all  the  inferior  regions,  by  a  mix- 
ture of  evergreens,  with  trees,  whose  leaves  are 
deciduous.  The  annual  foliage  had  been  already 
changed  by  the  frosts.  Of  the  effects  of  this 
change  it  is,  perhaps,  impossible  for  an  inhabit- 
ant of  Great  Britain,  as  I  have  been  assured  by 
several  foreigners,  to  form  an  adequate  concep- 
tion, without  visiting  an  American  forest.  When 
I  was  a  youth,  I  remarked  that  Thomson  had 
entirely  omitted,  in  his  Seasons,  this  fine  part  of 
autumnal  imagery.  Upon  inquiring  of  an  Eng- 
lish gentleman  the  probable  cause  of  the  omission, 
he  informed  me  that  no  such  scenery  existed  in 
Great  Britain.  In  this  country  it  is  often  among 


the  most  splendid  beauties  of  nature.  All  the 
leaves  of  trees,  which  are  not  evergreens,  are,  by 
the  first  severe  frost,  changed  from  their  verdure 
towards  the  perfection  of  that  color,  which  they 
are  capable  of  ultimately  assuming,  through  yel- 
low, orange,  and  reft,  to  a  pretty  deep  brown. 
As  the  frost  affects  different  trees,  and  the  differ- 
ent leaves  of  the  same  tree,  in  very  different 
degrees,  a  vast  multitude  of  tinctures  are  com- 
monly found  on  those  of  a  single  tree,  and  always 
on  those  of  a  grove  or  forest.  These  colors,  also, 
in  all  their  varieties,  are  generally  full ;  and,  in 
many  instances,  are  among  the  most  exquisite 
which  are  to  be  found  in  the  regions  of  nature. 
Different  sorts  of  trees  are  susceptible  of  different 
degrees -of  this  beauty.  Among  them  the  maple 
is  preeminently  distinguished,  by  the  prodigious 
varieties,  the  finish,  beauty,  and  the  intense  lustre 
of  its  .hues,  varying  through  all  the  dyes,  be- 
tween a  rich  green  and  the  most  perfect  crim- 
son, or,  more  definitely,  the  red  of  the  prismatic 
image." 

Visits  to  these  mountains  are  annually  in- 
creasing. The  roads  and  public  houses  on  the 
various  routes  to  them  are  excellent ;  and  the 
scenery,  in  extent  and  variety,  is  of  surpassing 
beauty  and  grandeur. 

The  following  apostrophe  to  Mount  Washing 
ton  was  written  by  an  American  poet :  — 

"  Thine  is  the  summit  where  the  clouds  repose, 
Or,  eddying  wildly,  round  thy  cliffs  are  borne  ; 
When  Tempest  mounts  his  rushing  car,  and  throws 
His  billowy  mist  amid  the  thunder's  home ! 
Far  down  the  deep  ravines  the  whirlwinds  come, 
And  bow  the  forests  as  they  sweep  along ; 
While,  roaring  deeply  from  their  rocky  womb, 
The  storm  comes  forth,  and,  hurrying  darkly  on, 

Amid  the  echoing  peaks  the  revelry  prolong  ! 
*  *  *  *  * 

"  Mount  of  the  clouds  !  when  winter  round  thee  throws 
The  hoary  mantle  of  the  dying  year, 
Sublime,  amid  thy  canopy  of  snows, 
Thy  towers  in  bright  magnificence  appear! 
'Tis  then  we  view  thee  with  a  chilling  fear, 
Till  summer  robes  thee  in  her  tints  of  blue  ; 
When,  lo  !  in  softened  grandeur,  far,  yet  clear, 
Thy  battlements  stand  clothed  in  heaven's  own  hue, 

To  swell,  as  Freedom's  home,  on  man's  unbounded  view !  • 


ROUTES    TO  THE  WHITE   MOUNTAINS. 

1.  From  Boston,  via  Portland,  Me. — From  Bos- 
ton by  railroad  to  Portland,  105  miles,  and  thence 
by  railroad  to  Gorham,  N.  H.,  91  miles.  Dis- 
tance from  Boston,  196  miles.  At  this  place  a 
hotel  has  been  erected  to  accommodate  visitors, 
5  miles  from  the  base  of  Mount  Washington,  and 
a  road  has  been  laid  out  to  the  summit  on  the 
north  side  of  the  mountain. 

Another  route  from  Portland  is  by  railroad  to 
Gorham,  Me.,  10  miles,  and  thence  by  stage  8 
miles,  to  the  steamboat  running  across  the  Sebago 
Lake  and  other  small  lakes  and  streams  connect- 
ed with  it,  to  Bridgeton,  a  distance  of  30  miles ; 
thence  by  stage  to  Fabyan's  new  house  in  Con- 
way,  20  miles ;  thence  to  "  Old  Crawford's,"  south 
of  the  Notch,  24  miles ;  to  the  Willey  House, 
within  the  Notch,  6  miles;  and  through  it  to 
"Tom  Crawford's,"  2  miles.  From  this  place 
Mount  Washington  is  ascended  from  the  south- 
west, over  the  summits  of  Mounts  Lafayette, 
Franklin,  and  Monroe,  as  described  in  the  fore- 
going article.  From  Crawford's  to  the  White 
Mountain  House,  kept  by  Fabyan,  the  route  con* 
tinues  by  stage  4  miles,  making  the  distance  from 
Boston,  this  way,  1 89  miles.  The  ascent  to  the 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


677 


summit  of  Mount  Washinhton,  from  this  place, 
is  accomplished  on  horseback.  The  distance  to 
the  summit  is  9  miles,  about  5  of  which  are  over 
a  comparatively  smooth  and  level  road,  to  the 
base  of  the  mountain. 

These  routes,  particularly  the  latter,  are  very 
inviting.  The  journey  from  Boston  to  Portland 
may  be  made  either  by  the  Eastern  Railroad, 
which  passes  along  the  coast,  through  the  beauti- 
ful towns  of  Lynn,  Salem,  Newburyport,  Ports- 
mouth, and  Saco ;  or  by  the  Boston  and  Maine 
Railroad,  which  runs  a  great  part  of  the  distance 
upon  a  nearly  parallel  route,  a  few  miles  in  the 
interior,  passing  by  Andover,  Lawrence,  and 
Haverhill,  in  Ms.,  Exeter,  Dover,  and  Salmon 
Falls,  in  N.  H.,  and  uniting  with  the  eastern  route 
at  South  Berwick,  Me. 

From  Portland,  the  route  to  Gorham,  N.  H., 
north  of  Mount  Washington,  has  the  recommen- 
dation of  being  direct  and  expeditious,  being  all 
the  way  by  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Rail- 
road ;  and  when  this  road  shall  have  been  carried 
through,  to  connect  with  the  railroad  already 
opened  upon  the  other  end  of  the  route,  from 
where  it  strikes  the  Connecticut  River  to  Mon- 
treal, this  route  will  accommodate  a  great  number 
of  visitors,  especially  those  who  have  not  the 
time  to  spare  for  a  visit  to  the  Notch. 

But  the  route  from  Portland  by  way  of  Sebago 
Lake  will  be  preferred,  of  course,  by  those  who 
wish  to  pass  through  the  Notch,  as  well  as  to  as- 
cend the  mountains.  This  is  truly  a  delightful 
route,  presenting  every  variety  of  scenery  which 
these  romantic  regions  afford.  The  passage  of 
30  miles  through  the  lakes  and  the  winding 
streams  which  connect  them,  in  a  pleasant  day, 
is  almost  enchanting.  At  Bridgeton,  too,  the 
traveller  is  in  the  vicinity  of  Pleasant  Mountain, 
described  on  p.  280,  which,  with  its  fine  hotel, 
and  prospect  upon  the  summit,  offers  a  delightful 
resting-place  for  any  time  which  the  tourist  may 
have  to  spare.  After  passing  through  the  Notch, 
this  route  continues  to  Littleton,  on  Connecticut 
River,  which  is  only  18  miles  bey««d  Fabyan's 
White  Mountain  House,  and  is  the  point  to 
which  travellers  are  brought  upon  two  or  three 
other  favorite  routes  to  this  alpine  region  of  the 
north.  One  of  these  is  that  from  Boston  through 
the  Franconia  Notch ;  and  the  distance  from  Lit- 
tleton to  the  Lafayette  House,  near  the  Old  Man 
of  the  Mountain,  in  the  passage  through  this  Notch, 
is  only  12  miles.  See  p.  266. 

2.  From  Boston,  via  Dover,  N.  H.,  and  Lake 
Winnipiseogee. — From  Boston,  by  the  Boston 
and  Maine  Railroad,  or  upper  route  to  Portland, 
as  it  is  called,  as  far  as  Dover,  N.  H.,  68  miles  ; 
thence  by  the  Cocheco  Railroad,  through  Roch- 
ester, to  Alton  Bay,  at  the  south-east  extremity 
of  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  28  miles,  where  passen- 
gers take  the  elegant  little  steamboat  which  runs 
upon  the  lake  for  Wolfboro',  a  distance  of  10 
miles;  whence  they  pass  by  stage  coaches  to 
Conway,  32  miles ;  and  thence  onward  to  the 
White  Mountains,  by  the  remainder  of  the  route, 
as  described  in  No.  1. 

This  is  the  shortest  route  between  Boston  and 
the  White  Mountains,  the  whole  distance  to  the 
White  Mountain  House  being  only  174  miles. 
It  is  likewise  a  very  pleasant  route,  passing 
through  the  fine  towns  of  Andover,  Lawrence, 
Haverhill,  Exeter,  and  Dover,  on  the  upper  route 
to  Portland,  and  then,  after  leaving  that  route, 
furnishing  the  agreeable  variety  of  a  sail  upon 


the  beautiful  waters  of  the  Winnipiseogee.  At 
Wolfboro'  a  spacious  hotel  has  lately  been  erect- 
ed, for  the  accommodation  of  travellers  upon  this 
route. 

3.  From  Boston,  via  Concord,  N.  H.,  and  Lake 
Winnipiseogee.  —  By    railroad    to    Concord,    76 
miles ;  thence  by  railroad  to  Weir's  Station,  on 
the  south-western  shore  of  Lake  Winnipiseogee, 
33  miles  from  Concord;  thence  on  the  lake,  10 
miles,  to  Centre  Harbor ;  and  thence  by  stage  to 
Fabyan's  New  House  at  Conway,  30  miles.    From 
Conway,  by  stage,  the  route  is  the  same  as  de- 
scribed in  No.  1.     The  distance  from  Boston  to 
the  White  Mountain  House,  by  this  route,  is  185 
miles. 

This  route  is  one  of  great  interest  to  the  trav- 
eller in  all  its  parts.  The  section  between  Boston 
and  Concord  passes  through  some  of  the  finest 
cultivated  portions  of  Ms.  and  N.  H.,  lying  chiefly 
along  the  valley  of  the  Merrimack,  on  which  are 
situated  the  great  manufacturing  towns  of  Lowell, 
Nashua,  and  Manchester.  Concord,  which  is  the 
capital  of  N.  H.,  is  one  of  the  handsomest  places 
in  New  England.  From  Concord,  northward, 
through  the  Merrimack  and  the  Pemigewasset 
valleys,  the  features  of  the  route  approach  more 
to  wildness,  but  are,  at  the  same  time,  picturesque 
and  lovely  in  a  high  degree. 

The  trip  over  the  lake  is  also  very  agreeable  in 
a  different  way,  affording  a  most  delightful  ex- 
cursion upon  the  clear  waters  and  among  the 
fairy  islands  of  this  miniature  Archipelago,  and 
bringing  up  at  the  pleasantly-situated  and  well- 
kept  hotel  of  Mr.  Coe,  at  Centre  Harbor.  Be- 
tween this  place  and  Conway,  the  route  lies  by 
Red  Hill  and  Chocorua  Mountain,  the  former  of 
which  is  easily  ascended  from  Centre  Harbor, 
and  affords  a  delightful  view  of  the  Winnipiseo- 
gee and  the  surrounding  country.  The  travel- 
ling public  are  much  indebted  to  the  enterprise 
of  Captain  William  Walker,  formerly  of  Con- 
cord, who  was  the  first  to  make  the  experiment 
of  placing  upon  this  lovely  sheet  of  water  a 
steamboat,  fitted  up  and  furnished  in  such  a  style 
as  to  be  worthy  of  their  patronage. 

4.  From  Boston,  via   Concord,  N.  ff.,  and  the 
Franconia  Notch.  —  To  Concord  by  railroad,  76 
miles  ;  thence  by  railroad,  on  the  same  route  as 
in  No.  3,  to  Meredith  Bridge,  27  miles  from  Con- 
cord ;  to  Weir's  Station,  on  Lake  Winnipiseogee, 
6  miles  ;  to  Plymouth,  18  miles.    From  Plymouth 
the  route  is  north  by  stage  up  the  Pemigewasset 
valley,  to   the  Flume  House,  24  miles;  thence 
through  the  Franconia  Notch,  by  the  Old  Man 
of  the  Mountain,  to  the  Lafayette  House,  5  miles. 
From  this  place,  the  stage  route  is  to  Littleton, 
12  miles,  and  from  Littleton  to  the  White  Moun- 
tain House,  as  described  in  other  routes,  18  miles 
making   the   whole   distance  from  Boston    186 
miles. 

Some  time  and  travel  may  be  saved,  when  at 
the  Lafayette  House,  by  taking  a  private  convey- 
ance direct  to  Bethlem  and  the  White  Mountain 
House,  ouly  16  miles — reducing  the  distance 
from  Boston  to  172  miles. 

This  route,  besides  the  part  which  is  common 
to  this  and  No.  3,  is  much  admired  on  account 
of  the  ride  which  it  affords  through  the  Franco 
nia  Notch.  This  should  certainly  be  enjoyed, 
either  in  going  or  returning,  by  all  visitors  to  the 
White  Mountains.  The  whole  country  has  scarce 
ly  any  excursion  to  offer  more  agreeably  exciting 
than  the  trip  from  Plymouth  to  Littleton,  through 


678 


MINERAL   SPRINGS,   AND   OTHER  FASHIONABLE  RESORTS, 


this  grand  avenue  among  the  highlands  of  the 
north.  For  a  particular  description  of  this 
Notch,  see  p.  266. 

5.  From  New  York,  via   Connecticut  River. — 
From  New  York  to  Hartford,  Ct.,  by  railroad,  via 
New  Haven,  the  distance  is  118  miles;  thence  to 
Springfield,  26  miles  ;  to  Northampton,  17  miles  ; 
to  Greenfield,  19  miles ;  to  Brattleboro,  25  miles  ; 
to  Bellows  Falls,  24  miles ;  to  Windsor,  17  miles; 
to  White   River,  14   miles;   to  Hanover,  Dart- 
mouth College,  and  Norwich  University,  6  miles  ; 
to  Wells  River,  34  miles  —  making  an  uninter- 
rupted route  by  railroad,  from  New  York  to  this 
place,  of  300  miles.    From  Wells  River  to  Lit- 
tleton, the  distance  by  stage  is  12  miles.    From 
Littleton,  the  route  to  the  White  Mountain  House 
is  as  before  described,  and  the  distance  18  miles. 
Whole  distance  from  New  York,  330  miles. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  pleasant  routes  of 
travel  which  can  be  chosen  in  any  direction  from 
New  York.  The  lovely  scenery  and  rich  culti- 
vation of  the  Connecticut  valley,  with  the  flour- 
ishing towns  lying  at  brief  intervals  on  both  sides 
of  the  river,  only  a  small  part  of  which  have 
been  named  above,  present  a  landscape  which  for 
wealth,  beauty,  and  extent,  is  not  surpassed  by 
any  in  the  United  States. 

6.  From  New  York,  via  Hudson  River,  Saratoga, 
and  Whitehall. — Another  route  from  New  York 
to  the  White  Mountains  is  up  the  North  River, 
to  Albany,   145   miles ;    thence   by  railroad   to 
Schenectady,  16  miles;  to  Ballston  Spa,  14  miles ; 
to  Saratoga  Springs,  7  miles.     Or  from  Albany, 
via  Troy,  to   Saratoga,  37  miles.    From   Sara- 
toga by  railroad,   to   Whitehall,  at    the  south- 
ern  extremity  of  Lake    Champlain,  40   miles ; 
thence  by  railroad,  via  Castleton,  to  Rutland,  25 
miles  ;  thence  to  Bellows  Falls,  55  miles,  where 
the  route  connects  with  the  Connecticut  River 
route,  described  in  No.  5.     The  whole  distance 
from  New  York  to  the  White  Mountain  House, 
by  this  route,  is  403  miles. 

Those  who  may  prefer  to  do  so  can  take  the 
steamboats  from  Whitehall,  on  Lake  Ghamplain, 
to  Burlington,  Vt.,  78  miles  ;  thence  by  railroad 
to  Montpelier,  the  capital  of  Vermont,  40  miles  ; 
and  thence  to  the  junction  with  the  Connecticut 
River  route,  at  the  mouth  of  White  River,  52 
miles  below  Littleton,  N.  H. 

Another  beautiful  variation  of  this  route  from 
New  York  is  that  by  the  way  of  Lake  George, 
which  leaves  the  railroad  at  the  Moreau-  Station, 
16  miles  north  of  Saratoga  Springs,  and  thence 
by  stage  over  a  plank  road  to  Caldwell,  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  lake,  14  miles.  A 
steamboat  daily  plies  on  Lake  George,  to  meet 
the  boats  on  Lake  Champlain,  at  Ticonderoga. 

Nothing  in  the  way  of  travelling  excursions, 
for  the  distance  over  which  you  pass,  combines  a 
greater  and  more  pleasing  variety  of  gratifica- 
tions, from  scenery,  society,  and  art,  than  this 
route  from  New  York  to  the  White  Mountains, 
by  whichever  of  the  variations  above  mentioned 
it  is  pursued.  Common  to  them  all  is  the  de- 
lightful trip  up  the  North  River,  and  the  visit  to 
the  Springs,  in  respect  to  which  the  reader,  if 
not  already  acquainted  with  these  celebrated 
resorts,  will  find  interesting  particulars  given 
under  the  descriptions  of  the  same,  on  pp.  201 
and  289.  For  a  description  of  Lake  George,  see 
also  p.  195. 

The  distance  from  New  York  to  the  White 
Mountains,  via  Boston,  216  miles,  and  thence  by 


the  shortest  route,  via  Dover  and  Winnipiseogeo 
Lake,  to  the  White  Mountain  House,  174  miles, 
is  390  miles. 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,    VA. 

These  are  the  most  celebrated  and  the  most  gen- 
erally visited  of  all  the  mineral  springs  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  are  to  the  south  what  Saratoga  is  to  the 
north.  They  are  situated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Greenbrier  River,  in  the  county  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  western  declivity  of  the  Allegheny  ridge, 
some  6  or  8  miles  from  the  summit  of  the  moun- 
tains. They  are  in  an  elevated  and  beautifully 
picturesque  valley,  hemmed  in  by  mountains  on 
every  side.  Thousands  resort  to  them  annually 
either  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of  the  waters,  or  in 
pursuit  of  recreation  and  amusement. 

According  to  an  analysis  of  the  waters  by 
Professor  Rodgers,  the  solid  matter  procured  by 
evaporation  from  100  cubic  inches  weighs  63.54 
grains,  composed  of  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate 
of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  lime, 
carbonate  of  magnesia,  chloride  of  magnesium, 
chloride  of  sodium,  chloride  of  calcium,  peroxide 
of  iron,  phosphate  of  lime,  sulphate  and  hydrate 
of  sodium,  organic  matter,  precipitated  sulphur, 
iodine.  The  gaseous  matter  consists  of  sulphu- 
retted hydrogen,  carbonic  acid,  nitrogen,  and  oxy- 
gen. It  is  obvious,  from  this  analysis,  that  the 
water  must  exert  a  very  positive  agency  upon  the 
system.  Its  remedial  virtues  extend  chiefly  to 
diseases  of  the  liver,  kidneys,  alimentary  canal, 
and  to  scrofula,  rheumatism,  and  neuralgia. 

This  place  was  known  to  the  aborigines  as  one 
of  the  most  important  licks  of  the  deer  and  elk. 
The  fame  of  an  extraordinary  cure,  in  1772,  ex- 
perienced by  a  woman  whose  disease  had  baffled 
all  medical  skill,  and  who  was  brought  here  on  a 
litter  40  miles,  attracted  many  sick  persons  to 
the  spring ;  and  from  that  time  it  has  been  grow- 
ing in  favor  with  the  public. 

A  visitor  to  the  springs  thus  describes  the 
place :  — 

"  Nature  has  done  every  thing  to  make  this  an 
enchanting  spot.  The  valley  opens  about  half  a 
mile  in  breadth,  winding  in  length  from  east  to 
west,  with  graceful  undulations,  beyond  the  eye's 
reach.  The  fountain  issues  from  the  foot  of  a 
gentle  slope,  terminating  in  the  low  interval  upon 
a  small  and  beautiful  river.  The  ground  ascends 
from  the  spring  eastward,  rising  to  a  considerable 
eminence  on  the  left,  and  spreading  east  and 
south  into  a  wide  and  beautiful  lawn.  The  lawn 
and  walks  cover  perhaps  fifty  acres.  A  few  rods 
from  the  spring,  at  the  right,  are  the  hotel,  the 
dining  hall,  the  ball-room :  all  the  rest  of  the 
ground  is  occupied  mainly  with  cabins.  These 
are  rows  of  contiguous  buildings,  one  story  high, 
mostly  of  wood,  some  of  brick,  and  a  few  of 
hewed  logs  whitewashed.  The  framed  cabins 
are  all  painted  white.  Directly  to  the  right  of 
the  spring,  and  very  near  it,  is  Spring  Row ;  far- 
ther eastward,  with  a  continuous  piazza,  shaded 
with  vines,  is  Virginia  Row ;  at  right  angles  with 
this,  crossing  the  lawn  in  the  middle,  is  South 
Carolina  Row ;  heading  the  eastern  extremity  of 
the  lawn  is  Bachelor's  Row ;  on  the  north  side  of 
the  lawn,  beginning  nearest  the  spring,  are  Ala- 
bama, Louisiana,  P'aradise,  and  Baltimore  Rows 
—  the  last  of  which  is  the  most  elegant  in  the 
place.  Without  the  enclosure,  southward  from 
the  fountain,  is  Broadway ;  and  a  little  west  from 
this,  on  the  Guyandot  road,  is  Wolf  Row.  The 


IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


679 


appearance  of  these  cabins,  or  cottages,  painted, 
decorated,  looking  forth  from  the  green  foliage, 
and  tastefully  arranged,  is  beautiful  and  impos- 
ing. The  fountain  is  covered  with  a  stately 
Doric  dome,  sustained  by  twelve  large  pillars, 
and  surmounted  with  a  colossal  statue  of  Hygeia, 
looking  towards  the  rising  sun." 

There  are  numerous  routes  to  the  Va.  springs, 
all  of  which  within  a  few  years  have  been  greatly 
improved.  One  of  the  pleasantest  and  most  ex- 
peditious routes  from  Baltimore  is  by  the  rail- 
road thence  to  Harper's  Ferry  ;  thence  by  railroad 
to  Winchester;  thence  by  stage  to  Staunton. 
From  Staunton  there  are  two  routes,  one  directly 
across  the  mountains,  to  the  warm  and  hot 
springs ;  the  other,  via  Lexington,  to  the  Natural 
Bridge,  and  thence  to  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 
These  springs  are  304  miles  W.  of  Baltimore. 

Another  route  from  Baltimore  is  by  Washing- 
ton city,  and  thence  by  steamer  to  Acquia  Creek, 
and  over  the  Richmond,  Fredericksburg,  and 
Louisa  Railroads,  to  Gordonsville.  From  this 
place  the  route  is  by  stage,  via  Charlottesville,  to 
Staunton,  and  thence  to  the  springs  by  either  of 
the  two  routes  described  above. 

Travellers  from  the  states  S.  of  Va.  take  the 
railroad  at  Wilmington,  N.  C.,  for  Richmond. 
They  have  thence  a  conveyance  by  the  canal,  1 50 
miles,  to  Lynchburg,  and  thence  by  stage,  either 
over  the  road  leading  by  the  Natural  Bridge,  or 
by  the  way  of  Liberty,  Fincastle,  and  the  Sweet 
Springs,  to  the  White  Sulphur. 

The  usual  route  to  the  Va.  springs,  from  the 
W.  and  S.  W.,  is  by  leaving  the  steamboats  on 
the  Ohio  River,  at  Guyandotte,  and  thence  pro- 
ceeding by  stage  to  the  springs.  From  Guyan- 
dotte to  the  White  Sulphur  Springs,  the  distance 
is  about  160  miles. 

WHEELING  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,  VA. 
See  Wheeling. 

WINNIPISEOGEE  LAKE,  N.  H. 

This  lake  possesses  singular  charms.  How- 
ever romantic  and  beautiful  Lake  George,  the 
charmer  of  all  travellers,  appears  in  its  elevation, 
the  purity  of  its  waters,  its  depth,  its  rapid  outlet, 
its  365  islands  which  bespangle  its  bosom,  its 
mountain  scenery,  its  fish,  its  mineralogy,  still, 
in  all  but  its  historic  fame,  it  has  a  rival  at  the 
east,  in  the  Winnipiseogee  of  New  Hampshire. 

There  are  more  than  forty  different  ways  of 
spelling  the  name  of  this  lake,  as  might  be  shown 
by  quoting  the  authorities.  It  was  formerly 
written  as  though  it  had  six  syllables ;  but  the 
pronunciation  which  has  generally  obtained  with 
those  best  acquainted  with  the  region  of  the  lake, 
and  the  Indian  pronunciation  of  the  name,  was 
Win-ne-pe-sock-e. 

The  lake  is  in  the  counties  of  Belknap  and 
Carrol.  Its  form  is  very  irregular.  At  the  west 
end  it  is  divided  into  three  large  bays ;  on  the 
north  is  a  fourth ;  and  at  the  east  end  there  are 
three  others.  Its  general  course  is  from  north- 


west to  south-east ;  its  length  is  about  25  miles, 
and  it  varies  in  width  from  one  to  ten  miles. 
This  lake  is  environed  by  the  pleasant  towns  of 
Moultonboro',  Tuftonboro',  Wolfeboro',  Centre 
Harbor,  Meredith,  Gilford,  and  Alton,  and  over- 
looked by  other  delightful  towns. 

The  waters  of  the  Winnipiseogee  are  remark- 
ably pure,  and  its  depth  in  some  places  is  said  to 
be  unfathomable.  Its  sources  are  principally 
from  springs  within  its  bosom.  Its  outlet  is  the 
rapid  river  of  its  own  name.  Its  height  above 
the  level  of  the  sea  is  472  feet.  It  is  stored  with 
a  great  variety  of  excellent  fish  ;  in  the  summer 
season,  steamboats,  sloops,  and  smaller  vessels 
ply  on  its  waters,  and  in  the  winter  season  it 
presents  an  icy  expansion  of  great  usefulness 
and  beauty. 

Like  Casco  Bay  and  Lake  George,  this  lake  is 
said  to  contain  365  islands.  Without  supposing 
the  days  of  the  year  to  have  been  consulted  on 
the  subject,  the  number  is  very  great,  several  of 
which  comprise  farms  of  from  200  to  500  acres, 
the  product  of  some  of  which,  under  good  culti- 
vation, has  been,  extraordinary  as  it  may  seem, 
as  high  as  113  bushels  of  corn  to  the  acre. 

The  waters  of  this  lake  not  only  serve  as  a 
lovely  ornament  to  the  scenery  of  this  region, 
and  as  a  means  of  recreation  and  amusement  to 
the  multitude  who  pass  and  repass  upon  them, 
but  answer  an  important  purpose  as  a  great  res- 
ervoir of  power  for  the  extensive  manufacturing 
establishments  at  Manchester,  Lowell,  and  other 
places  which  are  located  on  the  Merrimac  River, 
its  outlet  to  the  sea.  The  fall  of  this  immense 
body  of  water,  in  its  passage  to  the  ocean,  is  so 
great  that  its  power  for  manufacturing  purposes 
can  hardly  be  computed. 

The  route  from  Portland  to  this  beautiful  in- 
land water  is  by  railroad  to  Dover,  N.  H.,  42 
miles,  and  thence  by  railroad  to  Alton  Bay,  28 
miles;  whole  distance  from  Portland,  70  miles. 
From  Alton  Bay  a  fine  steamer  runs  over  the 
lake  to  Wolfboro',  and  to  Centre  Harbor,  at  dif- 
ferent points  on  the  opposite  shore,  and  also  to 
Weir's  Station,  at  its  south-western  extremity, 
where  the  Boston,  Concord  and  Montreal  Rail- 
road passes.  At  Wolfboro'  and  at  Centre  Har- 
bor there  are  excellent  hotels  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  travellers  ;  and  both  of  these  places  are 
points  of  departure  from  the  lake,  on  different 
routes  for  the  White  Mountains.  For  routes  from 
Boston  and  other  places,  converging  to  these 
points,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Routes  to  the 
White  Mountains,  p.  296. 

The  facility  with  which  this  charming  lake  is 
now  reached,  by  the  various  routes  from  our  large 
cities  on  the  sea-coast,  cannot  fail  to  render  the 
region  of  its  fertile  shores,  at  no  distant  day,  an 
eligible  locality  for  the  country  seats  of  persons 
of  taste  and  wealth ;  where  they  may  come  and 
enjoy,  if  any  where  on  earth,  through  the  ex- 
pression of  natural  scenery,  that  which  it  is  said 
the  Indians  meant  by  the  name  WINNIPISEOGEE 
—  The  smile  of  the  Great  Spirit. 


LIGHT-HOUSES 


IN 


THE     UNITED     STATES 


«V*  THE  following  table  is  taken  from  the  list  of  light-houses,  beacons,  and  floating  lights,  with  the 
names  of  the  states  in  which  they  are  situated,  their  places  of  location,  their  latitude  and  longitude, 
and  some  remarks,  as  copied  from  a  pamphlet  containing  an  account  of  the  light-houses  in  the  United 
States,  on  July  1,  1851,  and  published  by  authority.  Latitude  all  N. ;  longitude  all  W.  from  Green- 
wich, 5  miles  E.  from  London.  Within  a  few  years,  many  of  these  light-houses  have  been  rebuilt, 
or  repaired,  and  furnished  with  plate  glass.  The  light-houses  on  the  American  coast  are  considered  by 
mariners  in  excellent  condition  at  the  present  time. 


MAINE. 

.Portland.  Portland  Head,  off  Portland  har- 
bor, S.  side.  Lat.  43°  39'.  Lon.  70°  17'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  80  feet. 

Seguin.  On  Island  of  Seguin,  off  mouth  of 
Kennebec  River.  Lat.  43°  41'  36".  Lon.  69° 
44'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
166  feet. 

Whitehead.  On  Whitehead  Island,  S.  W.  of 
W.  entrance  to  Penobscot  Bay.  Lat.  43°  57'. 
Lon.  69°  4'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  58  feet. 

Franklin  Island.  On  N.  end  of  Franklin  Isl- 
and, W.  of  entrance  to  St.  George's  River.  Lat. 
43°  52'.  Lon.  69°  19'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  50  feet. 

Wood  Island.  On  Wood  Island,  near  entrance 
to  Saco  harbor.  Lat.  43°  27'.  Lon.  70°  18'  30". 
Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  63 
feet. 

West  Quoddy  Head.  On  West  Quoddy  Head, 
near  Eastport,  S.  side  of  entrance  to  West  Quod- 
dy Bay.  Lat.  44°  49'  1 8".  Lon.  66°  59'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  90  feet. 

Petit  Manan.  On  S.  end  of  Petit  Manan  Isl- 
and. Lat.  44°  22'.  Lon.  67°  49'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  53  feet. 

Pond  Island.  W.  side  of  entrance  to  Kennebec 
River.  Lat.  43°  45'.  Lon.  69°  46'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  52  feet. 

Burnt  Island.  On  Burnt  Island,  W.  side  of 
Townsend  harbor,  Lincoln  co.  .  . .  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  55  feet  6  inches. 

Libby  Island.  On  Libby's  Island,  entrance  of 
MachinsBay.  Lat.  44°  34'.  Lon.  67°  22'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  60  feet. 

Monhegan  Island.  On  Monhegan  Island,  Lin- 
coln co.  Lat.  43°  44'  30".  Lon.  69°  18'.  Re- 


volving.   Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  170 
feet.     Red  and  white  light. 

OwTs  Head.  W.  side  of  W.  entrance  of  Pe- 
nobscot Bay,  off  Thomaston  harbor.  Lat.  44° 
3'  50".  Lon.  69°.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  117  feet. 

Moose  Peak.  On  Mistake  Island,  S.  W.  of  W. 
entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Lat.  44°  28' 
Lon.  67°  31'  9".  Revolving.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea.  53  feet  8  inches. 

Matinicus  Rock,  (2  lights.)  On  Matinicus  Rock 
a  sea  light  off  Penobscot  Bay.  Lat.  43°  46  24". 
Lon.  68°  49'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  82  feet  6  inches. 

Pemaquid  Point.  On  Pemaquid  Point,  S.  W 
of  entrance  to  Bristol  Bay,  and  E.  side  of  entrance 
to  John's  Bay.  Lat.  43°  48'.  Lon.  69°  29'  30". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  64  feet. 

Baker's  Island.  On  Baker's  Island,  off  Mount 
Desert,  and  S.  of  entrance  to  Frenchman's  Bay 
Lat.  44-°  13'  20".  Lon.  68°  8'.  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  69  feet  8  inches. 

Cape  Elizabeth,  ( 2  lights.)  On  Cape  Elizabeth, 
S.  S.  E.  of  Portland.  Lat.  43°  33'  36".  Lon. 
70°  11' 36".  Fixed  and  revolving.  300  yards 
apart.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  140  feet. 

Dice's  Head.  On  Dice's  Head,  near  Castine 
Lat.  44°  23'  12".  Lon.  68°  49'  30".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  116  feet. 

Hendrick's  Head.  On  Hendrick's  Head,  mouth 
of  Sheepscot  River,  E.  side.  Lat.  43°  47'  30" 
Lon.  69°  39'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  39  feet. 

Mount  Desert  Rock.  Ocean  light  on  Mount 
Desert  Rock,  about  20  miles  S.  S.  E.  of  Mount 
Desert  Island.  Lat.  43°  58'.  Lon.  68°  00'  30". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  56  feet 
6  inches. 


LIGHT-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


681 


Brown's  Head.  On  southern  of  the  Fox  Isl- 
ands, E.  side  of  W.  entrance  to  Penobscot  Bay. 
Lat.  44°  5'.  Lon.  68°  46'.  Fixed.  Height  o"f 
lantern  above  the  sea,  80  feet. 

Marshall's  Point.  On  Marshall's  Point,  Lin- 
coln co.  Lat.  43° 53' 20".  Lon.  69°  13'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  30  feet. 

Goat.  Island.  Mouth  Cape  Pcrpoise  harbor, 
N.  side.  Lat.  43°  21'.  Lon.  70°  25'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  33  feet. 

Negro  Island.  S.  side  of  entrance  to  Camden 
harbor,  Penobscot  Bay.  Lat.  44°  11'.  Lon.  68° 
59'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  50 
feet. 

Fort  Point.    On  Old  Fort  Point,  above  Castine, 

to  show   the  entrance   to   Prospect    harbor 

Fixed.     Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  90  feet. 

Boon  Island.  On  Boon  Island,  off  York  har- 
bor. Lat.  43°  8'.  Lon.  70°  29'.  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  70  feet. 

Eagle  Island  Point.  On  Eagle  Island,  head  of 
Isle  au  Haut  Bay,  to  guide  N.  E.  entrance  to 
Penobscot  Bay.  Lat.  44°  24'.  Lon.  68°  46'. 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  100 
feet. 

Nashe's  Island.  Off  the  mouth  of  Pleasant 
River,  E.  side.  Lat.  44°  27'.  Lon.  67°  43'. 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  47  feet. 
Red  light. 

Bear  Island.  On  one  of  the  Cranberry  Islands, 
about  5  miles  N.  W.  of  Baker's  Island  light.  Lat. 
44°  16'.  Lon.  68°  12'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  95  feet. 

Saddleback  Ledge.  Near  S.  W.  end  of  Isle  au 
Haut,  and  E.  side  of  entrance  Isle  au  Haut  Bay. 
Lat.  43°  59'.  Lon.  68°  36' 30".  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  62  feet. 

Little  River.  In  Cutler,  on  an  island  at  the 
mouth  of  Little  River  harbor.  . .  .  Fixed. 

Prospect  Harbor.  On  Goat  Island,  in  said  har- 
bor  Fixed. 

Grinders  Point.  At  Gilkey's  harbor,  in  Pe- 
nobscot Bay. . .  .  Fixed. 

Beauchamp  Point.  On  Indian  Island,  at  mouth 
of  Goose  ,,River,  entrance  to  Camden  harbor. 
.  .  .  Fixed. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Portsmouth,  (or  Newcastle.)  S.  W.  side  of  in- 
ner entrance  to  Portsmouth  harbor.  Lat.  43°  3' 
30".  Lon.  70°  43'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  90  feet. 

White  Island.  The  south-western  island  of  the 
Isles  of  Shoals,  ocean  light.  Lat.  42°  58'.  Lon. 
70°  37'  30".  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  87  feet.  Red  and  white  light. 

Whale's  Back.  N.  and  E.  side  of  outer  entrance 
to  Portsmouth  harbor.  Lat.  43°  3'.  Lon.  70° 
41'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
58  feet.  Two  lights,  one  10  feet  above  the  other, 
but  seen  as  one  light  at  about  6  miles  distant. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Boston.  N.  side  of  main  outer  entrance  to  Bos- 
ton harbor.  Lat.  42°  19'  41".  Lon.  70°  53'  43". 
Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  QO 
feet. 

Thatcher's  Island,  (2  lights.)  On  Thatcher's 
Island,  about  2  miles  off  Cape  Ann.  Lat.  42° 
38^  21".  Lon.  70°  34' 48".  Fixed.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  90  feet.  Two  light-houses, 
both  fixed  lights. 

Baker's  Island,  (2  lights.)  On  Baker's  Island, 
S.  side  of  principal  or  N.  E.  entrance  to  Salem 
86 


harbor.  Lat.  42°  32'  12".  Lon.  70°  47'  28". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  81  feet 
6  inches.  Two  lights,  one  70  and  the  other  8l£ 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Plumb  Island,  (2  lights.)  On  Plumb  Island, 
S.  side  of  entrance  to  Newburyport.  Lat.  42°  48' 
29".  Lon.  70°  49'  5".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  54  feet. 

Cape  Cod,  (Highlands.)  Outside  of  Cape  Cod, 
Truro.  Lat.  42°  2' 23".  Lon.  70°  3' 55".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  180  feet. 

Plymouth,  (2  lights.)  On  Gurnet  Point,  N.  side 
of  entrance  to  Plymouth  harbor.  Lat.  42°  00' 
12".  Lon.  70°  36' 21".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  90  feet. 

Wigwam  Point.  On  said  point,  E.  side  of  en- 
trance to  Squam  harbor,  or  bay.  Lat.  42°  39' 
43".  Lon.  70°  41' 12".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  50  feet. 

Scituate,  (2  lights.)  On  Cedar  Point,  N.  side 
of  entrance  to  Scituate  harbor,  and  about  5  miles 
southward  of  Cohasset  Rocks.  Lat.  42?  12  17". 
Lon.  70°  43' 15".  Fixed.  Height  f>f  lantern 
above  the  sea,  40  feet.  Two  lights ;  refitted  in 
1841,  one  red,  and  about  15  feet  below  the  other, 
and  consequently  visible  at  much  less  distance ; 
discontinued  in  1849,  on  lighting  Minot's  Rock 
light,  and  revived  and  repaired  in  1851. 

Race  Point.  North-westerly  point  of  Cape  Cod 
Lat,  42°  3'  44".  Lon.  70°  14'  53".  Revolving. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  32  feet. 

Long  Island  Head.  On  N.  end  of  Long  Island, 
Boston  Bay,  and  S.  side  of  inner  ship  entrance. 
Lat.  42°  19'  48".  Lon.  70°  57'  41".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  80  feet, 

Ten  Pound  Island.  On  Ten  Pound  Island,  in 
Cape  Ann,  or  Gloucester  harbor.  Lat.  42°  35' 
10".  Lon.  70°  40'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  45  feet. 

Billingsgate  Island.  On  Billingsgate  Island, 
W.  side  of  entrance  to  Wellflect.  Lat.  41°  51' 
38".  Lon.  70°  4'  32".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  40  feet. 

Sandy  Neck.  W.  side  of  entrance  to  Barnsta- 
ble  harbor,  Cape  Cod  Bay.  Lat.  41°  43'  21". 
Lon.  70°  1 7'  9".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  40  feet. 

Long  Point.  On  Lo,ng  Point  Shoal,  inside  Cape 
Cod,  and  W.  side  of  entrance  to  Provincetown 
harbor.  Lat,  42°  1'  50".  Lon.  70°  10'  50". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  35  feet 

Gloucester  Point.  On  Gloucester  Point,  E.  side 
of  entrance  to  Gloucester  or  Cape  Ann  harbor 
Lat.  42°  34'  49".  Lon.  70°  40'  10".  Fixed 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea.  57  feet. 

Straitsmouth  Harbor.  On  Straitmouth  Island, 
N.  side  of  Cape  Ann.  Lat.  42°  39'  41".  Lon, 
70°  35'  36".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  40  feet. 

Marblehead.  E.  entrance  to  Marblehead  har- 
bor, S.  E.  side.  Lat.  42°  32'  3".  Lon.  70°  50' 
5".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  40 
feet. 

Ipswich,  (2  lights.)  On  Patche's  Beach,  S.  side 
of  entrance  to  Ipswich  harbor.  Lat.  42°  41'  8". 
Lon.  70°  46'  17".  Fixed  and  revolving.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  40  feet.  Two  towers 
and  lights,  each  30  feet  high,  500  feet  from  each 
other. 

Gayhead.  On  Gayhead,  W.  point  Martha's 
Vineyard.  Lat.  41°  20'  54".  Lon.  70°  50'  26". 
Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  172 
feet. 


682 


LIGHT-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Clark's  Point.  On  said  point,  W.  side  of  en- 
trance to  New  Bedford  harbor.  Lat.  41°  35'  34". 
Lon.  70°  54'  21".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  52  feet. 

Cutterhunk  Island.  On  S.  W.  point  of  Cutter- 
hunk  Island,  and  S.  of  W.  entrance  to  Buzzard's 
Bay.  Lat.  41°  24' 52".  Lon.  70°  57' 17".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  48  feet  6  inches. 

Nantucket  Light.  On  Great  or  Sandy  Point, 
the  N.  point  of  Nantucket  Island.  Lat.  41°  23' 
24".  Lon.  70°  3' 1".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
ahove  the  sea,  70  feet. 

Nantucket  Beacon.  Nantucket  harbor,  Brant 
Point,  Lat.  41°  17' 24".  Lon.  70°  5' 51".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  40  feet. 

Nantucket  Harbor  Light.  Nantucket  harbor,  S. 
side.  Lat.  41°  16'.  Lon.  70°  6'.  Fixed.  Har- 
bor light. 

Cape  Poge.  N.  E.  point,  Martha's  Vineyard. 
Lat.  41°  25'  18".  Lon.  70°  27'  19".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  55  feet. 

Chathain±(2  lights.)  Chatham  harbor,  inside. 
Lat.  41°  40'  16".  Lon.  69°  57'  12".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  70  feet.  Two 
lights,  70  feet  apart. 

Point  Gammon.  On  said  point,  S.  side  of  Cape 
Cod,  inside  of  entrance  to  Hyannis  harbor.  Lat. 
41°  36' 35".  Lon.  70°  16' 16".  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  70  feet. 

Holmes's  Hole.  On  W.  chop  of  Holraes's  Hole 
harbor.  Lat.  41°  28'  57".  Lon.  70°  36'  27". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  60  feet. 

Tarpaulin  Cove.  W.  side  Tarpaulin  Cove, 
Vineyard  Sound.  Lat.  41°  28'  7".  Lon.  70°  45' 
45".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
80  feet. 

Bird  Island.  On  said  island  in  Buzzard's  Bay, 
E.  side  of -entrance  to  Sippican  harbor.  Lat.  41° 
40'  9".  Lon.  70°  43'  21".  Revolving.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  31  feet. 

Monomoy  Point.  On  Sandy  Point,  S.  extrem- 
ity Cape  Cod.  Lat.  41°  33'  35".  Lon.  69°  59' 
56".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
33  feet. 

Nobsque  Point.  On  said  point  of  Vineyard 
Sound,  E.  S.  E.  of  entrance  to  Wood's  Hole. 
Lat.  41°  30'  57".  Lon.  70°  39'  37".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  80  feet. 

Dumpling  Rock.  Buzzard's  Bay,  S.  S.  W.  of 
New  Bedford,  and  of  Clark's  Point  light.  Lat. 
41°  32' 17".  Lon.  70°  55' 36".  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  43  feet. 

Edgartoivn.  At  entrance  to  Edgartown  harbor, 
Martha's  Vineyard.  Lat.  41°  23'  27".  Lon.  70° 
30'  29".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  50  feet. 

Ned's  Point.  Near  Mattapoisett,  E.  New  Bed- 
ford. Lat.  41°  41'  1".  Lon.  71°  2'.  Fixed. 

Nauset  Beach,  (3  beacon  lights.)  E.  side  Cape 
Cod.  Lat.  41°  51' 40".  Lon.  69°  57' 21".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  90  feet.  Three 
lights,  15  feet  high,  50  yards  apart. 

Mayors  Beach,  (Wellfleet.)  Harbor  light,  in- 
side Cape  Cod,  head  of  Wellfleet  Bay.  Lat.  42° 
55'.  Lon.  70°  2'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  30  feet. 

Nantucket  Cliff,  (2  beacons.)  In  Nantucket 
harbor.  . . .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  150  feet.  Two  harbor  beacon  lights. 

Sankaty  Head.  On  Sankaty  Head,  at  the  S.  E. 
extremity  of  the  Island  of  Nantucket,  S.  by  W. 
23  miles  from  Pollock's  Rip  light  vessel,  and  S. 
by  E.  9  miles  from  Nantucket  Great  Point  light. 


Lat.  41°  16'  58".  Lon.  69°  58'  16".  Flashes  in 
1£  and  3  minutes.  Lenticular  light  of  2d  order. 

Hyannis.  At  Hyannis,  Barnstable  co.,  at  en- 
trance to  Hyannis  harbor.  Lat.  41°  38'.  Lon. 
70°  18'.  Fixed. 

Wing's  Neck.  On  Wing's  Neck,  Sandwich,  in 
Buzzard's  Bay Fixed. 

Palmer's  Island.  On  N.  E.  extremity  of  said 
island,  in  New  Bedford  harbor.  .  . .  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  27  feet. 

Minofs  Rock,  (destroyed.)  On  said  rocks,  the 
outermost  of  Cohasset  Rocks,  about  9  miles  S.  E. 
|  E.  from  Boston  light-house.  Lat.  42°  16'  8". 
Lon.  70°  45'  55".  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  66  feet.  Blown  down  April  16,  1851. 

Parmet  Harbor.  On  'N.  side  of  said  harbor, 
southerly  end  of  Salt  Works  Tower  of  Truro. 
.  . .  Fixed.  Red  light. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  Brandywine  Shoal.  Ton- 
nage 129.  Light  boat  sent  to  replace  Minot's 
Rock  light-house,  destroyed.  Two  lamps,  12  cy- 
lindrical wicks  each,  one  on  the  foremast,  42  feet, 
the  other  on  the  after  mast,  45  feet  elevation. 
Stationed  here  in  1851. 

Tuckernuck  Shoal.  Tonnage  125.  On  Cross 
Rip,  N.  W.  of  Nantucket.  One  lamp  with  8  cylin- 
drical wicks,  elevated  about  38  feet  above  the  sea. 

Vineyard  Sound.  Tonnage  145.  Near  the  rocks 
called  '*  Sow  and  Pigs."  Two  lamps,  9  wicks  each, 
elevated,  one  40,  the  other  50  feet  above  the  sea. 

Pollock's  Rip.  Tonnage  145.  Off  Chatham, 
Ms.  One  lamp  with  9  wicks,  elevated  about  40 
feet. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Newport.  On  S.  point  of  Conanicut  Island, 
called  Beaver  Tail.  Lat.  41°  26'  30".  Lon.  71° 
24'  24".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  98  feet. 

Watch  Hill.  On  Watch  Point,  S.  E.  of  Ston- 
ington, about  2  miles.  Lat.  41°  18' 9".  Lon.71° 
52'  3".  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above  tha 
sea,  73  feet. 

Point  Judith.  On  S.  E.  point  of  Narraganset 
Shore,  between,  and  nearly  in  a  range  with, 
Beaver  Tail  and  Block  Island  lights?^  Lat.  41° 
21 '35".  Lon.  71°  29' 25".  Revolving.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  74  feet. 

Goat  Island.  On  N.  end  of  Goat  Island,  New- 
port harbor.  Lat,  41°  30'.  Lon.  71°  19'  50". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  43  feet 

Dutch  Island.  On  S.  end  of  Dutch  Island, 
Lat.  41°  29' 30".  Lon.  71°  26'.  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  56  feet. 

Warwick  Neck.  On  S.  end  of  Warwick  Neck. 
Lat.  41°  34'.  Lon.  71°  29'.  Fixed.  Bay  light. 

Nayat  Point.  On  Nayat  Point,  Providence 
River.  Lat.  41°  44'.  Lon.  71°  22'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  38  feet.  Bay 
light. 

Block  Island,  (2  lights.)  On  N.  end  of  Block 
Island.  Lat.  41°  13'  24".  Lon.  71°  35'  4". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  58  feet. 
Two  lights  placed  one  on  each  end  of  the  keeper's 
house.  \ 

Poplar  Point.  Wickford,  North  Kingston.  Lat. 
41°  35'.  Lon.  71°  26' 40".  Fixed.  Bay  light. 

VERMONT. 

Juniper  Island.  On  Juniper  Island,  Lake 
Champlain,  S.  side  of  entrance  to  Burlington 
harbor.  Lat.  44°  27'.  Lon.  73°  13'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  95  feet. 


LIGHT-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


683 


CONNECTICUT. 

New  London.  W.  side  of  entrance  to  River 
Thames.  Lat.  41°  18'  55".  Lon.  72°  5'  56". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  111 
feet. 

Faulkner's  Island.  On  Etiulkner's  Island,  off 
Guilford  harbor.  Lat.  41  °  1 2'  38".  Lon.  72°  39' 
40".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  93 
feet. 

Lynde  Point.  Mouth  of  the  Connecticut  Riv- 
er, W.  side.  Lat.  41°  16'  13".  Lon.  72°  20'  59". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  74  feet. 

Stonington.  On  narrow  point  of  land,  E.  side 
of  entrance  to  Stonington  harbor.  Lat.  41°  19' 
34".  Lon.  71°  54'  52".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  62  feet. 

Morgan's  Point.  In  Groton,  N.  side  Fisher's 
Island  Sound,  near  Mystic.  Lat.  41°  18'  54". 
Lon.  71°  59'  54".  Fixed. 

Five  Mile  Point.  Entrance  of  New  Haven 
harbor,  E.  side.  Lat.  41°  14'  52".  Lon.  72°  54' 
47".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
85  feet. 

Stratford  Point.  On  said  point,  S.  of  Stratford, 
at  entrance  of  harbor  or  river.  Lat.  41°  9'  2". 
Lon.  73°  6'  46".  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  44  feet. 

Fairweather  Island.  Entrance  of  Black  Rock 
harbor,  Fairfield.  Lat.  41°  8'  27".  Lon.  73°  13' 
31".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
71  feet. 

Norwalk  Island.  Entrance  of  Norwalk  River. 
Lat.  41°  2'  50".  Lon.  73°  25'  43".  Revolving. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  40  feet.*  Part 
red  shades. 

Great  Captain's  Island.  On  said  island,  near 
Greenwich  Point,  Fairfield  co.  Lat.  40°  58'  52". 
Lon.  73°  37'  59".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  62  feet. 

North  Dumplin.  On  North  Dumplin  Island,  in 
Fishers  Island  Sound.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Red  shades. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  BartletfsReef.  Tonnage 
145.  Off  N.ew  London.  One  lamp  with  9  wicks, 
45  feet  elevation. 

Eel  Grass  Shoal.  Tonnage  41.  On  said  shoal. 
One  lamp  with  12  cylindrical  wicks. 

NEW  YORK. 

Eaton's  Neck.  E.  side  of  entrance  to  Hunting- 
ton  Bay,  Long  Island.  Lat.  40°  57'  9".  Lon. 
73°  24'  18".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  134  feet. 

Execution  Rocks.  Off  Sand's  Point,  Long  Isl- 
and Sound.  .  .  .  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
54  feet.  Red  shades. 

Sand's  Point.  On  Sand's  Point,  Long  Island 
Sound,  E.  of  entrance  to  Cow  Bay.  Lat.  40°  51' 
52".  Lon.  73°  44'  21".  Fixed. 

Old  Field  Point.  On  Old  Field  Point,  Long 
Island,  N.  side,  opposite  Stratford  light.  Lat.  40° 
58'  33".  Lon.  73°  7'  41".  Fixed.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  67  feet  6  inches. 

Fire  Island  Inlet.  E.  side  Fire  Island  Inlet, 
Long  Island,  S.  side.  Lat.  40°  37'  46".  Lon.  73° 
13'  38".  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  89  feet  3  inches. 

Tkrogtfs  Neck.  On  S.  E.  point  of  Throgg's 
Neck,  Westchester,  E.  of  Hell  Gate.  Lat.  40°  48' 
15".  Lon.  73°  48'  1".  Fixed. 

Stony  Point.  On  the  W.  side  of  the  Hudson, 
below  West  Point, .  .  .  Fixed. 

Fort  Tompkins.    On  Staten  Island,  W.  side  of 


the  Narrows.    Lat.  40°  35'  57".    Lon.  74°  3'  50". 
Fixed.     Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  89  feet. 

Coxsackie.  On  the  Hudson  River,  W.  side,  near 
Coxsackie Fixed.  River  light. 

Four  Mile  Point.    At  Four  Mile  Point,  4  miles 

from  Hudson,  on  the  Hudson  River,  W.  side 

Fixed.    River  light. 

Saugerties.  At  the  mouth  of  Saugerties  Creek, 
on  the  Hudson,  W.  side.  .  . .  Fixed.  River  light 

Stuyvesant.  Near  Stuyvesant,  on  the  Hudson 
River,  E.  side Fixed.  River  light. 

Rondout  Creek.  Opposite  mouth  of  said  creek, 
Ulster  co.,  and  entrance  of  Hudson  and  Delaware 
Canal. .  .  .  Fixed.  River  light. 

Montauk.  E.  end  of  Long  Island.  Lat.  41°  4' 
10".  Lon.  71°  51'  58".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  160  feet. 

Little  Gull  Island.  On  said  island,  near  N.  E. 
end  of  Long  Island  Sound,  S.  side  of  main  en- 
trance. Lat.  41°  12'  18".  Lon.  72°  6'  57.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  50  feet. 

Plumb  Island.  Near  N.  E.  extremity  of  Long 
Island,  and  N.  of  Gardiner's  Bay.  Lat.  41°  10' 
21".  Lon.  72°  13'  14".  Revolving.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  63  feet. 

Buffalo,  (on  Pier.)  At  junction  of  Buffalo 
Creek  and  Lake  Erie,  on  pier.  Lat.  42°  50'.  Lon. 
78°  59'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  47  feet  6  inches. 

Portland  Harbor.  At  Portland,  S.  E.  shore  of 
Lake  Erie.  Lat.  42°  32' 41".  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  80  feet.  Lighted  with 
natural  gas. 

Dunkirk  Light.  At  Dunkirk,  Lake  Erie,  S.  E 
shore. .  .  .  Fixed. 

•Galloo  Island.  On  W.  point  Galloo  Island,  E. 
part  of  Lake  Ontario.  Lat.  43°  51'.  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  59  feetx 

Oswego.  At  entrance  of  Oswego  harbor,  Lake 
Ontario,  end  of  W.  pier.  Lat.  43°  28'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  82  feet.  Beacon 
on  a  pier. 

Cattaraugus  Beacon.  On  pier,  mouth  of  Catta- 
raugus  Creek,  Lake  Erie. .  . .  Fixed. 

Dunkirk  Beacon.  Dunkirk  harbor,  Lake  Erie. 
.  .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  25 
feet. 

Genesee,  (and  temporary  beacon  lamp.)  W. 
side  of  entrance  to  port  of  Genesee,  Lake  Onta- 
rio, mouth  of  Genesee  River.  Lat.  43°  12'  30". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  83 
feet. 

Sodus  Bay  and  Beacon.  At  entrance  to  Sodus 
harbor,  Lake  Ontario,  W.  side-,  beacon  on  W. 
pier.  Lat.  43°  19'.  Revolving.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  66  feet.  Two  lights,  main 
light  revolving. 

Tibbetfs  Point.  S.  E.  side  of  S.  entrance  to  St. 
Lawrence  River,  Lake  Ontario.  Lat.  44°  9'. 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  52  feet. 

Horse  Island.  On  W.  end  of  said  island,  and 
W.  of  Sackett's  Harbor.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Niagara  Fort.  At  junction  of  Niagara  River 
and  Lake  Ontario,  E.  side.  Lat.  43°  18'  20''. 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  78  feet. 

Stoney  Point.  On  said  point,  E.  end  of  Lake 
Ontario.  .  . .  Revolving. 

Ogdensburg.  On  St.  Lawrence  River,  mouth 
of  Oswegatchie  River.  Lat.  44°  45'.  Lon.  75° 
30'.  Fixed  River  light. 

Prince's  Bay.  On  Staten  Island,  near  S.  E.  end. 
Lat.  40°  30'  22".  Lon.  74°  13'  24".  Fixed 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  106  feet. 


684 


LIGHT-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Esopus  Meadows.  Opposite  Esopus,  on  Hudson 
River,  W.  side Fixed. 

Robbing's  Reef.  Off  the  upper  end  of  Staten 
Island,  S.  W.  part  of  New  York  Bay.  Lat.  40° 
39'  21".  Lon.  74°  4'  30".  Fixed.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  66  feet. 

Cedar  Island.  Near  E.  end  of  Long  Island,  in 
Sag  Harbor.  Lat.  41°  2'  18".  Lon.  72°  16'  6". 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  32  feet. 
Harbor  light. 

Silver  Creek.  On  Lake  Erie,  S.  E.  side  en- 
trance to  harbor.  .  . .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  27  feet. 

Salmon  River.  On  Lake  Ontario,  S.  E.  end,  N. 
side  of  entrance  to  Port  Ontario,  Oswego  co. 
. . .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  52 
feet. 

Rock  Island  Beacon,  (Thousand  Isles.)  On 
said  island,  in  St.  Lawrence  River.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Sunken  Rock  Beacon,  (Thousand  Isles.)  On 
said  rock,  or  Bush  Island,  in  St.  Lawrence  River. 
.  .  .  Fixed. 

Crossover  Island  Beacon,  (Thousand  Isles.)  On 
said  island,  in  St.  Lawrence  River.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Cumberland  Head.  On  Lake  Champlain,  near 
Plattsburg.  Lat.  44°  42'.  Lon.  73°  20'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  45  feet.  Inland 
light. 

Split  Rock.  On  Lake  Champlain,  near  Essex. 
Lat.  44°  12'.  Lon.  73°  18'.  Fixed.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  110  feet.  Inland  light. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  New  York,  (Dist.) 
Stratford  Point.  Tonnage  100.  Off  said  point, 
on  Middle  Ground,  Long  Island  Sound.  Two 
lamps,  1  on  fore  and  the  other  on  mainmast,  each 
lamp  9  cylindrical  wicks. 

Sand//  Hook.  JTonnage  230.  Seven  miles  out- 
side of  Sandy  Hook,  in  15  fathoms  water.  Two 
lamps,  '1  on  foremast,  50  feet,  the  other  on  main- 
mast, 60  feet  elevation,  each  lamp  9  cylindrical 
wicks. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Sandy  Hook,  (main  light,  and  2  beacons.) 
Sandy  Hook,  N.  W.  point  of  New  Jersey,  and  S. 
of  entrance  to  New  York  harbor.  Lat.  40°  27' 
37".  Lon.  74°  00'  42".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  90  feet. 

Highlands  of  Neversink,  (2  lights.)  On  High- 
lands of  Neversink,  S.  of  Sandy  Hook  lights. 
Lat,  40°  23'  40".  Lon.  73°  59'  42".  Two  lights, 
1  revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
248  feet.  Two  lights,  100  yards  apart ;  1  fixed  5 
S.  light  revolves ;  French  lenticular  apparatus, 
1st  and  2d  orders. 

Barnegat  Shoals.  S.  side  of  Barnegat  Inlet,  and 
N.  end  of  Long  Beach.  Lat.  39°  45'  54".  Lon. 
74°  6'  56".  Fixed. 

Cape  May.  On  S.  W.  point  of  Cape  May,  N. 
of  entrance  to  Delaware  Bay.  Lat.  38°  55''45". 
Lon.  74°  58'  33".  Revolving.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  88  feet. 

Egg  Island.  Delaware  Bay,  N.  side,  nearly  N. 
N.  W.  of  Cape  May.  Lat.  396  10'  28".  Lon.  75° 
8  56-.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
42  feet.  Lighted  with  gas  in  1845. 

Cohanzey  Creek.  Delaware  Bay,  N.  side,  and 
W.  side  of  said  creek.  Lat.  39°  20'  15".  Lon. 
75°  22'  12".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea.  42  feet.  Lighted  with  gas  in  1845. 

Tucker's  Beach.  On  said  beach,  near  midway 
between  Old  Inlet  and  New  Inlet.  Lat.  39°  30' 
17"  Lon.  74°  17'  31".  Fixed.  Red  shades. 


Bergen  Point.  On  a  block  at  the  extremity  of 
a  reef  of  rocks  off  Bergen  Point,  in  the  Kilns. 
. . .  Fixed. 

Maurice  River.  On  the  bank  of  Maurice  River 
Cove,  E.  point  of  said  river,  and  S.  W.  side  of 
Haystack  Island,  in  Delaware  Bay.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Passaic  River.  At  the  mouth  of  said  river,  on 
a  block  in  4  feet  of  low  water,  near  head  of  New- 
ark Bay,  about  5  miles  above  Bergen  Point  light, 
and  to  guide  into  Passaic  and  Hackensack  Rivers. 
.  .  .  Fixed. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Presque  Isle.  At  entrance  of  Presque  Isle  Bay, 
Lake  Erie.  Lat.  42°  8'  14".  Fixed.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  73  feet. 

Presque  Isle  Beacon.  Entrance  of  Presque  Isle 
Bay,  Lake  Erie.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  26  feet. 

Fort  Mifflin.  On  pier  in  Delaware  River,  op- 
posite said  fort.  .  . .  Fixed. 

Brandt/wine  Shoal.  Brandywine  Shoal,  in  Del- 
aware Bay. 

DELAWARE. 

Cape  Henlopen.  On  Cape  Henlopen,  S.  side  of 
entrance  to  Delaware  Bay.  Lat.  38°  46'  35".  Lon. 
75°  5'  37".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  180  feet. 

Cape  Henlopen  Beacon.  Cape  Henlopen,  S.  side 
of  entrance  to  Delaware  Bay,  about  if  of  a  mite 
from  main  light.  Lat.  38°  47'  21".  Lon.  75°  5' 
44".  Fixed. 

Bombay  Hook.  N.  W.  end  of  B.  Bay  Hook 
Island,'  Delaware  Bay.  Lat.  39°  21'  43",  Lon. 
75°  31'  13".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  46  feet. 

Mahon's  Ditch.  At  Mahon's  Ditch,  Delaware 
Bay,  S.  side.  Lat.  39°  10'  13".  Lon.  75°  24' 
38".  Fixed. 

Mispillion  Creek.  At  mouth  of  said  creek,  S. 
side,  Delaware  Bay.  Lat.  38°  56'  34".  Lon.  75° 
19'  24".  Fixed. 

Christiana  River.  At  mouth  of  said  river  or 
creek,  N.  side.  Lat.  39°  43'  12".  Lon.  75°  31' 
50".  Fixed.  Lighted  with  gas. 

Reedy  Island.  On  said  island,  N.  W.  part  of 
Delaware  Bay,  at  entrance  of  Delaware  River. 
Lat.  39°  29'  57".  Lon.  75°  34'  44".  Fixed. 
Lighted  with  gas. 

Breakwater.  On  Delaware  Breakwater.  Lat. 
38°  47'  50".  Lon.  75°  7'  3".  Fixed.  Red  light. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  Delaware,  (Dist.)  Five 
Fathom  Bank.  Tonnage  195.  On  said  bank, 
off  Cape  May.  Two  lamps,  one  on  foremast, 
40  feet,  the  other  on  mainmast,  45  feet  eleva- 
tion, 12  cylindrical  wicks. 

Upper  Middle  Shoal,  (No.  2.)  Tonnage  131. 
Near  the  middle  of  Delaware  Bay,  N.  W.  of 
Brandywine  Shoals.  One  lamp,  12  cylindrical 
wicks,*about  45  feet  elevation. 

MARYLAND. 

Bodkin  Island.  On  Bodkin  Island,  S.  side  of 
entrance  to  Patapsco  River  and  port  of  Balti- 
more, Chesapeake  Bay.  Lat.  39°  8'..  Lon.  76° 
25'  50".  Fixed. 

North  Point,  (2  lights.)  On  North  Point,  at  N. 
side  of  entrance  to  Patapsco  River,  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Upper  light  lat.  39°  11' 45".  Lon.  76°  27' 
17".  Lower  light  lat.  39°  11'  35".  Lon.  76°  26' 
54".  Fixed.  Two  lights  to  range  with  ship 
channel. 


LIGHT-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


685 


Thomas's  Point.  On  Thomas's  Point,  S.  of 
entrance  to  Annapolis,  Chesapeake  Bay.  Lat. 
38°  54  25".  Lon.  76°  27'  34".  Fixed. 

Pool's  Island.  On  Pool's  Island,  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  Harford  co.,  N.  E.  of  North  Point  lights. 
Lat.  39°  17'  22".  Lon.  760r16'  21".  Fixed. 

Smith's  Island.  On  Smith's  Island,  in  Chesa- 
peake Bay,  off  Somerset  co.,  and  opposite  en- 
trance to  the  Potomac.  Lat.  37°  53'  13".  Lon. 
76°  14'  39".  Fixed. 

Concord  Point,  (Havre  de  Grace.)  On  Point 
Concord,  at  entrance  of  Susquehanna  Kiver, 
Chesapeake  Bay.  Lat.  39°  32'  30".  Lon.  76°  5' 
42".  Fixed. 

Cove  Point.  On  Cove  Point,  N.  of  entrance  to 
Patuxent  River,  Chesapeake  Bay.  Lat.  38°  23' 
6".  Lon.  76°  23' 17".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  50  feet. 

Point  Lookout.  On  Point  Lookout,  N.  side  of 
entrance  to  Potomac  River,  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Lat.  38°  2'  14".  Lon.  76°  19'  43".  Fixed. 

Lazaretto  Point.  Near  Baltimore,  on  Patapsco 
River,  N.  side  of  entrance  to  Baltimore  harbor. 
Lat.  39°  15'  39".  Lon.  76°  34'  38".  Fixed. 

Clay  Island.  Mouth  of  Nanticoke  River,  N. 
extremity  of  Tangier  Sound,  Dorchester  co., 
Chesapeake  Bay.  Lat.  38°  13'  52".  Lon.  75° 
58'  50".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  36  feet. 

Turkey  Point.  On  said  point,  at  the  entrance 
of  Elk  River,  W.  side,  N.  part  of  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Lat.  39°  26' 55".  Lon.  76°  00' 54".  Fixed. 

Pincy  Point  On  the  Potomac  River,  E.  side, 
about  14  miles  N.  W.  from  its  mouth.  .  .  .  Fixed. 
River  light. 

Sharp's  Island.  On  said  island,  Chesapeake 
Bay,  off  the  entrance  to  Choptank  River.  Lat. 
38°  37'  42".  Lon.  76°  22'  36".  Fixed. 

Greenbury  Point,  On  said  point,  N.  side  of  en- 
trance to  Annapolis  harbor.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  31  feet. 

FLOATING  LIGHT.  Hooper's  Straits.  Tonnage 
72^  In  Chesapeake  Bay,  E.  side,  and  S.  of 
Hooper's  Island.  One  lamp,  11  cylindrical  wicks. 

VIRGINIA. 

Cape  Henry.  On  said  cape,  S.  side  of  entrance 
to  Chesapeake  Bay.  Lat.  36°  56'.  Lon.  76°  4'. 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  120  feet. 

Old  Point  Comfort.  On  said  point,  mouth  of 
James  River,  and  N.  side  of  entrance  to  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  Chesapeake  Bay.  Lat.  37°.  Lon. 
76°  22'  12".  Fixed. 

Smith's  Point.  On  Smith's  Point,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Potomac  River,  S.  side.  Lat.  37° 
51'.  Lon.  76°  22'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  85  feet. 

.New  Point  Comfort.  About  18  miles  N.  of  Old 
Point  Comfort,  Chesapeake  Bay,  W.  side.  Lat. 
37°  18'.  Lon.  76°  21'.  Fixed. 

Smith's  Island.  N.  end  of  Smith's  Island,  N.  E. 
of  Cape  Charles,  and  of  N.  entrance  to  the  Chesa- 
peake. Lat.  37°  13'.  Lon.  75°  52'.  Revolv- 
ing. 

Back  River  Point.  About  5  miles  N.  E.  of  Old 
Point  Comfort,  and  S.  side  of  entrance  to  Back 
River.  Lat.  37°  5'.  Lon.  76°  21'.  Revolving. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  40  feet. 

Assateague  Island.  On  said  island,  between 
Cape  Henlopen  and  Cape  Charles,  on  the  ocean. 
Lat.  37°  54'  36".  Lon.  75°  21'  45".  Fixed. 

Little  Watt's  Island.    On  said  island,  E.  side 


of  Chesapeake  Bay,  Accomac  co.,  and  N.  E.  of 
southern  entrance  to  Tangier  Sound.  Lat.  37° 
45'.  Lon.  76°  4'.  Fixed. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  Virginia,  (Dist.)  Smith's 
Point.  Tonnage  120.  S.  E.  of  said  point,  in 
Chesapeake  Bay,  and  S.  E.  of  mouth  of  Potomac 
River.  Two  lamps,  11  cylindrical  wicks  each,  1 
on  foremast,  34i  feet,  the  other  on  mainmast,  39 
feet  elevation. 

Craney  Island.  Tonnage  70.  Near  said  island, 
W.  side  of  entrance  to  Elizabeth  River,  and  to 
Norfolk,  &c.  One  lamp  at  mast  head,  33  feet 
elevation. 

Willoughby's  Spit.  Tonnage  400.  S.  side  of 
entrance  to  Hampton  Roads,  S.  part  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  Two  lamps,  3  cylindrical  wicks  each, 
forward  one  41  feet,  after  one  32  feet  elevation. 

Wolf  trap  Shoals.  Tonnage  180.  Between  the 
mouths  of  York  and  Rappahannock  Rivers.  Two 
lamps,  12  cylindrical  wicks  each,  forward  one  30, 
after  one  38  feet  elevation. 

Windmill  Point.  Tonnage  125.  OffWindmill 
Point,  N.  side  of  entrance  to  the  Rappahannock. 
One  lamp  with  5  cylindrical  Avicks  in  use,  40'j  feet 
elevation. 

Bowler's  Rock.  Tonnage  54.  In  the  Rappa- 
hannock River,  near  said  rock.  One  lamp. 

Upper  Cedar  Point.  Tonnage  72.  Off  said 
point,  below  the  Narrows,  and  about  44  miles 
below  Mount  Vernon.  One  lamp  with  6  cylin- 
drical wicks,  34  feet  elevation  from  deck. 

Lower  Cedar  Point.  Tonnage  72.  In  the  Po- 
tomac River,  between  said  point  and  Yates's 
Point,  above  Kettle  Bottom.  One  lamp  with  12 
cylindrical  wicks,  33  feet  elevation  from  deck. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Bald  Head.  Near  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River 
E.  side.  Lat.  33°  51' 30".  Lon.  77°  59'  30' 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  110  feet 

Federal  Point.  On  Federal  Point,  N.  side  of 
inlet  to  Cape  Fear  River.  Lat.  33°  56'  30".  Lon 
77°  55'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea 
50  feet. 

Cape  Hatteras.  On  Cape  Hatteras,  about  1 
mile  N.  of  high  water  mark.  Lat.  35°  15'.  Lon. 
75°  30'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  95  feet. 

Pamptico  Point.  On  said  point,  S.  side  of  en- 
trance to  Pamptico  River.  . . .  Fixed.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  30  feet. 

Body's  Island.  On  said  island,  l£  miles  S.  of 
a  new  inlet  made  in  1847.  Lat.  35°  47' 21".  Lon. 
75°  31 '  39".  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  56  feet  6  inches. 

Ocracoke.  On  W.  end  of  Ocracoke  Island,  S. 
W.  of  Cape  Hatteras,  E.  side  of  Ocracoke  Inlet. 
Lat.  35°  6' 30".  Lon.  75°  58'.  Revolving.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  75  feet. 

Cape  Lookout.  On  Cape  Lookout,  near  the  end 
of  the  cape.  Lat.  34°  37'.  Lon.  76°  33'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  95  feet. 

Oak  Island,  (2  beacon  lights.)  Two  lights  on 
said  island  to  range  with  the  channel  on  entering 
Cape  Fear  River.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Orion's  Point.  On  W.  bank  of  Cape  Fear  River, 
known  as  Orton's  Point,  Brunswick  co.  .  . .  Fixed. 

Price's  Creek,  (2  beacons.)  On  W.  bank  of 
Cape  Fear  River,  mouth  of  Price's  Creek.  . .  . 
Fixed.  j. 

Campbell's  Island.  On  Campbell's  Islana,  in 
Cape  Fear  River,  S.  W.  corner  of  lower  end  of 


686 


LIGHT-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


said  island,  generally  known  as  "Big  Island." 
.  . .  Fixed. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  Long  Shoal.  Tonnage 
145.  In  Pamlico  Sound,  northerly  part,  on  E. 
point  of  said  shoal.  One  lamp  with  9  cylindrical 
wicks,  at  about  40  feet  elevation. 

South-west  Point  of  Royal  Shoal.  Tonnage  140. 
On  the  point  of  said  shoal,  Pamlico  Sound,  W., 
9  miles  from  Ocracoke  light.  One  lamp  with  11 
cylindrical  wicks,  at  about  40  feet  elevation. 
"  Nine  Feet  Shoal.  Tonnage  70.  About  4  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Ocracoke  light,  and  N.  E.  side  of 
Royal  Shoal.  One  lamp  with  9  cylindrical  wicks, 
at  40  feet  elevation. 

Mouth  of  Neuse  River.  Tonnage  125.  Near 
entrance  of  said  river  into  Pamlico  Sound,  off 
Marsh  Point.  One  lamp  with  9  cylindrical  wicks, 
at  40  feet  elevation. 

Brant  Island  Shoal  Tonnage  125.  On  the 
point  of  said  shoal,  in  S.  part  of  Pamlico  Sound. 
One  lamp  with  9  cylindrical  wicks,  at  40  feet 
elevation. 

Harbor  Island.  Tonnage  72.  On  Harbor  Isl- 
and Bar,  between  Pamlico  and  Core  Sounds. 
One  lamp  with  9  cylindrical  wicks,  at  40  feet 
elevation. 

Wade's  Point  Shoal  Tonnage  76.  On  said 
shoal,  W.  side  of  entrance  of  Pasquotank  River 
into  Albemarle  Sound,  and  S.  E.  of  Elizabeth 
City.  One  lamp  with  9  cylindrical  wicks,  at  39 
feet  elevation. 

Roanoke  Island.  Tonnage  72.  Between  Pam- 
lico and  Albemarle  Sounds,  near  said  island.  One 
lamp  with  12  cylindrical  wicks,  at  38  feet  eleva- 
tion. 

Mouth  of  Roanoke  River.  Tonnage  130.  Near 
its  entrance  into  Albemarle  Sound.  One  lamp  with 
9  cylindrical  wicks,  at  about  42|  feet  elevation. 

Horsershoe.  Tonnage  72.  On  said  Shoe,  be- 
tween the  New  Inlet  and  Price's  Creek,  in  Cape 
Fear  River.  One  lamp  with  12  cylindrical  wicks. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Charleston,  and  Beacon.  On  Light-house  Isl- 
and, and  W.  of  ship  channel  to  Charleston  har- 
bor. Lat,  32°  42'.  Lon.  79°  54'  12".  Revolv- 
ing. Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  125  feet  6 
inches.  Light  and  beacon. 

Raccoon  Key.  On  Cape  Remain,  about  10  miles 
S.  W.  of  entrance  to  San  tee  River.  Lat.  33°  1'. 
Lon.  79°  24'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  87  feet  6  inches. 

North  Island.  On  S.  end  of  North  Island,  E. 
side  of  entrance  to  Pedee  River,  and  to  George- 
town. Lat.  33°  7' 30".  Lon.  79°  1' 30".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  89  feet. 

Morris's  Island,  (2  beacon  lights.)  On  said  isl- 
and, for  the  Overall  Channel  ^to  Charleston  har- 
bor. .  . .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
one  40  and  the  other  70  feet.  Two  beacons,  1 
lamp  each. 

Sullivan's  Island.  (2  beacons ;  beacon  back  of 
Sullivan's  Island,  and  beacon  S.  of  Fort  Moul- 
trie.)  Two  beacons  on  said  island  to  guide  over 
Charleston  Bar.  One  in  lat.  32°  46' 51":  Ion. 
79°  53'.  The  other  in  lat.  32°  45'  29" :  Ion.  79° 
52'  55".  Fixed. 

FLOATING  LIGHT.  St.  Helena  Bar.  Tonnage 
72.  ^pn  said  bar,  off  the  entrance  to  St.  Helena 
Sound,  and  to  Combahee  and  Morgan  Rivers. 
One  lamp  with  12  cylindrical  wicks. 


GEORGIA. 

Tybee.  N.  E.  end  of  Tybee  Island  and  S.  side 
of  entrance  to  Savannah  River.  Lat.  32°.  Lon. 
80°  52'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  100  feet. 

Tybee  Beacon.  E.  of  light-house,  about  |  of  a 
mile  distant.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  56  feet. 

Fig  Island  Beacon.  On  E.  end  of  said  island 
in  Savannah  River.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Red  shades. 

St.  Simon's  Island.  On  S.  end  of  St.  Simon's 
Island,  and  N.  side  of  entrance  to  the  sound.  Lat. 
31°  8'.  Lon.  81°  36'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  80  feet.  A  sound  or  inland  light 
only. 

Sapelo  Island.  On  S.  end  of  Sapelo  Island, 
and  N.  side  of  entrance  to  Doboy  Sound.  Lat. 
31°  21' 30".  Lon.  81°  24'.  Revolving.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  74  feet. 

Wolf's  Island,  (2  beacons.)  E.  side,  near  N. 
end  of  Wolf's  Island,  and  S.  S.  E.  of  Sapelo 
light.  Lat.  31°  20'.  Lon.  81°  24'  30".  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  25  feet.  Two 
beacons,  one  of  brick  and  the  other  of  wood ;  the 
first  25,  and  the  second  15  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

Little  Cumberland  Island.  S.  side  of  entrance 
to  St.  Andrew's  Sound  and  Santilla  River.  Lat. 
30°  56'.  Lon.  81°  34'.'  Revolving.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  80  feet. 

Oyster  Beds'  Beacon.  On  Oyster  Beds  in  Sa- 
vannah, River.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Cockspur  Island  Beacon.  On  a  knoll  connected 
with  Cockspur  Island,  in  Savannah  River. . . . 
Fixed. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  Tybee  Channel,  or  Mar- 
tin's Industry.  Tonnage  125.  At  Martin's  In- 
dustry, about  15  miles  E.  of  Tybee  light.  One 
lamp  with  4  cylindrical  wicks,  at  about  40  feet 
elevation  from  deck. 

Tybee  Island  Knoll.  Tonnage  72.  Off  the  knoll 
N.  of  Tybee  Island,  Savannah  River.  One  lamp 
with  12  "wicks. 

FLORIDA. 

St.  Augustine.  On  N.  end  of  Anastasia  Island, 
and  S.  side  of  entrance  to  St.  Augustine.  Lat, 
29°  52'  18".  Lon.  81°  25'.  Fixed.  Height  of 
lantern  above  the  sea,  70  feet. 

St.  John's  River.  Near  mouth  of  St.  John's 
River,  S.  side  of  entrance.  Lat.  30°  20'  30".  Lon. 
81°  33'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
65  feet. 

Cape  Carnaveral  On  said  cape,  S.  S.  E.  of  St. 
Augustine. .  .  .  Revolving. 

Cape  Florida.  Off  S.  E.  point  of  Florida,  or 
on  Key  Biscayne.  Lat.  25°  41'.  Lon.  80°  5'. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  70  feet. 

Dry  Tortugas.  On  Bush  Island,  one  of  the 
westernmost  of  the  Florida  Reef.  Lat.  24°  37' 
20".  Lon.  82°  52'  22".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  70  feet. 

Sand  Key,  (temporary  light-boat.)  About  8£ 
miles  S.  W.  by  S.  of  Key  West.  Lat.  24°  28'  30". 
Lon.  81°  49' 30".  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  70  feet.  Refitted  anew  in  1843  ; 
destroyed  by  a  tornado  in  1846. 

Key  West.  Key  West  Island,  Florida  Reef,  S. 
W.  of  Cape  Sable.  Lat.  24°  32'  32".  Lon.  81° 
48'  30".  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  67  feet.  Destroyed  by  a  tornado  in  1 846,  and 
rebuilt  on  new  site  in  1847. 

Cape  St.  George.    On  said  cape,  and  about  2<| 


LIGHT-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


687 


miles  E.  of  West  Pass  to  St.  George's  Sound. 
. .  .  Fixed.  In  place  of  one  on  St.  George's 
Island. 

St.  Mark's.  E.  side  of  entrance  to  St.  Mark's 
harbor.  Lat.  30°  4'.  Lon.  84°  11'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the^ea,  73  feet. 

Pensacola.  S.  side  of  entrance  to  Pensacola 
Bay,  and  N.  W.  of  fort  on  St.  Rosa  Island.  Lat. 
30°"  20' 48".  Lon.  87°  17'.  Revolving.  Height 
of  lantei-n  above  the  sea,  80  feet. 

Amelia  Island.  S.  side  of  entrance  to  St.  Ma- 
ry's River,  and  on  N.  end  of  said  island.  Lat. 
30°  42'.  Lon.  81°  36' 30".  Revolving. 

Cape  St.  Bias.  On  Cape  St.  Bias,  about  2 
miles  from  its  S.  point. .  .  .  Revolving. 

Dog  Island.  On  said  island,  E.  side  of  middle 
entrance  to  St.  George's  Sound.  Lat.  29°  46' 
20".  Lon.  84°  38'  9".  Revolving. 

Egmont  Key.  On  said  key  or  island,  entrance 
of  Tampa  Bay Fixed. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  Carysfort  Reef.  Tonnage 
225.  About  1°  E.  of  Cape  Sable,  on  said  reef. 
Two  lanterns  and  lamps,  with  12  cylindrical 
wicks  each,  the  forward  lantern  elevated  40  feet, 
and  the  after  do.  30  feet ;  seen  12  miles. 

Key  West.  Tonnage  145.  At  N.  W.  passage, 
near  12  miles  from  Key  West.  One  light  with  9 
lamps  and  24  wicks. 

Sand  Key,  (temporary.)  Tonnage  140.  At 
Sand  Key.  One  lamp  with  12  wicks. 

ALABAMA. 

Mobile  Point.  On  Mobile  Point,  E.  side  of 
entrance  to  Mobile  Bay.  Lat.  30°  13'  42".  Lon. 
87°  58'.  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above  the 
sea,  55  feet. 

Choctaw  Point.  On  Choctaw  Point,  a  little  S. 
of  Mobile.  Lat.  30°  44'.  Lon.  88°  12'.  Fixed. 

Sand  Island.  About  3  miles  S.  S.  W.  from 
Mobile  Point.  Lat.  30°  13'.  Lon.  88°  10'  58". 
Fixed. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Cat  Island.  On  W.  point  of  said  island,  and 
E.  of  entrance  to  Lake  Borgne.  Lat.  30°  13'  40". 
Lon.  89°  5'.  Fixed. 

Pass  Christian.  On  the  main  land,  about  6i 
miles  N.  W.  of  Cat  Island  light.  Lat.  30°  18'  55". 
Lon.  89°  10'  26".  Fixed. 

Round  Island.  On  said  island,  off  Pascagoula 
Bay.  Lat.  30°  20'.  Lon.  88°  40'.  Fixed.  Height 
of  lantern  above  the  sea,  44  feet. 

Biloxi.  In  Biloxi  village,  W.  of  W.  entrance 
to  Biloxi  Bay.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  53  feet. 

LOUISIANA. 

Bayou  St.  John.  Mouth  of  Bayou  St.  John, 
cm  Lake  Ponchartrain,  5  miles  N.*  New  Orleans. 
Lat.  30°  3'.  Lon.  90°.  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  30  feet. 

Frank's  Island.  On  Frank's  Island,  at  mouth 
of  Mississippi,  N.  E.  Pass,  N.  side.  Lat.  29°  8' 
30".  Lon.  89°  1'  24".  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  78  feet. 

South-west  Pass  of  Mississippi.  Entrance  of 
Mississippi  River,  S.  W.  Pass,  W.  side.  Lat.  28° 
58'  30".  Lon.  89°  20".  Fixed.  Showing  two 
lights,  one  25  feet  above  the  other. 

South  Point,  (Gordon's  Island.)  Entrance  of 
Mississippi  River,  near  S.  Pass,  S.  W.  side.  Lat. 
28°  59'  42".  Lon.  89°  7'  24".  Revolving. 

Pleasonton's   Island.      E.   Lake  Ponchartrain, 


near  mouth  Pearl  River. . .  .  Fixed.    Formerly 
revolving. 

Tchefuncta  River.  Lake  Ponchartrain,  near 
Madisonville.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Point  de  Fer.  At  the  entrance  of  River  Teche, 
or  Atchafalaya  Bay.  Lat.  29°  1 9'  30".  Lon.  91  ° 
33'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  70 
feet. 

Port  Ponchartrain.  Near  E.  end  of  railroad. 
. .  .  Revolving.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
30  feet. 

Pass  Manchac.  Mouth  of  Pass  Manchac,  be- 
tween Lakes  Maurepas  and  Ponchartrain. . . . 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  34  feet. 
Red  light,  on  S.  side  of  the  Pass. 

New  Canal.  Lake  Ponchartrain,  entrance  of 
said  canal. . .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  30  feet. 

Vermilion  Bay.  Near  S.  W.  entrance  to  said 
bay,  on  Marsh  Island.  . .  .  Revolving. 

Bon  Fouca.  Near  mouth  of  Bayou  Bon  Fouca. 
. . .  Fixed. 

Chandeleur  Island.  On  N.  end  of  said  island. 
. . .  Fixed. 

Proctorsville  Beacon.      On  Lake   Borgne.  . 
Fixed. 

FLOATING  LIGHTS.  Merrill's  Shell  Bank,  (iron 
boat.)  Tonnage  400.  At  Merrill's  Shell  Bank. 
One  lamp. 

Ship  Shoal  Pleasonton.  Tonnage  1 60.  On  the 
inside  of  the  western  end  of  Ship  Island  Shoal, 
in  5  fathoms  of  water,  near  Dernier  (or  Last  Isl- 
and.) Two  lamps  and  lantern  with  8  wicks,  one 
elevated  45,  the  other  30  feet. 

Atchafalaya  Bay.  Tonnage  72.  In  Atchafa- 
laya Bay.  One  lamp  with  12  wicks,  35  feet  ele- 
vation. 

OHIO. 

Grand  River.  Mouth  of  Grand  River,  Fairport, 
Lake  Erie.  Lat.  41°  53'.  Lon.  81°  23'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  91  feet.  Light- 
house on  the  main  land ;  a  beacon  on  a  pier. 

Grand  River  Beacon.  Mouth  of  Grand  River 
. .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  24 
feet. 

Cleveland.  Cleveland  harbor,  Lake  Erie.  Lat. 
41°  31'.  Lon.  81°  51'.  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  140  feet.  Light-house  on  the 
main  land  ;  a  beacon  on  a  pier. 

Cleveland  Beacon.  Cleveland  harbor,  Lake  Erie. 
.  . .  Fixed. 

Vermilion  River  Beacon.  On  pier,  Vermilion 
harbor,  Lake  Erie.  .  . .  Fixed. 

Turtle  Island.  On  said  island,  mouth  of  Mau- 
mee  Bay,  Michigan.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lan- 
tern above  the  sea,  41  feet. 

Sandusky.  Near  entrance  Sandusky  Bay. . .  . 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  60  feet. 

Port  Clinton.  On  Lake  Erie,  N.  W.  of  San- 
dusky Bay.  .  . .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  45  feet. 

Conneaut  River  Beacon.  On  Lake  Erie,  N.  E. 
corner  of  Ohio.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Beacon  on  a  pier. 

Mouth  Huron  River  Beacon.  On  Lake  Erie, 
Huron  co. .  . .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  40  feet.  Beacon  on  a  pier. 

Mouth  Black  River.  On  Lake  Erie,  Lorain  co. 
.  . .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  40 
feet.  Beacon  on  a  pier. 

Ashtabula  Beacon.  On  Lake  Erie,  Ashtabula 
co. ...  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
40  feet.  Beacon  on  a  pier. 


688 


LIGHT-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Cedar  Point  Beacon.  Entrance  of  Sandusky 
Bay.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
37  feet.  Beacon  light  on  keeper's  dwelling. 

Western  Sister  Island.  On  W.  Sister  Island, 
W.  part  of  Lake  Erie Fixed. 

MICHIGAN. 

Fort  Gratiot.  Half  a  mile  above  outlet  of  Lake 
Huron.  Lat.  42°  55'.  Lon.  82°  22'.  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  74  feet. 

Windmill  Point.  W.  side  of  Detroit  Eiver, 
near  its  head.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Monroe.  W.  end  of  Lake  Erie.  .  .  .  Fixed. 
Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  46  feet. 

Bois  Blanc.  N.  side  of  Bois  Blanc  Island,  near 
Mackinaw.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 
the  sea,  112  feet. 

St.  Joseph's  River,  (and  1  beacon  lamp.)  Mouth 
of  St.  Joseph's  River,  E.  side  Lake  Michigan.  .  . . 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  65  feet. 
And  1  beacon  lamp  on  pier. 

Thunder  Bay  Island.  Lake  Huron,  N.  E.  of 
Saginaw  Bay.  .  .  .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern 
above  the  sea,  45  feet. 

Gibraltar.    Mouth  of  Detroit  River.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Grand  River.  Lake  Michigan,  E.  side.  .  .  . 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  40  feet. 

South  Manitou  Isfynd.  N.  part  Lake  Michigan. 
.  .  .  Fixed. 

New  Buffalo,  and  Beacon.  Near  S.  end,  E.  side 
Lake  Michigan. ,  . .  Fixed. 

Presque  Isle.  N.  W.  shore  of  Lake  Huron. . .  . 
Revolving. 

Kalamazoo  River.  S.  E.  shore  of  Lake  Mich- 
igan. .  . .  Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea, 
42  feet. 

Pottawattamie.  Pottawattamie  Island,  entrance 

Green  Bay Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above 

the  sea,  120  feet. 

Saginaw  Bay.  Mouth  Saginaw  River,  in  said 
Bay.  .  .  .Fixed. 

Clinton  River.  Mouth  of  said  river,  Lake  St. 
Clair Fixed. 

Point  aux  Barques.  On  said  point,  mouth  of 
Saginaw  Bay. . .  .Fixed. 

Detour.  At  Detour,  where  River  Sault  Ste. 
Marie  enters  Lake  Huron.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

White  Fish  Point.  On  said  point,  Lake  Supe- 
rior. . . .  Fixed. 


Copper  Harbor.  At  said  harbor,  Lake  Supe- 
rior. .  .  .  Fixed. 

Eagle  Harbor.  In  said  harbor,  Lake  Superior. 
.  . .  Fixed. 

Manitou  Island.  On  said  island,  Lake  Supe- 
rior. .  .  .  Fixed. 

Grassy  Island  Beacon.  On  Grassy  Island,  in 
Detroit  River.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Mamajuda  Beacon.  On  Mamajuda  Shoals,  in 
Detroit  River.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Skillagalee  Rock.  On  Skillagalee  Rock,  Lake 
Michigan.  . .  .  Fixed. 

FLOATING  LIGHT.  Mackinaw  Straits.  Ton- 
nage 121.  At  the  junction  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
Michigan,  N.  W.  part  of  state  of  Michigan.  One 
large  lamp  with  12  cylindrical  wicks. 

INDIANA. 

Michigan  City.  S.  end  Lake  Michigan.  . .  . 
Fixed.  Height  of  lantern  above  the  sea,  60  feet. 

ILLINOIS. 

Chicago,  and  Beacon.  S.  bank  Chicago  River, 
Lake  Michigan,  and  beacon  on  pier.  .  .  .  Fixed. 

Little  Fort.  In  Little  Fort  Village,  S.  side  of 
the  river ;  S.  W.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  .  .  . 
Fixed. 

WISCONSIN. 

MilwauJcie,  and  Beacon.  Mouth  Milwaukie 
River,  W.  side  Lake  Michigan. .  .  .  Fixed. 

Root  River,  (Racine.)  Mouth  Root  River,  W. 
side  Lake  Michigan.  Lat.  42°  49'  33".  Lon.  87° 
40'  22".  Revolving. 

Sheboygan.  Mouth  of  said  river,  "W".  side  Lake 
Michigan.  . .  .  Fixed. 

Manitouwoc.  Mouth  of  Manitouwoc  River,  W. 
side  of  Lake  Michigan.  .  . .  Fixed. 

South  Port.  In  South  Port,  on  Warrington 
Island.  . .  .  Fixed. 

Tail  Point.  On  said  point,  near  mouth  of  Fox 
River,  Green  Bay.  . .  .  Fixed. 

Port  Washington.  At  Port  Washington,  N.  E. 
part Fixed. 

Port  de  Mort.     On  Plumb  Island Fixed. 

TEXAS. 

FLOATING  LIGHT.  Galveston  Bar.  Tonnage 
145.  On  said  bar,  off  Galveston.  One  lamp 
with  9  cylindrical  wicks,  35  feet  elevation. 


COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


*#*  IT  is  now  a  little  over  two  hundred  years  since  the  first  college  was  founded  in  this  country.  At 
the  end  of  the  first  century,  the  number  had  increased  to  only  three  —  Harvard  College  in  Massachusetts, 
the  College  of  William  and  Mary  in  Virginia,  and  Yale  College  in  Connecticut.  The  second  century 
has  witnessed  an  astonishing  increase  in  the  number  of  our  colleges,  as  in  the  population,  and  in  every 
other  element  of  our  national  growth  and  prosperity.  One  college  has  been  added,  on  an  average, 
every  year  during  the  century,  until  the  number  in  the  United  States,  as  contained  in  the  following  list, 
amounts  to  one  hundred  and  twenty. 

The  number  of  students  connected  with  the  colleges  in  the  United  States  as  undergraduates,  at  the 
present  time,  is  over  ten  thousand.  If  to  these  are  added  those  connected  with  their  preparatory  and 
professional  departments,  the  number  rises  to  between  twelve  and  fifteen  thousand. 

There  are  thirteen  colleges  in  the  New  England  States.  Among  these  are  some  which  may  be  de- 
nominated national  institutions,  deriving  their  students  more  or  less  from  every  state,  and,  sending 
out  their  influence  to  every  part  of  the  Union.  They  have  sent  out,  from  the  first,  about  twenty-one 
thousand  graduates,  and  are  now  graduating  about  Jlv e  hundred  students  annually. 

In  the  following  notices  of  the  colleges  in  the  United  States,  we  have  set  down  such  particulars  as 
we  are  able  to  ascertain  with  sufficient  certainty  respecting  each  ;  although  in  respect  to  all  of  them, 
the  account  must  necessarily  be  brief.  Much  the  largest  part  of  them  have  been  founded,  supported, 
and  directed,  by  the  clergy  and  other  members  of  the  Congregational  and  Presbyterian  denominations. 
In  regard  to  those  which  are  under  the  direction  of  other  denominations,  the  fact  is  always  expressly 
mentioned.  The  number  of  colleges  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists  is  13 ;  Methodists,  13  ;  Epis- 
copalians, 8 ;  Roman  Catholics,  11.  Excepting  in  the  case  of  the  Roman  Catholic  colleges,  and  a  few 
others  at  the  south  and  west,  the  students  enumerated,  where  only  one  number  is  given,  are  under- 
graduates, as  distinguished  from  those  in  the  preparatory  or  professional  departments,  and  the  instruct- 
ors are  those  connected  with  the  collegiate  course.  The  number  of  volumes  given  as  in  the  libraries 
generally  includes  the  aggregate  of  all  the  books  contained  in  the  library  of  the  college  and  in  those 
established  by  societies  among  the  students. 


ALLEGHANY  COLLEGE,  FA. 

Incorporated  in  1817,  and  located  at  Meadville.  It  had  6  instructors,  and  122  students  in  1850. 
The  library,  of  8200  volumes,  was  mostly  the  donation  of  Rev.  Dr.  Bentley,  of  Salem,  Ms.  The 
college  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  Commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  July 
Rev.  John  Barker,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

AMHERST  COLLEGE,  MS. 

This  college  is  situated  in  Amherst,  Hampshire  co.,  about  8  miles  east  of  Northampton.  It  wa» 
founded  in  1821,  and  incorporated  in  1825.  It  has  three  large  brick  buildings,  four  stories  high,  for 
students'  rooms ;  and  a  fourth,  comprising  a  spacious  chapel,  a  library  room,  lecture  and  recita- 
tion rooms,  &c.  A  beautiful  building  has  recently  been  erected  for  the  reception  of  the  fine  minera- 
logical  and  geological  cabinets,  collected  by  the  labors  and  influence  of  Professor  Hitchcock,  BOW 
president  of  the  college. 

87 


690  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

In  mineralogy,  nearly  all  the  known  species  are  represented  by  about  4600  specimens.  In  geology. 
there  are  9300  specimens  of  American,  and  4900  specimens  of  foreign  rocks  and  fossils.  In  zoology, 
there  are  about  1800  specimens  of  350  species  of  vertebrated  animals,  5000  species  of  articulated 
animals ;  200  species  of  radiated  animals,  and  6000  species  of  shells.  The  libraries  contain  about 
16,000  volumes. 

The  philosophical  apparatus  was  purchased  chiefly  in  London,  and  is  one  of  the  most  complete  in 
the  country.  This  college,  besides  its  other  endowments,  enjoys  the  benefit  of  a  fund  of  50,000  dol- 
lars, five  sixths  of  the  income  of  which  is  appropriated  to  assist  indigent  students  preparing  for  the 
ministry.  The  number  of  students  of  this  class  has,  consequently,  always  been  large.  The  faculty 
consists  of  the  president,  7  professors,  and  4  tutors.  Alumni  in  1850,  870.  Commencement  is  on  the 
second  Thursday  of  August. 
Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitua. 

1821 Eev.  Zephaniah  Swift  Moore,  D.  D 1823. 

1823 Kev.  Heman  Humphrey,  D.  D.  1845. 

1845 Kev.  Edward  Hitchcock,  LL.  D. 

AUGUSTA  COLLEGE,  KY. 

Founded  at  Augusta,  in  1825.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  It  had  4  instructors, 
and  about  50  students  in  1850.  Volumes  in  the  library,  2500.  Commencement  is  on  the  Thurs- 
day after  the  first  Wednesday  in  August.  Eev.  J.  Tomlinson,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

AUSTIN  COLLEGE,  TS. 

This  college  was  incorporated  in  1850.    It  is  located  at  Huntville,  and  is  in  vigorous  operation. 
An  institution  has  been  startled,  also,  at  Independence,  in  this  new  state,  called  Baylor  University. 
Whether  it  has  been  incorporated  or  not  we  do  not  know.    It  has  a  small  library  of  300  volumes. 

BACON  COLLEGE,  KY. 

This  college  was  founded  in  1836,  and  located  at  Harrodsburg.  It  has  9  instructors,  and  a 
library  of  about  1800  volumes.  The  number  of  students  in  1850  was  217,  including  those  in  the 
primary  department.  Commencement  is  in  the  first  week  in  September.  Samuel  Hatch,  A.  M.,  ia 
president. 

BATON  ROUGE  COLLEGE,  LA. 

Founded  at  Baton  Rouge,  in  1838.  Instructors,  4 ;  students  in  1850,  45  ;  library,  about  1000  vol- 
umes. Commencement  in  December.  R.  H.  Ranney,  president. 

BELOIT  COLLEGE,  WN. 

This  is  an  infant  institution,  established  three  or  four  years  since,  at  the  flourishing  town  of 
Beloit,  near  the  southern  line  of  the  state,  on  the  route  from  Chicago  to  Galena.  It  has  a  charter  from 
the  legislature,  conferring  full  university  powers.  One  fine  college  edifice,  on  a  beautiful  situation, 
has  been  erected.  The  college  has  3  instructors.  No  class  has  yet  graduated.  Library,  2000 
volumes.  Rev.  Aaron  L.  Chapin  is  president. 

BETHANY  COLLEGE,  VA. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1840,  and  is  located  in  Bethany.  It  had  6  instructors,  and  113 
students,  in  1850.  Its  commencement  is  in  the  first  week  in  July.  The  president  of  the  faculty  is 
Alexander  Campbell,  A.  M.  The  library  contains  about  3500  volumes. 

BOWDOIN  COLLEGE,  ME. 

This  institution,  first  incorporated  by  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  in  1794,  is  situated  in 
Brunswick,  Cumberland  co.,  about  25  miles  north  of  Portland,  and  about  35  miles  south  of  Augusta. 
The  name  of  Bowdoin  was  given  to  the  college  in  honor  of  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  distin- 
guished governors  of  Massachusetts  ;  and  the  institution  has  since  been  indebted  to  members  of  the 
Bowdoin  family  for  liberal  benefactions  ;  especially  to  the  Hon.  James  Bowdoin,  of  Boston,  who  gave 
to  it  6000  acres  of  land  in  the  town  of  Lisbon,  and  from  whose  estates  a  large  legacy  has,  within  a 
few  years,  been  secured  to  the  college.  On  the  separation  of  Maine  from  Massachusetts,  the  trustees 
surrendered  its  original  charter,  and  received  a  new  one  from  the  State  of  Maine,  with  a  liberal 
annuity  in  aid  of  its  funds.  The  legislative  government  of  the  college  is  committed  to  a  board 
of  13  trustees,  and  a  board  of  overseers  of  45  members,  their  vacancies  being  filled  by  the 
respective  boards,  with  a  negative  on  the  part  of  the  overseers  on  elections  in  the  other  board.  The 
faculty  consists  of  the  president  and  7  professors.  The  instruction  is  given  chiefly  by  permanent 
officers.  The  college  buildings  are  pleasantly  situated  upon  a  plain,  with  a  grove  of  pines  in  the 
rear.  Two  are  occupied  as  dormitories  by  the  students  ;  one,  recently  erected  upon  a  beautiful  model, 
for  a  chapel,  library  room,  &c. ;  and  others  are  occupied  for  lecture  rooms,  the  Bowdoin  gallery  of 
paintings,  and  other  purposes.  The  public  libraries  contain  about  25,000  volumes.  A  flourishing 
medical  school,  with  6  professors  and  lecturers,  is  attached  to  the  college.  Number  of  alumni  in 
1850,  997.  Commencement  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  September. 


COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED    STATES.  691 

Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1802.  ....        Rev.  Joseph  McKeen,  D.  D .  1807. 

1307.      .  ...        Rev.  Jesse  Appleton,  D.  D 1819. 

1820.  .        .        .        Rev.  William  Allen,  D.D 1838. 

1839.  .        .        .        .,.      Rev.  Leonard  Woods,  Jr.,  D.  D. 

BROWN  UNIVERSITY,  R.  I. 

This  institution  (originally  founded  at  Warren  in  1764,  and  removed  to  Providence  in  1770)  takes 
its  namj  m>m  Nicholas  Brown,  its  most  munificent  benefactor.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the 
Baptists.  •  The  buildings,  furnishing  elegant  and  ample  accommodations,  are  situated  upon  the  high- 
est part  of  the  city.  The  library,  which  is  in  Manning  Hall,  is  arranged  in  a  very  perfect  manner, 
and  contains  about  23,000  volumes.  The  libraries  of  two  societies  among  the  students  contain  6000 
or  7000  volumes  more.  Rhode  Island  Hall  contains  the  cabinet,  the  chemical  and  philosophical 
apparatus,  and  spacious  lecture  rooms  for  the  accommodation  of  the  departments  of  mechanical  and 
physical  science.  University  Hall  and  Hope  College  are  large  edifices  for  the  accommodation  of 
students.  There  has  been  established  in  this  university,  in  connection  with  the  regular  collegiate 
course,  an  English  and  scientific  course,  designed  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  do  not  propose  to  enter 
either  of  the  learned  professions,  but  who  desire  to  prepare  themselves,  by  a  thorough  education,  for 
some  of  the  more  active  employments  of  life.  The  course  embraces  every  department  of  English 
study  pursued  in  the  university,  together  with  the  several  branches  of  mathematical  and  physical 
science,  giving  the  student  all  the  advantages  of  the  library  and  cabinet,  and  of  the  courses  of  lectures 
on  chemistry,  natural  philosophy,  physics,  intellectual  philosophy,  and  the  evidences  of  Christianity. 
This  course  is  arranged  for  a  residence  of  either  one  or  two  years.  The  faculty  consists  of  the  pres- 
ident and  6  professors.  Number  of  students  in  1850,  150;  alumni,  1725.  Commencement  is  on 
the  first  Wednesday  in  September. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1765 Rev.  James  Manning,  D.  D.    ......       1791. 

1792 Rev.  Jonathan  Maxcy,  D.D 1802. 

1802 Rev.  AsaMesser,  D.D.,  LL.D 1826. 

1827 Rev.  Francis  Wayland,  D.  D. 

BURLINGTON  COLLEGE,  N.  J. 

Located  at  Burlington,  under  the  direction  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  Founded  in  1846. 
Students  in  1 850, 118.  Library,  1200  volumes.  Rt.  Rev.  George  W.  Doane,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  president. 

CENTRE  COLLEGE,  KY. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Danville.  It  was  incorporated  in  1818  or  1819.  It  is  managed  by  a 
board  of  1 1  trustees,  appointed  from  time  to  time  by  the  Presbyterian  synod  of  Kentucky.  The 
legislature  gave  up  all  control  of  its  concerns,  and  surrendered  it  to  the  synod,  in  consideration  of 
their  engaging  to  endow  the  institution  without  legislative  assistance.  Connected  with,  the  college  is 
a  grammar  school.  There  is  also  under  the  direction  of  the  same  board  an  institution  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  which  has  been  endowed  by  Congress.  The  college  has  five  instructors.  Students  in 
1850,  114 ;  alumni,  307.  Libraries,  5500  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  in  June. 
Rev.  John  C.  Young,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

CENTENARY  COLLEGE,  LA. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1841,  and  located  at  Jackson.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the 
Methodists.  It  has  5  instructors.  The  number  of  students  in  1850  was  67.  It  has  a  library  of 
about  3000  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  July.  Rev.  R.  H.  Rivers  is 
president. 

CHARLESTON  COLLEGE,  S.  C. 

Founded  in  1785,  and  incorporated  anew  in  1791 ;  located  at  Charleston.  This  college  was  again 
reorganized  Dec.  20.  1837,  by  an  act  of  the  legislature,  transferring  all  the  college  property  to  the 
city  council  of  Charleston,  and  binding  the  city  to  maintain  the  college.  In  1850  the  college  had 
6  instructors,  70  students,  and  124  alumni.  The  library  contains  about  2000  volumes.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  fourth  Monday  in  March.  William  P.  Finley,  A.  M.,  is 
president. 

CINCINNATI  COLLEGE,  0. 

This  college  was  founded  at  Cincinnati  in  1819.  It  had  84  students  in  1850.  Its  commencement 
is  on  the  last  Monday  in  June.  4 

COLLEGE  OF  NEW  JERSEY,  N.  J. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1746,  at  Elizabethtown.  From  1748  to  1757  it  was  at  Newark.  It 
was  then  removed  to  Princeton,  as  its  permanent  locality.  In  the  old  college  edifice,  which  is  of 
stone  the  British  troops  took  refuge  in  1777,  and  were  dislodged  therefrom  by  General  Washington. 


692  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

A  great  number  of  distinguished  men  have  been  educated  at  this  college.  It  was  established  by  the 
synod  of  New  York,  with  a  special  view  of  raising  up  ministers  of  the  gospel.  It  has  over  3000 
alumni,  nearly  600  of  whom  have  entered  the  ministry.  Students  in  1850,  243;  instructors,  15  ; 
libraries,  16,000  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  June. 

Accessus.  Sitccession  of  Presidents.  Exittts. 

1746 Rev.  Jonathan  Dickinson 1747. 

1748 Rev.  Aaron  Burr 1757. 

1757 Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards 1758. 

1759 Rev.  Samuel  Davies 1761. 

1761 Rev.  Samuel  Finley,  D.  D •    1766. 

1768 Rev.  John  Witherspoon,  D.D.,  LL.D 1794. 

1795 Rev.  Samuel  Stanhope  Smith,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.         .        .        .  1812. 

1812 Rev.  Ashbel  Green,  D.  D.,  LL.  D 1822. 

1823 Rev.  James  Caraahan,  D.  D. 

COLLEGE  OF  THE  HOLY  CROSS,  MS. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1843,  by  the  Roman  Catholics.  It  has  not  obtained  an  act  of  in- 
corporation. It  is  located  in  Worcester,  on  a  beautifully  elevated  site,  about  two  miles  from  the 
town.  One  large  brick  edifice  has  been  erected  for  the  accommodation  of  the  students.  All  who 
are  admitted  are  required  to  observe  the  rites  of  the  Catholic  church.  A  large  part  of  the  students 
are  quite  young.  Rev.  J.  Early,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  is  at  the  head  of  the  insti- 
tution. Fourteen  teachers  are  employed,  and  the  number  of  pupils  is  about  120.  Volumes  in  the 
library,  4220.  Commencement  the  last  week  in  August. 

COLUMBIA  COLLEGE,  N.  Y. 

This  institution,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  was  founded  by  royal  charter,  in  1754,  under  the  name 
of  King's  College,  by  which  title  it  continued  to  be  known  until  the  revolution.  During  the  period 
of  the  war,  from  1776  to  1784,  the  business  of  instruction  was  necessarily  suspended,  and  the  college 
edifice  was  appropriated  to  the  purposes  of  a  military  hospital.  In  1784,  an  act  was  passed  by  the 
legislature  of  New  York,  confirming  the  original  charter,  and  changing  the  name  to  Columbia  Col- 
lege. The  college  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians.  It  has  8  instructors,  17,000  volumes 
in  the  libraries,  130  students  in  1850,  and  1409  alumni. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

[Under  the  Royal  Charter.] 

1754 Rev.  Samuel  Johnson,  D.  D 1763. 

1763 Rev.  Myles  Cooper, 1775. 

1775 Rev.  Benjamin  Moore,  president  pro  tern.      .        .        .  1776. 

[Under  the  New  Charter.] 

1787 William  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.  D 1800. 

1801 Rev.  Charles  Wharton,  D.  D 1801. 

1801 Rt.  Rev.  Benjamin  Moore,  D.  D 1811. 

1811 Rev.  William  Harris,  D.  D 1829. 

1829 William  Alexander  Duer,  LL.  D 1842. 

1842 Nathaniel  F.  Moore,  LL.  D.          .....  1849. 

1849 Charles  King,  LL.  D. 

COLUMBIAN  COLLEGE,  D.  C. 

This  college  is  located  in  the  city  of  Washington.  It  was  incorporated  by  Congress  in  1821, 
and  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  The  buildings  are  erected  upon  an  elevated  situation, 
north  of  the  city,  about  one  mile  from  the  president's  mansion,  and  two  and  a  half  from  the  Capitol. 
Congress  has  formerly  given  pecuniary  grants  to  this  college,  amounting  to  $25,000.  A  classical  and 
preparatory  school  is  connected  with  the  college.  The  trustees  are  elected  triennially.  The  college 
has  10  instructors,  55  students  in  1850,  and  about  200  alumni.  Libraries,  6200  volumes.  On  occa- 
sions of  great  interest,  the  students  are  permitted  to  hear  the  debates  in  Congress,  and  arguments 
before  the  Supreme  Court. 

Connected  with  Columbian  College  is  a  medical  department,  which  was  organized  in  1825.  It  has 
6  professors,  and  has  graduated  about  80  students.  One  student  from  each  of  the  states  and 
territories  is  admitted  free  of  charge,  excepting  $5  matriculation  fee,  and  a  graduating  fee  of  $20. 
The  lectures  commence  on  the  first  Monday  of  November.  Joel  S.  Bacon,  D.  D.,  is  president  of  the 
college. 

CUMBERLAND  UNIVERSITY,  TE. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1844.  It  is  located  at  Lebanon.  It  has  9  instructors.  In  1850 
it  had  about  50  students,  and  5000  volumes  in  the  libraries.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Friday  in 
July.  T.  C.  Anderson,  A.  M.,  is  president. 


COLLEGES  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  693 

DARTMOUTH  COLLEGE,  N.  H. 

This  college  was  chartered  by  royal  grant  in  1769.  It  is  situated  in  the  town  of  Hanover,  about 
half  a  mile  east  of  Connecticut  River.  The  buildings  are  eight  in  number,  all  brick  excepting  two. 
The  faculty  consists  of  the  president  and  9  professors.  There  is  likewise  a  medical  department  with 
5  professors.  The  library  contains  about  22,500  volumes.  The  institution  is  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  flourishing  in  the  United  States.  The  number  of  its  alumni  in  1849  was  2558;  undergradu- 
ates in  1850,  196  5  medical  graduates,  775.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  in  July. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1769 Rev.  Eleazar  Wheelock.  D.  D 1779. 

1779 Hon.  John  Wheelock,  LL.  D. 1815. 

1815 Rev.  Francis  Brown,  D.  D 1820. 

1820 Rev.  Daniel  Dana.  D.  D 1821. 

1822 Rev.  Bennet  Tyler,  D.  D.       ......  1828. 

1828 Rev.  Nathan  Lord,  D.  D. 

DAVIDSON  COLLEGE,  N.  C. 

Founded  in  1838,  and  located  in  Mecklenburg  co.  Three  instructors  in  1850,  44  students,  and 
3000  volumes  in  the  library.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  in  June.  Rev.  Samuel  Wil- 
liamson, D.  D.,  is  president. 

DELAWARE   COLLEGE,   DE. 

This  college,  which  is  the  only  one  in  the  state,  was  incorporated  in  1833.  It  is  located  at  Newark. 
It  has  a  library  of  8700  volumes ;  instructors,  6 ;  students  in  1850, 45  ;  alumni,  71.  Commencement 
is  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  July.  The  president  is  Rev.  W.  S.  F.  Graham,  A.  M. 

DICKENSON  COLLEGE,  PA. 

This  college,  which  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methddists,  was  founded  in  1783,  and  is  located 
at  Carlisle.  In  numerous  instances  it  has  received  pecuniary  assistance  from  the  legislature,  and 
once  $14,000  by  a  lottery.  Its  libraries  contain  about  14,500  volumes.  It  had,  in  1850,  10  instruct- 
ors, 142  students,  579  alumni.  Commengement  is  on  the  second  Thursday  in  July.  President,  Rev. 
Jesse  T.  Peck,  D.  D. 

EMORY  COLLEGE,  GA. 

Founded  in  1837.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  Located  at  Oxford.  Had  7  instructors 
and  145  students  in  1850.  Alumni,  112.  Volumes  in  the  library,  2700.  Commencement  on  the 
Wednesday  after  the  third  Monday  in  July.  President,  Rev.  George  F.  Pierce,  ,D.  D. 

EMORY  AND  HENRY  COLLEGE,  VA. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Glade  Spring,  in  Washington  co.  It  was  incorporated  in  1839,  and 
is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  Instructors  in  1850,  4 ;  students,  55  ;  libraries,  about  800C" 
volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  of  June.  Charles  Collins,  A.  M.,  president. 

FRANKLIN  COLLEGE,   GA. 

This  institution  was  incorporated  in  1788,  as  the  University  of  Georgia.  It  was  established  at 
Athens  in  1802.  Its  original  endowment  was  30,000  acres  of  land.  It  languished  for  want  of  funds 
until  1816,  when  the  lands  were  sold,  and  the  proceeds,  amounting  to  $100,000,  were  invested  in  pro- 
ductive stocks.  One  of  the  buildings  was  burnt  in  1830.  It  was  rebuilt  by  the  state,  which  has 
also  furnished  means  for  procuring  a  valuable  library.  The  college  has  two  buildings  for  the  accom- 
modation of  students,  each  120  feet  by  40,  and  three  stories  high;  also  a  third  building  for  public 
purposes.  In  1850  it  had  8  instructors,  125  students,  and  593  alumni.  The  libraries  contain  13,600 
volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  August.  Rev.  Alonzo  Church,  D.  D.,  is  the 
president. 

FJRANKLIN  COLLEGE,  LA. 

Founded  in  1839.  Located  at  Opelousas.  Has  4  instructors;  70  students  in  1850.  Commencement 
during  the  first  week  in  November.  Othon  Boudet,  president. 

FRANKLIN  COLLEGE,  TE. 

This  college  is  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  Nashville.  It  was  established  in  1845.  It  has  6  instruct 
ors,  and  in  1850  had  75  students;  libraries,  3000  volumes.  Commencement  on  the  third  Wednes 
day  in  October.  Tolbert  Fanning,  A.  M.,  president. 

FRANKLIN  COLLEGE,  O. 

Founded  in  1825,  and  located  at  New  Athens.  Instructors,  4;  students  in  1850,  80;  alumni,  90  , 
libraries,  2200  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  September.  William  Bur 
nett  is  president. 


694  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

GENEVA  COLLEGE,  N.  T. 

This  college  was  founded  in  1825,  at  Geneva,  one  of  the  pleasantest  villages  in  the  western  part 
of  New  York.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians.  Instructors,  5  ;  students  in  1850,  42 ; 
alumni,  131;  libraries,  5400  volumes.  Commencement,  first  Wednesday  in  August.  The 
president  is  Rev.  Benjamin  Hale,  D.  D. 

GEORGETOWN  COLLEGE,  D.  C. 

This  is  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  under  the  direction  of  the  incorporated  Catholic  clergy  of 
Maryland.  It  is  the  oldest  Papal  seminary  in  the  United  States.  It  was  first  incorporated  in  1792, 
and  authorized  to  confer  degrees,  by  act  of  Congress,  in  1815.  Volumes  in  the  libraries,  26,100.  In 
1850  it  had  11  instructors,  180  students,  and  100  alumni.  Commencement  is  near  the  last  of  July. 
Rev.  James  Ryder,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

GEORGETOWN  COLLEGE,  KY. 

Founded  at  Georgetown  in  1840.  This  institution  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  The 
number  of  students  in  1850  was  77,  with  about  the  same  number  of  alumni.  The  libraries  have 
7280  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  in  June.  Rev.  J.  L.  Reynolds,  D.  D.,  is 
president. 

GIRARD  COLLEGE,  PA. 

See  an  account  of  this  institution  under  Philadelphia. 

GRANVILLE  COLLEGE,  O. 

Founded  at  Granville  in  1832.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  Had  5  instructors  and  40 
students  in  1850;  3000  volumes  in  the  libraries.  Commencement  is  on  the  second  Wednesday  in 
July.  Rev.  Silas  Bailey,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

HAMILTON   COLLEGE,  N.  Y. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Clinton,  Oneida  co.  It  was  established  in  1812.  The  college  build- 
ings, three  in  number,  stand  in  a  line  on  the  summit  of  a  hill  commanding  an  extensive  prospect  of 
rich  and  picturesque  scenery.  The  number  of  instructors  i§  10 ;  students  in  1850, 149 ;  alumni,  658  ; 
volumes  in  the  libraries,  10,300.  Commencement,  fourth  Wednesday  of  July. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1812 Rev.  Azel  Backus,  D.  D.  1816. 

1817 Rev.  Henry  Davis,  D.  D 1833. 

1833 Rev.  Sereno  E.  D  wight,  D.  D 1835. 

1835 Rev.  Joseph  Penney,  D.  D 1839. 

1839 Rev.  Simeon  North,  LL.  D. 

HAMPDEN-SIDNEY  COLLEGE,  VA. 

This  institution  is  in  Prince  Edward  co.,  80  miles  south-west  of  Richmond.  It  was  incorporated, 
with  a  very  liberal  charter,  in  1783.  It  has  1500  alumni;  6  instructors  and  25  students  in  1850; 
libraries,  8000  volumes.  A  preparatory  academy  is  annexed  to  •  the  college.  Commencement  is  on 
the  Wednesday  before  the  4th  of  July.  Rev.  Lewis  S.  Green,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

HANOVER  COLLEGE,  IA. 

This  college  was  founded  at  South  Hanover,  in  1829.  This  place  is  in  Jefferson  co.,  six  miles  below 
Madison,  on  the  Ohio  River.  There  is  a  college  edifice  100  feet  by  40,  and  three  stories  high. 
There  are  also  other  small  buildings  erected  for  dormitories.  The  Indiana  Theological  Seminary 
is  connected  with  this  college.  The  college  has  six  instructors.  In  1850,  it  had  38  students.  There 
were  16  in  the  theological  department.  The  number  of  alumni  is  about  100.  The  libraries  contain 
4700  volumes.  T.  E.  Thomas  is  president. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  MS. 

This  university,  situated  at  Cambridge,  Ms.,  three  miles  out  of  Boston,  is  the  oldest  college  in  the 
United  States.  It  was  incorporated  in  1638,  and  named  Harvard  College,  from  the  Rev.  John  Har- 
vard, its  principal  founder.  Its  endowments  have  been  greatly  increased  by  donations  from  the 
state,  and  by  numerous  acts  of  private  bounty,  so  that  with  regard  to  funds,  buildings,  library,  pro- 
fessorships, and  literary  advantages  in  general,  it  is  the  most  amply  furnished  institution  of  the  kind 
in  America.  Its  alumni,  in  1850,  were  6272.  It  comprises  a  department  for  undergraduates,  and  one 
for  students  preparing  for  each  of  the  learned  professions,  theology,  law,  and  medicine.  There  is  also 
connected  with  the  university  a  scientific  school,  founded  in  1848  by  the  Hon.  Abbott  Lawrence,  with  a 
fund  of  $50,000,  to  which  handsome  additions  have  since  been  made,  which  affords  instruction  to  young 
men  preparing  for  various  departments  of  business  without  a  classical  course.  The  principal  college 
buildings  are,  University  Hall,  an  elegant  granite  edifice,  containing  the  chapel,  lecture  rooms,  £c. ; 
Gore  Hall,  a  granite  edifice,  of  great  architectural  beauty,  containing  the  library  of  84,200  volumes ; 


COLLEGES  IN  THE.  UNITED   STATES.  695 

Harvard  Hall,  a  brick  edifice,  containing  the  philosophical  apparatus,  mineralogical  cabinet,  &c.;  four 
other  brick  edifices,  called  Massachusetts,  Hollis,  Stoughton,  and  Holworthy  Halls,  each  four  stories 
high,  containing  rooms  for  the  undergraduates  ;  Divinity  Hall,  a  large  brick  edifice,  for  the  accom- 
modation of  theological  students ;  and  Holden  Chapel,  containing  the  anatomical  museum,  chemical 
laboratory,  and  lecture  rooms.  There  is  also  an  astronomical  observatory,  finely  suited  to  its 
purpose,  in  which  is  mounted  "one  of  the  largest  and  most  powerful  telescopes  in  the  world. 

The  legislative  government  is  intrusted  to  a  corporation,  consisting  of  the  president  of  the  univer- 
sity and  six  fellows,  and  to  a  board  of  overseers,  composed  of  th/e  president,  the  governor  and 
lieutenant  governor  of  the  state,  the  members  of  the  executive  council  and  of  the  senate,  and  the 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  exofficiis,  together  with  30  others,  15  clergymen  and  15  lay- 
men, elected  for  the  purpose.  The  faculty  of  instruction,  including  those  in  the  professional  and 
scientific  departments,  consists  of  the  president,  28  professors,  5  tutors,  and  several  instructors ;  and 
to  such  of  these  as  are  connected  with  the  classical  department  the  immediate  government  of  the 
college  is  intrusted. 

The  course  of  instruction  for  undergraduates,  as  in  American  colleges  generally,  occupies  four 
years ;  and  that  of  the  theological  school,  three  years ;  that  of  the  law  school,  three  years  for  such 
of  the  students  as  are  graduates  of  some  college,  and  five  for  such  as  are  not.  The  students  of  the 
theological  school  are  divided  into  three  classes  — senior,  middle,  and  junior.  Graduates  of  any  col- 
lege, of  good  moral  character,  may  be  admitted  to  share  all  the  benefits  of  this  department,  to  whom 
the  tuition,  as  in  the  theological  seminaries  of  the  country  generally,  is  afforded  free  of  expense, 
and  further  assistance  is  given  to  such  as  are  indigent.  The  law  school  was  established  in  1817. 
Candidates  for  admission  must  be  graduates  of  some  college,  or  qualified  according  to  the  rules 
of  court  to  become  students  at  law.  The  lectures  for  the  medical  students  are  delivered  in  Boston, 
at  the  Massachusetts  Medical  College,  which  is  a  spacious  brick  edifice,  and  contains  a  medical 
library  of  about  4000  volumes.  They  commence  annually  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  November, 
and  continue  three  months.  In  order  to  obtain  a  degree  of  M.  D.,  the  student  is  required  to  attend 
two  courses  of  lectures,  and  to  spend  three  years,  including  the  time  thus  occupied,  under  the  instruc- 
tion of  some  regular  practitioner. 

In  1850,  the  whole  number  of  alumni  was  6,203.  The  number  of  undergraduates  was  293 ; 
theological  students,  23;  law  students,  102;  medical  students,  117;  total,  535.  The  college  com- 
mencement is  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  July. 

i 
Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1640,  Aug.  27.         ...        Rev.  Henry  Dunster,  M.  A 1654. 

1654,  Nov.  27.        ...        Rev.  Charles  Chauncey,  B.  D 1672. 

1672,  Sept.  10.        .        .        .        Rev.  Leonard  Hoar,  M.  D.  1675. 

1675,  April  7.          .        .        .        Rev.  Uriah  Oaks,  M.  A 1681. 

1682,  April  10.       ...        Rev.  John  Rogers,  M.  A 1684. 

1685,  June  11.        .        .        .        Rev.  Increase  Mather,  D.  D 1701. 

1701,  Sept.  6.         .        .        .        Rev.  Samuel  Willard,  M.  A.,  vice  president.         .        .        1707. 

1707-8,  Jan.  14.     .        .         .        Hon.  John  Leverett.  M.  A 1724. 

1725,  July  7,          .        .        .        Rev.  Benjamin  Wads  worth,  M.  A 1737. 

1737,  Sept.  28.       .        .        .        Rev.  Edward  Holyoke,  M.  A 1769. 

1770,  March  21.      .        .        .        Rev.  Samuel  Lock,  D.  D 1773. 

1774,  Oct.  14.         .        .        .        Rev.  Samuel  Langdon,  D.  D 1780. 

1781,  Dec.  19.         .        .        .        Rev.  Joseph  Willard,  D.  D.,  LL.  D 1804. 

1806,  March  6.        .        .        .        Rev.  Samuel  Webber,  D.  D 1810. 

1810,  Nov.  14.        .        .        .        Rev.  John  Thornton  Kirkland,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.       .        .         1828. 

1829,  Jan.  15.       ,   .        .        .        Hon.  Josiah  Quincy,  LL.  D 1845. 

1846,  Jan.  3.  ...        Hon.  Edward  Everett,  LL.  D 1849. 

1849,  Feb.  1.  .        .        .        Rev.  Jared  Sparks,  LL.  D. 

HEIDELBURG  COLLEGE,    O. 

This  is  a  new  institution,  founded  in  1850,  by  the  German  Reformed  Synod  of  Ohio.  It  is  located 
at  a  place  called  Tiffin  City.  The  institution  is  to  embrace  a  theological  department.  A  plan  has 
been  adopted  for  a  building  four  stories  high,  and  104  feet  in  length,  to  be  erected  at  a  cost  not 
exceeding  $10.000. 

HOWARD  COLLEGE,  AA. 

This  institution  is  at  Marion.  It  was  founded  in  1841,  and  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Bap- 
tists. Instructors,  6;  students  in  1850,40.  It  has  a  library  of  about  1500  volumes.  Commence- 
ment is  on  the  4th  Thursday  in  July.  S.  S.  Sherman  president. 

ILLINOIS  COLLEGE,  IS. 

This  college  was  founded  in  1829.  It  is  located  at  Jacksonville,  which  is  about  30  miles  west  of 
Springfield,  the  capital  of  the  state.  The  college  buildings  have  a  beautifully-elevated  situation, 
about  a  mile  from  the  centre  of  the  village,  overlooking  the  surrounding  flat  country  to  a  great 
extent.  The  number  of  instructors  is  7  ;  the  number  of  students  in  1850  was  34,  and  of  the  alumni, 
93.  It  has  in  its  libraries  about  4000  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  second  Thursday  in 
July.  Rev.  Julian  M.  Sturtevant,  D.  D.,  is  the  president. 


696  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 

INDIANA  STATE  UNIVERSITY,  IA. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Bloomington.  It  was  founded  in  1816.  It  is  under  the  direction  of 
the  Episcopalians.  Valuable  reservations  of  land  were  provided  for  the  benefit  of  this  college,  which, 
when  sold,  it  was  supposed,  would  produce  a  fund  of  $60,000  or  more.  Two  college  buildings  have 
been  erected,  one  40  feet  by  30,  the  other  75  by  55,  and  three  stories  high.  The  college  has  a  pleas- 
ant situation.  The  number  of  instructors  is  4.  The  number  of  students  in  1850  was  97,  and  the 
whole  number  of  alumni  108.  The  libraries  contain  5000  volumes. "  Commencement  is  on  the  first 
Wednesday  after  the  second  Monday  in  August.  The  president  is  Rev.  Andrew  Wylie,  D.  D. 

INDIANA  ASBUKY   UNIVERSITY,  IA. 

This  institution  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  It  was  founded  in  1839,  and  is  located 
at  Greencastle.  It  has  7  instructors.  Students  in  1850,  72;  alumni,  64;  libraries,  2700  volumes. 
Commencement  is  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  July.  Rev.  L.  W.  Berry,  D.D.,  is  president. 

» 

IOWA  COLLEGE,  IO. 

Located  at  Davenport,  Iowa,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  nearly  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  Rock 
River.  The  preparatory  department  was  opened  November,  1848,  and  the  first  college  class,  con- 
sisting of  six  young  men,  was  formed  in  August,  1850.  One  edifice  of  brick,  35  feet  by  50,  with  18 
feet  walls,  has  been  erected.  This  is  designed  ultimately  for  the  college  chapel.  Professors,  2,  be- 
sides the  principal  of  the  preparatory  department. 

JACKSON  COLLEGE,  TE. 

Founded  in  1833,  and  located  at  Columbia.  Instructors,  5 ;  students  in  1850,  2*6;  alumni,  46 : 
volumes  in  the  library,  2500.  Commencement  is  on  St.  John's  day,  June  24.  B.  H.  Ragsdale 
president. 

JEFFERSON  COLLEGE,  PA. 

This  institution  was  incorporated  in  1 802.  It  is  located  at  Canonsburg,  Washington  co.,  1 8  miles 
south-west  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  8  instructors,  197  students,  and  about  1000  alumni.  Libraries,  10,000 
volumes.  Agreeably  to  a  special  act  of  the  legislature,  provision  is  made  for  a  thorough  English 
and  mercantile  education,  to  qualify  persons  for  teaching  common  schools,  in  which  a  preference  is 
given,  in  respect  to  gratuitous  instruction,  to  the  sons  of  citizens  of  Pennsylvania.  Commencement 
is  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  June.  This  college  has  a  flourishing  medical  department  established 
at  Philadelphia,  which  has  given  diplomas  to  over  1800  graduates.  It  has  seven  professors.  Stu- 
dents attending  the  lectures  in  1850,  516.  Lectures  commence  first  Monday  in  November.  Rev.  A. 
B.  Brown,  D.D.,  is  president  of  the  college. 

KENYON  COLLEGE,  O. 

This  college  is  located  at  Gambier,  Knox  co.  It  was  founded  in  1827,  and  is  under  the  direction 
of  the  Episcopalians.  A  diocesan  theological  seminary  is  connected  with  it.  About  $13,000  was 
collected  in  England  for  the  support  of  this  college.  Its  libraries  contain  about  7500  volumes.  In- 
structors, 5;  students  in  1850,  50;  alumni,  160.  Commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  Au- 
gust. Rev.  Sherlock  A.  Bronson,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

KNOX   COLLEGE,  IS. 

This  college  is  located  at  Galesburg,  about  50  miles  west  of  Peoria.  The  township  was  originally 
purchased  with  a  view  to  the  establishment  and  endowment  of  the  college.  The  college  was  opened 
in  1837.  In  1850  it  had  5  instructors  and  58  students.  It  has  an  academy,  or  preparatory  depart- 
ment, with  a  considerable  number  of  students.  It  has  about  3000  volumes  in  its  librarie's.  Com- 
mencement is  on  the  fourth  Wednesday  in  June.  Rev.  Jonathan  Blanchard  is  president. 

KNOXVILLE  COLLEGE,  TE. 

This  institution  is  at  Knoxville,  in  East  Tennessee.  It  was  founded  in  1792.  It  has  5  instruct- 
ors. The  number  of  students  in  1850  was  57,  and  of  alumni  122.  The  libraries  contain  4500 
volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  August.  Joseph  Estabrook,  A.  M.,  is 
the  president. 

LAFAYETTE  COLLEGE,   PA. 

Incorporated  in  1826,  at  Easton,  in  Northampton  co.,  on  the  Delaware  River.  It  had,  in  1850, 
7  instructors  and  82  students.  Libraries,  5400  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  third  Wednesday 
in  September.  Rev.  George  Junkin,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

LA  GRANGE   COLLEGE,  AA. 

Founded  at  La  Grange,  in  1831.  This  college  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  In  1850 
it  had  6  instructors,  76  students,  and  130  alumni.  Library,  3000  volumes.  Its  commencement  is  oa. 
the  first  Wednesday  in  June.  Edward  Wadsworth  president. 


COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  697 

MADISON  UNIVERSITY,  N.  Y. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Hamilton,  Madison  co.  It  was  incorporated  in  1819,  under  the  name 
of  the  Hamilton  Literary  and  Theological  Seminary.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists,  and 
was  originally  designed  *as  a  school  for  the  instruction  of  young  men  preparing  for  the  ministry  in 
that  denomination,  under  the  patronage  of  their  Education  Society.  It  has  since  been  elevated  into 
a  college,  having  both  a  preparatory  school  and  a  theological  department  connected  with  it.  It 
has  7  instructors  in  the  collegiate,  3  in  the  theological,  and  1  in  the  preparatory  department. 
Students  in  1850  —  collegiate  93,  theological  22,  preparatory  25;  alumni,  200;  libraries,  7000 
volumes.  Commencement  third  Wednesday  in  August. 

MARIETTA  COLLEGE,  O. 

This  college  was  founded  in  1833,  at  Marietta,  on  the  Ohio  River.  Like  the  college  on  the  West- 
ern Reserve,  it  was  established  mainly  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  country  for  competent  teachers  and 
ministers  of  the  gospel.  Efforts  have  recently  been  made,  with  success,  to  increase  the  funds.  The 
number  of  instructors  is  6  ;  number  of  students  in  1850,  55;  alumni,  113,  44  of  whom  have  already 
entered  the  ministry.  The  libraries  contain  6400  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednes- 
day in  July.  Rev.  Henry  Smith,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

McKENDREE  COLLEGE,  IS. 

Founded  at  Lebanon,  in  1835.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  It  had  4  instructors  and 
about  60  students  in  1850.  Libraries,  1800  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  second  Wednesday 
in  July.  The  president  is  Rev.  A.  W.  Cummings. 

MARSHALL  COLLEGE,  PA. 

Founded  in  1836,  and  located  at  Mercersburg.  It  has  11  instructors.  The  number  of  students  in 
1 850  was  81 ;  alumni,  94 ;  volumes  in  the  libraries,  about  7000.  Commencement  is  on  the  last 
Wednesday  in  August.  The  president  is  Rev.  John  W.  Nevin.  D.  D. 

MASONIC  COLLEGE,  MO. 

This  college  is  located  at  Palmyra,  in  Marion  co.  It  was  established  in  1831.  It  has  5  instructors 
and  about  50  students.  It  has  about  2500  volumes  in  its  library.  Commencement  is  on  the  last 
Thursday  in  September.  J.  Worthington  Smith  president. 

MERCER   UNIVERSITY,   GA. 

This  institution  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  It  was  founded  in  1838,  and  located  at 
Penfield.  There  are  about  3000  volumes  in  its  library.  Instructors,  6 ;  students  in  1850,  61.  Com- 
mencement on  the  last  Wednesday  in  July.  Rev.  J.  L.  Dagg,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

MIAMI  UNIVERSITY,  O. 

This  institution  is  at  Oxford,  in  Butler  co.,  adjoining  the  state  of  Indiana.  It  was  founded  in 
1809,  and  went  into  operation  in  1824.  The  lands  of  the  township  of  Oxford,  a  territory  six  miles 
square,  and  containing  a  population  of  several  thousand  inhabitants,  were  owned  in  fee  simple  by 
the  university.  The  annual  revenue  of  the  institution  is  therefore  large,  and  continually  increasing. 
The  location  is  represented  as  delightful.  The  number  of  instructors  is  6  ;  the  number  of  students 
in  1850,  66;  and  of  alumni,  343.  There  are  about  7000  volumes  in  the  libraries.  Commencement 
is  on  the  second  Thursday  in  August.  Rev.  E.  D.  Macmaster,  D.  D.,  president. 

MIDDLEBURY  COLLEGE,  VT. 

This  college  was  incorporated  in  1800.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  Middlebury,  32  miles  south  of 
Burlington,  in  Addison  co.  The  funds  of  the  institution  have  been  derived  entirely  from  individual 
donations.  The  college  buildings  are  two  in  number ;  one  of  wood,  three  stories  high,  containing 
the  chapel,  recitation  rooms,  and  rooms  for  students  ;  the  other  a  spacious  edifice  of  stone,  108  feet 
by  40,  four  stories  high,  containing  48  rooms  for  students.  The  libraries  contain  about  8500  volumes. 
The  cabinet  contains  2700  specimens  in  zoology,  400  in  botany,  1500  in  mineralogy,  1750  in  geology. 
The  faculty  consists  of  the  president,  four  professors,  and  'one  tutor.  Alumni  in  1850,  877.  Com- 
mencement, third  Wednesday  in  August. 

Accessus.                                                   Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitits. 

1800. Rev.  Jeremiah  Atwater,  D.  D 1809. 

1810 Rev.  Henry  Davis,  D.  I) 1817. 

ISJJSi "  Rev.  Joshua  Bates,  D.  D 1840. 

139-V.      .        .        .        .        .  Rev.  Benjamin  Labaree,  D.  D. 

88 


698  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

MISSOURI  UNIVERSITY,  MO. 

This  institution,  founded  in  1840,  is  located  at  Columbia.  It  numbers  12  instructors,  and  about 
50  students;  26  had  graduated  in  1850.  Library  about  1200  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the 
fourth  Thursday  in  August.  Its  president  is  John  H.  Lathrop,  A.  M. 

MISSISSIPPI  COLLEGE,  MI. 

This  college  is  located  at  Clinton.  Our  information  respecting  it  is  not  full.  Commencement  is 
on  the  last  Thursday  in  July.  Eev.  C.  Parrish  president. 

MOUNT  ST.  MARY'S  COLLEGE,  MD. 

This  institution  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  Catholics.  It  was  established  in  1809,  by 
Dr.  Dubois,  afterwards  Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  New  York.  In  1830  it  was  incorporated  as  a 
college.  It  is  situated  in  a  romantic  spot  at  the  foot  of  a  branch  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  two 
miles  from  the  village  of  Emmetsburg,  in  Frederick  co.,  50  miles  from  Baltimore,  and  60  from  Wash- 
ington. The  number  of  instructors  given  as  connected  with  the  institution  is  24,  a  small  part  of 
whom  only  are  professors.  In  1850  the  number  of  students  was  126;  and  of  alumni,  137.  The 
library  contains  4000  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  last  "Wednesday  in  June.  John  McCaf- 
frey, A.  M.,  is  the  president. 

NORWICH  UNIVERSITY,  VT. 

This  institution,  located  in  the  town  of  Norwich,  on  Connecticut  River,  opposite  to  Dartmouth 
College,  was  first  opened  in  1820  as  the  "  American  Literary,  Scientific,  and  Military  Academy." 
Subsequently  its  character  was  changed  to  that  of  a  college,  under  the  patronage  of  the  denomination 
of  Universalists.  The  building  is  of  brick,  100  feet  by  40,  four  stories  high,  containing  3  lecture 
rooms,  and  42  rooms  for  students.  Volumes  in  the  library,  about  1400.  Students  in  1850,  59  ; 
alumni,  100.  The  president  is  Rev.  Edward  Bowers.  Commencement,  Thursday  next  after  third 
Wednesday  in  August. 

OAKLAND  COLLEGE,  MI. 

Founded  at  Oakland,  in  1830.  Instructors,  6;  students  in  1850,  64;  alumni,  83  ;  6000  volumes  in 
the  libraries.  Commencement  is  on  the  first  Thursday  in  April.  Rev.  Robert  L.  Stanton  is 
president. 

OBERLIN  COLLEGE,  O. 

This  institution  was  founded  at  Oberlin,  in  1834.  In  1850  it  had  66  students.  It  has  a  female 
department,  the  pupils  of  which  are  not  included  in  the  above  enumeration.  They  may,  however, 
pursue  the  same  course,  and  be  admitted  to  the  same  college  honors  with  the  young  men.  The 
number  of  instructors  employed  is  12;  the  number  of  alumni,  199,  of  whom  130  are  reported  as 
having  entered  the  ministry.  The  libraries  contain  4200  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  fourth 
Wednesday  in  August. 

OGLETHORPE  UNIVERSITY,  GA. 

This  institution  was  incorporated  in  1 836.  It  is  located  at  Milledgeville.  It  had  5  instructors  in 
1850,  and  45  students.  Its  library  has  about  4500  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  Wednesday 
succeeding  the  second  Monday  in  November.  Samuel  K.  Talmage  is  president. 

OHIO  UNIVERSITY,  O. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1804.  It  is  located  at  Athens,  and  is  supported  mainly  by  the 
income  accruing  from  two  townships  of  land,  given  by  Congress  for  that  purpose.  It  has  5  instruct- 
ors and  145  alumni.  In  1850  it  had  only  18  students.  The  libraries  contain  5500  volumes.  Com- 
mencement is  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  August.  Rev.  Alfred  Ryors,  D.  D.,  is  the  president. 

OHIO  WESLEYAN  UNIVERSITY,  O. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Delaware.  It  was  founded  in  1842,  and  is  under  the  direction  of  the 
Methodists.  It  has  6  instructors,  and  in  1850  had  38  students.  Libraries,  2800  volumes.  Com- 
mencement is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  July.  Rev.  Edward  Thompson,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

PENNSYLVANIA  COLLEGE,  PA. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Gettysburg,  in  Adams  co.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Evangeli- 
eal  Lutheran  denomination,  who  have  also  a  theological  seminary  at  the  same  place.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1832.  In  1850  it  had  6  instructors  and  76  students.  It  had  graduated  146.  It  has, 
likewise,  a  department  for  preparatory  instruction,  with  quite  a  large  number  of  pupils.  Its  libraries 
contain  about  6000  volumes.  A  medical  faculty  connected  with  this  college  was  established  at  Phil- 
adelphia in  1839.  It  is  furnished  with  7  professors,  and  has  commodious  buildings  upon  Filbert, 
above  Eleventh  Street.  The  medical  lectures  commence  in  the  middle  of  October.  The  degree  of 
M.  D.  is  conferred  by  the  medical  faculty  at  Philadelphia,  as  authorized  by  a  special  act  of  the 


COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES.  699 

legislature.     The  college  commencement  is  on  the  third  Thursday  in  September.    Rev.  H.  L. 
Baugher,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

RANDOLPH  MACON  COLLEGE,  VA. 

This  institution  is  locatedrin  Mecklenburg  co.,  88  miles  south-west  of  Eichmond.  It  was  founded 
in  1832.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  There  is  a  preparatory  school  connected  with 
it.  It  is  reported  as  having  11  instructors  in  1850,  145  students,  and  124  alumni.  Libraries,  6000 
volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  second  Wednesday  of  June.  Rev.  A.  W.  Smith  is  president. 

RECTOR  COLLEGE,  VA. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  Founded  in  1839,  and  located  in  Taylor  co.  Instructors  in 
1850,3;  students,  50;  library,  2500  volumes.  Commencement,  the  last  Wednesday  in  September. 
Charles  Wheeler,  A.  M.,  president. 

RICHMOND  COLLEGE,  VA. 

This  institution,  located  at  Richmond,  was  founded  in  1832.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the 
Baptists.  In  1850,  it  had  6  instructors,  and  72  students,  with  a  library  of  1200  volumes.  Commence- 
ment is  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  December.  Rev.  Robert  Ryland  is  president. 

RUTGERS  COLLEGE,  N.  J. 

This  institution  is  established  at  New  Brunswick,  33  miles  from  New  York  and  56  from  Philadel- 
phia. It  was  founded  in  1770,  and  named  after  a  distinguished  benefactor.  It  is  under  the  direction 
of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church.  A  theological  seminary  is  connected  with  it,  and  likewise  a  flourish- 
ing grammar  school.  The  principal  college  building  is  of  stone,  three  stories  in  height,  devoted  to 
public  purposes.  The  students  generally  lodge  with  the  families  of  the  village.  There  were  9  in- 
structors, and  76  students,  in  1850  ;  alumni,  513  ;  libraries,  1600  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the 
fourth  Wednesday  in  July.  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  LL.  D.,  is  the  president. 

ST.  CHARLES'S   COLLEGE,  LA 

This  college  is  at  Grand  Coteau,  and  was  established  in  1838,  by  the  Roman  Catholics.  Its  in- 
structors in  all  departments  number  21,  and  the  students  in  1850, 103.  It  has  about  4000  volumes 
in  its  libraries.  Its  commencement  is  about  the  middle  of  July.  President,  Thomas  H.  Seller,  S.  J. 

ST.  CHARLES'S  COLLEGE,  MO. 

Established  at  St.  Charles,  in  1837.  This  college  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists.  The 
number  of  students  was  20  in  J850,  and  the  number  of  instructors  3.  Library,  900  volumes.  The 
president  is  John  W.  Robinson. 

ST.  JAMES'S  COLLEGE,  MD. 

Established  in  1844,  and  located  near  Hagerstown.  It  is  under  the  directon  of  the  Episcopa- 
lians. It  has  10  instructors;  students  in  1850,  32;  libraries,  3500  volumes.  Commencement  on  th« 
last  Thursday  in  July.  *  Rev.  John  B.  Kerfoot,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

ST.  JOHN'S  COLLEGE,  MD. 

This  institution,  located  at  Annapolis,  was  incorporated  in  1784,  and  received  from  the  state  $1750 
per  annum,  on  condition  that  the  city  should  convey  to  the  trustees  34  acres  of  land,  the  present  site 
of  the  institution,  which  had  been  given  to  the  corporation  by  Lord  Baltimore.  It  was  opened  Novem- 
ber 10,  1789,  by  Rev.  William  Smith,  D.  D.,  as  president  pro  tempore.  The  first  commencement  was 
in  1793.  In  the  high  party  excitements  of  1805,  the  original  grant,  above  referred  to,  was  annulled. 
The  state  has  since,  however,  made  appropriations  for  its  support.  The  buildings  are  on  an  elevated 
site,  and  command  an  extensive  and  delightful  prospect.  The  college  has  6  instructors  ;  students  in 
1850,  30  ;  volumes  in  the  library,  3292.  Among  its  alumni  are  many  of  the  distinguished  men  of 
the  state.  The  following  is  the  list  of  presidents :  Rev.  John  McDowell,  LL.  D.,  Rev.  Henry  L. 
Davis,  D.  D.,  Rev.  William  Rafferty,  D.  D.,  and  Rev.  Hector  Humphreys,  D.  D.,  who  is  now  in  office 

ST.  JOHN'S  COLLEGE,  N.  Y. 

Established  at  Fordham,  by  the  Roman  Catholics,  in  1841.  A.  J.  Thebaud,  S.  J.,  president.  It 
has  16  teachers,  and  110  students  ;  libraries,  9500  volumes.  Commencement,  second  or  third  week 
in  July. 

ST.  JOSEPH'S  COLLEGE,  KY. 

St.  Joseph's  is  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  located  at  Bardstown.  It  was  founded  in  1819.  It  has 
17  teachers,  who,  in  1850,  had  charge  of  126  pupils  in  all  the  departments.  The  number  of  it* 


700  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

alumni  is  about  150.    The  library  contains  about  3000  volumes.    Commencement  is  on  the  last 
Thursday  in  July.    Rev.  P.  J.  Verhaegen  is  at  the  head  of  the  institution. 

ST.  MARY'S  COLLEGE,  MD. 

This  college  was  founded  in  1799,  and  incorporated  in  1804.  It  is  located  in  Baltimore,  and  is  a 
Roman  Catholic  institution.  Library,  12,000  volumes  ;  instructors,  20;  students  in  1850, 122  ;  alumni, 
187.  Commencement  is  on  the  third  Tuesday  in  July.  Rev.  O.  L.  Jenkins  is  the  president. 

ST.  PAUL'S  COLLEGE,  N.  Y. 

Founded  in  1837  :  located  at  Flushing ;  has  11  instructors,  29  students  in  1850,  and  380  alumni ; 
libraries,  about  3000  volumes.  Commencement  on  the  last  Thursday  in  June.  This  college  is  under 
the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians. 

ST.  PHILIP'S  COLLEGE,  MN. 

This  is  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Detroit.  It  was  founded  in  1839.  It 
has  4  instructors;  in  1850  it  had  30  students.  Its  library  contains  about  3000  volumes.  Com- 
mencement is  on  the  first  Monday  in  October.  President, Bowers. 

ST.  VINCENT'S  COLLEGE,   MO. 

Founded  in  1843.  Located  at  Cape  Girardeau.  Has  12  instructors,  and  had  90  students  in  1850. 
Has  a  library  of  5000  volumes.  Its  commencement  is  on  the  last  Thursday  in  July.  Rev.  R.  Hen- 
esy  is  president. 

ST.  XAVTER  COLLEGE,  O. 

Founded  by  the  Roman  Catholics,  at  Cincinnati,  in  1840.  It  has  18  instructors,  70  students,  in- 
cluding all  departments,  and  220  alumni;  library,  5600  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  15th 
of  July.  J.  De  Blieck  president. 

SHELBY  COLLEGE,  KY. 

This  college  is  at  Shelbyville.  It  has  4  instructors  ;  the  number  of  students  in  1850  was  93.  It 
has  a  library  of  4000  volumes.  Rev.  W.  J.  Waller,  M.  D.,  is  president. 

SHURTLEFP  COLLEGE,  IS- 

Founded  in  1835,  at  Upper  Alton,  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  It  has  6  instructors;  the 
number  of  students  is  small;  about  1600  volumes  in  the  library.  Commencement  is  on  the  fourth 
Thursday  in  July.  Rev.  N.  N.  Wood,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

• 

SOUTH   CAROLINA  COLLEGE,  S.  C. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1804,  at  Columbia.  It  enjoys  the  patronage  of  the  state.  The 
buildings,  library,  and  cabinets  cost  originally  $154.234.  Between  1824  and  1834,  the  legislative  ap- 
propriations amounted  to  $120,000.  The  college  has  8  instructors.  The  number  of  students  in  1850 
was  209.  The  libraries  contain  about  18,500  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  first  Monday  in 
December.  William  C.  Preston,  LL.  D.,  is  president. 

SPRING  HILL  COLLEGE,  AA. 

This  institution,  located  at  Spring  Hill,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  Catholics.  It  was 
founded  in  1830.  It  had  12  instructors  and  70  students  in  1850 ;  about  4000  volumes  in  the  library. 
Its  commencement  is  in  the  first  week  ill  February.  John  Bazin  president. 

TRANSYLVANIA  UNIVERSITY,  KY. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Lexington,  which  is  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  valley  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. It  was  founded  in  1798.  The  buildings  stand  upon  an  eminence,  a  little  distance  from  th« 
city.  The  libraries  contain  about  14,000  volumes.  The  institution  has  7  instructors.  In  1850, 
the  number  of  students  was  50,  and  the  number  of  alumni  610.  The  commencement  is  on  th« 
Wednesday  before  the  third  Friday  in  August.  Rev.  James  B.  Dodd  is  president. 

TRINITY  COLLEGE,  CT. 

This  college  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1823.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  suburbs  of  the  city  of  Hartford,  about  a  mile  from  the  State 
House,  and  has  three  handsome  stone  edifices,  —  in  one  of  which  is  the  chapel,  —  named  Seabury 
Hall,  Jarvis  Hall  and  Brownell  Hall.  The  college  grounds  include  14  acres.  Libraries,  9000  vol- 


COLLEGES  IN    THE  UNITED   STATES.  701 

uines.     Students  in  1850,  66  ;  alumni,  257 ;  faculty,  the  president  and  6  professors.     Commencement 
is  on  the  first  Thursday  in  August. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1824.     '    .        .        .        .        Rt.  Rev.  Thomas  C.  Brownell,  D.  D 1831. 

1831.         .        .        .        .  *    Rev.  Nathaniel  S.  Wheaton,  D.  D,  ....        1837. 

1837 Rev.  Silas  Totten,  D.  D,  .        . 

Rev.  John  Williams,  D.  D. 

TUSCULUM  COLLEGE,  TE. 

This  college  was  founded  in  1794,  at  Greenville.  It  has  but  2  instructors  at  present.  The  number 
of  its  alumni  in  1850  was  110,  and  of  students  41 ;  volumes  in  the  library,  3000.  Commencement  is 
on  the  third  Wednesday  in  September.  James  McLin  president. 

UNION  COLLEGE,  N.  Y. 

This  college  is  situated  at  Schenectady,  15  miles  from  Albany.  It  was  founded  in  1795.  The 
college  buildings  are  each  200  feet  long,  four  stories  high,  of  brick,  covered  with  a  white  stucco.  The 
institution  has  a  valuable  library  of  15,000  volumes,  apparatus,  and  funds  in  profitable  investment. 
It  has  12  instructors,  230  students  in  1850,  and  over  3000  alumni.  Commencement  on  the  fourth 
Wednesday  in  July. 
Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1795 Rev.  John  Blair  Smith 1799. 

1799 Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards,  D.  D 1801. 

1801 Rev.  Jonathan  Maxcy,  D.  D 1804. 

1804 Rev.  Eliphalet  Nott,  D.  D. 

UNION  COLLEGE,  TE. 

This  college,  located  at  Murfreesboro',  has  recently  gone  into  operation,  having  been  founded  in 
1848.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  It  has  5  instructors;  in  1850  it  had  65  students. 
It  has  gathered  about  800  volumes  as  the  commencement  of  a  library.  Its  commencement  is  fixed  for 
the  third  Wednesday  in  July.  J.  H.  Eaton  president. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  VERMONT,  VT. 

This  institution  was  incorporated  and  established  at  Burlington,  in  1791,  but  it  did  not  go  into  op- 
eration till  1800.  It  is  finely  situated  in  the  most  elevated  part  of  the  town,  about  a  mile  east  from, 
the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  245  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  commands  an  extensive 
and  delightful  prospect.  A  large  college  edifice  of  brick,  completed  in  1801,  was  consumed  by  fire 
in  1824,  after  which  three  brick  edifices  were  erected,  which  have  since  been  united  in  one,  250  feet 
in  length  by  40  in  width.  The  faculty  consists  of  the  president,  5  professors,  and  1  tutor.  The 
college  has  well-selected  libraries  containing  about  12,250  volumes.  It  has  a  valuable  collection  of 
specimens  in  different  departments  of  natural  history.  There  is  a  medical  school  connected  with 
the  college,  in  which  instruction  is  given  by  3  professors.  Undergraduates  in  1850,  95 ;  whole  num- 
ber of  alumni,  416.  Commencement  is  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  August. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitits. 

1800.  Rev.  Daniel  C.  Saunders,  D.  D.  .  1814. 

1816.  Rev.  Samuel  Austin,  D.  D.  1821. 

1822.  Rev.  Daniel  Haskell,  M.  A.  .  1824. 

1824.  Rev.  Willard  Preston,  M.  A.  .        .  1826. 

1826.  Rev.  James  Marsh,  D.  D.  .        .  1833. 

1834.  Rev.  John  Wheeler,  D.  D.  .  1849. 

1849.  Rev.  Worthington  Smith,  D.  D. 

UNIVERSITY  OP  NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

This  university  was  chartered  by  the  legislature  in  1831.  It  is  located  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  is  projected  on  the  liberal  scale  of  the  universities  of  the  continent  of  Europe.  According  to 
the  plan  of  the  institution,  it  embraces  two  general  departments.  The  first  comprises  professorships 
and  faculties  for  instruction  in  the  higher  branches  of  literature  and  science ;  the  second  embraces  what 
is  usually  deemed  a  full  course  of  classical,  mathematical,  and  philosophical  instruction,  and  also  a 
complete  course  of  English  literature,  mathematics,  and  the  sciences,  with  their  application  to  agricul- 
ture, to  the  arts,  and  generally  to  the  ordinary  purposes  of  life.  The  first  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity was  Rev.  James  M.  Mathews,  D.  D.  To  him  succeeded  Hon.  Theodore  Frelinghuysen, 
LL.  D.,  who  resigned  in  1850.  At  present,  the  office  of  chancellor  is  not  filled.  Instructors,  11 ; 
students,  in  1850,  151  ;  alumni,  320;  library,  4000  volumes.  An  elegant  and  costly  stone  edifice  has 
been  erected  for  the  use  of  the  university,  which  fronts  towards  the  west  upon  Washington  Square. 
Commencement  is  on  the  Wednesday  preceding  the  4th  of  July. 


702  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  PA. 

This  institution  is  located  in  Philadelphia.  It  was  founded  in  1755,  and  fully  established  in  it8 
present  form  in  1791.  In  the  collegiate  department  it  had,  in  1850,  7  instructors  and  88  students. 
The  library  now  contains  about  5000  volumes.  The  university  embraces  a  faculty  of  arts,  a  faculty 
of  medicine,  and  an  academical  department.  The  medical  school  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
in  the  United  States.  It  had  7  professors,  and  438  students  in  attendance  upon  the  lectures,  in 
1850.  It  has  given  medical  degrees  to  5130  graduates.  The  session  for  the  medical  lectures  begins 
on  the  first  Monday  in  November,  and  ends  about  the  first  of  March.  The  commencement  for  con- 
ferring medical  degrees  is  held,  by  special  mandamus  of  the  board  of  trustees,  about  the  first  of  April, 
or  as  soon  ascconvenient  after  the  examinations  of  the  candidates  are  over.  The  university  com- 
mencement is  on  the  15th,  16th,  or  17th  of  July.  The  president  is  Rev.  John  Ludlow,  D.  D. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  VIRGINIA,  VA. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1819,  and  went  into  operation  in  1825.  It  is  located  about  two 
miles  from  Charlottesville,  in  Albemarle  co.,  near  the  centre  of  population  in  the  state.  It  owes 
its  origin  and  peculiar  organization  to  Thomas  Jefferson.  It  was  erected  by  the  state,  at  a  cost  of 
about  $400,000  ;  and  subsequently  the  state  gave  an  annuity  of  $15,000  for  its  support.  The  univer- 
sity is  organized  in  a  number  of  separate  departments,  or  schools,  in  each  of  which  degrees  are  conferred 
for  thorough  attainments  in  that  department.  Students  who  have  received  separate  degrees  in  the 
schools  of  ancient  languages,  mathematics,  natural  philosophy,  chemistry,  and  moral  philosophy,  are 
declared  graduates  of  the  university,  with  the  title  of  "  Master  of  Arts  of  the  University  of  Virginia." 
Sometimes,  when  the  number  of" diplomas  granted  by  the  separate  schools  is  50  or  60,  there  have 
not  been  more  Than  one  or  two  graduates  of  the  university.  The  library  has  about  18,000  volumes  ; 
about  half  of  which  are  very  valuable,  having  been  purchased  in  Europe,  from  a  catalogue  previously 
made  out  by  Mr.  Jefferson.  There  is  a  medical  department,  including  the  school  of  medicine 
proper,  —  physiology,  pathology,  &c.,  —  the  school  of  chemistry  and  materia  medica,  and  the  school 
of  anatomy  and  surgery,  in  which  the  graduates  receive  the  degree  of  M.  D.  The  university  has  10 
instructors.  In  1850,  it  had  connected  with  its  various  schools  212  students.  It  has  given  diplomas 
to  1236.  Commencement  is  near  the  end  of  June.  Gesner  Harrison  is  chairman  of  the  faculty. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,  N.  C. 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1789,  and  located  at  Chapel  Hill.  It  had,  in  1850,  6  instructors, 
179  students,  and  over  900  alumni.  Libraries,  12,350  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  first 
Thursday  in  June.  Hon.  David  L.  Swain,  LL.  D.,  is  the  president. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ALABAMA,  AA. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Tuscaloosa,  the  seat  of  government.  It  went  into  operation  in  1831. 
The  site  of  the  college  is  on  the  Huntsville  road,  half  a  mile  from  the  State  House.  There  are  three 
three-story  buildings  for  students'  dormitories,  a  building  for  a  laboratory  and  recitation  rooms,  and  sev- 
eral professors'  houses.  In  the  centre  is  a  large  circular  building  three  stories  high.  On  the  first  story 
is  a  large  room  for  public  occasions,  with  a  circular  gallery  in  the  second  for  spectators.  The  third 
story  is  occupied  for  the  library.  The  institution  has  9  instructors.  It  had  92  students  in  1850,  and 
181  alumni.  Volumes  in  the  library,  7123.  Commencement  on  the  Wednesday  after  the  second 
Monday  in  July.  Rev.  Basil  Manly,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MISSISSIPPI,  ML 

This  institution  was  founded  in  1844,  and  located  at  Oxford.  It  has  6  instructors  ;  students  in 
1850,  64;  alumni,  83.  It  has  a  library  of  about  2500  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  first 
Thursday  in  April.  Rev.  A.  B.  Longstreet,  LL.  D.,  is  the  president. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NASHVILLE,  TE. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  important  institutions  in  the  "Western  States.  It  was  founded  in  1806,  and 
is  located  at  Nashville.  It  has  a  philosophical  apparatus,  purchased  in  London  at  a  cost  of  $6000. 
It  has  an  extensive  mineralogical  cabinet.  Theological  students  of  all  denominations  are  admitted 
at  half  price  for  tuition.  The  number  of  instructors  is  7  ;  the  number  of  students  in  1 850  was  75  ; 
and  of  alumni,  398.  The  libraries  contain  nearly  10,000  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  first 
Wednesday  in  October. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 

This  institution,  which  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  was  established  in  1832.  It 
is  located  at  St.  Louis.  It  has  17  instructors,  160  students,  and  25  alumni.  Volumes  in  the  libra- 
ries, 13,500.  Commencement  is  near  the  first  of  July.  J.  Van  de  Velde  president. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN,  MN. 

The  college  which  goes  by  this  name  is  located  at  Ann  Arbor.  It  is  more  correctly  denominated 
'  The  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  the  University  of  Michigan,"  the  university  itself  being  an 


COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  703 

institution  of  a  more  comprehensive  character,  embracing  in  theory  the  entire  system  of  schools  for 
the  state.  There  are  academies,  or  high  schools,  in  different  localities  already 'in  operation,  which 
are  branches  of  this  state  university.  The  college  at  Ann  Arbor  was  opened  in  1837.  It  has  7 
instructors,  who,  according  to  the  requisitions  of  the  statute,  are  selected  from  different  religious 
denominations,  and  preside  in  rotation,  in  the  college  faculty.  The  site  of  the  college  buildings  is  on 
an  elevated  plain,  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  centre  of  the  town.  Two  fine  buildings,  of 
the  largest  class,  and  four  stories  high,  have  been  erected  for  the  use  of  the  students.  Between  these 
it  is  intended  to  place  a  chapel,  and  then  to  extend  the  line  in  both  directions,  as  the  wants  of  the 
institution  may  require.  This  range  of  buildings  is  to  occupy  one  of  the  sides  of  an  extensive 


for  from  the  income  of  the  public  lands  appropriated  for  this  purpose.  It  has  a  library  containing 
about  5000  volumes.  The  number  of  students  in  1850  was  72.  The  commencement  is  on  the  third 
Wednesday  in  July.  Rev.  D.  D.  Whedon  is  president. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 

This  new  institution  was  founded  November  4, 1850,  by  the  New  York  Baptist  Union  for  Ministerial 
Education,  and  its  location  established  at  Rochester.  It  has  since  received  an  act  of  incorporation 
from  the  New  York  legislature.  It  has  connected  with  it  a  theological  department,  styled  the 
Rochester  Theological  Seminary,  which  is  open  to  students  of  all  denominations.  The  plan  of  in- 
struction in  the  university  is  peculiar,  being  so  adjusted  as  to  allow  any  who  choose  to  omit  the 
study  of  Latin  and  Greek,  substituting  modern  languages  in  their  stead,  and  a  more  extended  mathe- 
matical and  scientific  course.  Hence  the  students  in  each  class  are  divided  into  two  sections,  the 
classical  and  the  scientific  sections.  The  regular  course  extends  through  four  years,  at  the  expira- 
tion of  which  those  who  have  pursued  the  entire  classical  course  are  admitted  to  the  degree  of  bach- 
elor of  arts,  and  those  who  have  pursued  the  entire  scientific  course  to  that  of  bachelor  of  sciences. 
Young  men,  not  otherwise  connected  with  the  university,  are  permitted,  if  they  desire  it,  to  attend 
the  recitations  of  particular  departments,  provided  they  have  the  requisite  preparation  for  the  studies 
of  those  departments.  This  is  denominated  the  partial  course.  The  libraries  of  the  University,  and 
of  the  Theological  Seminary,  together  amount  to  over  3000  volumes.  A  valuable  cabinet  of  min- 
erals has  been  secured.  The  number  of  students  in  the  University,  in  1851,  was  109;  and  in  the 
Theological  department,  29.  The  commencement  is  on  the  second  Wednesday  of  July.  Hon.  Ira 
Harris,  LL.  D.,  is  the  chancellor. 

VIRGINIA  MILITARY  INSTITUTE,  VA. 

This  institution,  founded  in  1839,  is  ranked  with  the  colleges  of  the  state.  It  is  located  at  Lexing- 
ton. In  1850  it  had  6  instructors,  120  students,  107  graduates,  and  a  library  of  2500  volumes.  Its 
commencement  is  on  the  4th  of  July.  Colonel  F.  H.  Smith  is  the  superintendent. 

WABASH  COLLEGE,  IA. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Crawford sville,  in  the  valley  of  the  Wabash,  about  30  miles  north- 
westerly from  Indianapolis.  It  was  founded  in  1863.  One  large  college  edifice,  four  stories  high, 
has  been  erected.  Some  15  or  20  acres  are  enclosed  for  the  college  grounds,  upon  a  part  of 
which  the  original  forest  trees  are  standing.  The  college  has  6  instructors  ;  the  number  of  students 
in  1850  was  38 ;  the  libraries  contain  6000  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  Thursday  nearest 
to  the  20th  of  July.  Rev.  Charles  White,  D.  D.,  is  president. 

WAKE  FOREST  COLLEGE,  N.  C. 

Established  at  Wake  Forest,  in  1838,  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  In  1850  it  had  3  in- 
structors, 24  students,  and  4700  volumes  in  the  library.  Commencement  is  on  the  third  Thursday 
in  June.  Rev.  John  B.  White  president. 

WASHINGTON  COLLEGE,  PA. 

This  institution,  incorporated  in  1806,  is  located  at  Washington,  in  Washington  co.,  26  miles 
south-west  from  Pittsburg.  It  commenced  operations  under  a  new  organization  in  1830.  The  legis- 
lature made  an  annual  appropriation  of  $500,  towards  the  support  of  a  professorship  of  English 
literature,  to  prepare  young  men  for  teaching  in  common  schools.  By  a  standing  rule,  a  certain 
number  of  poor  and  pious  young  men  may  be  educated  without  charge  for  tuition.  In  1850  the 
college  had  8  instructors,  105  students,  and  441  alumni ;  libraries,  3300  volumes.  Commencement  is 
on  the  last  Wednesday  in  September.  The  president  is  Rev.  James  Clark,  D.  D. 

WASHINGTON  COLLEGE,  MD. 

Founded  in  1783,  at  Chestertowu.  In  1827  the  college  was  burnt  down.  Anew  building  was 
erected,  and  the  operations  of  the  college  revived  in  1844.  In  1850  it  had  5  instructors  and  70  stu 


704  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

dents ;  library,  1200  volumes.    Commencement  about  the  20th  of  August.    E.  F.  Chambers 
president  of  the  trustees. 

WASHINGTON  COLLEGE,  VA. 

This  college  is  at  Lexington,  Rockbridge  co.,  129  miles  north-west  of  Richmond.    It  was  endow 
by  General  Washington,  with  100  shares  of  the  stock  of  the  James  River  Company,  which  h 
sometimes  produced  an  annual  income  of  about  $2500.    It  was  incorporated  in  1812.    Its  funds  .„. 
large,  and  the  course  of  instruction  thorough.    It  has   6  instructors.    In  1850  it  had  81  students 
and  about  600  alumni ;  volumes  in  the  library,  about  5000.    Commencement  is  on  the  third  Thursday 
in  June.    George  Jankin  is  the  president. 

WASHINGTON  COLLEGE,  TE. 

This  college  is  in  Washington  co.,  founded  in  1794.  It  has  2  instructors;  students  in  1850,42 
alumni,  110 ;  library,  1000  volumes.  The  president  is  Rev.  E.  T.  Bard,  A.  M. 

WATERVILLE  COLLEGE,  ME. 

This  college  is  situated  in  Waterville,  on  the  western  bank  of  Kennebec  River,  18  miles  abov« 
Augusta.  It  was  founded  in  1820,  and  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  The  instruction  i- 
given  by  the  president  and  5  professors.  Number  of  students  in  1850,  74 ;  volumes  in  the  library 
8500.  The  college  has  two  brick  edifices  for  the  accommodation  of  the  students.  Alumni  ii 
1850,  267. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1822 Rev.  Jeremiah  Chaplin,  D.  D.  . 1833. 

1833 Rev.  Rufus  Babcock,  D.  D 1837. 

1837.    ' Rev.  Robert  E.  Pattison,  D.  D 1840, 

1841 Eliphaz  Fay,  A.  M 1843. 

1843 Rev.  David  N.  Sheldon,  A.  M. 

WESLEYAN  UNIVERSITY,  CT. 

This  institution,  situated  at  Middletown,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church. 
It  was  founded  in  1831.  The  faculty  consists  of  the  president  and  4  professors.  The  libraries  con- 
tain over  11,000  volumes;  students  in  1850,  125;  alumni,  327.  Commencement  on  the  first 
Wednesday  in  August. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1831 Rev.  Wilbur  Fisk,  D.  D 1839. 

1839 Rev.  Stephen  Olin,  D.  D.   .  .  1851. 

WESTERN  MILITARY  INSTITUTE,  KY. 

This  institution,  having  the  rank  of  a  college,  was  established  in  1847,  at  a  place  called  Blue  Lick 
Springs.  It  has  9  instructors;  the  number  of  students  in  1850  was  217.  Colonel  T.F.Johnson 
is  at  the  head  of  the  institution. 

WESTERN  RESERVE  COLLEGE,  O. 

This  institution,  located  at  Hudson,  in  Portage  co.,  was  founded  February  7,  1826.  Its  founders 
were  mainly  from  New  England,  who  were  animated  in  their  enterprise  by  a  regard  to  the  religious 
wants  of  the  western  country.  The  charter  obtained  from  the  state  placed  the  institution  wholly  under 
the  control  of  its  founders,  and  has  secured  to  it  a  complete  exemption  from  the  embarrassments  so 
liable  to  grow  out  of  mixed  corporations.  The  college  is  now  tolerably  well  endowed.  Its  funds 
have  been  wholly  derived  from  private  benefactions.  In  connection  with  the  collegiate,  there  is  a 
theological  department  in  this  institution.  There  is  also  a  medical  department,  which  is  established 
at  Cleveland.  The  number  of  instructors,  exclusive  of  the  medical  professors,  is  9 ;  besides  which 
there  are  also  3  teachers  in  the  preparatory  school.  In  1850,  the  college  had  54  students,  and  the 
theological  department  19;  alumni,  164.  The  libraries  have  about  8000  volumes.  Commencement 
is  on  the  second  Thursday  in  June. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1830 Rev.  Charles  Backus  Storrs, 1833 

1834 Rev.  George  Edmond  Pierce,  D.  D. 

WEST  TENNESSEE  COLLEGE,  TE. 

This  college  was  incorporated  in  1843,  and  reorganized  in  1849.  It  has  4  teachers,  and  about  100 
students  in  the  preparatory  and  other  departments 


COLLEGES  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES.  705 

WILLIAMS   COLLEGE,  MS. 

This  institution,  situated  at  Williamstown,  Berkshire  co.,  was  incorporated  in  1793.  It  was  found- 
ed by  a  bequest  of  Colonel  Ephraira  Williams,  who  commanded  for  some  time  two  small  forts  on 
the  banks  of  the  Hoosac,  in  Adarns  and  Williamstown,  and  who  was  killed  in  battle  with  the  French 
and  Indians,  September  8,  1755.  The  buildings  consist  of  four  large  brick  edifices  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  students  ;  a  brick  chapel  93  by  38  feet,  containing  also  lecture  rooms  ;  a  library  building, 
and  an  astronomical  observatory,  the  first  erected  in  the  United  States.  The  college  library,  together 
with  those  of  the  societies  among  the  students,  numbers  nearly  14,000  volumes.  The  faculty  con- 
sists of  the  president,  6  professors,  and  1  tutor.  The  college  has  about  $70,000  of  productive  funds. 
The  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus  has  recently  been  enlarged  by  the  alumni,  at  an  expense 
of  several  thousand  dollars.  A  new  and  commodious  chemical  laboratory  and  lecture  room  has  just 
been  completed,  and  likewise  a  magnetic  observatory,  for  ascertaining  and  exhibiting  the  laws  of 
terrestrial  magnetism.  Commencement  is  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  August.  Alumni  in  1847, 
1581. 

Accessus.  Secession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1793 Rev.  Ebenezer  Fitch,  D.  D.     .        .        .        .        .        .         1815. 

1815 Rev.  Zephaniah  Swift  Moore,  D.  D 1821. 

1821 Rev.  Edward  Dorr  Griffin,  D.  D 1836. 

1836 Rev.  Mark  Hopkins,  D.  D. 

WILLIAM  AND  MARY  COLLEGE,  VA. 

This  college,  next  to  Harvard,  the  oldest  in  the  country,  was  originally  projected  in  1688,  the  year 
in  which  William  and  Mary  ascended  the  British  throne.  It  was  chartered  by  their  majesties  in 
1691.  It  was  established  at  Williamsburg,  60  miles  south-east  of  Richmond.  Rev.  James  Blair, 
D.  D.,  was  the  first  president.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians.  The  college  has 
property  amounting  to  $150,000,  and  a  library  of  5000  volumes  ;  instructors,  6.  Rev.  John  Johns  is 
the  president. 

WISCONSIN  UNIVERSITY,  WN. 

This  is  a  new  institution,  founded  in  1 849.  Only  the  preparatory  department  has  gone  into  oper- 
ation. Rev.  John  H.  Lathrop  is  the  president. 

WOODWARD  COLLEGE,  O. 

Founded  in  1831,  and  located  at  Cincinnati.  It  has  5  instructors,  and  a  library  begun  of  14,000 
volumes.  The  number  of  students  hitherto  has  been  small.  Commencement  is  on  the  Friday  before 
the  4th  of  July.  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Biggs,  D.  D.,  is  the  president. 

• 

YALE  COLLEGE,  CT. 

Yale  College  was  founded  in  1700,  and  incorporated  by  the  Colonial  Assembly  of  Ct.  in  1701.  It 
was  first  located  at  Saybrook,  but  in  1716  was  removed  to  New  Haven.  Its  first  commencement 
at  New  Haven  was  in  1717.  About  this  time  Mr.  Elihu  Yale,  of  London,  gave  a  donation  of  books  and 
money  to  the  college ;  and  in  gratitude  for  his  donations  the  institution  was  named  Yale  College.  In 
1733,  Bishop  Berkeley,  of  Ireland,  gave  a  donation  of  1000  volumes  to  the  library,  and  two  small  founda- 
tions for  premiums.  !  Yale  College  has  been  for  many  years  the  most  popular  literary  institution 
in  America.  Its  number  of  undergraduates  in  1850  was  386.  The  number  of  its  alumni,  (5932,) 
has  nearly  equalled  that  of  Harvard,  which  is  its  elder  by  65  years.  Its  buildings  are  beautifully  sit- 
uated on  slightly  elevated  ground,  opposite  to  the  western  side  of  the  New  Haven  Green,  or  Park ; 
their  line  in  front  stretching  quite  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  limit  of  this  extensive 
quadrangle.  In  this  range  there  are  5  large  brick  edifices,  four  stories  high,  occupied  by  the  students  ; 
that  on  the  north  being  occupied  by  the  students  of  the  theological  department.  In  the  intermedi- 
ate spaces  are  three  steepled  buildings,  one  of  which  is  the  chapel,  and  the  others  are  occupied  with 
recitation  and  lecture  rooms,  and  rooms  for  the  professors.  An  elegant  stone  building  has  been 
erected  within  a  few  years  for  the  reception  of  the  college  library,  and  the  libraries  of  the  societies 
among  the  students.  The  number  of  volumes  in  these  libraries  together  is  about  50,500.  There  are 
other  buildings  for  the  chemical  laboratory  ;  the  mineralogical  and  geological  cabinet,  and  the  Trum- 
bull  gallery  of  paintings,  &c.  The  cabinet  of  minerals  is  the  most  valuable  in  the  United  States, 
and  inferior  to  only  two  or  three  in  Europe.  The  college  has  a  faculty  of  theology,  of  law,  and  of 
medicine  connected  with.  it.  The  medical  college  is  furnished  with  a  spacious  and  convenient 
stone  edifice,  containing  one  of  the  most  valuable  anatomical  museums  in  the  country.  Tke  theo- 
logical department  has  3  professors.  The  law  school  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Hon.  Clark  Bis- 
sell,  late  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Connecticut.  The  faculty,  to  whom  are  committed  the 
government  and  instruction  of  the  undergraduates,  consists  of  the  president  and  10  professors,  with 
7  tutors.  There  has  been  organized  also  a  department  of  philosophy  and  the  arts,  designed  to  fur- 
nish to  resident  graduates  and  others  an  opportunity  of  pursuing  special  branches  of  study,  as  far  as 
they  may  desire.  The  president  and  all  the  academical  professors  aid  in  the  instruction  of  this 
department.  Commencement  is  on  the  third  Thursday  of  August. 

89 


706  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 

Accessus.  Succession  of  Presidents.  Exitus. 

1701 Rev.  Abraham  Pierson,  M.  A 1707. 

1719 Rev.  Timothy  Cutler,  D.  D 1722. 

1726.                ....    Rev.  Elisha  Williams,  M.  A 1739. 

1739.        ...                 .     Rev.  Thomas  Clap,  M.  A 1766. 

1766.        .        .        .                      Rev.  Naph tali  Daggett,  D.  D 1777. 

1777 Rev.  Ezra  Stiles,  D.  D.,  LL.  D 1795. 

1795.                ....    Rev.  Timothy  D  wight,  D.D.,  LL.D 1817. 

1817.                .        .        .        .    Rev.  Jeremiah  Day,  D.D.,  LL.D 1846. 

1846                         ...  Rev.  Theodore  Dwight  Woolsey,  LL.  D. 


PROFESSIONAL   SCHOOLS  AND   SEMINARIES 


IN      THE 


UNITED    STATES. 


The  following  tables  are  copied,  with  additions,  from  the  American  Almanac  for  1851. 


THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARIES. 


Name. 

Place. 

Denomination. 

1  Commenced 
operation. 

»? 

en  O 

|y 

1  Students  in 
or  near  1850. 

Number 
educated. 

!i 

•3  2 
'  5' 

Bangor  Theological  Seminary. 
Methodist  General  Biblical  Institute. 

Bangor,  Me. 
Concord,  N.  H. 

Congregational. 
Methodist 

1816 

1847 

3 
3 

37 
40 

202 

7,000 
2,000 

Gilmanton  Theological  Seminary.* 

Gilmanton,  N.  H. 

Congregational. 

1835 

69 

4,300 

New  Hampton  Theological  Seminary. 

New  Hampton,  N.  H. 

Baptist. 

1825 

'2 

36 

2,000 

Andover  Theological  Seminary. 

Andover,  Ms. 

Congregational. 

1807 

6 

87 

1,006 

21,259 

Divinity  School,  Harvard  University. 

Cambridge,  Ms. 

Cong.  Unitarian. 

1816 

2 

23 

238 

3,000 

Theological  Institution. 

Newton,  Ms. 

Baptist. 

1825 

3 

33 

201 

5.500 

Theological  Department  Yale  College. 

New  Haven,  Ct. 

Congregational. 

1822 

4 

52 

596 

'900 

Theological  Institute  of  Connecticut. 
Theological  Institute  of  Episcopal  Church. 

East  Windsor,  Ct 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

Congregational. 
Prot.  Episcopal. 

1834 
1817 

3 
5 

17 
64 

151 
336 

5,000 
10,000 

Union  Theological  Seminary. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Presbyterian. 

3836 

5 

106 

211 

18,000 

Auburn  Theological  Seminary. 
Hamilton  Literary  and  Theological  Institute. 

Auburn,  N.  Y. 
Hamilton,  N.  Y. 

Presbyterian. 
Baptist 

1821 
1820 

4 
4 

30 
32 

580 
133 

6,000 
4,000 

Rochester  Theological  Seminary. 

Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Baptist 

1850 

2 

20 

Hartwick  Seminary. 

Hartwick,  N.  Y. 

Lutheran. 

1816 

2 

5 

-52 

1,250 

Theological  Seminary,  Associate  Ref.  Church. 

Newburg,  N.  Y. 

Associate  Ref.  Ch. 

1836 

1 

11 

143 

3,200 

Theological  Seminary,  Dutch  Ref.  Church. 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Dutch  Reformed. 

1784 

3 

36 

179 

Theological  Seminary,  Presbyterian  Church. 

Princeton,  N.  J. 

Presbyterian. 

1812 

5 

153 

1,626 

11,000 

Seminary  of  the  Lutheran  Church. 

Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Evan.  Lutheran. 

1826 

2 

26 

200 

9,000 

German  Reformed  Theological  Seminary. 

Mercersburg,  Pa. 

German  Ref.  Ch. 

1825 

2 

18 

121 

6,000 

Western  Theological  Seminary. 

Alleghany  Town,  Pa. 

Presbyterian. 

1828 

2 

48 

252 

6,000 

Theological  School. 

Canonsburg,  Pa. 

Associate  Church. 

1792 

2 

33 

147 

2,000 

Theological  Seminary. 

Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Associate  Ref.  Ch. 

1828 

3 

35 

85 

1,500 

Western  Theological  School. 
Theological  Seminary. 

Meadville,  Pa. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Cong.  Unitarian. 
Reformed  Presb. 

1844 

4 
3 

40 
13 

9 

8,000 

Episcopal  Theological  School  of  Virginia. 
Union  Theological  Seminary. 

Fairfax  co.,  Va. 
Prince  Edward  co.,  Va. 

Prot.  Episcopal. 
Presbyterian. 

1822 
1824 

4 
3 

38 
20 

229 
175 

5,000 
4,000 

Virginia  Baptist  Seminary. 
Southern  Theological  Seminary 

Richmond,  Va. 
Columbia,  S.  C. 

Baptist. 
Presbyterian. 

1832 
1831 

3 

3 

67 
24 

124 

1,000 
4,500 

Theological  Seminary. 

Lexington,  S.  C. 

Lutheran. 

1835 

2 

10 

20 

1,800 

Furman  Theological  Seminary. 

Fairfield  District,  S.  C. 

Baptist 

1826 

2 

30 

30 

1,000 

Mercer  Theological  Seminary. 

Penfield,  Ga. 

Baptist. 

1833 

3 

4 

1,000 

Howard  Theological  Institution. 

Marion,  Aa. 

Baptist 

1843 

2 

10 

1,000 

Western  Baptist  Theological  Institute. 

Covington,  Ky. 

Baptist. 

1840 

4 

18 

**9 

2,000 

South-western  Theological  Seminary. 

Maryville,  Te. 

Presbyterian. 

1821 

2 

24 

90 

6,000 

Lane  Seminary. 

Cincinnati,  O. 

Presbyterian. 

1829 

3 

36 

257 

10,500 

Theological  Department  Kenyon  College. 

Gambier,  O. 

Prot.  Episcopal. 

1828 

4 

4 

30 

4,500 

Theological  Dep't  Western  Reserve  College. 

Hudson,  O. 

Presbyterian. 

1830 

3 

22 

43 

80 

Granville  Theological  Department. 

Granville,  O. 

Baptist. 

1832 

2 

8 

500 

Oberlin  Theological  Department. 

Oberlin,  O. 

Congregational. 

1834 

3 

20 

124 

250 

Theological  Seminary,  Associate  Ref.  Church. 
Indiana  Theological  Seminary. 
Alton  Theological  Seminary. 

Oxford,  O. 
South  Hanover,  la. 
Upper  Alton,  Is. 

Associate  Ref.  Ch. 
Presbyterian. 
Baptist 

1839 
1835 

1 

12 
10 

31 

1,500 

*  This  seminary  has  suspended  operations 


708 


PROFESSIONAL   SCHOOLS,   &c.,  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


MEDICAL  SCHOOLS. 


Name. 

Place. 

Founded. 

Professors. 

Students. 

Graduates. 

Lectures  commence. 

Maine  Medical  School. 

Brunswick,  Me. 

1820 

5 

74 

596 

February  15. 

New  Hampshire  Medical  School. 

Hanover,  N.  H. 

1797 

7 

52 

758 

1st  or  2d  Thursday  in  Aug. 

Castleton  Medical  College. 
Vermont  Medical  College. 

Castleton,  Vt. 
Woodstock,  Vt. 

1818 
1835 

7 

7 

104 
90 

555 
332 

4th  Thursday  in  August. 
1st  Thursday  in  March. 

Medical  School,  Harvard  University. 

Cambridge,  Ms. 

1782 

6 

117 

575 

1st  Wednesday  in  Nov. 

Berkshire  Medical  School. 

Pittsfield,  Ms. 

1823 

5 

103 

473 

1st  Thursday  in  September. 

Medical  Institution,  Yale  College. 

New  Haven,  Ct. 

1810 

6 

41 

864 

7  w's  after  last  Th.  in  July. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  N.  York. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

1807 

6 

219 

852 

1st  Monday  in  November. 

Medical  Institution,  Geneva  College. 
Medical  Faculty,  University  of  New  York. 

Geneva,  N.  Y. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

1835 
J837 

6 

ti 

60 
421 

98 
597 

1st  Tuesday  in  October. 
Last  Monday  in  October. 

Albany  Medical  College. 
Medical  Department,  University  of  Pa. 

Albany,  N.  Y. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

1839 
1765 

8 

7 

114 
438 

58 
5,130 

1st  Tuesday  in  October. 
1st  Monday  in  November. 

Jefferson  Medical  College. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

1824 

7 

516 

1,809 

1st  Monday  in  November. 

Medical  Department,  Pennsylvania  College. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

1839 

7 

106 

36 

October  14. 

Philadelphia  College  of  Medicine. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

7 

69 

220 

Medical  School,  University  of  Maryland. 

Baltimore,  Md. 

1807 

fi 

100 

909 

October  31. 

Washington  Medical  College. 

Baltimore,  Md. 

1827 

r> 

25 

.  . 

1st  Monday  in  Novemoer. 

Medical  School,  Columbia  College. 
Medical  School,  University  of  Virginia. 
Richmond  Medical  College. 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Charlotteville,  Va. 
Richmond,  Va. 

1825 
1825 

1838 

(i 
3 

i; 

40 
45 
75 

81 

1st  Monday  in  November. 
1st  Mondayin  October. 
1st  Monday  in  November. 

Winchester  Medical  College. 

Winchester,  Va. 

5 

.. 

1st  Monday  in  October. 

Medical  College,  State  of  South  Carolina. 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

1833 

8 

158 

2d  Monday  in  November. 

Medical  College  of  Georgia. 
Medical  College  of  Louisiana. 

Augusta,  Ga. 
New  Orleans,  La. 

1830 
1835 

7 

7 

115 
30 

124 

2d  Monday  in  November. 
3d  Monday  in  November. 

Memphis  Medical  College 

Memphis,  Te. 

7 

Medical  Dep't,  Transylvania  University. 
Medical  Dep't,  University  of  Louisville. 

Lexington,  Ky. 
Louisville,  Ky. 

1818 
1837 

7 
7 

376 

1,351 
53 

1st  Monday  in  November. 
1st  Monday  in  November. 

Western  Reserve  Medical  College. 

Cleveland,  O. 

1844 

6 

256 

355 

1st  Wednesday  in  Nov. 

Medical  College  of  Ohio. 

Cincinnati,  O. 

1819 

8 

130 

331 

1st  Monday  in  November. 

Indiana  Medical  College. 

Laport,  la. 

7 

104 

19 

1st  Monday  in  November. 

Indiana  Central  Medical  College 

Indianapolis,  la. 

1849 

9 

49 

10 

October  28. 

Rush  Medical  College. 

Chicago,  Is. 

1842 

fi 

70 

16 

1st  Monday  in  November. 

Medical  Department,  University  of  Michigan. 
Medical  Department,  St.  Louis  University. 

Ann  Arbor,  Mi. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

1849 
1836 

5 

9 

li2 

'e>8 

September  12. 
October  15. 

Medical  Department,  Missouri  University. 

Columbia,  Mo. 

1840 

7 

92 

.. 

1st  Monday  in  November. 

LAW   SCHOOLS. 


Place. 

Name. 

Professors. 

Students. 

Cambridge  Ms. 

Harvard  University. 

3 

98 

New  Haven,  Ct. 
Princeton,  N.  J. 
Carlisle,  Pa. 

Yale  College. 
College  of  New  Jersey. 
Dickinson  College. 

2 
3 

33 

8 
9 

Williamsburg,  Va. 
Charlotteville,  Va. 
Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 

William  and  Mary  College. 
University  of  Virginia. 
North  Carolina  University. 

32 
72 

10 

Tuscaloosa,  Aa. 

Alabama  University. 

Lexington,  Ky. 
Louisville,  Ky. 
Lebanon,  Te. 

Transylvania  University. 
University  of  Louisville. 
Cumberland  University. 

3 
3 
3 

75 
50 
56 

Cincinnati,  O. 
Bloomington,  la. 

Cincinnati  College. 
Indiana  State  University. 

3 

2 

25 
29 

PUBLIC  LIBE ARIES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


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BANKING  INSTITUTIONS,  COIN,   AND  CURRENCY 


OP    THE 


UNITED   STATES. 


***  WE  have  received  from  a  friend  an  elaborate  and  valuable  paper,  furnishing  a  succinct  history 
of  the  currency  of  this  country  from  its  first  settlement.  The  article  is  too  long  for  insertion  entire, 
in  a  work  of  this  kind.  "We  avail  ourselves,  however,  of  some  of  its  most  important  statistical  details, 
in  presenting  to  our  readers  such  a  view  of  the  banking  institutions,  coin,  and  currency  of  the  country 
as  may  suffice  to  furnish  complete  and  accurate  data  for  economical  and  financial  investigations. 


UP  to  the  year  1690,  the  currency  of  gold  and  silver  was  sufficient  for  the  ordinary  trade  of  the 
colonies.  In  consequence  of  the  war  against  the  French  in  Canada  under  Sir  William  Phipps,  the 
want  of  money  became  oppressive,  not  only  for  the  ordinary  expenses  of  government,  but  for  the 
pay  of  troops,  and  the  incidental  expenses  to  sustain  an  army.  A  proposition  was  brought  before 
the  colonial  court  to  issue  bills  of  public  credit,  as  the  only  resort,  to  furnish  means  to  carry  on  the 
war.  After  some  effort,  the  court  granted  an  issue  of  £7000  in  bills  of  credit,  printed  on  square 
slips  of  paper,  varying  in  value  from  five  shillings  to  five  pounds. 

The  colonial  court  voted  that  the  sum  expressed  in  said  bills  should  be  equal  in  value  with  coin. 
The  court  provided  no  sinking  fund  for  their  redemption,  only  making  them  receivable  for  taxes  or 
public  dues,  and  promising,  when  demanded,  to  pay  the  full  sum  in  money  or  public  stock.  The  form 
of  the  first  paper  bill  issued  in  America  is  as  follows :  — 

"  This  Indented  bill  of  Twenty  Shillings,  due  from  Massachusetts  colony  to  the  possessor,  shall  be 
in  value,  equal  to  money,  and  shall  be  accordingly  accepted,  by  the  Treasurer  and  receiver  subordi- 
nate to  him,  in  all  public  payments,  and  for  any  stock  at  any  time  in  the  Treasury. 

"  Boston  in  New  England,  December  6th,  1690. 

"  By  order  of  the  General  Court." 

Thus  Massachusetts  established  the  first  paper  currency  in  America.  The  issue  of  a  paper  cur- 
rency at  once  relieved  the  pressure  for  money,  and  raised  the  value  of  merchandise.  The  sudden 
rise  in  bread  stuffs  was  a  subject  of  alarm  to  a  portion  of  the  people,  in  consequence  of  which  the 
General  Court,  at  its  next  session,  passed  an  act  that  the  price  of  corn  should  be  reduced. 

The  colonial  court,  for  a  period  of  fifty  years,  were  continually  legislating  upon  the  currency,  ex- 
tending the  issue  of  their  bills  of  credit,  and  contriving  all  possible  expedients  to  keep  up  the  value, 
but  without  any  beneficial  result.  The  amount  issued  and  in  circulation  in  1749,  "  the  issue  of  fifty- 
nine  years,"  was  £2,200,000,  which  had  depreciated  89  per  cent,  from  the  specie  value,  being  worth 
only  11  cents  on  the  dollar. 

Hutchinson,  who  then  was  speaker  of  the  house,  and  one  of  the  most  influential  men  in  the  colo- 
ny, and  William  Bollan,  Esq.,  saw  the  necessity  of  at  once  abandoning  the  issue  of  bills,  and  redeem- 
ing the  issue  if  possible.  With  the  sanction  of  the  colonial  court,  he  was  empowered  to  redeem  the 
depreciated  currency.  £180,000  was  obtained  from  the  home  government  in  specie,  and  the  issues 
were  redeemed  at  11  cents  on  the  dollar. 

South  Carolina  issued  bills  of  credit  in  1702,  and  Pennsylvania  in  1723;  some  other  colonies  at 
later  periods  issued  bills  of  credit  The  bills  of  these  colonies  shared  the  same  fate  as  in  Massachu- 


BANKING  INSTITUTIONS,   COIN,  &c.,   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES.        711 

setts,  though  the  currency  of  Pennsylvania  never  depreciated  so  low  in  value  as  in  other  colonies. 
During  the  period  from  1690  to  1760,  no  other  efforts  were  made  to  improve  the  currency,  if  we  ex- 
cept the  paper  scheme,  called  the  Land  Bank,  in  1740. 

Upon  the  redemption  of  a  failed  currency  in  New  England  in  1760,  the  colonial  assembly  estab- 
lished a  silver  currency  at  six?  shillings  and  eight  pence  per  ounce.  The  apprehensions  of  a  shock  in 
trade,  as  consequent  upon  this,  proved  groundless ;  silver  soon  took  the  place  of  bills,  every  branch  of 
business  prospered,  and  was  carried  on  with  greater  facilities  than  before. 

The  States  of  Ehode  Island  and  Connecticut  were  invited  by  Massachusetts  to  conform  their  cur- 
rency to  a  specie  standard,  but  declined  to  comply  with  the  request.  The  effect  of  adopting  a  specie 
standard  of  currency  by  a  portion  of  New  England,  while  the  other  colonies  refused  to  conform  their 
currency  to  a  standard,  caused  so  much  suffering  and  inconvenience,  that  an  act  of  Parliament  was 
passed  in  1763,  to  prevent  paper  bills  of  credit  being  issued  in  any  of  his  majesty's  colonies  or  planta- 
tions in  America.  This  act  caused  paper  bills  of  credit  to  be  reduced  to  a  very  small  amount ;  and 
from  this  time  to  the  commencement  of  the  war,  the  colonies  were  generally  free  from  a  depreciated 
paper  currency. 

From  this  brief  account  of  the  provincial  paper  money,  the  reader  may  estimate  properly  that 
provision  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  which  forbids  any  state  to  emit  bills  of  credit,  or 
make  any  thing  but  gold  or  silver  a  legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  debts. 

The  next  period  of  paper  issues  was  brought  on  at  the  commencement  of  the  war  of  the  revolution. 
The  colonies  being  without  a  sufficient  currency  to  meet  all  their  exigencies  in  raising  armies  and 
equipping  fleets,  the  government  was  compelled  to  resort  to  the  issue  of  bills  of  credit.  This  was  called 
the  Continental  currency.  The  first  emission  was  dated  May  10,  1775,  though  no  notes  were 
issued  till  August  following.  The  bills  passed  for  nearly  their  declared  value  till  the  end  of  the 
year  1777,  when  the  issue  was  about  $26,000,000.  From  that  date  to  the  year  1781,  the  value  was 
constantly  depreciating,  until  $1000  of  the  continental  paper  money  would  not  produce  one  dollar  in 
coin.  During  a  period  of  six  years,  the  government  issued  $357,476,541  of  what  was  called  the  old 
emission,  and  $2,070,485  of  what  was  called  the  new  emission.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the 
depreciation  of  the  continental  currency  never  retarded  its  circulation  as  long  as  it  retained  any  value. 
The  depreciation  of  the  paper  currency,  during  the  period  of  its  issue,  caused  successive  acts  of  Con 
gress  for  the  purpose  of  sustaining  its  value,  which  in  the  end  proved  ineffectual. 

The  distress  occasioned  by  the  failure  of  the  currency  was  universal  for  a  time.  It  brought  specie, 
however,  directly  into  circulation,  large  amounts  of  which  had  been  hoarded  during  the  five  years 
previous.  The  quantity  was  sufficient  for  all  the  ordinary  purposes  of  trade.  The  country  soon 
revived  from  the  shock,  but  with  a  deep  seated  prejudice  against  a  paper  currency. 

The  country  being  now  without  any  paper  currency,  or  even  a  bank  of  deposit  or  discount,  in  any 
of  the  colonies,  a  new  principle,  based  upon  the  true  science  of  banking,  was  brought  before  the  pub- 
lic by  Kobert  Morris  and  others,  who  applied  for  a  charter  for  a  bank,  to  rest  upon  a  specie  basis,  or 
that  of  the  conversion  of  bills  into  coin  at  the  will  of  the  holder.  This  was  the  origin  of  the  bank 
called  the  Bank  of  North  America,  which  was  established  in  Philadelphia  in  1781,  with  a  capital  of 
$2,000,000.  The  charter  was  obtained  from  Congress,  and  was  advocated  upon  the  ground  that  it 
would  assist  the  country  by  loans,  and  otherwise  render  aid  to  the  treasury  of  the  United  States. 
The  bank  was  to  have  a  portion  of  government  deposits,  and  consequently  the  United  States  became 
a  stockholder  to  the  amount  of  $254,000. 

The  bank  commenced  its  business  in  January,  1782,  under  very  flattering  circumstances,  being 
supported  by  some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  of  the  day ;  also  having  the  sanction  of  Congress 
and  the  assistance  of  the  United  States  to  give  it  public  credit.  Notwithstanding  the  strong  position 
of  the  bank,  however,  great  difficulty  was  encountered  in  giving  currency  to  its  notes  or  bills.  The 
experience  of  the  evils  suffered  from  the  failure  of  the  continental  money  was  still  fresh  in  the  minds 
of  the  people.  Having  been  so  often  disappointed  in  the  colonial  and  continental  currencies,  they 
could  not  be  made  at  once  to  feel  the  necessary  confidence  that  the  same  results  might  not  follow 
the  new  scheme.  The  public  were  slow  to  believe  that  the  bank  had  coin  in  its  vaults,  or  could 
redeem  its  bills  on  demand.  Great  efforts  were  made  by  the  bank  to  remove  these  unfavorable  im- 
pressions from  the  public  mind,  and  to  give  the  necessary  credit  and  confidence  to  its  circulation  ;  and 
these  efforts  proved  at  length  successful. 

The  second  bank  in  America,  established  upon  the  principle  of  a  specie  basis,  was  the  Massachu- 
setts Bank,  established  in  Boston  in  1784,  which  institution  has  retained  a  good  reputation  down  to 
the  present  time.  The  date  of  the  institution  of  some  of  the  earlier  banks  in  the  several  states  of 


712  BANKING  INSTITUTIONS,   COIN,  AND  CURRENCY 

the  Union  is  as  follows:  New  York.  1784;  Maryland,  1790;  the  first  Bank  of  the  United  States, 
February  8,  1791;  Rhode  Island,  1791;  South  Carolina,  1792;  Virginia  and  Connecticut,  1792 ; 
District  of  Columhia,  1793;  Delaware,  1795;  Maine,  1799;  Kentucky,  1802;  Ohio,  1803;  North 
Carolina,  1804 ;  Louisiana,  1811  ;  and  Georgia,  1812.  Twenty-three  institutions  were  established 
in  the  several  states  previous  to  the  year  1800.  Since  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  banks 
have  increased  in  rapid  succession.  The  country  was  eminently  prosperous  from  1794  to  1807, 
with  a  gradual  increase  of  paper  currency,  and  without  any  great  reaction  in  trade  till  1 809  ;  then 
a  very  general  contraction  of  the  currency  took  place,  with  a  depressed  state  of  trade,  causing  the 
failure  of  several  banks,  and  a  great  depreciation  in  real  estate  and  all  other  descriptions  of 
property. 

The  whole  number  of  Banks  in  the  United  States,  in  1810,  was  89,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$52,601,601,  and  a  circulation,  at  the  close  of  the  year,  of  $30,000,000.  The  first  Bank  of  the  United 
States  had  been  chartered,  February  8, 1791,  for  a  period  of  twenty  years,  with  a  capital  of  $10,000,000. 
One  fifth  of  this  amount  was  subscribed  by  government,  and  the  remainder  by  individuals.  The 
charter  being  now  about  to  expire,  strenuous  efforts  were  made  for  its  renewal,  but  without  success. 
In  the  House  of  Representatives,  on  the  24th  of  January,  1811,  a  bill  for  the  renewal  of  its  charter 
was  indefinitely  postponed  by  a  vote  of  65  to  64.  Another  bill  was  brought  into  the  Senate  the  same 
session,  on  the  20th  of  February,  which  was  rejected  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  president  of  the 
Senate. 

Congress  then  appointed  trustees  to  wind  up  the  concerns  of  the  bank,  who  proceeded  rapidly  with 
their  work,  and  by  the  1st  day  of  October,  1812,  88  per  cent,  of  its  capital  was  paid  over  to  its 
stockholders  ;  7  per  cent,  more  April  1,  1813,  and  several  smaller  dividends  afterwards. 

From  1811  to  1817,  the  country  was  without  any  national  public  banking  institution. 

After  the  close  of  the  war,  in  1815,  the  subject  of  a  national  bank  was  again  revived,  and  on  the 
8th  of  January,  1816,  a  bill  was  reported  in  Congress,  to  establish  a  Bank  of  the  United  States.  This 
bill  finally  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  on  the  14th  of  March,  by  a  vote  of  80  to  71,  and  the 
Senate  on  the  3d  of  April,  by  a  vote  of  22  to  12,  and  was  approved  by  the  president  on  the  10th  of 
April,  1816. 

The  capital  of  this  bank  was  fixed  at  $35,000,000.  It  commenced  operations  on  the  1st  day  of 
January,  1817,  with  $14,000,000  of  United  States  stock  and  $1,400,000  of  coin. 

The  circulation  of  bank  notes,  in  1815,  was  estimated  at  $47,000,000;  in  1816,  at  $70,000,000 ;  in  1818, 
at  $89,000,000.  The  contraction  of  the  currency  caused  by  the  revulsion  in  1819  was  rapid,  and  so 
severe  as  to  cause  very  general  distress  throughout  the  country.  The  whole  circulation  of  the  coun- 
try, in  1820,  was  estimated  at  only  $45,000,000.  The  whole  bank  capital  of  the  country,  in  1830,  was 
$145,192,268,  with  a  circulation  of  $61,323,898.  The  whole  number  of  banks  which  had  failed  or 
discontinued  business,  from  1811  to  this  date,  was  193,  possessing  an  aggregate  capital  of  $30,000,000. 

The  financial  management  of  the  United  States  Bank,  during  the  first  term  of  Jackson's  adminis- 
tration, caused  the  president  to  recommend  an  inquiry  into  its  condition.  A  bill  was  carried 
through  both  houses  of  Congress  for  the  renewal  of  its  charter,  but  it  was  vetoed  by  the  president. 
The  final  result  was,  the  refusal,  on  the  part  of  Congress,  to  renew  the  charter. 

A  charter  was  obtained  by  Nicholas  Biddle  and  others,  from  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  under 
which  the  assets  and  liabilities-  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  were  transferred,  by  vote  of  its 
stockholders,  to  this  new  corporation.  Government  disposed  of  all  its  interest  in  the  institution, 
having  some  time  previously  removed  its  deposits  of  coin,  and  the  treasury  department  having  dis- 
solved all  connection  with  the  bank.  The  Sank  continued  its  existence  till  1841,  when  the  institution 
failed,  the  whole  capital  being  a  total  loss. 

In  May,  1837,  this  bank,  then  called  the  United  States  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  suspended 
specie  payments,  with  all  other  banks  in  the  United  States,  with  only  one  exception,  which 
was  that  of  the  State  Bank  of  Missouri.  This  was  the  first  general  suspension  of  specie  payments 
by  the  banks  of  this  country,  a  partial  suspension  having  taken  place  during  the  war  of  1812, 
when  all  the  banks  south  and  west  of  New  England  suspended  specie  payments,  a  large  portion  of 
which  never  resumed  till  after  the  revulsion  in  the  years  1818  and  1819,  and  then  by  a  failure  of  a 
considerable  proportion  of  their  number. 

The  banks  of  New  England  and  New  York  resumed  specie  payments  in  May,  1838,  after  one  year 
of  suspension.  The  United  States  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  and  others  south,  attempted  a  resumption 
at  the  same  time,  but  suspended  the  second  time  in  October,  1839.  These  banks  resumed  the  third 
time  in  January,  1841,  and  again  suspended  in  twenty  days.  After  the  failure  of  the  United  States 


OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  713 

Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Philadelphia  banks  resumed,  for  the  fourth  and  last  time,  in  March,  1842. 
The  banks  south  gradually  resumed,  or  otherwise  went  into  liquidation  ;  since  which  time  the  banks 
of  the  United  States  have  maintained  specie  payments,  and  have  been  generally  prosperous. 

The  period  from  1830  to  1840  was  marked  by  an  extraordinary  increase  of  banking  capital,  the 
largest  during  any  period  of  our  history.  In  1830,  there  were  329  banks  and  branches  in  the  United 
States,  with  a  capital  of  $143,301,898 ;  in  1840, 901  banks  and  branches,  with  a  capital  of  $358,442.692, 
being  an  increase  of  $215,140,794  in  nine  years. 

The  loans  and  discounts  upon  the  capital  were,  in  1837,  $525,115,702;  in  1840,  $462,896,523. 
The  financial  revulsion  in  1837  and  1840  caused  an  extensive  failure  among  the  banks,  with  almost 
the  entire  loss  of  bank  capital  in  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Alabama,  and  portions  of  other  states.  The 
loss  of  bank  capital,  during  the  transition  from  1838  to  1846,  by  failure  or  otherwise,  amounted  to 
$161,558,383,  resulting  in  a  contraction  of  the  circulation  of  $54,088.755,  and  a  reduction  in  the  num- 
ber of  banks,  from  failure  alone,  of  194. 

The  increase  of  banks  and  banking  capital  within  the  last  ten  years  has  been  slower,  but  probably 
on  a  more  sure  and  firm  basis,  than  at  any  former  period.  The  whole  number  of  banks  and  branches 
in  the  United  States,  January  1,  1852,  was  871,  with  a  capital  of  $227,469,074,  being  a  less  aggregate 
capital  of  $130,973,618  than  at  the  period  of  1840.  The  reduction  of  banking  capital  was  con- 
stantly going  on  from  1840  down  to  1846,  when  the  whole  bank  capital  in  the  United  States  was 
$196,894,309  ;  since  which  period  there  has  been  a  gradual  increase  in  the  aggregate.  The  increase  in 
1847  and  1848  was  $8,000.000;  in  1849,  $12,000,000;  in  185C,  about  $10,000,000;  the  whole  aggre- 
gate of  increase  since  1846  being  $30,574,765;  the  whole  number  of  banks  and  branches  being 
871,  only  30  less  than  at  the  great  expansive  period  of  1840.  The  circulation  at  a  period  near  Janu- 
ary, 1852,  was  $163,649,812 ;  loans  and  discounts,  $412,607,653;  and  silver  and  gold  in  the  vaults  of 
the  several  banks  to  the  amount  of  $49,133,122  ;  amount  of  bank  capital,  $25^,640,630. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  statement  that  the  banks  of  the  United  States  began  to  expand  in  1831, 
and  reached  their  maximum  in  1837,  then  their  lowest  point  of  depression  in  1843.     Since  that 
period,  they  have  gone  on  again  to  extend  their  issues,  but  without  any  serious  fluctuations. 
90 


714 


BANKING  INSTITUTIONS,  COIN,  AND  CURRENCY 


BANKING  INSTITUTIONS  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES   IN  1852. 


MAINE. 


Towns. 
Augusta, 
Bangor, 
Bath, 
Belfast, 
Biddeford, 
Brunswick,  . 
Calais,     . 
Eastport, 
Gardiner, 
Hallowell,    . 
Portland, 
Saco, 

Skowhegan, 
South  Berwick, 
Rockland, 
Thomaston,  . 
Topsham, 
Waldoboro', 
Waterville, 
Wiscasset,     . 

Total,     . 


Charlestown, 

Claremont, 

Concord, 

Dover,     . 

East  Jaffrey, 

Exeter,    . 

Keene, 

Lancaster, 

Lebanon, 

Manchester, 

Meredith, 

Nashua,  . 

New  Ipswich, 

Pittsfield, 

Portsmouth, 

Rochester, 

Somersworth, 

Warner, 

Winchester, 

Total, 


1 

Toums. 

New  Haven, 

Banks. 

Capital. 

New  London, 

3 

$213,000 

Norwalk, 

.      7 

1,000,000 

Norwich, 

3 

375,000 

Pawcatuck, 

.       1 

50,000 

Saybrook, 

1 

150,000 

Southport, 

.       2 

110,000 

Stamford, 

1 

50,000 

Stonington, 

.       1 

75,000 

Thompson, 

1 

100.000 

Tolland, 

.       1 

75,000 

Waterbury,  . 

6 

1,125,000 

Windham, 

.       2 

175,000 

Winsted, 

1 

75,000 

.       1 

100,000 

Total,      . 

1 

100.000 

.       1 

50,000 

1 

50,000 

.       1 

50,000 

2 

125,000 

Bellows  Falls, 

.       1 

50,000 

Bennington, 

38 

4,098,000 

Brandon, 

Brattleboro', 

Burlington, 

SHIRE. 

Chelsea, 

Danville, 

.       1 

90,000 

^Danby, 

1 

100,000 

'Derby  Line, 

.       2 

180,000 

Irasburg, 

2 

228.000 

Manchester, 

.       1 
1 

50^000 
100,000 

Middlebury, 
Montpelier, 

.       2 

200.000 

Orwell, 

50,000 

Poultney. 

100.000 

Proctorsville, 

260^000 

Rutland, 

§ 

65,000 

St.  Alban's,  . 

125,000 

St.  Alban's  Bay, 

100,000 

St.  Johnsbury, 

50,000 

Sheldon, 

491,000 

Swanton  Falls, 

125,000 

Vergennes, 

125,000 

Wells  River, 

50,000 

Windsor, 

.       1 

100,000 

Woodstock,  . 

25 

2,586,000 

Total,    . 

ariks. 

Capital. 

4 

1,987,625 

3 

414,625 

1 

175.330 

4 

1,987/725 

1 

75,000 

1 

76,010 

1 

100,000 

1 

60,000 

2 

160,000 

1 

60,000 

1 

80,800 

1 

500,000 

1 

60,006 

1 

100,000 

47 


VERMONT. 


13,175,675 


1 

100,000 

1 

100,000 

1 

75,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

150^000 

4 

600,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

75,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

75,000 

2 

200,000 

1 

100,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

150,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

100,000 

1 

100,000 

1 

50,000 

1  ' 

75,000 

1 

100,000 

1 

75,000 

1 

50,000 

1 

60,000 

31 


2,685,000 


Bethel, 
Birmingham, 
Bridgeport,  . 
Brooklyn, 
Danbury, 
Deep  River, 
East  Haddam, 
Falls  Village, 
Hartford, 
Jewett  City, 
Meriden, 
Middletown, 
Mystic, 


CONNECTICUT. 

.       1 

1 
.  4 

1 
.  1 

1 
.  1 

1 
.  7 

1 
.  1 

3 

1 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

100,000 

Boston,          .             .            .32            24,210,000 

101,490 

Abington, 

100.000 

846.800 

Andover, 

100,000 

64J400 

Attleboro', 

100,000 

98,500 

Beverly, 

125,000 

75,000 

Blackstone, 

100,000 

71,320 

Brighton, 

250,000 

106,000 

Cambridge, 

200,000 

4,697,700 

Cambridgeport, 

100,000 

44,000 

Canton,  ... 

1  00,000 

234,750 

Charlestown, 

200,000 

845,900 

Chelsea,  .            .          r-v 

150,000 

52,800 

Chickopee,    . 

150,000 

OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


715 


Towns. 

Banks. 

Capital. 

Towns. 

Banks. 

Capital. 

Concord, 

I 

100,000 

North  Kingston, 

.       2 

125.000 

Danvers, 

.       3 

450.000 

North  Providence, 

3 

269.000 

Dedham, 

1 

200,000 

Scituate, 

.       1 

40,000 

Dorchester,  . 

.       2 

200,000 

Smithfield, 

4 

234,775 

Fairhaven, 

*   1 

200,000 

Tiverton, 

.       1 

200,000 

Fall  River,   . 

.       2 

450,000 

Warren,  . 

2 

260,000 

Fitchburg, 

2 

400,000 

Warwick, 

2 

75,000 

Framingham,       ,    . 

. 

200,000 

Wakefield, 

1 

100,000 

Falmouth, 

. 

100,000 

Woonsocket, 

.       1 

100,000 

Georgetown, 

. 

100,000 

Westerly, 

3 

325,000 

Gloucester, 

. 

200,000 

— 



Greenfield,    . 

. 

350,000 

Total, 

.     69 

12,338,502 

Great  Barrington, 

100,000 

Haverhill,     . 

t 

480,000 

Hingham, 

. 

105,000 

NEW 

JERSEY. 

Holyoke,      . 

50,000 

Lawrence, 

400,000 

Belvidere,     . 

.       1 

146,880 

Lancaster,     . 

t 

150,000 

Bridgetown, 

1 

52,050 

Leicester, 

, 

100,000 

Burlington,  . 

.        1 

50,000 

Lee, 

.       1 

150,000 

Camden,  . 

1 

260,000 

Lowell,    . 

4 

1,100,000 

Dover, 

.       1 

100.000 

Lynn, 

.       2 

3CO,000 

Elizabethtown,    . 

1 

200^000 

Maiden.  . 

1 

60,000 

Medford, 

.       1 

70,000 

Marblehead, 

.       2 

220,000 

Mount  Holly,      . 

1 

100,000 

Millbury, 

1 

50,000 

Middletown  Point,  . 

.       1 

50,000 

Milford, 

.       1 

150,000 

Morristown, 

1 

50,000 

Nantucket. 

1 

200,000 

Newark, 

.       4 

1,808,650 

Newburyport, 

.       3 

510,000 

New  Brunswick, 

2 

190,340 

New  Bedford, 

4 

1,900,000 

Newton, 

.       1 

134,480 

Newton, 

.       1 

150,000 

Orange,  . 

1 

102,500 

Northampton, 

2 

400,000 

Princeton,     . 

.       1 

90,000 

North  Adams, 

.       1 

185,000 

Rahway, 

1 

130,000 

Oxford,  . 

1 

100,000 

Salem, 

.       1 

75,000 

Pittsfield,      . 

.       1 

200,000 

Somerville, 

1 

50.000 

Plymouth, 

2 

200,000 

Trenton, 

.       2 

310,000 

Quincy, 

.       1 

100,000 

Wantage, 

1 

50,000 

Randolph, 

1 

150,000 

— 



Rockport, 

.       1 

100.000 

Total, 

.     25 

4,019,900 

Roxbury, 

1 

150,000 

Salem, 

.      7 

1,750,000 

Springfield, 

5 

1,150,000 

NEW 

YORK. 

Salisbury. 

.       1 

100.000 

Southbridge, 

1 

100,000 

New  York  City, 

.     40* 

35,442,000 

Stockbridge, 

.       1 

100,000 

Adams,   . 

1 

'     50,000 

Taunton, 

3 

500,000 

Albany, 

.       6 

2,043,100 

Uxbridge, 

.       1 

100,000 

Albion,    . 

2 

275,906 

Ware,      . 

1 

200,000 

Amenia, 

.       1 

50,000 

Waltham,     . 

.       1 

100,000 

Amsterdam, 

1 

116,000 

Wareham, 

1 

100,000 

Arietta, 

.       1 

6,500 

Westfield,     . 

.       2 

200,000 

Auburn,  . 

2 

450,000 

Weymouth, 

1 

100,000 

Bainbridge,  . 

.       1 

5.000 

Worcester,    . 

.       5 

1,000,000 

Brooklyn, 

4 

1,300JOOO 

Wrentham, 

1 

150,000 

Ballston  Spa, 

.       1 

125,000 

Yarmouth,   . 

.       1 

300,000 

Batavia,  . 

3 

251,456 

Rath 

i 

i  £\n  nnn 

Total,      . 

137 

42,545,000 

Binghampton,     . 

•       i 
1 

100,000 

Brasher  Falls, 

.       1 

5,000 

Buffalo,  . 

9 

987,000 

RHODE 

ISLAND. 

Benton, 

.       1 

9,652 

Canandaigua, 

2 

200,000 

Providence,  . 

.     26 

8,798,437 

Camden, 

.       1 

120,000 

Bristol,    . 

4 

340,000 

Garmel,  . 

I 

55,600 

Ci'anston, 

.       1 

25.000 

Catskill, 

.       2 

225,000 

Coventry, 

1 

40,000 

Chester,  . 

1 

100,400 

Cumberland, 

.       3 

275,000 

Clinton, 

.       1 

50,000 

East  Greenwich, 

1 

81,960 

Clyde,      . 

1 

56,687 

Exeter, 

.       1 

21,330 

Cherry  Valley, 

.       1 

120,000 

Foster,    . 

1 

60,000 

Cooperstown, 

1 

100^000 

Gloucester,  . 

.       1 

38,000 

Corning, 

.       1 

104,500 

Newport, 
Pascong, 

7 
.       1 

680.000 
100JOOO 

Cazenovia, 
Danville, 

1 
.       1 

100.000 
150*250 

South  Kingston, 

2 

150,000 

Delhi. 

1 

149,500 

716 


BANKING  INSTITUTIONS,   COIN,  AND   CUKKENCY 


Towns. 
Dunkirk, 
Durham, 
Elmyra, 

Farmer's  Mills,  . 
Fishkill, 
Fortplain, 
Friendship,  . 
French  Creek,    . 
Fredonia, 
Genesee, 
Geneseo, 
Geneva,  . 
Goshen, 
Granby, 
Hadley, 
Half  Moon, 
Hamilton,     . 
Hartford, 
Hebron, 
Herkimer, 
Hudson, 
Huntsville, 
Ithaca, 
Jamestown, 
Johnstown,   . 
Keesville, 
Kinderhook, 
Kingston, 
Lansingburg, 
Leedsville, 
Leroy, 
Littlefalls, 
Lockport, 
Louville, 
Madrid, 
Martinsburg, 
Meridian, 
Middletown, 
Mohawk, 
Monticello, 
Naples, 
Newark, 
Newburg, 
North  Granville, 
Norwich, 
Ogdensburg, 
Oswego, 
Owego, 
Painted  Post, 
Palmyra, 
Pawling, 
Penn-Yan, 
Peekskill,      . 
Pine  Plains, 
Potsdam, 
Poughkeepsie,    . 
Prattsville,    . 
Putnam  Valley, 
Rochester,    . 
Rome,     . 
Rosendale,    . 
Sackets  Harbor, 
Sag  Harbor, 
Saratoga  Springs, 
Saugerties,    . 
Schenectady, 
Silver  Creek, 
Somers,  . 
Syracuse,      . 

Unadilla, 
Utica,      . 


Banks. 

Capital. 

Towns. 

Banks. 

Capital. 

.       1 

11,500 

Union  Ellery, 

. 

10,000 

1 

20,000 

Union  Village,  . 

, 

150,075 

.       2 

271,500 

Vernon  Village, 

. 

100,000 

1 

300,000 

Waterford, 

, 

100,000 

. 

120,000 

Waterloo,     . 

, 

200,000 

100,000 

Watertown, 

508,828 

. 

5,000 

Waterville,   . 

. 

120,000 

5,000 

Westfield, 

. 

30,000 

. 

50,000 

Whitehall,    . 

.       2 

208,200 

100,000 

Whitestown, 

1 

120,000 

. 

117,400 





400,000 

Total,      . 

218 

57,359,351 

• 

105.660 

There  are  about  26  banks,   of  small  capital, 

m 

15,000 
5,000 

amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  about  $800,000, 
not  here  enumerated. 

102,775 

51  000 

1  K.  f\f\f\ 

MARYLAND. 

1D,UU(J 

.       2 

15,000 
100,800 
313,800 

K.  r\f\f\ 

Baltimore,    . 
Annapolis, 
Chestertown, 

.     12 
1 
.       1 

7,140,316 
298,000 
100,000 

2 

1 

OjOUU 
300,000 
100,000 

Cumberland, 
Ellicott's  Mills, 
Easton,   . 

2 
.       1 

1 

282,074 
1  25,000 
271,575 

1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 

100,000 
100,000 
125,000 
300.000 
120,000 
10,000 

Frederick,    . 
Hagerstown, 
Port  Depont, 
Westminster, 
Williamsport, 

.       3 
1 
.       1 
1 
.       1 

525,430 
250.000 
50,000 
110,000 
135,000 

1 
1 

100,000 
200,000 

Total,       . 

25 

9,287,395 

4 

282,620 

1 

102,450 

WISCONSIN. 

1 

10,000 

1 

100,000 

Milwaukie,  . 

.       1 

225,000 

1 

25,000 

1 

100,000 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

1 

150,000 

2 

165.000 

Philadelphia, 

.     15 

10,518,600 

2 

14,900 

Bristol,    . 

1 

92,220 

1 

20.000 

Brownsville, 

.       1 

175,000 

4 

6821892 

Carlisle,  . 

1 

22,500 

2 

10,000 

Chambersburg, 

.       1 

205,470 

1 

120,000 

Chester,  . 

1 

155,640 

3 

210,000 

Columbia,    . 

.       1 

307,300 

2 

285,000 

Danville, 

1 

165,770 

1 

200,000 

Doylestown, 

.       1 

60,000 

1 

5,000 

Easton,  . 

2 

550,000 

1 

25,000 

Erie, 

.       1 

101,890 

1 

125,000 

Germantown, 

1 

152,500 

2 

106,800 

Gettysburg,  . 

.       1 

123,873 

1 

200,000 

Hanover, 

1 

36,000 

1 

100,000 

Harrisburg,  . 

.       2 

350,000 

1 

50,000 

Honesdale, 

1 

100,000 

3 

550,000 

Lancaster,    . 

.      4 

955,618 

1 

80,000 

Lebanon, 

1 

80,320 

1 

91,234 

Middletown, 

.       1 

100,000 

5 

930,000 

Norristown, 

1 

384,995 

2 

287,200 

Northumberland, 

.       1 

160,000 

1 

100,000 

Pittsburg, 

4 

2,418.545 

1 

200,000 

Pottsville,     . 

.       1 

199,920 

1 

20,000 

Reading, 

1 

300,360 

1 

60,000 

Schuylkill  Haven, 

.       1 

100,000 

1 

10,000 

Washington, 

1 

120.000 

2 

315,000 

Waynes  burg, 

.       1 

100,000 

1 

92,850 

Westchester, 

1 

225.000 

1 

111,150 

WUkesbarre, 

.       1 

85,330 

6 

885,000 

Williamsport,     . 

1 

100,000 

6 

1,768,000 

York, 

.       2 

320,000 

1 

100,000 

— 

5 

1,610,200 

Total, 

54 

18,766,351 

OF»  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


717 


GEORGIA. 

Towns. 

[Eleven  Banks  and  ten  Branches.    Incomplete.] 
Towns.                                  Banks.            Capital. 

Leesburg, 
Lynchburg,  . 
Morgantown, 

Augusta, 
Athens,   . 

.       7 

*   1 

3,624,900 
100,000 

Norfolk,        . 
Parkersburg, 

Columbus,    . 
Eatonton, 
Macon, 

.       1 
1 
.       2 

134,375 
100,000 
100,000 

Petersburg,  . 
Portsmouth, 
Richmond,   . 

Savannah, 

5 

2,369,940 

Romney, 

Of 

Salem, 

Staunton, 

MISSOURI. 
[One  Bank  and  five  Branches.] 

Wheeling,    . 
Wellsburg, 
Winchester, 

Bank  of  Missouri, 

St.  Louis,     1 

603,751 

Witheville, 

Fayette, 
Jackson,  . 

.      1 
1 

121,000 
121,000 

Total, 

Lexington,    . 

.      1 

121,000 

Palmyra, 

1 

121,000 

Springfield,  . 

.      1 

121,000 

Total, 

6 

1,208,751 

Delaware  City, 
Dover,     . 

Georgetown, 

Newcastle, 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Smyrna, 

Georgetown, 

.       1 

300,000 

Wilmington, 

Washington, 

3 

882,300 

Total, 

anks. 

Capital. 

1 

180,000 

2 

600,000 

1 

75,000 

2 

991,000 

1 

100,000 

3 

1,170,000 

1 

225,000 

3 

2,114,000 

1 

200,000 

1 

100,000 

1 

100,000 

2 

969.100 

1 

118,000 

2 

680,000 

1 

130.000 

38 


DELAWARE. 


Total, 


Bowling  Green, 

Covington, 

Danville, 

Frankfort, 

Flemingsburg, 

Greensburg, 

Henderson, 

Hopkinsville, 

Lexington,  . 

Louisville, 

Maysville,     . 

Mount  Sterling, 

Owensboro', 

Paducah, 

Paris, 

Princeton, 

Richmond,   . 

Russellville, 

Somerset, 

Southland, 

Total, 


Abington, 

Alexandria, 

Buchanan,    . 

Charleston, 

Charlestown, 

Charlottesville, 

Clarkesville, 

Danville, 

Fairville, 

Fredericksbnrg, 

Jeffersonville, 


1,182,300 


KENTUCKY. 


Holly  Springs, 


1 

175.000 

2 

850,000 

1 

220,000 

2 

650,000 

Mobile, 

1 

100,000 

1 

125  000 

1 

250,000 

N 

1 

250,000 

2 

1,530,000 

Asheville,     . 

3 

2,917,000 

Charlotte, 

2 

850,000 

Elizabeth  City, 

200,000 

Fayetteville, 

300,000 

Greensboro', 

100,000 

Milton,    . 

370,000 

Morganton,  . 

300,000 

Newbern, 

150,000 

Raleigh, 

400,000 

Salem,     . 

100,000 

Salisbury,      . 

300,000 

Tarboro', 

— 



Wadesboro', 

26 

10,137,000 

Washington, 
Wilmington, 

MISSISSIPPI. 


ALABAMA. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


VIRGINIA. 


Total, 


1 

100,000 

3 

657,000 

1 

105,000 

1 

150.000 

Camden, 

1 

190.000 

Charleston, 

1 

104,000 

Cheraw, 

1 

200,000 

Columbia, 

2 

190^000 

Georgetown, 

1 

150,000 

Hamburg, 

2 

550.000 

1 

66,500 

Total, 

1 

2 
2 
1 

1 
1 
1 
2 
3 

22 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

.   2 

7 
.  1 

2 
.  1 

1 


10,214,600 


50,000 
186^000 
120,000 
138,000 
100,000 
700,000 

1,294,000 


100,000 


1,800,580 


125,000 
125,000 
100,000 
885,000 
100.000 
125,000 
100,000 
375,000 
425,000 
150,000 
125,000 
150,000 
200,000 
300,000 
1,050,000 

4,305,000 


377,600 
10,935,431 
400,000 
800,000 
200,000 
500,000 


14     13,213»031 


718 


BANKING  INSTITUTIONS,   COIN,  AND  CURRENCY 


INDIANA. 

Towns. 

Clarkesville, 

Towns. 

Banks. 

Capital. 

Columbia, 

Bedford, 

.       1 

91,763 

Franklin, 

Evansvillc, 

1 

151,866 

Jackson,  . 

Fort  Wayne, 

.       1 

145,031 

Knoxville,    . 

Indianapolis, 

2 

219.900 

Lawrenceburg, 

Lafayette, 
Lawrenceburg 

.       1 
1 

187,750 
215,000 

Memphis, 
Nashville, 

Madison, 

.       1 

212,500 

Pulaski, 

Michigan  City, 

1 

120,000 

Rogersville, 

New  Albany, 
Richmond. 

.       1 
1 

163,850 
167,000 

Shelbyville,  . 
Somersville, 

Southbend,   . 

.       1 

102,340 

Sparta, 

Terre  Haute, 

1 

157,900 

Trenton, 

Vincennes,    . 

.       1 

147,200 

Total, 

Total, 

14 

2,082,151 

TENNESSEE. 

Athens, 

.       2 

249,150 

Detroit, 

Chattanooga, 

1 

100,000 

Banks. 
2 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
2 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

23 


MICHIGAN. 


Capital. 
223,931 
190,130 
200,000 
150,000 
100,000 
100,000 
400,000 
3,658,500 
200,000 
254,208 
223,931 
254,208 
223,931 
254,208 

6,782,197 


764,022 


SUMMARY  OF   THE   FOREGOING  TABLES. 

NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 


States. 

Banks. 

Maine, 

37 

New  Hampshire, 

28 

Vermont, 

31 

Massachusetts, 

137 

Rhode  Island, 

69 

Connecticut, 

47 

Total, 

349 

New  York, 

244 

New  Jersey, 

26 

Pennsylvania, 

49 

Delaware, 

6 

Maryland, 

24 

District  of  Columbia, 

4 

Total, 

353 

Virginia, 

6 

North  Carolina, 

9 

South  Carolina, 

12 

Georgia, 

11 

Total, 

38 

Alabama, 

2 

Louisiana, 

5 

Tennessee, 

4 

Kentucky, 
Missouri, 

5 
1 

Mississippi, 

1 

Total, 

18 

anc 

hes.          Capital. 

Specie. 

Circulation. 

Deposits. 

3.586,100 

630,296 

2,994,905 

1,389,137 

2,891.000 

158,000 

2,109,000 

541,000 

.  . 

2,685,000 

180,000 

3,377,000 

546,000 

.  . 

42,820.000 

2,478,858 

19.694,698 

12.969,775 

.  . 

12,358,552 

271,000 

3,077,000 

1,867,000 

13,175,675 

774,861 

6,639,834 

3,147,682 

77,516,327 

4,493,015 

38,192,437 

20,460,594 

MIDDLE  STATES. 

58.580,181 

8,978,918 

27,511,787 

54,467,682 

.  . 

3,754,900 

622,885 

3,046,658 

2,411,861 

5 

18,675,484 

4,327,394 

11,798.996 

17,689,212 

3 

1,293,185 

159,773 

833',960 

502,755 

2 

9,228,881 

2,709,699 

3,532,869 

5,838,766 

1,182,300 

300,000 

350,000 

10 

92,714,931 

17,098,669 

47,074,270 

80,910,276 

SOUTHERN  STATES. 

32 

10,214,600 

2,928,174 

11,600,000 

4,717,732 

13 

4.305,000 

4,645,028 

4,249.883 

942,098 

2 

13,213.031 

2,218,228 

11,771,270 

3,068,686 

10 

13^482,198 

2,112,446 

9,198,827 

2,580,826 

57 

41,214,829 

8,903,876 

36,819,980 

11,306,342 

SOUTH-WESTERN 

STATES. 

1,800,580 

1,998,820 

3,568,285 

1,474.263 

20 

12,370,390 

5,716,001 

5,059,229 

8.464,389 

19 

6,881,568 

1,456.778 

6,814,376 

1^917,751 

21 

10,136.927 

2,794,351 

7,643,075 

2,823,657 

5 

1,209,131 

1,198,268 

2,522,500 

1,098,981 

•  • 

100,000 

65 

32,498,596 

13,164,218 

25,607,465 

15,779,741 

OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


719 


WESTERN  STATES. 


States. 
Ohio, 
Indiana, 
Michigan, 
Wisconsin, 
Iowa, 


Total,  25 

Total  in  the  U.  S.,      782 


Banks. 

Branches. 

Capital. 

Specie. 

Circulation. 

Deposits. 

17 
1 
5 

1 

41 
13 
1 

7,624,796 
2,082,151 
764,022 
225,000 

2,749,752 
1,197,880 
125,722 

11,635,781 
3,422,445 
897,334 

5.575,162 
630,325 
416,147 

1 

200,000 

• 

• 

• 

55 

187 


10,895,969 
254,640,632 


4,073,354 
49,133,122 


15,955,560 


6,621,634 


163,649,812    135,121,587 


INCREASE    OF    BANKING    CAPITAL    TO   POPULATION  FOR  TEN 

YEARS,   SINCE   1840. 


NEW  ENGLAND   STATES. 

States.                           Population.   ^^{Jrt 

Maine,                                  583,188               16£ 
New  Hampshire,                317,999              ll| 
Vermont,'/                          314,120                "| 
Massachusetts,                    994,499               34$ 
Rhode  Island,                     147.543               35.J 
Connecticut,                       370,791             )9| 

Total,                    2,728,140 

Average  increase  of  population,  22  per  cent. 
Bank  capital,  $77,516,327,  or  $28'60  per  head. 

MIDDLE  STATES. 

New  York,                      3,097,394              27£ 
New  Jersey,                        489,535              31 
Pennsylvania,                  2,311,786               34 
Delaware,                             91,535              18£ 
Maryland,                           583,035              24 

SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

States.                          Population,    f^0/^ 

Kentucky,  9                        982,405               26 
Missouri,                              682,043               77| 
Alabama,                            771,671               3oJ 
Louisiana,                            511,974              45| 
Tennessee,                       1,002,625              21 
Mississippi,                          606,555               61<J 
Arkansas,                            209,639             115 
Texas,                                  212,592 
New  Mexico,                        61.505 

Total,                    5,041,009 

Average  increase  of  population,  35  per  cent 
Bank  capital,  $32,498,596,  or  $6-49  per  head. 

WESTERN  STATES. 

Ohio,                                  1,980,408               30-J 
Indiana,                               988,416               44 
Illinois,                                851,470               78| 
Iowa,                                    192,214            345| 
Wisconsin,                 \       305,191             890£ 
Michigan,                           397,654               87i 
Minesota  Territory,              6,077 

Total,                    6,573,285 

Average  increase  of  population,  29  per  cent. 
Bank  capital,  $92,714,931,  or$14'26  per  head. 

SOUTHERN  STATES. 

District  of  Columbia,    '      51,687              18£ 
Virginia,                           1,421,661               14£ 
North  Carolina,                 868,903              15| 
South  Carolina,                 668,507              12^ 
Georgia,                             905,999              31 
Florida,                                87,401              60 

Total,                    4,004,158 

Average  increase  of  population,  19  per  cent..' 
Bank  capital,  $41,214,829,  or  $10*30  per  head. 

Total,                    4,721,430 

Average  increase  of  population,  49  per  cent. 
Bank  capital,  $10,695,969,  or  $2*27  per  head. 

California,                           165,000 
Oregon  Territory,                13,293 
Utah  Territory,  estimated  15,000 

Total,                  23,246,301 
No  bank  capital. 

720 


BANKING  INSTITUTIONS,   COIN,  AND   CUREENCY 


PRECIOUS  METALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  total  amount  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  in  1820,  was  estimated  at  $40,000,000. 
Since  that  time,  to  June  30,  1851,  the  whole 
amount  of  importations  of  gold  and  silver  from 
abroad  has  been  ....  $273,838,764 
The  exportations  during  the  same 

period,          .        .     '   .        .        .    230,012,415 


Amount  of  silver  and  gold  of  do- 
mestic production,  other  than  that 
received  from  California, 

Amount  of  gold  and  silver  received 
from  California  since  1848,  to  De- 
cember 20,  1851, 


Erom  which  is  to  be  deducted  for 
the  amount  exported  from  July  1 
to  December  20,  ... 


Add  amount  of  silver  and  gold  in 
the  country,  by  estimate,  in  1820. 


43,826,349 


27,354,636 


92,106,123 


163,287,108 


26,549,482 


136,737,626 

40,000,000 

176,737,626 


Erom  this  sum  is  to  be  deducted  the  amount 
lost  by  abrasion,  and  used  for  manufacturing 
purposes,  for  30  years,  —  excluding  the  amount 
received  by  immigrants,  which  may  be  estimated 
at  $1.500,000  annually,  —  which  will  amount,  in 
the  aggregate,  to  $45,000,000 ;  which  sum,  de- 
ducted from  the  above,  will  leave  $131,737,626 
as  the  total  amount  of  coin  in  the  United  States 
at  the  present  time. 

The  amount  of  bullion  deposited  for  coinage 
at  the  mint  of  the  United  States  and  its  branches, 
in  the  year  1 850,  was  — 

In  gold,         .         .         .        $38,365,160 
"   silver,       .        .        .  1,939,041 


Total,          .         .  40,304,201 

The    coinage    of  the    mints    up  to   October 
1,  1851,  has  been  as  follows:  — 

In  gold,         .        .        .       $156,721,849 
"  silver,       .        .        .  77,677,885 

«  copper,     .         .        .  1,381,643 

Total,         .        .         235,781,377 
Of  this  sum,  $95,847,862  is  of  domestic  produc- 
tion, of  which  $68,493,226  is  of  the  production 
of  California  since  1848. 


COINAGE   OF   THE  UNITED   STATES   MINT  AND  ITS  BRANCHES 

FROM  1792   TO«1851. 


Years. 

Gold.  Value. 

Whole  Coinage. 

Years. 

Gold.  Value. 

Whole  Coinage. 

No.  Pieces. 

Value. 

No.  Pieces. 

Value. 

1793-5 

$71.485-00 

1,834,420 

$453,541-80 

1824 

$93,200-00 

4,786,894 

$1,858,297-00 

1796 

102.727-50 

1,219,370 

192,129-40 

1825 

156,38500 

5,178,760 

1,735,894-00 

1797 

103,422-50 

1,095,165 

125,524-29 

1826 

92,245-00 

5,774.434 

2,110,679-25 

1798 

205,610-00 

1,368,241 

545,698-00 

1827 

131,565-00 

9,097,845 

3,024,342-32 

1799 

213,285-00 

1,365,681 

645,906-68 

1828 

140,14500 

6,196,853 

1,741,381-24 

1800 

317,760-00 

3,337,972 

571,335-40 

1829 

295,717-50 

7,674,501 

2,306,875-50 

1801 

422,570-00 

1,571,390 

510,956-37 

1830 

643,10500 

8,357,191 

3,155,620-00 

1802 

423,310-00 

3,615,869 

516,075-83 

1831 

714,270-00 

11,792.284 

3,923,473-60 

1803 

258,377-50 

2,780,830 

370,698-53 

1832 

798,435-00 

9,128,387 

3,401,055-00 

1804 

258,642-50 

2,046,839 

371.827-94 

1833 

978,550-00 

10,307,790 

3,765,710-00 

1805 

170,367-50 

2,260.361 

333.23'J-48 

1834 

3,954,270-00 

11,637.643 

7,388,423:00 

1806 

324,505-00 

l,8iaf,409 

801,084-00 

1835 

2,186,175-00 

15,996,342 

5,668,667-00 

1807 

437,495-00 

2,731,345 

1,044,595-96 

1836 

4,135,700-00 

13,719,333 

7,764.900-00 

1808 

284,665-00 

2,935,888 

982,055-00 

1837 

1,148,305-00 

13,010,721 

3,299.898-00 

1809 

169,375-00 

2,861,834 

884,752-53 

1838 

,809,595-00 

15,780,311 

4,206,540-00 

1810 

501,435-00 

3,056,418 

1,155,868.50 

1839 

,355,885-00 

11,811,594 

3,576,467-61 

1811 

497,905-00 

1,649,570 

1,108,740-95 

1840 

,675,302-50 

10,558,240 

3,426,632-50 

1812 

290,435-00 

2,761,646 

1,115,219-50 

1841 

,091,597-50 

8,811,968 

2.240,321-17 

1813 

477,14000 

1,755,331 

1,102,275-50 

1842 

,834,170-50 

11,743,153 

4.190,754-40 

1814 

77,270-00 

1,833,859 

642,535-80 

1843 

8,108,797-50 

4,640,582 

11,967,830-70 

1815 

3,175-00 

69,867 

20,483-00 

1844 

2,230-00 

9,051,834 

7,687,767-52 

1816 

2,888.135 

56,785-57 

1845 

3,756^447.50 

1,806,196 

5,668,595-54 

1817 



5,163,967 

647,267-50 

1846 

4,034,177-00 

10,133,515 

6,633.965-00 

1818 

242,940-00 

5,537,084 

1,345,064-50 

1847 

20,221,385-00 

15,392,344 

22,657',671'69 

1819 

258,615-00 

5,074,723 

1,425.325-00 

1848 

3,775,512-50 

12,649,790 

5^879,720-49 

1820 

1,319,030-00 

6,492,509 

1,864,786-20 

1849 

9,007,761-50 

12,666,659 

11^164,695-82 

1821 

189.325-00 

3,139,249 

1,018,977-45 

1850 

31,981,733-50 

14,588,220 

33,892,301-00 

1822 

88,980-00 

3,813,788 

Q]  x  ^OQ'RQ 

1823 

72,425-00 

2,'l66,'485 

y  i  OjOuy  o*f 
967,975.00 

Total, 

117,330,935-00 

370,536.129 

195,074,710.92 

UNITED  STATES  GAZETTEER— PRISON  STATISTICS. 


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5  - 


CENSUS 


OF     THE 


UNITED    STATES,    1850. 


THE  following  census  returns  are  not  official ;  no  official  publication  of  the  population  returns,  except 
of  the  aggregates  of  the  states,  having  yet  been  made.  The  following  statements  have  been  obtained 
from  the  returns  of  the  marshals,  deposited,  under  the  act  of  Congress,  in  the  state  departments  of  the 
several  states.  In  several  cases,  these  returns  have  been  abstracted  and  published  by  the  authority,  of 
the  state  legislatures.  Such  has  been  the  case  in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin, and  other  states.  When  such  returns  have  been  published,  they  have  been  followed  here ;  in 
other  cases,  the  returns  have  been  obtained  by  private  enterprise  and  industry,  and  though  they  may 
probably  vary  a  little  from  the  official  returns,  when  they  are  finally  published,  that  variation  cannot  be 
material.  In  those  cases  where  the  census  has  been  published  by  towns  or  townships,  we  have  given  the 
town  or  township  returns ;  but  in  all  the  Southern,  and  some  of  the  Western  States,  the  census  has  been 
returned  only  by  counties. 


STATE  OF  MAINE. 


AROOSTOOK. 

No.  11,  E.  5, 

354 

CUMBERLAND. 

256 

No.  3,  E.  2, 

37 

Auburn,    . 

2,840 

Hodgdon, 

862 

Bancroft, 

157 

Baldwin, 

1,100 

Houlton,   . 

.  1,453 

Chrystal,   . 

.     175 

Bridgton, 

2.710 

Linneus, 

561 

Dayton, 

49 

Brunswick,    . 

4>76 

Masardis,  . 

.     122 

Hancock,  . 

.     592 

Cape  Elizabeth, 

2,082 

Monticello,    . 

227 

Haynesville,  .        . 

96 

Casco,   .... 

1  045 

New  Limerick,  . 

.     160 

Molunkus, 

.     199 

Cumberland,     . 

1,656 

Smyrna,         .        .  .      . 

172 

Salmon  Brook, 

176 

Danville, 

1,636 

Weston,    . 
Belfast  Academy  Grant, 

.     293 
259 

Van  Buren, 
Eeed,     . 

1,050 
76 

Durham,  . 
Falmouth,      . 

1,894 
2,164 

Benedicta, 

.     325 

Letter  B,  E.  1, 

.     141 

Freeport,  . 

2,629 

Bridgewater, 
Madawaska  Plantation, 
Orient  Plantation, 

143 
1,278 
207 

No.  8,  E.  5,  . 
No.  6,  E.  4,      . 
Letter  B,  E.  2,     . 

33 
.      37 
5 

Gorham, 
Gray,        .         .        . 
Harpswell,     . 

3,088 
1,788 
1,535 

Williams  College  Grant, 

.     224 

Portland  Academy 

Grant,      78 

Harrison,  . 

1,416 

No.  6,  E.  5,  . 

39 

No.  9,  E.  6,  . 

59 

Minot,    .... 

,734 

No.  7,  E.  5,      . 

.       10 

E,  E.  1,    . 

.      46 

Naples, 

,025 

No.  9,  E.  5,  . 

25 

H,  E.  2, 

203 

North  Yarmouth,  . 

,221 

Framingham  Acad'y  Grant,   31 

12,  E.  3,   . 

.       66 

New  Gloucester, 

,848 

Plymouth  Grant,  . 

252 

F,  E.  2, 

288 

Otisfield, 

,171 

Eaton  Grant,    .        : 

.     188 

Mars  Hill, 

.       29 

Poland,     . 

2,660 

G,  E.  2, 

361 

Portage  Lake, 

168 

Portland  City, 

20,819 

No.  5,  B,  3,      . 

.       34 

Deerfield  Academy 

Grant,      12 

Pownal,    . 

1,074 

A,  E.  2, 

4 

No.  12,  E.  5, 

11 

Eaymond, 

1,142 

Fort  Fair-field,  . 

.     401 

No.  17,  E.  9,    . 

.    209 

Scarboro',  . 

1,837 

Golden  Eidge, 

194 

Sebago, 

850 

No.  11,  E.  1,    . 

.     106 

12,533 

Standish,  . 

2,290 

CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITES  STATES,  1850. 


725 


Westbrook,    . 

4,852 

No.  9,    . 

22 

Nobleboro', 

1,408 

Windham, 

2,380 

No.  10,       . 

.       20 

Perkins, 

84 

Yarmouth, 

2,144 

Pond  Island, 

10 

Phipsburg, 

1,805 

Raymond  Cape, 

.       50 

Calf  Island,      . 

7 

Richmond,    . 

2,056 

.. 

Placentia  Island,  . 

13 

Rockland, 

5,052 

79,656 

Black  Island,    . 

.       25 

St.  George,    . 

2,217 

Duck  Island, 

12 

South  Thomaston,    . 

1,420 

FBANKLIN. 

Marshall's  Island,    . 

5 

Southport,     . 

543 

Avon, 

.    778 

Old  Harbor  Island, 

11 

Thomaston, 

2,723 

Carthage, 

420 

Con  way's  Island, 

.       12 

Topsham, 

2,010 

Chesterville,      , 

1,142 

Pickering's  Island, 

13 

Union, 

1,974 

Farmington,  . 

2,725 

Beech  Island,    . 

9 

Waldoboro',  . 

4,199 

Freeman,  . 

.     762 

Great  Spruce  Head  Island,     19 

Warren,     . 

2,428 

Industry, 

1,041 

Bear  Island, 

7 

Washington, 

1,756 

Jay,  .... 

1,733 

Butter  Island, 

6 

Webster,   . 

1,110 

Kingfield, 

662 

Eagle  Island,    . 

.       32 

West  Bath,    . 

560 

Madrid,     . 

.     404 

Hacketash  Island, 

12 

Westport, 

.     761 

New  Sharon, 

1,732 

Matinicus  Light  Island, 

.       11 

Whitefield,    . 

2,160 

New  Vineyard, 

.     635 

Wooden  Ball  Rock  Island,        9 

Wiscasset, 

2,343 

Phillips, 

1,673 

___ 

Woolwich,     . 

1,420 

Salem, 

.    454 

34,372 

Patricktown  Plantation, 

.     552 

Strong, 
Temple,    . 
Weld,                    .        . 

1,008 
.     785 
995 

KENNEBEC. 

Albion,     . 

1,604 

Matinicus  Isles,     . 
Monhegan  Isle, 
Muscle  Ridge  Plantation 

220 
.     103 
,        56 

Wilton,     . 
Letter  E, 

1,909 
126 

Augusta, 
Belgrade,  . 

8,227 
1,722 

Muscongus  Island,    . 
Marsh,  .... 

.       97 
20 

No.  3,  2d  Eange,  B.  P., 
No.  4,  R.  2,  B.  P., 

.       43 

8 

Benton, 
China,       . 

1,189 
2,779 

Hay  Island, 
Johns  Island, 

8 
5 

Dallas,      . 
Jackson  Plantation, 

.     458 
321 

Clinton, 
East  Livermore, 

1,743 
.     892 

Pond  Island,     . 
Otter  Island, 

1 
12 

No.  6, 

.       74 

Fayette, 

1,085 

Harbor  Island, 

8 

No.  4,    . 

139 

Gardiner,  . 
Greene, 

6,486 
1,347 

Cranberry  Island,  . 

32 

20,027 

Hallowell, 
Leeds,    .... 

4,769 
1,952 

74,803 

HANCOCK. 

Litchfield, 

2,100 

OXFORD. 

Aurora, 
Amherst, 
Bluehill,    . 
Brooklin, 

.     217 
323 
1,939 
1,002 

Monmouth,    . 
Mount  Vernon, 
Pittston, 
Readfield, 

1,925 
1,479 
2,823 
1,985 

Albany,    . 
Andover, 
Bethel, 
Brownfield,    . 

.    747 
710 
2,253 
1,320 

Brooksville, 
Bucksport,    .        .        . 
Castine,     . 

1,333 
3,381 
1,260 

Rome,   .... 
Sidney,      . 
Vassalboro', 

830 
1,955 
3,099 

Buckfield, 
Byron,  .... 
Canton,     . 

1,657 
296 
.     926 

Cranberry  Isles,    . 
Deer  Isle, 
Dedham, 
Eastbrook, 

283 
3,037 
546 
.     212 

Vienna,     . 
Wales,  .... 
Waterville, 
Wayne, 

.     851 
612 
3,965 
1,367 

Denmark, 
Dixfield,   . 
Fryeburg, 
Gilead,      . 

1,203 
1,180 
1,524 
.    359 

Eden,     . 

1,127 

Windsor,  . 

1,793 

Greenwood,  . 

1,118 

Ellsworth, 
Franklin, 
Gouldsboro', 
Greenfield,     . 

4,009 
736 
1,400 
305 

Winthrop,      . 
Winslow,  . 
Clinton  Gore, 
Albion  Gore,     . 

2,154 
1,796 
195 
.     110 

Hanover,  . 
Hartford, 
Hebron,    . 

.     366 
1,293 
.     839 
1  210 

Hancock,  . 

.     960 

1 

Livermore, 

1,764 

Mariaville, 

374 

62,524 

Lovell,  .... 

1,196 

Mount  Desert,  . 

.     777 

LINCOLN. 

93 

Orland,  . 

1,580 

Alna, 

.     916 

Mexico,         .        .        . 

481 

Otis,  .... 

.     124 

Arrowsic, 

311 

Newry, 

.     459 

Penobscot, 

1,556 

Bath  City, 

8,020 

Norway, 

1,962 

Seaville,    . 

.     139 

Boothbay,      . 

2,504 

Oxford,     . 

1,233 

Sedgwick, 

1.234 

Bowdoinham,    . 

2,381 

Paris,     .... 

2,883 

Sullivan,   . 

.     810 

Bowdoin, 

1,857 

Peru, 

1,109 

Surry,    . 

1,189 

Bremen,    . 

.     891 

Porter,  .... 

1,208 

Trenton,    . 

1,205 

Bristol, 

2,9FO 

Roxbury,  . 

.     246 

Tremont, 

1425 

Gushing,   . 

.     805 

Rumford, 

1,37§ 

Waltham,  . 

.     304 

Damariscotta, 

1,328 

Stow, 

.     471 

Swan  Island, 

423 

Dresden,    . 

1,419 

Stoneham, 

483 

Wetmore  Isle,  . 

.     405 

Edgecomb,    . 

1,231 

Sumner,    . 

1,151 

Nos.  1  and  2, 

142 

Friendship, 

.     652 

Sweden, 

696 

No.  21,      . 

.       26 

Georgetown, 

1,121 

Turner,     . 

2,537 

No.  33,  . 

51 

Jefferson,  . 

2,223 

Waterford,    . 

1,448 

Long  Island,    . 

.     152 

Lewiston, 

3,584 

Woodstock, 

1,012 

No.  7,    .        .        .        . 

109 

Lisbon, 

1,495 

Andover,  N.  Surplus,    . 

81 

No.  83 

.       17 

Newcastle, 

2,012 

Franklin  Plantation, 

.     188 

726 


CENSUS    OF  THE   UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


Fryeburg  Academy  Grant,     64 

Letter  A,  E.  7, 

.      27 

Storks,  .... 

1,446 

Hamlin's  Grant, 

.    108 

No.  8,  E.  8,    . 

8 

Skowhegan, 

1,756 

Letter  A,  No.  2,    . 

108 

No.  2,  E.  8, 

6 

Smithfield,     . 

873 

Letter  B,  . 

.     174 

No.  3,  E.  1,  N.  B.  P.,    . 

23 

Sections  on  Canada  Line 

31 

Milton  Plantation, 

166 

No.  4,  E.  1,  N.  B.  P., 

.     159 

"        on  Kennebec  Eiv.,  900 

A,  No.  1,  . 

.       60 

, 

Holden  Plantation,  . 

.       83 

No.  4,  E.  1,    . 

4 

63,094 

Long  Pond  Plantation, 

31 

No.  5,  E.  1,       . 

.       50 

Jackman  Township, 

.       12 

No.  5,  K.  2,    . 

55 

PISCATAQUIS. 

Parlin  Pond  Plantation, 

13 



Abbot, 

.     747 

Attean  Township,     . 

9 

39,866 

Atkinson, 

895 

. 

Barnard,    . 

.     181 

35,591 

PENOBSCOT. 

Bowerbank,  . 

173 

Alton, 

.     252 

Blanchard, 

.     192 

WALDO. 

Argyle, 

338 

Brownville,   . 

787 

Appleton, 

1,727 

Bangor,     . 

14,432 

Dover, 

1,927 

Belfast, 

5,052 

Bradford, 

1,296 

Elliotsville,    . 

102 

Belmont,  . 

1,486 

Bradley,    . 

.     798 

Foxcroft,  . 

1,045 

Brooks, 

1,021 

Brewer, 

2,628 

Guilford, 

834 

Burnham, 

.     784 

Burlington, 

.     481 

Greenville, 

.     326 

Camden, 

4,005 

Carmel, 

1,228 

Kilmarnock.  . 

322 

Frankfort, 

4,233 

Carroll,     . 

.     401 

Kingsbery, 

.     181 

Freedom, 

948 

Clifton, 

306 

Monson, 

654 

Hope, 

1,107 

Corinna,    . 

1,550 

Milo, 

.     932 

Islesboro', 

984 

Corinth, 

1,600 

Orneville, 

424 

Jackson/  . 

.     833 

Charleston, 

1,283 

Parkman,  . 

1,243 

Knox,    .... 

1,102 

Chester, 

339 

Sangerville,  . 

1,267 

Liberty,    . 

1,116 

Dexter, 

1,948 

Sebec,        . 

1,223 

Lincolnville, 

2,174 

Dixmont, 

1,605 

Shirley, 

250 

Monroe,    . 

1,606 

Edinburg, 

.       93 

Wellington, 

.     600 

Montville, 

1,878 

Eddington,    . 

696 

Williamsburg, 

124 

North  Haven,    . 

.     806 

Enfield,     . 

.     396 

Letter  B,  E.  10, 

4 

Northport,     . 

1,260 

Etna,     .... 

802 

No.  3,  E.  5,    . 

44 

Palermo,   . 

1,659 

Exeter,     . 

1,853 

Kineo,  Day's  Acad.  Grant,        5 

Prospect, 

2,467 

Garland, 

1.247 

Deer  Isle,  Moosehead  Lake,     5 

Searsmont, 

1,696 

Glenburn, 

.     905 

No.  2,  E.  13,      . 

1 

Searsport, 

2,207 

Greenbush,    . 

457 

No.  5,  E.  13, 

10 

Swanville, 

.     944 

Hampden, 

3,195 

No.  8,  E.  8, 

.       68 

Thorndike,     . 

1,029 

Hermon, 

1,374 

Katahden  Iron  Works, 

158 

Troy, 

1,484 

Howland, 

.     214 

No.  7,  E.  12,      . 

5 

Unity,    .... 

1,557 

Kirkland,       . 

717 

No.  9,  E.  12, 

4 

Vinalhaven, 

1,252 

Lagrange, 

.     482 

No.  5,  E.  9, 

2 

Waldo,. 

8K> 

Lee,       .... 

917 

.  , 

—  - 

Levant,     . 

1,842 

14,735 

47,229 

Lincoln, 

1,358 

Lowell, 

.     378 

SOMERSET. 

WASHINGTON. 

Mattamiscontis,     . 

54 

Anson, 

.     848 

Addison,    . 

1,152 

Maxfield,  . 

.     186 

Athens, 

1466 

Alexander,    . 

544 

Milford, 

687 

Bingham,   . 

.     752 

Baileyville, 

.     431 

Newburg, 

1,399 

Bloomfield,   . 

1.301 

Baring, 

380 

Newport, 

1,212 

Brighton,  . 

.     748 

Beddington, 

.     147 

Oldtown,  . 

3,087 

Canaan, 

1,696 

Calais,  .... 

4,750 

Orono  

9785 

Cambridge, 

.     487 

Centreville, 

.     178 

Orrington, 

1,851 

Concord, 

550 

Columbia, 

1,140 

Patten,  .... 

470 

Cornville, 

1,260 

Cooper, 

.     562 

Passadumkeag, 

.     294 

Detroit, 

517 

Charlotte, 

718 

Plymouth,     . 

925 

Embden,    . 

.     971 

Cherryfield, 

1,648 

Springfield, 

.     583 

Fair-field, 

2,452 

Crawford, 

324 

Stetson, 

885 

Harmony, 

1,107 

Cutler,      . 

.     820 

Indian  Township,  No.  2, 

.       12 

Hartland, 

960 

Dennysville,  . 

458 

No.  3,  K.  8,    .        . 

15 

Lexington, 

.     538 

East  Machias,   . 

1,904 

No.  7,  E.  4, 

.       39 

Madison, 

1,768 

Eastport, 

4,125 

No.  6,  E.3,    . 

29 

Mayfield,  . 

.     133 

Edmonds, 

.     446 

No.  7,  E.  3, 

.     161 

Mercer, 

1,186 

Harrington,  . 

963 

No.  4,  E.3,    . 

111 

Moscow,   . 

.    577 

Jonesboro', 

.    466 

East  Indian  Township, 
West  Indian  Township, 

.     193 
107 

New  Portland,      . 
Norridgewock,  . 

1,460 

1,848 

Jonesport, 
Lubec, 

826 
2,814 

No.  5,  E.  6,       . 

.     102 

North  Anson, 

1,168 

Machias,        .        . 

1,590 

No.  5,  E.  7,    . 
No.  3,  E.  6, 

6 
.       40 

Palmyra,  . 
Pittsfield,        . 

1,625 
1,166 

Machiasport,     . 
Marion, 

1,266 
207 

No.  3,  E.  7,    . 

16 

Eipley,      . 

.     641 

Marshfield, 

294 

Pattagumpus,  or  Z,  . 
Letter  A,  E.  6,     , 

.       50 
163 

Solon,    .... 
St.  Albans, 

1,419 
1,792 

Medybemps, 
Milbridge, 

187 
1,170 

CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


727 


Northfield,     . 

246 

No.  3,  R.  1, 

5 

Hollis,   . 

0  683 

Pembroke, 

1,712 

No.  18,  E.D., 

29 

Kennebunk, 

2,650 

Perry,  .... 

1,324 

No.  19,  E.D.,    . 

20 

Kennebunkport,    . 

2,706 

Princeton, 

280 

No.  21,  . 

53 

Kittery,     . 

2,706 

Robinston,     . 

1,028 

No.  11,  R.  3,     . 

.       42 

Lebanon, 

2,208 

Steuben,    . 

1,122 

No.  1,  R.  4,   . 

14 

Limerick,  . 

1,473 

Topsfield,       . 

2C8 

No.  1,  R.  3,       . 

.       23 

Limington,    . 

2,116 

Trescott,   . 
Wesley, 

782 
329 

No.  7,  R.  2,   . 
No.26,E.D.,    . 

61 
8 

Lvman, 

Newfield, 

1,376 
1,418 

WThiting,  . 

470 

No.  29,  . 

18 

North  Berwick, 

1.593 

Whitneyville, 

519 

No.  31,      . 

.       46 

Parsonsfield, 

2,322 

Andsburg, 

126 

;  — 

Saco, 

5,794 

Codyville  Plantation,      . 
Danforth, 
Tallmadge,    . 
Waite  Plantation, 

No.  14 

47 
168 
48 
81 

1  pry 

YORK. 

Acton, 
Alfred,  . 
Berwick,   . 

38,711 

1,359 
.      1,319 
2,121 

Shapleigh,     . 
Sanford,    . 
South  Berwick, 
Waterboro', 
Wells,  . 

1,348 
2,330 
2,592 
1,989 
2,945 

No   1    R  9 

ioT 

Biddeford,     . 

.      6,095 

York,        .        . 

2,980 

*•>  v»    1  ,  Xv.   £.          t              i 

No   1    T?    i 

i  n 

Buxton,     . 

2,995 

Isle  of  Shoals, 

29 

i-NO.   ij   XV.    1,      .               .              . 

No.  9,  R.  3,       . 

IO 

87 

Cornish, 

.      1,144 

No.  9,  R.  4,   . 

59    J"UOt'         '        '        ' 

1,803 

60,094 

STATE   OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

ROCEJNGHAM. 

Madbury, 

484 

Chichester,    . 

997 

Atkinson,  . 

.     600 

Middleton, 

.    476 

Concord,   . 

8,584 

Auburn, 

810 

Milton,  . 

.      1,619 

Dunbarton,    . 

915 

Brentwood, 

.     923 

New  Durham,   . 

1,048 

Epsom, 

1,365 

Candia, 

1,482 

Rochester, 

.      3,006 

Franklin, 

1,251 

Chester,    . 

1,301 

Rollinsford, 

1,862 

Henniker, 

1,690 

Danville, 

614 

Somersworth, 

.      4,943 

'Hooksett, 

1,503 

Deerfield,  . 

2,022 

Strafford,  . 

1,920 

Hopkinton, 

2,169 

Derry,    .... 

1,850 

. 

Loudon, 

1,553 

East  Kingston, 

.     532 

29,359 

Newbury,  . 

.     738 

Epping, 

1,663 

New  London, 

945 

Exeter,      . 

3,329 

BELKNAP. 

Northfield, 

1,332 

Gossport, 

103 

Alton, 

1,795 

Pembroke, 

1,732 

Greenland, 

.     739 

Barnstead, 

.      1,848 

Pittsfield,  . 

1,82S 

Hampstead,  . 
Hampton, 

789 
1,197 

Centre  Harbor, 
Gilford, 

.     544 
.      2,425 

Salisbury,      . 
Sutton, 

1,228 
1,387 

Hampton  Falls,    . 
Kensington, 

640 
.     700 

Gilmanton, 
Meredith,       . 

3,282 
.      3,521 

Warner, 
Wilmot,    . 

2,038 
1,272 

Kingston, 

1,192 

New  Hampton, 

1,612 

^_____ 

Londonderry,    . 

1,731 

Sanbornton,  . 

.      2,695 

40,346 

New  Castle,  . 

891 

—  —  — 

New  Market,    . 

1,639 

17,722 

HILLSBORO'. 

Newton, 

585 

Amherst,  . 

1,613 

Newington, 

.    472 

CARROLL. 

Antrim, 

1,143 

North  Hampton,    . 

822 

Albany, 

.    455 

Bedford,    . 

1,906 

Northwood, 

1,308 

Brooktield,    . 

552 

Bennington,  . 

541 

Nottingham,  . 

1,268 

Chatham,  . 

.     516 

Brookline, 

.     718 

Plaistow,  . 

.     748 

Conway, 

.      1,769 

Deering, 

890 

Poplin,  .... 

509 

Eaton, 

1,751 

Francestown,    . 

1,114 

Portsmouth, 

9,739 

Effingham,    . 

.      1,252 

Goffstown,    . 

2,270 

Raymond, 

1,256 

Freedom,  . 

.     910 

Greenfield, 

.     716 

Rye,. 

1,296 

Moultonboro', 

.      1,748 

Hancock, 

1,012 

Salem,  .... 

1  555 

Ossipee,    . 

2,122 

Hillsboro', 

1  685 

Sandown, 

.     566 

Sandwich, 

.      2,577 

Hollis,    .        .        .   '     . 

1J293 

Seabrook, 

1,296 

Tamworth, 

1,766 

Hudson,    . 

1,312 

South  Hampton, 

.     472 

Tuftonboro',  . 

.      1,305 

Litchfield,      . 

447 

South  Newmarket, 

516 

Wakefield, 

1,405 

Lyndeboro', 

.    968 

Stratham,  . 

.     843 

Wolfboro',    . 

.      2,038 

Manchester,  . 

13,923 

Windham,     . 

818 



Mason, 

1,226 



20,166 

Merrimac, 

1,250 

49,216 

Milford,    . 

2,159 

MERRIMAC. 

Mont  Vernon, 

722 

STRAFFORD. 

Allenstown,   . 

526 

Nashua,     . 

5,820 

Barrington, 

1,754 

Andover,  . 

1,220 

Nashville, 

3,122 

Dover,  .... 

8,186 

Bradford,       . 

.      1,341 

New  Ipswich,    . 

1,877 

Durham,   . 

1,499 

Bow, 

1,055 

New  Boston, 

1,476 

Fannington,  . 

1,699 

Boscawen,     . 

.      2,063 

Pelham,     . 

1,071 

Lee,.        .        .        . 

.     863 

Canterbury, 

1,614 

Peterboro',    . 

2,229 

728 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


Sharon,     . 

226 

Langdon, 

575 

Plymouth, 

1,290 

Temple, 

579 

Lempster, 

906 

Rumney, 

.      1,109 

Weare, 

2,436 

Newport, 

.      2,020 

Thornton, 

1,012 

Wilton, 

1,161 

Plainfield, 

1,392 

Warren, 

872 

Windsor,  . 

172 

Springfield,    . 

.      1,270 

Waterville, 

40 

—  

Sunapee,  . 

787 

Wentworth,  . 

.      1,197 

57,080 

Unity,    . 

961 

Woodstock, 

418 

Washington,     . 

1,054 

. 

CHESHIRE. 

JO  Qfil 

Alstead,    . 

1,425 

19,376 

%4»y2O* 

Chesterfield,  . 

1,680 

COOS. 

Dublin,      . 

1,088 

GRAFTON. 

Bartlett,    . 

761 

Fitzwilliam,  . 

1,482 

Alexandria, 

1,273 

Berlin,  . 

173 

Gilsum,     . 

666 

Bath,     . 

.      1,514 

Cambridge, 

33 

Hinsdale, 

1,903 

Benton, 

478 

Carroll, 

299 

Jaffrey,     . 

1,497 

Bethlehem,    . 

950 

Clarksville, 

187 

Keene,   .... 

3,392 

Bridgewater,     . 

664 

Colebrook,     . 

908 

Marlboro', 

886 

Bristol,  . 

.      1,103 

Columbia, 

762 

Marlow, 

708 

Campton,  . 

1,439 

Dalton,  . 

750 

Nelson, 

751 

Canaan, 

.      1,683 

Dixville,    . 

8 

Richmond,     . 

1,128 

D  anbury,  . 

934 

Dummer, 

171 

Rindge,     . 

1,274 

Dorchester,'  . 

711 

Errol, 

138 

Roxbury, 

260 

Ellsworth, 

320 

Gorham, 

224 

Stoddard, 

1,105 

Enfield,  . 

.      1,742 

Hart's  Location, 

Sullivan, 

468 

Franconia, 

584 

Jackson, 

589 

Surry, 

556 

Grafton, 

.      1,259 

Jefferson,  . 

629 

Swanzey, 

2,106 

Groton, 

776 

Kilkenny, 

. 

Troy, 

759 

Hanover, 

.      2,352 

Lancaster, 

1,559 

Walpole, 

2,034 

Haverhill, 

2.405 

Milan,    . 

493 

Westmoreland, 

1,677 

Hebron, 

'565 

Millsfield, 

2 

Winchester,  . 

3,296 

Hill,  .... 

951 

Northumberland,   . 

429 

Holderness,    . 

.      1,744 

Pittsburg,  . 

425 

30,141 

Landaff,     . 

948 

Randolph, 

113 

Lebanon, 

.      2,136 

Stark, 

418 

SULLIVAN. 

Lisbon, 

1,882 

Stratford, 

552 

Acworth,  . 

1,251 

Lincoln, 

57 

Shelburne, 

480 

Charlestown, 

1,644 

Littleton,  . 

2,008 

Stewartstown, 

747 

Claremont, 

3,606 

Lyman,  . 

.      1,442 

Success,    . 

Cornish, 

1,606 

Lyme, 

1,618 

Whitefield,    . 

857 

Croydon,  . 

861 

Orange, 

451 

_^—  .  . 

Goshen, 

659 

Orford,      . 

1,406 

11,707 

Grantham, 

784    Pierpoint, 

948 

STATE  OF  VERMONT. 

BENNINGTON 

Grafton. 

.      1,241     Danbv.  . 

.      1,535 

Arlington,   .    . 

1,084 

Guilford,   . 

1,329 

Fairhaven, 

902 

Bennington,  . 

3,923 

Halifax, 

.      1,133 

Hubbarton,    . 

701 

Dorset,      . 

1,700 

Jamaica,   . 

1,606 

Ira,    .... 

400 

Glastenbury, 
Landgrove, 

52 
337 

Londonderry, 
Marlboro', 

.      1,274 

896 

Mendon, 
Middletown, 

504 
875 

Manchester,  . 

1,782 

Newfane, 

.      1,304 

Mount  Holly, 

.      1,534 

Peru, 

567 

Putn'ey,      . 

1,425 

Mount  Tabor,  . 

308 

Pownal, 

1,742 

Rockingham. 

.      2,837 

Pawlet,  . 

.      1,843 

Readsboro', 

857 

Somerset,  . 

321 

Pittsfield,  . 

512 

Rupert, 

1,101 

Stratton, 

286 

Pittsford, 

.      2,026 

Sandgate,  . 
Searsburg, 

850 
201 

Townshend, 
Vernon, 

1  ,354 
821 

Poultney,  . 
Rutland, 

2,329 
.      3,715 

Shaftesbury, 

1,896 

Wardsboro',       . 

1,125 

Sherburne, 

578 

Stamford, 
Sunderland, 
Winhall, 

833 
479 
762 

Westminster, 
Whitingham,    . 
Wilmington,  . 

.      1,721 
1,380 
.      1,372 

Shrewsbury,  . 
Sudbury,   . 
Tinmouth, 

.      1,268 
794 
717 

Woodford, 

423 

Windham, 

763 

Wallingford,     . 

1,688 

— 



Wells,    . 

804 

18,589 

29,062 

West  Haven,    . 

718 

WINDHAM. 

RUTLAND. 

33,059 

Athens, 

359 

Benson,     . 

1,305 

Brattleboro', 

3,816 

Brandon, 

.      2,835 

WINDSOR. 

Brookline, 

285 

Castleton, 

3,016 

Andover,  . 

.     725 

Dover,  .... 

709 

Chittenden,  . 

675 

Baltimore, 

124 

Dummerston,    . 

1,645 

Clarendon, 

1,477 

Barnard,   . 

1,647 

CENSUS  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


729 


Bethel,  . 

1,730     Burlington, 

7,505 

Highgate, 

2,653 

Bridge  water, 

1,311 

Charlotte, 

1,634 

Montgomery,    . 

1,001 

Cavendish,     . 

1,576 

Colchester, 

2,575 

Richford, 

1,074 

Chester,     . 

2,001 

Essex,    .... 

2,032 

Sheldon,    . 

1,814 

Hartford, 

2,159 

Hinesburg, 

1,834 

St.  Albans,    . 

3,567 

Hartland,  . 

2,063 

Huntington,  . 

885 

Swanton,  . 

2,824 

Ludlow                          t 

1,619 

Jericho 

1  837 

Norwich,   . 

1,978 

Milton,  .... 

2J451 

28,586 

Plymouth,      . 

1,226 

Richmond, 

1,453 

Pomfret,    . 

1,546 

Shelburne, 

1,257 

LAHOILLE. 

Reading, 
Rochester, 
Royalton, 
Sharon, 

01            •              /»      1  J 

1,171 
1,493 
1,850 
1,240 

St.  George, 
Underbill,      . 
Westford, 
Williston,      . 

147 

1,599 
1,458 
1,669 

Belvidere, 
Cambridge,   . 
Eden, 
Elmore, 

256 
1,849 
668 
504 

Springfield,    .        . 
Stockbridge,      . 
Weathersfield, 
Weston,    . 
West  Windsor,      . 

2,762 
1,327 
1,851 
950 
1,002 

WASHINGTON. 
Barre, 

29,036 
1,835 

Hydepark, 
Johnson, 
Morristown, 
Sterling, 
Stowe 

1,107 
1,381 
1,141 
233 
1  771 

Windsor,  . 
Woodstock,   . 

1,928 
3,041 

Berlin,  .... 
Calais, 

1,507 
1,410 

O^  K 

Water'viUe',    .   '     .   '     . 
Wolcott,    . 

i,f  /i 
753 
909 

38,320 

JLJuxoury^      •        •        • 
East  Montpelier, 

O*rO 

1,447 

10  872 

ADDISON. 

Fayston, 

684 

il/,O«  £> 

Addison,   . 
Bridport, 
Bristol,      . 
Cornwall, 
Ferrisburg, 
Goshen, 
Granville,  . 
Hancock, 
Leicester,  . 
Lincoln, 
Middlebury, 
Monkton, 
New  Haven, 

1,279 
1,393 
1,344 
1,155 
2,075 
486 
603 
430 
596 
1,057 
3,517 
1,246 
1,663 

Marshfield, 
Middlesex,    . 
Montpelier, 
Moretown,     . 
Northfield, 
Plainfield,      . 
Roxbury, 
Waitsfield,     . 
Warren,    . 
Waterbury,    . 
Woodbury, 
Worcester,    . 

1,102 
1,365 
2,310 
1,335 
2,922 
808 
967 
1,021 
962 
2,352 
1,070 
702 

ORLEANS. 

Albany,     . 
Barton,  . 
Brownington,    . 
Charleston,    . 
Coventry, 
Craftsburg,    . 
Derby,      . 
Glover,  . 
Greensboro',      . 
Holland, 
Irasburg,  . 
Jay,        . 

1,051 
'987 
613 
1,008 
867 
1,223 
1,750 
1,137 
1,008 
669 
1,034 
371 

Orwell,  .... 

1,470 

24,654 

Lowell, 

637 

Panton,      . 
Ripton, 
Salisbury, 
Shoreham,     . 
Starksboro', 
Vergennes,    . 
Waltham 

559 
567 
1,027 
1,601 
1,400 
1,378 

97O 

CALEDONIA. 

Barnet,      . 
Bradley  Vale. 
Burke,      .     '  . 
Cabot,    .... 
Danville,  . 

2,521 
107 
1,103 
1,356 
2,577 

Morgan, 
Newport,  . 
Salem,  .... 
Troy, 
Westfield,      . 
Westmore, 

486 
748 
455 
1,008 
502 
152 

Weybridge,    . 
Whiting,  . 

2fif  U 

804 
629 

Gos.  Gore  by  Wheelock       'l83 
Goshen  Gore  by  Plainfield,    32 
Groton,          ...        895 

15,707 

OC   K.A  Q 

Hardwick, 

1,402 

ESSEX. 

20,049 

Harris's  Gore, 

8 

Averill,     . 

7 

ORANGE. 

Kirby,                        .    ' 

514 

Bloomfield,    . 

244 

Bradford,  . 

1,723 

Lyndon, 

1,752 

Brighton,  . 

193 

Braintree,      . 

1,228 

Newark,    . 

434 

Brunswick,    . 

119 

Brookfield, 

1,672 

Peacham, 

1,377 

Canaan,    . 

471 

Chelsea, 

1,958 

Ryegate,    ... 

1,606 

Concord, 

1,152 

Corinth,    . 

1,906 

Sheffield, 

797 

East  Haven, 

94 

Fairlee,          .        .        . 
Newbury,  . 

575 
2,984 

St.  Johnsbury,  . 
Sutton,  .... 

2,758 
1,001 

Granby, 
Guildhall, 

127 
501 

Orange, 
Randolph, 

1,007 
2,666 

Walden,    . 
Waterford,    . 

910 
1,412 

Lemington,    . 
Lunenburg, 

187 
1,124 

Strafford, 

1,546 

Wheelock, 

855 

Maidstone,     . 

237 

Thetford,  . 

2,010 

Victory,    . 

168 

Topshara, 

1,668 

23,600 

Wenlock,      . 

26 

Tunbridge, 

1,786 

. 

Vershire, 

1,071 

FRANKLIN. 

4,650 

Washington,     . 

1,348 

Avery's  Gore,    . 

48 

West  Fairlee, 

696 

Bakersfield,  . 

1,523 

GRAND  ISLE. 

Williamstown,  . 

1,452 

Berkshire, 

1,955 

Alburg,     . 

1,568 



Enosbnrg,      . 

2,009 

Grand  Isle,    . 

666 

27,296 

Fairfax,    .        .        .     ' 

2,111 

Isle  La  Mott,    . 

476 

Fair-field, 

2,591 

North  Hero, 

730 

CHITTENDEN. 

Fletcher,  . 

1,084 

South  Hero,      . 

705 

Avery's  and  Bud's  Gore 

18 

Franklin, 

1.646 

Bolton,  .... 

602 

Georgia,    . 

2,686 

4,14* 

92 

730 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1850. 


STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


SUFFOLK. 

Pepperell, 

.     1,754 

Sturbridge,    . 

2,U9 

Boston,     . 

136,884 

Beading,  . 

3,108 

Sutton, 

2,595 

Chelsea, 

.      6,701 

Sherburne, 

.      1,043 

Templeton,    . 

2,173 

North  Chelsea, 

935 

Shirley,     . 

1,158 

Upton, 

2,023 



Somerville,    . 

.      3,540 

Uxbridge,      . 

2,457 

144,520 

South  Reading, 

2,407 

Warren,    . 

1,776 

ESSEX. 

Stoneham, 

.      2,085 

Webster, 

2,371 

Ainesbury, 
Andover, 

3,143 
.      6,945 

Stow, 
Sudbury, 

1,455 
.      1,578 

Westboro' 
West  Boylston,     . 

2,376 
1,749 

Beverly,    . 

5,376 

Tewksbury, 

1,042 

West  Brookfield,      . 

1,344 

Boxford, 

982 

Townsend,     . 

.      1,947 

Westminster, 

1,916 

Bradford, 

1,328 

Tyngsboro', 

799 

Winchendon,    . 

2,445 

Danvers, 

.      8,110 

Waltham, 

.      4,464 

Worcester,     . 

17,059 

Essex, 

1,585 

Watertown, 

2,837 



Georgetown, 

.      2,052 

Wayland, 

.      1,115 

30,817 

Gloucester, 

7,805 

West  Cambridge,      . 

2,202 

Groveland,    . 

.      1,286 

Westford,      . 

.      1,473 

HAMPSHIRE. 

Hamilton, 

889 

Weston,    . 

1,205 

Amherst,  . 

3,052 

Haverhill,      . 

.      5,877 

Wilmington, 

876 

Belchertown, 

2,680 

Ipswich,    . 

3,349 

Winchester, 

1,353 

Chesterfield,      . 

1,014 

Lawrence, 

.      8,283 

Woburn, 

.      3,954 

Cummington, 

1,172 

Lynn, 

14,257 



Easthampton,   . 

1,342 

Lynnfield, 

.      1,723 

161,385 

Enfield, 

1,936 

Manchester, 

1,638 

Goshen,    . 

512 

Marblehead,  . 

.      6,167 

WORCESTER. 

Granby, 

1,095 

Methuen,  . 

2,543 

Ashburnham,    . 

1,875 

Greenwich, 

838 

Middleton,    . 

832 

Athol,    . 

.      2,033 

Hadley, 

1,986 

Newbury, 

4,426 

Auburn,    . 

879 

Hatfield,    . 

1,073 

Newburyport, 

.      9,572 

Barre,    . 

.      2,976 

Middlefield,  . 

737 

Rockport, 

3,255 

Berlin,      . 

866 

Northampton,    . 

5,278 

1  075 

Blackstone,    . 

.     4,391 

Norwich, 

756 

Salem, 

20,263 

Bolton,      . 

1,263 

Pelham,    . 

983 

Salisbury, 

.      3,100 

Boylston, 

918 

Plainfield,      . 

814 

Saugus,     . 

1,552 

Brookfield, 

1,673 

Prescott,    . 

737 

Topsfield,      . 

.      1,171 

Charlton, 

.      2,015 

South  Hadley, 

2,491 

Wenham, 

977 

Clinton,    . 

3,113 

Southampton,   . 

1,060 

West  Newbury,     . 

.      1,746 

Dana,    . 

842 

Ware,    .... 

3,785 

Douglass,  . 

1,878 

Westhampton,  . 

602 

131,307 

Dudley, 

1  446 

William  sburg, 

1,537 

Fitchburg, 

5,120 

Worthington,    . 

*  )****  • 

1,134 

MIDDLESEX. 

Gardner, 

.      1,533 

___^_ 

Acton, 

1,605 

Grafton,     . 

3,925 

35,714 

Ashby,  , 

.      1,218 

Hardwick, 

.      1,631 

Ashland,  . 

1,304 

Harvard,    . 

1,630 

HAMPDEN. 

Bedford, 

975 

Holden, 

.      1,933 

Blandford, 

1,418 

Billerica,   . 

1,646 

Hubbardston,    . 

1,825 

Brimfield,      . 

1,421 

Boxboro', 

396 

Lancaster, 

.      1,688 

Chester,    . 

1,521 

Brighton, 

2,356 

Leicester,  . 

2,269 

Chicopee, 

8,291 

Burlington,   . 

547 

Leominster,   . 

.      3,121 

Granville, 

1,305 

Cambridge, 

15,215 

Lunenburg, 

1,249 

Holland, 

449 

Carlisle, 

719 

Mendon, 

.      1,301 

Holyoke,  . 

3,245 

Charlestown,    . 

17,216 

Milford,     . 

4,819 

Longmeadow, 

1,252 

Chelmsford,  . 

.      2,098 

Millbury, 

.      3,081 

Ludlow,    .     •   . 

1,186 

Concord,  . 

2,249 

New  Brain  tree, 

852 

Monson, 

2,831 

Dracut, 
Dunstable, 

.      3,503 
590 

Northborp',    . 
Northbridge,     . 

.      1,535 
2,229 

Montgomery,    . 
Palmer, 

38? 
3,974 

Framingham, 

.     4,235 

North  Brookfield,  . 

.      1,939 

Russell,     . 

52i 

Groton, 

2,515 

Oakham,  . 

1,137 

Southwick,     . 

1,120 

Holliston, 

.      2,428 

Oxford, 

.      2,380 

Springfield, 

11,766 

Hopkinton, 

2,801 

Paxton,     . 

890 

Tolland, 

594 

Lexington,    . 

.      1,894 

Petersham,    .        * 

.      1,527 

Wales,       . 

711 

Lincoln,    . 

632 

Phillipston, 

1  809 

Westfield,      . 

4,181 

Littleton, 

991 

Princeton, 

.      1,318 

West  Springfield,      . 

2,979 

Lowell,      . 

33,385 

Royalston, 

1,546 

Wilbraham,   . 

2,127 

Maiden 

3  520 

T?  titlart  /I 

1  99*3 

Marlboro', 

2,'941 

1  1  tltlfllKlj              •             • 

Shrewsbury, 

•        1  ,*i-if> 

1,598 

51,285 

Medford, 

.     3,749 

Southboro',    . 

.      1,347 

Melrose,    . 

1,260 

Southbridge, 

2,824 

FRANKLIN. 

Natick,  . 

.      2,744 

Spencer, 

.      2,243 

Ashfield,    . 

1,394 

Newton,    . 

5,258 

Sterling,    .        .        . 

1,800 

Bernardston, 

937 

CENSUS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES,  1850. 


731 


Buckland, 
Charlemont, 

1,056 
1,173 

Tyringham,  . 
Washington, 

821 
953 

South  Scituate,      . 
Wareham, 

1,770 
3,186 

Coleraine, 
Conway. 

1,785 
1,831 

West  Stockbridge, 
William  stown,  . 

.      1,713 
2,626 

West  Bridgewater, 

1,447 

Deerfield, 

2,424 

Windsor, 

899 

55,699 

Erving. 

449 

Gill,          ... 

754 

49,596 

BRISTOL. 

Greenfield,    . 

2,580 

Attleboro', 

4,200 

Hawley,     . 

881 

NORFOLK. 

Berkley, 

908 

Heath,    .        .        . 

803 

Bellingham, 

1,281 

Dartmouth, 

3,868 

Leverett,   . 

948 

Brain  tree, 

.      2,969 

Dighton, 

1,641 

Leyden, 

716 

Brookline, 

2,516 

Easton,      . 

2,337 

Munroe, 

254 

Canton, 

.      2,598 

Fairhaven, 

4,304 

Montague, 

1,518 

Cohasset,  . 

1,775 

Fall  River, 

11,522 

New  Salem, 

1,253 

Dedham, 

.      4,447 

Freetown, 

1,015 

Northfield,     . 

1,772 

Dorchester, 

7,968 

Mansfield, 

1,789 

Orange,     . 

1,700 

Dover,  . 

631 

New  Bedford, 

16,464 

Rowe,    .... 

659 

Foxboro', 

1,880 

Norton, 

1,967 

Shelburne, 

1,239 

Franklin, 

.      1.818 

Pawtucket,    . 

3,753 

Shutesbury,   . 

912 

Medfield,  . 

966 

Raynham, 

1,541 

Sunderland, 

792 

Medway, 

.      2,778 

Rehoboth,      . 

2,103 

Warwick, 

1,021 

Milton,      . 

2,241 

Seekonk,   . 

2,244 

Wendell,  . 

920 

Needham, 

.      1,944 

Somerset, 

1,166 

Whately, 

1,101 

Quincy, 

5,017 

Swanzey,  . 

1,554 

Randolph, 

.      4,741 

Taunton, 

10,431 

30,869 

Roxbury,  . 

18,373 

Westport, 

2,795 

Sharon, 

.      1,128 

i 

BERKSHIRE. 

Stoughton, 

3,594 

76,207 

Adams, 

6,172 

Walpole,        . 

.      1,929 

BARNSTABLE. 

Alford,  .... 
Becket,      . 
Boston  Corner, 
Cheshire,  . 
Clarksburg,    . 

502 
1,223 
73 
1,297 
384 

West  Roxbury,  (incor. 
Weymouth, 
Wrentham,    . 

1851.) 
5,369 
.      3,037 

79,000 

Barnstable, 
Brewster, 
Chatham, 
Dennis, 
Eastham, 

4,902 
1,526 
2,440 
3,257 
845 

Dalton,     . 
Egremont, 

1,029 
1,013 

PLYMOUTH. 

Falmouth, 
Harwich 

2,519 
3  258 

Florida,     . 
Great  Barrington, 
Hancock,  . 
Hinsdale, 
Lanesboro', 
Lee,        .... 

561 
3,263 
789 
1,253 
1,226, 
3,220 

Abington, 
Bridgewater, 
Carver, 
Duxbury, 
East  Bridgewater,     . 
Halifax, 

5,269 
.      2,790 
1,186 
.      2,679 
2,545 
784 

Orleans, 
Provincetown,  . 
Sandwich, 
Truro, 
Wellfleet,      . 
Yarmouth 

1^848 
3,157 
4,368 
2,051 
2,411 
2  595 

Lenox, 
Monterey,       ... 

1,599 
761 

Hanover,  . 
Hanson, 

1,592 
.      1,217 

Marshpee  District, 

'l02 

Mount  Washington,  . 

351 

Hingham, 

3,980 

QK  97Q 

New  Ashford, 

186 

Hull,      . 

253 

OU,Z*  y 

New  Marlboro', 

1,847 

Kingston, 

1,591 

NANTUCKET. 

Otis,       .... 

1,224 

Marshfield,    . 

.      1,837 

Nantucket, 

8,452 

Peru, 

519 

Middleboro',      . 

5,336 

Pittsfield, 

5,872 

North  Bridgewater, 

.      3,940 

DUKES. 

Richmond, 

1,649 

Pembroke, 

1,388 

Chilmark, 

747 

Sandisfield,    . 

907 

Plymouth, 

.      6,025 

Tisbury, 

1,803 

Savoy, 

955 

Plimpton, 

927 

Edgartown, 

1,990 

Sheffield, 

2,769 

Rochester,     . 

.      3,808 

- 

Stockbridge,      . 

1,940     Scituate,    . 

2,149 

4,540 

STATE   OF   RHODE 

ISLAND. 

BRISTOL. 

Barrington, 

795 

South  Kingstown, 
Westerly, 

.     3,802 
2,766 

Providence,  . 
Scituate,    . 

41,513 
4,582 

Bristol, 

4,616 

.  

Smithfield,     . 

11,500 

Warren,     . 

3,103 

16,430 

87,528 

8,514 

PROVIDENCE. 

Burrilville, 

3,538 

KENT. 

WASHINGTON. 

Cranston, 

4,312 

Coventry,  . 

3,620 

Charlestown,     . 

994 

Cumberland,     . 

6,662 

East  Greenwich,    . 

2,358 

Exeter, 

1,635 

Foster,  . 

1,932 

Warwick, 

7,740 

Hopkinton, 
North  Kingstown, 

2,478 
2,971 

Gloucester, 
Johnston, 

2,872 
2,937 

West  Greenwich,  . 

1,350 

Richmond, 

1,784 

North  Providence,    . 

7,680 

15,068 

732 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


NEWPORT. 

Middletown,      . 

832 

Portsmouth,  . 

1,833 

Jamestown, 

358 

Newport, 

9,563 

Tiverton,     '      . 

4,699 

Little  Compton,    . 

1,462 

New  Shoreham, 

1,262 



20,009 

STATE   OF   CONNECTICUT. 

HARTFORD. 

Colchester,    . 

2,468     Sharon. 

2,517 

Hartford, 
Avon,        .        . 

17,966 
995 

East  Lyme, 
Franklin, 

1,382 
895 

Torrington, 
Warren, 

1,916 
831 

Berlin,  .... 

1,869 

Griswold, 

2,065 

Washington, 

1,802 

Bloomfield, 

1,413 

Groton, 

3,742 

Water  town,  . 

1,533 

Bristol, 

2,884 

Lebanon,  . 

1,901 

Winchester, 

2,179 

Burlington, 

1,161 

Ledyard, 

1,588 

Woodbury,    . 

2,150 

Canton, 

1,986 

Lisbon, 

937 



East  Hartford,  . 

2,497 

Lyme,    .... 

2,668 

45,287 

East  Windsor, 

2,633 

Montville,         .     '  . 

1,848 

Enfield,     . 

4,460 

North  Stonington, 

1,937 

WINDHAM. 

Farmington,  . 

2,630 

Preston,    . 

1,805 

Brooklyn, 

1,515 

Glastenbury, 

3,390 

Salem,  .... 

760 

Ashford, 

1,296 

Granby, 

2,498 

Stonington, 

5,434 

Canterbury, 

1,669 

Hartland,  . 

848 

Waterford,     . 

2,262 

Chaplin, 

799 

Manchester,  . 

2,546 



Eastford, 

1,128 

Marlboro', 

832 

51,826 

Hampton, 

928 

New  Britain, 

3,023 

Killingly,  .        .        . 

4,545 

Rocky  Hill,       .    ,    . 
Simsbury, 

1,042 
2,737 

FAIRFIELD. 

Fail-field,  . 

3,618 

Plainfield,      . 
Pomfret,    . 

2,730 
1,849 

Southington,     . 

2,135 

Danbury, 

5,964 

Sterling, 

1,025 

South  Windsor,    . 
Suffield,    . 

1,638 
2,962 

Bridgeport, 
Brookfield,    . 

7,558 
1,360 

Thompson, 
Voluntown,   . 

4,638 
1,064 

Wethersfield, 

2,523 

Darien,     . 

1,454 

Windham, 

4,636 

Windsor,  . 

3,254 

Easton, 

1,432 

Woodstock,  . 

3,380 



Greenwich, 

5,040 

—_  _ 

69,922 

Huntington,  . 

1,301 

31,202 

Monroe,    . 

1,440 

NEW  HAVEN. 

New  Canaan, 

2,601 

MIDDLESEX. 

New  Haven,  . 

22,529 

New  Fairfield,  . 

927 

Middletown,      . 

8.791 

Bethany,   . 

914 

Newtown, 

3,358 

Haddam,  . 

2',284 

Branford, 

1,425 

Norwalk, 

4,651 

Chatham,      . 

1,531 

Cheshire,  . 

1,627 

Redding, 

1,754 

Chester, 

992 

Derby,   .... 

3,824 

Ridgefield, 

2,237 

Clinton, 

1,344 

East  Haven, 

1,673 

Sherman, 

984 

Cromwell, 

Guilford, 

2,650 

Stamford, 

5,004 

Durham, 

1,065 

Hamden,   . 
Madison, 

2,168 
2,063 

Stratford, 
Trumbull, 

2,040 
1,313 

East  Haddam,  . 
Killingworth, 

2,610 
1,104 

Meriden,    . 

3,525 

Weston, 

1,063 

Portland,  . 

2,905 

Middlebury,  . 

763 

Westport, 

2,649 

Saybrook, 

3,848 

Milford,     . 

2,465 

1>7OA 

Wilton, 

2,066 

Westbrook, 

1,203 

Naugatuck, 
North  Branford, 

5/2U 
1,013 

59,814 

27,677 

North  Haven, 

1,328 

Orange,     . 

1,466 

L1TCHFIELD. 

TOLLAND. 

Oxford, 

1,562 

Litchfield, 

3,957 

Tolland,    . 

1,410 

Prospect,  . 

674 

Barkhamsted, 

1,525 

Andover, 

500 

Southbury,     . 

1,484 

Bethlem,  . 

815 

Bolton,      . 

.     600 

Wallingford,      . 

2,639 

Canaan, 

2,627 

Columbia, 

876 

Seymour, 

1,677 

Colebrook, 

1,316 

Coventry, 

1,984 

Waterbury, 

5,137 

Cornwall, 

2,041 

Ellington,      . 

1,355 

Wolcott, 

603 

Goshen,     . 

1,457 

Hebron,     . 

1,345 

Woodbridge,     . 

912 

Harwinton,    . 

1,176 

Mansfield, 

2,530 

Kent, 

1,848 

Somers      .        .        . 

1,510 

65,841 

New  Hartford, 

2,663 

Stafford, 

2,941 

New  Milford,    . 

4,508 

Union, 

729 

NEW  LONDON. 

Norfolk, 

1,641 

Vernon, 

2,900 

New  London,    . 

9,006 

Plymouth, 

2,568 

Willington, 

1,399 

Norwich, 

10,261 

1,114 

—  —  — 

Bozrah,     . 

867 

Salisbury, 

3,103 

20,079 

CENSUS    OF   THE  UNITED    STATES,  1850. 


733 


STATE  OF   NEW  YORK. 


ALBANY. 

Freedom, 

1,652 

Sheridan, 

.     2,172 

Albany, 

50,763 

Great  Valley,   . 

1,638 

Sherman,  . 

1,292 

Bern, 

3,441 

Hinsdale,       . 

1,302 

Stockton. 

.      1,642 

Bethlehem,    . 

4,102 

Humphrey, 

824 

Villenova, 

1,536 

Coeymans, 

3,050 

Leon,     .... 

1,340 

Westfield,      . 

•      3,100 

Guilderland  . 

3,279 

Little  Valley,    . 

1.383 



Knox, 

2,021 

Lyndon, 

1,092 

50,507 

New  Scotland, 

3,459 

Machias,    . 

1,342 

Rensselaerville, 

3,629 

Mansfield,      . 

1,057 

CHEMUNG. 

Watervliet,    . 

16,675 

Napoli, 

1,233 

Big  Flats, 

1,709 

Westerlo, 

2,860 

New  Albion, 

1,633 

Catharines,    . 

.      3,070 

Olaori 

Potlin 

uiean, 

oj  y 

v/atim.                . 

1  ft  i  *x 

93,279 

Otto,      .... 

2,267 

Cayuta, 

.      1,035 

ALLEGHANY. 

Perrysburg, 
Persia,  .... 

1,862 
1,954 

Chemung, 
Dix, 

2,673 
.      2,953 

Alfred,      . 

2,679 

Portville,  . 

747 

Elmira,      . 

8,166 

Allen,    .... 

955 

Randolph, 

1,606 

Erin,      . 

.      1,833 

Almond,    . 

,914 

Rice, 

906 

Southport, 

3,184 

Amity,  .... 

,792 

South  Valley, 

561- 

Veteran, 

.      2,698 

And  over,  . 

,476 

Yorkshire, 

2,010 



Angelica, 

,592 



28,795 

Belfast,      . 

,679 

38,951 

Birdsall, 

597 

CHENANGO. 

Bolivar,     . 

712 

CAYUGA. 

Bainbridge, 

3,338 

Burns,    .... 

961 

Auburn  City,    . 

9,548 

Columbus, 

.      1,381 

Caneadea, 

1,477 

Aurelius, 

2,831 

Coventry, 

1.677 

Centreville,    . 

1,445 

Brutus,      . 

3,046 

German, 

903 

Clarksville, 

668 

Cato,      .... 

2,247 

Green, 

3,763 

Cuba,    .... 

2,243 

Conquest, 

1,863 

Guilford, 

.      2,600 

Friendship, 

1,675 

Fleming, 

1,193 

Lincklaen, 

1,196 

Genesee,         .        .   ,     . 

672 

Genoa, 

2,503 

Macdonough, 

.      1,522 

Granger,    . 

1,309 

Ira,        .... 

2,110 

New  Berlin, 

2,562 

Grove,   .... 

1,154 

Ledyard,   . 

2,043 

North  Norwich, 

.      1,172 

Hume, 

2,159 

Locke,  .... 

1,478 

Norwich,   . 

3,615 

Independence, 

,701 

Mentz, 

5,239 

Otselic,  . 

.      1,800 

New  Hudson,    . 

,435 

Moravia, 

1,876 

Oxford,     . 

3,227 

Ossian, 

,283 

Niles, 

2,053 

Pharsalia, 

.      1,185 

Rushford, 

,806 

Owasco, 

1,254 

Pitcher,     .        .        . 

1,403 

Scio,      .... 
West  Almond,  . 

,924 
976 

Scipio, 
Sempronius, 

2,135 
1,266 

Plymouth,     . 
Preston,    . 

.      1,551 
1,082 

Wirt,      .... 

1,544 

Sennett,    . 

2,347 

Sherburne,    . 

.      2,623 



Springport,    . 

2,041 

Smithville, 

1,771 

37,828 

Sterling,    . 

2,808 

Smyrna, 

.      1,940 

Summer  Hill, 

1,251 

—  —  • 

BROOME. 

Venice, 

2,028 

40,311 

Barker,      . 
Chenango, 

1,456 
8,734 

Victory, 

2,299 

CLINTON. 

Colcsville, 

3,061 

55,459 

Au  Sable, 

4,491 

Conklin, 

2,232 

Beekmantown, 

.      3,384 

Lisle, 

1,680 

CHAUTAUQUE. 

Black  Brook,    . 

2,525 

Maine,   .... 

1,843 

Champlain,    . 

.      5,067 

Nanticoke, 

576 

Arkwright, 

1,283 

Chazy,       .        .        . 

4,324 

Sanford, 

2.508 

Busti,     .... 

1,991 

Clinton, 

.      1,437 

Triangle, 

1,728 

Carroll,     . 

1,835 

Ellenburg, 

1,504 

9  143 

Charlotte, 

1,718 

Mooers 

3,365 

Vestal,      . 

2,054 

Chautauque, 

2,622 

Peru,         . 

s',640 

Windsor, 

2,645 

Cherry  Creek, 

1,311 

Plattsburg,     . 

.      5,618 

30,660 

Ellery,  '  .        .        .        . 

<M04 

Saranac, 
Schuyler's  Falls,  . 

2,110 

Ellicott,     . 

3,523 

CATTAKAUGUS. 

Ellington, 

2.001 

40,047 

Ashford,    . 

,658 

French  Creek,  . 

725 

Burton, 

,037 

Gerry,    .... 

1,332 

COLUMBIA. 

Carrol  ton, 

515 

Hanover,  . 

5,144 

Ancram,    . 

1,568 

Cold  Spring, 

591 

Harmony, 

3,749 

Austerlitz,     . 

.      1,873 

Connewango,    . 

,408 

Mina, 

996 

Canaan,     . 

1,941 

Dayton, 

,448 

Poland, 

1,174 

Chatham, 

.      3,839 

Ellicottville,      . 

,726 

Pomfret,    . 

4,493 

Claverack, 

3,208 

Farmersville, 

,554 

Portland, 

1,905 

Clermont, 

.      1,130 

Franklinville,    . 

,706 

Ripley, 

1,732 

Copake,    » 

1,652 

734 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


Gallatin, 

.     1,586 

Union  Vale, 

.      1,552 

Constable, 

1,447 

Germantown,    . 

1,023 

Washington,     . 

2,805 

Dickinson.     . 

1,119 

Ghent,   . 

.      2,293 

_____ 

Duane, 

222 

Greenport, 

1,300 

58,992 

Fort  Covington,    . 

2,641 

Hillsdale, 

.      2,123 

Franklin,    . 

724 

Hudson  City,    . 

6,289 

ERIE. 

Harrietstown, 

181 

Kinderhook, 

.      3,972 

Alden,      . 

2,520 

Malone,     . 

4,549 

Livingston, 

2,020 

Amherst, 

.      4,153 

Moira,    .... 

1,340 

New  Lebanon, 

.      2,300 

Aurora,     . 

3,435 

Westville, 

1,301 

Stockport, 

1,655 

Black  Rock, 

.      7,508 

Stuyvesant,    . 

.      1,766 

Boston, 

1,872 

25,102 

Taghkanic, 

1,540 

Brandt, 

.      1,028 

_____ 

Buffalo  City,     . 

42,261 

GENESEE. 

43,078 

Chicktawaga, 

.      3,042 

Alabama, 

2,054 

Clarence, 

2,727 

Alexander,    . 

1,927 

CORTLAND. 

Colden, 

.      1,344 

Batavia,    . 

4,461 

Cincinnatus, 

1,206 

Collins,     . 

4,001 

Bergen, 

1,897 

Cortlandville, 

.      4,203 

Concord, 

.      3,242 

Bethany,   . 

1,904 

Freetown, 

1,035 

Eden, 

2,494 

Byron,  .... 

1,566 

Hartford, 

949 

Evans,  . 

.      2,182 

Darien, 

2,086 

Homer, 

3,836 

Hamburg, 

5,219 

Elba,      .... 

1,772 

Lapeer, 

822 

Holland, 

.      1,315 

Le  Roy,     . 

3,472 

Marathon, 

1,149 

Lancaster, 

3,794 

Oakfield, 

1,457 

Preble,  . 

.      1,312 

Newstead, 

.      2,899 

Pavilion,   . 

1,640 

Scott, 

1,290 

Sardinia,  . 

1,761 

Pembroke,     . 

2,279 

Solon, 

.      1,150 

Tonawanda,  . 

.      2,072 

Stafford,    . 

1,973 

Truxton,  . 

3,623 

Wales, 

2,124 



Virgil,   .        .        . 

.      2,410 

28,488 

Willet,      . 

923 

101,093 

Taylor, 

.      1,232 

GREENE. 

ESSEX. 

Ashland 

1  290 

25,140 

Chesterfield, 

4,171 

Athens, 

2^986 

Crownpoint,  . 

.      2,378 

Cairo, 

2,831 

DELAWARE. 

Elizabethtown, 

1,635 

Catskill, 

5,454 

Andes, 

2,672 

Essex,    . 

.      2,351 

Coxsackie, 

3,741 

Bovina, 

.      1,316 

Jay,  .... 

2,688 

Durham, 

2,600 

Colchester, 

2,184 

Keene,  . 

798 

Greenville, 

2,242 

Davenport,    . 

.      2,305 

Lewis, 

2,058 

Hallcot,  (new  town,  erected 

Delhi, 

2,909 

Minerva, 

586 

in  1851,  taken  from  the 

Franklin, 

.      3,087 

Moriah,     . 

3,065 

town  of  Lexington.) 

Hamden,  . 

1,919 

Newcomb, 

277 

Hunter, 

1,849 

Hancock, 

.      1,798 

North  Elba, 

210 

Jewet, 

1,452 

Harpersfield,     . 

1,604 

North  Hudson, 

561 

Lexington,    . 

2,263 

Kortright, 

.      2,181 

St.  Armand, 

210 

New  Baltimore, 

2,381 

Masonville, 

1,550 

Schroon, 

.      2,031 

Prattsville,    . 

1,989 

Meredith, 

.      1,634 

Ticonderoga,     . 

2,669 

Windham, 

2,048 

Middletown,     . 

3,005 

Westport,      . 

.      2.352 

Roxbury, 

.      2,853 

Willsboro', 

1J932 

33,126 

Sidney, 

1,807 

Wilmington, 

.      1,176 

Stamford 

1  708 

HAMILTON. 

OLctlll  lUi  U,           •               . 

Tompkins, 

3^022 

31,148 

Arietta,     . 

108 

Walton, 

.     2,271 

Gilman, 

101 

FULTON. 

Hope 

789 

39,825 

Bleecker,    . 

511 

Lake  Pleasant, 

305 

Broadalbin,   . 

.      2,474 

Long  Lake, 

111 

DUTCHESS. 

Caroga, 

589 

Morehouse,    . 

242 

Amenia,    . 

2,229 

Ephratah, 

.      2,080 

Indian  Lake  and  Wells, 

532 

Beekman, 

.      1,386 

Johnstown, 

6,131 



Clinton,    . 

1,795 

Mayfield,       . 

.      2,429 

2,188 

Dover,  . 
East  Fishkill,    . 

.      2,147 
2,610 

Northampton,   . 
Oppenheim,  . 

1,701 
.      2,315 

HERKIMER. 

Fishkill, 

.      9,240 

Perth, 

1,140 

Columbia, 

2,001 

Hyde  Park,       . 

2,425 

Stratford, 

801 

Danube, 

1,730 

La  Grange    . 

1     Q/4  1 

Fairfield 

1,646 

Milan,       . 

1*764 

20,171 

Frankfort,      . 

3,023 

Northeast,      . 

.      1,555 

German  Flats,  . 

3,578 

Paulings,  . 

1,720 

FRANKLIN. 

Herkimer,      .        .        . 

2,600 

Pine  Plains, 

.      1,416 

Bangor,     . 

2,160 

Litchfield, 

1,676 

Pleasant  Valley, 

2,226 

Belmont, 

660 

Little  Falls,  . 

4,855 

Poughkeepsie, 

.    13,944 

Bombay,  . 

1,963 

Manheim, 

1,902 

Redhook,  . 

3,263 

Brandon, 

590 

Newport, 

2,126 

Rhjnebeck,     . 

.     2,816 

Burke,      . 

2,777 

Norway,    . 

1,052 

Stanford,  . 

2,158 

Chateaugay,  . 

.     3,728 

Ohio,     .        . 

1,051 

CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1850. 


735 


Russia, 

2,349 

Livonia, 

2,627 

Lewiston, 

2,923 

Salisbury, 

2,035 

Mount  Morris,  . 

4,531 

Lockport, 

.    12,323 

Schuyler,  . 

1,696 

North  Dansville,    . 

4,377 

Newfane,  . 

3,255 

Stark,    . 

1,576 

Nunda, 

3,128 

Niagara, 

.      1,951 

Warren,    . 

1,756 

Portage, 

2,478 

Pendleton, 

2,166 

Willmurt,      . 

113 

Sparta,      . 

1,372 

Porter, 

.      2,455 

Winfield,  . 

1,481 

Springwater, 

2,670 

Royalton, 

4,024 

West  Sparta,    . 

1,619 

Somerset, 

.      2,154 

38,245 

York, 

2,785 

Wheatfield, 

2,665 

Tycoon 

2  955 

JEFFERSON. 

40,875 

IT   llbUllj                        •                     • 

Adams, 

3,106 

42,265 

Alexandria,  . 

3,178 

MADISON. 

Antwerp,  . 

3,665 

Brookfield, 

3,585 

ONEIDA. 

Brownville,   . 

4,282 

Cazenovia,     . 

4,812 

Annsville, 

2,688 

Cape  Vincent,  .     •  . 

3,044 

De  Ruyter, 

1,931 

Augusta, 

.      2,271 

Champion,     . 

2,085 

Eaton,   . 

3,944 

Ava, 

1,037 

Clayton,    . 

4,191 

Tenner,     . 

1,690 

Boonville, 

.      3,306 

Ellisburg, 

5,524 

Georgetown, 

1,411 

Bridgewater, 

1,315 

Henderson, 

2,239 

Hamilton, 

3,599 

Camden, 

.      2,820 

Hounsfield,    . 

4,136 

1  709 

Deerneld, 

2,287 

Le  Ray,     . 

3,654 

Lenox, 

7,507 

Florence, 

.      2,575 

Lorraine, 

1,511 

Madison, 

2,405 

Floyd,        . 

1,495 

Lyme, 

2,919 

Nelson,      . 

1,965 

Kirkland,       . 

.      3,421 

Orleans, 

3,265 

Smithfield,     . 

1,669 

Lee,           .        .        . 

3,033 

Pamelia,   . 

2,528 

Stockbridge,     . 

2,081 

Marcy,  . 

.      1,857 

Philadelphia, 

1,915 

Sullivan, 

4,764 

Marshall, 

2,115 

Rodman,  . 

1,784 



New  Hartford, 

.      4,847 

Rutland, 

2,265 

43,072 

Paris, 

4,283 

Theresa,    . 

2,342 

Remsen, 

.      2,407 

Watertown,  . 

7,201 

MONROE. 

Rome, 

7,918 

Wilna,      . 

2,993 

Brighton, 

3,117 

Sangerfield,   . 

.      2,371 

Worth,  . 

326 

Chili, 

2,247 

Steuben,    . 

1,744 

_____ 

Clarkson, 

4,556 

Trenton, 

.      3,540 

68,153 

Gates,    . 

2,005 

Utica  City, 

17,642 

Greece, 

4,219 

Vernon, 

.      3,093 

KINGS. 

Henrietta, 

2,513 

Verona,     . 

5,568 

Brooklyn, 

96,838 

Irondequoit, 

2J397 

Vienna, 

.      3,393 

Bushwick, 

3,739 

Mendon, 

3,353 

Western,   . 

2,516 

Flatbush, 

3,176 

Ogden,      . 

2,598 

Westmoreland, 

.      3,291 

Flatlands,      . 

1,155 

Parma, 

2,946 

Whitestown, 

6,810 

Gravesend, 

1,064 

Penfield,    . 

3,185 

1  — 

New  Utrecht, 

2,129 

Perrington,    . 

2,891 

99,566 

Williamsburg,  . 

30,780 

Pittsford,  . 

2,061 



Riga,     . 

2,159 

ONONDAGA. 

138,881 

Rochester  City, 

36,453 

Camillus, 

3,106 

Rush,    . 

2,015 

Cicero, 

.      2,980 

LEWIS. 

Sweden,    . 

3,623 

Clay, 

3,402 

Croghan,  . 

1,135 

Webster, 

2,446 

DeWitt, 

.     3,302 

Denmark,      . 

2,284 

Wheatland, 

2,917 

Elbridge,  . 

3,924 

Diana, 

970 

Fabius           . 

2,410 

Greig,    .... 

1,074 

87,651 

Geddes,     . 

2,011 

Harrisburg, 

1,367 

LaJFayette,   . 

.      2,532 

Leyden, 

2,253 

MONTGOMERY. 

Lysander, 

5,833 

Lowville,  . 

2,377 

Amsterdam, 

4,128 

Manlius, 

.      6,298 

Martin  sburg, 

2,677 

Canajoharie, 

4,097 

Marcellus, 

2,759 

New  Bremen,    . 

1,510 

Charleston, 

2,216 

Onondaga,     . 

.      5,694 

Osceola, 

412 

Florida, 

3,571 

Otisco, 

1,804 

Pinckney,  . 

1,208 

Glen, 

3,043 

Pompey, 

.     4,006 

Turin,    . 

1  826 

Mohawk, 

3,091 

Salina, 

2,142 

Watson,    . 

1,138 

Minden,     . 

4,623 

Skaneateles, 

m^m"mm 

.     4,080 

West  Turin, 

3,793 

Palatine, 

2,854 

Spafford,  . 

1,903 

_____ 

Root, 

2,736 

Syracuse  City, 

.    22,271 

24,564 

St.  JohnsviUe, 

1,627 

tidly,       .        .        . 

1,559 

—  — 

Van  Buren,  . 

.     3,873 

LIVINGSTON. 

31,986 

Avon, 

2,809 

85,889 

Caledonia,     . 

1,804 

NEW   YORK. 

Conesus,   . 

1,418 

New  York  City,    . 

515,545 

ONTARIO. 

Geneseo, 

2,958 

Bristol,      . 

1,733 

Groveland, 

1,724 

NIAGARA. 

Canadice, 

.      1,071 

Leicester, 

2,142 

Cambria,  . 

2,366 

Canandaigua,    . 

6,143 

Lima, 

2,433 

Hartiand, 

3,028 

East  Bloomfield,  . 

.     2262 

736 


CENSUS    OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


Farmington, 

1,876 

Cherry  Valley, 

4,186 

Haverstraw,  . 

5,885 

Gorham, 

2,645 

Decatur, 

927 

Orangetown,     . 

4,769 

Hopewell, 

1,923 

Edmestown, 

1,885 

Ramapo, 

3,197 

Manchester,  . 

2,940 

Exeter, 

1,526 

______ 

Naples,      . 

2,376 

Hartwick, 

2,352 

16,962 

Phelps, 

5,542 

Laurens, 

2,168 

Richmond, 

1,852 

Maryland, 

2,152 

ST.  LAWRENCE. 

Seneca, 

8,507 

Middlefield,  .        . 

8,131 

Brasher,    . 

2,548 

South  Bristol,  . 

1,129 

Milford,    . 

2,227 

Canton, 

4,685 

Victor, 

2,230 

Morris, 

2,155 

Colton,      . 

506 

WestBloomfield,      . 

1,698 

New  Lisbon, 

,773 

DeKalb, 

2,389 



Oneonta, 

,903 

Depeyster, 

906 

43,927 

Otego, 

,792 

Edwards,      .        .      '  . 

1,023 

Otsego,          .        .  .  •    . 

3,901 

Fine, 

293 

ORANGE. 

Pittsfield, 

,591 

Fowler, 

1,813 

Blooming  Grove, 

2,184 

Plainfield,      . 

,450 

Gouverneur, 

2,783 

Chester. 

1,641 

Richfield, 

,502 

Hammond,    . 

1,819 

Cornwall, 

4,471 

Springfield,    . 

2,322 

Hermon,   . 

1,690 

Crawford, 

1,912 

Unadilla, 

2,463 

Hopkinton,    . 

1,470 

Deerpark, 

4,032 

Westford, 

1,423 

Lawrence, 

2,209 

Goshen, 

3,149 

Worcester, 

2,047 

Lisbon, 

5,295 

Hamptonburg,  . 

1,343 



Louisville, 

2,054 

Minisink, 

4,972 

48,638 

Macomb, 

1,197 

Monroe,    . 

4,280 

Madrid, 

4,856 

Montgomery, 

3,933 

PUTNAM. 

Massena, 

2,915 

Mount  Hope,    . 

1,512 

Carmel,    . 

2,442 

Morristown, 

2,274 

Newburg, 
New  Windsor,  . 

11,415 
2,457 

Kent, 
Patterson, 

1,557 
1,371 

Norfolk,         .        . 
Oswegatchie,     . 

1,753 
7,756 

Wallkill, 

4,942 

Philipstown, 

5,063 

Parishville,    . 

2,132 

Warwick, 

4,902 

Putnam  Valley, 

1,626 

Pierrepont, 

1,459 

_____ 

Southeast, 

2,079 

Pitcairn, 

503 

57,145 

Potsdam,  . 

5,349 

ORLEANS. 

14,148 

Rossie,  .... 
Russell, 

1,471 
1,808 

Barre, 
Carlton, 
Clarendon, 
Gaines, 
Kendall,    . 
Murray, 

6,437 
2,809 
1,809 
2,722 
2,289 
2,520 

QUEENS. 
Flushing, 
Hempstead,  . 
Jamaica,   . 
North  Hempstead, 
Newtown, 

5,376 
8,810 
4,247 
4,291 
7,208 

Stockholm,    . 

SARATOGA. 
Ballston,   .  ,     . 

s'eei 

68,617 
2,269 

Ridgeway, 
Shelby, 

4,591 
3,082 

Oysterbay,    . 

6,900 

Charlton, 
Clifton  Park,    . 

1,902 

2,868 

Yates, 

2,242 

36,832 

Corinth, 

1,501 

28,501 

RENSSELAER. 

Day,          .        . 
Edinburg, 

1.045 
1,336 

OSWEGO. 

Berlin,      . 

2,005 

Galway,    . 

2,158 

Albion, 

2,010 

Brunswick,    . 

3,146 

Greenfield,     . 

2,890 

Amboy, 

1,132 

Grafton,    . 

2,033 

Hadley,     . 

1,003 

Boylestown, 

661 

Greenbush,    . 

4,945 

Halfmoon, 

2,788 

Constantia,    . 

2,495 

Hoosick,    . 

3,724 

Malta, 

1,349 

Granby,     . 
Hannibal, 

3,368 
2,857 

Lansingburg, 
Nassau, 

5,752 
3,261 

Milton, 
Moreau,    . 

4,220 
1,834 

Hastings,  . 
Mexico, 

2,920 
4,221 

Petersburg,   . 
Pittstown, 

1,908 
3,732 

Northumberland, 
Providence, 

1,775 
1,458 

New  Haven, 

2,015 

Poestenkill,   . 

2,092 

Saratoga, 

3,492 

Orwell, 

1,106 

Sandlake, 

2,558 

Saratoga  Springs,     . 

4,650 

Oswego,    . 
Oswego  City, 

2,445 
12,205 

Schaghticoke, 
Schodack, 

3,290 
3,510 

Stillwater,      . 
Waterford, 

2,967 
2,683 

Palermo,  . 

2,053 

Stephentown, 

2,622 

Wilton, 

1,458 

Parish, 

1,799 

Troy  City, 

28,735 



Redfield,   . 

752 



45,646 

Richland, 

4,079 

73,363 

Sandy  Creek,    . 

2,456 

Shroeppel  and  Phoenix, 

3,258 

RICHMOND. 

SCHOHARIE. 

Scriba,      . 

3.738 

Castleton, 

5,389 

Blenheim, 

1,314 

Fulton  and  Volney,     . 

5J310 

Northfield,     .        . 

4,020 

Broome, 

"2,268 

West  Monroe,  . 

1,197 

Southfield, 

2,710 

Carlisle,    . 

1,817 

Williamstown, 

1,121 

Westneld,      . 

2,943 

Cobleskill,     . 

2,229 



Conesville, 

1,582 

62,198 

15,062 

Esperance,     . 

1,428 

OTSEGO. 

Fulton,      . 

2,566 

Burlington, 

1,835 

ROCKLAND. 

Gilboa, 

3,024 

Butternuts,    . 

1,927 

Clarkstown, 

3,111 

Jefferson, 

1,748 

CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1850. 


737 


Middleburg,  . 

.      2,967 

Huntington, 

7,481 

WARREN. 

Richmondville, 

1,666 

Islip,      . 

.      2,602 

Athol,       . 

1,590 

Schoharie, 

.      2,588 

Riverhead, 

2,540 

Bolton, 

1,147 

Seward,     . 

2,203 

Shelter  Island,      . 

386 

Caldwell, 

752 

Sharon, 

.      2,632 

Smithtown, 

1,972 

Chester, 

1,850 

Summit,    . 

1,800 

Southampton, 

.      6,501 

Hague, 

717 

Wright,          .        . 

.      1,716 

Southold, 

4,723 

Horicon, 

1,152 

_____ 

Johnsburg, 

1,503 

33,548 

36,922 

Luzerne, 

1,300 

Queensbnry, 

5,313 

SCHFNECTADY. 

SULLIVAN. 

• 

Warrensburg, 

1,874 

Duanesburg, 

3,464 

Bethel, 

2,087 

Glenville,       . 

.      3,409 

Cochecton     . 

1,671 

17,198 

Niskayuna, 
Princetown,  . 
Rotterdam, 
Schenectady  City, 

SENECA. 
Covert,      . 
Fayette, 

783 
.      1,031 
2,446 
.      8,921 

20,054 

2,253 
.      3,786 

Collikoon, 
Fallsburg,      . 
Forrestburg, 
Liberty, 
Lumberland, 
Mamakating, 
Neversink, 
Rockland,     . 
Thompson, 

1,981 
.      2,626 
715 
.      2,612 
2,635 
.      4,107 
2,281 
1,175 
3,198 

WASHINGTON. 

Argyle,      . 
Cambridge,    . 
Dresden,   . 
Easton, 
Fort  Ann,          .        .     • 
Fort  Edward, 
Granville, 
Greenwich,    . 

3,274 
2,593 
674 
3,225 
3,383 
2,328 
3,434 
3,803 

Junius, 

1,516 

OK  QQQ 

Hampton, 

899 

LodS,      . 

.      2,269 

ZJjUOO 

Hartford, 

2,051 

Ovid, 

2,258 

Hebron,     . 

2,548 

Romulus, 

.      2,040 

TIOGA. 

Jackson, 

2,129 

Seneca  Falls,    . 
Tyre,     . 

4,296 
.      1,356 

Barton, 
Berkshire, 

3,522 
.      1,049 

Kingsbury, 
Putnam, 

3,032 
753 

Varick,      . 

1,872 

Candor,     . 

3,433 

Salem, 

2,904 

Waterloo,      . 

.      3,795 

Newark, 
Nichols,     . 

.      1,983 
1,905 

White  Creek, 
Whitehall, 

2,994 
4,726 

25,441 

Owego, 

.      7,159 

Richford, 

1,208 

44,750 

STEUBEN. 

Spencer, 

.      1,782 

Addison,  . 

3,721 

Tioga,       .        .        . 

2,839 

WAYNE. 

Avoca,  . 

.      1,574 

_ 

Arcadia,    . 

5,145 

Bath, 

6,185 

24,880 

Butler,  . 

2,272 

Bradford, 

.      2,010 

Galen,       . 

4,609 

Cameron, 

1,701 

TOMPKINS. 

Huron,  . 

1,966 

Campbell, 

.      1,175 

Caroline,  • 

2,537 

Lyons, 

4,925 

Canisteo,  .        . 

2,030 

Danby, 

.      2,411 

Macedon, 

2,384 

Caton,   . 

.      1,214 

Dryden,    . 

5,122 

Marion,     . 

1,839 

Cohocton, 

1,993 

Enfield, 

.      2,117 

Ontario, 

2,246 

Dansville, 

.      2,545 

Groton, 

3,343 

Palmyra,  . 

3,893 

Erwin, 

1,435 

Hector, 

.      6,054 

Rose,     . 

2,264 

Greenwood,  . 

.      1,185 

Ithaca, 

6.909 

Savannah, 

1,700 

Hartsville, 

854 

Lansing, 

.      3^318 

Sodus,   . 

4,598 

Hornby, 
Hornelsville,     . 

.      1,314 
2,637 

Newfield, 
Ulysses, 

3,816 
.      3,122 

Walworth, 
Williamson,  . 

1,981 
2,380 

Howard, 

.      3,244 

Wolcott,   . 

2,751 

Jasper,      . 

1,749 

38,749 

Lindley, 

686 

44,953 

Orange,     .        .        . 

2,055 

ULSTER. 

Painted  Post, 

.      4,372 

Denning, 

447 

WESTCHESTER. 

Prattsburg, 

2,786 

Esopus, 

.      2,900 

Bedford,    . 

3,207 

Pultney, 

.      1,815 

Hurley,      . 

2,003 

Cortland, 

7.758 

Reading,    . 
Thurston, 
Troupsburg, 

1,434 
726 
1,754 

Kingston, 
Lloyd,       . 
Marbletown, 

.    10,236 
2,035 
.      3,839 

Eastchester, 
Greenburgh,  . 
Harrison,  . 

1,679 
4,291 
1,262 

Tyrone, 
Urbana,     . 

.      1,894 
2,079 

Marlboro', 
NewPaltz,    . 

2,405 
.      2,729 

Lewisboro'.    . 
Mamaroneck,    . 

1,609 

928 

Wayland,       . 

.      2,067 

Olive, 

2.710 

Mount  Pleasant,    . 

3,323 

Wayne,     . 

1,347 

Plattekill,      . 

.      1,998 

Newcastle, 

1,800 

West  Union, 
Wheeler,  . 
Woodhull,    . 

950 
1,471 
.       1,769 

Rochester, 
Rosendale,     . 
Saugerties, 

3,174 
.      2,418 
8,041 

New  Rochelle, 
North  Castle,    . 
North  Salem, 

2,458 
2,189 
1,335 

63,771 

Shandaken,    . 
Shawangunk,    . 

.      2,307 
4,036 

Ossinsing, 
Pelham,          .        .        . 

4,939 
577 

SUFFOLK. 

Wawarsing,  . 
Woodstock,      . 

.      6,459 
1,650 

Poundridge, 
Rye,       .... 

1,486 
2,584 

Brookhaven, 

8,595 



Scarsdale, 

343 

Easthampton, 

.      2,122 

59,387 

Somers, 

1,722 

93 

738 


COUNTIES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  £c., 


Westchester,     . 

2,492 

Middlesex, 

1,385 

Eagle,    .... 

1,381 

West  Farms, 

4,436 

Milo,      .... 

4,791 

Gainsville, 

1,760 

White  Plains,   . 

1,414 

Potter, 

2,194 

Genesee  Falls, 

1,322 

Yonkers, 

4,160 

Starkey, 

2,675 

Java, 

2,245 

•«T         1    i      _____ 

O  97** 

IV1  i  d  d  Icbur  v 

1  799 

i  urKio  \v  ii.          •         • 

—  ,._.  4  O 

20,590 

Orangeville,      .    •    . 

1,1    «/*7 

1,438 

58,264 

Perry,    .... 

2,832 

WYOMING. 

Pike, 

2,003 

TAXES. 

Attica, 

2,363 

Sheldon, 

2,527 

Barrington, 

1,550 

Bennington, 

2,406 

Warsaw,   . 

2,624 

Benton, 

3,456 

Castile,      .        .        . 

2,446 

Wethersfield, 

1,489 

Italy, 

1,627 

China,   .... 

1,961 

______ 

Jerusalem,    . 

2,912     Covington, 

1,385 

31,981 

STATE   OF   NEW  JERSEY; 

ATLANTIC. 

Union, 

1,095 

Lambertville, 

1,417 

Galloway, 

2,307 

Washington, 

2,114 

Lebanon,  . 

2,127 

Great  Egg  Harbor, 

2,688 

Waterford, 

1,638 

Ravitan, 

3.066 

Hamilton, 

2,015 

Winslow, 

1,540 

Readington, 

2,836 

Mullica, 

918 

Tewksbury,  .        .        . 

2,300 

•  Weymouth, 

1,032 

25,422 





28,981 

8,960 

CUMBERLAND. 

Bridgeton, 

2,446 

HUDSON. 

BERGEN. 

Cohansey, 

1,034 

Bergen,     . 

2,758 

Franklin,  . 

1,741 

Deerfield, 

927 

Harrison, 

1,344 

Hackensack, 

3,486 

Downe, 

2,341 

Hoboken, 

2,668 

Harrington, 
Hohokus, 

1,195 
2,271 

Fairfield,  .  .     . 
Greenwich, 

2,133 
1,158 

Jersey  City, 
North  Bergen,  . 

6,856 
3,576 

Lodi, 

1,113 

Hopewell, 

1,480 

Van  Vorst,    . 

4,617 

New  Barbadoes,     . 

2,258 

Maurice  River, 

2,245 



Saddle  River,     . 

816 

Millville,   . 

2,332 

21,819 

Washington, 

1,804 

Stow  Creek, 

1,093 

MERCER. 

14,684 

17,189 

East  Windsor, 

2,596 

Ewing,  .... 

1,480 

BURLINGTON. 

ESSEX. 

Hamilton, 

2,807 

Burlington, 

863 

Belleville, 

3,513 

Hopewell, 

3,696 

Burlington  City,    . 

4,536 

Bloomfield, 

3,385 

Lawrence, 

1.835 

Chesterfield,      . 

4,514 

CaldwelL  . 

2,376 

Nottingham, 

4,489 

Chester, 

3,598 

Clinton, 

2,508 

Princeton, 

3,021 

Evesham, 

3,067 

Elizabeth, 

5,583 

Trenton, 

6,466 

Little  Egg  Harbor, 

2,020 

Livingston,    . 

1,151 

West  Windsor, 

1,596 

Mansfield, 

2,953 

Newark  City,     . 

38,893 

Medford, 

3,022 

New  Providence,  . 

1,216 

27,986 

New  Hanover, 

2,245 

Orange,     . 

4,385 

Northampton, 

3,035 

Plainfield,      . 

2,446 

MIDDLESEX. 

Pemberton, 

2,866 

Rahway,    . 

3,306 

Monroe,    . 

3,001 

Southampton, 

3,545 

Springfield,    . 

1,945 

North  Brunswick  . 

10,008 

Springfield, 
Washington, 

1,827 
2,009 

Union, 

Westfield,     .     .  . 

1,662 
1,575 

Perth  Amboy,  . 
Piscataway,  . 

1,865 
2,975 

"W^cstlifliiiiptoii 

1,507 

' 

South.  -AjuboY 

2,266 

Willingboro', 

L596 

73,944 

South  Brunswick, 

3,368 

Woodbridge, 

5,141 

43,203 

GLOUCESTER. 



Deptford, 

3,355 

28,624 

CAPE  MAY. 

Franklin, 

2,984 

Dennis,     . 

1,604 

Greenwich, 

3,067 

MONMOUTH. 

Lower,  .... 
Middle,     . 

1,604 

1,884 

Harrison,       .        . 
Woolwich, 

1,984 
3,265 

Atlantic    . 
Freehold,       .        .        . 

1,493 
2,633 

TTrvncr    . 

1  341 

Howell 

4,058 

ff     ' 

14,655 

Manalopan,  . 

1,902 

6,433 

Marlboro', 

1,554 

HUNTERDON. 

Middletown, 

3,245 

CAMDEN. 

Alexandria, 

3,811 

Millstone, 

1,675 

Camden  City,   . 

9,479 

Amwell, 

2,505 

Ocean,  . 

3,767 

Delaware, 

2,577 

Bethlehem, 

2,746 

Raritan,    . 

4,165 

Gloucester, 

2,371 

Clinton, 

2,368 

Shrewsbury, 

3,180 

Gloucester  City,    . 

Haddnnfield 

2,188 

844 

Delaware, 

Franklin 

2,554 

1    A  F*Q 

Upper  Freehold, 

2,566 

JUatlUOlilLClU,        .             • 

Newton, 

1,576 

-C  i  ciii  Kiin  ,         ... 
Kingwood, 

i|WM- 

1,799 

30,23. 

CENSUS   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


739 


MORRIS. 

West  Milford, 

2,624 

Frankford,     . 

Chatham, 

2,469 



Greene, 

, 

Chester, 

1,334 

22,552 

Hardiston,     . 

. 

Hanover.  . 

3,608 

Lafayette, 

. 

Jefferson, 

1,358 

SALEM. 

Montague, 

, 

Mendham, 

1,Z20 

Elsinboro', 

655 

Newton,    . 

, 

Morris, 

4,992 

L.  Alloway's  Creek, 

1,423 

Sandiston, 

Pcquannock,     . 
Randolph, 

4,116 
2,632 

L.  Penn's  Neck, 
Mannington, 

1,429 
2,187 

Sparta, 
Still  water,     . 

Rockaway, 

3,139 

Pilesgrove, 

2,962 

Vernon,    . 

Roxbury, 

2,269 

Pittsgrove,     . 

1,151 

Walpack,       . 

. 

Washington, 

2,502 

Salem, 
U.  Alloway's  Creek, 

3,052 
2  530 

Wantage, 

• 

30,139 

U.  Penn's  Neck,       '. 

2*422 

U.  Pittsgrove, 

1,656 

WARREN. 

OCEAN. 
Brick,        ... 

1,558 

19,467 

Belvidere, 
Blairstown,    . 

Dover,   .... 

2,385 

SOMERSET. 

Franklin, 

Jackson,    . 
Plumstead,    . 

1,333 
1,613 

Bedminster, 
Bernard's, 

1,814 
2,263 

Frelinghuysen, 
Greenwich, 

• 

Stafford,    . 

1,384 

Branchburg, 

1,137 

Hardwick, 

, 

1  759 

"Rri/1o*PWJifrpr 

4  070 

TTav-mrmV 

Franklin,  .         * 

Hope,    . 

' 

10,032 

Hillsboro',      .        . 

3,404 

Independence,  . 

, 

Montgomery,    . 

1,763 

Knowlton, 

PASSAIC. 

Warren,         .        .        . 

2,148 

Mansfield, 

Acquackanonck, 

2,925 

Oxford, 

Manchester,  . 

2,781 

19,661 

Pahaquary, 

Paterson,  . 

11,338 

Washington, 

Pompton, 

1,720 

SUSSEX. 

V 

Wayne,     . 

1,164 

Byram, 

1,340 

STATE  OF  OHIO.* 

ADAMS. 

Ruggles, 

1,085 

Conneaut, 

Green,       .        .        . 

1,520 

Sullivan,  . 

1,101 

Conneaut,  . 

Monroe,         . 

1,191 

Troy,     .... 

849 

Monroe,     *    . 

Sprig, 

3,160 

Orange,     . 

1,826 

Sheffield,  . 

t 

Liberty, 

,498 

Vermil'lion,    . 

2,459 

Kingsville,     . 

Tiffin, 
West  Union,  . 

,523 
462 

Montgomery,    . 
Ashland, 

1,928 
1,264 

Plymouth, 
Saybrook, 

Winchester, 

,693 

Mohican,   . 

1,775 

Denmark, 

682 

Milton, 

1,432 

Pierpoint, 

Jefferson, 

,543 

Clear  Creek,     . 

1,205 

Richmond, 

Scott,    .... 

,270 

Perry,    .  -     • 

1,789 

Andover, 

Franklin,  . 

1,963 

Greene,      . 

1,904 

Williamsfield,  . 

m 

Meigs, 

1,438 

Mifflin, 

891 

Wayne, 

. 

Lake, 

883 

Geneva,     . 

. 

18,943 

Hanover,       ... 

1,902 

ALLEN. 

23,826 

Lima,        .        .» 

757 

ATHENS. 

Monroe, 

924 

ASHTABULA. 

Lee,  .        .        . 

t 

Richland, 

990 

Jefferson,  . 

625 

Waterloo, 

> 

Spencer, 

336 

Jefferson, 

439 

Trimble,    . 

t 

Amanda,  . 

588 

Austinburg, 

1,285 

York,     . 

Shawnee, 

756 

Harpersfield, 

1,279 

Athens, 

Sugar  Creek,     . 

756 

Trumbull, 

805 

Athens, 

t 

German, 

1,008 

Lenox,  .... 

731 

Canaan,     . 

Perry, 
Auglaize, 

923 
1,344 

Morgan,    . 
Hartsgrove,   . 

888 
650 

Alexander,     . 
Troy, 

• 

Bath, 

1,512 

Rome, 

744 

Carthage, 

§ 

Jackson, 

1,176 

Orwell, 

825 

Rome, 

§ 

Marion, 

672 

Windsor,  . 

1,033 

Bern,     . 

§ 

Section  Ten,   . 

374 

Dorset, 

236 

Ames, 

m 

New  Line, 

628 

Dover,   . 

t 

12,116 

Colebrook, 

688 

Lodi, 

Cherry  Valley, 

839 

ASHLAND. 

Ashtabula, 

1,356 

Jackson,   . 

1,533 

Ashtabula, 

'821 

1,941 

823 

1,344 

928 

1,009 

3,279 

1,327 

1,919 

1,742 

2,619 

783 

3,934 

22,988 


22,356 


961 
1,016 

924 
1,391 
1,463 

898 
1,142 
1,735 
1,421 
1,087 
1,309 

819 
1,482 
1,233 
1,336 

18,217 


The  places  in  italics  are  incorporated  towns. 


740 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


AUGLAIZE. 

Green,   . 

632 

CHAMPAIGN. 

Goshen,    . 

336 

Benton, 

37 

Goshen,     . 

1,260 

Wayne, 

672 

Eagle,    . 

.      1,134 

Mechanicsburg,        .        . 

682 

Union, 

1,008 

Fincastle,  . 

145 

Rush, 

893 

Clay,      . 
Pusheta,    . 

840 
1,008 

Washington, 
Sardinia,  . 

987 
198 

Lewisburg, 
Woodstock, 

302 
205 

Duchouquet, 

905 

Franklin, 

.      1,107 

Union,  .... 

1,946 

Wapakoneta, 

504 

Arnheim,    . 

61 

Salem, 

1,635 

Logan,  . 

336 

Sterling, 

981 

Mad  River,    . 

1,868 

German,    . 

1,470 



Urbana,     . 

1,394 

Minster, 

428 

27,334 

Urbana, 

2,020 

'New  Bremen,     . 

344 

Jackson,    . 

1,735 

St.  Mary's,     . 

693 

BUTLER. 

Johnson, 

1,573 

St.  Mary's, 
Washington, 
Noble, 

874 
688 
309 

Fairfield,  . 
Hamilton, 

2,771 
.      3,207 
2  173 

Adams, 
Concord, 
Harrison,  .         . 

1,123 
1,010 
968 

Salem,   . 

f£ossuth 

400 
76 

Uniotij       •        •        • 
Liberty, 

.      1^501 

Wayne,          ... 

1,429 

Moulton, 

450 

Madison,  . 
Wayne, 

2,242 
.      1,502 

19,743 

11,341 

St.  Clair,  . 

2,602 
,493 

CLERMONT. 

T>0!l.r 

Batavia,    . 

2,789 

BELMONT. 
Richland, 
Flushing, 
Pease, 
Pultney, 
Smith, 

4,366 
.      1,811 
3,517 
.      2,260 
1,797 

iveiiy,         •         •         • 
Milford, 
Oxford,     . 
Oxford, 
Morgan,    . 
Ross,      . 

1068 
2,007 
,134 
,706 
.        ,648 

TOO 

Williatnsburg, 
Tate, 
Franklin,       . 
Ohio, 
Union,   .... 
Monroe,     . 

1,885 
2,901 
3,061 
4,474 
1,800 
1,897 

Washington, 
Mead, 
Warren, 

.      1,534 
„  1,634 
.      1,914 

-LfGinoTij      «         ,         . 
Middletown,    . 
Monroe, 

,722 
,092 
210 

Washington, 
Jackson,    . 

2,540 
1.241 
1  937 

Barnesville, 

820 

on  70,1 

Miami, 

2.690 

Somerset, 

.      2,104 

oU  j  /  y  4- 

Stone  Lick,   . 

1^840 

Somerton,   . 
Goshen 

192 
1  862 

CARROLL. 

Wayne,     . 

1,394 

Belmont,     . 

'l55 

Centre,      . 

1,189 

30,449 

Union,  . 

.      1,873 

Union,  .        .        . 

805 

Morristown, 

455 

Monroe,    . 

1,117 

CLINTON. 

Wheeling,      . 

.      1,217 

Orange, 

.      1,577 

Richland, 

1,975 

Shepardstown,    . 
Uhiontown,     . 

90 
194 

Perry, 
London, 

1,277 
840 

Union,  .... 
Wilmington, 

2,320 
1,238 

Colerain.  . 

1,321 

Lee, 

1,220 

Wayne, 

1,435 

Farmington,    . 

45 

Washington, 

.      1,020 

Adams, 

869 

York, 

1,312 

Harrison,  . 

1.268 

1  468 

Wayne, 

.      1,918 

Augusta, 

.      1,297 

Marion, 

995 

Kirkwood, 

2,208 

East, 

987 

Jefferson, 

810 



Fox,      . 

.      1,452 

Clark, 

1,653 

34,599 

Brown, 

2,099 

Washington, 

1,216 

Rose,     . 

.      1,537 

Chester,    .        .        . 

1,600 

BROWN. 

Libcrtv 

1  232 

Union, 

2,424 

17,685 

Green, 

2*026 

T^nwnn 

J-jGUtlflll)                   •              • 

Ripley, 

1,780 

CLARK. 

18,837 

Byrd,     . 

.      2,085 

Green, 

1,275 

Russellville, 

386 

Mad  River,    . 

.      1,493 

COLUMBIANA. 

Decatur, 

171 

Enon, 

294 

Unity, 

2.095 

Huntington, 

1,877 

Bethel, 

.      1,748 

Fairfield, 

2,385 

Aberdeen, 

807 

Donnelsville, 

196 

Salem, 

1,960 

Lewis, 

1,998 

New  Carlisle, 

634 

Perry,    .... 

2,371 

Feesburg, 

186 

Midway,    . 

69 

Knox, 

2,155 

Higginsport, 
Jackson, 

536 
.      1,150 

Pike,      . 
Northampton,     . 

.       1.317 
147 

Butler,  .... 
Centre, 

1,682 
2,818 

Carlisle,     . 

112 

Madison, 

947 

Hanover,      I 

2,859 

Pleasant, 

.      1,457 

Selma, 

47 

West, 

2,110 

Georgetown, 

617 

South  Charleston,    . 

414 

Liverpool,      . 

729 

Perry,  . 

.      2,465 

German,    . 

1,912 

Liverpool, 

835 

Fayetteville, 

318 

Harmony, 

.      1,804 

Washington, 

963 

Scott,     . 
New  Hope, 

930 
106 

Springfield, 
Springfield,     . 

2,206 
.      5,108 

Salineville, 
Yellow  Creek, 

237 
853 

Clark     . 

.      1,282 

Morefield, 

1,214 

Wellsville, 

1,549 

Hamersvilk, 

131 

Pleasant, 

.      1^349 

Middieton,     . 

1,436 

Brownsville.   . 

38 



Clarkson,   . 

91 

Pike,         .        .       . 

1,022 

22,174 

Elk  Run,       . 

1,559 

CENSUS  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


741 


St.  Clair,  . 

1,115 

Dover, 

1,112 

ERIE. 

Calcutta, 

147 

Rock  port, 

1,441 

Perkins,     . 

1,217 

Fredericktown,   . 
Franklin, 
Wayne,     . 
Madison, 

99 
.      1,164 
974 
.      1,405 

Brooklyn,      ) 
(Ohio  City,)  J     ' 
Parma, 

6,375 
1,329 

Milan,    .... 
Portland,              ) 
(Sandusky  City,)   J 
Margaretta, 

2,697 
5,086 
1,537 



48,105 

Huron, 

1,397 

33,601 

Kel  ley's  Island, 

186 

i 

DARKE. 

Oxford, 

984 

COSHOCTON. 

Butler, 

1,446 

Groton, 

884 

Perry, 

1,340 

Twin,    . 

1,400 

Berlin,    .... 

1,582 

Washington, 

996 

Monroe,     . 

918 

Vermillion, 

1,515 

Pike, 

1,079 

Washington, 

1,250 

Florence, 

1,491 

"KTotur    f^actlp 

1.227 

Greenville 

2.372 

oNCW   v^aStltJj                   • 

Bedford,    . 

L221 

Greenville, 

1,044 

18,578 

Tiverton, 

'842 

German,    . 

1,502 

"Virginia    ,         . 

1,227 

1  705 

FAIRFIELD. 

Linton, 

.      1,375 

Adams, 

1,416 

Auburn,     . 

626 

Jacobsport, 

219 

Neave, 

888 

Madison, 

1,164 

Adams, 

.      1,419 

Wayne,     . 

1,162 

Bern, 

2,656 

White  Eve, 

1,132 

Franklin,       . 

551 

Violet,    .... 

2,060 

Mill  Creek,    . 

872 

Mississenawa,    . 

378 

Pickerington, 

180 

La  Fayette, 

1,040 

Patterson, 

319 

Canal  Winchester, 

274 

Oxford, 

.      1,113 

Wabash,   . 

309 

Liberty, 

2,209 

Tuscarawas, 

741 

Allen,     .... 

290 

Baltimore, 

492 

Coshocton, 

850 

Jackson,    . 

566 

Basil, 

200 

Bethlehem, 

822 

York,     .... 

499 

Walnut, 

1,795 

Franklin, 

966 

Richland, 

798 

Millersport, 

126 

Keene, 

1,079 

Brown, 

684 

New  Salem,  . 

210 

Crawford, 

.      1,552 

Van  Buren, 

780 

Bloom, 

1.904 

Monroe,     . 

760 



Lithopolis, 

386 

Jefferson, 

929 

20,277 

Amanda,  . 

1,536 

Jackson,    . 

2,037 

Royalton, 

252 

Clark, 

833 

DEFIANCE. 

Greenfield, 

2,113 

Defiance 

391 

Tj          i    • 

1     OAti 

25,671 

Defiance, 

890 

X3.OCK.lTlg,             •              •              • 

Richland, 

1  ,o4O 

1,777 

Highland, 

365 

Pleasant, 

2,011 

CRAWFORD. 

Richland, 

702 

Lancaster, 

3,483 

Lykens,     . 

1,185 

Adams, 

432 

Oakland, 

133 

Holmes, 

.      1,239 

Noble, 

389 

Clear  Creek, 

1,606 

Auburn,    . 

951 

Brunersburn, 

169 

Rush  Creek,  . 

1,218 

"V**rnnn 

1  276 

Tiffin,     .... 

544 

Jackson,    . 

•    l',711 

Evansport, 

165 

30,257 

Polk,      .         .        .. 

.      1,318 

Delaware, 

445 

Sandusky, 

822 

Washington, 

428 

FAYETTE. 

Liberty, 

.      1,782 

Farmer, 

894 

Madison, 

864 

Bueyrus,    . 

2,315 

Milford,      . 

645 

Marion.     . 

842 

Cranberry,     . 

.      1,042 

Hicksville.     .        . 

507 

Paint,             ... 

,253 

Chatfield, 

1,351 

Jefferson,  . 

,872 

Texas, 

544 

6,966 

Union, 

,821 

Todd, 

578 

Washington, 

569 

Dallas, 

406 

DELAWARE. 

Wayne, 

,253 

Whetstone, 

1,657 

Radnor,     . 

1,204 

Perry,        . 

,088 



Thompson,    . 

732 

Green,    .... 

951 

18,177 

Marlboro', 

587 

Biiena  Vista, 

107 

Berkshire 

1,555 

Concord, 

836 

CUYAHOGA. 

Genoa, 

1,369 

Staunton,   ." 

87 

Cleveland, 

17,041 

Harlem, 

1,182 

Jasper,  .... 

1,193 

East  Cleveland 

2.343 

Trenton,    . 

1,238 

Newburgh, 

1^542 

Delaware,      .        .        . 

1,247 

12,736 

Mayfield, 

.      1,117 

Delaware, 

2,075 

Warrens  ville,    . 

1,409 

Liberty, 

1,051 

FULTON. 

Orange, 

.       1,063 

Orange,     . 

1,150 

Chesterfied, 

538 

Euclid, 

1,447 

Berlin, 

1,151 

Dover,  .... 

381 

.      1,033 

Concord,    . 

1.369 

Rovalton, 

570 

Chagrin  Falls,  . 

1,250 

Scioto,   .... 

1,126 

Amboy, 

460 

Bedford, 

.      1,854 

Troy, 

976 

Pike, 

485 

Independence,  . 

1,485 

Oxford, 

828 

Fulton, 

625 

Brecksville,   . 

.      1,116 

Brown 

1,176 

Swan  Creek, 

621 

Royalton, 

1,253 

Porter, 

1,037 

York,     .... 

784 

Strongsville,  . 

.      1,199 

Kingston, 

761 

Clinton,     . 

708 

Middleburg, 

1,490 

Franklin, 

720 

Olmstead, 

.      1,216 

21,814 

Gorham,   . 

906 

742 

CENSUS    OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES,   1850. 

German, 

982     Middlefield, 

918 

HAMILTON 



Thompson,    . 

1,211 

Cincinnati,    . 

.  115,438 

7,780 

Troy, 

1,163 

Fulton, 

3,223 

Auburn, 

1,182 

Spencer, 

.      1,656 

FRANKLIN. 

Chester.     . 

1,103 

Columbia, 

2,416 

Columbus, 

17,867 

Bainbridge,    . 

1,013 

Anderson, 

.      3,050 

Montgomery, 

.      1,326 

Huntsburg, 

1,007 

Mill  Creek, 

6,287 

Truro, 

1,589 

Russell, 

1,083 

Storrs, 

.       1,675 

Reynoldsburg, 

564 

Parkman, 

1,383 

Green, 

3,948 

Franklin, 

1,852 

Montville, 

702 

Delhi, 

.      1,942 

Sh&ron 

1,008 

S  vc&morc 

3  731 

Worthingtorij 

'501 

17,823 

Symmes, 

.       1,115 

Blendon, 

.      1,303 

Colerain, 

3,125 

Plain, 

1,393 

GUERNSEY. 

Miami, 

.      1,557 

New  Albany, 

168 

Adams, 

865 

Whitewater, 

1,567 

Perry, 

1,169 

Madison,    . 

1,524 

Crosby, 

.      1,548 

Clinton, 

.      1,186 

Wheeling,      . 

1,159 

Harrison,  . 

940 

Washington, 

996 

Liberty, 

1,004 

Springfield,    . 

.      3,632 

Dublin,  . 

274 

Jefferson, 

857 



Norwich,    . 

1,053 

Monroe, 

1,086 

156,850 

Brown, 

681 

Washington, 

972 

HARDJN. 

Prairie,       .         .        . 
Jackson, 

1,043 
.      1,550 

Londonderry, 
Knox,    .... 

1,551 
755 

Pleasant,  . 
Kenton,  . 

1,059 
1,065 

Pleasant,    . 

Harrisburg,     . 

968 
103 

Westland, 
Beaver, 

1.126 
1^785 

Dudley,     . 
Hale,      . 

529 
428 

Hamilton,  . 
Madison, 

1,485 
.      1,997 

Williamsburg, 
Millwood, 

207 
1,409 

Taylor  Creek,   . 
Goshen 

531 
590 

Groveport,  . 

483 

Millwood, 

216 

Blanchard, 

252 

Mifflin,  . 

.      1,095 

Oxford, 

1,496 

Buck 

462 

Jefferson,   . 

1,236 

Fairview, 

444 

Jackson     .        .        . 

530 

Middletown,    . 
Wills,         .         .        . 
Washington,    . 

267 
1,326 
757 

Washington, 
Liberty,     . 
McDonald,     . 

391 
422 

582 

42.880 

GALLIA. 

Elizabethtown, 

136 

JVtarion 

368 

Ohio, 
Guy  an, 
Huntington, 

504 
560 
1,308 

Richland, 
Senecaville, 
Seneca, 

981 
457 
1,291 

Huntersville,  . 
Cessna, 
Roundhead,  . 

84 
303 
520 

Morgan, 
Raccoon,  . 

.      1,128 
1,474 

Mi.  Ephraim, 
Buffalo, 

121 

834 

Roundhead, 

135 

Springfield,    . 

.      1,230 

Point  Pleasant, 

105 

8,251 

Cheshire,  . 

1,410 

Hartford, 

113 

Gallipolis, 
Gallipolis, 

542 
1,686 

Jackson, 
Centre, 

1,191 
1,067 

HARRISON. 
Morefield, 

1,022 

Addison, 
Green, 
Perry,    . 
Greenfield, 

924 
1,276 
.      1,208 
952 

Cambridge, 
Cambridge,     . 
Spencer, 
Cumberland,   . 

1,448 
1,041 
1,418 
431 

Morefield, 
Freeport,  . 
Cadiz,    . 
Cadiz, 

44 
1,221 
.      1,309 
1,144 

Walnut, 
Clay, 

905 
949 

Wright,      . 
New  Gottengen, 

978 
54 

Nottingham, 
Franklin,  . 

.      1,236 
911 

Harrison, 

.      1,008 

Deer  s  field        .         . 

289 

30,472 

Franklin,    . 

150 

GREENE. 

17.064 

HANCOCK. 

Washington, 
Short  Creek,     . 

.      1,255 

1,490 

Sugar  Creek,     . 
Xenia,  ) 
Xenia,  ) 
Beaver  Creek,  . 
Bath,     . 
Miami, 

3,082 
.      7,056 

2,063 
.      2,079 
1,613 

Findlay,    . 
Findlay, 
Allen, 
Washington, 
Cass, 
Big  Lick, 

776 

1,258 
870 
1,222 
621 
1,008 

Harrisville,     . 
Georgetown, 
Archer, 
German,    . 
Rumley, 
North, 

300 
160 
876 
1,361 
.      1,088 
1,121 

Clifton,  . 

252 

Amanda,  . 

1,162 

Monroe, 

.      1,152 

Ross, 

1,367 

Marion, 

904 

Stock,       .        . 

888 

Silver  Creek, 
Caesar  Creek,    . 

.      2,565 
1,870 

Orange, 
Van  Buren,   . 

724 
536 

Athens, 
New  Athens, 

.      1,085 
331 

Union, 

1,150 

Green    .        . 

.      1,527 

21  947 

Portage, 

614 

Blanchard, 

1,051 

20,160 

GEAUGA. 

Pleasant, 

522 

Chardon,    . 

1,622 

Liberty,     . 

874 

HENRY. 

Hambden,      - 
Munson,    . 

919 
1,194 

Delaware,      .        . 
Jackson,    . 

1,035 
830 

Napoleon, 
Flat  Rock,     . 

566 
406 

Newbury, 
Burton, 
Claridon, 

.      1,253 
1,064 
.      1,006 

Eagle,    ... 
Madison,   . 

950 
667 

Washington, 
Ridgeville,     . 
Freedom, 

531 
148 

83 

1  C  fJA 

CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1850. 


743 


Pleasant, 

338 

Norwalk, 

1,718 

Liberty, 

1,322 

Marion,     . 

77 

Norwalk,    . 

1,441 

Milford,     . 

1,350 

Harrison, 

515 

Ridgefield,     . 

1,944 

Hillier,  .... 

1,141 

Kichfield,  . 

136 

Richmond, 

609 

Wayne,     . 

1,152 

Damascus, 

233 

Lyme,    .... 

1,859 

Fredericktown, 

712 

Liberty,     . 

399 

Norwich,    . 

1,021 

«•  - 

Sherman, 

1,134 

28,870 

3,432 

Peru, 

1,632 

Bronson, 

1,219 

LAKE. 

HOCKING. 

Fail-field,    . 

1,594 

Leroy, 

1,128 

Benton,     . 

933 

New  Haven,  . 

1,398 

Mentor, 

1,571 

Ward,    . 

823 

Greenfield, 

1,332 

Concord,  . 

1,031 

Marion, 

1,746 

Ripley,  .... 

1,230 

Willoughby, 

2,081 

Falls,     . 

.      1,772 

Kirtland,   . 

1,598 

Logan, 
Goodhope,     . 
Laurel, 

798 
635 
1,126 

JACKSON. 

26,203 

Painesville,     ) 
(Painesville,)  J 
Madison,  . 

3,128 
2,987 

Perry,    . 

.      1,217 

Bloomfield, 

1,403 

Perry,    .... 

1,131 

Coif.    rVpplr 

1OQ4. 

IVTiidison 

1,515 

OtllL    VylceK,              •               • 

"Washington, 

jUiJ^r 

.      1,640 

Jefferson,  . 

l',036 

14,655 

Starr, 

1,045 

Jackson, 

480 

Green,   . 

.      1,290 

Lick, 

1,021 

LAWRENCE. 

Franklin, 

1,295 

Union, 

1,318 

* 

14,119 

Milton, 

1J477 

Fayette, 

1,112 

Washington, 

756 

Perry, 

924 

HIGHLAND. 

Liberty,     . 

2.683 

Hamilton, 
Seioto,   .        .        .    •    . 

664 
1,347 

Upper,                  ) 
(Hanging  Rock,)  \ 

2,494 

HillsborJ,       . 

.      1,392 

Jackson,    . 

713 

Rome, 

1,134 

Fail-field,  . 

3,174 

Liberty, 

1,017 

Windsor, 

1,001 

Madison, 

.      1,163 

Mason, 

1,132 

Greenfield, 

1,011 

12,724 

Aid,        . 

884 

Paint,     . 

.      2,678 

Lawrence, 

534 

Union, 

1,408 

JEFFERSON. 

Elizabeth,        ) 

Newmarket,   . 

.      1,528 

Mt.  Pleasant,    . 

1,848 

(Burlington,)  \ 

2,529 

Concord,  .         . 

1.501 

Wells,    . 

1  822 

Decatur, 

2,052 

Jackson, 

.      1J449 

Springfield, 

1,300 

Washington, 

646 

Dodson,     . 

1,217 

Brush  Creek, 

1,120 

Symmes, 

487 

Hamer, 

942 

Ross, 

1,144 



Marshall, 

1,187 

Saline,  .... 

1,088 

15,247 

Brushcreek,   . 

.      1,515 

Knox, 

1,902 

Salem, 

813 

Island  Creek, 

1,981 

LICKING. 

Clay,      . 

.      1,108 

Steubenville, 

1,084 

St.  Albans, 

1,422 

White  Oak, 

1,012 

Steubenville,    . 

6,140 

Alexandria,    . 

349 



Cross  Creek, 

1,912 

Monroe,    . 

1,030 

25,781 

Salem,   . 

2,191 

Johnstown,      .         .       *. 

357 

Wayne, 

1,801 

Jersey, 

1,230 

HOLMES. 

Smithfield,     . 

1,882 

Hartford, 

1,426 

Hardy,             ) 
(Millingburg,)  J 

2,424 

Warren,    .        .        .    ' 

1,918 

Bennington, 
Appleton, 

1,169 
42 

Kilbuck, 

.      1,245 

29,133 

McKean,  . 

1,378 

Monroe,     . 

966 

Harrison, 

1,447 

Prairie, 

.      1,451 

KNOX. 

Lima, 

973 

Mechanic, 

1,647 

Clinton,     . 

802 

Etna,     . 

1,307 

Berlin,   . 

.      1.452 

Mount  Vemon, 

3,710 

Newark,    . 

1,228 

Walnut  Creek, 

1,077 

Pleasant,   . 

909 

Newark, 

3,778 

German, 

.      1,517 

College, 

522 

Lockport,    . 

42 

'Salt  Creek, 

1,699 

Monroe,     . 

1.323 

Granville, 

1,345 

Richland, 

.      1,349 

Howard, 

1,002 

Granville,  . 

771 

Knox, 

1,215 

Pike, 

1,720 

Madison, 

1,025 

Washington, 

.      1,468 

Miller,   . 

1,063 

Licking,     . 

1,115 

Ripley,      .        ;.        . 

1,330 

Morgan,    . 

823 

Jacktown, 

256 

Paint,     . 

.      1,618 

Clay,      .         .        .        . 

960 

Bowling  Green, 

870 

Martinsburg, 

280 

Linville, 

188 

20,458 

Jackson, 

1,078 

Brownsville, 

480 

Butler,       . 

762 

Union,   . 

1,631 

HURON. 

Harrison, 

751 

Luray, 

88 

New  London,    . 

1,329 

Millwood,  . 

240 

Hebron, 

649 

Clarksfield,    . 

.      1,454 

Union,   . 

952 

Newton,    .        •    »    • 

1,364 

Wakeman, 

704 

Brown, 

1,535 

Burlington,    . 

1,389 

Townsend,     . 

.      1,333 

Jefferson, 

1,485 

Washington, 

941 

Hartland, 

1,024 

Middleburg, 

1,091 

Utica,     . 

420 

Greenwich,    . 

.      1,050 

Berlin,  .... 

1,158 

Eden, 

1,013 

Fitchville, 

1,178 

Morris,      . 

1,027 

Mary  Ann,    . 

1,000 

744 


CENSUS   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


Fallsbery, 

,206 

MADISON. 

Granger, 

.      1,313 

Perrv 

,254 

Fairfield,  . 

623 

Hinckley, 

1,416 

Hanover,  . 

,187 

Pleasant, 

1,066 

Brunswick,     . 

.      1,417 

Liberty, 

,190 

Mt.  Sterling, 

115 

Liverpool, 

2,164 

Franklin,  . 

,057 

Range, 

988 

York,     . 

.      1,228 

Hopewell,      . 

,226 

Stokes, 

590 

Spencer,    . 

1,336 



Deer  Creek, 

436 

Litchfield, 

.      1,332 

38,845 

Lafayette, 

147 

Guilford,   . 

1,800 

Jefferson, 

634 

Montville, 

.      1,078 

LOGAN. 

West  Jefferson, 

436 

Lake, 

1,774 

Canaan,         .        . 

565 

24,433 

Hush  Creek, 

.      1,458 

Amity, 

120 

Zane, 

1.090 

Darby,  .... 

383 

MEIGS. 

Me  Arthur,     . 

.      1,376 

Pleasant  Valley, 

168 

Salisbury, 

2,909 

Richland,  . 

1,170 

Monroe, 

403 

Pomeroy, 

.      1,637 

Harrison, 

984 

Pike, 

381 

Olive, 

924 

Perry, 

1,405 

Rose  Dale,      . 

42 

Lebanon, 

.      1,OOS 

Jefferson, 

.      2,043 

Somerford, 

616 

Letart, 

966 

Monroe,    . 

1,438 

ISomerford, 

139 

Sutton, 

.      1,596 

Bokes  Creek,  . 

583 

Union, 

1,647 

Salem, 

1,418 

Liberty,     . 

1,263 

London, 

513 

Scipio,   . 

.      1,406 

Union,  . 

804 



Bedford.    . 

908 

Bloom  field, 

671 

10,012 

Chester, 

.      1,410 

Stokes, 

489 

Chester, 

190 

Pleasant,  . 

805 

MAHONING. 

Orange, 

946 

Washington, 

667 

Smith, 

1,544 

Columbia, 

897 

Miami,       . 

775 

Green,  .... 

1,774 

Rutland, 

.      1,745 

Quincy, 

373 

Canfield,  . 

1,463 

Jackson, 

1,140 

17,960 

19,168 

Milton, 

1,123 

Berlin,   . 

1,376 

MERCER. 

LORAIN. 

Ellsworth, 

953 

Marion, 

1,428 

Ridgeville, 

1,212 

1  721 

Jefferson, 

1,004 

Columbia, 

.      1,236 

Coitsville, 

982 

Hopewell, 

294 

Eaton, 

1,111 

Boardman,    . 

1,026 

Centre, 

504 

Carlisle, 

.      1,512 

Beaver, 

2,144 

Granville,  . 

546 

Avon, 

1,782 

Springfield,   . 

2,385 

Butler,   . 

210 

La  Grange,    . 

.      1,402 

Poland,     . 

2,126 

Franklin,  . 

378 

Grafton,    . 

947 

Youngstown, 

3,002 

Union,    . 

756 

Penfield,        .        . 

672 

Austintown, 

1,174 

Dublin,      . 

883 

Elyria, 

1,176 

Liberty, 

208 

Etyria,  . 

,482 

23,733 

Black  Creek,      . 

504 

Wellington, 

,556 

Washington, 

420 

Sheffield.       . 

908 

MARION. 

Gibson, 

504 

Black  Rfver,     . 

659 

Marion,     . 

980 

Recovery, 

573 

Amherst, 

,400 

Marion, 

1,307 



Brownhelm, 

,082 

Scott, 

717 

7,712 

Henrietta, 

,042 

Claridon, 

1,342 

Hnntington, 

,173 

Richland, 

1,229 

MIAMI. 

Rochester, 
Brighton, 

896 
669 

Pleasant, 
Grand  Prairie,  . 

1,198 
474 

Spring  Creek,   . 
Rossvitte, 

1,273 
113 

Camden, 

.      1,025 

Tally,    .         .         .         . 

736 

Huntersville, 

227 

Russia, 

2,061 

Big  Island, 

600 

Washington, 

982 

Pittsfield,       . 

.      1,088 

Montgomery, 

643 

Piqua, 

3,280 

Grand 

336 

TVpwHnrir 

1  fiQO 

26,091 

Salt  Rock,     . 

347 

Covington, 

•         1,OJU 

451 

Waldo,      . 

1,008 

Clayton, 

76 

LUCAS. 

Prospect, 

848 

Brown, 

1,379 

Waynesfield,     . 

2,371 

Green  Camp,     . 

383 

Elizabeth, 

.      1,433 

Port  Lawrence, 

149 

Bowling  Green,     . 

406 

Staunton, 

1,453 

Toledo 

q  Qi  q 

T  r\c*¥     C^   -f\f^r 

1     <t^ 

Manhattan,    . 

O)O1  t7 

541 

12,554 

JjOhl    v/lLt-K,      .               * 

Bethel,      . 

•         1,430 

1,656 

Oregon,     . 

449 

Concord, 

.      1,448 

Washington, 

.      1,161 

MEDINA. 

Troy, 

1,956 

Sylvania, 

751 

Wadsworth, 

1,622 

Monroe, 

.      2,014 

Springfield,    . 

782 

Chatham, 

1,165 

Union, 

2,255 

Waterville, 

958 

La  Fayette, 

1,332 

Milton,    . 

369 

Providence, 

467 

Homer, 

1,102 

Newton,    .        .        . 

1,447 

Richfield 

399 

H  orris  villc 

1  477 

Wing,    .'       .   '    . 

261 

Westfield,'    .    '    .    '    . 

1,122 

24,957 

Spencer,    . 

273 

Medina,    . 

1,002 

• 

fyfcd'lTKl 

1  OO8 

MONROE. 

12,381 

Sharon, 

1  jUUo 

1,519 

Switzerland, 

1,215 

CENSUS   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


745 


Sunsbnry, 

1,532 

MORROW. 

Harrison, 

62 

Stock, 

1,107 

Washington, 

1,137 

Washington, 

155 

Carlisle, 

116 

Canaan, 

1,223 

Brown, 

368 

Enoch, 

1,438 

Cardington, 

1,358 

Auglaize, 

304 

Elk,       . 

956 

Bloomfield.    . 

1,443 

Crane, 

287 

Bethel,      . 

1,028 

Troy, 

640 

Carryall, 

471 

Malaga, 

1,561 

Perry, 

1,150 

Miltonsburg, 

145 

Chester,     .        . 

1,620 

1,766 

Malaga, 

138 

Congress, 

1,651 

* 

Seneca, 

1,841 

Franklin,  . 

1,456 

PERRY. 

Calais    .         .         .         • 

96 

Gilead,  .... 

1  680 

Monroe, 

1,429 

Summerfteld, 

153 

South  Bloomfield,     . 

1,395 

Saltlick, 

1,747 

1  930 

Westfield,      . 

1,414 

Bearfield,  . 

1,710 

Ohio, 

1,443 

Lincoln,     . 

891 

Monday  Creek, 

1.124 

Bearsville, 

103 

Harmony, 

1,041 

Reading,   . 

2,744 

Sardis, 

118 

Bennington, 

1,265 

Somerset,         . 

1,240 

Perry,    . 

1,460 

Peru,      .      •  . 

876 

Madison,  . 

991 

Antioch, 

107 

Hopewell, 

1,386 

Salem,   . 

1,311 

20,240 

Thorn,     . 

1,890 

Clarington, 
Wayne, 

341 
1,177 

MUSKINGUM. 

Clayton,         .        .        . 

1  554 

Harrison, 

1,073 

Washington, 

944 

Jackson,    . 

,232 

Jackson, 

1,740 

Adams, 

1,182 

Licking, 

,434 

Pike, 

2,146 

Centre, 

2,551 

Rich  Hill, 

,495 



Woodsfield,     . 

395 

Meigs,   .... 

,680 

20,774 

Franklin, 

1,590 

Springfield, 

,302 

Greene, 

1,226 

Putnam, 

,674 

PICKAWAY. 

Jackson,    . 

1,163 

Harrison,  . 

,534 

Circleville, 

431 

Brush  Creek 

392 

C/irclcvillc 

3,411 

28.367 

Clay,        ..         .        . 
Blue  Rock,     . 

'653 
1,476 

Salt  Creek    '    . 
Fulton,   .T    . 

l',332 
514 

MONTGOMERY 

Newton,    . 

2,356 

Pick  a  way, 

.425 

Dayton,     . 

10,976 

Uniontown, 

340 

Walnut, 

;840 

Washington, 
Miami, 

1,826 
3.456 

Perry, 
Washington, 

1,038 
1,380 

Madison,  . 
Harrison, 

885 
,176 

Van  Buren,    . 

1,401 

Salt  Creek, 

1,215 

Scioto,       . 

,347 

Mad  River, 

1,454 

Wayne, 

1,244 

Darby, 

,166 

Wayne, 

1  090 

Duncan's  Falls, 

196 

Monroe,     . 

,640 

Butler, 

1,974 

Highland, 

956 

Jackson, 

,041 

Harrison, 

2,059 

Union, 

902 

Wayne,     . 

644 

German, 

2,789 

Norwich, 

324 

Deer  Creek,   . 

1,354 

Jackson, 

2,012 

New  Concord,     . 

334 

Perry,        . 

1,120 

Randolph, 

1,883 

Adams, 

998 

Muhlenburg, 

585 

Jefferson, 

1,808 

Falls,         .        .        . 

2,124 

Washington, 

1,199 

Madison,  . 

1,668 

Hopewell, 

2,378 



Clay,      .... 

1,905 

Jefferson, 

1,377 

21,111 

Perry, 

1,906 

Dresden, 

1,445 



Madison,   .        .        . 

1.047 

PIKE. 

38,217 

Monroe,         .* 

978 

Marion, 

900 

Muskingum, 

1,509 

Union,   . 

564 

MORGAN. 

Salem,  .... 

1,111 

Beaver, 

520 

Malta, 

1,302 

Zanesville, 

7,791 

Seal,       . 

1,521 

~\flnltn 

530 

Piketon 

690 

+  M(ll((l*       ...              * 

Penn, 

1,370 

45,053 

Jackson, 

1,351 

Marion, 

1,764 

Sharon, 

114 

Windsor,  . 

1,593 

OTTAWA. 

Pee  Pee, 

643 

Union,    . 

1,795 

Clay, 

293 

Waverly,   . 

678 

Deerfield, 

1,325 

Benton, 

54 

Newton, 

386 

Morgan, 

650 

Harris, 

407 

Jasper, 

75 

McConnelsville,  . 

1,660 

Salem,   .... 

187 

Camp  Creek, 

390 

Olive,     . 

2,015 

Erie, 

292 

Sunfish,     . 

371 

Jackson,    . 

1,249 

Carroll, 

403 

Pebble, 

914 

Centre,  .... 

1.439 

Portage,    . 

377 

Benton, 

639 

Meigsville, 

1,512 

Port  Clinton, 

249 

Perry,    .... 

519 

Bristol, 

1,725 

Bay, 

359 

Cynthiana, 

134 

Homer, 

1,590 

Danbury, 

503 

Mifflin,  .... 

546 

York,     .... 

1,207 

Van  Rensselear, 

186 

.' 

Bloom, 

1,346 



10,955 

Noble,    .... 

1.702 

3,310 

Manchester, 

1.337 

PORTAGE. 

Brookfield,     . 

1,482 

PAULDING. 

Brimfield, 

1,015 

. 

Jackson,    . 

58 

Suffield, 

1,275 

28,593 

Benton, 

61 

Randolph, 

1,730 

94 


746 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


Paris,     . 

.      1,019 

RICHLAND. 

Scipio,  . 

.      2,323 

Windham, 

813 

Sharon, 

1,949 

Seneca, 

1,662 

Franklin, 

.      1,750 

Springfield,  . 

2,100 



Ravenna,  ) 

Jackson,    . 

1,092 

27,105 

Ravenna,   ) 

2,239 

Sandusky, 

617 

Streetsboro', 

.      1.108 

Jefferson, 

2,564 

SHELBY. 

Aurora,     . 

823 

Perry,    .... 

923 

Loramie,   . 

1,049 

Shalersville,  . 

.      1,190 

Troy, 

1,542 

Orange, 

922 

Mantua,     . 

1,139 

Washington, 

1,914 

McLean,   . 

775 

Hiram, 

.      1,106 

Bloomingrove, 

1,430 

Dinsmore, 

701 

Nelson, 

1,383 

Plymouth, 

1,664 

Washington, 

1,261 

Rootstown,    . 

.      1,308 

Butler,      . 

1,139 

Turtle  Creek, 

792 

Charlestown,     . 

809 

Weller, 

1,290 

Perry, 

899 

Freedom, 

996 

Cass, 

1,430 

Clinton, 

762 

Atwater,   . 

1,119 

Mifflin  

1,104 

Sidney, 

1,302 

Deerfield, 

.      1,371 

Franklin,  . 

1,257 

Franklin, 

788 

Palmyra,  . 

1,093 

Worthington, 

2,006 

Van  Buren, 

629 

Edinburjr, 

1,101 

Monroe, 

1,720 

Green,   . 

.      1,078 

-B-JVAlllUUJ.^,                   .                         • 

Madison, 

1,579 

Cynthean, 

797 

%               t 

24,387 

Mansfield, 

3,557 

Salem,    . 

.      1,496 

Jades  on 

705 

PREBLE. 

30,877 

Washington,     . 
Eaton,    .        .        . 

1,758 
.      1,302 

SANDUSKY. 

STARK. 

13,956 

Jasper, 
Somers, 

908 
.      2,085 

Sandusky, 

1,138 
1,492 

Plain,     . 
Lake, 

.      2,211 
1,732 

Lanier, 
Gratis,   . 
Dixon, 
Israel,    .        .        . 
Monroe,     . 
Harrison, 
Twin, 
Jackson, 
Jefferson, 

1,694 
.      2,117 
1,192 
.      1,641 
1,344 
.      2,094 
1,950 
.      1,405 
2,258 

Riley, 
Green  Creek, 
Ballville,  . 
York,     
Townsend, 
Rice,      .... 
Washington,     . 
Madison, 
Woodville, 
Jackson, 

o            * 

682 
1,288 
1,556 
L811 
969 
483 
1,499 
557 
1,069 
1,092 

Greentown, 
Union, 
Washington, 
Lexington, 
Marlboro', 
Paris, 
Osnaburg, 
Nimishillin, 
Canton,          .  . 
Canton, 

251 
245 
.      2,066 
1,996 
.      2,133 
2,740 
.      2,227 
2,587 
.      1,722 
2,604 

21,748 

Scott, 

793 

Lawrence. 

.      2.292 

PUTNAM. 

Van  Buren, 
Blanchard,     . 
Riley, 
Pleasant, 
Ottawa,     . 
Liberty, 
Greensburg, 
Union,   . 

172 
.      1,395 
849 
714 
1,166 
322 
634 
515 

SCIOTO. 
Wayne,      . 
Portsmouth,    . 
Harrison, 
Bloom, 
Porter, 
Green,    .... 

14,529 

219 
4,011 
1,102 
1,648 
1,674 
2,545 

Tuscarawas, 
Pike,      . 
Sandy, 
Sugar  Creek, 
Jackson,    . 
Perry  and  ) 
Massillon,  \ 
Bethlehem, 

2,041 
.      1,447 
1,273 
.      1,743 
1,512 

.      4,668 
2,398 

Sugar  Creek,     . 
Jennings, 
Perry, 
Monteray, 

550 
557 
262 

85 

Clay,          .         .         . 
Jefferson, 
Madison,  . 
Vernon, 

872 
840 
1,367 
1  105 

SUMMIT. 

Richfield, 
Bath,      . 

39,883 

1,262 
1  400 

7,221 

W  asnington,      .        . 
Morgan, 
Union,       . 

280 
705 

Copley,     . 
Northampton, 

1,541 
.      1,147 

ROSS. 

Brush  Creek, 

652 

Boston, 

1,180 

Scioto, 

1,588 

Nile, 

1,003 

Northfield,     : 

.      1,474 

Chillicoihe, 

.      7,098 

Twinsburg, 

1,281 

Union, 

2,666 

18,729 

Portage, 

.      1,160 

Deerfield,       . 

.      1,315 

Akron, 

3,226 

Concord,  . 

2,672 

SENECA. 

Hudson, 

.      1,457 

Buckskin, 

.      2,104 

Reed, 

1,494 

Stow. 

1,702 

Greene,     . 

1,995 

Venice, 

1,830 

Talmadge,     . 

.      2.456 

Colerain, 

.      1,408 

Thompson, 

1,668 

Coventry, 

1,300 

Harrison.  . 

878 

Adams, 

1,416 

Springfield,    . 

.      1,907 

Springfield,    . 

.      1,162 

Bloom, 

1,743 

Norton, 

1,346 

Liberty,     . 

1,126 

Clinton, 

1,668 

Franklin, 

.      1,674 

Jefferson, 

845 

Tiffin,        . 

2,728 

Green, 

1,928 

Franklin,  . 

642 

Jackson, 

996 

Huntington,  . 

.      1,659 

Pleasant,  . 

1,592 

27,481 

Twin, 

2,230 

Big  Spring,   . 

1,932 

Paxton, 

.      1,556 

Eden, 

1,584 

TRUMBULL. 

Paint,        .        .        . 

1,123 

Hopewell,     . 

1,288 

Hartford,  . 

1,258 

i 

Loudon,    . 

1,781 

Fowler, 

.      1,089 

32,084 

Liberty, 

1,400 

Vienna,    . 

1,007 

CENSUS  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


747 


Bazetta, 

1,302 

Millford  Centre,      . 

211 

Warren,    . 

1,462 

Rowland, 

919 

Allen, 

979 

Wesley, 

.      1,561 

Warren, 

2,957 

Darby,  .... 

881 

Watertown, 

1,374 

Braceville, 

956 

Jerome,     . 

1,249 

Roxbury, 

.      1,098 

Champion,     . 
Southingtonj 

1,070 
1,013 

1  9ft(* 

Mill  Creek,    . 

726 

1  9  90*1 

Marietta,   . 
Marietta, 

1,069 
.      3,133 

Farmington, 

1,<£OO    , 

IA««V«| 

Mesopotamia,   . 
Bloomfield,    . 

959 

789 

VANWEET. 

29,512 

Bristol,      .        .    •    . 

1,124 

Washington,     . 

355 

WAYNE. 

Kinsman, 

1,005 

Section  Ten,   . 

402 

Greene, 

2.059 

Vernon,     . 

828 

Willshire, 

906 

East  Union,  . 

.      1^940 

Gustavus, 

1,226 

Wiltshire,       . 

147 

Wooster, 

1,283 

Johnston, 

1,099 

Pleasant,  . 

349 

Wooster, 

.      2,797 

Mecca,  .... 

872 

Vanwert, 

270 

Wayne, 

2,079 

Greene,     . 

959 

Hoaglin,    . 

125 

Congress, 

.      2,341 

Newton, 

1,678 

Union,   . 

84 

Chester,     . 

2,335 

Lordstown, 

1,379 

Tully, 

242 

Plain,     . 

.      2.375 

Weathersfield, 

1,717 

Harrison, 

513 

Canaan,     . 

1,923 

Liberty,     . 

1,328 

Liberty,     . 

424 

Clinton, 

.      1,121 

Hubbard, 

1,272 

York,     .... 

375 

Franklin,  . 

1.450 

Brookfield, 

1,451 

Ridge, 

400 

Paint,     . 

.      1^627 

TonnitirvD 

201 

o.  __      r^rpplr 

2  321 

OQ  ftjn 

eJcmilLJgO)            •              •              • 

Salt  Creek 

1  fi7f) 

OUjtJ^U 

4,793 

Chippewa, 

.          1  ,D  1  \J 

2,637 

TUSCARAWAS. 

Milton,  . 

.      1,360 

Goshen,     . 

1,482 

VINTON. 

Baughman, 

1,727 

N.  Philadelphia,     . 

1,415 

Elk,  .        .        . 

1,221 

Lockport,    . 

178 

McArthurstown, 

424 

33,045 

Fmrfield, 

874 

Brown, 

648 

Oxford,      . 

959 

Clinton, 

886 

WILLIAMS. 

New  Comerstown,   . 

476 

Vinton, 

460 

Centre, 

882 

Salem, 

1,584 

Richland, 

1,193 

St.  Joseph,     . 

589 

Port  Washington,  . 

269 

Harrison, 

580 

Pulaski,     . 

760 

Mill, 

934 

Wilksville,     . 

1,037 

Springfield,    . 

782 

Uricksville,     . 

577 

Eagle. 

476 

Brady, 

1,128 

Union, 

944 

Jackson, 

835 

Jefferson, 

.      1,016 

Warren, 

937 

Swan, 

1,154 

Mill  Creek, 

408 

New  Cumberland, 

203 

North  Brown, 

439 

Madison, 

225 

Sandy,  .... 

1,005 



Superior,  . 

723 

Sandyville, 

223 

9,353 

Bridge  water, 

493 

Lawrence, 

917 

Northwest, 

343 

Bolivar, 

302 

WARREN. 

Florence, 

669 

Zoar,      .... 

249 

Union, 

1,712 



Sugar  Creek, 

1,018 

Turtle  Creek, 

3,342 

8,018 

Shanesville, 

382 

Lebanon,     . 

2,088 

Wayne,      . 

2,233 

Deerfield,       . 

1,863 

WOOD. 

Strausburg, 

109 

Hamilton, 

2,068 

Webster,   . 

237 

York,         .         . 

1,304 

^  525 

Weston, 

546 

Auburn, 

1,246 

Washington, 

1,566 

Middleton, 

331 

Bucks, 

1,326 

Clear  Creek, 

2.770 

Washington, 

504 

Jefferson, 

1,058 

Franklin,  .        .        . 

2,544 

Plain, 

492 

Warwick, 

1,195 

Wayne, 

4,081 

Centre,  . 

357 

Dover,   .... 

3,252 



Portage,    . 

405 

Bush, 

1,332 

25,560 

Bloom, 

659 

Clay,      . 

1,261 

Milton, 

244 

Perry, 

1,396 

WASHINGTON. 

Henry,  . 

321 

Washington, 

1,092 

Lawrence, 

814 

Jackson,    . 

74 

Newport, 

1,427 

Liberty, 

237 

31,732 

Grandview, 

1,154 

Perrysburg, 

581 

Independence, 

728 

Perrysburg,     . 

.      1,199 

UNION. 

Adams,     .        .        . 

1,293 

Freedom, 

454 

Jackson, 

436* 

Union,  . 

1,165 

Troy,     . 

559 

Claibourn, 

919 

Jolly, 

1,014 

Lake, 

152 

Leesburg, 
York,     .        .        .        . 

701 
831 

Ludlow,         . 
Waterford, 

1,051 
1,693 

Montgomery, 
Perry, 

924 

889 

Paris, 

982 

Aurelius, 

1,251 



Marysville, 

605 

Barlow, 

1,062 

9,165 

Dover, 

700 

Salem,  . 

1,246 

Liberty, 

1,258 

Liberty,     . 

1,224 

WYANDOT. 

Taylor,      . 

400 

Belpre,  . 

1,623 

Marsailles, 

539 

Washington, 

•333 

Fearing,    . 

1,254 

Crane,    . 

761 

Union, 

994 

Decatur, 

807 

Upper  Sandusky, 

783 

748 


CENSUS    OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


Mifflin,  . 

570 

Pitt,        .         .         . 

886 

Tymochtee,  . 

1,817 

Salem, 

738 

Richland, 

599 

Crawford, 

1,301 

Eden,    . 

643 

Ridge,   .        .       , 

501 

Jackson, 

395 

Antrim,     . 

756 

Sycamore, 

880 

. 

11,169 

STATE   OF  MICHIGAN. 

ALLEGAN. 

Battle  Creek,    . 

1,897     Benton, 

344 

Allegan,    . 

752 

Bedford, 

747 

Brookfield, 

255 

Dorr,     . 

124 

Burlington, 

811 

Carmel, 

567 

Fillmore,  . 

527 

Clarence, 

485 

Chester,     . 

380 

Ganges, 

246 

Clarendon, 

669 

Delta,     .        .        .        . 

242 

Gunplain, 

587 

Convis, 

621 

Eaton, 

539 

Leighton, 

112 

Eckford,    . 

715 

Eaton  Rapids, 

1,525 

Manlius,    . 

82 

Emmett, 

.      1,582 

Kalamo,    . 

429 

Martin, 

329 

Fredonia,  .        . 

623 

Oneida, 

492 

Monterey, 

238 

Homer, 

929 

Roxand,    . 

353 

Newark, 

246 

Lee  

381 

Sunfield, 

122 

Otsego, 

818 

Le  Roy, 

878 

Vermontville,    . 

324 

Pine  Plains,  . 

34 

Marengo, 

1,013 

Walton, 

464 

Trowbridge, 

313 

Marshall,       . 

.      2,823 

Windsor,  . 

253 

Watson, 

313 

Newton,     . 

569 



Wayland, 

406 

Pennfield,       . 

598 

7,058 

_____ 

Sheridan, 

979 

5,127 

Tekonsha,      . 

651 

GENESEE. 



Argentine. 

436 

BARRY. 

19,169 

Atlas,    .... 

1,207 

Assyria,     . 

336 

Clayton,    . 

418 

Barry,    . 

478 

CASS. 

Davison, 

367 

Baltimore, 

90 

Calvin,      . 

624 

East  Genesee,   . 

844 

Castleton, 

324 

Howard, 

766 

Fenton, 

873 

Carlton,     . 

272 

Jefferson,  . 

887 

Forest, 

179 

Hope,     . 

99 

La  Grange,    . 

.      1,327 

Flint,     . 

3,304 

Hastings, 
Irving,   . 

554 

214 

Mason, 
Marcellus, 

570 
222 

Flushing,  . 
Gaines, 

708 
286 

Johnstown, 

451 

Milton, 

610 

Grand  Blanc,     . 

1,165 

Maple  Grove, 

153 

Newburg, 

388 

Montrose, 

52 

Orangeville, 

364 

Ontwa, 

781 

Mundy, 

786 

Prairieville,   . 

555 

Penn,     . 

698 

Richfield, 

482 

Kutland,    .         .        . 

177 

Porter, 

1,259 

Thetford, 

303 

Thornapple,  . 

336 

Pokagon, 

994 

Vienna, 

389 

Woodland, 

377 

Silver  Creek,     .. 

491 

West  Genesee, 

232 

Ytiiik.cc  Sorinffs 

900 

Volinia, 

607 

•               ,__  J__ 

Wayne,     .        . 

682 

12,031 

5,072 

—  —  — 

10,906 

HOUGHTON. 

BERRIEN. 

Eagle  Harbor,  . 

126 

Total  of  county, 

11,417 

CLINTON. 

Houghton, 

546 

Bath, 

222 

L'Ance,    . 

126 

BRANCH. 

Bengal, 

143 

Algansee, 

609 

Bingham, 

185 

798 

Batavia, 

724 

Dallas,  . 

185 

Bethel,       . 

679 

De  Witt,  . 

706 

HURON 

Bronson, 

713 

Duplain, 

419 

Total  of  county, 

.     207 

Butler, 

611 

Eagle, 

521 

California, 
Cold  water, 

473 
2,166 

Essex,    . 
Greenbush, 

410 
318 

HILLSDALE. 

Adams,     .        . 

1,129 

Girard,  . 

934 

Lebanon, 

192 

Allen,     . 

1,033 

Gilead, 

503 

Olive, 

228 

Amboy,     . 

252 

Kinderhook,  . 

356 

Ovid,     . 

172 

Camden, 

594 

Mattison,  . 

475 

Riley,        .        . 

191 

•Cambria,  . 

716 

Noble,    . 

451 

Victor,  .        .        . 

277 

Favette, 

895 

Ovid, 

710 

Watertown, 

315 

Hillsdale,          .        . 

1,067 

Quincy. 

.      1,111 

Westphalia,  . 

618 

Jefferson,        ... 

763 

Sherwood, 

686 



Jonesville,         .    '    . 

565 

.      1,271 

5,102 

Litchfield,      ... 

1,362 

Moscow,   .        .        . 

942 

12,472 

CHIPPEWA. 

Pittsford,       ... 

1,223 

St.  de  Ste.  Marie,     . 

898 

Ransom,   ... 

549 

CALHOUN. 

Reading,        ... 

956 

Albion, 

1,666 

EATON. 

Scipio, 

864 

Athens, 

532 

Bellerue,  .        .        . 

.     769 

Somerset, 

913 

CENSUS    OF   THE   UNITED    STATES,  1850. 


749 


Wheatland, 

1,358 

Charleston,    . 

846 

Tecumseh,     . 

2.678 

Woodbridge, 
Wright 

404 
574 

Kalamazoo,  (village,) 
Kalamazoo,  (town  ) 

2,507 

777 

Woodstock,       . 

949 

T  f  1  Ig  U  «}        •               •               • 

Oshtemo 

KQ7 

16,159 

Pavilion, 

Oo/ 

495 

26,380 

r 

Portage,     . 

726 

LIVINGSTON. 

LNGHAM. 

Prairie  Ronde, 

690 

Brighton,           .        . 

1,015 

Alaiedon, 

377 

Richland, 

795 

Con  way, 

460 

Aurelius,        ... 

501 

•Ross,      .... 

680 

Deerfield 

882 

Bunker  Hill,     . 

374 

Schooleraft, 

1,101 

Genoa,  . 

754 

Delhi,    ... 

402 

Texas,    .... 

410 

Green  Oak, 

941 

Ingham,     .    •   • 

754 

Wakeshena, 

128 

Hartland, 

996 

Lansing,         .    .     . 

1,229 

.  

Howell,     . 

1,155 

Le  Roy,     ... 

254 

13,179 

Hamburg, 

895 

Leslie,    ... 

673 

Handy,      .        .        . 

484 

Locke,       ... 

321 

KENT. 

losco, 

645 

Meredian,      .        .        . 

367 

Ada, 

593 

Marion,     . 

873 

Onondaga, 

819 

Algoma, 

233 

Osceola, 

960 

Phelpstown,  . 

393 

Alpine, 

618 

Putnam,    . 

977 

Stockbridge, 

657 

Bowne, 

220 

Tuscola, 

544 

Vevay,  .         . 

783 

Byron, 

309 

Tyrone,     . 

867 

Wheatfield,    .    . 

231 

Cannon, 

696 

Unadilla,       . 

1,027 

White  Oak,  .        .    .    . 

508 

Cascade,    . 

358 

4flfi 

v^ourtland,     ... 

4UD 

13,475 

8,643 

Caledonia, 

99 

Gaines, 

319 

MACOMB. 

IONIA. 

G.  Rapids,  (city,) 

2,646 

Armada,   . 

1,146 

Berlin, 

391 

G.  Rapids,  (town,) 

503 

Bruce,   .        . 

1,555 

Boston,          ... 

424 

Grattan,    . 

648 

Chesterfield,      . 

1,002 

Campbell, 

40 

Lowell,          ... 

234 

Clinton, 

2,130 

Danby,           ... 

262 

Oakfield,  .        .        . 

404 

Erin, 

974 

Easton, 

397 

Paris,     .         ... 

521 

Harrison, 

433 

Ionia,     ... 

774 

Plainfield,          .    .     .      , 

659 

Lenox,      .        . 

654 

Keene, 

737 

Sparta,  .... 

309 

Macomb, 

757 

Lyons,  . 

850 

Vergennes, 

876 

Richmond, 

1,000 

North  Plains,     . 

292 

Walker, 

823 

Ray,       . 

1,232 

Odessa, 

81 

Wyoming, 

543 

Shelby,      . 

1,482 

Orange, 

378 

—  .  

Sterling, 

876 

Orleans, 

491 

12,017 

Washington, 

1,541 

Otisco, 

1,018 

Warren, 

700 

Portland, 

763 

LAPEEE. 

Ronald, 

452 

Almont,    . 

1,452 

15,532 

Sebewa, 

247 

Attica,  .... 

462 

Drvd.cn 

1  131 

MACKINAC. 

7,597 

Elba,     '.'.'.'. 

'255 

Holmes        } 

JACKSON 
Columbia, 

1,142 

Hadley,     . 
Imlay,    .... 
Lapeer, 

846 
183 
1,467 

Moran,         > 
St.  Ignace,  ) 

3,597 

Concord, 

984 

Marathon, 

205 

Grass  Lake, 
Hanover, 

1,281 
931 

Metatnora, 
Oregon, 

821 
204 

MARQUETTE. 

Marquette, 

136 

Henrietta, 

830 



Jackson, 

4,147 

7,026 

MONROE. 

Leoni, 

1,290 

Ash, 

1,229 

Liberty, 

891 

LENAWEE. 

Bedford, 

889 

Napoleon, 

1,208 

Adrian,     . 

3,009 

Dundee,    . 

1,239 

Parma, 

1,081 

Blissfield,       . 

924 

Erie,       .... 

1,144 

Pulaski,     . 

760 

Cambridge, 

974 

Exeter, 

458 

Rives,    .... 

518 

Dover,   .... 

1,223 

Frenchtown, 

1,242 

Sandstone, 

823 

Fairfield,  . 

1,327 

Ida,   . 

345 

Spring  Arbor, 

1.075 

Franklin, 

1,231 

Lasalle, 

1,100 

Springport, 

759 

Hudson,    . 

1,544 

London, 

626 

Tompkins,     . 

623 

Madison, 

2,320 

Milan,    .... 

642 

Waterloo, 

1,090 

Medina,     . 

1,685 

Monroe,  (town,) 

837 

Macon, 

1,030 

Monroe,  (city,) 

2,809 

19,433 

Ogden, 

579 

Raisinville,.       .      ,  . 

967 

Palmyra, 

1,098 

Summerfield, 

472 

KALAMAZOO. 

Raisin, 

1,267 

Whiteford, 

696 

Alamo, 

420 

Ridgeway, 

634 

Brady,  .... 

578 

Riga, 

208 

14,695 

Cooper, 

733 

Rollin, 

1,080 

Comstock, 

1,202 

Rome, 

1,528 

MASON. 

Climax,     . 

504 

Seneca, 

1,092 

Vlason, 

93 

750 


CENSUS   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


MIDLAND. 

Taymouth,     . 

58 

White  Pigeon, 

794 

Midland, 

65 

Tittabawassee, 

.      341 

.. 



12,717 

MONTCALM. 

2,609 

Eureka,     . 

461 

TUSCOLA. 

Fairplain, 

229 

SAN1LAC. 

Tuscola,    . 

291 

Montcalm, 
Bushnell,       .  • 

135 
66 

Lexington, 
Sanilac, 

1,176 
339 

VAN  BUREN. 



Worth,      . 

600 

Almena,    . 

420 

891 

Huron,  .        .        . 

207 

Antwerp, 

614 

. 

Arlington, 

240 

NEWAYGO. 

2,322 

Bloomingdale, 

160 

Total  of  county, 

510 

Columbia, 

265 

SCHOOLCRAFT. 

Decatur, 

386 

OAKLAND. 

Grand  Island, 

16 

Hamilton, 

370 

Addison,   .        . 

924 

Hartford,    ...... 

296 

Avon.    .        .        . 

1,456 

Keeler,      . 

486 

Bloomfield, 

1,603 

SHIAWASSEE. 

Lawrence, 

510 

Brandon,       .        ,        . 

893 

Antrim,     . 

282 

Lafayette, 

1,145 

Commerce, 

1,428 

Bennington, 

601 

Pine  Grove,  . 

62 

Farmington. 
Groveland, 

1,844 

988 

Burns, 
Caledonia,     * 

717 
500 

Porter,        .        .        . 
South  Haven, 

444 
220 

Highland, 
Holley,      . 

851 
941 

Hazleton, 
Middlebury,  . 

26 
132 

Waverly,  .        .        . 

186 

Independence, 
Lyon, 

2,279 
1,134 

N.  Haven  ) 
and  Rush,  j 

150 

5,804 

Milford, 

1,470 

Owasso,          . 

392 

WASHTENAW. 

Novi, 

1,428 

Perry,        . 

313 

Ann  Arbor, 

4,870 

Oakland, 

978 

Sciota,   .... 

191 

Augusta, 

808 

Orion, 

1,119 

Shiawassee, 

810 

Bridgewater, 

1,148 

Oxford,          .         .        . 

1,019 

Venice,          .        . 

186 

Dexter, 

1,435 

Pontiac,     . 

2,819 

Vernon,     . 

.    674 

Freedom,  . 

1,214 

Rose,     .... 

886 

Woodhull,     . 

259 

Lyndon, 

901 

Royal  Oak, 

1,092 



Lodi, 

1,234 

Southfield,     . 

1,658 

5,233 

Lima,     . 

912 

Springfield, 
Troy,     .        .        .    -     . 

956 
1,426 

ST.  CLAIR. 

Manchester, 
Northfield,     . 

1,274 
1,116 

Waterford, 

1,085 

Berlin, 

533 

Pittsfield, 

1,232 

White  Lake, 

905 

Brockway, 

252 

Saline,    . 

1,631 

West  Bloomfield,      . 

1,085 

Burchville, 

472 

Salem, 

1,343 

Cftsco 

134 

Scio 

1  195 

31,267 

China, 

1,037 

Sharon, 

'869 

Clay,      .        .        .        . 

821 

Superior, 

1,127 

OTTOWA. 

Columbus, 

377 

Sylvan, 

924 

Allendale,         .        . 

168 

Cottrelville,  . 

913 

Webster, 

924 

Chester, 

216 

Clyde, 

691 

York, 

1,360 

Crockery,          .        .    » 

247 

Ira,         .... 

597 

Ypsilanti, 

3,052 

Georgetown, 

196 

Lyn, 

55 



Holland,    . 

1,829 

Pt.  Huron,  (village,)     . 

1,584 

28,569 

Jamestown,   . 

72 

Pt.  Huron,  (town,)    . 

717 

Muskegon, 

484 

Riley,    .... 

311 

WAYNE. 

Ottawa, 

430 

St.  Clair,  . 

1,728 

Brownstown,     . 

1,047 

Polkton,    .        .     •   . 

268 

Wales,  .... 

189 

Canton, 

1,333 

Ravenna 

77 

Detroit  City 

91  noQ 

Spring  Lake, 

/  t 
545 

10,411 

Dearborn, 

2i.|UZO 

1,385 

Tallmadge.    . 

534 

Ecorse, 

653 

Wright,     . 

521 

ST.  JOSEPH. 

Greenfield,     .        .     .  . 

1,674 



Burr  Oak, 

658 

Grosse  Point,    . 

1,392 

5,587 

Colon,    ... 

847 

Huron,  .        .        .  ,      . 

482 

OCEA'NA. 

Constantine, 

1,494 

Hamtramck, 

1,628 

Oceana, 

300 

Fawn  River, 

473 

Livonia, 

1,375 

Fabius, 

,   504 

Monguagon, 

984 

ONTONAGON. 

Florence, 

732 

Nankin, 

1.617 

Ontonagon, 

389 

Flower-field, 
Leonidas, 

563 

858 

Plymouth, 
Redford, 

2,431 
1  645 

Lockport,           -. 

1,143 

Springwells, 

1,263 

SAGINAW. 

Mendon, 

860 

Sumpter,       \ 

Bridgeport, 
Buena  Vista, 

374 
251 

Mottville, 
Nottawa, 

610 
1,165 

Taylor,          f 
Romulus,      j 

2,828 

Hampton, 

546 

Park,         ...       . 

823 

Van  Buren,  / 

Northampton, 

122 

Sherman, 

354 



Saginaw,  . 

917 

Sturgis,     . 

839 

42,765 

CENSUS   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


751 


STATE   OF  WISCONSIN. 


ADAMS. 

District  No.  37, 

.    (     3,845 

GREEN. 

Total  of  county, 

187 

District  No.  144, 

.      3,438 

Adams, 

275 

BROWN. 

' 

16,654 

Brooklyn, 

531 

Depere, 

798 

Cady,     . 

459 

Elington,  . 

64 

DODGE. 

Clarion,     . 

714 

Grand  Chute, 

630 

Beaver  Dam,    . 

1,830 

Decatur, 

558 

Green  Bay, 

1,932 

Burnette, 

816 

Exeter, 

450 

Greenville,     . 

104 

Calumus,  . 

413 

Jefferson, 

692 

Hortona,    . 

192 

Chester, 

829 

Jordan, 

389 

Howard, 

588 

Clyman,    . 

735 

Monroe, 

1,146 

Kaukaulin, 

689 

Emmet, 

.      1.207 

Mount  Pleasant, 

579 

Lansing, 

209 

Elba, 

1J548 

New  Glaris,   . 

321 

Lawrence, 

252 

Fairfield, 

.      1.143 

Spring  Prairie,          • 

703 

Marietta, 

245 

Lebanon,  . 

1,031 

Sylvester, 

712 

Pittsfield, 

198 

Leroy,    . 

397 

York,         .        .        .* 

191 

Sewamico, 
Washington,     . 

171 
171 

Lowell, 
Lomyra         . 

834 
.653 

Washington, 

317 

o           > 

Portland, 

523 

8,583 

6,222 

Shields, 

590 

CALUMET. 

Trenton,    . 

997 

JEFFERSON. 

Total  of  county, 

1,745 

Waushara,    . 
Ashipun, 

856 

•e 

Aztalan,    . 
Concord, 

429 
705 

CHIPPEWA. 

Total  of  county, 

615 

Hermon, 
Hubbard, 
Hustisford, 

.    F 

Coldspring, 
Farmington, 
Hebron,     . 

568 
736 
640 

COLUMBIA. 

Rubicon, 

3 

Ixonia, 

1,113 

Columbus, 

960 

Theresa, 

2 

Jefferson,  . 

1,610 

Dekora, 

661 

Williamstown, 

5§ 

Koshkonong, 

1,512 

Fountain  Prairie, 

420 



Lake  Mills, 

884 

Fort  Winnebago,  . 

462 

Total,  per  est  of  U.  S.  M.,  19,140 

Milford, 

728 

Hampden, 
Kossuth, 

439 
394 

FOND  DU 

LAC. 

Oakland,   . 
Palmyra, 

806 
997 

Lodi, 

308 

Alto, 

630 

Sullivan,   . 

872 

Lowville, 

297 

Ashford, 

546 

Waterloo, 

831 

Marcellon, 

505 

Auburn,    . 

336 

Watertown, 

1,327 

Otsego, 

420 

Byron,  . 

882 

Water-town  Village, 

1,561 

Portage  Prairie, 

455 

Calumet,   . 

1,764 

—  —  —  _ 

Port  Hope,    . 

603 

Ceresco, 

.      1,337 

15,339 

Randolph, 

618 

Eden, 

840 

Scott,     . 

395 

Eldorada, 

504 

KENOSHA. 

Springville, 

471 

Forest, 

1,218 

Brighton, 

810 

West  Point,  . 

197 

Fond  du  Lac, 

.      2,016 

Bristol, 

1,225 

Wyocena, 

506 

Friendship, 

415 

Kenosha,  . 

3,460 

Fall  River  Village, 

126 

Lamartine,     . 

588 

Paris,     . 

947 

Fort  Winnebago, 

1,180 

Metomen, 

756 

Pike, 

680 

Pardeeville,    . 

90 

Oakfield, 

588 

Pleasant  Prairie,    . 

959 



Rosendale, 

714 

Salem,       .        .        . 

1,123 

9,565 

Springville, 

588 

Southport,     .        . 

363 

Taychedah, 

798 

Wheatland,       . 

1,193 

CRAWFORD. 

Waupan, 

882 



Bad  Axe, 

630 



10,730 

Black  River, 

462 

14,512 

Prairie  du  Chien, 

1,407 

LA  POINTE. 

GRAN' 

r. 

La  Pointe  Village 

407 

2,399 

Total  of  county, 

16,169 

Bad  Axe,      .        !    '    . 

^Ol 

10 

Fond  du  Lac,    . 

16 

DANE. 

IOWA 

Albion,      . 

821 

Arena, 

402 

595 

Blooming  Grove,  . 

291 

Clyde,    . 

319 

Cottage  Grove, 

1,022 

Dodgeville, 

.:  ?'      2,118 

LA   FAYETTE. 

Christianna, 

785 

Highland, 

.      1,185 

Argyle,      . 

495 

Dunn, 

288 

Lima, 

995 

Belmont,        ..        .        . 

326 

Deer-field, 

630 

Miflin,    . 

640 

Benton,     . 

2,227 

Greenfield, 

598 

Mineral  Point, 

2,584 

Centre, 

591 

Madison, 

.      1,871 

Ridgeway, 

704 

Elkhorn,    . 

614 

Oregon, 

638 

Waldritch, 

423 

Fayette, 

753 

Pleasant  Spring,    . 

732 

Wyoming, 

206 

Gratiot,     . 

494 

Rutland,   . 

759 

______ 

Kendall, 

333 

Stoughton  Village, 

70 

9,576 

Monticello, 

168 

752 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


New  Digging, 
Shullsburg, 

1,742 
1,672 

RICHLAND. 

Total  of  county,    .         .        963 

Geneva,     . 
Hudson, 

1,533 
1,273 

Wayne, 

336 

La  Fayette, 

1,008 

White  Oak  Springs, 

482 

ROCK. 

La  Grange,    . 

9C6 

Wiota,   .... 

711 

Avon, 

558 

Linn, 

805 

Willow  Springs, 

606 

Beloit,    . 

.      2,730 

Richmond,     . 

756 



Bradford,  . 

703 

Spring  Prairie, 

1,344 

11,556 

Centre,  . 

625 

Sugar  Creek, 

1,229 

Clinton,     . 

1,176 

Sharon, 

1,169 

MANITOWOC. 

Fulton, 

828 

Troy,     .... 

1,072 

Cooperstown,    . 
Centreville,    . 

84 
210 

Harmony, 
Janesville, 

840 
.      3,419 

Walworth, 
Whitewater, 

987 
1,252 

Manitowoc, 

766 

Johnstown, 

1,571 



Manitowoc  Rapids, 

966 

La  Prairie,     . 

378 

17,866 

Meme, 

210 

Lima, 

839 

Newton, 

522 

Magnolia, 

673 

WASHINGTON. 

Two  Rivers,      . 

924 

Milton, 

1,032 

Addison,   . 

1,092 



Porter,  . 

881 

Belgium, 

1,154 

If 

3,712 

Plymouth, 

511 

Cedersburg, 

1,134 

Rock,     . 

553 

Erin,      .... 

840 

MARATHON. 

Newark,    . 

798 

Farmington, 

504 

Wausau, 

466 

Spring  Valley, 
Turtle,       . 

766 
966 

Fredonia, 
Grafton,     . 

672 
626 

Union, 

.      1,050 

Germantown, 

1,722 

MARQUETTE. 

Hartford, 

1.008 

Albany,     . 

494 

20,717 

Jackson, 

1,038 

Buffalo, 

,565 

Mequon,   . 

2.148 

Brooklyn, 
Berlin,   .... 

505 
1,052 

4             ST.  CROI2L 
St.  Croix  Falls,         .             165 

North  Bend,  . 
Poik, 

672 
1,344 

Green  Lake, 
Kingston, 

725 
336 

Osccola, 
Bucna  Vista,    . 

84 
248 

Port  Washington, 
Richfield, 

1,373 
869 

Mackford, 

549 

Mouth  of  St.  Croix,       .         169 

Saukville,       . 

1,796 

Marquette,     . 

246 



Wayne,      . 

714 

Middleton, 

359 

666 

West  Bend,   . 

672 

Pleasant  Prairie,    . 

536 

i 

Indian  Lands,    . 

2,865 

SAUK. 

19,476 

—  —  — 

Adams, 

504 

8,642 

Baraboo  Village,  . 

252 

WAUKESHA. 

Baraboo  Town, 

462 

Brookfield, 

1,939 

MILWAUKEE. 
Franklin,  . 
Granville, 
Greenfield, 
Lake,     .        . 
Oak  Creek, 
Milwaukee,    . 
Milwaukee  City, 
Wauwatosa,  . 

1,246 
1,739 
1,894 
1,474 
1,289 
1,364 
20,061 
2,056 

Brooklyn,       ...        420 
Eagle,        ...             340 
Flora,     ....        252 
Kingston,           .        .             420 
Honey  Creek,        .        .        336 
Lyons,        ...               84 
Manchester,   ...          84 
New  Buffalo,     .        .             210 
Prairie  du  Sac,      .        .        168 
Prairie  du  Sac  Village,          630 

Delafield,       . 
Eagle, 
Genesee, 
Lisbon, 
Menominee,  . 
Merton, 
Muckwonago, 
Muskego,  . 
New  Berlin,  . 
Oconomowoc,    . 

1,134 
816 
1,290 
1,050 
,340 
,763 
,094 
,111 
,293 
1,218 

Westfield,      . 

210 

Ottowa, 

793 

31,124 

Pewaukee,} 

1.093 

4,372 

Summit, 

1,008 

PORTAGE. 

Vernon,     . 

889 

Grand  Rapids,  . 

343 

SHEBOYGAN. 

Waukesha,    . 

2,314 

Plover,  . 

462 

Abbott, 



Stevens  Point,  . 

462 

Green  Bush, 

19,324 



Howard, 

1,267 

Holland, 

WINNEBAGO. 

Lima, 

Algoma,    . 

70S 

RACINE. 

Lynden, 

-       .      8,386 

Bloomingdale, 

909 

Burlington, 
Caledonia,     . 

1,640 
1,065 

Plymouth, 
Scott, 

Clayton,    . 
Neenah, 

402 
1,520 

Dover, 
Norway, 
Racine, 

840 
•     870 

777 

Sheboygan, 
Sheboygan  Falls, 
Wilson, 

Nekima,    . 
Nepesakin,     . 
Rushford, 

910 
361 
514 

Racine  City, 

5,103 

Utica,     . 

630 

Raymond, 
Rochester, 
Yorkville, 

820 
1,672 
997 

WALWORTH. 

Bloomfield,        .        .             879 
Darien,           .        .              1,013 

Vinland,   . 
Winnebago,  . 
Winneconiia,     . 

756 
1,627 
1,948 

_—_  _ 

Delavan,    . 

1,260 

• 

14,971 

East  Troy,     . 

1,318 

19,179 

CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1850. 


753 


STATE   OF   INDIANA.* 


Adams, 

Allen,   . 

Bartholomew,    . 

Benton, 

Blackford, 

Boone, 

Brown, 

Carrol, 

Cass. 

Clark,   . 

Clay, 

Clinton, 

Crawford, 

Daviess, 

Dearborn, 

Decatur, 

De  Kalb,  . 

Delaware, 

Dubois,     . 

Elkhart, 

Fayette,     . 

Floyd,  . 

Fountain, 

Franklin, 

Fulton,      . 

Gibson, 

Grant, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Hancock, 

Harrison, 


5,774 

Hendricks,    . 

16,921 

Henry, 

12,832 

Howard, 

1,H4 

Huntington, 

2,864 

Jackson, 

11,629 

Jasper, 

4,846 

Jay. 

11,025 

Jefferson, 

10,922 

Jennings, 

15,836 

Johnson,    . 

8,134 

Knox,  . 

11,871 

Kosciusko, 

6,318 

Lagrange,     . 

10,354 

Lake, 

20,165 

Laporte, 

15.100 

Lawrence, 

8,257 

Madison, 

10,976 

Marion,     . 

6,230 

Marshall,      . 

12,903 

Martin, 

10,140 

Miami, 

14,876 

Monroe,     . 

13,260 

Montgomery, 

17,914 

Morgan,    . 

5,864 

Noble, 

10,782 

Ohio, 

11,092 

Orange, 

12,247 

Owen, 

12,686 

Parke,  . 

9,714 

Perry,       . 

15,538 

Pike,     . 

14.077 

Porter,      . 

17,668 

Posey, 

6,667 

Pulaski,     . 

7,850 

Putnam, 

11,030 

Randolph, 

3,424 

Ripley, 

7,051 

Rush, 

23,931 

Scott,    . 

12,541 

Shelby,      . 

12,228 

Spencer, 

11,086 

Steuben,    . 

10,243 

St.  Joseph,    . 

8,424 

Sullivan,   . 

3,991 

Switzerland, 

12^169 

Starke,      . 

12,210 

Tippecanoe, 

12,497 

Tipton, 

24,289 

Union, 

5,348 

Vanderburg, 

5,955 

Vermillion, 

11.349 

Vigo,         . 

11,283 

Wabash, 

18,227 

Warren,    . 

14,654 

Warrick, 

7,948 

Washington, 

5,310 

Wayne, 

10,818 

Wells, 

12,040 

White, 

15,049 

Whitley,    . 

7,251 

8,599 

5,250 

12,367 

2,595 

18,612 

14,694 

14,822 

16,445 

5,889 

15,446 

8,664 

6,107 

10,955 

10,163 

12,953 

558 

19,269 

3,534 

6.881 

1L415 

8,601 

14,693 

12,109 

7.423 

8,822 

17,088 

25,900 

6,152 

4.760 

5,190 

990,258 


STATE   OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 


EASTERN 

DISTRICT. 

WESTERN 

DISTRICT. 

Jefferson, 

13,518 

Adams, 

25,981 

Allegheny, 

138,290 

Juniata, 

.     13,029 

Berks,  . 

.     77,129 

Armstrong,  . 

.     29,560 

Lawrence, 

21,079 

Bucks, 

56,091 

Beaver, 

26,689 

Lucerne, 

.     56,072 

Carbon, 

.     15,686 

Bedford, 

.     23,052 

Lycoming, 

26,257 

Chester,     . 

66,438 

Blair, 

21,777 

Mercer, 

.     33,172 

Cumberland, 

.     34,327 

Bradford, 

.     42,831 

Mifflin,      . 

14,980 

Dauphin,  . 

35,754 

Butler, 

30,346 

Montour, 

.     13.239 

Delaware, 

.     24,679 

Cambria, 

.     17,773 

Mckean,    . 

5,254 

Franklin,  . 

39,904 

Centre, 

23,355 

Northumberland,  . 

.     23,272 

Lancaster,     . 

.     98,944 

Clarion, 

.     23,565 

Potter, 

6,048 

Lebanon,  . 

26,071 

Clearfield, 

12,586 

Somerset, 

.     24,416 

Lehigh, 

.     32,479 

Clinton, 

.     11.207 

Sullivan,  . 

3,694 

Monroe, 

13.270 

Columbia, 

17,710 

Susquehanna, 

.     28,688 

Montgomery, 

.     58,291 

Crawford, 

.     37.849 

Tioga, 

23,987 

Northampton, 

40,235 

Elk, 

3^531 

Union, 

.     26,083 

Perry,    . 

.     20,088 

Erie,    . 

.     38,742 

Vanango, 

18,310 

Philadelphia, 

.       408,782 

Fayette,     . 

39,112 

Warren, 

.     13,671 

Pike,     . 

5,881 

Fulton,          . 

7.567 

Washington, 

44,939 

Schuylkill, 

60.713 

Greene, 

22,136 

Westmoreland,     . 

.     51,726 

Wavne, 

.     21,890 

Huntingdon. 

.     24,786 

Wyoming, 

10,655 

York 

57  450 

Tnrli*in«i 

27  170 

*  ' 

1  OQ1  72T 

1   99O  nfi.t 

1  ,\Jj  I  ,  /  £>O 

Kent, 
New  Castle, 


STATE   OF  DELAWARE. 


22,816 
42,784 


Sussex, 


25,935 
91,535 


*  In  this  and  the  following  states,  the  population  is  given  by  counties. 
95 


754 


CENSUS    OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


STATE   OF   MARYLAND. 


WESTERN 

SHORE. 

Montgomery, 

15.860 

Cecil,    . 

.     18,939 

Alleghany, 

22,769 

Prince  George's,  .        .     21,550 

Dorchester, 

18,877 

Anne  Arundel, 

.     32,393 

St.  Mary's, 

13,696 

Kent,    . 

.     12,386 

Baltimore, 

.       210,646 

Washington, 

.     30,848 

Queen  Anne's,  . 

14,484 

Calvert, 

.      9,646 



Somerset, 

.     22,456 

Carroll,     . 

20,616 

454,531 

Talbot,      . 

13,811 

Charles, 

.     16,162 

Worcester,    . 

.     18,859 

Fred  crick 

40  987 

EASTER! 

f  SHORE. 

Harford,  '     . 

.     19J356 

Caroline,  . 

9,692 

128,504 

DISTRICT  OF   COLUMBIA. 

Washington, 

40,001 

3320 

Georgetown,    . 

8,366 

51,687 

STATE   OF 

VIRGINIA. 

EASTERN  VIRGINIA. 

Norfolk  Co., 

10,084 

Hancock, 

.       4,050 

Accomac, 

17,890 

Northampton, 

.       7,498 

Hardy,       . 

9,543 

Albemarle,   . 

.     25,800 

Northumberland,       .          7,346 

Harrison, 

.     11,728 

Alexandria, 

10,008 

Nottoway,     . 

.       8,437 

Highland, 

3,227 

Amelia, 

.       9,770 

Orange,     . 

10,007 

Jackson, 

.       6,544 

Amherst,  . 

12,699 

Patrick, 

.       9,609 

Jefferson,  . 

15,357 

Appomattox, 

.       9,193 

Pittsylvania, 

28,796 

Kanawha, 

.     15,353 

Bedford,    . 

24,080 

Portsmouth, 

.       8,626 

Lee,  . 

10,267 

Brunswick,  . 

.     13,894 

Powhattan, 

8,178 

Lewis,  . 

.     10,031 

Buckingham,    . 

13,837 

Prince  Edward, 

.     11,857 

Logan, 

3,620 

Campbell,     . 

.     23,245 

Prince  George, 

7,596 

Marion. 

.     10,552 

Caroline,  . 

18,456 

Prince  William 

.       8,129 

Marshall, 

10.138 

Charles  City, 

.       5,200 

Princess  Ann, 

7,669 

Mason, 

.       7,539 

Charlotte, 

13,955 

Rappahannock, 

.       9,782 

Mercer, 

4,222 

Chesterfield, 

.     17,486 

Richmond  City 

27,482 

Monongahela, 

.     12,387 

Culpepper, 

12,282 

Richmond  Co., 

.       6,448 

Monroe,     . 

10,204 

Cumberland, 

.       9,751 

Southampton, 

13,521 

Montgomery, 

.       8,359 

Dinwiddie, 

25,706 

Spottsylvania, 

.     14,911 

Morgan,    . 

3,557 

Elizabeth  City, 

.       4,586 

Stafford,    . 

8,044 

Nicholas, 

3,963 

Essex, 

10,206 

Surry,  . 

.       5,679 

Ohio, 

18,008 

Fairfax, 

.     10,682 

Sussex, 

9,820 

Page,    . 

.       7,600 

Fauquier, 

20,868 

Warwick,      . 

.       1,282 

Pendleton, 

5.805 

Fluvanna,     . 

.       9,487 

Westmoreland, 

7,080 

Pocahontas, 

.       3.598 

Franklin,  . 

17,430 

York,    . 

4,460 

Preston,     . 

11,688 

Gloucester,  . 

.     10,527 



Pulaski, 

.       5,118 

Goochland, 

10,352 

856,698 

Putnam,    . 

5,335 

Green, 

.       4,400 

Raleigh, 

.       1,765 

Greensville, 

5,639 

WESTERN 

VIRGINIA. 

Randolph, 

5,243 

Halifax, 

.     25,972 

Alleghany, 

3,515 

Ritchie, 

.       3.902 

Hanover,  . 

15,153 

Augusta, 

.     24,610 

Roanoke,  . 

8,477 

Henrico, 

.     15,955 

Barbour,    . 

9,005 

Rockbridge, 

.     16,045 

Henry, 

8,872 

Bath,     . 

.       3,426 

Rockingham,     . 

20,204 

James  City, 

.       4,020 

Berkeley,  . 

11,761 

Russell, 

.     11,919 

Isle  of  Wight,  . 

9,353 

Boone, 

.       3,237 

Scott, 

9.829 

King  and  Queen, 

.     10,319 

Botetourt, 

14,908 

Shenandoah, 

.     13,768 

King  George,    . 

5,972 

Braxton, 

.       4,212 

Smythe,     . 

8,062 

King  William, 

.       8,419 

Brooke,     . 

5,044 

Tazewell,      . 

9.942 

Lancaster, 

4,708 

Cabell, 

.       6,299 

Taylor,      . 

5^267 

Loudon, 

.     22,076 

Carroll,      . 

5,909 

Tyler,   . 

.       5,498 

Louisa, 

16,691 

Clarke, 

.       7,352 

Warren,    . 

6,607 

Lunenburg, 

.     11,692 

Doddridge, 

2,750 

Washington, 

.     14,612 

Madison,  . 

9,331 

Fayette, 

.       3,955 

Wavne,     . 

4,850 

Mathews, 

.       6,714 

Floyd,        . 

6.448 

Wetzel, 

.       4,284 

Mechlenburg,    . 

20,597 

Frederic, 

.     15.975 

Wirt, 

3,353 

Middlesex,   . 

4,394 

Giles, 

6,570 

Wood, 

9,450 

Nansemond, 

12,283 

Gilmer, 

.       3,475 

Wyoming, 

1,645 

Nelson, 

.     13,258 

Grayson,    . 

6,977 

Wythe, 

.     12,024 

New  Kent, 

6,064 

Green  brier,  . 

.     10,022 



Norfolk  City, 

.        •;     14,320 

Hampshire, 

.         .         14,036 

564,963 

CENSUS  OF  THE    UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


755 


STATE   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


Alamance, 

11,444 

Edgecomb,   . 

.     17,189 

Onslow,    . 

Alexander,    . 

5,220 

Franklin, 

11,713 

Orange, 

Anson, 

14,489 

Forsyth, 

.     11,168 

Pasquotank, 

Ashe,    . 

.   '  8,77^ 

Gates, 

8.436 

Perquimans, 

Beaufort,  . 

13,816 

Granville, 

.     21,249 

Person, 

Bertie, 

.     12,851 

Green, 

6,619 

Pitt,       . 

Bladen,      . 

9,767 

Guilford,       . 

.     19,739 

Eandolph, 

Brunswick,   . 

.       7,272 

Gastan, 

8,073 

Richmond,    . 

Buncombe. 

13,425 

Halifax, 

.     16,589 

Rowan, 

Burke, 

.       7,772 

Haywood, 

6,364 

Robeson, 

Caharras, 

9,847 

Hertford, 

.       8,142 

Rockingham, 

Caldwell,       . 

.       6,317 

Hyde,        .        .         . 

7,636 

Rutherford,  . 

Camden,   . 

6,049 

Henderson,   . 

.       6,853 

Sampson, 

Carteret, 

.       6,803 

Iredell,      . 

15,019 

Stokes, 

Gas  well,    . 

15,269 

Johnston, 

.     13,726 

Surry, 

Catawba, 

.       8,862 

Jones, 

5,038 

Stanley, 

Chatham, 

18,449 

Lenoir, 

.       7,828 

Tyrrell,     . 

Chowan, 

.       6,713 

Lincoln,     . 

7,756 

Union, 

Cleaveland, 

10,383 

Martin, 

.       8,307 

Wake,        . 

Columbus,    . 

5,909 

McDowell, 

6,246 

Warren, 

Craven, 

14,709 

Mecklenburg, 

.     13.914 

Washington, 

Cumberland, 

.     20,610 

Montgomery,    . 

6,872 

Watauga, 

Currituck, 

7,236 

Moore, 

.       9,342 

Wayne,     . 

Cherokee, 

.       6,838 

Macon, 

6,489 

Wilkes, 

Davidson, 

15.320 

Nash,     . 

.     10,657 

Yancy, 

Davie,  . 

.       7,866 

New  Hanover,  . 

17,668 

Duplin, 

13,514 

Northampton, 

.     13,345 

STATE   OF   SOUTH 

CAROLINA. 

Abbeville, 

32,318 

Fairfield,  . 

21,404 

Newbury, 

Anderson,     . 

.     21,475 

Georgetown, 

.     20,647 

Orangetmrg, 

Barnwell, 

26,608 

Greenville, 

20,156 

Pickens,    . 

Beaufort, 

.     38,805 

Horry, 

.       7.646 

Richland, 

Charleston, 

72,805 

Kershaw,  . 

14J473 

Spartanburg, 

Chester, 

.     18,038 

Lancaster,     . 

.     10,988 

Sumpter, 

Chesterfield, 

10,790 

Laurens,    . 

23,407 

Union, 

Colleton, 

.     39,505 

Lexington,    . 

.     12,930 

Williamsburg, 

Darlington, 

16,830 

Marion, 

17,407 

York, 

Edgefield,     . 

.     39,262 

Marlboro',     . 

.     10,789 

STATE   OF  GEORGIA. 

Appling,    . 

2,949 

Dooly, 

.       8,361 

Jasper, 

Baker,  . 

.       8,120 

Early, 

7,246 

Jones,   . 

Baldwin,   . 

8,148 

Effingham,    . 

.       3,864 

Jefferson, 

Bibb,     . 

.     12,699 

Elbert,       . 

12,959 

Laurens, 

Brvan, 

3,424 

Emanuel, 

.       4,577 

Lee, 

Bullock, 

.       4,300 

Favette,    . 

8,709 

Liberty, 

Burke, 

16,100 

Floyd,  . 

.       8,205 

Lincoln,     . 

Botts,    . 

.       6,488 

Forsyth,    . 

8,850 

Lowndes, 

Camden,    . 

6,319 

Franklin, 

.     11,513 

Lumpkin, 

Campbell,     . 

.       7,232 

Gilmer, 

8,440 

Macon, 

Carroll,     . 

9,357 

Glynn, 

4,933 

Madison,  . 

Cass,     . 

.     13,300 

Gordon,     . 

5,984 

Marion, 

Chatham, 

23,901 

Greene, 

.     13,068 

Mclntosh, 

Chatooga,     . 

.       6,815 

Gwinnett, 

11,257 

Meriwether, 

Cherokee, 

12,800 

Habersham, 

.       8,895 

Monroe,    . 

Clark,  . 

.     11,119 

Hall, 

8,713 

Montgomery, 

Cobb, 

13,843 

Hancock, 

.     11,578 

Morgan,     . 

Columbia,     . 

.     11,961 

Harris, 

14,721 

Murray, 

Coweta,    . 

13.635 

Heard, 

.       6,923 

Muscogee, 

Crawford, 

.       8,984 

Henry,      . 

14,726 

Newton, 

Dade, 

2,680 

Houston, 

.     16,450 

Oglethorpe, 

Decatur, 

.       8,262 

Invin, 

3,334 

Paulding, 

DeKalb,  . 

14,328 

Jackson, 

.       9,768 

Pike, 

8,283 

,     17,255 

9,950 

7,331 

10,781 

13,397 

15,832 

9,618 

13,87D 

12,826 

14,495 

13,550 

14,585 

9,106 

18,443 

6,922 

5,028 

9,997 

24,887 

13,912 

5,766 

3,400 

13,486 

12,109 

8,205 

868,072 


20,143 
23,582 
16,904 
20,243 
26,400 
33.220 
19,852 
12,447 
19,433 

668,507 


16,486 

10,224 

9,131 

6,442 

6,659 

7,926 

5,998 

8,351 

8,954 

7,052 

5,703 

10,180 

6,028 

16,486 

16,985 

2,154 

10,744** 

14,443 

18,578 

13,296 

12,259 

7,039 

14,305 


756 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


Pulaski, 

.          6,629 

Taliaferro, 

5,146 

Walton, 

.     10,821 

Putnam,    . 

10,794 

Tatnall, 

.       3,227 

Ware, 

3,888 

Rabun, 

.       2,448 

Telfair,      . 

3,026 

Warren, 

.     12.425 

Randolph, 
Richmond,    . 

12,868 
.     16,246 

Thomas, 
Troup, 

.     10,103 
16,879 

Washington,     . 
Wayne, 

11J66 
.       1,499 

Scriven,     . 

6,847 

Twiggs, 

.       8,179 

Wilkinson, 

8,212 

Stewart, 

.     16,027 

Union, 

7,234 

Wilkes, 

.      12,107 

i2  1  1  rv»  f  n  t* 

10,322 

TJoson 

9  424 

DUiIlLLr,         • 

Talbot, 

.     16^534 

Walker,    .    '    . 

13J09 

905,999 

STATE   OF 

FLORIDA. 

WESTERN 

FLORIDA. 

Hamilton,     . 

.       2,469 

Levi,     . 

465 

Calhoun,   . 

1,377 

Jefferson,  . 

7,718 

Marion,     . 

3,338 

Escambia, 

4,351 

Leon,    . 

.     11,442 

Nassau, 

2,164 

Franklin,  . 

1,561 

Madison,   . 

5,490 

Orange, 

466 

Holmes, 

.       1,644 

Wakulla,       . 

.       1,955 

Putnam, 

687 

Jackson,    . 

6,639 



St.  John,   . 

2,525 

Santa  Rosa, 

.       2,883 

37,857 

St.  Lucie, 

139 

Washington, 

.       1,950 

EASTERN 

FLORIDA. 

24,958 



Alachua,  . 

2,524 

21,784 

Benton, 

926 

SOUTHERN 

FLORIDA. 

Columbia, 

4.808 

Dade, 

159 

MIDDLE 

dot\or\0n 

FLORIDA. 

R  7R3 

Duval, 

Hill  shorn' 

.       4,539 
2  377 

Monroe, 

.       2,643 

2,802 


STATE   OF   ALABAMA. 


SOUTHERN 

ALABAMA. 

Mobile,      . 

27,600 

Blount, 

Antauga, 

.     15,023 

Monroe, 

.     12,013 

Cherokee. 

Baldwin,  . 

44,14 

Montgomery,    . 

29,795 

De  Kalb, 

Barbour, 

.     23,632 

Pike,     . 

.     15,920 

Fayette,     . 

Bibb, 

9,969 

Pickens,    . 

21,512 

Franklin, 

Butler, 

.     10,836 

Perry,    . 

.     22.285 

Hancock, 

Chambers, 

23,960 

Randolph, 

11,581 

Jackson, 

Choctaw, 

.       8,389 

Russel, 

.     19,548 

Jefferson, 

Clarke,      . 

9,786 

Shelby,      . 

9,536 

Lauderdale. 

Coffee, 

.       5,940 

Sumter, 

.     22,250 

Lawrence, 

Conecuh, 

9,322 

Talladega, 

.         18,624 

Limestone, 

Coosa, 

.     14,543 

Tallapoosa, 

.     15^584 

Madison,  . 

Covington, 

3,645 

Tuscaloosa, 

18,056 

Marion, 

Dale,    . 

.       6,346 

Wilcox, 

.     17,352 

Marshall, 

Dallas,      . 

29,727 

Washington, 

2,713 

Morgan, 

Greene, 

.     31,441 



St.  Clair,  . 

Henry, 

9,019 

557,005 

Walker, 

Lowndes, 

.     21,915 

Macon, 

26,898 

NORTHERN 

ALABAMA. 

Marengo, 

.     27,831 

Benton,     . 

17,163 

7,367 

13,884 

8,245 

9,681 

19,610 

1,542 

14,088 

8,989 

17.172 

15,258 

16,483 

26,427 

7,833 

8,846 

10,125 

6,829 

5,124 

214,666 


STATE   OF   MISSISSIPPI. 


NORTHERN  MISSISSIPPI. 
Attala,      . 
Bolivar, 
Carroll,     . 
Chickasaw,  . 
Choctaw, 
Coahoma,     . 
De  Soto,  . 
Itawamba,    . 
Lafayette, 
Lowndes, 
Marshall,  . 
Monroe, 
Noxubee,  . 
Oktibbeha,    . 


PPL 

Panola, 

11,444 

Claiborne, 

10.999 

Pontotoc, 

.     17,112 

Clark,    . 

2^577 

Sun  Flower, 

1,102 

Copiah, 

18,491 

Tallahatchee, 

.       4,643 

Covington, 

16,368 

Tippah, 

20,741 

Franklin,  . 

11,4€2 

Tishemingo, 

15,490 

Green,  . 

2,780 

Tunica, 

1.314 

Hancock, 

19.042 

Winston, 

.       7,956 

Harrison, 

13,528 

Yallabusha, 

17,258 

Hinds, 

14,069 



Holmes, 

19,544 

302,191 

Issaquena, 

29.689 

Jackson, 

21,172 

SOUTHERN 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Jasper, 

16,208 

Adams, 

18,622 

Jefferson, 

9,171 

Amite, 

.       9,696 

Jones, 

14,941 
5,477 

11,794 
3,338 
5,904 
2,018 
3,672 
4,875 

25,340 

13,928 
4,478 
3,196 
6,184 

13,193 
2,164 


CENSUS   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,   1850. 


757 


Kemper, 

.     12,517 

Newton,     . 

4,565 

Warren, 

Lauderdale. 

8,717 

Perry,    . 

2,438 

Washington, 

Lawrence,     . 

.       6,478 

Pike, 

7,360 

Wayne, 

Leake,       . 

5,533 

Rankin, 

.       7,227 

Wilkinson, 

Madison, 

.     18,173 

Scott, 

3,961 

Yazoo, 

Marion, 

4,410' 

Simpson, 

.       4,734 

Neshoba, 

.       4,728 

Smith, 

4,072 

STATE   OF   LOUISIANA. 

EASTERN  DISTRICT. 

St.  John  Baptist, 

.       7,317 

De  Soto,  . 

Ascension, 

10,752 

St.  Tammany,  . 

6,364 

Franklin, 

Assumption, 

.     10,538 

Terre  Bonne, 

.       7,724 

Jackson,    . 

Baton  Rouge,  East,  . 

11.979 

Washington,     . 

3,408 

La  Fayette, 

Baton  Rouge,  West, 

.       6,270 



Madison,  . 

Feliciana,  East, 

13.598 

304,187 

Morehouse,  . 

Feliciana,  West  ,  . 

.     12,245 

Nachitoches, 

Iberville,   . 

12,214 

WESTERN 

DISTRICT. 

Rapides, 

Jefferson, 

.     25,091 

Avoyelles, 

9,326 

Sabine, 

La  Fouche, 

9,533 

Bienville, 

.       5,539 

St.  Landry,    . 

Livingston,   . 

.       3,385 

Bossier, 

6,962 

St.  Martin, 

Orleans,     . 

119,461 

Caddo, 

8,884 

St  Mary,       . 

Plaquemines, 

.       7,390 

Calcasieu, 

3,914 

Tensas,"    . 

Point  Coupee,  . 

11,339 

Caldwell, 

.       2.815 

Union, 

St.  Bernard, 

.       3.802 

Carroll,      . 

8,789 

Vermillion, 

St.  Charles, 

5^120 

Catahoula,     . 

.       6,982 

Wachita, 

St.  Helena,    . 

.       4.561 

Claiborne, 

7,471 

St.  James, 

11,098 

Concordia,    . 

.       7,758 

STATE   OF   TEXAS. 

Anderson, 

4,240 

Gonzales, 

2,815 

Nueces, 

Angelina, 
Austin, 

.       1,334 
3,939 

Grayson, 
Grimes, 

.       1,562 
4,304 

Orange,     . 
Panola, 

Bastrop, 

3,503 

Guadalupe,   . 

.       1,979 

Polk, 

Bexar, 

7,023 

Goliad,      . 

648 

Presidio, 

Bowie, 

.       3,439 

Harris, 

5,386 

Red  River, 

Bra/oria,  . 

5,350 

Hays, 

525 

Rifugio, 

Brazos, 

632 

Harrison, 

.     11,034 

Robertson, 

Burlcson, 

2,350 

Hopkins,    . 

2,755 

Rusk,    . 

Burnett, 

. 

Houston, 

.       2,653 

Sabine, 

Beel, 

Hunt, 

1,770 

San  Augustine, 

Caldwell,       . 

1,561 

Henderson,  . 

.       1,237 

San  Patricio,     . 

Calhoun,   . 

1,238 

Hidalgo,   . 

, 

Starr,    . 

Cass,     . 

4,888 

Jackson, 

.       1,026 

Shelby,      .  *     . 

Cherokee, 

8,505 

Jasper, 

2.103 

Smith,  . 

Collin, 

.       2,250 

Jefferson, 

.       1,942 

Tarrant,     . 

Colorado,  . 

2,477 

Kaufman, 

1,409 

Travis, 

Comal, 

.       1,607 

Kinney, 

. 

Titus, 

Cook, 

436 

Lamar, 

4.621 

Trinity, 

Dacameron, 

.       6,000 

Lavacca, 

.       1,546 

Tyler, 

Dallas,       . 

.       3,112 

Leon, 

1,537 

Upshur, 

Den  ton, 

655 

Liberty, 

3,327 

Uvalde,     . 

Dewitt, 

1,716 

Limestone, 

2,608 

Van  Zandt,  . 

Ellis,     . 

986 

Matagorda,   . 

.       2,364 

Victoria,    . 

Fannin,     . 

3,487 

McClellen, 

1,568 

Walker, 

Fayette, 

5,880 

Medina, 

549 

Washington, 

Fort  Bend, 

2,710 

Milam,     . 

1,180 

Wharton, 

Falls,     . 

§ 

Montgomery, 

.       2,268 

Williamson, 

Freestone, 

Nacogdoches,    . 

5,673 

Wood, 

Galveston,     . 

5.062 

Navaro, 

.       2657 

Webb, 

Gilaspie,    . 

1,245 

Newton,    . 

1,655 

STATE   OF 

ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas, 

3,120 

Bradley, 

.      3,829     Clark, 

Ashley, 

.       2,058 

Carroll,     . 

4,614 

Coward, 

Beaton,     . 

3,710 

Chicot, 

.       5,115 

Crawford, 

18,121 

8,389 

2,892 

16,914 

14,418 

304,364 


8,019 

3,251 

5,566 

6,720 

8,773 

3,913 

14,201 

16,561 

4,515 

22,253 

11,107 

8,808 

9,040 

8,203 

3,409 

5,008 

207,787 


698 

3,876 
2,209 

3,926 

417 

1,788 

8,148 

2,201 

3,588 

199 

1,969 

5,012 

5,546 

680 

5,985 

3,636 

1,853 
3,947 

441 
1,851 

4,954 
7,842 
1,772 
1,918 
1,034 


240,816 


4,011 

3,58$ 
7,96* 


758 


CENSUS   OF  THE    UNITED   STATES.   1850. 


Crittenden,  . 

.       2^48 

Laurence, 

5,271 

Prairie, 

2,097 

Dallas,      . 

6,877 

Madison, 

.       4,823 

Pulaski, 

.       5,658 

Desha, 

.       2,920 

Marion, 

2,302 

Randolph, 

3.275 

Drew, 

3,278 

Mississippi,  . 

2,368 

Sabine, 

.       3,901 

Franklin,      . 

3,500 

Monroe,    . 

1,654 

St.  Francis, 

4,479 

Fulton,      . 

1,819 

Montgomery, 

.       1,948 

Scott,    . 

.       3,083 

Green,  . 

2,593 

Newton,    . 

1,758 

Searcy, 

1,979 

Hempstead, 

7,672 

Ouachita, 

.       9,591 

Servier, 

.       3,453 

Hot  Springs, 

.       3,609 

Perry, 

978 

Tell, 

3,341 

Independence, 

7,767 

Philips, 

.       6,925 

Union, 

.     10,298 

Izard, 

.       3,212 

Pike, 

1,861 

Van  Buren, 

2,864 

Jackson,    . 

3,036 

Poinsett, 

.       2,308 

Washington, 

.       9,970 

Jefferson, 

.       5,834 

Polk, 

1,263 

White,      . 

2,460 

Johnson,    . 

5,227 

Pope,    . 

.       4,710 

—  —  — 

Lafayette, 

.       5,220 

209,639 

STATE   OF 

TENNESSEE. 

EASTERN 

TENNESSEE. 

MIDDLE 

TENNESSEE.              White, 

11,444 

Anderson, 

6,938 

Bedford,    . 

21,512 

Williamson, 

.     27.201 

Bledsoe, 

5,959 

Cannon, 

.       8,982 

Wilson,     . 

27,444 

Blount,      . 

12,382 

Coffee, 

8,351 

Bradley, 

.     12,259 

Davidson, 

38,881 

477,359 

Campbell, 

6,068 

Dickson, 

8,004 

Carter, 

6,296 

De  Kalb,  . 

8.016 

Claiborne, 

9,369 

Fentress, 

.       4,454 

WESTERN  TENNESSEE. 

Cocke, 

.       8,300 

Franklin,  . 

13,768 

Bentou,     . 

6.315 

Gran  ""cr,   . 

12,370 

Giles,    . 

.     25,949 

Carroll, 

.     15,967 

Green,  . 

.     17,824 

Grundy,     . 

2,773 

Decatur,    . 

6,003 

Hamilton, 

10,075 

Hickman, 

.       9,397 

Dyer,    . 

.       6,361 

Hancock, 

.       5,660 

Humphreys, 

6,422 

Fayette,    . 

26,719 

Hawkins, 

13,370 

Jackson, 

.     15,673 

Gibson, 

1  9,548 

Jefferson, 

.     13,204 

Lawrence, 

9,280 

Henderson, 

13.164 

Johnson,  . 

3,705 

Lewis, 

.       4,438 

Haywood,     . 

.     17^259 

Knox,  . 

.     18,755 

Lincoln,    . 

23,492 

Hardeman, 

17,456 

Marion,     . 

6,314 

Macon, 

.       6,948 

Harden, 

10,328 

Meigs,  . 

4,879 

Marshall,  . 

15,616 

Henry, 

18,233 

Monroe,     . 

11,874 

Maury, 

.     29,520 

Lauderdale, 

.       5,169 

Morgan, 

.       3,400 

Montgomery, 

21,045 

Madison,  . 

21,470 

McMinn,   . 

13,906 

Overton, 

.     11,211 

McNairy, 

.     12.864 

Polk,    . 

.       6,338 

Robertson, 

16,145 

Obion, 

7J633 

Rhea, 
Roane, 

4,415 
.     12,185 

Rutherford,  . 
Smith, 

.     29,122 
18,412 

Perry, 

Shelby,      . 

.       5,822 
31,157 

Scott, 

.  -      .           1,905 

Stewart, 

.       9,719 

Tipton, 

.       8,887 

Sevier, 

.       6,920 

Sumner,    . 

22,717 

Weakly,    . 

14,608 

Sullivan,   . 

11,742 

Van  Buren, 

2,674 



Washington, 

.     13,861 

Warren,    . 

10,209 

264,963 

Wayne, 

8,170 

260,303 

STATE   OF 

KENTUCKY. 

Adair, 

9,898 

Carter, 

6,241 

Graves, 

11,397 

Allen,  . 

.       8,742 

Casey,  . 

.       6,556 

Grant,  . 

.       6,531 

Anderson, 

6,260 

Christian, 

19,580 

Greenup,  . 

9,654 

Ballard, 

.       5,496 

Clark,   . 

.     12,683 

Grayson, 

.       6,837 

Barren, 

20,240 

Clay, 

5.421 

Green, 

9,060 

Bath,    . 

.     12,115 

Clinton, 

.       4,889 

Hancock, 

.       3,853 

Boone, 

11,185 

Crittenden, 

6,351 

Hardin, 

14,525 

Bourbon, 

.     14,466 

Cumberland, 

,       7,005 

Harlan, 

.       4,268 

Boyle, 

9,116 

Daviess,     . 

12,353 

Harrison, 

13,064 

Bracken, 

8,903 

Edmondson, 

.       4,088 

Hart,     . 

.       9,093 

Breathitt, 

3,785 

Estell, 

5,985 

Henderson. 

12,171 

Breckenridge, 

.     10,593 

Fayette, 

.     22,735 

Henry, 

.     11,442 

Bullitt,      . 

6,774 

Fleming,  . 

13,914 

Hickman, 

4,791 

Butler, 

5.755 

Floyd,  . 

.       5,714 

Hopkins, 

.     12,441 

Caldwell, 

13',048 

Franklin, 

12,462 

Jefferson, 

59,831 

Callaway,     . 

.       8,096 

Fulton, 

4,446 

Jessamine,    . 

.     10,249 

Campbell, 

13,127 

Gallatin,   . 

5,139 

Johnson,  . 

3,873 

Carroll, 

.       5,526 

Garrard, 

.     10,237 

Kenton, 

.     17,038 

CENSUS    OF  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


759 


Knox, 

7,050 

Monroe,    . 

7,756 

Scott, 

14,946 

Laurel, 

.      4,145 

Montgomery, 

.       9,903 

Shelby, 

.     17,095 

La  Rue,    . 

5,839 

Morgan,    . 

7,620 

Simpson,  . 

7.733 

Lawrence,     . 

.       6,281 

Muhlenburg, 

.       9,809 

Spencer, 

.       6,842 

Letcher,    . 

2,512 

Nelson, 

14,789 

Taylor,      . 

7,250 

Lewis,  . 

.       7,202 

Nicholas, 

.     10,361 

Todd,   . 

12,268 

Lincoln,    . 

10,093 

Ohio, 

9,749 

Trigg,        . 

10,129 

Livingston,  . 

.       6,578 

Oidham, 

7,629 

Trumble,      . 

.       5,963 

Logan, 

16,581 

Owen, 

10,444 

Union, 

9,012 

Madison, 

.     15,727 

Owsley, 

3J74 

Warren, 

.     15,123 

Marion, 

11,765 

Pendleton, 

6,774 

Washington, 

12,194 

Mason, 

.     18,344 

Perry,   . 

.       3,092 

Wayne, 

.       8,692 

Marshall, 

5,269 

Pike, 

5,365 

Whitley,    . 

7,447 

McCracken, 

.       6,067 

Pulaski, 

.     14.195 

Woodford,    . 

.     12,423 

Meade 

7,393 

Rock  Castle 

4  697 

Mercer, 

.     14^067 

Russell, 

.       5,349 

982,405 

STATE   Ol 

F   MISSOURI. 

Adair, 

2,342 

Grundy,     . 

3,006 

Ozark, 

.       2,294 

Andrew, 

.       9,443 

Harrison, 

.       2,447 

Perry, 

7,215 

Atchison, 

1,678 

Henry, 

4,052 

Pettes, 

.       5,150 

Audrain, 

.       3.506 

Hickory, 

2.329 

Pike, 

13,609 

Barry, 

3^467 

Holt, 

3,957 

Platte,  . 

.     16,845 

Bates,   . 

3,669 

Howard, 

.     13,969 

Polk, 

6,186 

Benton,     . 

5.015 

Jackson,    . 

14,000 

Pulaski, 

.       3,998 

Boone, 

.     14,979 

Jasper, 

.       4.223 

Putnam,    . 

1,657 

Buchanan, 

12,975 

Jefferson, 

6,928 

Rails,    . 

.       6,151 

Butler, 

.       1,616 

Johnson, 

.       7,464 

Randolph, 

9,439 

Caldwell, 

2,316 

Knox, 

2.894 

Ray,      . 

.     10,373 

Call  away, 

.     13,827 

La  Clede,     ^ 

.       2,498 

Reynolds, 

1,849 

Camden,    . 

2,338 

La  Fayette, 

13,690 

Ripley, 

2,830 

Cape  Girardeau, 

.     13,912 

Lawrence, 

4.859 

Saline, 

8,843 

Carroll,     . 

5,441 

Lewis, 

6,578 

Schuyler, 

.       3,287 

Cass,     . 

.       6,090 

Lincoln, 

.       9,421 

Scotland,  . 

3,782 

Cedar, 

3,361 

Linn,     '     . 

4,058 

Scott,    . 

3,182 

Chariton, 

.       7,514 

Livingston,  . 

.       4,247 

Shannon, 

1,199 

Clarke,      . 

5,527 

Mar-on, 

6,565 

Shelby, 

.       4,253 

Clay,     . 

.     10,332 

Madison, 

.       6.003 

St.  Charles, 

*         .         11,454 

Clinton,     . 

3,786 

Marion, 

12,230 

St.  Clair,       . 

.       3,556 

Cole,     . 

6,696 

McDonald,    . 

2.236 

St.  Genevieve, 

5,313 

Cooper,     . 

12,940 

Mercer, 

2,69  i 

St.  Francois, 

.       4.964 

Crawford,     . 

.       6,397 

Miller, 

.       3,834 

St.  Louis, 

.       104^978 

Dade, 

4,246 

Mississippi, 

3,123 

Stoddard, 

.       4,277 

Dallas, 

3,648 

Moniteau,    . 

.       6,004 

Sullivan,  . 

2,983 

Daviess,    . 

5,298 

Monroe,     . 

10,54i 

Taney, 

.       4,373 

De  Kalb, 

2,075 

Montgomery, 

.       5,489 

Texas,       . 

2,312 

Dodge, 

353 

Morgan,    . 

4,650 

Warren, 

.       5,860 

Dunklin, 

1,229 

New  Madrid, 

.       5,541 

Washington, 

8.811 

Franklin,  . 

11,021 

Newton,     . 

4,268 

Wavne, 

.       4,518 

Gasconade,   . 

.       4,996 

Nod  aw  ay, 

.       2,118 

Wright,     . 

3,387 

Gentry,      . 

4,248 

Oregon,     . 

1,432 



Greene, 

.     13,785 

Osage, 

.       6,704 

682,044 

STATE 

OF  IOWA. 

U.  S.  Cen-  State  Cen- 

U. 8.  Cen-  State  Cen- 

U. S.  Cen-  State  Cen- 

sus, 1850.     sus,  185i 

sus,  1850.    sus,  1852. 

sus,  1850.     sus,  1852. 

Allamakee, 

777       2,000 

Dallas, 

854       1,216 

Jasper, 

1,280        1,674 

Appanoose, 

3,131       4,243 

Davis, 

7,264       7,550 

Jefferson, 

9,904     10,225 

Benton. 

672       1,237 

Decatur, 

965       1,184 

Johnson, 

4,472       5,788 

Black  Hawk, 

135          315 

Delaware, 

1,759       2,615 

Jones, 

3,007       4,201 

Boone, 

735       1,024 

Des  Moines, 

12,987     12,525 

Keokuk, 

4,822       5.306 

Buchanan, 

517       1,023 

Dubuque, 

10,841      12.500 

Lee, 

18,860     20,000 

Bremer, 

309 

Fayette, 

825       2,065 

Linn, 

5,444       6.870 

Butler, 

73 

Fremont, 

1,244       2,044 

Louisa, 

4,939       5,476 

Cedar, 

3,941       4,971 

Guthrie, 

300 

Lucas, 

471        1,066 

Clarke 

79          549 

Henry, 

8,707       9,633 

Madison, 

1,179       1,832 

Clayton, 

3,873       6,318 

Iowa, 

822       1,323 

Mahaska, 

5,989       7,479 

Clinton, 

2,822       3,822 

Jackson, 

7,210       8,231 

Marion, 

5,482       6,289 

760 


CENSUS    OF  THE   UNITED    STATES,   1850. 


U.  8.  Cen-  State  Cen- 
sus, 1850.    sus,  1852. 

U.  S.  Cen-  State  Cen- 
siu,  1850.    SUB,  1852. 

U.  S.  Cen-  State  Cen. 
sus,  1850.     sus,  1852. 

Marshall, 

338          710 

Ringgold, 

250 

Wapello, 

8,471       8,888 

Monroe, 

2,884       3,430 

Risley, 

122 

Warren, 

961        1,488 

Mills, 

1,463 

Scott, 

5,986       8,628 

Washington, 

4,957       5,881 

Muscatine, 

5,731        6,812 

Story, 

214 

Wayne, 

340          794 

Page, 

551           636 

Tama, 

8          262 

Winneshiek, 

546       1,523 

Polk, 

4,515       5,939 

Taylor, 

204          479 

Yell, 

250 

Po  tta  watto  mie 

7,828       7,912 

Union, 

79 

Povveshiek, 

615          895 

Van  Buren, 

12,270     12,753 

192,214   232,723 

STATE   OF   ILLINOIS- 

Adams, 

26,508 

Henry, 

3,807 

Ogle,    . 

.     10,020 

Alexander,   . 

.       2,484 

Iroquois, 

.       4,149 

Peoria, 

17,547 

Bond, 

.     ,     .           6,144 

Jackson,    . 

5,862 

Perry,  .         . 

.       5,278 

Boone, 

.       7,626 

Jasper, 

.       3.220 

Pike, 

18,819 

Browne,    . 

7,198 

Jefferson,  . 

,   8,109 

Pope,    . 

.       3,975 

Bureau, 

8,841 

Jersey, 

.       7,354 

Platt, 

1,606 

Calhoun,  . 

3,231 

Jo  Daviess, 

18,604 

Pulaski, 

2,265 

Carroll, 

.       4,586 

Johnson. 

.       4,113 

Putnam,    . 

3,924 

Cass, 

7,253 

Kane, 

16,703 

Randolph, 

.     11,079 

Champaign, 

.       2,649 

Kendall, 

.       7,730 

Richland, 

4,012 

Christian, 

3,202 

Knox, 

13,279 

Rock  Island, 

.       6,937 

Clarke, 

.       9,532 

Lake,    . 

.     14,226 

St.  Clair,  . 

20,181 

Clay, 

4,289 

La  Salle,  . 

17,815 

Saline, 

.       5,588 

Clinton, 

.       5,139 

Lawrence,     . 

.       6,121 

Sangamon, 

19,228 

Coles, 

9,335 

Lee,  .        . 

5,292 

Schuyler, 

.     10,573 

Cook,    . 

.     43,385 

Livingston,  . 

.       1,552 

Scott, 

7,914 

Crawford, 

7,135 

Logan, 

5,128 

Shelby, 

.       7,807 

Cumberland, 

.       3,720 

McDonough, 

.       7,616 

Stark^ 

3,710 

De  Kalb,  . 
DeWitt, 

7,540 
.       5,002 

McHenry, 
McLean, 

14,979 
.*        .     10,163 

Stephenson, 
Tazewell, 

.     11,666 
12,052 

Du  Page, 

9,290 

Macon, 

3,988 

Union, 

.       7,615 

Edgar, 

.     10,692 

Macoupiu,    . 

.     12.355 

Vermilion, 

11,492 

Edwards,  . 

3,524 

Madison,  . 

20,436 

Wabash,        . 

.       4,690 

Effingham,    . 

3,799 

6,720 

Warren,    . 

8,176 

Fayette,    . 

8,075 

Marshall,  . 

5,180 

Washington, 

.       6,953 

5,681 

Massaic, 

4,092 

Wayne, 

6,825 

Fulton,      . 

*         .         22,508 

Mason, 

5,921 

White, 

.       8,925 

Gallatin, 

.       5,448 

Menard, 

6,349 

Whiteside, 

5,361 

Greene, 

12,429 

Mercer, 

5,246 

Will,     . 

.     16,703 

Grundy, 

3.023 

Monroe, 

.       7,679 

Williamson, 

7,216 

Hamilton, 

6J362 

Montgomery, 

6,276 

Wihnebago, 

.     11,773 

Hancock, 

.     14,652 

Morgan, 

.      16,064 

Woodford, 

4,416 

TTwrilin 

O  QQ7 

TVT     il*  »*io 

300  i 

Henderson,  . 

•              .                 ^,OO* 

.       4,612 

.L>Jl  OUHI  1C,     . 

,4»o** 

851,470 

TERRITORY 

OF   MLNESOTA. 

Ben  ton, 

418 

Pembina, 

1,134     Wahnahta,     . 

160 

Dakotah, 

584 

Ramsey, 

.       2,227 

Washington, 

1,056 

Itaska 

97 

\V^ut)  <is  h  ji\v 

243 

Mahkatah,     . 

158 

.' 

6,077 

TERRITORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 

Bernalillo, 

7,751      SantaFe 

7,713     Valencia. 

14,147 

Rio  Aribo,    . 

10,668 

SJXM  ]\£i2Tucl 

7  074 

j 

Santa  Anna, 

4,'645 

Taos,    .      '  . 

.     '    .       9,507 

61,505 

TERRITORY 

OF   OREGON. 

* 

Benton,      . 

814 

Linn, 

999 

Washington, 

2,651 

Clackamas,  . 

.       1,859 

Lewis,    . 

558 

Yam  Hill,      . 

.       1,512 

Clarke,     •. 

643 

Marion,     . 

2,749 

. 

Clatsop, 

462 

Polk, 

.       1,051 

13,293 

POST    OFFICES, 


ARRANGED  BY  STATES  AND  COUNTIES, 


*»*  The  preceding  chapter  of  counties,  cities,  towns,  &c,  was  designed  to  include  all  places  of  im- 
portance enough  to  merit  a  particular  notice,  embracing  all  the  court  houses  of  the  several  counties. 
The  following  list  contains  the  names  of  all  places  not  already  described,  in  which  post  offices  existed 
on  the  31st  of  May,  1851,  according  to  the  most  recent  statement  published  by  the  post-office  depart- 
ment. They  are,  for  the  most  part,  places  of  small  note,  owing  their  importance  chiefly  to  the  fact  of 
having  a  post  office  ;  though  some  places,  particularly  in  the  newly-settled  states,  have  been  included 
here  and  in  the  preceding  tables  of  population,  of  which,  had  we  possessed  the  necessary  information, 
a  more  full  account  would  have  been  given. 


STATE  OF   MAINE. 


AROOSTOOK. 

Aroostook 

Bridge  water 

Caribou 

Conway 

Fort  Fairfield 

Fort  Kent 

Haynesville 

Limestone  River 

Linneus 

Maple  Grove 

Masardis 

Monticello 

Number  Three 

Orient 

Presque  Isle 

Smyrna 

South  Moluncus. 

Umcolcus 

Weston 

CUMBERLAND. 

Bolsters  Mills 
Cumberland  Centre 
East  Auburn 
East  Baldwin 
East  North  Yarmouth 
East  Poland 
East  Raymond 
East  Standish 
Goffs  Corners 
Mechanic's  Falls 


Minot 

East  Wilton 

North  Auburn 

Farmington  Falls 

North  Bridgeton 

Jay  Bridge 

North  Pownal 

Madrid 

North  Raymond 

North  Chesterville 

North  Windham 

North  Industry 

North  Yarmouth  Centre 

North  Jay 

Oak  Hill 

North  Wilton 

Scarboro' 

Salem 

South'  Bridgeton 

South  Chesterville 

South  Durham 

Temple  Mills 

South  Windham 

Weld 

Steep  Falls 

West  Freeman 

Stevens's  Plains 

West's  Mills 

Upper  Gloucester 

Wilton 

Upper  Yarmouth 
West  Baldwin 

HANCOCK. 

West  Cumberland 

Bar  Harbor 

West  Danville 

Bucksport  Centre 

West  Durham 

Cranberry  Isles  • 

West  Falmouth 

East  Sullivan 

West  Gloucester 

East  Trenton 

West  Gorham 

Franklin 

West  Harpswell 

Mariaville 

West  Minot 

North  Blue  Hill 

West  Poland 

North  Bucksport 

Windham 

North  Castine 

Yarmouth 

North  Ellsworth 

North  Hancock 

FRANKLIN. 

North  Haven 

East  New  Vineyard 

North  Penobscot 

East  Strong 

North  Sedgwick 

Prospect  Harbor 
Salisbury  Cove 
Seal  Cove 
South  Deer  Isle 
South  West  Harbor 
Surry 

Swan's  Island 
West  Brookville 
West  Gouldsboro' 
West  Sedgwick 
West  Sullivan 
West  Trenton 
Winter  Harbor 

KENNEBEC. 

Belgrade 
Belgrade  Mills 
Brown's  Corner 
Centre  Sidney- 
Dunn's  Corner 
East  Monmouth 
East  New  Sharon 
East  Pittston 
East  Readfield 
East  Vassalboro' 
East  Winthrop 
French's  Corner 
Green  Corner 
Greene  Depot 
Hallo  well  Cross  Roads 
Kent's  Hill 
Leeds's  Station 


762 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Litchfield  Corners 

East  Rumford 

South  Lincoln 

Frankfort  Mills 

Livermore  Falls 

East  Stoneham 

South  Maxfield 

Goose  River 

North  Belgrade 

East  Sumner 

South  Newburg 

Knox  Centre 

North  Fayette 

East  Turner 

South  Orrington 

Light's  Corners 

North  Leeds 

Letter  A,  No.  2 

Springfield 

McLain's  Mills 

North  Mon  mouth 

Letter  B 

Stetson 

Monroe  Centre 

North  Pittston 

Livermore  Centre  - 

Upper  Stillwater 

North  Appleton 

North  Vassalboro' 

Locke's  Mills 

West  Charleston 

North  Belmont 

North  Wayne 

North  Albany 

West  Enfield 

North  Frankfort 

Pishon's  Ferry 

North  Bethel 

West  Garland 

North  Palermo 

Readfield  Depot 

North  Fryeburg 

West  Glenburn 

North  Prospect 

Rome 

North  Livermore 

West  Great  Works 

North  Searsmont 

Sebasticook 

North  Norway 

West  Hampden 

North  Searsport 

South  Albion 

North  Paris 

West  Rowland 

Prospect  Ferry 

South  China 

North  Turner 

West  Levant 

South  Freedom 

South  Leeds 

North  Turner  Bridge 

South  Hope 

South  Mount  Vernon 

North  Waterford 

PISCATAQUIS. 

South  Montville 

South  Vassalboro' 

North  Woodstock 

Bower  Bank 

South  Prospect 

South  Windsor 

Rumford  Centre 

Centre  Guilford 

Unity 

Togus  Spring 

Rumford  Point 

East  Dover 

Waldo 

Vassalboro' 

Snow  Falls 

East  Sangerville 

West  Camden 

Vienna 

South  Andover 

Greenville 

West  Freedom 

Waterville 

South  Hartford 

Katahdin  Iron  Works 

Wayne 

South  Newry 

North  Brownsville 

WASHINGTOIT 

Week's  Mills 

South  Paris 

Orneville 

Dennysville 

West  Sidney 

South  Waterford 

Shirley  Mills 

Harrington 

West  Waterville 

Springtown 

South  Atkinson 

Holmes's  Bay 

Windsor 

Stow 

South  Dover 

Indian  River 

Winslow 

Turner 

South  Sangerville 

Jackson  Brook 

Winthrop 

Waterford 

South  Sebec 

Kossuth 

Welchville 

Wellington 

Lubec  Mills 

LINCOLN. 

West  Bethel 

West  Dover 

Marion 

Bowdoin  Centre 

West  Bucktield 

Williamsburg 

Marion  Mills 

Cooper's  Mills 
Damariscotta  Mills 

West  Peru 
West  Sumner 

SOMERSET. 

Medybemps 
Millbridge 

Dresden  Mills 

Wilson's  Mills 

Cambridge 

Milltown 

East  Union 

Woodstock 

Carritunk 

Narraguagus 

East  Woolwich 

Concord 

Northfield 

Hodgdon's  Mills 

PENOBSCOT. 

Dead  River 

Pike 

Little  River  Village 

Alton 

Detroit 

Princeton 

North  Boothbay 

Brewer  Centre 

East  Madison 

Red  Beach 

North  Edgecomb 

Brewer  Village 

East  Newportland 

South  Maxfield 

North  Union 

Clifton 

East  Pittsfield 

Sprague's  Falls 

North  Waldoboro' 

Corinna  Centre 

Embden  Centre 

Waite 

North  Whitefield 

Dixmont  Mills 

Fairfield  Corners 

Wesley 

Parker's  Head 

East  Brewer 

Flag  Staff 

West  Lubec 

Patricktown 

East  Corinth 

Kendall's  Mills 

Whiting 

Pemaquid 

East  Dixmont 

Larone 

Whitneyville 

Richmond  Corner 

East  Eddington 

Lexington 

Round  Pond 

East  Hampden 

Madison  Centre 

YORK. 

Sabatus 

East  Newport 

Moose  River 

Action 

Sheepscott  Bridge 

East  Orrington 

North  Fail-field 

Action  Corners 

South  Dresden 

Etna'  Centre 

North  Newportland 

Buxton  Centre 

Southport 

Exeter  Mills 

Oosoola 

Cape  Neddick 

South  St.  George 

Great  Works 

Smithfield 

Centre  Lebanon 

Union 

Greenbush 

South  Bloomfield 

East  Elliott 

Waldoboro' 

Hill's  Corners 

South  Solon 

East  Limington 

Wales 

Lincoln  Centre 

The  Forks 

East  Parsonfield 

Warren 

Mattawamkeag 

West  An  son 

Emery's  Mills 

Washington 

Maxfield 

West  Embden 

Goodwin's  Mills 

Webster 

Milford 

West  Hartland 

Hollis  Centre 

West  Jefferson 

North  Bangor 

West  Ripley 

Kennebunk  Depot 

Westport 

North  Dixmont 

Kegar  Falls 

Whitfield 

North  Hampden 

WALDO. 

Lyman  Centre 

Winnegance 

North  Hermon 

Burnham  Village 

North  Action 

Woolwich 

North  Lincoln 

Carver's  Harbor 

North  Hollis 

North  Newburg 

Centre  Lincolnville 

North  Kennebunk  Port 

OXFORD. 

North  Newport 

Centre  Montville 

North  Parson  fiel 

Canton  Mills 

Olamon 

East  Burnham 

North  Shapleigh 

Centre  Lovell 

Passadumkeag 

East  Knox 

Ogunquit 

East  Bethel 

Patten 

East  Montville 

Ross's  Corners 

East  Dixfield 

Six  Mile  Falls 

East  Northport 

Scotland 

East  Hebron 

South  Levant 

Ellingwood's  Corner 

South  Berwick 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


763 


South  Parsonfield 

Waterboro' 

Wells's  Depot 

West  Newfield 

South  Sanford 

Waterboro'  Centre 

West  Buxton 

West  Parsonfield 

Springvale 

Wells 

West  Lebanon 

STATE   OF   NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 

BELKNAP. 

Harrisville 

West  Campton 

Fessenden  Mills 

Centre  Barn  stead 

Munsonville 

West  Canaan 

Greenland 

East  Sanbornton 

New  Al  stead 

West  Enfield 

Greenland  Depot 

Gilford  Village 
Gilmanton  Iron  Works 

North  Marlow 
Paper  Mill  Village 

West  Lebanon 
West  Plymouth 

North  Londonderry 
North  Salem 

Lake  Village 

Pottersville 

West  Rumney 

Nottingham  Turnpike 

Lower  Gilmanton 

South  Stoddard 

West  Thornton 

South  Deerfield* 

New  Hampton 

Sullivan 

Woodstock 

South  Kingston 

North  Barnstead 

Walpole 

South  New  Market 

North  Sanbornton 

Westmoreland 

HILLSBORO'. 

South  Raymond 

Sanbornton  Bridge 

Westport 

Amoskeag 

West  Deerfield 

South  Alton 

West  Swanzey 

East  Weave 

West  Northwood 

Upper  Gilmanton 

West  Winchester 

East  Wilton 

West  Windham 

Weir's  Bridge 

Winchester 

Nortti  Branch 

Windham 

West  Alton 

Oil  Mill  Village 

coos.  t 

Reed's  Ferry 

STAFFORD. 

CARROLL. 

Hart's  Location 

South  Lyndeboro' 

Centre  Conway 
Centre  Ossipee 
Centre  Sandwich 

Lower  Bartlett 
Lower  Columbia 
Stark 

South  Merrimac 
South  Weare 
Thornton's  Ferry 

Centre  Strafford 
Chestnut  Hill 
Downing's  Mills 

East  Moultonboro' 
East  Wakefield 
Leighton's  Corners 

West  Stewartstown 
Wentworth's  Location 
Whitetield 

Weare 
Wilton 

Gonie 
North  Barrington 
North  Strafford 

Melvin  Village 
North  Conway 
North  Sandwich 

White  Mountain 
GRAFTON. 

MERRIMAC. 

East  Andover       * 
Fishersville 

Salmon  Falls 
Strafford  Corner 
Tuttle's  Corners 

North  Wolfboro' 

Campton  Village 

Mast  Yard 

South  Tarn  worth 

East  Canaan 

North  Chichester 

SULLIVAN. 

South  Wolfboro' 

East  Haverhill 

North  Dunbarton 

East  Lempster 

Tamworth 

East  Landaff 

Shaker  Village 

East  Plainfield 

Tarn  worth  Iron  Works 

East  Lebanon 

South  Bradford 

East  Unity 

Tuftonboro' 

East  Lyman 

South  Newbury 

East  Washington 

Union 

Flume 

Suncook 

George's  Mills 

Wakefield 

La  Fayette 

Warner 

Grantham 

Water  Village 

North  Enfield 

West  Andover 

Meriden 

West  Osepee 

North  Groton 

West  Boscawen 

North  Charlestown 

Wolfboro' 

North  Haverhill 

West  Concord 

South  Acworth 

North  Littleton 

Wilmot 

South  Charlestown 

CHESHIRE. 

Drewsville 

North  Lyman 
Orfordville 

Wilmot  Flat 

Unity 
Washington 

East  Jatf'rey 

Sugar  Plill 

ROCKING  HAM. 

Wendell 

East  Sullivan 

Warren 

East  Chester 

West  Claremont 

East  Westmoreland 

Wentworth 

East  Northwood 

West  Springfield 

STATE   OF   VERMONT. 

ADDISON. 

Factory  Point 

Passumpsic 

West  Bolton 

Chimney  Point 

Hartwellville 

St.  Johnsbury  Centre 

Westford 

Chipman's  Point 

North  Bennington 

St.  Johnsbury  East 

West  Milton 

East  Middlebury 

North  Dorset 

South  Hardwick 

Williston 

Hancock 
Larrabee's  Point 

North  Pownal 
South  Dorset 

South  Ryegate 
South  Walden 

Winooski  Falls 

North  Ferrisburg 

South  Shaftesbury 

Walden 

ESSEX. 

Otter  Creek 

West  Arlington 

Waterford 

South  Canaan 

Vergennes 

West  Rupert 

Wheelock 

West  Concord 

West  Cornwall 

Winhall 

West  Salisbury 

Woodford 

CHITTENDEN. 

FRANKLIN. 

Wevbridge  Lower  Falls 
Whiting 

CALEDONIA. 

Huntington 
Jonesville  ' 

Avery's  Gore 
Buck  Hollow 

East  Burke 

Painesville 

East  Berkshire 

BENNINGTON 

East  Hardwick 

Pleasant  Valley 

East  Fairfield 

Bonville 

Lower  Waterford 

Underbill 

East  Franklin 

East  Rupert 

North  Danville 

Underbill  Centre 

East  Georgia 

764 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


East  Highgate 

Vershire 

South  Wallingford 

West  Townshend 

East  Sheldon 

Washington 

Wallingford 

West  Wardsboro' 

Enosburg  Falls 

Wells  River 

Wells 

Whitingham 

Highgate  Spring 

West  Braintree 

West  Haven 

Williamsville. 

North  Fairfax 

West  Fairlee 

West  Poultney 

Wilmington 

Saint  Alban's  Bay 

West  Randolph 

West  Rutland 

Windham 

Saxe's  Mills 

West  Topsham 

Swanton  Centre 

Williamstown 

WASHINGTON. 

WINDSOR. 

West  Berkshire 

East  Calais 

Brownsville 

West  Enosburg 

ORLEANS. 

East  Roxbury 

Corners 

Barton  Landing 

North  Montpelier 

East  Barnard 

GRAND  ISLE. 

Brownington 

South  Barre 

East  Bethel 

Vineyard 

Brownington  Centre 

Waitstield 

Felchville 

West  Alburg 

Derby  Line 

Warren 

Gaysville 

East  Charleston 

Waterbury 

North  Chester 

LAMOILLE. 

East  Craftsbury 

Woodbury 

North  Hartland 

Jeffersonvillc 

Greensboro' 

Worcester 

North  Springfield 

Morrisville 

North  Troy 

Perkinsville 

North  Cambridge 

South  Craftsbury 

WIND  HAM. 

Pompanoosuc 

North  Hyde  Park 

West  Charleston 

Bartonsville 

Proctorsville 

Waterville 

West  Derby 

Cambridgeport 

Quechee  Village 

Wolcott 

Westfield 

Green  River 

Simonsville 

West  Newport 

Guilford  Centre 

Snow's  Store 

ORANGE. 

Hough  ton  ville 

South  Pom  fret 

Bradford  Centre 

RUTLAND. 

Jacksonville 

South  Reading 

East  Brookfield 

Benson  Landing 

North  Wardsboro' 

South  Royalton 

East  Corinth 

Centre  Rutland 

Saxton's  River 

South  Woodstock 

East  Orange 

Cuttingsville 

South  Halifax 

Taftsville 

East  Randolph 

Dauby  Four  Corners 

South  Windham 

Tyson  Furnace 

East  Thetford 

East  Clarendon 

Vernon 

Upper  Falls 

North  Thetford 

East  Poultney 

Wardsboro' 

Weathersfield 

Post  Mill  Village 

Forest  Dale 

West  Brattleboro' 

West  Hartford 

South  Bradford 

Hydeville 

West  Dover 

Weston 

South  Ncwburv 

Mechanicsville 

West  Dummerston 

West  Rochester 

South  Stratford 

North  Clarendon 

West  Halifax 

White  River  Junction 

Tunbridge 

North  Sherburn 

Westminster 

Windsor 

Union  Village 

Orwell 

Westminster  West 

Woodstock 

STATE   OF   MASSACHUSETTS. 

BARNSTABLE. 

West  Falmouth 

W.  Stockbridge  Centre 

Lynnfield  Centre 

Centreville 

West  Harwich 

Williamstown 

New  Mills 

Cotuit 

West  Sandwich 

Windsor 

North  Andover 

Cotuit  Port 

West  Yarmouth 

North  Danvers 

East  Brewstet 

Wood's  Hole 

BRISTOL. 

Sutton  Mills 

East  Dennis 

Yarmouth 

Long  Plain 

Tapleyville 

East  Falmouth 

Yarmouth  Port 

Mirickville 

Wenham 

East  Harwich 

North  Attleboro' 

West  Amesbury 

East  Orleans 

BERKSHIRE. 

North  Dartmouth 

West  Boxford 

East  Sandwich 

Ashley  Falls 

North  Dighton 

West  Newbury 

Harwich  port 

Curtisville 

North  Easton 

Hyannis  Port 

East  Lee 

North  Fairhaven 

FRANKLIN 

Marston's  Mills 

East  Sheffield 

North  Rehoboth 

Adamsville 

Monmncnt 

Hartsville 

North  Swansea 

Ashfield 

North  Chatham 

Housatonic 

South  Attleboro' 

East  Charlemont 

North  Eastham 

Lenox  Furnace 

South  Dartmouth 

East  Shelburne 

North  Falmouth 

Mill  River 

South  Easton 

East  Whately 

North  Sandwich 

New  Boston 

South  Seekonk 

Griswoldville 

North  Truro 

North  Becket 

South  Westport 

Grout's  Corners 

Pocassett 

North  Egremont 

Squawbetty 

Lock's  Village 

South  Dennis 

South  Egremont 

Vue  de  L'eau 

Montague  Canal 

South  Harwich 

Southfield 

Westport 

North  Bernardston 

South  Orleans 

South  Lee 

Westport  Point 

North  Leverett 

South  Sandwich 

South  Williamstown 

North  New  Salem 

South  Wellfleet 

Tyringham 

DUKES. 

North  Orange 

South  Yarmouth 

Van  Deusenville 

West  Tisbury 

South  Deerfield 

Waquoit 

Washington 

South  Hawley 

Wellfleet 

West  Becket 

ESSEX. 

Warwick 

West  Barnstable 

West  Otis 

Belleville  Port 

Wendell 

West  Brewster 

West  Pittsfield 

East  Haverhill 

Wendell  Depot 

West  Dennis 

West  Stockbridge 

East  Salisbury 

West  Hawley 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


765 


West  Northfield 

Cochituate 

North  Wrentham 

West  Scituate 

Whately 

East  Lexington 

Rockville 

West  Wareham 

East  Pepperell 

Sheldonville 

HAMPDEN. 

East  Woburn 

South  Bellingham 

SUFFOLK. 

A  """a  warn 

Feltonsville 

South  Braintree 

North  Chelsea. 

Forge  Village 

South  Dedham 

Bond's  Village 

Middlesex  Village 

South  Franklin 

WORCESTER. 

Chicopee  Falls 

North  Chelmsford 

South  Wulpole 

Ashburnham  Depot 

Collin's  Depot 

North  Reading 

South  Weymouth 

Athol  Depot 

East  Granville 

North  Sudbury 

South  Wrentham 

Boylston  Centre 

East  Long  Meadow 

North  Tewksbury 

Walpole 

Charlton  Depot 

Feedin°-  Hills 

Rockbottom 

Walpole  East 

Cordaville 

Ireland 

Shirley  Village 

West  Dedham 

East  Brookfield 

North  Blanford 

South  Framingham 

West  Foxboro' 

East  Douglass 

North  Chester 

South  Groton 

West  Medway 

East  Princeton 

Rook  Valley 

South  Natick 

West  Needham 

Farnumsville 

South  Wllbraham 

Townsend  Harbor 

West  Roxbury 

Fiskedale 

Thorndike 

Tyngsboro' 

West  Wrentham 

Holden 

Three  Rivers 

Waltham 

Weymouth 

Manchaug 

Wales 

Watertown 

Wrentham 

Millville 

Westfield 

Wayland 

North  Blackstone 

West  Granville 

West  Acton 

PLYMOUTH. 

Northbridge  Centre 

West  Springfield 
Wilbraham 

West  Cambridge 
West  Chelmsford 

Campello 
Chiltonville 

North  Leominster 
North  Oxford 

Willimansett 

Westford 

Cochesett 

North  Spencer 

West  Groton 

East  Abington 

Oakdale 

TT  A  1ITT>CTTTT?T? 

West  Newton 

East  Marshfield 

Saundersville 

Jtl^\  JxL  X  O  XI  1  Xvi^. 

Weston 

East  Middleboro' 

Smithville 

Bancroft 
Cummingt'n  W.  Village 
Greenwich  Village 

TT              1                  -11 

West  Townsend 
Wilmington 
Winchester 

East  Wareham 
Mattapoisett 
North  Carver 

South  Gardner 
South  Milford 
South  Royalston 

Haydenville 

T        A 

Woburn 

North  Marshfield 

South  Shrewsbury 

.Leeds 
North  Amherst 
North  Hadley 

Woodville 
NORFOLK. 

North  Middleboro' 
North  Plympton 
North  Rochester 

Upton 
Uxbridge 
Warren 

North  Prescott 

Bald  Hill 

North  Scituate 

Webster 

South  Amherst 
South  Hadley  Falls 

Charles  River  Village 
East  Foxboro' 

N.  West  Bridgewater 
Rock 

Westboro' 
West  Boylston 

Ware 
West  Chesterfield 
West  Hampton 
West  Worthington 
Williamsburg 
Worthington 

East  Medway 
East  Randolph 
East  Sharon 
East  Stoughton 
East  Weymouth 
Franklin  City 

Scotland 
Sippican 
South  Abington 
South  Carver 
South  Hanson 
South  Hingham 

West  Brookfield 
West  Fitchburg 
West  Millbury 
Westminster 
West  Rutland 
West  Sterling 

Harrison  Square 

South  Middleboro' 

West  Sutton 

MIDDLESEX. 

North  Bellingham 

Wareham 

Whitinsville 

Assabet 

North  Cohasset 

West  Bridgewater 

Wilkinsonville 

Bragville 

North  Weymouth 

West  Duxbury 

Winchendon 

STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND. 


BRISTOL. 

Tiverton  Four  Corners 

Mount  Vernon 

Carolina  Mills 

Warren 

Nasonville 

Dorrville 

PROVIDENCE. 

North  Scituate 

Narragansett 

KENT. 

Albion 

Olneyville 

Peace  Dale, 

Anthony's  Village 

Centred  ale 

Manville 

Perrysville 

Centreville 

Clayville 

Pascoag 

Pine  Hill 

Escoheag 

Cumberland  Hill, 

South  Foster 

Potter's  Hill 

Phenix 

Diamond  Hill 

South  Scituate 

Quonochontaug 

Rice  City, 

Fiskeville 

Valley  Falls, 

Rockville 

Warwick 

Foster  Centre 

Woonsocket  Falls 

Shamrock  Mills 

West  Greenwich 

Greenville 

Tower  Hill 

W.  Greenwich  Centre 

Knightsville 
Lime  Rock 

WASHINGTON. 
Allenton 

Usquepaugh 
Wakefield 

NEWPORT. 

Manton 

Arcadia 

Westerly 

Adamsville 

Mapleville 

Brand's  Iron  Works 

Wickford 

766 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


STATE   OF    CONNECTICUT. 


FAIRFIELD. 

West  Hartland 

Woodville 

Waterford 

Ball's  Point 

West  Suffield 

West  Chester 

Banksville 

Wethersfield 

MIDDLESEX. 

Cold  Spring 

Windsor 

Centre  Brook 

TOLLAND. 

Darien  Depot 

Windsor  Locks 

Cobaltville 

Andover 

Glenville 

Windsorville 

Durham  Centre 

Eagleville 

Greenfield  Hill 

East  Hampton 

Gilead 

Hawleyville 

LITCHFIELD. 

East  Hampton  Lake 

Mansfield  Centre 

High  Ridge 

Bakersville 

Higganum 

Mansfield  Depot 

Long  Ridge 

Bantam  Falls 

Leesville 

Mashapang 

Mianus 

Bridgewater 

Millington                  • 

Moose  Meadow 

Mill  Plain 

Burrville, 

Moodus 

North  Somers 

North  Greenwich 

Campville 

Upper  Middletown 

Quarryville 

North  Stanford 

Chapinville 

Westbrook 

Rockville 

North  Wilton 

Colebrook  River 

Winthrop 

Somersville 

Redding  Ridge 

Cornwall  Bridge 

South  Coventry 

Ridgebury 

Cornwall  Hollow 

NEW   HAVEN. 

Square  Pond 

Round  Hill 

East  Canaan 

Ansonia 

Stafford  Springs 

South  Norwalk 

East  Kent 

Fair  Haven 

Staffordville 

Stanwich 
Stepney 

Ellsworth 
Falls  Village 

Humphreysville 
Middlebury 

Union 
Vernon 

Stepney  Depot 

Gaylord's  Bridge 

Northford 

West  Stafford 

Trumb'ull  Long  Hill 

Hotchkissville 

North  Guilford 

West  Willington 

Weston 

Lakeville 

North  Madison 

Willington 

Westport 

Lime  Rock 

South  Britain 

Wilton 

Marble  Dale 

Southford 

WINDHAM. 

Mill  Brook 

Straitsville 

Abington 

HARTFORD. 

Milton 

Wallingford 

Campbell's  Mills 

Broad  Brook 

New  Hartford  Centre 

Waterbury 

Central  Village 

Buckland 

New  Preston 

Waterville 

Collamer 

Canton  Centre 

North  Colebrook 

West  Haven 

East  Killingly 

East  Gran  by- 

Northfield 

West  Meriden 

Fishersville 

East  Hartford 

North  Goshen 

Westville 

Howard's  Valley 

East  Suffield 

Northville, 

Wolcott 

Moosop 

Forestville 

Ore  Hill 

Zoar  Bridge 

New  Boston 

Hazardville 

Pine  Meadow 

North  Ashford 

Hockanum 

Pleasant  Valley 

NEW  LONDON. 

North  Killingly 

Kensington 

Plymouth  Hollow 

Centre  Groton 

North  Windham 

Manchester  Station 

South  Canaan 

Chesterfield 

North  Woodstock 

Marion 

South  Farms, 

Gales's  Ferry 

Phoenixville 

Newington 

South  Kent 

Greenville 

Plainfield 

North  Canton 

Southville 

Hadlyme 

Pomfret  Landing 

North  Granby 

Terrysville 

Hamburg 

Quinebaug 

Plainville 

Torringford 

Laysville 

Scotland 

Poquonock 

Warren 

Liberty  Hill 

South  Killingly 

Rainbow 

Washington 

Noank 

South  Windham 

Rocky  Hill 

Watertown 

North  Franklin 

Sterling  Hill 

Scitico 

West  Cornwall 

North  Lyme 

Voluntown 

South  Glastenbury 

West  Goshen 

Norwich  Town 

West  Ashford 

South  Manchester 

West  Norfolk 

Eendleton  Hill 

Westford 

South  Windsor 

West  Winstead 

Poquanoc  Bridge 

West  Killingly 

Unionville 

Winchester 

Poquetanuck 

Westminster 

Warehouse  Point 

Winchester  Centre 

Portersville 

West  Woodstock 

West  Avon 

Wolcottville 

South  Lyme 

Willimantic 

West  Granby 

Woodbury 

Uncasville 

Windham 

West  Hartford 

Woodstock 

STATE  OF   NEW  YORK. 

ALLEGHANY. 

East  Hill 

Rockville 

Whitesville 

Alfred  Centre 

Fillmore 

Shongo 

Whitney's  Valley 

Allen  Centre 

Hobbieville 

Short  Tract 

Willing 

Allensville 

Little  Genesee 

Spring  Mills 

Wirt 

Black  Creek 
Centre  Almond 

Mills's  Mills 
North  Almond 

Transit  Bridge 
West  Almond 

Wiscoy 

Centre  Independence 

Phillips's  Creek 

West  Clarksville 

ALBANY. 

Centre  ville 

Philipsville 

West  Genesee 

Bethlehem  Centre 

Ceres 

Richburg 

West  Shongo 

Cedar  Hill 

Chautauque  Valley 

Rouns  ville 

Wellsville 

Coeyman's  Hollow 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


767 


Cooksburg 

Plato 

CHEMUNG. 

Canaan  Centre 

Dormansville 

Sandusky 

Baldwin 

Canaan  Four  Corners 

Dunnsville 

Seelysburg 

Beaver  Dams 

Chatham  Centre 

East  Berne 

Sociality 

Catharine 

Chatham  Four  Corners 

Guilderland  Centre 

Ten  Mile  Spring 

Fairport 

Churchtown 

Ireland  Corners 

Versailles 

Havanna 

East  Chatham 

Knowersville 

West  Perrysburg 

Martin's  Hill 

Elixaville 

Lisha's  Kill 

West  Yorkshire 

Millport 

Flatbrook 

Medusa 

Yorkshire 

Moreland 

Gallatinville 

New  Salem 

North  Chemuug 

Greene  River 

Newtonville 

CAYUGA. 

Pine  Valley 

Harlemville 

Potter's  Hollow 

Cato 

Post  Creek 

Hoffman's  Gate 

Preston  Hollow 

Dresserville 

Salubria 

Maiden  Bridge 

Reidsville 

East  Genoa 

Seely  Creek 

Mellenville 

South  Berne 

Five  Corners 

South  Erin 

Moffett's  Store 

South  Westerlo 

Fosterville 

Sullivanville 

New  Britain 

Watervliet  Centre 

Genoa 

Townsend 

New  Lebanon  Centre 

Westerlo 

Kelloggsville 

Van  Ettenville 

Niverville 

West  Troy 

Kings  Ferry 

Veteran 

North  Chatham 

Levanna 

Webb's  Mills 

Smoky  Hollow 

BROOME. 

Little  Sodas 

Wellsburg 

Spencertown 

Castle  Creek 

Martville 

West  Cayuta 

Stuy  vesant  Falls 

Centre  Lisle 

Meridian 

Wynkoop  Creek 

Velatie 

Centre  Village 
Conklin  Centre 

Nine  Corners 
North  Sterling 

CHENANGO. 

West  Taghkanick 

Corbettsville 

O  was  co  Lake 

Beaver  Meadow 

CORTLANDT 

East  Maine 
Kale's  Eddy 
Harpersville 
Hawleyton 

Poplar  Ridge 
Port  Byron 
Scipioville 
Seneca  River 

Bennetts  ville 
Coventryville 
East  German 
East  Greene 

Blodgett  Mills 
Cheningo 
Cuyler 
East  Freetown 

Hyde  Settlement 

Sherwoods 

East  Guilford 

East  Homer 

Kattelville 

South  Venice 

East  Macdonough 

East  Scott 

Kirkwood 
Maine 

The  Square 
Throopsville 

East  Pharsalia 
Genegantslet 

East  Virgil 
Freetown  Corners 

New  Ohio 

Union  Springs 

Guilford  Centre 

Harford 

Ninevah 

__                  "        o 

Venice 

King's  Settlement 

Keeney's  Settlement 

Osborne  Hollow 
Port  Crane 

Victory 
Weed's  Port 

McDonough 
Mount  Upton 

Lapeer 
Little  York 

Shawsville 

West  Niles 

New  Berlin  Centre 

McGrawville 

South  Windsor 

North  Guilford 

South  Cortlandt 

Susquehannah 
Union 
Union  Centre 

CHAUTAUQUE. 

Alleghany 
Blockville 

North  Linklaen 
North  Norwich 
Pitcher  Springs 

Taylor 
Texas  Valley 
Union  Valley 

Union  Village 
Unitaria 

Cassadaga 
Centre  Sherman 

Rockdale 
Smithville  Flats 

Virgil 
Willet 

Upper  Lisle 
Vallonia  Springs 

Charlotte  Centre 
Clear  Creek 

South  Bainbridge 
South  New  Berlin 

DELAWARE. 

Vestal 

Clymer  Centre 

South  Otselic 

Arkville 

West  Colesville 

Dewittville 

South  Oxford 

Barbourville 

West  Windsor 

Fluvanna 

South  Plymouth 

Batavia  Kill 

Whitney's  Point 
Windsor 

Frewsburg 
Friends 

West  Bainbridge 
West  Linklaen 

Bloomville 
Brushland 

Hamlet 

White's  Store 

Cabin  Hill 

CATTARAUGUS. 

Hartfield 

CLINTON. 

Cannonsville 

Alleghany 
Axeville 
Buck  Tooth 

Irving 
Laona 
Levant 

Cadyville 
Coopersville 

Clark's  Factory 
Clovesville 
Croton 

Chapelsburg 

Magnolia 

±j  3,n  n  em  orit 

Davenport  Centre 

Delavan 

Marvin 

T?a       11  PI 

Elwood's  Bridge 

East  Leon 

Nashville 

T? 

Jc  rontier 

Harvard 

East  Otto 
East  Randolph 

North  Clymer 
Oregon 

Moore's  Forks 
New  Sweden. 

Hobart 
Monument  Island 

Eddyville 

Panama 

JL  ess  lee  vi  lie 

Moresville 

Elgin 
Elton 
Fairview 

Poland  Centre 
Salem  Cross  Roads 
Silver  Creek 

Perry's  Mills 
Schuyler's  Falls 

New  Road 
North  Franklin 
North  Hamden 

Gowanda 
Kill  Buck 
Limestone 
Little  Valley 
Machias 

Smith's  Mills 
Van  Buren1  Harbor 
Vermont 
Villanova 
Volusia 

Union  Falls 
West  Chazy 
West  Plattsburg 
Wrightsville 

North  Harpersfield 
Nort  Kortwright 
Ouleout 
Hallcottsville 
Partridge  Island 

North  Perry  sburg 

West  Ellery 

COLUMBIA. 

Pepacton 

Onoville 

Westfield 

Ancram  Lead  Mines 

Rock  Rift 

768 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Shavertown 

Big  Tree  Corners 

FULTON. 

HERKIMER, 

Sidney  Centre 

Buffalo  Plains 

Brockett's  Bridge 

Cedar  Lake 

Sidney  Plains 

Cheektowaga 

Cranberry  Creek 

Cedarville 

South  Franklin 

Chief  Warrior 

Eastmansville 

Cold  Brook 

South  Kortwright 

Clarence  Centre 

Garoga 

Grain's  Corners 

Stockport's  Station 

Clarksburg 

Gloversville 

Dennison's  Corners 

Stratton's  Falls 

Collins's  Centre 

Kingsboro' 

Devereux 

Trout  Creek 

Crittenden 

Lassellsville 

East  Schuyler 

Walton 

East  Aurora    ' 

Mills's  Corners 

Eatonville 

West  Davenport 

East  Eden 

Newkirk's  Mills 

Frankfort  Hill 

West  Meredith 

East  Evans 

North  Broadalbin 

Gravesville 

East  Hamburg 

North  ville 

Graysville 

DUTCHESS. 

Eden  Valley 

Osborn's  Bridge 

Ilion 

Adriance 

Ellicott  Creek 

Sammonsville 

Jacksonburg 

Amenia  Union 

Glenwood 

Union  Mills 

Jordan  ville 

Arthursburg 

Grand  Island 

Vail's  Mills 

Manheim  Centre 

Attlebury 

Griffin's  Mills 

West  Gal  way 

Middleville 

Barrvtown 

Hamburg  on  the  Lake 

West  Perth 

New  Graefenberg 

Bull's  Head 

Harris's  Hill 

Newville 

Campbellville 

Marshtield 

GENES  EE. 

Ohio 

Carriage  Landing 
Chestnut  Ridge 

Mill  Grove 
North  Boston 

Brookville 

Page's  Corners 
Paine's  Hollow 

City 

North  Clarence 

T\    • 
.L/aricn 

Poland 

Clinton  Corners 

North  Collins 

Postville 

Clinton  Hollow 
Clove 
Crum  Elbow 
Farmer's  Hill 

North  Evans 
Patchin 
Pontiac 
Red  Jacket 

.L/anen  i^/entre 
East  Bergen 
East  Bethany 
East  Pembroke 

T  Itldnri 

Rockton 
Salisbury  Centre 
South  Columbia 
Starkville 

Federal  Store 
Fishkill  Plains 
Freedom  Plains 

South  Alden 
South  Wales 
Spring  Brook 

ijinden 
Morganville 
North  Bergen 

y^rt1,/»  „!  J 

Van  Hornesville 
Warren 
West  Schuyler 

Glenham 
Hart's  Village 

Town  Line                 * 
Wales 

Uakneld 
Pavilion  Centre 

West  Winfield 
Wilmut 

Hibemia 
Hughsonville 
Hull's  Mill 

Wales  Centre 
Water  Valley 
West  Aurora 

Roanake 
South  Alabama 
South  Byron 

Winfield 
HAMILTON. 

Jackson  Corners 

West  Concord 

otonc  v/ntircn 

TVanoit 

Benson 

La  Fayetteville 
Leedsville 
Lithgow 
Little  Rest 

West  Falls 
West  Newstead 
White's  Corners 
Williamsville 

Jl  1  illlS  1  1 

West  Bergen 
West  Bethany 
Wheatville 

Hope  Centre 
Hope  Falls 
Sage  ville 
Wells 

Mabbettsville 

Zoar 

Manchester  Bridge 

GREENE. 

JEFFERSON. 

Monterey 

ESSEX. 

A  era 

Adams's  Centre 

New  Hackensack 

A  J*              J 

Ashland 

Alexandria  Centre 

New  Hamburg 
Northeast  Centre 

Adirondac 
Moriah 

Bailey's  Four  Corners 
Big  Hollow 

Appling 
Belleville 

Oswego  Village 
Pecksville 
Perry's  Corners 
Pleasant  Plains 
Poughquag 
Pulver's  Corners 
Quaker  Hill 
Rock  City 
Salt  Point 

New  Russia 
North  Elba 
North  Hudson 
Port  Kendall 
Saint  Armand 
Schroon  Lake 
Schroon  River 
Upper  Jay 
Wadham's  Mills 

Bushnellsville 
Cairo 
Cornwall  ville 
East  Durham 
East  Kill 
East  Windham 
Freehold 
Gayhead 
Jewett 

Bentley's  Corners 
Black  River 
Burr's  Mills 
Cape  Vincent 
Champion  South  Roads 
Depauville 
Dexter 
East  Houndsfield 
East  Rodman 

Schultzsville 

W^est  Moriah 

•XTT      «. 

Jewett  Centre 

Evansville 

Shenandoah 
South  Amenia 

VV  estport 
Whallonsburg 

Kiskatom 
Leeds 

Felt's  Mills 
Great  Bend 

South  Dover 
Sprout  Creek 
Staatsburg 

Wilmington 
Woodwardsville 

Medway 
New  Baltimore 
Norton  Hill 

La  Fargeville 
Le  Raysville 
Limerick 

Stanfordville 

Oak  Hill 

Mannsville 

Stormville 

FRANKLIN. 

Palenville 

Military  Road 

Upper  Red  Hook 

Brush's  Mills 

Red  Falls 

Millen's  Bay 

Verbank 

Burke 

South  Cairo 

Narrows 

Wappinger's  Falls 

East  Constable 

South  Durham 

Natural  Bridge 

Washington 

Franklin  Falls 

Tannersville 

North  Adams 

Washington  Hollow 

Hogansburg 
Meerrillsville 

Union  Society 
West  Kill 

North  Wilna 
Omar 

ERIE. 

North  Bangor 

West  Lexington 

Orleans  Four  Corners 

Akron 

South  Dickinson 

Windham 

Oxbow 

Angola 

West  Constable 

Windham  Centre 

Pamelia  Four  Corners 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


769 


Perch  River 

West  Conesus 

Minaville 

South  Trenton 

Pierrepont  Manor 

York 

Mindenville 

Stanwix 

Pillar  Point 

Palatine  Bridge 

State  Bridge 

Plesis 

MADISON. 

Port  Jackson 

Stittville 

Point  Peninsula 

Bennet's  Corners 

Saint  Johns  ville 

Stokes 

Redwood 

Bouckville 

Spraker's  Basin 

Taberg 

Roberts's  Corners 

Bridgeport 

Sprout  Brook 

Utica 

Rural  Hill 

Canastota 

Stone  Arabia 

Vernon 

Saint  Lawrence 

Chittenango  Falls 

Tribe's  Hill 

Vernon  Centre 

Sanford's  Corners 

Clockville 

Verona 

Smithville 

l)e  Lancey 

NEW   YORK. 

Verona  Mills 

South  Rutland 

Earlville 

Yorkville 

Vienna 

Sterlintrville 

East  Hamilton 

Walesville 

Stone  Mills 

Erieville 

NIAGARA. 

Washington  Mills 

Stowell's  Corners 

Hubbard's  Corners 

Bergholtz 

Waterville 

Three  Mile  Bay 

Lake  Port 

County  Line 

West  Branch 

West  Theresa 

Leonardsville 

Hess  Road 

West  Camden 

Whitney's  Corners 

Madison 

Hickory  Corners 

Western  ville 

Wilna 

Munsville 

Johnson's  Creek 

Westmoreland 

Woodville 

New  Woodstock 

La  Salle 

West  Vienna 

Worthville 

North  Brookfield 

Locust  Tree 

Oneida  Depot 

Maple  ton 

ONONDAGA. 

KINGS. 

Oneida  Lake 

Martinsville 

Amber 

East  New  York 

Oneida  Valley 

Middleport 

Apulia 

Green  Point 

Perry  ville 

Mount  Cambria 

Belle  Isle 

Williamsburg 

Peterboro' 

Olcott 

Borodino 

Pine  Woods 

Orange  Port 

Brewer  ton 

LEWIS. 

Poolville 

Pekin 

Canal 

Barnes's  Corners 

Pratt's  Hollow 

Pendleton 

Cardiff 

Brantino-ham 

Siloam 

Pendleton  Centre 

Collamer 

Collinsville 

Solsville 

Ransomville 

Delphi 

Constableville 

South  Brookfield 

Rapids 

Elliston 

Deer  River 

Wampsville 

Reynale's  Basin 

Euclid 

High  Market 

Shawnee 

Fair  Mount 

Houseville 

MONROE. 

South  Royalton 

Fayetteville 

Indian  River 

Brockport 

South  Wilson 

Hart  Lot 

Lyonsdale 

Churchville 

Suspension  Bridge 

Hartsville 

New  Bremen 

Clarkson  Centre 

West  Somerset 

Howlet  Hill 

Osceola 

Clifton 

Wilsons 

Jack's  Reef 

Port  Leyden 

East  Clarkson 

Wright's  Corners 

Jamesville 

South  Harrisburg 

Egypt 

Youngstown 

Jordan 

Stow's  Square 

Hanford's  Landing 

Kirkville 

Turin 

Henrietta 

ONEIDA. 

Lamsons 

Watson 

Mumford 

Alder  Creek 

Little  Utica 

West  Leyden 

North  Chili 

Ava 

Mandana 

West  Lowville 

North  Clarkson 

Babcock  Hill 

Manlius  Centre 

West  Martinsburg 

North  Greece 

Big  Brook 

Marcellus  Falls 

North  Parma 

Cassville 

Marietta 

LIVINGSTON. 

Ogden 

Clayville 

Messina  Springs 

Brooks's  Grove 

Parma 

Deansville 

Navarino 

Byersville 

Parma  Centre 

Delta 

Onondaga  Castle 

Cuylerville 
Dansville 

Scottsville 
Spencerport 

East  Florence 
Glen  mo  re 

Onondaga  Valley 
Oran 

East  Groveland 

Webster 

Hecla  Works 

Plainville 

East  Springwater 

West  Greece 

Higginsville 

Plank  Road 

Fowlerville 
Gibson  ville 

West  Henrietta 
West  Rush 

Hillsboro' 
Hizerville 

Pompey  Centre 
South  Marcellus 

Greigsviile 

West  Webster 

Holland  Patent 

South  Onondaga 

Groveland  Centre 

Wheatland 

Knox  Corners 

Spaffbrd  Hollow 

Hemlock  Lake 

Lairdsville 

Tully 

Hunt's  Hollow 

MONTGOMERY. 

Lee  Centre 

Tully  Valley 

Kysorville 

Ames 

Lowell 

Van  Buren 

Lakeville 

Auriesville 

McConnellsville 

Van  Buren  Centre 

North  Sparta 

Buel 

New  London 

Vesper 

Oakland 

Burtonsville           [ners 

North  Bay 

Watervale 

Piffard 

Charleston  Four    Cor- 

North  Bridgewater 

Wellington 

Ridge 

Cranesville 

North  Gage 

West  Onondaga 

River  Road  Forks 

Flat  Creek 

North  Western 

Windfall 

Scottsburg 

Fort  Hunter 

Oneida  Castle 

South  Avon 

Freysbush 

Oriskany 

ONTARIO. 

South  Livonia 

Hagaman's  Mills 

Pine 

Academy 

Tuscarora 

Hallsville 

Prospect 

Allen's  Hill 

Union  Corners 

Hessville 

Sconondoa 

Bristol  Centre 

97 

770 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Centrefield 

Hindsburg 

Otsdawa 

Potter  Hill 

Chapinville 

Hulburton 

Pleasant  Brook 

Prospect  Hill 

Cheshire 

Jeddo 

Portlandville 

Raymertown 

Clifton  Springs 

Kendall  Mills 

Richfield  Springs 

Schodack  Centre 

Flint  Creek 

Knowlesville 

Roseboom 

Schodack  Depot 

Gypsum 
Hall's  Corners 

Lyndonville 
Medina 

Salt  Springville 
Schenevus 

Schodack  Landing 
South  Schodack 

Honeoye 

Millville 

Schuyler's  Lake 

South  Stephentown 

Larned's  Corners 

North  Ridgewav 

South  Edmeston 

Tomhannock 

Manchester  Centre 

Oak  Orchard 

South  Hartwick 

West  Berlin 

North  Bloomfield 

Shelby  Basin 

South  Milford 

West  Sand  Lake 

Norton's  Mills 

South  Barre 

South  Valley 

West  Stephentown 

Oak's  Corners 

Waterport 

South  Worcester 

Wynantskill 

Port  Gibson 

West  Carlton 

Springfield  Centre 

Reed's  Corners 

West  Gaines 

Toddsville 

RICHMOND. 

Richmond  Mills 

West  Kendall 

Unadilla 

North  Shore 

Rushville 

Yates 

Unadilla  Centre 

Port  Richmond 

Seneca  Castle 

Unadilla  Forks  . 

Richmond  Valley 

Stanley  Corners 

OSWEGO. 

West  Burlington 

Rossville 

Taylorsville 

Amboy  Centre 

West  Edmeston 

South  Side 

Victor 

Bernhard's  Bay 

West  Exeter 

Tottenville 

West  Bloomfield 

Butterfly 

Westford 

West  Farmington 

Cartersville 

West  Laurens 

ROCKLAND. 

Caughdenoy 

West  Oneonta 

Blauveltville 

ORANGE. 
Aiuity 

Central  Square 
Cleaveland 

Westville 
Worcester 

Monsey 
Nanuet 

Bellvale 

Colosse 

North  Haverstraw 

Bullville 

Constantia  Centre 

PUTNAM. 

Nyack 

Buttermilk  Falls 

Dugway 

Brewster's  Station 

Nyack  Turnpike 

Coldenham 

East  Parish 

Doanesburg 

Rumapo  Works 

Craigsville 
Cuddebackville 

Fulton 
Gilbert's  Mills 

Dykemans 
Farmer's  Mills 

Sloatsburg 
Spring  Valley 

Edenville 

Greenboro' 

Garrtsons 

Tappantown 

Finchville 

Hannibal 

Haviland  Hollow 

Suff'ern 

Florida 

Hannibal  Centre 

Mahopac 

Highland  Mills 

Hastings  Centre 

Milltown 

SAINT    LAWRENCE. 

Howell's  Depot 

Hinmansville 

Red  Mills 

Black  Lake 

Huguenot 

Hull's  Corners 

Towners 

Blink  Bonny 

Little  Britain 

Kasoag 

Brier  Hill 

Middle  Hope 

Kinney's  Four  Corners 

QUEENS. 

Buck's  Bridge 

Middletown 

Minetto 

Brushville 

Crary's  Mills 

Minisink 

Orwell 

Buckram 

East  Pierpont 

Mortonville 

Oswego  Falls 

Cedar  Swamp 

East  Pitcairn 

Mount  Hope 

Phoenix 

East  Norwich 

Edenton 

New  Hampton 

Port  Ontario 

Farmingdale 

Edwardsville 

New  Milford 

Roosevelt 

Hempstead  Branch 

Flackville 

New  Vernon 

Salmon  River 

Jerico 

Fullersville  Iron  Works 

Otisville 

Sand  Bank 

Jerusalem  South 

Helena 

Oxford  Depot 

South  Albion 

Manhasset 

Lawrenceville 

Port  Jervis 

South  Granby 

Merrick 

Lisbon  Centre 

Ridgebury' 

South  Richland 

Middle  Village 

Louisville  Landing 

Saint  Andrews 

South  West  Oswego 

Rockville  Centre 

Macomb 

Salisbury  Mills 

Texas 

Roslyn 

Matildaville 

Scotchtown 

Union  Settlement 

South  Oyster  Bay 

Morley 

Searsville 

Union  Square 

Nicholville 

Slate  Hill 

Vermilion 

RENSSELAER. 

North  Lawrence 

Sugar  Loaf 

Volney 

Alps 

North  Potsdam 

Turners 

West  Monroe 

Brainard's  Bridge 

North  Russell 

Unionville 

Williamstown 

Centre  Berlin 

North  Stockholm 

Walden 

Deepikill 

Oak  Point 

Warwick 

OTSEGO. 

Defriestville 

Pope's  Mills 

Wells's  Corner 

Burlington  Flats 

Eagle  Mills 

Racket  River 

West  Point 

Centre  Valley 

East  Grafton 

Raymondville 

West  Town 

East  Springfield 

East  Greenbush 

Richville 

East  Worcester 

East  Nassau 

Rossie 

ORLEANS. 

Fly  Creek 

East  Sand  Lake 

Russell 

Barre  Centre 

Garrattsville 

Hoag's  Corner 

Shingle  Creek 

Carlton 

Maple  Grove 

Junction 

Somerville 

Eagle  Harbor 

May  Flower 

North  Hoosic 

South  Edwards 

East  Carlton 

Middlefield  Centre 

North  Stephentown 

South  Hammond 

East  Gaines 

Morris 

Petersburg   Four   Cor- 

Southville 

East  Shelby 

Mount  Vision 

ners 

Stockholm  Depot 

Parmingham 

Oaksville 

Poestenkill 

Waddington 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


771 


Wegatchie 

Leesville 

Sugar  Hill 

Fosterdale 

West  Fowler 

Livingstonville 

Thurston 

Freemont 

West  Potsdam 

Mine  Kill  Falls 

Tontine 

Gales 

West  Stockholm 

Morseville 

Towlesville 

Glen  Wild 

North  Blenheim 

Twelve  Mile  Creek 

Grahamsville 

SARATOGA. 

Richmondville 

Tyrone 

Hasbrouck 

Ballston  Centre 

'  Sharon  Centre 

Urbana 

Jefferson  ville 

Barkers  ville 

Sharon  Springs 

Wayne 

Liberty  Falls 

Bemus  Heights 

Sloansville 

West  Addison 

Low's  Corner 

Burnt  Hills 

Waldensville 

West  Cameron 

Mongaup 

Coveville 

Warnerville 

West  Greenwood 

Mongaup  Valley 

Dean's  Corners 

West  Fulton 

Weston 

Narrowsburg 

East  Galway 

West  Gilboa 

West  Troupsburg 

Neversink 

East  Line 

West  Union 

North  Branch 

Edinburgh  Centre 

SENECA. 

Wheeler 

Parksville 

Fortsville 

Canoga 

Woodhull 

Philipsport 

Gansevoort 

Cruso 

Pike  Pond 

Grange  rville 

East  Varick 

SUFFOLK. 

Pond  Eddy 

Groom's  Corners 

Farmer 

Amagansett 

Purvis 

Jonesville 

Lodi  Centre 

Amityville 

Robertsonville 

Ketcham's  Corners 

Rose  Hill 

Baiting  Hollow 

Sandburgh 

Maltaville 

Sheldrake 

Bell  Port 

Stevensville 

Mechanicsville 

South  Lodi 

Bridgehampton 

Thompson  ville 

Middle  Grove 

Townsendville 

Centreport 

West  Brookville 

Moreau  Station 

Tyre 

Commack 

White  Lake 

Mount  Pleasant 

Varick 

Coram 

Woodbourne 

North  Galway 

West  Fayette 

Cutchogue 

Wurtsboro' 

Pope's  Corners 

West  Junius 

Deer  Park 

Youngsville 

Porter's  Corners 

Dix  Hills 

Quaker  Springs 

STEUBEN. 

East  Cutchogue 

TIOGA. 

Rexford  Flats 

Alta 

East  Marion 

Apalachin 

Rock  City  Mills 

Arkport 

East  Moriches 

Campville 

South  Corinth 

Avoca 

Fireplace 

Canfield's  Corner 

South  Galway 

Bennett's  Creek 

Flanders 

Factoryville 

Vischer's  Ferry 
Waterford 

Cameron  Mills 
Campbeltown 

Good  Ground 
Jamesport 

Flemingsville 
Halsey  Valley 

West  Charlton 

Caton 

Lakeland 

Newark  Valley 

West  Day 

Centre  Canisteo 

Manorville 

Smithsboro' 

West  Greenfield 

Cohocton 

Mattituck 

South  Candor 

West  Hadley 

Cooper's  Plains 

Middle  Island 

South  Owego 

West  Milton 

Corning 

Miller's  Place 

Waverly 

Whiteside's  Corners 

Doty's  Corner 

Moriches 

West  Candor 

Wilton 

East  Cameron 

Mount  Sinai 

West  Newark 

East  Canisteo 

New  Village 

Willseyville 

SCHENECTADY 

East  Painted  Post 

Northport 

Braman's  Corners 

Erwin  Centre 

Orient 

TOMPKINS. 

East  Glenville 

Gibson 

Penataquit 

Bennettsburg 

Hoffman's  Ferry 

Goff's  Mills 

Port  Jefferson 

Burdett 

Mariaville 

Hammond's  Mills 

Quogue 

Caroline  Centre 

North  Duanesburg 

Haskenville 

Sayville 

Cayutaville 

Quaker  Street 

Kennedyville 

Seatuck 

East  Lansing 

Scotia 

Lindleytown 

Setauket 

Enfiel'd  Centre 

Lyon's"  Hollow 

Smithtown  Branch 

Etna 

SCHOHARIE 

Mount  Washington 

Speonk 

Forest  City 

Argosville 

North  Cameron 

Springs 

Groton  City 

Barnerville 

North  Cohocton 

Success 

Jacksonville 

Barton  Hill 
Breakabeen 

North  Reading 
North  Urbana 

Thompson's  Station 
Upper  Aquebogue 

Lake  Ridge 
Lansingville 

Central  Bridge 

Patchin's  Mills 

Wading  River 

Logan 

Charlotteville 

Paltonville 

West  Hills 

McLean 

East  Cobleskill 

Pine  Grove 

Yaphank 

Mecklenburgh 

Eminence 

Pond  Settlement 

Mott's  Corners 

Engellville 

Purdy  Creek 

SULLIVAN. 

North  Hector 

Esperance 

Rathboneville 

Barryville 

North  Lansing 

Franklinton 

Reading  Centre 

Beaver  Brook 

Peruville 

Fultonham 

Rough  and  Ready 

Beaver  Kill 

Pugsley's  Depot 

Gallupville 

Savona 

Bloomingburg 

Reynoldsville 

Gardnersville 

Shannon 

Bridgeville 

Searsburgh 

Gilboa 

South  Bradford 

Burlingham 

Seneca 

Grovernor's  Corners 

South  Dansville 

Callicoon 

Slaterville 

Hunter's  Land 

South  Hill 

Callicoon  Depot 

South  Danby 

Hyndsville 

South  Pultney 

Claryville 

South  Lansing 

Lawyersville 

South  Thurston 

Delaware  Bridge 

Speeds  ville 

772 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Trumansburg 

Mill  Brook 

Marengo 

Williams's  Bridge 

Trumbull  Corners 

Pottersville 

Newark 

Yonkers 

Varna 

Stony  Creek 

Port  Glasgow 

Yorktown 

Waterburg 

The  Glen 

Pultneyville 

West  Danby 

Wardboro' 

Red  Creek 

WYOMING. 

West  Dryden. 

Warrensburg 

Sodus  Centre 

Attica  Centre 

West  Groton 

Sodus  Point 

Castile 

WASHINGTON. 

South  Butler 

Cowlesville 

ULSTER. 

Adarasville, 

South  Sodus 

Dale 

Accord 

Anaquasscook 

Walworth 

Eagle 

Amesville 

Battenville 

West  Butler 

Eagle  Village 

Arnoldton 

Belcher 

Westbury 

East  China 

Beach  Hill 

Centre  Cambridge 

West  Macedon 

East  Gainesville 

Bears  ville 

Centre  White  Creek 

West  Walworth 

East  Java 

Bruynswick 

Coila 

Williamson 

East  Koy 

Clintondale 

Comstock's  Landing 

Walcott 

East  Orange  ville 

Denning 

East  Greenwich 

East  Pike 

Ellenville 

East  Salem 

WESTCHESTER. 

Hermitage 

Fly  Mountain 

Fort  Edward  Centre 

Abbotsford 

Java  Village 

Frantzdale 

Galesville 

Bedford  Station 

Johnsonsburg 

Glasco 

Griswold's  Mills 

Chappaqua 

La  "Grange 

Kyserike 

Lake 

Cross  River 

North  Java 

Lackawack 

Low  Hampton 

Croton  Falls 

North  Sheldon 

Libertyville 

Middle  Granville 

Croton  Landing 

North  Wethersfield 

Loyd 

North  Argyle 

Dobbs's  Ferry 

Orange  ville 

Milton 

North  Cambridge 

Golden's  Bridge 

Peoria 

Modena 
Napanock 

North  Easton 
North  GranviJJe 

Hastings  upon  Hudson 
Jefferson  Valley 

Perry  Centre 
Pike 

New  Hurley 

North  Greenwich 

Kensico 

Portageville 

New  Paltz  Landing 

North  Hebron 

Moringville 

South  Warsaw 

Olive  Bridge 

North  White  Creek 

Mott  Haven 

Strykersville 

Pine  Bush 

Patten's  Mills 

Mount  Kisco 

Varysburg 

Pine  Hill 

Shushan 

Neperan 

Vernal 

Red  Bridge 

Smith's  Basin 

North  Tarrytown 

Wethersfield 

River  Side 

South  Argyle 

Pine's  Bridge 

Wethersfield  Springs 

Samsonville 

South  Easton 

Pleasantville 

Wyoming 

Shokan 

South  Granville 

Purdy's  Station 

Stone  Ridge 

South  Hartford 

Rye 

YATES. 

The  Corner 

West  Fort  Ann 

Salem  Centre 

Benton  Centre 

Tuthill 

West  Hebron 

Sands's  Mills 

Big  Stream  Point 

Ulsterville 

White  Creek 

Shrub  Oak 

Bluff  Point 

Wawarsing 

Whitehall 

South  Salem 

Branch  Port 

Westcamp 

• 

Tarrytown 

Dundee 

West  Hurley 

WAYNE. 

The  Purchase 

Fergusson's  Corners 

West  Shand'aken 

Alloway 

Tuckahoe 

Italy  Hill 

Woodstock 

Alton 

Verplank 

Italy  Hollow 

East  Palmyra 

Vista 

Milo  Centre 

WARREN. 

Fairville 

West  Chester 

North  Middlesex 

Chestertown 

Joy 

West  Farms 

Rock  Stream 

French  Mountain 

Lock  Berlin 

West  Somers 

Sherman's  Hollow 

Hyde 

Macedon 

White  Plains 

West  Dresden 

Johnsburgh 

Macedon  Centre 

Whitlocksyille 

Yatesville 

\ 

STATE   OF   NEW  JERSEY. 

ATLANTIC 

Paskack 

Green  Bank 

Shamong 

Absecon 

Schraalenburg 

Georgetown 

Sooy's  Inn 

Bargaintown 

Spring  Valley 

Jacksonville 

Tuckerton 

Buena  Vista 

Jacobstown 

Vincentown 

Estellville 

BURLINGTON. 

Jobstown 

Wrightstown 

Gloucester  Furnace 

Arneytown 

Juliustown 

Hammonton 

Atsion 

Lumberton 

CAMDEN. 

Leed's  Point 

Bass  River  Hotel 

Marlton 

Blackwoodtown 

Pleasant  Mills 

Beverly 

Medford 

Chew's  Landing 

Port  Republic 

Bridge  boro' 

Moorestown 

Cross  Keys 

Smith's  Landing 

Brown's  Mills 

Mount  Laurel 

Gloucester  City 

Weymouth 

Cinnaminson 

New  Gretna 

Haddonfield 

Columbus 

New  Lisbon 

Long-a-  Coming 

BERGEN. 

Cooks  town 

Rancocas 

Waterford  Works 

English  Neighborhood 

Crosswicks 

Recklesstown 

Williamstown 

New  Prospect 

Fellowship 

Red  Oak  Grove 

Winslow 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


773 


CAPE  MAT. 

Milford 

Perrineville 

SOMERSET. 

Beesley's  Point 

Mount  Pleasant 

Riceville 

Beckman's  Mills 

Cold  Spring 

New  Germantown 

Tinton  Falls 

Blawenburg 

Dennis's  Creek 

Hew  Hampton 

Turkey 

Boundbrook 

Dias  Creek 

Perryviile 

Walnford 

Flaggtown 

East  Creek 

Pittstown 

Harlingen 

Fishing  Creek 

Pottersville 

MORRIS. 

Lesser  Cross  Roads 

Goshen 
Green  Creek 

Prallsville 
Quakertown 

Berkshire  Valley 
Boonton 

Liberty  Corner 
Martinsville 

Petersburg 

Reaville 

Denville 

Middlebush 

Seaville 

Ringoes 

Drakestown 

Millington 

Townsend  Inlet 

Sergeantsville 

Drakesville 

Millstone 

Tuckahoe 

Sidney 

Flanders 

North  Branch 

Stanton 

German  Valley 

Peapack 

CUMBERLAND. 

Vansyckels 

Hanover  Neck 

Plukemin 

Cedarville 

White  Hall 

Littleton 

Rocky  Hill 

Deerfield  Street 

White  House 

Long  Hill 

Six  Mile  Run 

Dividing  Creek 

Madison 

Warrenville 

Dorchester 

MERCER. 

Milton 

Weston 

Ewing's  Neck 
Fairton 

Dutch  Neck 

Newfoundland 
New  Vernon 

SUSSEX. 

Mauricetown 

.FJ  (1  1  n  D  u  r^  Q 
GrovGvillc 

Parkersburg 

Andover 

Newport 
Roadstown 
Shiloh 

ESSEX. 
Camptown 
Feltville 
Franklin 
Plainfield 
Scotch  Plains 

Hamilton  Square 
Hightstown 
Hopewell 
Lawrenceville 
Mount  Rose 
Pennington 
Port  Mercer 
Titusville 
Van  Hiseville 

Parsippany 
Pine  Brook 
Pleasant  Grove 
Pompton  Plains 
Rockaway 
Springtown 
Suckasunny 
Walnut  Grove 
Washington 

Augusta 
Beemerville 
Be  vans 
Branchville 
Clove 
Colesville 
Deckertown 
Flatbrookville 
Franklin  Furnace 
Fredon 

South  Orange 
Springfield 
Summit 
Union 
West  Bloomfield 
Westfield 

GLOUCESTER. 

Barnsboro' 
Bridgeport 
Carpentei-'s  Landing 
Clarksboro' 
Franklinville 
Glasboro' 
Hardingville 
Harrisonville 
Malaga 
Mullico  Hill 

Windsor 
Woodsville 
Yardville 

MIDDLESEX. 

Black  Horse 
Chcesequakes 
Cranberry 
Jamesburg 
Metuchen 
New  Market 
Old  Bridge 
Plainsboro' 
Rahway 
South  River 
Spotswood 
Woodbridge 

OCEAN. 

Barnegat 
Bergen  Iron  Works 
Cedar  Creek 
Downsville 
Hornerstown 
Jackson's  Mills 
Manahawkin 
Manchester 
Matedeconk 
New  Egypt 
Pine  Plains 
Point  Pleasant 
Potter's  Creek 
Shark  River 
Squam  Village 
Squankum 

Gratitude 
Greenville 
Hainesville 
Hamburg 
Harmonv  Vale 
La  Fayette 
Libertyville 
Lockwood 
Middleville 
Monroe 
Mount  Salem 
Pleasant  Valley 
Sparta 
Still  water 
Stockholm 
Swartswood 
Tranquillity 
Tuttle's  Corner 

Pineville 

MONMOUTH. 

Shelltown 

Vernon 

Sweedsboro' 

Allentown 

Tom's  River 

Waterloo 

Westville 

Chanceville 

West  Creek 
\V^  re  town 

Wykertown 

Chapel  Hill 

HUDSON. 

Clarksburg 

WARREN 

Bergen  Point 
New  Durham 

Colt's  Neck 
Eatontown 

PASSAIC. 

Aquackanock 

Allamuchy 
Anderson 

Englishtown 

Bloomingdale 

Asbury 

HUNTERDON. 

Fillmore 

Mead's  Basin 

Beatyestown 

Baptistown 

Forked  River 

West  Milford 

Blairstown 

Centreville 

Holmdel 

Bridgeville 

Cherryville 

Howell  Works 

SALEM. 

Broadway 

Clarksville 

Imlavstown 

Allowaystown 

Brotzmanville 

Clinton 

Key  Port 

Canton 

Calno 

Clover  Hill 

Kettle  Creek 

Centreton 

Columbia 

Cokesburg 

Leedsville 

Elmer 

Danville 

Croton 

Long  Branch 

Hancock's  Bridge 

Hackettstown 

Everittstown 

Lower  Squankum 

Pedricktown 

Hainesburg 

Fair  Mount 

Manalapan 

Penn's  Grove 

Johnsonburg 

Frenchtown 

Manasquam 

Pitt's  Grove 

Marksboro' 

Klinesville 

Marlboro' 

Sculltown 

Millbrook 

Lambertsville 

New  Sharon 

Sharptown 

New  Village 

Little  York 

Ocean  Port 

Woodstown 

Oxford  Furnace 

774 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Paulina 

Rocksburgh 

Stewartsville                   I  Townsbury 

Polkville 

Serepta 

Still  Valley                    J  Walnut  Valley 

Ramsaysburg 

STATE   OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 

ADAMS. 

Blanket  Hill 

Douglass  ville 

East  Springhill 

Abbottstown 

Brady's  Bend 

Earlville 

East  Troy 

Arendtsville 

Co  wans  ville 

Fetherolffsville 

Edsallville 

Bermudian 

Elderton 

Furnace 

Franklin  Dale 

Bendersville 

Freeport 

Geiger's  Mills 

French's  Mills 

Cash  town 

Glade  Run 

Grimville 

Havensville 

East  Berlin 

Lawrenceburg 

Joanna  Furnace 

Herrick      , 

Fairfield 

Leechburg 

Klines  ville 

Highland 

Fountain  Dale 

Oakland 

Kutztown 

Hornbrook 

Grafensburg 
Green  Mount 

Olivet 
Orrs  ville 

Leesport 
Lobachsville 

Laddsburg 
Le  Raysville 

Hampton 
Heidlersburg       ' 

Phoenix 
Putneyville 

Long  Swamp 
Lower  Bern 

Le  Roy 
Merryall 

Hunterstown 

Red  Bank  Furnace 

Maiden  Creek 

Milan 

Littlestown 

Rural  Valley 

Manatawny 

Monroeton 

McSherrystown 

Scrub  Grass 

Mohrs  ville 

Myersburg 

Menallen 

Slate  Lick 

Molltown 

New  Albany 

New  Chester 

South  Bend 

Monterey 

North  Orwell 

New  Oxford 

Worthington 

Morgan  town 

North  Rome 

Two  Taverns 

Moselem 

North  Smithfield 

York  Sulphur  Springs 

BEAVER 

Mount  Airy 

Old  Hickory 

Black  Hawk 

New  Jerusalem 

Orcutt  Creek 

ALLEGHANY. 

Darlington 

Pike  Township 

Orwell 

Arsenal 

Economy 

Pricetown 

Pike 

Bakerstown 
Buchanan 

Fallston 
Frankfort  Springs 

Rehrersburg 
Schuylkill  Bend 

Rome 
Rummerfield  Creek 

Clinton 

Freedom 

Seisholtzville 

Sheshequin 

Coal  Valley 

Georgetown 

Shanesville 

South  Creek 

Duquesne 

Hookstown 

Shartles  ville 

South  Hill 

Elizabeth 

Industry 

Sinking  Spring 

South  Warren 

Gambles 

Kendall 

Stonersville 

Springfield 

Gill  Hall 

New  Sheffield 

Stouchburg 

Standing  Stone 

Green  Tree 

Ohioville 

Straustown 

Stevensville 

Harmarville 

Parkison 

Tulpehoccan 

Sugar  Run 

Herriottsville 

Service 

Virginsville 

Sylvania 

Houston 

Seventy  Six 

Williams's  Store 

Terrytown 

Library 

Smith's  Ferry 

Womelsdorf 

Troy 

Logan's  Ferry 

Ulster 

McKeesport 

BEDFORD. 

BLAIR. 

Warrenham 

Monroe  ville 

Alum  Bank 

Altoona 

West  Burlington 

Montours 

Bloody  Run 

Antestown 

West  Franklin 

Moon 

Clearville 

Blair  Furnace 

Wind  ham 

Moss  Side 

Dublin  Mills 

Clover 

Wyalusing 

Noblestown 

Juniata  Crossings 

Duncansville 

Wysox 

Perrysville 

Mann's  Choice 

East  Freedom 

Port  Ferry 

Monroe 

East  Sharpsburg 

BUCKS. 

Remington 

Pattonville 

Fostoria 

Andalusia 

Sewickly  Bottom 

Rainsburg 

Frankstown 

Attleboro' 

Sharpsburg 

Ray's  Hill 

Martinsburg 

Bridge  Valley 

Shirland 

Robisonville 

Newry 

Bridgewater 

Street's  Run 

Saint  Clairsville 

Sarah 

Brownsburg 

Surgeon's  Hall 

Six  Mile  Run 

Sinking  Valley  Mills 

Bucksville 

Tarentum 

Stonerstown 

Springfield  Furnace 

Bunker  Hill 

Temperanceville 

West  End 

Tyrone 

Bursonville 

Turtle  Creek 

Woodbury 

Williamsburg 

Carversville 

Upper  Saint  Clair 

Yellow  Spring 

Centre  Bridge 

Walker's  Mills 

BERKS. 

Danboro' 

West  Elizabeth 

Baumstown 

BRADFORD. 

Davisville 

West  Manchester 

Bernville 

Alba 

Dolington 

Wexford 

Birdsboro' 

Bendy  Creek 

Dublin 

White  Ash 

Boyerstown 

Browntown 

Erwinua 

Wilkins 

B  rower 

Camptown 

Fallsington 

Wilkinsburg 

Brumfieldville 

Columbia  Cross  Roads 

Feasterville 

Clayton 

Durell 

Hagersville 

ARMSTRONG. 

Cross  Kill  Mills 

East  Herrick 

Hartsville 

Apollo 

Dale 

East  Smithfield 

Hilltown 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


775 


Hulmesville 

CARBON. 

Kennett's  Square 

Luthersburg 

Lahaska 

Albrights  ville 

Kimberton 

Morrisdale 

Line  Lexington 

Beaver  Meadows 

Lewisville 

New  Washington 

Lumberville 

East  Penn 

Lionville 

Smith's  Mills 

Mechanicsville 

Hickory  Run 

Loag 

Woodland 

New  Hope 

Lausanne 

McWilliamstown 

CLINTON. 

Newportville 
Newtown 

Little  Gap 
Nesquehoning 

Marlboro' 
Marsh 

Beech  Creek 

Ottsville 
Oxford  Valley 
Pineville 

New  Mahoning 
Parrysville 
Rock  Port 

Marshallton 
Milltown 
Mount  Vernon 

Cameron 
Chatham  Run 
Cook's  Run 

Pipersvilie 
Pleasant  Valley 

Stembersville 
Summit  Hill 

New  Garden 
Oxford 

Dunnsburg 
Farrandsville 

Pleasantville 
Plumsteadville 
Point  Pleasant 

Weatherly 
Weisport 

Parkersville 
Parkesburg 
Penningtonville 

First  Fork 
Logan  Mills 
Loveland 

-m,fl|      TT     -it 

Quakertown 
Richboro' 

CENTRE. 

Boalsburg 

Phcenixville 
Pickering 

Mill  Hall 
North  Chatham 

O  „!  _  „ 

Richlandtown 
Riegelsville 
Seller's  Tavern 

Buffalo  Run 
Centre  Hill 
Centre  Line 

Pughtown 
Rockville 
Russellville 

oalona 
Sinnamahoning 
Sugar  Valley 

-\TTT            , 

Spinnerstown 
Springtown 
Taylorsville 

Fillmore 
Fleming 
Hublersburg 

Sadsburyville 
Saint  Mary's 
Saint  Peter's 

Westport 
Youngwomanstown 

COLUMBIA. 

Trumbaursville 

Juliann  Furnace 

Setzler's  Store 

Beaver  Valley 

Tullytown 

Martha  Furnace 

Steele  ville 

Benton 

Upper  Black  Eddy 
Warrington 

Milesburg 
Millheim 

Strickers  ville 
Sugartown 

Buckhorn 
Central 

Whitehallville 

Nittany 

Unionville 

Cole's  Creek 

Wrightstown 

Old  Fort 

Uwchland 

Espy 

Yardleyville 

Philipsburg 
Pine  Grove  Mills 

Valley  Forge 
Vincent 

Foundryville 
Light  Street 

BUTTER. 
Anandale 

Pleasant  Gap 
Potter's  Mills 

Wagon  town 
Wallace 

Lime  Ridge 
Maineville 

Anderson's  Mills 

Rebersburg 

Warren  Tavern 

Mifflinville 

Baldwin 

Snow  Shoe 

West  Grove 

Millville 

Barnhart's  Mills 

Spring  Mills 

West  Vincent 

Mordansville 

Breakneck 

Stover's  Place 

West  Whiteland 

Pealers 

Brownington 

Walker 

Polkville 

Bruin 

Woodward 

CLARION. 

Rohrsburg 

Coultersville 

Zion 

Callensburg 

Still  water 

Coyleville 

Catfish  Furnace 

Glade  Mills 

CHESTER. 

Clinton  Furnace 

CRAWFORD. 

Harrisville 

Avondale 

Curllsville 

Adamsville 

Hibernia 

Black  Horse 

Jefferson  Furnace 

Bloomfield 

Jacksville 

Blue  Rock 

Kerr's  Store 

Blooming  Valley 

Maple  Furnace 

Brandywine  Manor 

Kingsville 

Centre  ville 

Middle  Lancaster 

Cain 

Kossuth 

Conneautville 

Mount  Chestnut 

Chandlerville 

Lamartine 

Crossingville 

Murrinsville 

Chatham 

Leatherwood 

Custards 

North  Hope 

Chester  Springs 

Limestone 

Espyville 

Ogle 

Chcsterville 

Lucinda  Furnace 

Evansburg 

Porters  ville 

Cochransville 

Matildaville 

Guy's  Mills 

Prospect 

Collamer 

New  Athens 

Harmonsburg 

Sarversville 

Dilworthtown 

New  Bethlehem 

Hartstown 

Saxenburg 

Doe  Run 

Piny 

Hayfield 

Slippery  Rock 

Downingtown 

Reidsburg 

Kingsleys 

Whitestown 

Elk  Dale 

Rimersburg 

Line  Mills 

Zelienople 

Embreeville 

River 

McDowells 

Ertildown 

Shippensville 

Mead  Corners 

CAMBRIA. 

Fairville 

Strattonville 

New  Richmond 

Ashland  Furnace 

Fountain  Green 

Tylersburg 

Penn  Line 

Bemis's  Creek 

Frazer 

Randolph 

Carrollton 

Goshenville 

CLEARFIELD. 

Riceville 

Chess  Springs 

Gum  Tree 

Bower 

Rockdale 

Fallen  Timber 

Guthriesville 

Clearfield  Bridge 

Rundells 

Loretto 

Hamorton 

Curwinsville 

Saegerstown 

Portage 

Hayesville 

Cush 

South  Shenango 

Roseland 
Summer  Hill 

Hickory  Hill 
Honey  Brook 

Frenchville 
Fruit  Hill 

Spartansburg 
Spring 

Summit 

Hopewell  Cotton  W'ks 

Glen  Hope 

Sterlington 

Three  Roads 

Jennersville 

Grahamton 

Steuben 

Wilmore 

Kemblesville 

Grampian  Hills 

Sugar  Creek 

776 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Sugar  Lake 

Caledonia 

Upton 

Coal  Port 

Taylor's  Stand 

Hellen 

Waynesboro' 

East  Centreville 

Titusville 

Kersey's 

Welsh  Run 

Home 

Unity 

Pine  Street 

Kent 

Venango 

Second  Fork 

FULTON. 

Marchand 

Woodcock 

Williamsville 

Burnt  Cabins 

Mitchell's  Mills 

Fort  Littleton 

Newman's  Mills 

CUMBERLAND. 

ERIE. 

Harrisonville 

Penn  Run 

Big  Spring 

Albion 

McConnellsburg 

Shelocta 

Boiling  Springs 
Good  Hope 

Cherry  Hill 
Cook 

New  Grenada 
Speersville 

Smicksburg 
Strongs  town 

Hogestown 

Edinboro' 

Webster's  Mills 

Tunnel 

Lee's  Cross  Roads 

Franklin  Corners 

Warfordsburg 

West  Lebanon 

Lisburn 

Girard 

West  Dublin 

Mechanicsburg 

Harbor  Creek 

JEFFERSON 

Mount  Rock 

Moorheadville 

-     GREENE. 

Alvan 

Newburg 

Northville 

Carmichaels 

Brockway  ville 

New  Cumberland 

Phillipsville 

Castile 

Cool  Spring 

New  Kingstown 

Platea 

Clarksville 

Corsica 

Newville 

Springfield  Cross  Roads 

Davistown 

Merata 

Oakville 

Union  Mills 

Greensboro' 

Punxutawney 

Papertown 

Waterford 

Harveys 

Reynoldsville 

Plainfield 

Wattsburg 

Hunter's  Cave 

Richardsville 

Shepherdstown 

Wayne 

Jolly  Town 

Ringgold 

Shiremantown 

Wells's  Corners 

Kirby 

Summers  ville 

Stoughstown               ^ 

Wesley  ville 

Mapletown 

Warsaw 

Walnut  Bottom 

West  Springfield 

Mount  Morris 

White  Hill 

New  Grenada 

JUNIATA. 

White  House 

FAYETTE. 

Rice's  Landing 

Academia 

Belle  Vernon 

Rogersville 

Beale's  Mills 

DAUPHIN. 

Cookstown 

Riverson's  Station 

East  Waterford 

Benvenue 

East  Liberty 

Whiteley 

McAllisterville 

Berrysburg 
Dauphin 
Elizabeth  villo 

Farmington 
Fnyette  Springs 
Flatwoods 

Windridge 
HUNTINGDON. 

McCoysville 
McCulloch's  Mills 
Mexico 

Gilchristvillo 

McClellandtown 

Alexandria 

Oakland  Mills 

Fisherville 

Masontown 

Birmingham 

Peru  Mills 

Gratz 

Merrittstown 

Bridgeport 

Pleasant  View 

High  Spire 
Hummelstown 

New  Geneva 
New  Salem 

Broad  Top 
Calvin 

Port  Royal 
Richfield 

Linglestown 
PilloW 

Pennsville 
Perryopolis 

Cassville 
Coffee  Run 

Spruce  Hill 
Thompsontown 

Portsmouth 

Redstone 

Colerain  Forge 

Walnut 

Powl's  Valley 

Salt  Lick 

Cottage 

Waterloo 

Susquehanna 
^V^est  Hanover 

Searights 
Smithfield 

Eagle  Foundry 
East  Barre 

LANCASTER. 

Wiconisco 

Spnnghill  Furnace 
Tippccanoe 

Ennisville 
Grays  ville 

Adamstown 
Bainbridge 

DELAWARE. 

Tyrone  Mills 

Greenwood  Furnace 

Bare  ville 

Chadd's  Ford 

Upper  Middletown 

James's  Creek 

Bart 

Concordville 

Woodvale 

McAlevy's  Fort 

Beartown 

Gibbon's  Tavern 

McConnellstown 

Bellemonte 

Howellville 

FRANKLIN. 

Maddensville 

Binkley's  Bridge 

Ivv  Mills 

Ambcrson's  Valley 

Manor  Hill 

Blue  Ball 

Kellysville 

Dry  Run 

Mill  Creek 

Bowmansville 

Leipersville 

Fannettsburg 

Mount  Union 

Brickerville 

Lima 

Fayetteville 

Orbisonia 

Cains 

Marcus  Hook 

Green  Castle 

Paradise  Furnace 

Camai-go 

Marple 
Nether  Providence 

Green  Village 
Jackson  Hall 

Shade  Gap 
Shaver's  Creek 

Cambridge 
Chestnut  Level 

New  town  Square 

Keefer's  Store 

Spruce  Creek 

Christiana 

Penn's  Grove 

London 

Three  Springs 

Churchtown 

Radnor 

Marion 

Todd 

Cocalico 

Rose  Tree 

Mont  Alto 

Union  Furnace 

Coopersville 

Spread  Eagle 

New  Guilford 

Vineyard  Mills 

Durlach 

Thornton 

Orrstown 

Warrior's  Mark 

Elizabethtown 

Upper  Darby 
Village  Green 

Quincy 
Roxbury 

Water  Street 
West  Barre 

Enterprise 
Falmouth 

West  Haverford 

Scotland 

. 

Gap 

Spring  Run 

INDIANA. 

Goodville 

ELK. 

State  Line 

Armagh 

Gordonsville 

Benezett                   ^ 
Benzinger 

Sylvan 
Upper  Strasburg 

Brush  Valley 
Clarksburg 

Goshen 
Greene 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


777 


Hat 

Palmyra 

Sybertsville 

Worth 

Hempfield 

Shafferstown 

Town  Hill 

Highville 

Trucksville 

MIFFLIN. 

Hinkleton 

LEHIGH. 

Wallsville 

Allensville 

Intercourse 

Breinigsville 

Waverly 

Atkinson's  Mills 

Kinzers 

Catasauqua 

White  Haven 

Belleville 

Kirk's  Mills 

Centre  Valley 

Wyoming 

Kishacoquillas 

Landisville 

Claussville 

Locke's  Mills 

Liberty  Square 

Coopersburg 

LYCOMING. 

McVeytown 

Litiz 

Fogelsville 

Alvira 

Milroy 

Martickville 

Friedensville 

Barbour's  Mills 

Newton  Hamilton 

Martinsville 

Hosensack 

Black  Hole 

Reedsville 

Mastersonville 

Jacksonville 

Chestnut  Grove 

Strode's  Mills 

May 

Lynnville 

Collomsvillc 

Maytown 

Mechanicsboro' 

Crescent 

MONROE. 

Mechanic's  Grove 

New  Tripoli 

Elimsport 

Analomink 

Millersville 

Orefield 

Garrettsville 

Bartonsville 

Mount  Hope 

Rittersville 

Haneyville 

Covesville 

Mount  Nebo 

Saegersville 

Hughesville 

Dutotsburg 

Mountville 

Saucon  Valley 

Hunters  ville 

Effort 

Neffsville 

Schnecksville 

Lairdsville 

Experiment  Mills 

New  Holland 

Seiberlingville 

Larry's  Creek 

Fcnnersville 

New  Milltown 

South  Whitehall 

Linden 

Henrysville 

New  Providence 

Treichlersville 

Little  Pine  Creek 

Kcllcrsville 

Nine  Points 

Trexlertown 

Monturesville 

Kresgeville 

Oak  Hill 

Weisenburg 

Newberry 

Kunkletown 

Octoraro 

Wescosville 

Prospect  Mills 

Long  Valley 

Oregon 

Zionsville 

Ralston 

Marshall's  Creek 

Paradise 

Road  Hall 

Merwinsburg 

Piquea 

LUZERNE. 

State  Road 

Naglesville 

Pleasant  Grove 

Archbald 

Tan  ey  ville 

New  Mount  Pleasant 

Puseyville 

Bald  Mount 

Texas 

Paradise  Valley 

Quarryville 

Beach  Grove 

Trout  Run 

Priceburg 

Kawlinsville 

Beach  Haven 

Walkerville 

Saylorsburg 

Reamstown 

Bear  Creek 

Warrensville 

Shafers 

Reinholdsville 

Beaumont 

Waterville 

Shawnee 

Rock 

Black  Creek 

White  Deer 

Shaw's  Meadows 

Safe  Harbor 

Cambra 

Wolf  Run 

Snydersville 

Salunga 

Carverton 

Soxville 

Schoeneck 

Church  Hill 

McKEAN. 

Spruce  Grove 

Smithville 

Clark's  Green 

Alleghany  Bridge 

Stanhope 

South  Hermitage 

Clifton 

Annin  Creek 

Stoddardsville 

Strasburg 

Conyngham 

Burtville 

Tannersville 

Terre  Hill 

Daleville 

Clermontville 

Treibleville 

Vogansville 

Dun  more 

Farmer's  Valley 

Turns 

Willow  Street 

Fairmount  Springs 

Glenn, 

Fleetville 

Eden, 

MONTGOMERY. 

LAWRENCE. 

Forty  Fort 

Kendall  Creek 

Barren  Hill 

Chenango 

Green  Grove 

Lafayette 

Blue  Bell 

Cross  Cut 

Harveyville 

Norwich 

Conshohocken 

East  Brook 

Hazleton 

Port  Alleghany 

Crooked  Hill 

Edinburgh 

Hunlock's  Creek 

Prentiss  Vale 

Edge  Hill 

En  on  Valley 

Huntsville 

Fairview  Village 

Harlcnsburg 

Hyde  Park 

MERCER. 

General  Wayne 

Hillsville 

Jeansville 

Centretown 

Gulf  Mills 

Irish  Ripple 

Jed  do 

Clark 

Harleysville 

Mount  Jackson 

Lackawanna 

Deer  Creek 

Hatboro' 

New  Bedford 

Lake 

Delaware  Grove 

Hillegass 

New  Wilmington 

Mount  Surprise 

Exchange  ville 

Huntingdon  Valley 

Plain  Grove 

Muhlenburg 

Harthegig 

Jeffersonville 

Princeton 

Nanticoke 

Henderson 

Jenkintown 

Pulaski 

New  Columbus 

Hermitage 

King  of  Prussia 

Wurtemburg 

Newport  Centre 

Jamestown 

Kulpsville 

Old  Forge 

Leesburg 

Limerick  Bridge 

LEBANON. 

Orange 

London 

Montgom  ery  ville 

Bellview 

Pittston  Ferry 

New  Lebanon 

Norritonville 

Campbelltown 

Plainsville 

New  Vernon 

Pennsburg 

Cornwall 

Port  Bl  an  chard 

North  Liberty 

Penn's  Square 

Fredericksburg 

Ransom 

Pf  rrine 

Perkiomen  Bridge 

Jonestown 

Scranton 

Sharon 

Plymouth  Meeting 

Meyerstown 

Shickshinny 

West  Greenville 

Port  Kennedy 

Millbach 

Sloyersville 

West  Middlesex 

Port  Providence 

Mount  Zion 

Sweet  Valley 

Wolf  Creek 

Royer's  Ford 

778 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Salfordville 

Andesville 

SCHUYLKILL. 

Fairdale 

Schwencks's  Store 

Baileysburg 

Auburn 

Forest  Lake 

Shannonville 

Blain 

Bearmont 

Friendsville 

Shippack 

Bosserman's  Mills 

Blythe 

Great  Bend 

Sorrel  Horse 

Duncannon 

Branch  Dale 

Jackson 

Spring  House 

Elliottsburg 

Broad  Mountain 

Jackson  Valley 

Sumneytown 

Ickesburg 

Catawissa  Valley 

Kentuckyville 

Trappe 

Keystone 

Donaldson 

Lanesboro' 

Nyler's  Port 
Union  Square 

Landisburg 
Millerstown 

Drehersville 
Focht's  Forge 

Lathrop 
Lawsville  Centre 

Upper  Dublin 

Montgomery's  Ferry 

Fountain  Spring 

Lenoxville 

White  Marsh 

New  Buffalo 

Freed  ensburg 

Little  Meadows 

Willow  Grove 

New  Germantown 

Hickshirville 

Lynn 

Worcester 

Oak  Grove  Furnace 

Kepners 

Millardsville 

MONTOUR. 

Roseburg 
Sherman's  Dale 

Llewllyn 
McKeansburg 

Porter  Ridge 
Rushville 

Jerseytown 

Middleport 

Silver  Lake 

Mooresburg 
Roaring  Creek 

PHILADELPHIA. 

Pine  Grove 
Pitman 

South  Auburn 
Springville 

Washingtonville 

Andora 

Port  Clinton 

Susquehanna  Depot 

White  Hall 

Bridesburg 

Saint  Clair  -j 

Thompson 

Bustleton 

Silver  Creek 

Upsonville 

NORTHAMPTON. 

Falls  of  Schuylkill 

Tremont 

West  Auburn 

Bath 

Belfast 

Fox  Chase 
Holmesburg 

Upper  Mahantango 
West  Penn 

TIOGA. 

Boston 

Kensington 

Bailey  Creek 

Butztown 

Leverington 

SOMERSET. 

Charleston 

Cherryville 

Milestown 

Bakersville 

Chatham  Valley 

Flicksville 

Olney 

Benford's  Store 

Cherry  Flats 

Freemansburg 
Hecktown 

Port  Richmond 
Rising  Sun 

Berlin 
Buckstown 

Covington 
Crooked  Creek 

Hellertown 

Somerton 

Davidsville 

Daggett's  Mills 

Jacobsburg 
Kesslers 

Spring  Garden 
West  Philadelphia 

Drv  Ridge 
Elk  Lick 

Gaines 
Gray's  Valley 

Klecknersville 

Forwardstown 

Knoxville 

Kreidersville 

PIKE. 

Gebharts 

Lawrenceville 

Laubach 

Bushkill 

Harnedsville 

Little  Marsh 

Martin's  Creek 
Mount  Bethel 

Dingman's  Ferry 
Metamora 

Jenner's  Cross  Roads 
Levansville 

Mainesburg 
Mansfield 

Nazareth 

Narrows 

Meyers's  Mills 

Mixtown 

Petersville 

Shehola                        % 

New  Lexington 

Nauvoo 

Richmond 

Tafton 

Shade  Furnace 

Nelson 

Slateford 

Two  Rivers 

Shanksville 

Pine  Creek 

Stockertown 

Sipesville 

Sabinsville 

Stone  Church 

Somersfield 

Sullivan 

Stouts 

POTTER. 

Southampton 

Tioga 

Uhlersville 

Clara 

Stony  Creek 

Wellsboro' 

Weaversville 

Colesburg 

Stoyestown 

Westfield 

Wind  Gap 

Cushingville 

Summit  Mills 

East  Sharon 

Turkey  Foot 

UNION. 

NORTHUMBERLAND. 

Ellisburg 

Wellersburg 

Beaver  Springs 

Bear  Gap 

Genesee  Fork 

Beavertown 

Chulasky 

Harrison  Valley 

SULLIVAN. 

Buffalo  Cross  Roads 

Dalmatia 

Hebron 

Campbellville 

Chapman 

Elysburg 
Freeland 

Hector 
Homer 

Cherry 
Cherry  Mills 

Chestnut  Ridge 
Cosgrave  Hall 

Greenbrier 

Kettle  Creek 

Davidson 

Forest  Hill 

Line  Mountain 

Lymansville 

Eagles  Mere 

Freeburg 

McEwansville 

Mill  Port 

Eldredsville 

Hartleton 

Mahanoy 

Nelsonport 

Hill's  Grove 

Keens  ville 

Milton 

North  Wharton 

Millview 

Kratzerville 

Mount  Carmel 
Paxinos 

Oswayo 
Pike  Mills 

New  Laport 
Shunk 

Lewisburg 
McKee's  Half  Falls 

Pott's  Grove 

Pike  Valley 

Middleburg 

Rushtown 

Roulette 

SUSQUEHANNA. 

Middle  Creek 

Shamokin 

Sharon  Centre 

Auburn  Four  Corners 

Mifflinsburg 

Snydertown 

Sweden 

Birchardville 

Mount  Pleasant  Mills 

Trevorton 

Turner  Corner 

Brackney 

New  Columbia 

Turbotville 

Ulysses 

Clifford 

Penn's  Creek 

Watsontown 

West  Pike 

Dimock 

Selin's  Grove 

Wharton 

Dundaff 

Turtleville 

PERRY. 

White's  Comers 

Elk  Lake 

White  Deer  Mills 

Andersonburg 

Willis  ton 

Ellerslie 

Winfield 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


779 


VENANGO 

Cherry  Valley 

Pleasant  Mount 

Forkston 

Agnew's  Mills 
Big  Bend 

Claysville 
Clokey 

Priceville 
Prompton 

Kellersburg 
Laceyville 

Canal 

Commettsburg 

Rileyville 

La  Grange 

Cass 

Cross  Creek  Village 

South  Sterling 

Mehoopany 

Clintonville 

Dunningsville 

Starucca 

Nicholson 

Cooperstown 

Eldersville 

Sterling 

North  Flat 

Dempseytown 
East  Sandy 

Finleyville 
Florence 

Waymart 
White  Mills 

Oxbow 
Russell  Hill 

Emlenton 

Fredericktown 

Scottsville 

Five  Points 

Ginger  Hill 

WESTMORELAND. 

Skinner's  Eddy 

Holland 
Perry 
Phipps's  Mills 
Plumer 
Polk 
Porterfield 

Good  Intent 
Hickory 
Independence 
Limetown 
Lindly's  Mills 
Locust  Hill 

Adamsburg 
Aqueduct 
Bradenville 
Crawford's  Mills 
Fitz  Henry 

TSVllt/YTI 

Sterlingville 

YORK. 
Apple  Grove 
Bald  Eagle 
Bryansville 

President  Furnace 
Rockland 

Maple  Creek 
Millsboro' 

JF  UHO  11 

Halcyon 

Castle  Fin 
Cross  Roads 

Stewart's  Run 
Sunville 
Tyrrel 
Utica 
Wallaceville 
Wesley 
Wilson's  Mills 

Monongahela  City 
Mungo  Park 
Munntown 
Murdocksville 
North  Star 
Paris 
Patterson's  Mills 

Harrison  Ciyf 
Harvev's  Fire  Points 
Hill's  View 
Jones's  Mills 
Laughlintown 
Laurelville 
Ligonier 

Dallastown 
Day's  Landing 
Dillsburg 
Emigsville 
Etters 
Farmers 
Fawn  Grove 

Pike  Run 

Livermore 

Franklintown 

WARREN. 

Beech  Woods 
Corydon 
Eagle 
Kinzua 
La  Porte 
Lottsville 
Pine  Valley 
Pitsfield 
Russelsburg 
Sheffield 
Spring  Creek 
Steam  Mill 
Sugar  Grove 
Tidionte 
West  Spring  Creek 
Youngsville 

WASHINGTON. 

Pleasant  Hill 
Prosperity 
Simpson's  Store 
Sparta 
Taylorstown 
Ten  Mile 
Thompsonville 
Van  Buren 
Vanceville 
Venice 
West  Alexander 
West  Brownsville 
West  Finley 
West  Midd'letown 
Zollersville 

WAYNE. 

Aldenville 
Ariel 
Ashland 

Madison 
McKean's  Old  Stand 
Murrysville 
New  Alexandria 
New  Deny 
New  Stanton 
North  Washington 
Pleasant  Unitv 
Poke  Run 
Pucketas 
Puebla 
Rostraver 
Salem  Cross  Roads 
Shearer's  Cross  Roads 
Stahlstown 
Stewartsville 
Tinker  Run 
Watts's  Mills 
West  Fairfield 
West  Newton 

Glen  Rock 
Grahamville 
Hanover 
Hetricks 
Lewisberry 
Loganville 
Lower  Chanceford 
Manchester 
Margaretta  Furnace 
Muddy  Creek  Forks 
Newberrytown 
New  Bridgeville 
New  Freedom 
Pine  Hill 
Rossville 
Seven  Valleys 
Shrewsbury 
Sidonsburg 
Spring  Forge 
Slate  Hill 

Amity 
Bavington 

Cherry  Ridge 
East  Sterling 

Yohoghany 
Youngstown 

Stewartstown 
Strawbridge 

Beallsville 

Eldred 

Strinestown 

Bentleyville 

Equinunk 

WYOMING.               Union 

Bower  Hill 

Galilee 

Bowman's  Creek             !  Wellsville 

Brush  Run 

Hamlinton 

Braintrem                           Windsor 

Burgettstown 

Hawley 

Centre  Moreland                Wrightsville 

Candor 

Hill  Top 

Factoryville                        Yocumtown 

Cannonsburg                   i  Honesdale 

Falls                                :  York  Haven 

STATE   OF   DELAWARE. 

KENT. 

Whiteleysburg 

Loveville 

Talleyville 

Camden 

Williamsville 

McDonough 

Canterbury 

Mermaid 

SUSSEX. 

Frederica 

NEW  CASTLE. 

Middletown 

Angola 

Keith's  Cross  Roads 

Black  Bird 

Naaman's  Creek 

Black  Water 

Leipsic 
Little  Creek  Landing 
Masten's  Corner 

Brandywine  Springs 
Cantwell's  Bridge 
Centreville 

Newark 
Newport 
Pleasant  Hill 

Bridgeville 
Cannon's  Ferry 
Cedar  Creek 

Milford 

Chippewa 

Port  Penn 

Concord 

Smyrna 

Cooch's  Bridge 

Red  Lion 

Dagsboro' 

Sowardtown 

Glasgow 

Stanton 

Draw  Bridge 

Vernon 

Henry  Clay  Factory 

Summit  Bridge 

Gumboro' 

780 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Hall's  Store 

Lewes 

Milton                             1  Selbyville 

Horsey's  Cross  Roads 

Middleford 

Seaford                              Tunnell's  Store 

Laurel 

Millsboro' 

STATE   OF   MARYLAND. 

ALLEGHANY 

Philopolis 

Ceciltown 

Unionville 

Accident 

Pikesville 

Charlestown 

Urbana 

Dawsons 

Reistertown 

Cherry  Hill 

Utica  Mills 

Frostburg 

Rossville 

Chesapeake  City 

Walkersville 

Grantsville  . 

Ridge  Hall 

College  Green 

Weverton 

Keyser's  Ridge 

Sweet  Air 

Fair  Hill 

Wolfsville 

Lonaconing 

Towsontown 

Northeast 

Woodsboro' 

Mount  Savage 

Union  Meeting  House 

Perryville 

Oldtown 

Upperco 

Principio  Furnace 

HARFORD. 

Orleans 

Warren 

Rising  Sun 

Abingdon 

Pleasant  Grove 

Washingtonville 

Rock  Springs 

Church  ville 

Selbysport 
Shade  Mill 

Weisesburg 
Westermafri's  Mills 

Rowlandsville 
South  Milford 

Clermont  Mills 
Darlington 

Western  Port 

Wetheredville 

Warwick 

Dublin 

Winston 

White  Hall 

Wood  Lawn 

Fallston 

Yough  Glades 

Zion 

Grey  Rock 

CALVERT. 

Hall's  Cross  Roads 

ANNE  ARUNDEL. 

Chestnut  Hill 

CHARLES. 

Hickory  Tavern 

Annapolis  Junction 

Dunkirk 

Allen's  Fresh 

Highland  Grove 

Bright  Seat 

Huntingtown 

Beantown 

Hopewell  Cross  Roads 

Bristol 

Lower  Marlboro' 

Benedict 

Jarrettsville 

Clarksville 

Port  Republic 

Brvantown 

Jerusalem  Mills 

Cooksville 

Duffield 

Magnolia 

Crownsville 

CAROLINE. 

Glymont 

Michaelsville 

Davidsonville 

Bridgetown 

Harris's  Lot 

Mill  Green 

Eldersburg 

Burrsville  • 

Nanjemoy 

Perrymansville 

Elysville 

Federalsburg 

Newport 

Pleasantville 

Friendship 
Governor's  Bridge 

Greensboro' 
Hillsboro' 

Partnership 
Pomonkey 

Pylesville 
Rock  Run 

Ilchester  Mills 

New  Hope 

Tompkinsville 

Sandy  Hook 

Lisbon 

Upper  Hunting  Creek 

Shawsville 

Marriottsville 

DORCHESTER. 

Taylor 

Matthews's  Store 

CARROLL. 

Big  Mills 

Upper  Cross  Roads 

Millersville 

Bachman's  Mills 

Bridgeville 

Patuxent 

Bruceville 

Church  Creek 

KENT. 

Poplar  Springs 

Double  Pipe  Creek 

East  New  Market 

Chesterville        [Roads 

Savage 

Finksburg 

Golden  Hill 

Georgetown  Cross 

Simpsonville 

Franklinville 

Hicksburg 

Harmony 

South  River 

Freedom 

Lakesvile 

Head  of  Sassafras 

Taylorsville 

Hampstead 

Taylor's  Island 

Massy's  Cross  Roads 

Tracy's  Landing 

Hood's  Mills 

Tobacco  Stick 

Millington 

West  River 

Houck's  Store 

Vienna 

Rock  Hall 

Woodstock 

McKinstry's  Mills 

Urieville 

Kroh's  Mills 

FREDERIC. 

BALTIMORE. 

Manchester 

Adamstown 

MONTGOMERY. 

Black  Rock 

Middleburg 

Barry 

Barnesville 

Brooklandville 

Mount  Airy 

Buckey's  Town 

Brookville 

Butler 

New  Windsor 

Burketsville 

Clarksburg 

Catonsville 

Piney  Creek 

Creagerstown 

Colesville 

Cockeysville 

Porters 

Grace  ham 

Cottage 

Cub  Hill 

Ridgeville 

Greenfield  Mills 

Damascus 

Dover 

Sam's  Creek 

Ijamsville 

Darnestown 

Ellengowan 

Sykesville 

Jefferson 

Hyattstown 

Fork  Meeting  House 

Taneytown 

Johnsville 

Lay  tons  ville 

Freeland 

Union  Bridge 

Ladiesburg 

Middlebrook  Mills 

Gap  Mills 

Union  Mills 

Liberty  Town 

Poolesville 

Govanstown 

Uniontown 

Mechanicstown 

Sandy  Spring 

Harrisonville 

Wakefield 

Middletown 

Seneca  Mills 

Hereford 

Warfieldburg 

Monrovia 

Triadelphia 

Hookstown 

Westminster 

Mount  Pleasant 

Unity 

Little  Gunpowder 
Long  Green  Academy 

Winfield 
Woodbine 

Myersville 
New  London 

PRINCE    GEORGE'S. 

Maryland  Line 

New  Market 

Aquasco 

Monkton  Mills 

CECIL. 

Petersville 

Beltsville 

North  Branch 

Blue  Ball 

Point  of  Rocks 

Brandywine 

Owing's  Mills 

Brick  Meeting  House 

Sabillisville 

Buena  Vista 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


781 


Fort  Washington 

Charlotte  Hall 

TALBOT. 

Fairview 

Good  Luck 

Great  Mills 

Bay  Hundred 

Funkstown 

Horse  Head 

Milestown 

Oxford 

Keedysville 

Laurel  Factory 
Long  Old  Fields 

Mount  Olive 
OakvSlle 

Royal  Oak 
Saint  Michaels 

Lappon's  Cross  Roads 
Leitersburg 

Nottinghamg 

Park  Hall 

Trappe 

Park  Head 

Piscataway 

Ridge 

Wye  Mills 

Ringgold 

Queen  Ann 

Saint  Clements  Bay 

Rohrersville 

Upper  Marlboro' 

WASHINGTON. 

Sharpsburg 

SOMERSET. 

Bakersville 

Smithsburg 

QUEEN    ANNE. 

Barren   Creek  Springs 

Beaver  Creek 

Williamsport 

Broad  Creek 

Bell  Mount 

Benevola 

Church  Hill 

Fork  Town 

Boonsboro' 

WORCESTER. 

Long  Marsh 

Kingston 

Brownsville 

Berlin 

Queenstown 

Quantico 

Cave  town 

Derickson's  Cross 

Sudlersville 

Rock  Creek 

Chewsville 

Newark                [Roads 

Templeville 

Sharp  Town 

Clears  Spring 

Newtown 

SAINT  MARY'S. 

Upper  Trappe 
Whitehaven 

Conococheague 
College  of  Saint  James 

Saint  Martins 
Sandy  Hill 

Chaptico 

Whaleysville 

Anacostia 


DISTRICT  OF   COLUMBIA. 


WASHINGTON. 
I  Georgetown 


Tennallytown 


•    STATE   OF   VIRGINIA. 


ACCOMACK. 

University  of  Virginia 

APPOMATTOX. 

Peck's  Run 

Bellehaven 

Warren 

Bent  Creek 

Chincoteague 

Yancey's  Mills 

Oakville 

BATH. 

Guilford 

Concord 

Bath  Alum 

Horntown 

ALEXANDRIA. 

Rose  Grove 

Cloverdale  Hotel 

Hunting  Creek 

Brixton 

Spout  Spring 

Green  Valley 

Locust  Mount 

Stonewall  Mills 

Hot  Springs 

Locustville 
Messongo 

ALLEGHANY 

Alum  Rock 

Walker's  Church 
Woodlawn 

Millboro'  Springs 
Miller's  Mill 

Metompkin 

Callaghans 

Mountain  Grove 

Modest  Town 

Clifton  Forge 

AUGUSTA. 

Sunrise 

New  Church 

Morris's  Hill 

Barter  Brook 

Williamsville 

Onancock 

Potts's  Creek 

Churchville 

Pungoteague 

Rich  Patch 

Cline's  Mill 

BEDFORD 

Wagram 

Deerfield 

Big  Island 

AMELIA. 

Estelline  Furnace 

Bufords 

ALBEMARLE. 

Deatonsville 

Fishersville 

Bunker  Hill 

Bentivoglio 

Dennisville 

Greenville 

Chamblisburg 

Boyd's  Tavern 

Elk  Hill 

Hermitage 

Charlemont 

Brooksville 

Finney  Mills 

Jennings's  Gap 

Cross  Roads 

Brown's  Cove 

Jetersville 

Lebanon  White  Sulphur 

Davis's  Mills 

Carter's  Bridge 

Lodore 

Long  Glade      [Springs 

Davis's  Store 

Cobham 

Mannboro' 

Middlebrook 

Dickinson's  Store 

Covesville 

Namozine 

Mint  Spring 

Eagle  Eyry 

Earlysville 

Painesville 

Mount  Meridian 

Ernaus 

Free*  Union 

Rodophil 

Mount  Sidney 

Fancy  Grove 

Garlands 

Mount  Solon 

Hendrick's  Store 

Hardin's  Tavern 

AMHERST. 

New  Hope 

Kaseys 

Howardsville 

Buffalo  Springs 

Parnassus 

Lisbon 

Hydraulic  Mills 

Cool  Well 

Rockland  Mills 

Norwood 

Kesnick  Depot 

Elon 

Steele's  Tavern 

Oak  Muldge 

Medium's  River 

New  Glasgow 

Stewart's  Draft 

Otter  Bridge 

Millington 

Oronoco 

Tunnel 

Peakesville 

Moreman's  River 

Pedler's  Mills 

Waynesboro' 

Wades 

Mount  Israel 

Pryor's  Vale 

West  View 

North  Garden 

Rose  Mills 

BERKELEY. 

Nortonsville 

Sandidges 

BARBOUR. 

Darkesville 

Porter's  Precinct 

Stapleton 

Barker's  Settlement 

Falling  Waters 

Scottsville 

Stony  Fork 

Burnersville 

Gerrardstown 

Shadwell 

Temperance 

Nestorville 

Hainesville 

Stony  Point 

Tobacco  Row 

Overfield 

H  edges  ville 

782 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Mill  Creek 

Hat  Creek                      I 

Colvin's  Tavern 

Leed's  Manor 

North  Mountain 

Leesville 

Eldorado 

Millview 

Tomahawk  Springs 
Van  Clevesville 

Lynchburg 
Marys  ville 

Farley 
Glenn  Mills 

Morgansburg 
Moreland 

Morris's  Church 

Griffinsburg 

Morrisville 

BOONE. 

Mount  Zion 

Jefferson  ton 

New  Baltimore 

Ballardsville 

New  London 

Kellysville 

Oak  Hill. 

Hewit 

Pigeon  Run 

Oak  Shade 

Orlean 

Peytona 

Yellow  Branch 

Racoon  Ford 

Paris 

Richardsville 

Pine  View 

BOTETOURT. 

CABELL. 

Rixeyville 

Rector's  Cross  Roads 

Amsterdam 

Bloomingdale 

Shepherd's  Grove 

Rectortown 

Blue  Ridge 

Green  Bottom 

Stevensburg 

Saint  Stephens 

Catawba 

Griffiths  ville 

Strode 

Salem  Fauquier 

Cloverdale 

Guyandotte 

Thompsonville 

Somerville 

Craig's  Creek 

Mud  Bridge 

Waylandsburg 

The  Plains 

Dagger's  Springs 
Flukes 

CAROLINE. 

CUMBERLAND. 

Upperville 
Warrenton  Springs 

Junction  Store 

Athens 

Calra 

Waterloo 

Middle  Mountain 

Central  Point 

Carters  ville 

Weaversville 

New  Castle 

Concord  Academy 

Langhorne's  Tavern 

Wheatley 

Old  Hickory 

Flippos 

Oak  Forest 

Sinking  Creek 

Golansville 

Raines's  Tavern 

FAYETTE. 

Tinker  Knob 

Guineys 

Royal  Oaks 

Gauley  Bridge 

Milford 

Stony  Point  Mills 

Locust  Lane 

BRAXTON. 

Port  Royal 

Mountain  Cove 

Bulltown 

Rappahannock  Acade- 

DINW1DDIE. 

Pleasant  Hill 

Flatwoods 

Ruther  Glen            [my 

Burnt  Quarter 

Sewell  Mountain 

Sparta 

Darvills 

BROOKE. 

Turner's  Store 

Fork  Inn 

FLOYD. 

Bethany 
Cherry  Hill 

White  Chimneys 

Goodwynsville 
Mount  Level 

Camp  Mills 
Cannaday  Gap 

Fowlers 

CARROLL. 

Ritchieville 

Greasy  Creek 

New  Cumberland 

Cranberry  Plains 

Wyoming 

Indian  Valley 

Short  Creek 

Dug  Spur 

Little  River 

Good  Spur 

DODDRIDGE. 

Simpsons 

BRUNSWICK. 

Grayson  Sulphur 

Greenbrier  Run 

Burntville 

Hillsville          [Springs 

Greenwood 

FLUVANNA. 

Crichton's  Store 

New  Milton 

Bowlesville 

Diamond  Grove 

CHARLES  CITY. 

Central  Plains 

Edmunds 

Appersons 

ESSEX. 

Columbia 

Gholsonville 

Swineyards 

Bestland 

Fork  Union 

Harper's  Home 

Centre  Cross 

La  Fayette  Hill 

Harrisville 

CHARLOTTE. 

Dunnsville 

Seven  Islands 

Jonesboro' 

Aspen  Wall 

Lloyds 

Union  Mills 

Kennedys 

Cub  Creek 

Loretto 

Wilmington 

Lewisville 

Dupree's  Old  Store 

Miller's  Tavern 

Pleasant  Oaks 

Friend's  Grove 

Montague' 

FRANKLIN. 

Powellton 

Harvey's  Store 

Occupacia 

Boone's  Mill 

Smoky  Ordinary 

Keysville 

Coopers 

Stony  Mount 

Midland 

FAIRFAX. 

Dickinsons 

Sturgeonville 

Red  House 

Accatink 

Fishersboro' 

White  Plains 

Red  Oak  Grove 

Anandale 

Glade  Hill 

Roanoke  Bridge 

Centreville 

Goggins  ville 

BUCKINGHAM. 

Rough  Creek 

Chantilly 

Kale's  Ford 

Chambers's  Mills 

Wylliesburg 

Dranesvllle 

Long  Branch 

Curds  ville 

Falls  Church 

Prillamans 

Diana  Mills 

CHESTERFIELD. 

Langley 

Retreat 

Glenmore 

Blackheth 

Peach  Grove 

Shady  Grove 

Gravel  Hill 

Otter  Dale 

Pleasant  Valley 

Snow  Creek 

Mount  Vinco 

Proctor's  Creek 

Prospect  Hill 

Sydnorsville 

New  Canton 

Skinquarter 

Republican  Mills 

Taylor's  Store 

New  Store 

Winterpock 

Spring  Vale 

Union  Hall 

Virginia  Mills 

Theological  Seminary 

CLARKE. 

FREDERIC. 

CAMPBELL. 

Berryville 

FAUQUIER. 

Ashton's  Mills 

Arnold  ton 

Castleman's  Ferry 

Auburn 

Back  Creek  Valley 

Beaver  Creek 

Millwood 

Bristersburg 

Brucetown 

Brook  Neal 

Wadesville 

Clift  Mills 

Cedar  Creek 

Castle  Craig 

White  Post 

Elk  Run 

Gainesboro' 

Dinwiddie's  Tan  Yard 

Farrowsville 

Gravel  Spring 

Falling  Bridge 

CULPEPER. 

Foxville 

High  View 

Green  Hill 

Boston 

Germ  an  town 

Middletown 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Newtown  Stephensburg 

Black  Walnut 

New  Salem 

KING  AND  QUEEN. 

Stephenson's  Depot 
White  Hall 

Bloom  sburg 
Brooklyn 

Peel  Tree 
Quiet  Dell 

Bruington 
Carlton's  Store 

Church  Hill 

Romine's  Mills 

Fleetwood  Academy 

GILES. 

Dry  burg 

Shinnston 

Little  Plymouth 

Bell  Point 

Harmony 

West  Milford 

Newtown 

Kimberlin 

Hyco 

Plain  View 

Level  Green 

Hyco  Falls 

HENRICO. 

Shaklefords 

Macksburg 

Hayo 

Erin  Shades 

Stevensville 

Mechanicsburg 

Meadville 

Laurel  Branch 

Walkerton 

Midway 

Mount  Laurel 

Newport 

Providence 

HENRY. 

KING  GEORGE. 

Pembroke 

Republican  Grove 

Horse  Pasture 

Clifton 

Poplar  Hill 

Rogersville 

Leatherwood's  Store 

Edge  Hill 

Simmonsville 

Scottsburg 

Oak  Level 

Hampstead 

Whitesville 

Rough  and  Ready 

Millville 

GILMER. 

Traylorsville 

Port  Conway 

Big  Bend 

HAMPSHIRE. 

Shiloh 

Bethlehem 

Cacaponville 

HIGHLAND. 

Cox's  Mills 

Capon  Bridge 

Clover  Creek 

KING  WILLIAM. 

De  Kalb 

Capon  Springs 

Crab  Bottom 

Acquinton 

Henrie's  Fork 

Cold  Stream 

Doe  Hill 

Ayletts 

Steer  Creek 

Dillon's  Run 

Hevener's  Store 

Enfield 

Frankfort 

McDowell 

Lanesville 

GLOUCESTER. 

Green  Spring  Run 

Meadow  Dale 

Mangohick 

Glenns 

Hanging  Rock 

Palo  Alto 

Sharonvjlle 

Hays's  Store 

Higginsville        [House 

Ruckmanville 

Hickory  Fork 

North    River    Meeting 

Spruce  Hill 

LANCASTER. 

Wood's  Cross  Roads 

North  River  Mills 

Williamsville 

Kilmarnock 

Patterson's  Depot 

Wilsonville 

Litwalton 

GOOCHLAND. 

Pleasant  Dale 

Lively  Oak  . 

Beaver  Dam 

Ridgeville 

ISLE   OF   WIGHT. 

White  Stone 

Coal  Hill 

Sheetz  Mills 

Barber's  Cross  Roads 

Dover  Mills 

Sherrard's  Store 

Burwell's  Bay 

LEE. 

Fifes 

Smith's  Gap 

Carsville 

Bachelor's  Home 

Hadensville 

Springfield 

Mayfield 

Powell's  Mountain 

Johnson's  Spring 

Yellow  Spring 

Rose  Hill 

Loch  Lomond 

JACKSON. 

Shaver's  Creek 

Pemberton 

HANCOCK. 

Angerona 

Stickleysville 

Perkinsville 

Fairview 

Moore's  Mills 

Turkey  Cove 

Powell's  Tavern 

Freeman's  Landing 

Murraysville 

Walnut  Hill 

Shannon  Hill 

Holliday's  Cove 

Pleasant  View 

Yokum  Station 

Ravenswood 

GRAYSON. 

HANOVER. 

Sandy 

LEWIS. 

Big  Meadow 
Bridle  Creek 

Beaver  Dam  Depot 
Chickahomeny 

Tanner's  Cross  Roads 

Bennett's  Mills 
Big  Skin  Creek 

Elk  Creek 

Etna 

JAMES   CITY. 

Buckhannon 

Mouth  of  Wilson 

Goodalls 

Burnt  Ordinary 

Bush's  Mills 

Peach  Bottom 

Junction 

Collins's  Settlement 

Maddox 

JEFFERSON. 

French  Creek 

GREENBRIER. 

Montpelier 

Duffields 

Frenchton 

Anthony's  Creek 

Negro  Foot 

Halltown 

Ireland 

Bunger's  Mill 

Old  Church 

Kabletown 

Janelew 

Clintonville 

Rockville 

Kerneysville 

Leading  Creek 

Falling  Spring 

Taylorsville 

Leetown 

Little  Skin  Creek 

Frankford 

Verdon 

Middleway 

Lorentz  Store 

Maysville 

Shepherdstown 

Rude's  Mills 

Meadow  Bluff 

HARDY. 

Summit  Point 

Sago 

Palestine 

Baker's  Run 

Weston 

Second  Creek 

Brake's  Run 

KANAWHA. 

Spring  Creek 

Fabius 

Clendenin 

LOGAN. 

White  Sulphur  Springs 

Hazard  Forge 

Coalsmouth 

Chapmansville 

Lost  River 

Jarrett's  Ford 

Huff's  Creek 

GREENE. 

Luney's  Creek 

Lenn's  Creek 

Rich  Creek 

Ruckersville 

Wardensville 

Mount  Salem 

Williamsport 

Paint  Creek 

LOUDON. 

GREENVILLE. 

Pocotaligo 

Aldie 

Poplar  Mount 

HARRISON. 

Shrewsbury 

Arcola 

Ryland's  Depot 

Bridgeport 

Sissonville 

Belmont 

Grass  Land 

Teaze's  Valley 

Bloomfield 

HALIFAX. 

Lost  Creek 

Walnut  Grove 

Bolington 

Barksdale 

Lumberport 

Walton 

Hamilton 

Bentleyville 

Melon 

Winifrede 

Hillsboro' 

784 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Hoysville 

Hoodsville 

Pentress 

Johnsontown 

Hughesville 

Meredith's  Tavern 

Stewartstown 

Sea  View 

Lovettsville 

Morgan's  Ridge 

Uffington 

Middleburg 

Nuzum's  Mills 

Wades  town 

NORTHUMBERLAND. 

Mount  Gilead 

Palatine 

White  Day 

Burgess's  Store 

Mountville 

Rivesville 

Lottsburg 

Neersville 

Sarietta 

MONROE. 

Union  Village 

Noland's  Ferry 

Worthington 

Egypt 

Wicomico  Church 

Oatlands 

Gap  Mills 

Philomont 

MARSHALL. 

Indian  Creek 

NOTTOWAY. 

Purcel's  Store 

Beeler's  Station 

Mouth  of  Indian 

Blackface 

Snickersville 

Dallas 

Nickell's  Mills 

Blacks  and  Whites 

Unison' 

Fair  Hill 

Pack's  Ferry 

Jeffress's  Store 

Waterford 

Fish  Creek 

Peterstown 

Jennings  Ordinary 

Wheatland 

Fork  Ridge 

Pickaway  Plains 

Morgan  ville 

Grave  Creek 

LOUISA. 

Long  Botton 

MONTGOMERY. 

OHIO. 

Alto 
Ambler's  Mills 
Bell's  Cross  Roads 

Poplar  Spring 
Rock  Valley 
Wheeling  Valley 

Blacksburg 
Christiansburg 
La  Fayette 

Triadelphia 
West  Liberty 

Cuckooville 

Woodlands 

Lovely  Mount 

ORANGE. 

Ellisville 

McDonald's  Mill 

B  arbours  ville 

Frederickshall 

MASON. 

S  haws  ville 

Germanna 

Gilboa 

Arbuckle 

Gordonsville 

Gum  Spring 

Herefords 

MORGAN. 

Liberty  Mills 

Harris 

Pleasant  Flat 

Alpine 

Locust  Grove 

Jackson 

Red  House  Shoals 

Cacapon  Depot 

Mount  Eminence 

Locust  Creek 

West  Columbia 

Highland  Mills 

Orange  Springs 

Long  Creek 

Oakland 

Stanardsville 

Mansfield 

MATTHEWS. 

Paw  Paw 

Thornhill 

Mechanicsville 

North  End 

Sir  John's  Run 

Verdierville 

Poinderter's  Store 

Sleepy  Creek  Bridge 

Pottiesville 

ME(KLENBURG. 

Smith's  Cross  Roads 

PAGE. 

Second  Turn  Out 

Boy  d  ton 

Cedar  Point 

South  Anna       [Roads 

Christiansville 

NANSEMOND. 

Grove  Hill 

Thompson's  Cross 

Clarksville 

Chuckatuck 

Honeyville 

Tolersville 

Drapersville 

Factory  Hill 

Hope  Mills 

Trevillian's  Depot 

Forksville 

Hargrove's  Tavern 

Long  Meadow 

LUNENBURG. 

Lombardy  Grove 
Oakley 

Holy  Neck 
Somerton 

Marksville         [Works 
Shenandoah  Iron 

Barry's  Bridge 
Brickland 

Palmer's  Springs    [lege 
Randolph  Macon  Col- 

South  Quay 

PATRICK. 

Columbian  Grove 

Saint  Tammanys 

NELSON. 

Ararat 

Double  Bridge 

South  Hill 

Elk  Furnace 

Avo 

Haley  sburg 

Tanner's  Store 

Faber's  Mills 

Elamsville 

Laurel  Hill 

Union  Level 

Green  Field 

Kendrick's  Spur 

Loch  Levan 

White  House 

Hard  wicks  ville 

Mayoning 

McFarlands 

Whittle's  Mills 

Mount  Horeb 

Penn's  Store 

Pleasant  Grove 

Murrill's  Shop 

Pruntys 

Rehoboth 

MERCER, 

Piedmont 

Rock  Castle 

Wattsboro' 

Bethel 

Roseland 

Union  Furnace 

Yates  ville 

East  River 

Tye  River  Warehouse 

Pipe  Stem 

Variety  Mills 

PENDLETON. 

MADISON. 

Princeton 

Warminster 

Franklin 

Booton's  Tan  Yard 

Harper's  Mills 

Criglersville 

MIDDLESEX. 

NEW  'KENT. 

.  Mouth  of  Seneca 

Graves'  s  Mill 

Free  Shade 

Barhamsville 

Mount  Freedom 

Leon 

Jamaica 

Oak  Flat 

Locust  Dale 

Saluda 

NICHOLAS. 

Sugar  Grove 

Madison  Mills 

Sandy  Bottom 

Birch  River 

Sweedlin  Hill 

Peola  Mills 

Urbana 

Upper  Tract 

Rapidan 

NORFOLK. 

Seville 

MONONGALIA. 

Deep  Creek 

PITTSYLVANIA. 

Amittsville 

Great  Bridge 

Aspen  Grove 

MARION. 

Blacksville 

Hickory  Ground 

Bachelor's  Hall 

Barracksville 

Cassville 

Lake  Drummond 

Berger's  Store 

Basnettsville 

Dornicktown 

N.  West  River  Bridge 

Callands 

Beaty's  Mills 

Granville 

• 

Cascade 

Blackshires 

Ice's  Ferry 

NORTHAMPTON. 

Chalk  Level 

Booth  sville 

Jakes's  Run 

Capeville 

Chestnut  Grove 

Fairmont 

Jim  Town 

Cherry  Stone 

Hill  Grove 

Farmington 

Laurel  Point 

Eastville 

Laurel  Grove 

Forks  of  Buffalo 

Morgantown 

Frank  town 

Oak's  Shop 

POST  OFFICES  IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


785 


Peytonsburg 

Independent  Hill 

Collierstown 

SMYTH. 

Riceville 
Ringgold 

Landsdown 
Milford  Mills 

Fairfield 
Fancy  Hill 

Blue  Spring 
Broadford 

Robertson's  Store 

Occoquan 

Kerrs  Creek 

Chatham  Hill 

Sandy  Level 
Sandy  River 

Throughfare 

Natural  Bridge 
Panther's  Gap 

Rye  Valley 
Seven  Mile  Ford 

Sugar  Tree 

PULASKI. 

Timber  Ridge 

Sinclair's  Bottom 

Swanson  ville 

Draper's  Valley 

Town  House 

Humility 

ROANOKE. 

Two  Mile  Branch 

POCAHONTAS. 

Big  Spring 
Dunmore 

Newbern 
Pepper's  Ferry 
Reed  Island 

Big  Lick 
Botetourt  Springs 
Cane  Spring 

SOUTHAMPTON. 
Berlin 
Bowers 

Edray 
Greenbank 
Huntersville 
Little  Level 

PUTNAM. 

Alexander 
Buffalo 

Salem 
Stoner's  Store 

ROCKINGHAM. 

Drewrysville 
Farmer's  Grove 
Franklin  Depot 

Marlin  Bottom 

Mouth  of  Poca 

Bowman's  Mills 

viTGCn  JjCVCl 

*Jerus3,l6Tn 

Mill  Point 
OldfieldForkofElk 
Travellers'  Repose 

Pliny 
Winfield 

RALEIGH. 

Bridgewater 
Brock's  Gap 
Conrad's  Store 
Cross  Keys 

Newson's  Depot 
Pope's  Store 
Pumpkin 

POWHATAN. 

Beckley 

Dayton 

V  ICKSVlllC 

Ballsville 

Coal  River  Marshes 

Dovesville 

SPOTTSYLVANIA 

Flat  Rock 

Shady  Spring 

Harrisonburg 

Andrews 

Hallsboro' 

Keezletown 

Chancellorsville 

Jefferson 

RANDOLPH. 

Lacey  Spring 

Clover  Green 

Macon 

Butcher's  Store 

Linnville  Creek 

Danielsville 

Smithsville 

Fillmore 

McGaheysville 

Lewis's  Store 

Sublett's  Tavern 

Glady  Creek 

Melrose 

Mount  Pleasant 

Huttonsville 

Mount  Clinton 

Partlows 

PRESTON. 

Leadsville 

Mount  Crawford 

Thornburg 

Brandonville 

Middle  Fork 

Ottobine 

Todds 

Cheat  Bridge 

Mingo  Flat 

Paradise 

Twyman's  Store 

Cranes  vi  lie 

Western  Ford 

Port  Republic 

Wilderness 

Decker's  Creek 
Evansville 

RAPPAHANNOCK. 

Spartapolis 
Timberville 

STAFFORD. 

Fellowsville 

Amissville 

Aquai 

German  Settlement 

Black  Rock 

RUSSELL. 

Belfair  Mills 

Gladesville 
Greigsville 
Kingwood 

Flint  Hill 
Gaines's  Cross  Roads 
Hawsbury 

Bickley's  Mills 
Big  Glades 
Dickensonville 

Falmouth 
Garrisonville 
Hartwood 

Muddy  Creek 

Laurel  Mills 

Elk  Garden 

Spotted  ville 

Racoon 

Slate  Mills 

Guest's  Station 

Tackett's  Mill 

Salt  Lick  Falls 
Section 

Sperryville 
Thornton's  Mills 

Hansonville 
Hendrick's  Mills 

SURRY. 

Bacon's  Castle 

PRINCE  EDWARD. 

Washington 
Woodville 

Nash's  Ford 
New  Garden 

Baileysburg 
Cabin  Point 

Burkesville 

Pound 

Darlington  Heights 

RICHMOND. 

SUSSEX 

Farmville 

Darrettsville 

SCOTT. 

Blackwater 

Foster's  Fork         [lege 

Farnham 

Block  House 

Coman's  Well 

Hampden  Sidney  Col- 

Lyell's  Store 

Holston  Springs 

Green  Bud 

Marble  Hill 

Stony  Hill 

Nickelsville 

Hawkins  ville 

Merriman's  Shop 

Warsaw 

Osborn's  Ford 

Henry 

Midway  Inn 

Pattonsville 

Jarratts 

Pear  Grove 

RITCHIE. 

Quillinsville 

Littleton 

Prospect 

Bone  Creek 

Rio  Frio 

Newville 

Farmington 

Rocky  Point 

Par  man's  Store  [boon 

PRINCE  GEORGE. 

Goose  Creek 

Rye  Cove 

Stony  Creek  Ware- 

Garysville 

Highland 

Stock  Creek 

Templeton 

Pennsboro' 

Stony  Creek 

TAYLOR. 

Union  Grove 

Schumla  . 

Pleasant  Creek 

Webb's  Mills 

SHENANDOAH. 

Three  Forks 

PRINCESS  ANN. 

White  Oak 

Columbia  Furnace 

Ives's  Store 

Edenburg 

TAZEWELI* 

Kempsville 

ROCKBRIDGE. 

Lorenzoville  Foundry 

Abb's  Valley 

Land,  of  Promise 

Alum  Springs 

Moore's  Store 

Baptist  Valley 

London  Bridge 

Bell's  Valley 

Mount  Clifton 

Blue  Stone 

Pleasant  Ridge 

Brownsburg 

Mount  Jackson 

Burke's  Garden 

Buena  Vista  Furnace 

Paddy  Mills 

Cedar  Bluff 

PRINCE  WILLIAM. 

Buffalo  Forge 

Strasburg 

Clear  Fork 

Groveton 

Canicello 

Tom's  Brook 

Head  of  Clinch 

Haymarket 

Cedar  Grove  Mills 

Van  Buren  Furnace 

Knob 

*                          99 

786 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Maiden  Spring 
Peerv's  Store 

WASHINGTON. 

Cedarville 

Kinsale 
Nominy  Grove 

Fountain  Spring 
Freeport 

Richland 

Clark's  Mills 

Oak  Grove 

Saint  Mary's 

Rocky  Gap 

Clear  Branch 

Oldham's  Cross  Roads 

Stillwell 

Slate  Creek 

Emory 

Rice's  Store 

Willards 

Tug  River 

Valley 

Glade  Spring 
Hayter's  Gap 

WETZEL 

Willow  Island 

Holston 

Knob  Fork 

WYOMING 

TYLER. 

Kinderhook 

New  Martinsville 

Grape  Island 

Laurel 

Pine  Grove 

Ginseng 

Hebron 

Liberty  Hall 

Porter's  Falls 

Pine  Grove 

Love's  Mills 

Proctor 

WYTHE. 

Ripleys 

North  Fork 

Austinville 

Russell's  Mills 

Raven's  Nest 

WIRT. 

Buffalo  Ford 

Sistersville 
Wick 

Saltville 
Sapling  Grove 

Burning  Spring 
Newark 

Cedar  Mount 
Cedar  Springs 

Three  Springs 

Reedy  Ripple 

Jackson's  Ferry 

WARREN. 

Timber  Grove 

Reedyville 

Red  Bluff 

Bentonville 

Zachville 

Rich  Valley 

Front  Royal 

WYANE. 

Rural  Retreat 

Harabaugh 

Amacetta 

WOOD. 

Sharon 

Menasse's  Gap 

Parrizade 

Belleville 

Speedwell 

Milldale 

Savage  Grant 

Briscoe  Run 

Nineveh 

Bull  Creek 

YORK. 

Overalls 

WESTMORELAND. 

Claysville 

Half-way  House 

Hague 

Duncan 

Yorktown 

WARWICK. 


STATE   OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


ALEXANDER 

Durham's  Creek 

Warm  Springs 

Graves 

Mount  Pisgah 

Leechville 

Hightowers 

Stony  Point 

Pantego 

BURKE. 

Leasburg 

Taylorville 

Pungo  Creek 

Brindletown 

Locust  Hill 

Wittenbergs 

Canoe  Creek 

Milton 

BERTIE. 

Drowning  Creek 

Moore's  Store 

ALAMANCE. 

Ashland 

Linville  River 

Prospect  Hill 

Graham 

Colerain 

Perkinsville 

Stony  Creek 

Patterson's  Store 

Merry  Hill 

Yanceyville 

Pleasant  Grove 

Roxobel 

CABARRAS. 

Shallow  Ford 

Best's  Mills 

CATAWBA. 

BLADEN. 

Garmon's  Mills 

Bunker's  Hill 

ANSON. 

Beatty's  Bridge 

Kirkland 

Fishers 

Beverly 

Colly  Swamp 

Mill  Hill 

Flint  Rock 

Cedar  Hill 

Cypress  Creek 

Mount  Pleasant 

Jacob's  Fork 

Carolina  Female  Coll 

Ellisville 

Oaklawn 

Mountain  Creek 

Diamond  Hill 

Gravelly  Hill 

Park's  Store 

Hammond's  Store 

Lyon's  Landing 

Pioneer  Mills 

CHATHAM 

Lanesboro' 

Prospect  Hall 

Welch's  Mills 

Adolph 

Lilesville 

West  Brook 

Cane  Creek 

Meltonsville 

Western  Prong 

CALDWELL. 

Emerson's  Tan  Yar 

Morven 

White's  Creek 

Catawba  View 

Evans's  Mills 

Pee  Dee 

Collettsville 

Grove 

Poplar  Hill 

BRUNSWICK. 

Copenhagen 

Hackney's  Cross  Ro 

Whites  Store 

Robeson 

Deal's  Mill 

Hadley's  Mills 

Shallotte 

Elkville 

Haywood 

ASHE. 

Fort  Defiance 

Jenny  Lind 

Boone 

BUNCOMBE. 

Globe 

Martha's  Vineyard 

Elk  Cross  Roads 

Avery's  Creek 

King's  Creek 

Moringville 

Gap  Civil 

Democrat 

Little  River 

Mudlick 

Helton            s 

Fairview 

Lovelady 

Oakland 

Laurel  Springs 

French  Broad 

Pcdler's  Hill 

Manly 

Hommeny  Creek 

CAMDEN 

Saint  Lawrence 

Moretz  Mill 

Lapland 

Shiloah 

Sandv  Grove 

Nathan's  Creek 

Limestone 

South  Mills 

The  Grove 

North  Fork 

Reem's  Creek 

Trade's  Hill 

Potato  Creek 

Sandj-  Mush 

CARTERET. 

South  Fork 

Spring  Creek 

Hadnots 

CHEROKEE. 

Sugar  Grove 

Stocksville 

Portsmouth 

Dawesville 

Valle  Crucis 

Sulphur  Springs 
Swanano 

CASWELL. 

Fort  Hembree 
Fort  Montgomery 

BEAUFORT. 

Turkey  Creek 

Anderson's  Store 

Nottla 

Blount's  Creek 

Walnut  Creek 

Blackwell 

Peach  Tree 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


787 


Persimmon  Creek 

Pennfield 

Tabb's  Creek 

Winton 

Shooting  Creek 
Stikoih 

Rich  Fork 
Silver  Hill 

Tally  Ho 
Tar  River 

HYDE. 

Tomotla 

Spencer 

Tranquillity 

Fairfield 

Tusquitee 

Walser's  Mill 

Waterloo 

Lake  Comfort 

Turtle  Town 

Williamsboro' 

Lake  Landing 

Valley  Town 

DAVIE. 

Wilton 

Middletown 

County  Line 

Woodworths 

Ocracoke 

CHOWAN. 

Farmington 

Young's  Cross  Roads 

Sladesville 

Ballard's  Bridge 

Fulton 

Jerusalem 

GREENE. 

IREDELL 

CLEVELAND. 

Mocksville 

Fountain  Hill 

Bethany  Church 

Birchettsville 

Smith's  Grove 

Hookerstown 

Deep  Well 

Camp  Call 

Speight's  Bridge 

Eagle  Mills 

Clingman 

DUPLIN. 

Fallstown 

Duncan's  Creek 

Albertsons 

GUILFORD. 

Fancy  Hill 

Erwinsville 

Bear  Branch 

Allemance 

Houstonville 

Fillmore 

Buena  Vista 

Centre 

Liberty  Hill 

Garners  Ford 

Chinkapin 

Clapps 

Mount  Mourne 

Mooresboro' 

Faison's  Depot 

Deep  River 

New  Hope 

Muddy  Fork 

Hallsville 

Fentriss 

Oak  Forest 

Polkville 

Kenansville 

Friendship 

Poplar  Grove 

Sandy  Kun 
Slice's  Shoal 

Strickland's  Depot 
Teacheys 

Gilmer's  Store 
Hillsdale 

Post  Oak 
Rocky  Creek 

SwangstoWn 

Warsaw 

Hunt's  Store 

Snow  Creek 

White  Plains 

Jamestown 

Williamsburg 

EDGECOMBE. 

Monticello 

Zion 

COLUMBUS. 

Battleboro' 

New  Garden 

Big  Swamp 

Joyner's  Depot 

Oak  Ridge 

JOHNSON. 

Fair  Bluff 

Rocky  Mount 

Parson's  Mills 

Bentonsville 

Gum  Swamp 

Sparta 

Shaw's  Mills 

Beulah 

White  Marsh 

Stanatonsburg 

Summerfield 

Boonhill 

Wilson 

Thompson's  Store 

Creachville 

CRAVAN. 

Westminster 

Elevation 

Swift  Creek  Bridge 

FORSYTH. 

Gulley's  Store 

Muddy  Creek 

HALIFAX. 

Lowell 

CUMBERLAND. 

White  Road  - 

Brinkleyville 

Saint  Charles 

Argyle 

Winston 

Enfield 

Averysboro' 

Heathsville 

JONES. 

Barclaysville 

FRANKLIN. 

Littleton 

Comfort 

Bunn's  Level 

Franklin  ton 

Ringwood 

Pollocksville 

Chalk  Level 

Hall's  Cross  Roads 

Sycamore  Alley 

Fayetteville 

Harris's  Cross  Roads 

Weldon 

LENOIK. 

Gibbs's  Cross  Roads 

Pacific 

Westland 

Moseley  Hall 

Gray's  Creek 

Pugh's  Hill 

Pink  Hill 

Harrington 

HAYWOOD. 

Sandy  Foundation 

Johnsonville 

G  ASTON. 

Crab  Tree 

Strabane 

Kingsbury 

Catawba  Creek 

East  Laporte 

Little  Rock  Fish 

Crowder's  Creek 

Fine's  Creek 

LINCOLN: 

Neill's  Creek 

Dallas 

Forks  of  Pigeon 

Beattie's  Ford 

Northington 

Hoylesville 

Jonathan's  Creek 

Catawba  Springs 

Pleasant  Plains 

Nail  Factory 

Ocona  Lufty 

Cottage  Home 

River  Side 

Old  Furnace 

Pigeon  River 

Dry  Ponds 

Summerville 

Stowesville 

Quail  atown 

Early  Grove 

Scott's  Creek 

Erasmus 

CURRITUCK, 

GATES. 

Waynesville 

Falls 

Coinjock 

Gatesville 

Forneys 

Corner  Gum 

Mintonsville 

HENDERSON. 

Killian's  Mills 

Indian  town 

Sunbury 

Boilston 

Kings  Mountain 

Poplar  Branch 

Cathey's  Creek 

Lowrance's  Mill 

Powell's  Point 

GRANVILLE. 

Claytonville 

Mull  Grove 

Abram's  Plains 

Davidson's  Uiver 

Sherrill's  Ford 

DAVIDSON: 

Berea 

Edneyville 

Siegel's  Store 

Abbott's  Creek 

Blue  Wing 

Flat  Rock 

South  Point 

Brumrnells 

Brookville 

Mill  River 

Vesuvius  Furnace 

Clemrnonsville 

Brownsville 

Mud  Creek 

Woodlawn 

Cotton  Grove 

Dutchville 

Fair  Grove 

Gregory's  Mill 

HERTFORD. 

MCDOWELL 

Healing  Springs 
Jackson  Hill 

Henderson 
Knap  of  Reeds 

Harrellsville 
Murfreesboro' 

Military  Grove 
Minersville 

Jersey  Settlement 

Lynesville 

Pitch  Landing 

Mountain  Home 

Midway 
Maple  Hill 

Oak  Hill 
Staunton 

Riddicksville 
Saint  John 

North  Cove 
Old  Fort 

788 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Stone  Mountain 

Botanic  Hill 

PASQUOTANK. 

Cowper  Hill 

Sugar  Hill 

Hilliardston 

Dundarrack 

Turkey  Cove 

Peach  Tree  Grove 

PERQUIMANS. 

Gaddeysville 

Ransom's  Bridge 

Durant's  Neck 

Gilopolis 

MACON. 

Stanhope 

Newbv's  Bridge 

Howellsville 

Alarka 

Wood'ville 

Leesville 

'Aquone 

NEW  HANOVER. 

Lumber  Bridge 

Casher's  Valley 

Bannerman 

PERSON. 

Philadelphus 

Franklin 
Governor's  Island 

Black  River  Chapel 
Caintuck 

Cunningham's  Store 
Daniel's  Mills 

Qucensdale 
Randalsville 

Tennessee  River 

Cypress  Grove 
Harrell's  Store 

Five  Forks 
Gordonton 

Saint  Pauls 

MARTIN. 

Long  Creek 

Mill  Creek 

ROCKINGHAM 

Gardner's  Bridge 

Moore's  Creek 

Mount  Tirzah 

Eagle  Falls 

Hamilton 

Sill's  Creek 

Olive  Hill 

Grogansville 

Williatnston 

Topsail  Sound 

Van  Hook's  Store 

Lawsonville 

MECKLENBURG. 
Alexandriana 
Clear  Prpplc 

NORTHAMPTON. 
Francesville 

Williamsville 
Woodsdale 

Leaksville 
Lenox  Castle 
Madison 

Vylltll    VyiccJv 

Coburn's  Store 
v/owftn  s  x  ord 

Garysburg 
Green  Plains 

PITT. 
Contentnia 

Monroeton 
Pleasantville 

Davidson  College 
Fullwood's  Store 
Harrisburg 
Hemphill's  Store 

Pleasant  Hill 
Potecasi 
Rich  Square 
Summit 

Falkland 
Johnson's  Mills 
Pactolus 
Ridge  Spring 

Rawlingsburg 
Reidsville 
Thompsonville 
Troublesome 

Hopewell 

ONSLOW. 

POLK. 

ROWAN. 

Hornet's  Nest 

M  irnn.l.ih. 

Angola 

Horse  Creek 

Calaubria 

Aiartinoaie 
Morrison's  Tan  Yard 
Mount  Moriah 

rj..,.    ;ii- 

Catharine  Lake 
Foy's  Store 
Palo  Alto 

RANDOLPH. 
Brewer's  Mills 

China  Grove 
Cowansville 
Gold  Hill 

v/rrviiie 
Pleasant  Oaks 
Providence 
Ranaleburg 

WASP  TTill 

Piny  Green 
Richlands 
Snead's  Ferry 
Stump  Sound 

Brush  Creek 
Buffalo  Ford 
Caraway 
Cedar  Falls 

Miranda 
Mount  Ulla 
Mount  Vernon 
Rockville 

rvose  Jiin 
Rozell's  Ferry 

Swansboro' 

Cox's  Mills 
Eden 

Spring  Grove 

Sharon 

c«i     i      r*       i 

ORANGE. 

Franklinville 

RUTHERFORD 

Steele  Creek 
Tuckasaga 
While  Hall 

Bethmont 
Big  Falls 
Burnt  Shop 

Gray's  Cross  Roads 
Hill's  Store 
Hoover  Hill 

Cedar  Creek 
Chimney  Rock 
Cooper's  Gap 

MONTGOMERY. 

Caldwell 

Institute 

Cuba 

Auman's  Hill 

Cedar  Grove 

La  Grange 

Golden  Valley 

Harrisville 

Chapel  Hill 

Lassiter's  Mills 

Green  Hill     ' 

Macedonia 

Clover  Garder 

Long's  Mills 

Green  River 

McCullum's  Store 

Clover  Orchard 

Marley's  Mills 

Hicksville 

McRae's  Mills 

Dial's  Creek 

Moffitt's  Mills 

High  Shoals 

Matamoras 

Durham  ville 

New  Market 

Island  Ford 

Milledgeville 

Enoe  Mills 

New  Salem 

Logan's  Store 

Mount  Gilead 

Faucett's  Store 

Reed  Creek 

Mills's  Gap 

Swift  Island 

Green  Spring 

Salem  Church 

Patten's  Home 

Troy 

Hawfields 

Sandy  Creek 

Pinckney 

Wind  Hill 

Hartshorn 

Sawyersville 

Sandy  Plains 

Holt's  Store 

Stone  Lick 

Trvon 

MOORE. 

Lindley's  Store 

Troy's  Store 

Webb's  Ford 

Caledonia 

McDaniels 

White  House 

Centreville 

Mason  Hall 

SAMPSON. 

Clark's  Mills 

Meadow  Creek 

RICHMOND. 

Beman's  Cross  Roads 

Grain's  Creek 

Mooresville 

Bo  stick's  Mills 

Draughon's  Store 

Falling  Mill 

Morgan's  Creek 

Covington 

Green  Hill 

Gold  Region 

Mount  Willing 

Dockery's  Store 

Hawley's  Store 

Long  Street 

Prattsburg 

Dumas's  Store 

Lisburn 

New  Gilead 

Red  Mountain 

Laurel  Hill 

Monk's  Store 

Pharr's  Mills 

Rock  Creek 

Little's  Mills 

Newton  Grove 

Pocket 

Rock  Spring 

Montpelier 

Owenville 

Prosperity 

Round  Hill 

Powellton 

Piney  Grove 

Reedy  Branch 

Snow  Camp 

Rockingham 

Six  Runs 

Rolling's  Store 

South  Lowell  Mills 

Springfield 

Spring  Vale 

Solemn  Grove 

Stagville 

Stewartstown 

Taylor's  Bridge 

Watson's  Bridge 

Trice's  Store 

Stewartsville 

Walnut  Grove 

STANLY. 

NASH. 

West  Point 

ROBESON. 

Efird's  Mills 

Belford 

White  Cross 

Alfordsville 

Kendall's  Store 

•POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


789 


Norwood 

Jonesville 

Forestville 

Everittsville 

Rowlandsville 

Mount  Airy 

Green  Level 

Falling  Creek 

Mount  Nebo 

Holly  Spring 

Goldsboro' 

STOKES. 

Panther  Creek 

Kelvin  Grove 

Jerico 

Ayersville 

Red  Plains 

Middle  Creek 

Nahunta 

Belew's  Creek 

Republic 

New  Light 

Sleepy  Creek 

Bethania 

Rusk 

Roger's  Store 

Big  Creek 

Scull  Camp 

Roles  ville 

WILKES. 

Blakely 

Siloam 

Wakefield 

Brier  Creek 

Colesville 

Stony  Ridge 

Buggabo 

Crooked  Creek 

Torn's  Creek 

WARREN. 

Church's  Store 

Danbury 

Walnut  Lane 

Arcola 

Hay  Meadow 

Francisco 

Exchange 

Lewis's  Fork 

Kernersville 

TYRREL. 

Grove  Hill 

Lovelace 

Limestone  Well 

Macon  Depot 

Mulberry 

Little  Yadkin 

UNION. 

Merry  Mount 

New  Castle 

Martin's  Lime  Kilns 

Beaver  Dam 

Nutbush 

Trap  Hill 

Old  Town 

Gourd  vine 

Ridgeway 

Warrior  Creek 

Peters's  Creek 

Jenkins's  Store 

Wilkesboro' 

Red  Shoals 

Lane's  Creek 

WASHINGTON. 

Rough  and  Ready 

Morgan's  Mills 

Leo 

YANCEY 

Walkerstown 
Walnut  Cove 

Oakville 
Richardson's  Creek 

Scuppernong 

Bakersville 
Bald  Creek 

SURRY. 

Walkersville 
Winchester 

WATAUGA. 

Big  Laurel 
Blue  Ridge 

Doweltown 

Wolfsville 

Boone 

Childsville 

East  Bend 
Forbush 

WAKE. 

Brushy  Flat 
Cranberry  Forge 

Clay 
Gabriel's  Creek 

Hamptonville 

Auburn 

Stony  Fork 

Grassy  Creek 

Hay  Stack 
Hunts  ville 

Eagle  Rock 
Fishdam 

WAYNE. 

White  Rock 

Indesville 

Flemington 

Black  Creek 

Yellow  Mountain 

STATE   OF   SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

ABBEVILLE. 

Brushy  Creek 

Duncansville 

CHARLESTON. 

Bordeaux 

Butlersville 

Erwinton 

Black  Oak 

Calhoun's  Mills 

Calhoun 

Fiddle  Pond 

Haddell's  Point 

Cambridge 

Centretown 

Four  Mile  Branch 

Holly  Hill 

Cherokee  Heights 

Churubusco 

Graham's  Turn  Out 

Monk's  Corner 

Cokesbury 

Craytonville 

King  Creek 

Pineville 

Dead  Fall 

Double  Branches 

Lower  Three  Runs 

Roadville 

Due  West  Corner 

Douthet 

Lowery 

Summerville 

Gentsville 

Equality 

Merritt's  Bridge 

Greenwood 

Evergreen 

Midway 

CHESTER. 

Harper's  Ferry 
Harrisburg 

Golden  Springs 
Locust  Hill 

Red  Oak  Grove 
Rivers's  Bridge 

Baton  Rouge 
Beckamsville 

Indian  Hill 

Milwees 

Silverton 

Blackstocks 

Lebanon 

Mineral  Spring 

Smvrna 

Carmel  Hill 

Lodi 

Moffettsvillc 

Speedwell 

Cedar  Shoal 

Long  Cane 

Newell 

Tincker's  Creek 

Chalkville 

Lowndesville 

Queensboro' 

Treadway 

Chestnut  Grove 

Mapleton 

Rock  Mills 

White  Pond 

Crosbyville 

Monterey 

Seneca 

Williston 

Haisellville 

Mountain  View 

Silver  Glade 

Hazelwood 

Mount  Hill 

Slabtown 

Landsford 

New  Market 

Stan  ton  ville 

BEAUFORT. 

Lewisville 

Shirleysville 

Steeles 

Beach  Branch 

Pedensville 

Smithville 

Storeville 

Bluffton 

Rossville 

Stony  Point 

Town  ville 

Brighton 

Sandersville 

Swancy's  Ferry 

Varennes 

Coosawhatchie 

Tomsville 

Temple  of  Health 

Danielton 

Torbit's  Store 

Terrysville 

BARN  WELL. 

Duck  Branch 

Warren  ton 

Aiken 

Gillisonville 

CHESTERFIELD. 

Widemans 

Allendale 

Grahamville 

Gold  Mine 

Willington 

Angley's  Branch 

Hickory  Hill 

Hornsboro' 

Wilson's  Creek 

Blackville 

Lawtonville 

Mount  Croghan 

Winter  Seat 

Buford's  Bridge 

Pocotaligo 

Cowpen  Branch 

Robertsville 

COLLETON. 

ANDERSON. 

Davis's  Mills 

Steep  Bottom 

Adams's  Run 

Andersonville 

Dunbarton 

Whippy  Swamp 

Ashapoo  Ferry 

790 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


Blue  House 

Winnsboro' 

Huntsville 

ORANGEBURG. 

Buckhead  Causey 

Yonguesville 

Line  Creek 

Branchville 

Rantowles 

Marengo 

Bull  Swamp 

Red  Bank 

GEORGETOWN. 

Milton 

Fort  Motte 

Ridgeville 

Yanhanna 

Mount  Gallagher 

Jordan's  Mills 

Saint  Georges 

Mountville 

Kitching's  Mills 

Saltketcher  Bridge 

GREENVILLE. 

North  Creek 

Poplar 

Walterboro' 

Buena  Vista 

Palmetto 

Saint  Matthews 

Walkers 

Cedar  Falls 

Raiborn's  Creek 

Vance's  Ferry 

Chick's  Springs 

Roseboro' 

DARLINGTON. 

Cartersville 

Clear  Spring 
Cripple  Creek 

Scuffletown 
Simpson's  Mill 

PENDLETON. 

Effingham 
Gum  Branch 

Dunklin 
Fairview 

Spring  Grove 
Tumbling  Shoals 

PICKENS. 

Bachlor's  Retreat 

Hartsville 

Fountain  Inn 

Tylersville 

Bounty  Land 

Leavensworth 

Gilder 

Waterloo 

Branch  Island 

Merchant's  Bluff 

Golden  Grove 

Young's  Store 

Cheokee 

Mount  Elon 

Gowensville 

Claremont 

Pleasant  View 
Society  Hill 

Highland  Grove 
Highway 

LEXINGTON. 

Calk's  Ferry 

Colonel's  Fork 
Dacusville 

Swift  Creek 

Lickville 

Counts  ville 

Five  Mile 

Merrittsville 

Edisto 

Horse  Shoe 

EDGEFIELDi 

Millburg 

Hollow  Creek 

Martin's  Creek 

Beech  Island 

Milford 

Hope  Station 

Oconee  Station 

Big  Creek 

Mush  Creek 

Horse  Creek 

Pickensville 

Cairo 

North  Saluda 

Leesville 

Pumpkintown 

Cold  Spring 

Palona 

Oakville 

Rockwell 

Coleman's  Cross  Roads 

Panther  Fork 

Rockville 

Salubrity 

Colliers 

Plain 

Rocky  Well 

Smeltser's  Mount 

Duntonsville 

Pleasant  Grove 

Sandy  Run 

Snow  Creek 

Edisto  Mills 
Elton 

Pliny 
Sterling  Grove 

Sawyer's  Mills 
Steedmans 

Twelve  Mile 
West  Union 

Fruit  Hill 

Stonesville 

Williamson's  Mills 

Whetstone 

Germanville 

Tituroy 

Wolf  Creek 

Graniteville 

Traveller's  Rest 

MARION. 

Hamburg 

Allen's  Bridge 

HIGHLAND. 

Higgins's  Ferry 
Ivy  Island 

HORRY. 

Bucksville 

Ariel 
Britton's  Neck 

Cedar  Creek 
Gadsden 

Kirksey's  Cross  Roads 
Longmire's  Store 

Dogwood  Neck 
Floyd's  Mills 

Campbell's  Bridge 
Flintville 

Hopkins's  Turn  Out 
Level 

Lotts 

Lake  Swamp 

Friendtield 

Littleton 

Meeting  Street 
Mount  Willing 

Little  River 

Gilchrist's  Bridge 
Gum  Swamp 

SPARTANBURG. 

Oakland 

KERSHAW. 

Harlessville 

Arrowood 

Parks 

Bee  Tree 

Jeffrey's  Creek 

Bivings  ville 

Perry's  Cross  Roads 

Boykin's  Depot 

Lynche's  Creek 

Campobella 

Phoenix 

Flat  Rock 

Mars's  Bluff 

Cannon's  Store 

Pleasant  Lane 

Hanging  Rock 

Red  Bluff 

Cashville 

Poverty  Hill 
Rehoboth 

Liberty  Hill 
Lynchwood 

Reedy  Creek 
Selkirk 

Cedar  Springs 
Clarksville 

Richardsonville 

Red  Hill 

Tabernacle 

Crawfordsville 

Ridge 

Russell  Place 

Willow  Creek 

Cross  Anchor 

Saluda 

Tiller's  Ferry 

Crowsville 

Sleepy  Creek 

MARLBORO'. 

Damascus 

Wood  Lawn 

LANCASTER. 

Bennetts  ville 

Earlesville 

Belair 

Brightsville 

Enoree 

FAIRFIELD. 

Cureton's  Store 

Brownsville 

Fingersville 

Alston 

Dry  Creek 

Clio 

Fort  Prince 

Bell's  Store 

Flint  Ridge 

Glenn  Springs 

Browns 

Hickory  Head 

NEWBERRY. 

Grassy  Pond 

Buckhead 

Jacksonham 

Belmont 

Henrv 

Cookham 

Longstreet 

Glympville 

Hobbysville 

Feasterville 

Pleasant  Hill 

Liberty  Hall 

Hurricane 

Gladden's  Grove 

Pleasant  Valley 

Maybinton 

Jackson  Hill 

Jackson's  Creek 

Mount  Bethel 

Limestone  Springs 

Longtown 

LAURENS. 

Pagesville 

Millville 

McMeekins 

Brewertown 

Pomaria 

Moultrie 

Poplar  Spring 
Ridgeway 
Ridgewood 
Rocky  Mount 
Thompsons 
White  Oak 

Centreville 
Cross  Hill 
Dunlap  ville 
Eden 
Hollands 
Huntington 

Poplar  Grove 
Prosperity 
Saluda  Mills 
Shop  Spring 
Walton 
Wellsville 

Mountain  Shoals 
Mount  Lebanon 
Mount  Zion 
New  Hope 
New  Prospect 
Old  Cedar  Springs 

POST   OFFICES   IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


791 


Poolsville 

Plowden's  Mills 

Mount  Tabor 

Blairs  ville 

Rogers's  Bridge 
Smith's  Store 

Privateer 
Providence 

Pacolett  Mills 
Pea  Ridge 

Brattonsville 
Bullock  Creek 

Thickety  Fork 

Salem 

Pinckneyville   • 

Cherokee  Iron  Works 

Walnut  Grove 

Shiloh 

Shady  Grove 

Clark's  Fork 

Woodruffs 

Taylors 
Willow  Grove 

Timber  Ridge 
Wilkinsville 

Clay  Hill 
Coate's  Tavern 

SUMTER. 

Wright's  Bluff 

Ebenezerville 

Bethlehem 

WILLIAMSBURG. 

Fort  Mill 

Bishopville 

UNION. 

Black  Mingo 

Guthriesville 

Bradford  Institute 
Bradford  Springs 

Bogans  ville 
Bowlingsville 

Camp  Ridge 
China  Grove 

Harmony 
Haynesville 

Bradleyville 

Coopersville 

Indiantown 

Hickory  Grove 

Brewington 

Cross  Keys 

Johnsonville 

Hopewell 

Clarendon 
Friendship 

Draytonsville 
Fish  Dam 

Lynche's  Lake 
Murray's  Ferry 

Legal  Law 
Meek's  Hill 

Fulton 

Goshen  Hill 

Natural  Grove 

Nation  Ford 

Lodi  Bar 

Gowdeysville 

Parsonage 

New  House 

Manchester 

Green  Pond 

Smith's  Ford 

Mechanicsville 

Jones  ville 

YORK. 

Spring  Hill 

Mill  Grove 

McBridesville 

Antioch 

Spring  Rock 

Mount  Clio 

Meansville 

Bethel 

Yorkville 

Packsville 

Zeno 

\ 

STATE   OF  GEORGIA. 

APPLING. 

CAMDEN. 

Beachland 

Lombardy 

BAKER. 

Centre  Village 
Langsbury 

Chattoogaville 
Dirt  Town 

Rays  ville 
Republican 

Albany 

Saint  Mary's 

Melville 

Thompson 

Concord 

Mount  Hickory 

White  Oak 

Fish  Trap 

CAMPBELL. 

Subligna 

Winfield 

Gillions    . 

Cedar  Branch 

Summerville 

Writesboro' 

Gum  Pond 

County  Line 

Teloga  Springs 

Keaton's  Shoals 

Dark  Corner 

Trion  Factory 

COWETA 

Oak  Lawn 

Rivertown 

f 

Haralson 

Salt  Spring 

CHEROKEE. 

Kidron 

BALDWIN. 

Sandtown 

Bald  Ground 

Location 

Sweet  Water  Factory 

Board  Tree 

Lodi 

BIBB. 

Canton 

Palmetto 

CARROLL. 

Freemansville 

Paris 

Bear  Range 

Bowdon 

Goldsville 

Rio 

Newson 

Bo  wen  ville 

Harnageville 

Saluda 

BRYAN. 

Buckhorn 
Burnt  Stand 

Hickory  Flat 
Kossuth 

Willow  Grove 

Eden 
Old  Court  House 

BULLOCK. 

Hickory  Level 
Laurel  Hill 
Rotherwood 

Orange 
Troy 
Woodstock 

CRAWFORD. 

Francisville 
Hammock  Grove 

Mill  Ray 
BURKE. 

Tallapoosa 
Villa  Rica 

CASS. 

CLARK. 

Farmington 
Salem 

Hickory  Grove 
Hopewell 
Knoxville 

Alexander 
Birds  ville 

Adairsville 

Watkinsville 

DADE. 

Fox  Grove 
Fryer's  Ponds 
Girad 

TT     1                 "U 

Carters  ville 
Cold  Run 
Earle's  Furnace 

COBB. 
Ackworth 
Boltonville 

Rising  Fawn 
Trenton 
Waukatchee 

Holcombe 

Etowah 

Lebanon 

Joy's  Mills 
Lester's  District 
Midville 

»jr*n»_ 

Euharley 
Free  Bridge 
Kingston 

Lost  Mountain 
Marietta 
Mill  Grove 

DECATUR. 

Attapulgus 
Cairo 

Milan 

Little  Prairie 

Powder  Springs 

Olive  Grove 

Sardis 
Woodburn 

Othcaloga 
Pine  Log 

Redland 
Roswell 

DE    KALB 

Saliquoy 

Stony  Point 

Atlanta 

BUTTS. 

Stilesboro' 

Cross  Keys 

Cork 

COLUMBIA. 

East  Point 

Indian  Springs 

CHATHAM. 

Appling 

Lithonia 

Seven  Islands 

Berzelia 

Panthersville 

Towalliga 

CHATTOOGA. 

Darbys 

Stone  Mountain 

Worthville 

Alpine 

Eubanks 

Utoy 

792 


POST   OFFICES  IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


DOOLY. 

Hudson 

HANCOCK. 

JEFFERSON 

Gum  Creek 

King's  Bench 

Devereaux'  Store 

Bonny  Doon 

Holidaysville 
Millwood 

Middle  River 
Mosely's  Store 

Long's  Bridge 
Mount  Zion 

Fenn's  Bridge 
Gamble 

Traveller's  Rest 

Parker's  Store 

Poweltown 

Reedy  Creek 

Vienna 

Walnut  Hill 

Rock  Mills 

Speir's  Turnout 

Warwick 

Shoals  of  Ogechee 

Spread  Oak 

GILMER. 

Sylvan  Grove 

EARLY. 

Blue  Ridge 

HARRIS. 

Fort  Gaines 

Carticay 

Cataula 

JONES. 

Pachitta 

Hot  House 

Cochran's  Cross  Roads 

Etheridge 

Marblehead 

Ellerslie 

Griswoldville 

EFFINGHAM. 

Prince  Edward 

King's  Gap 

Tranquilla 

Egypt 
Pleasant  Grove 

Tacoah 
Fail's  Creek 

Mulberry  Grove 
Piedmont 

Wallace 

Reform 
Springfield 

Talking  Rock 
White  Path 

Waverly  Hall 
Whitesville 

LAUREN  S. 
Buck  Eye 
Dublin 

ELBERT. 

GLYNN. 

HEARD. 

Laurens  Hill 

Amandaville 

Bethel 

Anthony  Shoals 
Broad  River 
Cold  Water 

Fancy  Bluff 
Frederica 

Enon  Grove 
Franklin 
Houston 

LEE. 
Chenuba 
Chickasawhatchic 

Cook's  Law  Office 
Craftsville 

GORDON. 
Fair  Mount 

McBride's  Mills 

Palmyra 
Slade 

Eagle  Grove 

Starkville 

Harmony 

GREENE. 

HENRY. 

Sumterville 

Montevideo 
Petersburg 
Ruckersville 

EMANUEL. 
Canooche 

FAYETTE. 
Kairburn 

Cracker's  Neck 
Merrell 
Penfield 
Public  Square 
Scull  Shoals 
Union  Point 
White  Plains 
Wocfdville 

Bersheba 
Double  Cabins 
Flat  Rock 
Locust  Grove 
Pittsburg 
Sandy  Ridge 
Spring 
Stockbridge 
Tucker's  Cabin 

LIBERTY. 

Jones's  Creek 
Taylor's  Creek 
Walthourville 

LINCOLN. 

Double  Branches 
Goshen 

Glenn  Grove 

GWINNETT. 

White  House 

Lincolnton 

Jonesboro' 
Red  Oak 

Auburn 

HOUSTON. 

LOWNDES 

Rough  and  Ready 
White  Water 
York 

FLOYD. 
Armuchee 
California 

Berkshire 
Cains 
Chester 
Chinkapin  Grove 
Orrisville 
Pinckneyville 
Rock  Bridge 

Bateman's  Store 
Busbayville 
Fort  Valley 
Hayneville 
Henderson 
Minerva 
Wellborn's  Mills 

Alapaha 
Clyattsville 
Flat  Creek 
Griffiin's  Mills 
Mineral  Spring 
Okapilco 
Piscola 

Cave  Spring 
Coosa 
Everett's  Spring 

Suwane 
Sweet  Water 
Yellow  River 

Wilna 
IRWIN. 

Sharpe's  Store 
Tallokas 
Troup  ville 

Hermitage 
Johnson 

HABERSHAM. 

Adams 
Edenfield 

LUMPKIN. 

Missionary  Station 
Vann's  Valley 
Waleska 

Allandale 
Batesville 
Blue  Creek 

Flatberg 
Gin  Town 
House  Creek 

Amicalola 
Auraria 
Barretts  ville 

Dawson 

Pennsboro* 

Calhoun 

FORSYTH. 

Hollingsworth 

Cavender's  Creek 

Ashland 
Big  Creek 
Coal  Mountain 

Leo 
Loudsville 
Mount  Yonah 

JACKSON. 

Barber's  Creek 

Crossville 
New  Bridge 
Pleasant  Retreat 

Hartford 

Nacoochee 

Bascobel                 [Mill 

Yellow  Creek 

High  Tower 

Toccoa  Falls 

Farmers  &  Mechanics 

Sheltonville 

Walton's  Ford 

Harmony  Crove 

MACON. 

Vickery's  Creek 

Indian  Creek 

Fredonia 

Warsaw 

HALL. 

Marcus 

Grangersville 

FRANKLIN. 

Argo 
Chestnut  Hill 

Maysville 
Mulberry 

Hamburg 
Horse  Head 

Aquilla 

Gailey's  Mill 

Pond  Fork 

Marsh  alls  ville 

Bowersville 

Gillsville 

Oglethorpe 

Bushville 

Glade  Mines 

JASPER. 

Fair  View 

Hog  Mountain 

Hillsboro' 

MADISON, 

Franklin  Springs 
Grove  Level 

Poplar  Springs 
Sugar  Hill 

Mechanicsville 
Palo  Alto 

Brookline 
Planter's  Stand 

Henly's  Store 

War  Hill 

Shady  Dale 

Taylorsville 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


793 


McINTOSH. 

Middle  Ridge 

Ogeeche 

UNION. 

Fort  Barrington  Ferry 

Newborn 

Scarboro' 

Brass  town 

South  Newport 

Newton  Factory 

Gaddistown 

Oak  Hill 

STEWART. 

Ivy  Log 

MARION. 

Oxford 

Centre  Hill 

Mount  Eolia 

Bnena  Vista 

Rocky  Plains 

Florence 

Polk 

Glenalta 

Sheffield 

Green  Hill 

Shady  Grove 

Pineville 

Snapping  Shoals 

Hannahatchee 

Skeinah 

Poindexter 

Starrs  ville 

Hard  Money 

Wellscott 

Scarsville 

Holly  Grove 

Young  Cane 

OGLETHORPE. 

Lannahassce 

MERIWETHER. 

Bairdstown 

Lumpkin 

UPSON. 

Erin 

Bowling  Green 

Richland 

Delray 

Farmers 
Flat  Shoals 

Goose  Pond 
Maxey 

Scienceville 

Double  Bridges 
Hootensville 

Gold  Hill 

Millstone 

SUMTER. 

W^aynman  ville 

Jones's  Mills 

Philomath 

Danville 

Loweville 

Point  Peter 

Friendship 

WALKER, 

Luthersville 

State  Rights 

Plains  of  Dura 

Anderson 

Oak  Rid<?e 

Pondtown 

Chestnut  Flat 

Rocky  Mount 

PAULDING. 

Providence 

Cotosa 

Warm  Springs 

Cedartown 

Duck  Creek 

White  Sulphur  Springs 
Woodberry 

MONROE. 

Esom  Hill 
Huntsville 
New  Babylon 
Marysville 

TALBOT. 
Belleview 
Bluff  Spring 
Carsonville 

Frick's  Gap 
Gordon's  Springs 
La  Fayette 
Opalika 

Culloden 

Pumpkin  Pile 

Centre 

Pea  Vine 

Colaparchee 
Johnston  vi  lie 

Pumpkin  Vine 
Yellow  Stone 

Daviston 
Mount  Pleasant 

Pond  Spring 
Ringgold 

New  Market 

Pine  Hill 

Rock  Spring 

Russell  vi  lie 

PIKE. 

Pleasant  Hill 

Rossville 

Unionville 

Barnesville 

Prattsburg 

Snow  Hill 

Griffin 

Quito 

"\Tillflnow 

MONTGOMERY 

Liberty  Hill 

Wood's  Station 

Boxville 

Milner 

TALIAFERRO. 

Colquitt 

Millbridge 

Ray  town 

WALTON. 

Buncombe 

MORGAN 
Buck  Head 
Double  Shoals 
Ebenezer 

PULASK1. 
Hawkinsville 
Longs  tree  t 

TATNALL. 

Reidsville 
Surrencys 

Cut  Off 
Good  Hope 
Social  Circle 
Walnut  Grove 

Fair  pi  ay 
High  Shoals 

PUTNAM. 

Clopton's  Mills 

TELFAIR. 

Windsor 

Wellington 

Glade's  Cross  Roads 

Copeland 

WARE. 

Hearnville 

Feronia 

Saint  Ilia 

MURRAY. 

Rockville 

Lumber  City 

Stricklands 

Chaseville 

Stanfordville 

McRae's  Store 

Cohuttah  Springs 

Ocrnulgeeville 

WARREN. 

Coosawattee 

RABUN. 

Sugar  Creek 

Camak 

Dalton 

Tiger 

Temperance 

Double  Wells 

Fancy  Hill 
Holly  Creek 

RANDOLPH. 

THOMAS. 

Mayfield 

Pleasant  Valley 

Brooksville 

Boston 

WASHINGTON. 

Red  Clay 
Red  Hill 
Resaca 
Sugar  Valley 
Tilton 

Cotton  Hill 
Georgetown 
Herrodtown 
Lowel 
Nochvvay 

Duncanville 
Grooverville 
Ocklockney 
Station 

Curry's  Mills 
Davisboro' 
Hebron 
Irwin's  Cross  Roads 

Tunnel  Hill 

Petawla 

TROUP. 

ivConcc 

TVnnilln 

Woodlawn 

Pumpkintown 

Antioch 
Asbury 

J.  (  11  in  lie 

Warthcn's  Store 

MUSCOGEE. 

RICHMOND. 

Cane  Point 

Bald  Hill 
Halloca 

Belair 
McBeen 

Hoganville 
Long  Cane 

WAYNE. 

Pendarvis's  Store 

Jamestown 

Richmond  Factory 

Mountville 

Roland 

O'Neal's  Mills 

WILKES. 

Steam  Factory 

SCRIVEN. 

Troup  Factory 

Aonia 

Upatoie 

Armenia 

Vernon 

Centreville 

Black  Creek 

West  Point 

Danburg 

NEWTON. 

Buck  Creek 

Hutton's  Fork 

Brick  Store 

Halcyondale 

TWIGGS. 

Mallorysville 

Obnyers 
Leakesville 

Mill  Haven 
Mobley  Pond 

Jeffersonville 
Taversville 

Pistol  Creek 
Rehoboth 

100 


794 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


WILKINSON. 

Emmitt 

McDonald 

Cool  Spring 

Gordon 

Milton 

STATE  OF  FLORIDA. 

ALACHUA. 

Mandarin 

Waukeenah 

Fort  Clark 

Mayport  Mills 

Fort  Harley 

Middleburg 

LEON. 

Madisonboro' 

Centreville 

Mi  canopy 

ESCAMBIA. 

Mannington 

Warrington 

Miccosukee 

BENTON. 

Augusta 

FRANKLIN. 

LEVY. 

Fort  Dade 

Cedar  Key 

Homasassa 

GADSDEN. 

Fort  Fanning 

China  Hill 

Wakasassa 

CALHOUN. 

Rickoe's  Bluff 

Abe  Spring 
Blountstown 

OfVlPQPP 

Secluda 
HAMILTON. 

MADISON. 

Cherry  Lake 
Clifton 

v/Cnesee 

Saint  Joseph 

Bellville 
Jasper 

Mosely  Hall 
Stockton 

COLUMBIA. 

White  Springs 

Talofa 

Barbers 
Blount's  Ferry- 
Collins 
Columbus 
Ellisville 

HILLSBORO'. 

Ichepuckesassa 
Manatee 
Tampa 

MARION. 
Abraham  town 
Camp  Izard 
Flemington 
Lake  Griffin 

Little  River 
Mineral  Springs 
New  River 
Olustee 
Raulerson's  Ferry 
Suwannee  Shoals 

HOLMES. 
Cerro  Gordo 
Home  Spring 

JACKSON. 

Campbellton 

Long  Swamp 
Number  Two 
Ocola 
Okahumka 
Orange  Lake 
Orange  Springs 
Pineboro' 

DADE. 

Greenwood 

Volusia 

Miami 

Millwood 

Wacahootie 

DALLAS. 

JEFFERSON. 

MONROE. 

Aucilla 

DUVAL. 

Beaseley 

NASSAU. 

Hibernia 

Southerland 

Woodstock  Mills 

STATE   OF  ALABAMA. 

AUTAUGA. 

Fort  Browder 

New  Bethel 

Autaugaville 

Glennville 

Oak  Level 

Bear  Range 

Kings 

Oxford 

Calhoun 

Louisville 

Polkville 

Chestnut  Creek 

Midway 

Quitman 

Hartwood 

Mount  Andrew 

Rabbit  Town 

Independence 

Mount  Sereene 

Wehoga 

Milton 

White  Plains 

Mulberry 

BENTON. 

Prattville 

Alexandria 

BIBB. 

Robinson's  Spring 

Blue  Eye 

Maplesville 

Boiling  Spring 

Mars 

BALDWIN. 

Fort  Montpelier 

Cedar  Spring 
Corn  Grove 

Randolph 
Scottsville 

Honeycut 

Cove  Creek 

Stockton 

Fair  Plav 

BLOUNT. 

Ten  saw 

Griffin's  Creek 
Kemp's  Creek 

Blount  Spring 
Brooksville 

BARBOUR. 

Ladiga 

Chapultepec 

Cowikee 

Lamartine 

Douphin 

Eufaula 
Fort  B  arbour 

Mount  Polk 
Narrow  Valley 

Murphee's  Valley 
Summit 

I  Stephensville 
Toombsboro' 


ORANGE. 
Enterprise 
Jernigan 
New  Smyrna 

PUTNAM. 

Munsonville 

Pilatka 

Welaka 

ST.  JOHN'S. 
Picolata 

ST.  LUCIE. 

SANTA  ROSA. 
Coon  Hill 
Milton 

WAKULLA. 

Benhaden 
Newport 
Pawtuxet 
Shell  Point 
Sopchoppy 

WALTON. 
Alaqua 
Almirante 
Chestnut  Hill 
East  River    . 
Gentsville 
Uchee  Anna 

WASHINGTON 

Holmes  Valley 
Orange  Hill 
St.  Andrew's  Bay 
Vernon 


Village  Springs 
Violy 
Walnut  Grove 

BUTLER. 

Barges 

Butlerville 

Kirkville 

Manningham 

Millville 

Monterey 

Mount  Moriah 

Ridgeville 

South  Butler 

Starlington 

CHAMBERS. 

Bethlehem 
Cusseta 
Fredonia 
Gold  Hill 
Halawaka 


POST   OFFICES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


795 


Milltown 

Soccopatoy 

Clinton 

LIMESTONE. 

Mount  Hickory 
Mount  Jefferson 

Traveller's  Rest 
Wetumpka 

Forkland 
Greensboro' 

Bridgeforths 
Gilbertsboro' 

Oak  Bowery 
Osannippa 
Oselicha 

COVINGTON. 

Havanna 
Hollow  Square 
Hopewell 

Lucky  Hit 
Mooresville 
Shoal  Ford 

Sharon 

DALE. 

Knoxville 

White  Sulphur  Springs 

Wickliffe 

Barnes's  Cross  Roads 

Mount  Hebron 

Daleville 

Newbern 

LOWNDES. 

CHEROKEE. 

Honey  Town 

New  Prospect 

Benton 

Blue  Pond 
Cobb's  Mills 
Coloma 

Saw  Mill 
Scroggins's  Mills 
Wood  Shop 

Pleasant  Ridge 
Springfield 
Union 

Braggs 
Church  Hill 
Collirene 

Gadsden 

Farmersville 

Gaylesville 
Goshen 

DALLAS 

Burnsville 

HENRY. 

Columbia 

Hayneville 
Lowndesboro' 

Hannegan 
Leesburg 
Oceola 

Cambridge 
Carlows  ville 
Elm  Bluff 

Cureton's  Bridge 
Franklin 
Hilliardsville 

Manack 
Mount  Willing 
Sandy  Ridge 

Pleasant  Gap 

Fulton 

Lawrenceville 

Sunny  Side 

Ringgold 

Liberty  Hill 

Open  Pond 

Spring  Garden 

Moseley's  Grove 

MACON 

Straight  Neck 

Orrville 

JACKSON. 

Aberfoil 

Turkey  Town 

Pleasant  Hill 

Birmingham 

Auburn 

CHOCTAW. 
Barbour 
Barryton 

Bladen  Springs 

Portland 
Richmond 
Summerfield 
Westmoreland 
Woodlawn 

Bolivar 
Dodsonville 
Langston 
Larkin's  Fork 
Larkinsville 

Bainbridge 
Bug  Hall 
Chuneenuggee 
Cotton  Valley 
Cubehatchee 

Isney 
Kinterbish 

DE  KALB. 

Liberty 
Meadsville 

Cross  Keys 
Enon 

Mount  Sterling 

Annawaika 

Park's  Store 

Fort  Decatur 

Nicholson's  Store 

Atwood 

Princeton 

Fort  Henderson 

Pushmataha 
Tompkinsville 
William's  Cross  Roads 

CLARK. 

Coxville 
Duck  Spring 
Greenwood 
Hendricksville 
North  Bend 

Redman 
Rocky  Spring 
Sauta 
Trenton 

Loachapoka 
Lockland 
Notasulga 
Ridge  Grove 

Air  Mount 

Sand  Mountain 

JEFFERSON. 

Ridgely 
Society  Hill 

Bashi 
Choctaw  Corner 

Valley  Head 
Van  Buren 

Cedar  Grove 
Jonesboro' 

Union  Springs 
Uphaupee 

Coffeeville 

Worth 

Mexico 

Warrior  Stand 

Gainestown 

Mount  Pinson 

Gosport 

FAYETTE. 

4         1 

Oregon 

MADISON. 

Grove  Hill 
Jackson 
Saint  Paul 
Suggsville 
Wilderness 

Asbury 
Big  Pond 
Davis's  Creek 
Dublin 
Military  Springs 
Mill  Port 

Taylors 

Truss 

LAUDERDALE. 

Centre  Star 

Berkley 
Hadens 
Hazel  Green 
Madison  Cross  Roads 
Maysville 

COFFEE. 

Bentonville 
Coffee  Corner 

Newtonville 
Palo 
Sheffield 

Gravelly  Spring 
Green  Hill 
Ingram's  Cross  Roads 
Lauderdale  Factory 

MaredianVille 
New  Hope 
New  Market 
Triana 

Geneva 
Indigo  Head 
Oldtown 

FRANKLIN. 

Allsboro' 

Lexington 
Masonville 

Whitesburg 

Smut  Eye 

Blue  Lick 
Burleson 

Oakland 
Rogersville 

MARENGO. 
Clay  Hill 

CONECUH. 

Buzzard  Roost 

Slossburg 

Dayton 

Belleville 
Brooklyn 

Cane  Creek 
Checkhasaw 

Waterloo 
Westmorelandville 

Demopolis 
Dixon's  Mills 

Evergreen 
Nathans  ville 

Churubusco 
Court  House 

LAWRENCE. 

Hampden 
Jefferson 

Sepulga 

La  Grange 

Brickville 

Laurel  Hill 

Newburg 

Camp  Spring 

McKinley 

COOSA. 

Oak  Hill 

Courtland 

Macon 

Bradford 

Pleasant  Site 

Hillsboro' 

Montpelier 

Bulger's  Mills 

Rock  Creek 

Kinloch 

Nan  af  alia 

Buycksville 

South  Florence 

Landersville 

Pineville 

Equality 

Tuscumbia 

Leighton 

Shiloh 

Good  Water 

Mount  Hope 

Spencerville 

Hanover 

GREENE. 

Oakville 

Spring  Hill 

Nixburg 

"Boligee 

Wolf  Spring 

Sweet  Water 

796 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


MARION. 
Bexar 

Jericho 
Ocmulgee 

Lamington 
Nehamico 

Local 
Mardisville 

Canaan 

Perry  ville 

Olivet 

Maria  Forge 

Detroit 

Planters  ville 

Opelika 

Sylacauga 

Gold  Mine 

Radfordsville 

Oswichee 

Silver  Run 

Moscow 

Uniontown 

Salem 

Wewokaville 

Toll  Gate 

Sand  Fort 

PICKENS. 

Uchee 

TALLAPOOSA 

MARSHALL. 

Antioch 

Vilula 

Becketsville 

Aurora 

Bear  Creek 

Camp  Hill 

Beard's  Bluff 

Benevola 

SAINT  CLAIR. 

County  Line 

Big  Spring 

Carlyle 

Bennetsville 

Dudleyville 

Claysville 

Cochran's  Mills     - 

Branch  ville 

Fish  Pond 

Cottonville 

Fairfield 

Broken  Arrow 

Goldville 

Gunter's  Landing 

Gordo 

Crawford's  Cove 

Horse  Shoe  Bend 

Hillian's  Store 

H  in  ton's  Grove 

Cropwell 

Jackson's  Camp 

Kennamer 

Hope 

Green  sport 

Kowaliga 

Meltonsville 

Lacy's  Hill 

Kelly's  Creek 

Pickney  ville 

Mountain  Stand 

Mantua 

Mount  Niles 

Rome 

Oleander 

Memphis 

Springville 

Souchahatchee 

Red  Hill 

Olney 

Sulphur  Springs 

S  tow's  Ferry 

Zackary 

Pickensville 

Trout  Creek 

Tallassee 

Pleasant  Grove 

Wind  Creek 

MOBILE. 

Providence 

SHELBY. 

Youngsville 

Mount  Vernon 

Reform 

Bridgeton 

Vienna 

Cove 

TUSCALOOSA. 

MONROE. 

Yorkville 

Harpersville 

Buck  Creek 

Bell's  Landing 

Highland 

Buckland 

Buena  Vista 

PIKE. 

Lee's  Cove 

Carthage 

Burnt  Corn 

Blue  Creek 

Montevallo 

Fosters 

Clauselville 

China  Grove 

Shelby  Springs 

Jena 

Monroeville 

Edgefield 

Wilsonville 

Me  Maths 

Mount  Pleasant 

Farriorsville 

Woodsboro' 

Monterey 

Polk 

Fryer's  Bridge 

New  Lexington 

Turnbull 

Gainer's  Store 

SUMTER. 

Northport 

Indian  Creek 

Belmont 

North  River 

MONTGOMERY. 

Missouri 

Berlin 

Oregonia 

Argus 

Monticello 

Bluff  port 

Romulus 

Goto  ma 

Oluste  Creek 

Brewersville 

Sipsey  Turnpike 

Hickory  Grove 

Orion 

Brown's  Bluff 

Trion 

Hawthorn 

Pea  River 

Gainesville 

Line  Creek 
Mount  Meigs 
Oak  Grove 

White  Water 
RANDOLPH. 

Gaston 
Intercourse 
Jones's  Bluff 

Chilton's  Mills 
Eldridge 

Pine  Level 
Pintlala 

Arbacoochee 
Chulafune 

New  York 
Payneville 

Gap 
Holly  Grove 

Prune  Hill 

Eastville 

Penola 

Jasper 

Ramer 

High  Pine 

Sumterville 

Thornhill 

•\r        i 

Sharpesville 

Lamar 

Warsaw 

York 

Strata 

Lee's  Ridge 

WASHINGTON. 

Tiara 

Louina 

TALLADEGA. 

New  Wakefield 

Molino 

Bluff  Spring 

Pleasant  Valley 

MORGAN. 

Oakfusky 

Bowdon 

Apple  Grove 

Pinetucky 

Brownsville 

WILCOX. 

Basham's  Gap 

Roanoke 

Cedar  Tree 

Allenton 

Blue  Spring 

Rockdale 

Chinnibee 

Bethel 

Cedar  Plains 

Rock  Mills 

Coleta 

Black's  Bluff 

Decatur 

Weedowee 

Conchardee 

Camden 

Houston's  Store 

Wehadkee 

Court  Hill 

Canton 

Lacey's  Spring 
Mount  Hill 

Wesobulga 
Winston 

Favetteville 
Fife 

Creag's  Mill 
Lower  Peach  Tree 

Trinity 

Hatchers 

Parnassus 

RUSSELL. 

Hickory  Level 

Pine  Hill 

PERRY. 

Burrsville 

Hillabee 

Prairie  Bluff 

Brush  Creek 

Dover 

Kelly's  Springs 

Snow  Hill 

Chestnut  Hill 

Fort  Mitchell 

Kingville 

Upper  Peach  Tree 

Hamburg 

Girard 

Kimulga 

Wolf  Creek 

POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


797 


STATE   OF  MISSISSIPPI. 


ADAMS. 

Pigeon  Roost 

Rfceville 

Scotland 

Palestine 

Poplar  Creek 

Union  Church 

Snowsville 

HARRISON. 

AMITE. 

Stateland 

Biloxi 

JONES. 

Centreville 

Flint  Creek 

Ellisville 

Rose  Hill 

CLARK. 

Mississippi  City 

Pinnellville 

Smith  Dale 

Beaverdam 

Pass  Christian 

Pool's  Mills 

Tolers 

Energy 

Enterprise 

HINDS. 

KEMPER. 

ATTALA. 

Falling  Spring 

Auburn 

Big  Oak 

Attalaville 

Mackesville 

Bolton's  Depot 

Blackwater 

Bluff  Springs 

Quitman 

Browsville 

Bloomlield 

Burkittsville 

Shoobota 

Cayuga 

Centre  Ridge 

Newtonville 

Clinton 

Herbert 

Planters 

COAHOMA. 

Edwards's  Depot 

Oaktibbeha 

Rocky  Point 

Delta 
Friar's  Point 

Line  Store 
Meridian  Springs 

Rocky  Mount 
Scoober 

BOLIVAR. 

Mississippi  Springs 

Waholock 

Bolivar 

COPIAH. 

Newtown 

Concordia 

Burtonton 

Raymond 

LA  FAYETTE. 

Content 

Collamer 

Spring  Ridge 

Abbeville 

Glencoe 

Copiah  Creek 

TT    •                                ° 

Utica 

Banner 

Victoria 

Gallatin 

Caswell 

Georgetown 

HOLMES. 

College  Hill 

CARROLL. 

Hargrave 

Ashville 

Dallas 

Albemarle 

Linden 

Ebenezer 

Delay 

Beckville 

Pine  Bluff 

Emory 

Green  Valley- 

Black  Hawk 

Eulogy 

La  Fayette  Springs 

Ceralvo 

COVINGTON 

Franklin 

Lapomba 

Coil  a 

Dry  Creek 

Lockhart's  Store 

Liberty  Hall 

Greenwood 

Jaynesville 

Richland 

Milton 

Hays's  Creek 

Mount  Carmel 

Tchula 

Mount  Sylvan 

Leflore 

Oakohay 

Wheeling 

Paris 

Middleton 

San  tee 

Sarepta 

Providence 

Wilkesburg 

ISSAQUENA. 

Sevier 

Shongalo 

Zion  Seminary 

Deer  Creek 

Spring  Dale 

Smith's  Mills 

DE  SOTO. 

Tennessee  Landing 

Wyatt 

CHICKASAW. 

Cockram 

ITAWAMBA. 

LAUDERDALB 

Benela 

Como 

Bolands 

Alamutcha 

Buena  Vista 

Dark  Corner 

Campbellton 

Battlefield 

Cherry  Hill 

Elm  Grove 

Cotton  Ridge 

Chunkeyville 

Clear  Spring 

Eutaw 

Cummingsville 

Daleville 

Dix  Creek 

Flewellin's  Cross  Roads 

Fremont 

Hurricane  Creek 

Erin 
Hohenlindcn 

Greenleaf 
Hancock 

Ironwood  Bluff 
Marietta 

Lauderdale  Spring* 
Ponta 

Hopewell 

Looxahoma 

Moorville 

Sageville 

Houlka 

Mount  Isabel 

Pleasanton 

Oak  Grove 

Olive  Branch 

Richmond 

LAWRENCE. 

Oko-lo-na 

Pleasant  Hill 

Saltilio 

Brookhaven 

Palq  Alto 

Senatobia 

Van  Buren 

Rayville 

Pikeville 

Tatesville 

West  Fulton 

Prairie  Mount 

Valley  Grove 

Woodlawn 

LEAKE. 

Sparta 

Yocony 

Edinburgh 

Yellow  Bush 

FRANKLIN. 

Hopahka 

Friendship 

JACKSON. 

Pensacola 

CLAIBORNE. 

Hamburg 

Cross  Roads 

Thomastown 

Grand  Gulf 

Koxville 

Jackson  Court  House 

Oakland  College 

Me  Call's  Creek 

Pascagoula 

LOWNDES. 

Rocky  Spring 

Barton 

Willow  Spring 

GREENE. 

JASPER. 

Caledonia 

Leakesville 

Claiborne 

Dailey's  Cross  Roada 

CHOCTAW. 

McLeods 

Garlandville 

Nashville 

Bankston 

McManus 

Hough's  Store 

Plymouth 

Fame 

Vernal 

Montrose 

Prairie  Hill 

French  Camps 

Waverly 

Horsepen 

HANCOCK. 

JEFFERSON. 

West  Point 

Hnntsville 

•  Gainesville 

Church  Hill 

Kilmichael 

Habolochitto 

Malcolm 

MADISON. 

Lodi 

Pearlington 

Rodney 

Beatie's  Bluff 

798 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Camden 

Brookville 

RANKIN. 

TUNICA. 

Livingston 

Cooksville 

Cato  Springs 

Austin 

Madisonville 

Deer  Brook 

Densontown 

Commerce 

Midway 

Gholson 

Monterey 

Pleasant  Grove 

Macon 

Steen's  Creek 

WARREN. 

Sharon 

Mushulaville 

Bovina 

Stump  Bridge 

Parkeville 

SCOTT. 

Cardiff 

Sulphur  Springs 

Prairie  Point 

Geeen  Bush 

Milldale 

Vernon 

X  Prairie 

Homewood 

Palmyra 

Williamstown 

Ludlow 

Warrenton 

OKTIBBEHA. 

Pulaski 

MAKION. 

Fordsville 
Spring  Cottage 
Tilton 

Ash  Creek 
Cedar  Bluff 
Choctaw  Agency 
Double  Springs 

SIMPSON. 
Mount  Zion 
Old  Hickory 

WASHINGTON. 
Point  Worthington 

WAYNE. 

MARSHALL. 
Bethlehem 
Byhalia 
Chulahoma 

Hickory  Grove 
Line  Creek 
Tampico 
Whitefield 

SMITH. 
Pineville 
Polkville 

Round  Pond 
Taylorton 

Coldwater 
Cornersville 

Yanaby 

Raleigh 
Taylorsville 

WILKINSON 

Cold  Spring 

Deep  Water 
Early  Grove 

PANOLA. 
Belmont 

SUNFLOWER. 

Fort  Adams 
Holly  Retreat 

Harry  Hill 
Holly  Springs 
Hudsonville 
Lamar 

Burlingham 
Long  Creek 
Longtown 
Maon 

TALLAHATCHEE. 

Charleston 
Tuscahoma 

Kellertown 
Percy's  Creek 
Rose  Hill 
Sibley's  Mills 

North  Mount  Pleasant 

Oak  Hill 

Whitesville 

Pink  Hill 

Peach  Creek 

TIPPAH. 

Ked  Banks 

Pleasant  Mount 

Black's  Store 

WINSTON. 

Snow  Creek 

Robinia 

Cotton  Plant 

Buckhorn 

Tacaluche 

Sledgeville 

Dry  Run 

Fearn's  Springs 

Tallaloosa 
Tiro 

Spring  Port 

Dumas 
Hatchy  Turnpike 

New  Prospect 
Noxapater 

Waterford 

PERRY. 

Hickory  Flat 

Webster 

MONROE 
Aberdeen 

Carlile's  Mills 
Monroe 

McLean's  Store 
Molino 
Orizaba 

YALOBUSHA. 

Athens 
Bigby  Fork 
Buttahatchy 
Camargo 
Grub  Springs 
Lawrence 

PIKE. 

China  Grove 
Conerlys 
Hope  Hill 
Millan 

Pleasant  Ridge 
Ruckersville 
Salem 
Shelby  Creek 
Spring  Hill 

Big  Creek 
California 
Cuddyhunk 
Graysport 
Grenada 
Jones's  Mills 

Quincy 
Smithville 
Splung 
Wesley 

PONTOTOC. 
Birmingham 
Buncomb 

TISHEMINGO. 
Bay  Springs 
Blaekland 
Bone  Yard 

Leightons 
Long  Percimmon 
Me  Gee's  Bridge 
Oakachickama 

Oakland 

NESHOGA. 

Cherry  Creek 
Coonewar 

Burtons 
Carrollsville 

v/HKldllU. 

Post  Oak 

Coffadeliah 
Muckalushy 
Pearl  Valley 
Philadelphia 
Tascinto 

Cotton  Grove 
Ellis  Town 
Fremont 
Harrisburg 
New  Albany 
Palmetto 

Cartersville 
Cripple  Deer 
Cross  Ridge 
Dan  torn 
Danville 
Eastport 

Preston 
Providence 
Sabougly 
Shannons 
Troy 
Water  Valley 

NEWTON. 

Pontotoc 

Farmington 

County  Line 
Talahatah 

Poplar  Spring 
Red  Land 

Hickory  Plains 
Highland 

YAZOO. 

Claibornesville 

Talasha 
Union 

Rocky  Ford 
Talibenela 

New  Hope 
Rienzi 

Dover 
Hendricks 

Tardyville 

Tripoli 

Lincoln 

NOXUBEE. 

Toccopola 

Walnut  Peak 

Satartia 

Brooklyn 

Wrightsville 

Yellow  Creek 

Yazoo  City 

STATE   OF  LOUISIANA. 

ASSUMPTION. 

Star 

New  River 

Big  Bend 

Albemarle 

Borodino 

Cranes  Forge 

ASCENSION. 

AVOYELLES. 

Holmesville 

Paincourtville 

Live  Oak 

Bayou  Rouge 

Mansura 

POST  OFFICES   IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


799 


Simms's  Port 

Rifle  Point 

De  Glaize 

Grand  Coteau 

BIENVILLE. 
Arcadia 
Buckhorn 

Routh's  Point 
Tooleys 
Union  Point 

Point  Jefferson 
Prairie  Mer  Rouge 

NATCHITOCHES. 

Plaquemine  Brulee 
Ville  Platte 
Washington 

Ringgold 

DE  SOTO. 

Adaies 

ST.  MARTIN'S. 

Saline 
Salt  Spring 
Sparta 

Ashland 
Black  Jack 
Grand  Cane 

Campti 
Cloutierville 
Coushattee  Chute 

Brean's  Bridge 
Fausse  Point 
New  Iberia 

Keche 

Grand  Ecore 

BOSSIER. 
Belleview 
Bossier  Point 
Council's  Cross  Roads 

Logansport 
Pleasant  Grove 
Pleasant  Hill 

Isle  Breville 
Saline  Mills 
Sonet 

ST.  MARY'S. 

Alligator 
Bayou  Ramois 
Centreville 

Pine  Flat 
Pineville 
Red  Land 
Sentell's  Store 

EAST  BATON  R6uGE. 
Burlington 
Manchac 

OPELOUSAS. 

ORLEANS. 
Fort  Pike 

Charenton 
Jeaneretts 
Pattersonville 

Stony  Point 

ST.  TAMMANY. 

CADDO. 

PLAQUEMINES. 

Lima 

Albany 

EAST  FELICIAUA. 

Mandeville 

Blossom  Hill 
Caddo 
Cookesville 

Clinton 
Mount  Willing 
Port  Hudson 

POINT  COUPEE. 

Atchafalaya 
Hermitage 

Marburyville 
Parkerville 
Pine  Grove 

Greenwood 

Saint  Cloud 

Livonia 

Sun 

CALCASIEU. 

Woodland 

Red  River  Landing 
The  Village 

TENSAS. 

Big  Woods 
Lake  Charles 

FRANKLIN. 

Butler 

Waterloo 
Williamsport 

Kirk's  Ferry 
Mound  Bavou 

Hurricane 

Water  Proof 

CALDWELL. 

Oakly 

RAPIDES. 

Castor 

J 

Big  Creek 

TERRE  BONNE. 

Copenhagen 

IBERVILLE. 

Cheneyville 

Tigerville 

Mount  Pleasant 

Bayou  Goula 
Gross  Tete 

Cotile 
Desrayauxville 

UNION. 

CARROLL. 

Deerfield 

Plaquemine 

Hineston 
Huddleston 

Cherry  Ridge 
Marion 

Lake  Carraway 
Monticello 

JACKSON. 
Brookline 

Jatt 
Walnut  Hill 

Mooresville 
Ouachita  City 

Pecan  Grove 
Swan  Lake 

CATAHOULA. 
Hap  Hazard 
Little  Prairie 

Dugdemona 
3rove  Hill 
Rochester 
Vernqn 
Vienna 

SABINE. 
Burr's  Ferry 
Fort  Jesup 
Mill  Creek 
Toro 

Shiloh 
Spear's  Store 

VERMILION 

Abbville 
Perry's  Bridge 

Parham's  Landing 
Roesfield 

JEFFERSON. 
Uarrollton 

ST.  BERNARD. 

WACHITA. 

Caldwells 

Trinity 
White  Sulphur  Springs 

LA  FAYETTE. 

ST.  CHARLES. 

McCutchons 

Forksville 
Indian  Village 

CLAIBORNE. 

Vermillionville 

Taylor 

Logtown 
Pine  Hills 

Allen's  Settlement 
Athens 

LA  FOURCHE. 

ST.  HELENA. 

Salmagundi 
Trenton 

Dorcheat 
Flat  Lick 
Franksville 
Minden 
Mount  Lebanon 

LIVINGSTON. 
Coelk 
Springfield 
Wadeboro' 

Darlington 
Dennis's  Mills 
Tangapaho 

ST.  JAMES. 

WASHINGTON. 

Franklin  ton 
Dak  Grove 
Palestine 

Quay 

MADISON 

Convenent 

Shady  Grove 

Scottsville 
Tiger  Creek 

Chesterfield 
Dallas 

ST.   JOHN  BAPTIST. 

Sibila 

Walnut  Creek 

Hilliken's  Bend 

Bonnet  Carre 

WEST  BATON  ROUGE. 

CONCORDIA. 

"Jew  Carthage 
Young's  Point 

Edgard 

Sruly  Landing 
Lobdell's  Store 

Fairview 

ST.  LANDRA. 

Flowery  Mound 
Monterey  Landing 

MOREHAUSE. 

jastrop 

Ballew's  Ferry 
Big  Cane 

WEST  FELICIANA 
Tunica 

800 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


STATE   OF    TEXAS. 


ANDERSON. 

CAMERON. 

Richmond 

JASPER 

Beaver 

Edinburgh 

Erin 

Elkheart 

Point  Isabel 

FREESTONE. 

Jasper 

loni 

Troy 

Magnolia  Spring 

Kickapoo 
Palestine 

CASS. 
Centre 

GALVESTON. 

Salem 
Union 

Plenitude 

Forest  Home 

Zavalla 

Sand  Spring 

Hickory  Hill 

GAUDALUPE. 

Jefferson 

JEFFERSON. 

ANGELINA. 

Smithland 

GILLESPIE. 

Beaumont 

Marion 

Unionville 

Fredericksburg 

Green's  Bluff 

Sumter 

Pattillos 

CHEROKEE. 

GOLIAD. 

Pine  Island 

AUSTIN. 

Analomink 

Pleasant  Grove 

Centre  Hill 

Jacksonville 

GONZALES. 

Sabine  City 

Industry 

Linwood 

Belmont 

Rock  Island 

Rusk 

China  Grove 

KAUFMAN. 

Sempronius 

Sulphur  Springs 

Black  Hill 

Shelby 

GRAY  SON. 

Cedar  Grove 

Swearingens 

COLLIN. 

Pilot  Grove 

College  Mound 

Travis 

McKinney 

Sherman 

Kaufman 

Millwood 

Washita 

Kemp 

BASTROP. 

Warsaw  Prairie 

Cunninghams 

COLORADO. 

GRIMES. 

Young's  Settlement 

Columbus 

Anderson 

KINNEY. 

Eagle  Lake 

Bedi 

Fort  Duncan 

BELL. 

Egypt 

Grimesville 

Nolans  ville 

Frclsburg 

Prairie  Plains 

LAMAR, 

Lake  Creek 

BEXAR. 

COMAL. 

HARRIS 

Paris 

Mineral  Springs 

New  Braumfels 

Hamblin 

Shockey's  Prairie 

Sun  Antonia 

San  Jacinto 

Sutherland  Springs 

DALLAS. 

Spring  Creek 

LAVACCA, 

Trier 

Dallas 

Hallettsville 

Duck  Creek 

HARRISON. 

Mustang 

BOWIE. 

Farmer's  Branch 

Ash  Spring 

Oakland 

Boston 

Pleasant  Run 

Concord 

Petersburg 

De  Kalb 

Elysian  Fields 

Rocky  Mills 

Moores 

DENTON. 

Glade  Spring 

Myrtle  Springs 

Alton 

Joncsville 

LEON. 

Denton  Creek 

Marshall 

Centreville 

BRAZORIA. 

Port  Caddo 

Leona 

Cedar  Lake 

DE   WITT. 

Powellton 

Navarro 

Columbia 

Clinton 

Reel  Foot 

Siam 

Gulf  Prairie 

Cuero 

Union  Springs 

Hinds 

Live  Oak 

LIBERTY. 

Liverpool 

Yorktown 

HENDERSON 

Anahuac 

San  Louis 

Athens 

Cedar  Bayon 

Solitude 

ELLIS. 

Buffalo 

Grand  Cane 

Velasco 

"Waxahachie 

Johns 

HOPKINS. 

Liberty 

BZAZOS. 

FANNIN. 

Blackjack  Grove 

Swartwout 

Boonville 

Bonham 

Pleasant  Hill 

West  Liberty 

Millican 

Honey  Grove 

Sulphur  Bluff 

Licke 

Tarrant 

LIMESTONE. 

BURLESON 

Warren 

White  Oak 

Alta  Springs 

Caldwell 
Prospect 
String  Prairie 

FAYETTE. 
Black  Jack 

HOUSTON. 
Crockett 

Springfield 
Tiwockony  Springs 

Fayetteville 

San  Pedro 

MATAGORDA. 

CALDWELL. 

La  Grange 

Caney 

Lockhart 
Plumb  Creek 

Lyons 
Millers 

HUNT. 

Greenville 

Matagorda 
Sugar  Land 

Round  Top 

Hooker 

CALHOUN. 

Rutersville 

Timber  Creek 

MEDINA. 

Jndianola 

Turkey  Creek 

Castroville 

La  Salle 

FORT   BEND. 

Port  La  Vaca 

Big  Creek 

JACKSON. 

MILAM. 

Saluria 

Clear  Lake 

Morales  De  Lavaca 

Cameron 

Hodge's  Bend 

Texana 

Nashville 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


801 


Waco  Village 

POLK. 

Milam 

Mount  Hope 

Cold  Spring 

Pendleton 

Providence  Hill 

MONTGOMERY. 

Greens 

Sabine  Town 

Ratcliffs 

Danville 

Livingston 

Town  Bluff 

Montgomery 

McGees 

SAN  AUGUSTINE. 

Wilsons 

Shannons 

Palmers 

Smithfield 

SAN   PATRICK). 

UPSHUR. 

NACOGDOCHES. 

San  Patricio 

Earpville 

Douglass 

RED  RIVER. 

Gilead 

Flournoys 

Kiomatia 

SHELBY. 

Gilmer 

Linn  Flat 

Maple  Springs 

Ashtons 

Hopewell 

Melrose 

Monterey 

Buena  Vista 

Pine  Tree 

Nacogdoches 

Pine  Bluffs 

Courtland 

Red  Rock 

Savannah 

Hamilton 

NAVARRO. 

Hilliards 

VANZANT. 

Bazett 

REFUGIO. 

White  Cottage 

Barren  Ridge 

Chamber's  Creek 

Aransas 

Four  Mile  Prairie 

Corsicana 

Copano 

SMITH. 

Meltons 

Lamar 

Canton 

VICTORIA. 

Musket 
Red  Oak 

Refugio 

Flora 
Gum  Spring 

Gaudelupe 
Victoria 

Richland  Crossing 

ROBERTSON. 

Neche's  Saline 

Spring  Hill 

Caldwelt 

Oldenburg 

WALKER. 

Franklin 

Summer  Grove 

Cincinnati 

NEWTON. 

Wheelock 

Tyler 

Huntsville 

Burkeville 

Mitchells 

Gotland 

RUSK. 

STARR, 

Star 

Cypress  Crossings 
Midway 

Anadarco 
Belleview 

Roma 

WASHINGTON. 

New  Columbia 

Caledonia 

TITUS. 

Brenham 

Salem 

Cotton  Plant 

Daingerficld 

Chapel  Hill 

NUECES. 

Fredonia 
Henderson 

Gray  Rock 
Lone  Star 

Gay  Hill 
Independence 

PANOLA. 

Millville 

Mount  Pleasant 

Long  Point 

Bethany 

Minden 

Oak  Grove 

Carthage 

Mount  Enterprise 

Union  Bridge 

WEBB. 

Fair  Play 

New  Salem 

Grand  Bluff 

Pine  Hills 

TRAVIS. 

WHARTON. 

Jones 

Rabbit  Creek 

Gilleland  Creek 

Preston 

Kinlock 

San  Cosme 

Manchac  House 

Wharton 

McMillans 

Sand  Hills 

Merrilltown 

Parrys 
Pulaski 

Waiting's  Ferry 

San  Marco 
Webber's  Prairie 

WILLIAMSON. 

Bushy  Creek 

Reed's  Settlement 

SABINE. 

Blue'Hill 

Sugar  Hill 

Bear  Creek 

TYLER. 

Georgetown 

Walnut  Hill 

Longwood 

Bendy's  Landing 

San  Gabriel 

STATE   OF  ARKANSAS. 

ARKANSAS. 

Gravel  Ridge 

Tahlequah 

Arkadelphia 

Crockett's  Bluff 

Lanark 

Terre  Noir 

La  Grew  Springs 

Long  View 

CHICOT. 

Niccottoo 

Mount  Elba 

Bartholomew 

CONWAr. 

Saint  Charles 

Columbia 

Cadron 

South  Bend 

CARROLL. 

Gaines's  Landing 

Fitz  Henry 

Ashley 

Grand  Lake 

Glass  Village 

ASHLEY. 

Carroll  ton 

Hawkins's  Landing 

Hurricane         « 

Fountain  Hill 

Crooked  Creek 

Levvisburg 

Hawkins's  Landing 

Hussaw 

CHOGTAW. 

BARTHOLOMEW. 

King's  River 
Osage 

Armstrong  Academy 
Boggy  Depot 

CRAWFORD. 

Belmont 

Cliocfaw  Agency 

Natural  Dam 

BENTON. 

CHICK  AS  AW. 

Doaksville 

The  Narrows 

Bentonville 

Fort  Washita 

Esigletown 

Double  Spring 

Wheelock 

CREEK. 

Maysville 

CHEROKEE. 

Creek  Agency 

Pea  Ridge 

Baptist  Mission 

CLARK. 

Robinson's  Cross  Roads 

Flint 

Alphine 

CR1TTENDEN. 

BRADLEY. 

Fort  Gibson 
Grand  Saline 

Amity 
Anvil 

Alligator 
Bledsoe's  Landing 

Eagle  Creek 

Kidron 

Antoin 

Blue's  Point 

101 


802 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Council  Bend 

Sulphur  Rock 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Oakland  Grove 

Grayson 

Wallace  Creek 

Canadian 

Ten  Mile  Point 

Oldham 

Wolf  Bayou 

Harding's  Point 

Hickman's  Bend 

PULASKI. 

DALLAS. 

IZARD. 

Mill  Bayou 

Mary 

Beech  Bluff 

Benbrook's  Mills 

Pecan  Point 

Maumelle 

Cachemasso 

Mount  Olive 

Chambersville 

North  Fork 

MONROE. 

RANDOLPH. 

Chappell 

Rich  Woods 

Aberdeen 

Fourche  Dumas 

Holly  Springs 

Rocky  Bayou 

Clarendon 

Hanauer's  Store 

•f             A.                O 

Moro 

Round  Bottom 

Lawrenceville 

Hixe's  Ferry 

Stover 

Sylamore 

Rough  and  Ready 

Pocahontas 

Tulip 

Wild  Haus 

Surrounded  Hills 

Spring  Creek 

Tullyville 

DESHA. 

JACKSON. 

Valley  Grove 

ST.  FRANCIS. 

Bellville 

Augusta 

Watensaw 

Bridge 

Fair  Forrest 

Jacksonport 

Gage's  Point 

Laconia 

Kenyon 

MONTGOMERY. 

Green  Plains 

Napoleon 

Mount  Pinson 

Akins's  Store 

Languelle 

White  River 

Caddo  Cove 

Mill  Ridge 

Wileyville 

JEFFERSON. 

Centre  ville 

Mount  Vernon 

Camp  Creek 

Harold 

Oakland 

DREW. 

Darysaw 

Montgomery 

Saint  Francis 

Cut  Off 

Lehi 

Mount  Ida 

Wittsburg 

Holly  Point 
Lacey 

New  Gascony 
Pine  Bluff 

NEWTON. 

SALINE. 

Relfs  Bluff 

Plum  Bayou 

Borland 

Collegeville 

Richland 

Jasper 

Hurricane  Creek 

FRANKLIN. 

Rob  Roy 

Mount  Parthenon 

Lost  Creek 

Cass 

White  Oak 

Walnut  Fork 

Owensville 

Charles  town 

Pleant  Hill 

JOHNSON. 

PERRY. 

SCOTT. 

Point  Prairie 

Basham's  Mills 

Black  Jack 

Roseville 

Brownsville 

PHILIPS. 

Cross  Roads 

Clarksville 

Barneys 

Parks 

FULTON. 

Griffins 

Beech  Grove 

Revilee 

Bennett's  River 

Horse  Head 

Big  Creek 

Tumlinsonville 

Franklin 

Morrison's  Bluff 

Mooney 

Waldron 

Rapp's  Barrens 

Piney 

Fittsburg 

North  Creek 
Oldtown 

SEARCY. 

GREENE. 

Point  Meers 

Planters 

Locust  Grove 

Chalk  Bluff 

Shoal  Creek 

Sterling 

Point  Peter 

Gainesville 

Walnut  Bend 

Wiley's  Cove 

Greensboro' 
Lorado 

LA   FAYETTE. 

Walnut  Ridge 

SEBASTIAN. 

Oak  Bluffs 
Oak  Ridge 
Walcott 

Hurricane  Hill 
Walnut  Hill 

PIKE. 
Huddleston 
Wilton 

Fort  Smith 
James's  Fork 
Jenny  Lind 

HEMPSTEAD. 

LAWRENCE. 

POINSETT. 

Sugar  Loaf 

Clark's  Mills 

Barry 

Farm  Hill 

SEVIER. 

Columbus 

Canton 

Greenfield 

Brown  stown 

Fulton 
Graves 
Justus's  Mills 
Marlbrook 
Mine  Creek 

Clover  Bend 
Evening  Shade 
Powhatan 
Red  Bank 
Reed's  Bank 

Johnston 
Walnut  Camp 

POLK. 
Cove 

Centre  Point 
Lions's  Beard 
Piraclifta 
Rocky  Comfort 
Saline 

Mount  Moria 
Spring  Hill 

Smithville 
Spring  River 

Panther 

Stewart's  Springs 

Ultima  Thule 
UNION. 

HOT  SPRINGS. 

MADISON. 

POPE. 

Beaver  Ruin 

Fair  Play 

Huntsville 

Dardanelle 

Beechland 

Midway 

Saint  Paul 

Dover 

Champagnolle 

Pleasant  Ridge 
Rockport 

Titsworth 
War  Eagle 

Dwight 
Gaily  Creek 

Cornie 
El  Dorado 

Scotia 

Hillsboro' 

INDEPENDENCE. 

MARION. 

Sulphur  Springs 

Lisbon 

Alder  Brook 

Buffalo  City 

Oakville 

Curia 

Rolling  Prairie 

PRAIRIE. 

Wilmington 

Oil  Trough 

Worth 

Des  Acre 

Pleasant  Plains 

Yellville 

Duvall's  Bluff 

VAN   BUREN. 

Poke  Bayou 

Brunswick 

Clinton 

Rock  Point 

MILLER, 

Hickory  Plain 

Kinderhook 

POST   OFFICES  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


803 


Quitman 

WASHITA. 

Liberty 

Stony  Point 

Berkley 

Locust  Bayou 

WASHINGTON. 

Bucna  Vista 

Luda 

YELL. 

Boonsboro' 

Buffalo 

Quincy 

Chickalah 

Elm  Springs 
Evansville 

Caney 
Freeo 

Seminary 
Woodlawn 

Parkersburg 
Petite  Jean 

Hilochee 

Godbold 

Pleasant  Valley 

Sylva 

Lamartine 

WHITE. 

Prairie  Creek 

Taney 

Leake's  Store 

Cold  Well 

Rock  Creek 

West  Fork 

STATE   OF  TENNESSEE. 

ANDERSON. 

CAMPBELL. 

South  Harpeth 

Tunnell 

Loy's  Cross  Roads 

Buffalo  Creek 

South  Nashville 

Winchester  Springs 

Olivers 

Fincastle 

Stewart's  Ferry 

Robertsville 

Grantsboro' 

Sycamore  Mills 

FENTRESS. 

Ross 

Lost  Creek 

Boiling  Spring 

Wallace's  Cross  Roads 

Pouch  Creek 

DECATUR. 

Coopersville 

Wilsons 

Straight  Fork 

Bath  Springs 

Hale's  Mills 

Decaturville 

Jamestown 

BEDFORD. 

CANNON. 

Hermitage 

Pall  Mall 

Fairfield 

Auburn 

Perryville 

Flat  Creek 

Bradyville 

GIBSON. 

Richmond 

Mechanicsville 

DE  KALB. 

Antioch 

Rich  Valley 

Alexandria 

Bluff  Springs 

Rover 

CARROLL. 

Liberty 

Chester 

Rowesville 

Buena  Vista 

Republican  Grove 

Eaton 

Sinking  Creek 

Christmasville 

Sligo 

Gibson's  Wells 

Unionville 

Hecla 

Temperance  Hall 

Hen  ings 

Wartrace 

Hico 

Hope  Hill 

Macedonia 

DICKSON. 

Pond  Hill 

BENTON. 

McLemoresville 

Barton's  Creek 

Poplar  Grove 

Camden 

Martin's  Creek 

Bellsburg 

Quincy 

Chapultepec 

Roan's  Creek 

Danielsville 

Shady  Grove 

Chaseville 

Sandy  Bridge 

Rossland 

Shiloh 

Eagle  Creek 

South  Carroll 

Williamsville 

South  Gibson 

Morgan's  Creek 

Standardville 

Trenton 

Scwanee 

Terryville 

DYER. 

Waterford 

Wills's  Point 

Chestnut  Bluffs 

Yorkville 

CARTER. 

Dyersburg 

BLEDSOE. 

Dugger's  Ferry 

Friendship 

GILES. 

Crossville 

Happy  Valley 

Grove  Mount 

Bethel 

Fillmore 

Roan  Mountain 

Bodenham 

Foster's  Cross  Roads 

FAYETTE. 

Brads  haw 

Grassy  Cove 

CLAIBORNE. 

Belmont 

Bunker's  Hill 

Mount  Airy 

Big  Barren 

Colleton 

Campbells  ville 

Nine  Mile 

Cumberland  Gap 

Concordia 

Cornersville 

Ormes's  Store 

Head  of  Barren 

Ebenezer 

Elk  Ridge 

Roberson's  Cross  Roads 

Old  Town 

Egypt 

Elkton 

Speedwell 

Fayette  Corner 

Lamartine 

BLOUNT. 

Sycamore 

Hickory  Withe 

Lvnnville 

Cade's  Cove 

Yellow  Springs 

Ispahan 

Mid  Bidge 

Chilhowee 

La  Grange 

Prospect 

Clover  Hill 

COCKE. 

Laurel  Creek 

Richland 

Cloyd's  Creek 

Parrottsville 

Macon 

Shoal  Spring 

Ellejoy 

Wilsonville 

Mount  Comfort 

Vale  Mills 

Friendsville 

Moscow 

White  Hill 

Little  River 

COFFEE. 

Nonconner 

Louisville 

Beech  Grove 

Oakland 

GRAINGER. 

Marys  ville 

Hickorv  Creek 

Sandy  Spring 

Austin's  Ferry 

Morgan  town 

Hillsboro' 

White  Hall 

Bean's  Station 

Plum  Grove 

Wolf  River 

Blain's  Cross  Roads 

Tuckaleechee  Cove 

DAVIDSON. 

Bull  Run 

Unitia 

Chestnut  Grove 

FRANKLIN. 

Cedar  Ford 

Elm  Hill 

Alisonia 

Clear  Spring 

BRADLEY. 

Franklin  College 

Crow  Creek 

__                r        *> 

Haynes 

Charleston 

Gulistan 

Elk  River 

Marshall's  Ferry 

Chataty 

Julia  Dean 

Hawkerville 

Morristown 

Flint  Springs 

Mansker's  Creek 

Marble  Hill 

Powder  Spring  Gap 

Stony  Point 

Mount  View 

Salem 

Red  Hill 

Ridge  Post 

Tullahoma 

Redwood 

804                             POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

Rocky  Spring 

Van  Hill 

Flynn's  Lick 

Kinderhook 

Spring  House 

War  Gap 

Fort  Blount 

Lvnchburg 

Tampico 

Yellow  Store 

Granville 

Millville 

Thorn  Hill 

Hamilton  Landing 

Molino 

HARDIN. 

Highland 

Mulberry 

GREENE. 

Coffee  Landing 

Kossuth 

Norris's  Creek 

Bay  Mount 

Hamburg 

Lodi 

Oregon 

Camp  Creek 

Lowryville 

Mayfield 

Petersburg 

Caney  Branch 

Red  Sulphur  Springs 

Meigsville 

Pleasant  Plains 

Carter's  Station 

Saltillo 

Pekin 

Prospect  Hill 

Cedar  Creek 

Smith's  Fork 

North  Spring 

Robinson's  Store 

Clear  Creek 

White  Plains 

Viney  Grove 

Graysburg 

HAYWOOD. 

Whitleyville 

Gustavus 

Brownsville 

McMINN. 

Henderson's  Mill 

Cageville 

JEFFERSON. 

Calhoun 

Horse  Creek 

Carolina 

Chucky  Bend 

Can  trolls  Cross  Roadi 

Laurel  Gap 

Cherryville 

Lead  vale 

Coghill 

Limestone  Springs 
Little  Chucky 
Newmansville, 

Copan 
Dancyville 
Lancfield 

Mill  Spring 
Mossy  Creek 
New  Market 

Facility 
Hamilton  Cross  Roads 
Jalapa 

Rheatown 

Rusk 

Oak  Grove 

Mantua 

Romeo 

Wesley 

Panther  Springs 

Oxford 

Timber  Ridge 

Woodville 

Russellville 

Warren  sburg 

Spring  Vale 

McNAIRY. 

HENDERSON. 

Snoddyville 

Adamsville 

GRUNDY. 

Hurricane  Creek 

Strawberry  Plains 

Anderson's  Store 

Chesterfield 

Jack's  Creek 

Trion 

Huggin's  Creek 

Cumberland 

Juno 

Tuckahoe 

Jones's  Mills 

Pelham 

Lexington 

Monterey 

Middle  Fork 

JOHNSON. 

Montezuma 

HAMILTON. 

Mifflin 

Pandora 

Morse  Creek 

Chattenooga 

Nero 

Shady 

Mud  Creek 

Chickumoga 

Pleasant  Exchange 

Rose  Creek 

Cozby 

Red  Mound 

KNOX. 

Stantonville 

Julian  Gap 

Scott's  Hill 

Acadcmia 

Tatesville 

Limestone 

Shady  Hill 

Beaver  Ridge 

Loddy 

Tippecanoe 

Campbell's  Station 

MACON. 

Long  Savannah 

Church  Grove 

Alton  Hill 

Merrv  Oaks 

HENRY. 

Flint  Gap 

Brooks's  Tanyard 

Sail  Creek 

Albany 

Gap  Creek 

La  Fayette 

Snow  Hill 

Barren  Hill 

Mecklenburg 

Meadorville 

Westview 

Caledonia 

Racoon  Valley 

Red  Boiling  Springs 

Zion  Hill 

Cheap  Valley 

Woodbourne 

Como 

MADISON. 

HANCOCK. 
Allen's  Station 

Con  yers  villa 
Ell  Grove 

LAUDERDALE. 
Cane  Bottom 

Andrew  Chapel 
Cotton  Grove 

Copper  Ridge 
Mulberry  Gap 

Manlwille 
Mansfield 

Cottage  Hill 
Dry  Hill 

Denmark 
Mason's  Creek 

Sneedsville 

Mount  Holyoke 

Durhamville 

Medon 

Trent's  Chapel 

Mouth  of  Sandy 

Fulton 

Mount  Pinson 

Sandy  Hill 

Walnut  Post 

Oakville 

HARDEMAN. 

J 

Poplar  Corner 

Audubon 

HICKMAN. 

LAWRENCE. 

Spring  Creek 

Black  Oak  Grove 

Beaver  Dam  Springs 

Cass 

^  r       o 

Clover  Port 

Bon  Aqua 

Henry 

MARION. 

Crainsville 

Centreville 

Morth  Bend 

Battle  Creek 

Matamora 

Duck  River 

Palo  Alto 

Cheeksville 

Middleburg 

Lick  Creek 

Sugar  Creek          . 

Coop's  Creek 

Moore's  Cross  Roads 
New  Castle 

Palestine 
Pleasantville 

Wayland's  Springs 
West  Point 

Dadsville 
Fairview 

Nubbin  Ridge 

Totty's  Bend 

Looney's  Creek 

Van  Buren 

LEWIS. 

Soqu-atchee 

Whiteville 

Willuims's  Store 

HUMPHREYS. 

Waverly 

Hampshire 

Walden's  Ridge 
Walnut  Valley 

White  Oak 

LINCOLN. 

HAWKINS. 

Boon's  Hill 

MARSHALL 

Lee  Valley 

JACKSON. 

Camargo 

Belfast 

Lvons's  Store 

Bennett's  Ferry 

Cane  Creek 

Berlin 

Marble  Hall 

Buck  Point 

Chestnut  Ridge 

Caney  Spring 

Mill  Bend 

Butler's  Landing 

Cyruston 

Catalpa  Grove 

Mooreshurg 

Celina 

Gas  Factory 

Chapel  Hill 

New  Canton 

Clcmentsville 

George's  Store 

Cochransville 

Saint  Clair 

Double  Springs 

Gill's  Store 

Farmington 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


805 


.Moore  ^  ville 

OBION. 

Hall's  Hill 

White  Top 

New  Hope 
Spring  Place 

Bulah 
IVemont 
leelfoot 

efferson 
ordan's  Valley 
,as  Casas 

SUMNER. 

Castalian  Springs 

MAURY. 

Silver  Top 
Totten's  Wells 

dillersburg 
Hilton 

fountain  Head 
jreenwood 

Ash  wood 
Bigbyville 

OVERTON. 

leadyville 
Stewartsboro' 

[annas 
lartsville 

Hope  Hill 
Hurt's  Cross  Roads 
Isom's  Store 

<\>x  Spring 
lilham 
x>cust  Shade 

Vaughn  Valley 
Versailles 

lendersonville 
tlontgomery 
lock  House 

Kinnard's  Store 
Mount  Pleasant 

Monroe 
Sutherland 

SCOTT, 
luntsville 

>ree  Springs 
Willow  Grove 

Pleasant  Grove 
Poplar  Ridge 

Nettle  Carier 
Oak  Hill 

SEVIER. 

Wirt  College 

Rallv  Hill 
Rich  Hill 

Oakley 
Dlympus 

Soyd's  Creek 
?air  Garden 

TIPTON. 
Jeaver  Dam  Forks 

Santa  Fe 
Screamers  ville 
Silver  Creek 

Sycamore  Grove 
Walnut  Grove 
West  Fork 

lenry's  Cross  Roads 
3igeon  Forge 
Trundle's  Cross  Roads 

51oomington 
^ovington 
Jortersville 

Spring  Hill 
Williamsport 

PERRY. 

Walden's  Creek 
Wear's  Cove 

Randolph 

Beardstown 

VAN   BUREN. 

MEIGS. 

Botanick  Garden 

SHELBY. 

WARREN. 

Decatur 

Buffalo 

Ammonia 

Goodfield 
Kelly's  Ferry 
Kincannon's  Ferry 
Mouth  Hewassee 
Pine  Land 
Sewee 
Ten  Mile  Stand 

Linden 
Woods 

POLK. 

Canasauga 
Columbus 
Culchote 

Big  Creek 
Collicrsville 
Germantown 
Greenbottom 
Hazel  Flat 
Loosahatchee 
Memphis 

Uaney  Fork 
Dlearmont 
trving  College 
Rock  Island 
Rocky  River 
Rough  and  Ready 
Trousdale 

Greasy  Creek 

Morning  Sun 

WASHINGTON. 

MONROE. 

Ocoa 

Rosstown 

Ball  Play 

Red  Spring 

Sulphur  Well 

ijliic  JL  lum 
Boon's  Creek 

Citico 

Springtown 

SMITH. 

Cox's  Store 

Coker  Creek 

Sylco 

T»           J      JJ 

Green  Meadow 

Four  Mile  Branch 
Madisonville 
Midway 
Mount  Vernon 
Philadelphia 
Rockville 
Sweet  Water 
Tellico  Plains 
Towee  Falls 

RHEA. 

Eagle  Furnace 
Smith's  Cross  Roads 
Sulphur  Springs 

ROANE. 
Barnardsville 
Belleville 

Bagdad 
Clinton  College 
Convenient 
Dixon's  Springs 
Gordonsville 
Lancaster 
Montrose 
Peyton's  Creek 
Pleasant  Shade 

James  Cross  Roads 
Leesburg 
Locust  Mount 
Long  Mire 
Washington  College 
Watauga  Bend 

WAYNE. 

Ashland 

MONTGOMERY. 

Asbury 

Blooming  Grove 

Blair's  Ferry 
Cross  Keys 
Eagle  Furnace 
Emory  Iron  Works 
Erie 

Rome 
Witcher's  Cross  Roads 

STEWART. 
Cumberland  Iron  Works 

Carrollville 
Clifton 
Cypress  Inn 
Factor's  Fork 
Houston 

Daleys 
Fred  on  i  a 

Lenoirs 
Post  Oak  Springs 

Hope 
Indian  Mound 

Pleasant  Valley 
Sorbv 

Henrietta 

Seven  Islands 

Line  Port 

OVJI  Uj 

Johnsons 

Wood's  Hill 

New  Portland 

Victory 

Little  Grove       [Roads 

Wrightsville 

Onward 

WEAKLY. 

McAllister's  Cross 
Meriville 

ROBERTSON. 

Standing  Rock 
Tobacco  Port 

Boydsville 
Dresden 

New  Providence 
New  York 

Bainbridge 
Barren  Plain 

SULLIVAN. 

Flemings 
Irvine's  Store 

Onecho 

Fiser's  Cross  Roads 

Arcadia 

Locust  Grove 

Palmyra 

Labanus 

Campbell's  Rest 

Mount  Warren 

Port  Royal 

Mitchells  ville 

Clover  Bottom 

Old  Hickory 

Richardsons 

Mulloys 

Eden's  Ridge 

Palmer's  Store 

Ringgold 

Red  River 

Gott's  Cross  Roads 

Philipsville 

Sailor's  Rest 

Rose  Hill 

Greenfield 

Pillowville 

Tennessee  Iron  Works 

Thomasville 

Hiltons 

Winston 

Wheatly's  Mills 

Turnersville 

Holston  Valley 

Yellow  "Creek  Furnace 

RUTHERFORD. 

Kingsport 
Mill  Point 

WHITE. 
Bon  Air  Springs 

MORGAN. 

Carlockville 

Paperville 

Cave 

Crooked  Fork 
Long  View 

Cherry  Flat 
Fosterville 

Poor  Hill 
Rockholds 

Dry  Valley 
Falling  Water 

806 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Gearsville 

Good  Spring 

Triune 

Green  Hill 

Newark 

Harpeth 

West  Harpeth 

Halifax               [Roada 

River  Hill 

Hill's  Valley 

White  House 

Huddleston's   Cross 

Jordan's  Store 

Legado 

WILLIAMSON. 

Leiper's  Fork 

WILSON. 

Mount  Carmel 

Arrington 

Mount  Nebo 

Big  Spring 

Providence 

Barren 

Nolansville 

Gainesville 

Rural  Hill 

Bethesda 

Peytonsville 

Cedar  Grove 

Shop  Spring 

Boston 

Pinckney 

Cherry  Valley 

Statesville 

Eagleville 

Riggs's  Cross  Roads 

Commerce 

Three  Forks 

STATE   OF   KENTUCKY. 

ADAIR. 

Sharpsburg 

Coxe's  Creek 

Belleview 

Breedings 

Slate 

Crooked  Creek  Furnace 

Church  Hill 

Gradyville 

Mount  Washington 

Cottonwood 

Millersville 

BOONE. 

Pitts's  Point 

Fruit  Hill 

Montpelier 
Neatsville 

Elijah's  Creek 
Florence 

BUTLER. 

Garretsburg 
Genoa 

Hamilton 

Berry's  Lick 

La  Fayette 

ALLEN. 

Middle  Creek  Mills 

Rochester 

Long  View 

Allen  Springs 

Mitchellsville 

Sugar  Grove 

Miller's  Mill 

Cedar  Spring 

Petersburg 

Wood  Berry 

Newstead 

Gainesville 

Union 

Oak  Grove 

New  Roe 

Verona 

CALDWELL. 

Oakland 

Puncheon 

Walton 

Farmersville 

Pembroke 

Fredonia 

Williams 

ANDERSON. 

BOURBON 

Long  Hall 

Wooldridge's  Store 

Camdenville 

Centreville 

Long  Pond 

Chesher's  Store 

Clintonvillo 

Princeton 

CLARK. 

Lawrencehurg 

Flat  Rock 

Colbyville 

Rough  and  Ready 

Houston 

CALL  A  WAY. 

Goode's  Precinct 

Van  Buren 

Jacksonville 

Clark's  River 

Jones's  Nursery 

BALLARD. 

Millersburg 
J^Toreland 

Locust  Grove 
Murray 

Kiddville 
Oil  Mills 

Belle  Ombre 

North  Middletown 

New  Concord 

Pine  Grove 

Hazelwood 
Lovelaceville 

Ruddle's  Mills 

Pine  Bluff 
Shiloh 

Ruckerville 

Melvin 

CLAY. 

Millburn 

BOYLE. 

CAMPBELL. 

Mount  Welcome 

Oak  Spring 

Danville 

Alexandria 

Sexton's  Creek 

Perryville 

Brooklyn 

BARREN. 

Antioch 

BRACKEN. 

Carthage 
Cold  Spring 

CLINTON. 

Elliott's  Cross  Roads 

Bear  Wallow 
Blue  Spring  Grove 
Centre 

Augusta 
Foster 
Locust  Mills 

Flagg  Spring 
Grant's  Lick 
Tibbatt's  Cross  Roads 

Seventy  Six 
CRITTENDEN. 

Dry  Fork 
Edmonton 
Merry  Oaks 
Paces 

Milford 
Mount  Olivet       x 
Pleasant  Ridge 
Powersville 

CARROLL. 

Carrollton 
Ghent 

Bell's  Mines 
Cookseyville 
Dycusburg 

Pageville 
Peter's  Creek 

Santa  Fee 
Stanton 

Grass  Hills 
Mill  Creek 

CUMBERLAND. 

Locust  Spring 

Prewitt's  Knob 

BREATHITT. 

Prestonville 

Marrowbone 

Randolph 
Rocky  Hill 
Skegg's  Creek 
Three  Forks 

Crockettsville 
Frozen  Creek 
Lost  Creek 

Worthville 

CARTER. 
Bruin 

DAVIESS. 

Burtons  ville 
Calhoun 

Woodland 

Knaps 

Crow's  Pond 

BRECKENRIDGE. 

Mount  Savage 

Fillmore 

BATH. 

Bewleyville 

Olive  Hill 

Knob  Lick 

Bald  Eagle 

Big  Spring 

Star  Furnace 

Knottsville 

Bethel 

Cedar  Grove 

Upper  Tygart 

Long  Falls  Creek 

Eastville 

Clifton  Mills 

Narrows 

Gill's  Mills 

Clover  Port 

CASEY. 

Yelvington 

Highland 
Laurel  Fork 
Little  Flat 

Hudsonville 
Planter's  Hall 
Stephensport 

Liberty 
Middlcburg 
Wilcox's  Store 

EDMONSON. 
Big  Ready 

Marshall 

Brownsville 

Olympian  Springs 
Peeled  Oak 

BULLITT. 

Cane  Spring 

CHRISTIAN. 
Bainbridge 

Dripping  Spring 
Mammoth  Cave 

POST  OFFICES   IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


807 


ESTILL. 

Falls  of  Rough 

Steamport 

London 

Miller's  Creek 

Grayson  Springs 

McHargue's  Mills 

Red  River  Iron  Works 

Millerstown 

HENRY. 

Mershon's  Cross  Roads 

Rough  Creek 

Campbellsburg 

Racoon 

FAYETTE. 

Short  Creek 

Drennons 

Athens 

Eminence 

LAWRENCE. 

Delphton 

GREENE. 

Franklinton 

Blaine 

Walnut  Hill 

Allen  Dale 

Hendrens  ville 

Bolt's  Fork 

Catalpa  Grove 

Lockport 

Falls  of  Blaine 

FLEMING. 

Clover  Hill 

Pleasureville 

George's  Creek 

Elizaville 

Haskinsville 

Port  Royal 

Peach  Orchard 

Farmers 

Salonia 

Sligo 

Turman's  Ferry 

Hillsboro' 

Summers  ville 

Smithfield 

Martha  Mills 

LETCHER. 

Mount  Carmel 

GREEN  UP. 

HICKMAN. 

Boone  Valley 

Oak  Woods 

Amanda 

Clinton 

Pleasant  Grove  Mills 

Cannonsburg 

Moscow 

LEWIS. 

Plummer's  Mill 

Catlettsburg 

Obion 

Cabin  Creek 

Poplar  Plains 

Old  town 

Wesley 

Concord 

Sherburne  Mills 

Pollard's  Mills 

Esculapia  Springs 

Triplett 

Pond  Rurn 

HOPKINS. 

Kinniconick 

White  Oak  Hill 

Rocky  Branch 
Springville 

Ashbysburg 
Cflrlow 

Poplar  Flat 
Rock  Creek 

FLOYD. 

Truittsville 

Chalk  Level 

Tolesboro' 

Lanesville 

Tygert's  Creek 

Day's  Store 

Vanceburg 

FRANKLIN. 

Bridgeport 
Elk  Horn 
Forks  of  Elk  Horn 

HANCOCK. 
Blackford 
Hawes  ville 

Lewisport 

Mulberry  Grove 
Nebo 
Providence 
Underwood 

LINCOLN. 

Crab  Orchard 
Hustonville 
Milledgeville 

Laputa 
Military  Institute 

FULTON. 

Butler 
Hickman 
Line 
Pontotoc 
Ralphton 

HARDIN. 

Cofer 
Elizabeth  town 
Howell's  Springs 
Nolen 
Oak  Hill 
Red  Hill 
Stephensburg 
West  Point 

JEFFERSON. 

Cross  Roads 
Fisherville 
Hayes's  Spring 
Jeffersontown 
Lacona 
Long  Run 
Lynnford 
Middletown 

Walnut  Flat 
Waynesburg 

LIVINGSTON. 

Berry's  Ferry 
Camp  Creek 
Ross's  Ferry 
Smithland 
Walkers 

GALLATIN. 
Glencoe 
Napoleon 
Warsaw 

GARRARD. 

Bryantsville 
Buckeye 
Edinburgh 
Paint  Lick 

HARLAN. 

Lafontaine 
Letcher 
Poor  Fork 

HARRISON. 

Broadwell 
Buena  Vista 
Claysville 
Colemansville 
Conners  ville 

Portland 
Salina 
Williamson 

JESSAMINE. 
Keene 
Marble  Creek 
Mount  Freedom 
Pekin 
Potts's  Mills 

LOGAN. 

Adairville 
Allison 
Buena  Vista  Springs 
Gordonsville 
Hague 
Keysburg 
Rabbitsville 
South  Union 
Volney 

GRANT. 

Curry's  Run 
Havilandsville 

JOHNSON. 

McCRACKEN. 

Cordova 
Crittenden 
Downingsville 
Dry  Ridge 

Kenrontown 
Leesburg 
Raven  Creek 

KENTON. 
Bank  Lick 
Dry  Creek 

MADISON. 
Big  Hill 

Fiskburg 

Elliston 

GRAVES. 

HART. 

Piner's  Cross  Roads 

Kingston 

Dublin 

Clear  Point 

Staffordsburg 

Kirksville 

Dukedom 

Glen  Brook 

Menelos 

Fancy  Farm 

Green  River 

KNOX. 

Posey 

Farniington 
Feliciana 

Hammonville 
Leesville 

Cumberland  Ford 
Flat  Lick 

Rogersville 
Walnut   Valley 

Leander 

Monroe 

Lynn  Camp 

White  Hall 

Mayfield 
Oak  Ridge 

Three  Springs 
Woodson  ville 

Swan  Pond 
Yellow  Creek 

MARSHALL. 

Sage  Hill 

Aurora 

Symsonia 

HENDERSON. 

LA  RUE. 

Fair  Dealing 

Wilson's  Creek 

Cairo 

Hodgensville 

Cory  don 

Magnolia 

MARION. 

GRAYSON. 

Hebbardsville 

Bradfordsville 

Big  Clifty 

Pleasant  Hill 

LAUREL. 

Haysville 

Caney  ville 

Smith's  Mills 

Bush's  Store 

Loretto 

POST*  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED    STATES. 


Man  ton 

Worthington 

PERRY. 

Fairview 

New  Market 

Bigleys 

Hadensville 

Raywick 

NELSON. 

Brashersville 

Pilot  Knob 

Bloomfield 

Grape  Vine 

Roscoe 

MASON. 

Boston 

Trenton 

Dover 

Chaplin 

PIKE. 

Germantown 

Deatsville 

Democracy 

TRIGG. 

Hamar 

Fairfield 

Lonsville 

Canton 

Helena 

High  Grove 

Pikcton 

Empire  Iron  Works 

May's  Lick 

New  Haven 

Robinson's  Creek 

Golden  Pond 

Maysville 

New  Hope 

Lindsay's  Mill 

Minerva 

Rolling  Fork 

PULASK1. 

Roaring  Spring 

Mount  Gilead 

Adams  Mills 

Wallonia 

Murphvsville 

NICHOLAS. 

Dallas 

North  Fork 

Blue  Lick  Springs 

Waterloo 

TRIMBLE, 

Orange  burg 
Sardis 

Carters  Store 
Forest  Retreat 

ROCK  CASTLE. 

Bedford 
Milton 

Slack 

Griffiths 

Winona 

Head  Quarters 

RUSSELL. 

MEAD. 
Flint  Island 

Moorefield 
Pleasant  Valley  Mills 

Creelsburg 
Horse  Shoe  Bottom 

UNION. 

Ashland 

Good  Springs 
Garnettsville 

OHIO. 

Jamestown 
Rowena 

Berry's  Mill 
Bordley 

Rock  Haven 

Briggs's  Mills 
Buford 

SCOTT. 

Caseyville 
Cypress 

MERCER. 
Cornishville 
Duncan 
McAfee 
Salvisa 

Fordsville 
Hines's  Mills 
Lindleys 
Livermore 
Pincheco 

Great  Crossings 
Green's  Store 
Little  Eagle 
Newtown 

/•\        £           J% 

Gum  Grove 
Longwood 
Montezuma 
Raleigh 
Uniontown 

Shawnee  Run 

Pleasant  Grove 

Oxford 

Ray's  Fork 

WARREN 

MONROE. 
Centre  Point 
Fountain  Run 
Hilton 

OLDHAM. 

Ballardsville 
Brownsboro' 
Centrefield 

Spring  Dale 
Stamping  Ground 
Turkey  Foot 
White"  Sulphur 

Smith's  Grove 
Swan  Creek 
Warren  ton 
Woodburn 

Sulphur  Lick 

Floyd  sburg 

Goshen 

SHELBY. 

WASHINGTON 

MONTGOMERY. 
Aaron's  Run 

Kinklesburg 
La  Grange 

Chestnut  Grove 
Christiansburg 

Bakers 
Beech  Fork 

Beaver  Ponds 
Camargo 
Cash's  Nob 
Levee 

OWEN. 

Dallasburg 
Grata 

Clay  Village 
Consolation 
Hardinsville 
Harrisonville 

Fredericktown 
Mack  vi  lie 
Ryan's  Mills 
Snidcrs 

Mount  Ida 
MORGAN. 

Haydons 
Jamesons 
Lee's  Mills 

Jesse's  Store 
Simpsonville 
Southville 

Thompsonville 
Willisburg 

Adamsville 
Black  Water 

Monterey 
New  Liberty 

SIMPSON. 

WAYNE. 

/*ii*~ 

Bloomington 
Cassity's  Mills 
Christy's  Fork 
Hazel  Green 

Poplar  Grove 
Savern 
Stamper's  Mills 

Hickory  Flat 
Palmyra 

SPENCER. 

Clio 
Mill  Springs 
Newberry 
Oak  Forest 

Head  of  Paint 

OWSLEY. 

Mount  Eden 

Johnson's  Forks 

Proctor 

Vandyke's  Mill 

WHITLEY. 

Little  Sandy 

South  Fork 

Waterford 

Clear  Fork 

Saltillo 

Wilsonville 

Meadow  Creek 

PENDLETON. 

Rockholds 

MUHLENBURG. 

Ash  Run 

TAYLOR. 

Woodbine 

Bremen 
Ellwood 

Callensville 
Doudsville 

Campbellsville 

WOODFORb 

Ramsey 

Flower  Creek 

TODD. 

Dorsey 

South  Carrollton 

Grassy  Creek 

Allensville 

Midway 

Unity 

Motier 

Daysville                          j  Mortonsvillo 

STATE  OF  OHIO. 

ADAMS. 

Dunbarton 

Locust  Grove 

Marble  Furnace 

Bentonville 

Dunkinsville 

Lovetts 

Rockville 

Blue  Creek 

Eokmansville 

Mahala 

Scott 

Bradyville 

Gustine 

Manchester                        Stouts 

POST  OFFICES   IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


809 


Tranquillity 

Bolen's  Mills 

Maple 

CLARK. 

Woggoner's  Ripple 

Calvary 

New  Hope 

Catawba 

Wheat  Ridge 

Canaanville 

Puebla 

Donnelsville 

Youngsville 

Chauncey 

Russellville 

Enon 

Coolville 

Sardinia 

Medway 

ALLEN. 

Federalton 

Union  Plain 

New  Carlisle 

Allentown 
Beaver  Dam 

Guysville 
Hebbardsville 

White  Oak  Valley 

North  Hampton 
Selma 

Cranberry 

Hockingport 

BUTLER. 

South  Charleston 

Croghan 

Hulls 

Alert 

Tremont 

Donnells 

Lee 

Bethany 

Vienna  Cross  Roads 

Herring 

Lottridge 

Blue  Ball 

Hog  Creek 

Lowrv 

College  Corner 

CLERMONT. 

Middle  River 

Millfield 

Collinsville 

Amelia 

Westminster 

Nelsonville 

Contrcras 

Bantam 

West  Newton 

Pleasanton 

Jacksonboro' 

Belfast 

Prattsville 

Le  Sourdsvillo 

Bethel 

ASHLAND. 

Shade 

Middletown 

Branch  Hill 

Albion 

Sharp's  Fork 

Millville 

California 

Hayesville 

Torch 

Monroe 

Cedron 

Jeromesville 

Trimble 

Paddy's  Run 

Chilo 

Loudonville 
McKay 

Woodyards 

Philanthropy 
Pisgah 

Clover 
Edcnton 

Mifflin 

AUGLAIZE. 

Poast  Town 

Felicity 

Mohican 
Nankin 

Fryburg 
Kossuth 

Port  Union 
Princeton 

Goshen 
Laurel 

Perote 

Minster 

Reiley 

Locust  Corner 

Perryville 

New  Bremen 

Ross 

Loveland 

Polk 

Saint  John's 

Rossville 

Marathon 

Rows 

Uniopolis 

Saint  Charles 

Miamiesville 

Ruggles 

Waynesfield 

Seven  Mile 

Milford 

Savannah 
Sullivan 

BELMONT. 

Somerville 
Stillwells 

Monterey 
MoscoSv 

ASHTABULA. 

Armstrong's  Mills 
Bell  Air 

Svmmes's  Corner 
Tariff 

Mount  Carmel 
Mount  Olive 

Am  boy 

Belmont 

Trenton 

Mount  Pisgah 

Andover 

Bridgeport 

West  Chester 

Mulberry 

Austinburg 

Captina 

Winton 

Neville 

Cherry  Valley 

Colerain 

New  Palestine 

Clark's  Corners 

Corinth 

New  Richmond 

Cork 

Demos 

CARROLL. 

Newtonsville 

Denmark 

Dille's  Bottom 

Augusta 

Nicholsville 

Dorset 

East  Richland 

Harlem  Spring 

Olive  Branch 

Eagleville 

Flushing 

Hickory 

Owensville 

East  Plymouth 
Geneva" 

Hendrysburg 
Hunter 

Kilgore 
La  marline 

Perin's  Mills 
Pleasant  Grove 

Harpersfield 
Hart's  Grove 

Jacobsburg 
Kennon 

Leavitt 
Leesville 

Pleasant  Plain 
Point  Isabel 

Kelloggsville 

Lamira 

Malvern 

Point  Pleasant 

Kingsville 

Lampsville 

Mechanicstown 

Rural 

Lenox 
Leon 
Lindenville 

Loydsville 
Martin's  Ferry 
Morristown 

New  Hagerstown 
New  Harrisburg 
Norrhtown 

West  Woodville 
Williamsburg 
Withamsville 

Monroe  Centre 

Pilcher 

Oneida  Mills 

Morgan 

Powhatan  Point 

Pekin 

CLINTON. 

New  Lyme 

Sewellsville 

Rose 

Blanchester 

North  Sheffield 
Orwell 

Shepherdstown 
Somerton 

Scroggsfield 
Sherodsville 

Bloomington 
Clarksville 

Phelps 

Temperanceville 

Shober's  Mills 

Cuba 

Pierpont 

Uniontown 

Lee's  Creek 

Richmond  Centre 

CHAMPAIGN. 

Lumberton 

Rome 

BROWN. 

Bakers 

Martinsville 

Sayhrook 

Arnheim 

Brinton 

New  Antioch 

South  Ridge 

Ash  Ridge 

Carysville 

New  Burlington 

Trumbull 

Decatur 

Christiansburg 

New  Vienna 

West  Andover 

De  La  Palma 

Millerstown 

Oakland 

West  Pierpont 
West  Williamsfield 

Fayetteville 
Feesburg 

Mutual 
North  Lewisburg 

Port  William 
Qu  inn's  Mills 

Williamsfield 

Fincastle 

Saint  Paris 

Sabina 

Windsor 

Five  Mile 

Spring  Hills 

Sligo 

Hamersville 

Terre  Haute 

Snow  Hill 

ATHENS. 

Higginsport 

Westville 

Westboro' 

Ames  vi  lie 

T             • 

Lewis 

Woodstock 

Wilson's  Station 

102 


810 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


COLUMBIANS 

New  Winchester 

Culver  Creek 

Harrisburg 

Achor 

Oceola 

East  Orange 

Hibernia 

Bucks 

Olentangy 

Galena 

Hope 

Calcutta 

Poplar 

Genoa  Cross  Roads 

Lockbourne 

Cannon's  Mills 

Sulphur  Springs 

Harlem 

Ovid 

Clarkson 

Tiro 

Killbourn 

Reynoldsburg 

Columbiana 

Wellerville 

Kingston  Centre 

Westerville 

Damascoville 

Little  Mill  Creek 

Worthington 

Dunganon 

CUYAHOGA. 

Maxwell 

East  Fairfield 

Barry 

Norton 

FULTON. 

East  Liverpool 

Bedford 

Patterson 

Ai 

East  Palestine 

Berea 

Porter 

Blanc 

East  Rockester 

Bricksville 

Radnor 

Chesterfield 

Elkton 

Brooklyn 

Scioto  Bridge 

Delta 

Franklin  Square 
Gavers 

Chagrin  Falls 
Coe  Ridge 

Stratford 
Sunbury 

Elmira 
Emery 

Glasgow 

Collamer 

Unison 

Essex 

Green  Hill 

East  Cleveland 

Van's  Valley 

Gorham 

Hanoverton 

Euclid 

Williamsville 

Grove  land 

Hastingsville 

Gates's  Mills 

Lavona 

Inverness 

Independence 

ERIE. 

Lyons 

Little  Beaver  Bridge 

Mayfield 

Berlinville 

Metamora 

McKaig's  Mills 

Middleburg 

Birmingham 

Mill  Creek 

New  Alexander 

Newburg 

Bloomingville 

Parcher's  Corners 

New  Chambersburg 

North  Dover 

Castalia 

Tedrow 

New  Garden 

North  Royalton 

Cooke's  Corners 

West  Barre 

North  Georgetown 

Oldsted 

Florence 

Saint  Clair 

Parma 

Furnace 

GALLIA. 

Salem 

Rockport 

Groton 

Addison 

Salineville 

Strongsville 

Huron 

Anselm 

Sandy 

Warrens  ville 

Milan 

Bay's  Bottom 

Unity 

Venice 

Cheshire 

Washingtonville 

DARKE. 

Vermilion 

Ewington 

Wellsville 

Abbottsville 

West  Vermilion 

Gallia  Furnace 

West  Beaver 

Beamsville 

Kyger 

West  Point 

Brock 

FAIRFIELD. 

Patriot 

Castine 

Amanda 

Pine  Grove 

COSHOCTON. 

Concordia 

Bremen 

Racoon  Island 

Bakersville 

Darke 

Canal  Winchester 

Rio  Grande 

Canal  Lewisville 

Fort  Jefferson 

Carroll 

Rodney 

Chili 

German 

Clear  Creek 

Smiths 

Clarks 

Hill  Grove 

Dumontville 

South  New  Castle 

Evansburg 

Ithaca 

Green  Castle 

Swan  Creek 

Keene 

Jacksonville 

Lithopolis 

Thivener 

Mohawk  Valley 

Mississinawa 

Lockville 

Thurman 

Munnsville 

Mount  Heron 

Millersport 

Vinton 

New  Bedford 

New  Madison 

New  Salem 

New  Castle 

North  Star 

Pickerington 

GEAUGA. 

New  Guilford 

Pittsburg 

Pleasantville 

Auburn 

New  Princeton 

Poplar  Ridge 

Royalton 

Bissells 

Plainfield 

Republican 

Rushville 

Bridge  Creek 

Ridge 

Robisons 

Sugar  Grove 

Bundysburg 

Tiverton 

Sampson 

West  Rushville 

Burton 

Tyrone 

Seven  Mile  Prairie 

Chester  Cross  Roads 

Wakatomika 

Tampico 

FAYETTE. 

Claridon 

Walhonding 

Woodington 

Bloomingburg 

East  Claridon 

Warsaw 

Convenience 

Fowler's  Mills 

West  Bedford 

DEFIANCE. 

Duff's  Forks 

Hampden 

West  Carlisle 

Arrowsmiths 

Jeffersonville 

Hnntsburg 

West  La  Faye.tte 

Ayersville 

Moons 

Middlefield 

White  Eves  Plains 

Brunershurg 

Pancoastburg 

Montville 

Wills's  Creek 

Evansport 

Staunton 

Newbury 

Farmer 

North  Newbury 

CRAWFORD. 

Hicksville 

FRANKLIN. 

Park  man 

Broken  Sword 

Milldale 

Alton 

Russell 

Chatfield 

Ney 

Blendon 

South  Thompson 

De  Kalb 

Panama 

Central  College 

Thompson         >> 

Galion 

Snookville 

Clintonville 

Welshfield 

Leesville  Cross  Roads 

Darby 

Liberty  Corners 

DELAWARE. 

Dublin 

GREENE. 

Likens 

Alum  Creek 

Gahanna 

Alpha 

Loss  Creek 

Bellepoint 

Georgesville 

Bellbrook 

New  Washington 

Cole's  Mills 

Groveport 

Bowersville 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


811 


Byron 

Cannonsburg 

HOCKING. 

New  Somerset 

Cedarville 

Cass 

Ewing 

Philipsburg 

Clifton 

Clement 

Gibesonville 

Port  Homer 

Clio 

Eagle 

Pattonsville 

Richmond 

Eureka  Mills 

McComb 

Rock  House 

Smithfield 

Fairfield 

Mount  Blanchard 

South  Perry 

Updergraffs 

Grape  Grove 

Oak  Ridge 

Starr 

Warren  ton 

Jamestown 

Van  Buren 

Wintersville 

New  Jasper 

Vanlue 

HOLMES. 

Paintersville 

Benton 

KNOX. 

Spring  Valley 
Yellow  Springs 
Zimmerman 

HARDIN. 

Dudley 
Hale 

Black  Creek 
Buena  Vista 
Holmesville 

Bladensburg 
Brandon 
Centreburg 

Hunters  ville 

Humhrey's  Villa 

Danville 

GUERNSEY. 

Round  Head 

Mount  Hope 

Democracy 

Antrim 

Sylvia 

Nashville 

Gambier 

Batesville 

Walnut  Creek 

Jelloway 

Bird's  Run 

HARRISON. 

Winesburg 

Knox 

Buffalo 

Archer 

Levering 

Byesville 

Cassville 

HURON. 

Lock 

Cable 

Cold  Spring 

Bellevue 

Lucerne 

Claysville 

Conotton 

Bronson 

Maple  Grove 

Cumberland 

Deersville 

Centreton 

Martinsburg 

Dysons 

Feed  Spring 

Clarksfield 

Milfordton 

Fairview 

Germane 

East  Clarksfield 

Millwood 

Kennonsburg 

Harris  ville 

East  Townsend 

Monroe  Mills 

Kimbolton 

Hope  Dale 

Fitch  ville 

Mount  Liberty 

Leather  wood 

Lacey  ville 

Four  Corners 

Nonpareil 

Londonderry 

Moofefield 

Greenwich 

North  Liberty 

Middlebourne 

New  Rumley 

Hartland 

Shaler's  Mills 

Milnersville 

Nottingham 

Lyme 

Wolf 

Mount  Epriam 

Pleasant  Mount 

New  Haven 

New  Gottingen 

Scio 

New  London 

LAKE. 

Senecaville 

Short  Creek 

North  Fairfield 

Arcole 

Washington 

Tappan 

North  Norwich 

Concord 

Winchester 

Tippecanoe 

Olena 

Fairport 

Peru 

Hillhouse 

HAMILTON. 

HENRY. 

Pontiac 

Kirtland 

Bevis's  Tavern 

Damascus 

Ripleyville 

Madison 

Brown's  Grove 

Durand 

Sherman 

Mentor 

Cheviot 

Florida 

Steuben 

North  Perry 

Cleves 

New  Bavaria 

Wakeman 

Perry 

College  Hill 

Ridgeland 

South  Kirtland 

Columbia 

Ridgeville  Corners 

JACKSON. 

Unionville 

Cumingsville 

Shunk 

Berlin  Cross  Roads 

Wickliffe 

Dent 

Texas 

Buckeye  Furnace 

Willoughby 

Dry  Fork 

Dawkins's  Mills 

Dry  Ridge 

HIGHLAND. 

Jackson  Furnace 

LAWRENCE. 

Dunlap 

Allensburg 

Keystone 

Campbell 

Elizabethtown 

Bell 

Levi 

Coal  Grove 

Harrison 

Buford 

Mabess 

Elizabeth 

Hygeia 

Centrefield 

McGhee's  Store 

Greene's  Store 

Madisonville 

Dallas 

Meadow  Branch 

Hanging  Rock 

Montgomery 

Dodsonville 

Oak  Hill 

Haskellville 

Mount  Healthy 

East  Monroe 

Rocky  Hill 

Millers 

Mount  Washington 

Greenfield 

Quaker  Bottom 

Newtown 

Highland 

JEFFERSON. 

Russell's  Place 

Ourys 

Leesburg 

Amsterdam 

Simmons 

Plainville 

Lynchburg 

Annapolis 

Waterloo 

Pleasant  Ridge 

Marshall 

Bloomingdale 

Pleasant  Run 

Mowrystown 

Cope's  Mills 

LICKING. 

Preston 

Nevin 

Croxton 

Alexandria 

Reading 

New  Corwin 

East  Springfield 

Appleton 

Sharonville 

New  Market 

Elliottsville 

Beechland 

Spring  Dale 

New  Petersburg 

Island  Creek 

Chatham 

Storrs 

North  Union  town 

-Jeddo 

Cokesbury 

Walnut  Hills 

Pricetown 

Knoxville 

Columbia  Centre 

Rainsboro' 

Mitchell's  Salt  Work 

Conine 

HANCOCK. 

Samantha 

Moore's  Salt  Works 

Croton 

Arlington 

Sicily 

Mount  Pleasant 

Etna 

Asherey 

Sinking  Spring 

Mouth  of  Yellow  Creek 

Fallsburg 

Benton  Ridge 

Sugar  Tree  Ridge 

Nebo 

Fredonia 

Blanchard  Bridge 

Willettville 

New  Alexandria 

Granville 

812 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Hanover 

MAHONING. 

Salisbury 

Johnsville 

Hebron 

Berlin  Centre 

Silver  Run 

Liberty 

Homer 

Board  man 

Sterling  Bottom 

Little  York 

Jacksontown 

Coitsville 

Tupper's  Plains 

New  Lebanon 

Jersey 
Johnstown 

Cornersburg 
East  Lewistown 

MERCER. 

Pyrmont 
Taylorsville 

Kirkersville 

East  Westville 

Boetia 

Union 

Linnville 

Ellsworth 

Chickasaw 

Vandalia 

Perrytown 

Frederic 

Cold  Water 

West  Baltimore 

Reynolds 
Saint  Louisville 

Grecnford 
Hanna's  Mills 

Cranberry  Prairie 
Deep  Cut 

MORGAN. 

Sylvania 

Lowellville 

Fort  Recovery 

Anderson's  Store 

Utica 

Milton 

Macedon 

Bristol 

New  Albany 

Maria  Stein 

Chester  Hill 

LOGAN. 

New  Middletown 

Mendon 

Claytona 

Belle  Centre 

New  Springfield 

Mercer 

Deavertown 

East  Liberty 

North  Benton 

Montezuma 

Elliott's  Cross  Roads 

Huntsville 

North  Jackson 

Neptune 

Gardner 

Lewis  town 

North  Lima 

Saint  Henrys 

Hall's  Valley 

Loganville 

Orange 

Shane's  Crossings 

Hickerson's  Cross  Rdi 

Muchinippe 

Petersburg 

Skeel's  Cross  Roads 

Hiramsburg 

New  Richland 

Poland 

Hoskins  ville 

Quincv 

Pottersville 

MIAMI. 

Keiths 

Rushylvania 

Youngstown 

Aliens 

Log  Cabin 

West  Liberty 

Brandt 

Malta 

West  Middleburg 
Zanesficld 

MARION. 
Big  Island 

Casstown 
Covington 

Meigs's  Creek 
Meigsville 

Caledonia 

Fairmount 

Morgans  ville 

LORAIN. 

Cochranton 

Fidelity 

Moscow  Mills 

Ambers  t 

Grand  Prairie 

Fletcher 

Neelysville 

Avon  Lake 

Letimberville 

Hyattsville 

Olive 

Black  River 

Little  Scioto 

Laura 

Pennsville 

Brighton 

Prospect 

Pleasant  Hill 

Pleasant  Valley 

Brownhelm 

Underwoods 

West  Charleston 

Rcnrock 

Carlisle 

Waldo 

West  Milton 

Ringgold 

Copopa 

Wilson 

Rokeby 

Gratton 

MONROE. 

Rosseau 

Huntington 

MEDINA. 

Alum  Run 

Sharon 

La  Grange 

Abbeyville 

Antioch 

South  Olive 

La  Porte 

Brunswick 

Baresville 

Stockport 

North  Cam  den 

Chatham  Centre 

Beallsville 

Triadelphia 

North  Eaton 

Coddingville 

Berne 

Wharton's 

North  Ridgeville 

Granger 

Calais 

Wood  Grove 

North  Rochester 

Guiltbrd 

Cochran's  Landing 

Penfield 

Hinckley 

Enoch 

MORROW. 

Pittsfield 

Homerville 

Grays  ville 

Andrews 

Plato 

Le  Roy 

Harrietsville 

Bennington 

Sheffield 

Litchh'eld 

Jerusalem 

Bloomfield 

Sheffield  Lake 

Liverpool 

Jonesville 

Cardington 

Wellington 

Lodi    . 

La  ings 

Chesterville 

Mallet  Creek 

Lewisville 

Corsica 

LUCAS. 

River  Styx 

Malaga 

Iberia 

Java 

Sharon  Centre 

Masterton 

Lincoln 

Manhattan 

Spencer 

Middle  Creek 

McE  wen's  Cross  Roads 

Providence 

Wardsworth 

Miltonsburg 

Marengo 

Rigi 

Weymouth 

Rocky  Narrows 

Marits 

Swanton 

Whittlesey 

Sard  is 

Nimmon's  Cross  Roads 

Tremainville 

Stafford 

Pulaskiville 

Utah 

MEIGS. 

Summer-field 

Shaucks 

Waterville 

Alfred 

Sunfish 

Smith's  Mills 

Whiteford 

Apple  Grove 

Wittens 

Sparta 

Bashan 

, 

Vail's  Cross  Roads 

MADISON. 

Burlingham 

MONTGOMERY. 

Westfield 

Big  Plain 

Chester 

Bear  Creek 

Whetstone 

Cross  Roads 

Downington 

Centre 

Woodview 

Darby  Creek 

Graham's  Station 

Centre  ville 

Mount  Sterling 

Great  Bend 

Chambcrsburg 

MUSKINGUM. 

Rosedale 

Harrisonville 

Clayton 

Adam's  Mills 

Sooth  Solon 

Langsville 

Corwin 

Baxters 

Summerford 

Ledlies 

Farmers  ville 

Blue  Rock 

Tradersville 

Letart  Falls 

Germantown 

Bridgeville 

West  Canaan 

Long  Bottom 

Harshmansville 

Chandlersville 

West  Jeft'erson 

Rutland 

Hen  by 

Duncan's  Falls 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


813 


Frazeysburg 

Omega 

Shelby 

Mapleton 

Freelands 

Waverly 

Six  Corners 

Marlboro' 

Fulton  ham 

West  Windsor 

Middle  Branch 

Grutiot 

PORTAGE. 

Minerva 

High  Hill 

Atwater 

ROSS. 

Mount  Union 

Hopewell 

Brimfield 

Austin 

Navarre 

Irville 

Campbell's  Port 

Bainbridge 

New  Baltimore 

Meadow  Farm 

Charlestown 

Bourneville 

New  Berlin 

Muskingum 

Deerfield 

Clarksburg 

New  Franklin 

Nash  port 
New  Concord 

Edinburgh 
Freedom 

Gillespieville 
Hallsville 

North  Industry 
Osnaburg 

Newton 

Garrettsville    . 

Kingston 

Paris 

Norwich 

Mantua  Centre 

Lattas 

Waynesburg 

Otsego 

Nelson 

Richmond  Dale 

West  Brookfield 

Philo 

Palmyra 

South  Salem 

Putnam 

Parisville 

Waller 

SHELBY. 

Rich  Hill 

Randolph 

Yellow  Bud 

Dinsmore 

Ridgeway 

Rapids 

Houston 

Rix's  Mills 

Rootstown 

SANDUSKY. 

Lockington 

Roseville 

Shalersville 

Black  Swamp 

Loramies 

Saintfield 

Strcetsboro' 

Butternut  Ridge 

Montra 

Shannon 

Suffield 

Green  Creek       [Roads 

Pratt 

Stovcrtown 
Symme's  Creek 

Windham 

Greensburg  Cross 
Rollersville 

S  peer's  Landing 
Tawawa 

White  Cottage 

PREBLE. 

Townsend 

Valentia 

Young  Hickory 

Brennersville 

Woodville 

Wynant 

Camden 

York  North  Ridge 

OTTAWA. 

Enterprise 

York  South  Ridge 

SUMMIT. 

Marblehead 

Euphemia 

Bath 

Ottawa 

Fair  Haven 

SCIOTO. 

Boston 

Whitestown 

Gettysburg 

Franklin  Furnace 

Brandywine  Mills 

Gratis 

French  Grant 

Clinton 

PAULDING. 

Hagerstown 

Friendship 

Copley 

Antwerp 

Hamburg 

Iron  Furnace 

Hudson* 

Dovlestown 

Lewisburg 

Junior 

Inland 

Junction 

Morning  Sun 

Lucasville 

Johnson's  Corners; 

Paulding 

New  Paris 
New  Westville 

Lyra 
Nairn 

Middlebury 
Mogadore 

PERRY. 

Sugar  Valley 

Scioto 

Montrose 

Asbury 

Upshur 

Sciotoville 

New  Portage 

Buckeye  Cottage 

West  Alexandria 

Wheelersburg 

Nimisila 

Chapel  Hill 

West  Elkton 

Northiield 

Crossanville 

West  Florence 

SENECA. 

North  Springfield 

Mount  Perry 

Adams 

Norton  Centre 

New  Lexington 

PUTNAM. 

Attica 

Peninsula 

Oakfield 

Buck  Eye 

Bascom 

Richfield 

Pike 

Dukes 

Bettsville 

Stow 

Portersville 

Fort  Jennings 

Berwick 

Summit 

Rehoboth 

Franconia 

Bloomville 

Tallmadge 

Sego 

Gilboa 

Fitz  Henry 

Twinsburg 

Straitsville          [Roads 

Leipsic 

Flat  Rock 

Western  Star 

Sunday     Creek    Cross 

Medary 

Fort  Seneca 

Thornville 

Pendleton 

Foster's  Mill 

TRUMBULL. 

Worth 

Pleasant 

Green  Spring 

Bazetta 

Vaughnsville 

Reed  town 

Brace  ville 

riCKAWAY. 

Republic 

Bristolville 

Ashville 

RICHLAND. 

Risdon 

Brookfield 

Beckett'i?  Store 

Adano 

Stoner 

Champion 

Darbyville 

Barnes 

West  Lodi 

Church  Hill 

Leistville 

Belleville 

Duck  Creek 

New  Holland 

Butler 

STARK. 

Eden 

Palestine 

Ganges 

Barryville 

Farmington 

South  Bloorafield 

Hastings 

Cairo 

Fowler 

William  sport 

Lexington 

Canal  Fulton 

Girard 

Lucas 

East  Greenville 

Greensburg 

PIKE. 

Newville 

Frease's  Store 

Gustavus 

Beaver 

Olives  burg 

Greentown 

Hartford 

Byington 

Ontario 

Hartville 

Howland 

Cynthiana 

Plymouth 

Lake 

Htibbard 

Flat 

Ri'blets 

Limaville 

Johnson  villo 

Gibson 

Richland 

Louisville 

Kinsmans 

Jasper 

Rives 

Magnolia 

Mecca 

Morgan's  Fork 

Shanandoah 

Mahoning 

Mesopotamia 

814 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Niles 

Wilkins 

Centre  Belpre 

Reedsburg 

North  Bloomfield 

York 

Coal  Run 

Shreve 

Ohlstown 

Constitution 

Smithville 

Orangeville 

VAN  WERT. 

Decaturville 

West  Lebanon 

Southington 

Auglaize 

Fearing 

West  Salem 

State  Line 

Delphos 

Fillmore 

Vernon 
Vienna 
Willow  Dale 

Tully 
Wiltshire 

Flint's  Mills 
Grand  View 
Harmar 

WILLIAMS. 
Bridgewater 
Deer  Lick 

VINTON. 

Jolly 

Domestic 

TUSCARAWAS. 

Albany 
Cadwallader 
Canal  Dover 
Deurdorffs  Mills 
Dundee 

Allensville 
Bolen's  Mills 
New  Plymouth 
Pratts  ville 
Ratcliffsburg 
Reed's  Mills 

Lawrence 
Little  Hockhocking 
Lowell 
Lower  Lawrence 
Lower  Newport 
Lower  Saletn 

Durbin's  Corners 
Lockport 
Montpelier 
Nettle  Lake 
North  West 
Oak 

New  Comerston 

Swan 

New  Port 

Pioneer 

New  Cumberland 

Wilkesville 

North  Union 
/~\  .     j 

Pulaski 

Peoli 
Port  Washington 
Rocksford 

WARREN. 

Brown's  Store 

Ustend 
Regnier's  Mills 
Saltpetre 

Saint  Joseph 
Spring  Lake 
West  Unity 

Rogers  ville 

Butlerville 

Waterford 

Williams's  Centre 

Rush 
Sandy  ville 
Shanesville 

Dallasburg 
Deerfield  Village 
Dunlevy 

Watertown 

Wesley 

WOOD. 
Bowling  Green 

Still  water 
Stone  Creek 
Strasburg 
Tabor 
Tuscarawas 
Uhricksville 
Winfield 
Zoar                  , 

Ed  wards  ville 
Fort  Ancient 
Harveysburg 
Hopkinsville 
Level 
Liberty  Hall 
Mason 
Morrow 

Mount  Holly 
j~>                 * 

WAYNE, 

Apple  Creek 
Big  Prairie 
Blachlysville 
Burbank 
Canaan 
Cedar  Valley 
Chippewa 
Congress 

Miltonville         [Roads 
Montgomery  Cross 
New  Rochester 
Portage 
Scotch  Ridge 
Stony  Ridge 
West  Mill  Grove 
Weston 
Woodbury 

UNION. 

Uregon 

Cooper 

Allen  Centre 

Red  Lion 

Dalton 

WYANDOTT. 

Boke's  Creek 

Ridgeville 

Easton 

Belle  Vernon 

Coberlys 
Darby  Plains 
Jerome 

Rochester 
Twenty  Mile  Stand 
Waynesville 

Fredericksburg 
Madisonburg 
Marshallsville 

Bowshersville 
Carey 
Crawford 

Milford  Centre 

Mill  Brook 

Little  Sandusky 

New  California 

WASHINGTON. 

Moorland 

McCutchenville 

Pharisburg 

Barlow 

Mount  Eaton 

Marseilles 

Raymonds 

Bartlett 

New  Pittsburg 

Mexico 

Richwood 

Belpre 

New  Prospect 

Seal 

Rush  Creek 

Beverly 

Number  One 

Sycamore 

Unionville  Centre 
Watkins 

Bonn 
Brown's  Mills 

Old  Hickory 
Plain 

Tymochtee 
Wyandott 

STATE  OF  MICHIGAN. 

ALLEGAN. 

Fulton 

Dayton 

Sherwood 

Bee  Line 

Glass  Creek 

Pipe  Stone 

Union  City 

Bradley 

Gum  Lake 

Spring  Creek        « 

Manlius 

Hastings 

Watervleit 

CALHOUN 

Martin 

Hickory  Corners 

Abscota 

Plainwell 

Irving 

BRANCH. 

Albion 

Proctor 
Rabbit  River 

Johnstown 
Maple  Grove 

Algansee 
Batavia 

Athens 
Bedford 

Saugatuck 
Wayland 

Middleville 
Prairieville 

Bronson's  Prairie 
California 

Burlington 
Cedar  Lake 

South  Assyria 

Gilead 

Cerosco 

BARRY. 

Woodland 

Girard 

Clarence 

Assyria 

Yankee  Spring 

Kinderhook 

Clarendon 

Baltimore 

Mattison 

Conois 

Bristolville 

BERRIEN. 

Noble  Centre 

Emmett 

Carlton 

Bainbridge 

Ovid 

Esmond's  Corners 

Castleton 

Bertrand 

Prairie  River 

Homer 

Cedar  Creek 

Buchanan 

Quincy 

Marengo 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


815 


Newton 

HILLSDALE. 

Napoleon 

East  Ogden 

North  Marshall 

Bird 

Norveli 

Fairfield 

Penfield 

Cambria 

Otter  Creek 

Hudson 

Pine  Creek 

Cambria  Mills 

Portage  Lake 

Jackson's  Mills 

Rice  Creek 

Camden 

South  Jackson 

Macon 

South  Albion 

Cass 

Spring  Arbor 

Medina 

Tekonsha 

Edinburg 

Springport 

Mendon 

Florida 

Tompkins 

Morenci 

CASS. 

Litchfield 

Waterloo 

North  Adrian 

Adamsville 

Moscow 

West  Rives 

Raisin 

Dowagiac 

North  Adams 

Wyoming 

Ridgeway 

Eclwardsburg 

Pittsford 

Riga 

La  Grange 

Ranson 

KALAMAZOO. 

Seneca 

Little  Prairie  Ronde 

Reading 

Alamo 

Springville 

Newberg 

Scipio  Centre 

Austin's  Lake 

Tipton 

Silver  Creek 

Somerset 

Charleston 

West  Ogden 

Summerville 

Sparta 

Climax  Prairie 

Wolf  Creek 

Union 

Sylvanus 

Com  stock 

Woodstock 

Vandalia 

Wheatland  Centre 

Cooper 

Volinia 

Wood's  Corners 

Galesburg 

LIVINGSTON. 

Portage 

Brighton 

CHEBOYGAN. 

HOUGHTON. 

Prairie  Ronde 

Cedar 

Duncan 

Algonquin 

Richland 

Conway 

Kewenaw  Bay 

Schoolcraft 

Deer  Creek 

CHIPPEWA. 

Northwest  Mine 

West  Climax 

East  Marion 

West  Neck 

Fleming 

CLINTON. 

INGHAM. 

Ynouski 

Genoa 

Bengal 

Alaiedon 

Yorkville 

Green  Oak 

Dallas 

Bunker  Hill 

Hamburg 

De  Witt 

Delhi  Centre 

KENT. 

Handy 

Duplain 

Eden 

Alton 

Hartland 

Eagle 

Ingham 

Austerlitz 

Josco 

Essex 

Le  Roy 

Bowne 

Livingston 

Greenbush 

Leslie 

Caledonia 

Madison 

Olive 

Mason 

Cannonsburg 

Marion 

Ossawa 

Onondaga 

Cortland 

Middletown 

Victor 

Phelpstown 

Cuba 

Oak  Grove 

Wacousta 

Sanford 

Fallassbnrg 

Oak  Plains 

EATON. 

Stockbridge 
White  Oak 

Flat  River 
Grand  Rapids 

Oceola  Centre 
Pinckney 

Bellevue 

Williamstown 

Grandville 

Plainfield 

Carlisle 

Grattan 

Pleasant  Valley 

Charlotte 

IONIA. 

Indian  Creek 

Tuscola 

Chester 

Avon 

Laphamsville 

Tyrone 

Delta 

Boston 

Loomisville 

Unadilla 

Eaton 

Danby 

Mill  Creek 

Warnerville 

Eaton  Rapids 

Maple 

North  Cannon 

Grand  Ledge 

Matherton 

Oakfield 

MACOMB. 

Kalarao 

North  Plains 

Paris 

Armada 

Olivet 

Otisco 

Pleasant 

Lenox 

Oneida 

Portland 

Sparta  Centre 

Macomb 

Roxana 

Rix 

Vergennes 

Mount  Vernon 

Vermontville 

Ronald 

Whitneyville 

New  Haven 

West  Windsor 

Sebewa 

Plumb  Brook 

Windsor 

Smyrna 

LAPEER. 

Ray 

South  Boston 

Almont 

Ray  Centre 

GENESEE. 

South  Cass 

Am  boy 

Richmond 

Argentine 

Wheatland 

Dry  den 

Romeo 

Crockersville 

Etna 

Roseville 

Davison  Centre 

JACKSON. 

Farmer's  Creek 

Sackets 

Davisonville 

Barry 

Had  ley 

Utica 

Fentonville 

Bennett's  Corners 

Metamora 

Vienna 

Flint 

Brooklyn 

Rural  Vale 

Warren 

Flushing 

Cayuga 

Whigville 

Washington 

Genesee 

Columbia 

Goodrich 

Concord 

LENAWEE. 

NEW  MANISTBE. 

Grand  Blanc 

Franciscoville 

Attica 

Manistee 

Kearsley 

Gidley's  Station 

Cambridge 

Long  Lake 

Grass  Lake 

Canandaigua 

MARQUETTB. 

Richtield 

Hanover 

Clayton 

Marquette 

Stony  Run 

Hickory  Grove 

Clinton 

Swartz  Creek 

Leoni 

Deerfield 

MICHILIMACKINAC 

Thetford 

Liberty 

Dover 

Grand  Traverse 

816 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


MONROE. 

Novi 

Ira 

Mattawen 

Brest 

Oakland 

Lexington 

Paw  Paw 

Dundee 

Oxford 

Mack's  Place 

Porter 

East  Exeter 

Pine  Lake 

Memphis 

East  Raisinville 

Pontiac 

Port  Huron 

WASHTENAW. 

Erie 

Rose 

Wales 

Base  Lake 

Exeter 

Royal  Oak 

West  Berlin 

Benton 

Grafton 

Southfield 

Bridgewater 

Ida 

South  Lyon 

SAINT  JOSEPH 

Chelsea 

Lambertville 

Springfield 

Burr  Oaks 

Dexter 

La  Salle 

Strait's  Lake 

Colon 

Elba 

London 

Summit 

Constantino 

Frcdonia 

Milan 

Taylorsville 

Fawn  River 

Gravel  Run 

Newport 
North  Raisinville 

Troy 
Walled  Lake 

Florence 
Flowerh'eld 

Iron  Creek 
Lima 

Oakville 

Waterford 

Leon  id  as 

Lodi 

Ottawa  Lake 

Waterford  Centre 

Mottville 

Lucerne 

Summertield 

West  Bloomfield 

Nottaway 

Manchester 

White  Lake 

Oporto 

Northfield 

MONTCALM. 

Park 

Paint  Creek 

Greenville 

ONTONAGON. 

Reserve 

Pittsfield 

Montcalm 
Pine  Plain 

On  ton  agon 
Peninsula 

Srurgis 
White  Pigeon 

Salem 
Salme 
Scio 

NEWAGO. 
Croton 
Newago 

OTTAWA. 

Big  Spring 
Crockery  Creek 
Holland 

SANILAC. 

Sanilac  Mills 

SHIAWASSEE. 

Sharon 
Silver  Lake 
Superior 
Sylvan 

Mill   Pninf 

Antrim 

Union  District 

OAKLAND. 
Auburn 

iviiii  i  oinc 
Muskegon 
JNorton  ville 

Bennington 
Burns 

Webster 
York 

Ball  Mountain 
Big  Beaver 
Birmingham 

Pintler's  Corners 
Polkton 
Ravenna 

Byron 
Enterprise 
Fremont 

Ypsilanti 
WAYNE. 

Brandon 
Campbell's  Corners 
Clarkston 
Commerce 

Steele's  Landing 
Tallmadge 
Wright 

Hartwellville 
Laingsburg 
Middleburg 
North  Vernon 

Belleville 
Borodino 
Ecorce 
Gibraltar 

Eagle  Lake 
Farmington 
Franklin 

SAGANAW. 
Bridgeport 

Owasso 
Perry 
Rush 

Gross  Isle 
Huron 
Livonia 

Groveland 
Hickville 

Hampton 
Northampton 

Shiawassee 
Venice 

Livonia  Centre 
Mead's  Mills 

Highland 

Worth 

Vernon 

Nankin 

Jersey 

Woodhull 

Northville 

Kensington 

SAINT  CLAIK. 

Plank  Road 

Lakeville 

Algonac 

VAN   BUREN. 

Plymouth 

Mahopac 

Belle  River 

Decatur 

Rawsonville 

Milford 

Burchville 

Hamilton 

Romulus 

Mount  Pleasant 

Columbus 

Keelersville 

South  Nankin 

New  Canandaigua 

Cottrellville 

Lawrence 

South  Plymouth 

North  Farmington 

East  Berlin 

Law  ton 

Trenton 

STATE   OF  INDIANA. 


ADAMS. 

Perry 

Mount  Healthy 

Reese's  Mill 

Limber  Lost 

Poughkeepsie 

Newbern 

Royal  ton 

Linn  Grove 

Recruit 

Rock  Creek 

Thornleysville 

Monmouth 

Root 

Taylorsburg 

Thorn  town 

Pleasant  Mills 

Saint  Joseph 

Taw  Taw 

BENTON. 

BROWN. 

ALLEN. 

Catalpa  Grove 

Bean  Blossom 

Cedar 

BARTHOLOMEW. 

Christiansburg 

Eel  River 

Azalia 

BLACKFORD. 

Mount  Moriah 

East  Liberty 

Elizabethtovvn 

Montpelier 

Hall's  Corners 

Harts  ville 

CARROLU 

Harlan 

Herod 

BOONE. 

Burlington 

Leo 
Massilon 

Hope 
Lefever 

Eagle  Village 
Jamestown 

Camden 
Carroll 

New  Haven 

Moore's  Vineyard 

Northfield 

Deer  Creek 

POST   OFFICES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


817 


Fountain 

Dillsboro' 

Columbia 

Walnut  Creek 

Lockport 

Guilford 

Everton 

Zion 

Mount  Jefferson 

Guionsville 

Falmouth 

Pittsburg 

Kelso 

Harrisburg 

GREENE. 

Prince  William 

Lawrenceville 

Longwood 

Buck  Creek 

Wild  Cat 

Logan 

Null's  Mills 

Fair  Play 

Manchester 

Orange 

Hobbierville 

CASS. 

Moore's  Hill 

Waterloo 

Linton 

Amsterdam 

New  Alscase 

Newberry 

Fitch 

Sparta 

FLOYD. 

Owensboro* 

Lewisburg 

Wilmington 

Galena 

Pleasant  Ridge 

Metea 

Yorkville 

Georgetown 

Point  Commerce 

Royal  Centre 

Greenville 

Scaffold  Prairie 

Spring  Creek 
Twelve  Mile 

DECATUR. 

Clarksburg 

FOUNTAIN. 

Scotland 
Worthington 

CLARK. 

Clifty 
Cobb's  Fork 

Atica 
Cole  Creek 

Wright 

Bennettsville 

Forest  Hill 

Headley's  Mills 

HAMILTON. 

Bethlehem 

Kingston 

Hillsboro' 

Boxley 

Blue  Lick 

Millhousen 

Newtown 

Carmel 

Hamburg 

Rossburg 

Portland 

Cicero 

Hibernia 

Saint  Omer 

Rob  Roy 

Clarksville 

New  Providence 

Sardinia 

Shawnee  Prairie 

Eagletown 

New  Washington 

Spring  Hill 

Wallace 

Noblesville 

Oregon 

West  Port 

FRANKLIN. 

Penfield 

Pine  Lick 
Polk  Run 
Repton 
Sylvan  Grove 
Utica 

Williamstowa 
Wintersville 

DE  KALB. 

Andersonville 
Blooming  Grove 
Blue  Creek 
Cedar  Grove 

Sheildville 
Strawtown 
Westfield 
Woodbury 

Artie 
Builer 

Drewsburg 

HANCOCK. 

CLAY. 

De  Kalb 

Fairfield 

Charlottesville 

Brazil 

Newville 

Jennings 

Eden 

Cloverland 
Coffee 
Christy's  Prairie 
Harmony 
Plunge  Creek 
Poland 

Spencerville 
Taylor's  Corners 

DELAWARE. 

Albany 
Anthony 

Laurel 
Metamora 
Mixerville 
Mount  Carmel 
New  Trenton 
Oak  Forest 

Kinder 
Kinnard 
Philadelphia 
Sugar  Creek 
Warrington 

Van  Buren 

Granville 

Oldenburg 

HARRISON. 

CLINTON. 

New  Burlington 
Pleasant  Woods 

Peoria 
Saint  Peters 

Barren 
Bradford 

Berlin 
Jefferson 

Rich  Woods 
Royton 

South  Gate 
Springfield 

Byrneville 
Davidson 

Kirk's  Cross  Roads 
Michigantown 
Middle  Fork 

Smithfield 
Wheeling 
Yorktown 

S  tip's  Hill 
Whitcomb 
Wynn 

Elizabeth 
Grassy  Valley 
Hurst's  Mills 

Prairieviile 

FULTON. 

Laconia 

Rossville 

DU  BOIS. 

Aubbeenaubbee 

Lanesville 

Russiaville 
Taylorsville 

Alder  Creek 
Celestine 

Bluegrass 
Fulton 

Mauckport 
New  Amsterdam 

CRAWFORD. 

Davis's  Creek 
Ditney  Hill 

Kewanna 
Meredith  Mills 

New  Salisbury 
Palmyra 

Leavenworth 

Ferdinand 

Mill  Ark 

Sharp's  Mills 

Magnolia' 
Mifflin 

Haysville 
Huntingburg 

Wesley 

HENDRICKS. 

Milltown 

Portersville 

GIBSON. 

Belleville 

Mount  Prospect 
Nebraka 

White  Oak  Grove 
Worth 

Buckskin 
Gibson's  Wells 

Brownsburg 
Hampton 

Pilot  Knob 

Owensville 

New  Winchester 

Psoctorsville 

ELKHART. 

Patoka 

North  Salem 

Sterling 

Benton 

Warrenton 

Pittsboro' 

Wicklitfe 

Bristol 

York 

Plainfield 

Cabin  Hill 

Springtown 

DAVIESS. 

Elkhart 

GRANT. 

Stilesville 

Bogard 

Jackson 

Grant 

Owl  Prairie 

Lane 

Green  Bush 

HENRY. 

Raglesville 

Little  Elkhart 
Middlebury 

Jadden 
Jalapa 

Ashland 
Blountsville 

DEARBORN. 

Jonesboro' 

Cadiz 

Aurora 

FAYETTE. 

Mier 

Dan  Webster 

Bright 

Alquina 

Oak  Woods 

Devon 

Coopersville 

Bentonville 

Trask 

Greensboro' 

103 

818 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Knightstown 
Lewisville 

South  Hanover 
Swanville 

Saint  John 
West  Creek 

MIAMI. 

Chili 

Lurav 

Winfield 

Gilead 

j  ju  i  aj 

Mechanicsburg 
Middletown 

JENNINGS. 

Brewers  ville 

LA  PORTE. 

Mexico 
Miami 

New  Lisbon 

Cana 

Bigelows  Mills 

Niconza 

Ogden 
Rays  vi  lie 
Rogersville 
Sulphur  Springs 
Spiceland 

Hopewell 
Montgomery 
New  Centreville 
Paris 
Queensville 
Scipio 

Big  Springs 
Byron 
Door  Village 
Hudson 
Kingsbury 
New  Durham 

Palos 
Paw  Paw 

Perrysburg 
Reserve 
Santa  Fee 
Waw-pe-cong 

HOWARD. 

Six  Mile 

Sauk  Village 

Alto 

Zenas 

Union  Mills 

MONROE. 

Chancery 

Waterford 

Brvant's  Creek 

Crittenden 

JOHNSON 

Ellittsville 

Greentown 
Jerome 

Amity 
Edinburgh 

LAWRENCE. 
Bono 

Fairfax 
Harrodsburg 

New  London 

Far  West 

Bryantsvillc 

Indian  Creek 

Pleasant  Spring 

Foster's  Mills 

Dixonville 

Mount  Tabor 

Vermont 

Greenwood 

Fayetteville 

Stanford 

Nineveh 

Heltonville 

Unionville 

HUNTINGTON. 

Yellow  Spring 

Lawrenceport 

Maysville 

Worthsville 

Leesville 

MONTGOMERT 

Mount  Etna 

Silverville 

Alamo 

Price 

KNOX. 

Sinking  Spring 

Brown's  Valley 

Roanoke 

Berrysville 

Spring  Mil. 

Darlington 

Tracey 

Bruceville 

Springville 

Ladoga 

Warren 

Edwardsport 

Locust  Grove 

Yankeetown 

Maria  Creek 

MADISON. 

New  Richmond 

West  Union 

Alexandria 

New  Ross 

JACKSON. 

Wilson's  Creek 

Alfont 

Oak  Grove 

Cortland 

Chesterfield 

Parkersburg 

Dudlytown 

KOSCIUSKO. 

Huntsville 

Pleasant  Hill 

Freetown 

Beaver  Dam 

Mendon 

Waveland 

Houston 

Boydston's  Mills 

Ovid 

Waynetown 

Mooney 

Camp  Creek 

Perkinsville 

Yountsville 

Newry 
Payntersville 

Claypool 
Clear  Spring 

Pipe  Creek 
Summitville 

MORGAK 

Reddington 

Deed's  Creek 

Monrovia 

Rockford 

Leesburg 

MARION. 

Mooresville 

Sage's  Ferry 
Valonia 
Woodville 

Milford 
Monoquet 
Or  an 

Allisonville 
Augusta 
Bridgeport 

Morgan  town 
West  Salem 
White  River 

JASPER. 

Oswego 
Palestine 

Broad  Ripple 
Clermont 

NOBLE. 

Brook 
Carpenter's  Creek 
Pleasant  Grove 

Syracuse 
LA  GRANGE. 

Cumberland 
Fall  Creek 
German  town 

Avilla 
Greene 
Kendallville 

Rensselaer 
Saltillo 

Brighton 
Brushy  Prairie 

Lawrence 
Millersville 

Ligonier 
Lisbon 

JAY. 

Ellisburg 
Fly  Creek 

New  Bethel 
Olive 

Marseilles 
Noble  Iron  Woiks 

Bear  Creek 
Hector 
New  Corydon 
New  Mount  Pleasant 
Pennville 

Haw  Patch 
•Lima 
Marcy 
Mongoquinong 
Mount  Pisgah 

Piketon 
Southport 
Spring  Valley 

MARSHALL. 

Northport 
Springfield  Mills 
Swan 
Wilmot 
Wolf  Lake 

JEFFERSON. 

Ontario 
Pashawn 

Blissville 

OHIO. 

Barbersville 
Bryansburg 
Buena  Vista 

Ringgold 
Scott 
South  Milford 

Bourbon 
Bremen 
Marshall 

Bear  Branch 
Hartford 
Rising  Sun 

Camargo 
Canaan 

Utah 
Wolcott's  Mills 

Onondaga 
Sidney 

ORANGE. 

Dupont 

Yellow  River 

Chambersburg 

Graham 

LAKE. 

French  Lick 

Home 

Cedar  Lake 

MARTIN. 

Lost  River 

Kent 

Deep  River 

Dover  Hill 

New  Prospect 

Lancaster 

Hickory  Point 

Keek's  Church 

Newton  Stewart 

Neel's  Creek 

Hobart 

Mountain  Spring 

Orangeville 

North  Madison 

Merrillville 

Natchez 

Orleans 

Saluda 

Outlet 

Trinity  Springs 

Valeene 

POST  OFFICES   IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


819 


OWEN. 

Grubb's  Mills 

SHELBY. 

Lauramie 

Cataract 

Manhattan 

Blue  Ridge 

Monroe 

Deem 

Mount  Meridian 

Brandywine 

Romney 

Freedom 

New  Maysville 

Conn's  Creek 

Shawnee  Mound 

Gosport 

Nicholsonville 

Flat  Rock 

Sugar  Grove 

Mausertown 

Portland  Mills 

Flemings 

Wesley  Chapel 

Mill  Grove 

Putnamville 

Freeport 

West  Point 

Van  d  all  a 

Russellville 

Little  Blue  River 

Wyandotte 

White  Hall 

Manwarings 

Williamson 

RANDOLPH. 

Marietta 

TIPTON.   - 

Arba 

Morristown 

Ballengers 

PAKKE. 

Bloomingsport 

Mount  Auburn 

New  Lancaster 

Annapolis 

Deerfield 

Noah 

Tetersburg 

Armiesburg 

Emmettsville 

Parma 

West  Kinderhook 

Bridge  ton 

Fairview 

Pleasant  View 

Bruin's  Cross  Roads 
Delta 

Lynn 
Macksville 

Sulphur  Hill 

UNION. 
Beechy  Mire 

Dickson's  Mills 
Gallatin 

Mount  Holly 
Randolph 

SPENCER. 
Anderson's  River 

Billingsville 
Brownsville 

Howard 

Ridgeville 

Dale 

Cottage  Grove 

Lick  Branch 

Spartanburg 

French  Island 

Dunlapsville 

Lodiville 

Trenton 

Gentryville 

Philomath 

Montezuma 

Windsor 

Midway 

Numa 

New  Hope 

VANDERBURG. 

Roseville 

RIPLEY. 

Oakland 

Cross  Roads 

Russell's  Mills 

Ballstown 

McCutchanville 

Sylvania 

Cross  Plains 

STARK. 

Saundersville 

Delaware 

Bogus  Run              , 

PERRY. 

Elrod 

Knox 

VERMILION. 

Cannelton 

Hart's  Mills 

North  Bend 

Leopold 
Martin's  Landing 
Rome 

Hermaan 
Milan 
Napoleon 
New  Marion 

STEUBEN. 
Crooked  Creek 
Fish  Creek 

Clinton 
Eugene 
Highland 
Perrysville 
Toronto 

PIKE. 

North  Hogan 

Flint 

Angostura 

Olean 

Fremont 

viao. 

Delectable  Hill 

Otter  Village 

Hamilton 

Fruit  Hill 

Kinderhook 

Prattsburg 

Mets 

Lewis 

Petersburg 

Stringtown 

Orland 

Mauri  us 

Union 

Way 

Pleasant  Lake 

New  Goshen 

Winslow 

Sandy  Ridge 

New  Market 

PORTER. 

RUSH. 

Beech  Grove 

SULLIVAN. 

Poplar  Hill 
Prairie  Creek 

Boon  Grove 

Bloom 

Black  Creek 

Prairieton 

Calumet 
Coffee  Creek 
Fillmore 
Hebron 

Carthage 
Farmington 
Goddard 
Groves 

Carlisle 
Don 
Greysville 
Merom 

Riley 
Saint  Mary's 
Wauhoo 

Porter's  Cross  Roads 
Tassinong  Grove 

Hannegan 
Manilla 

New  Lebanon 
Siloa 

WABASH. 

Valparaiso 

Melrose 

Tlyf-l      A 

Turman's  Creek 

America 
Lafontaine 

POSEY. 

Milroy 
Moscow 

SWITZERLAND. 

La  Gro 

Blairsville 
Cythiana 
Farmersville 
New  Hamony 

New  Salem 
Raleigh 
Richland 
Smelser's  Mills 

Allensville 
Bennington 
Craig 
Florence 

Laketon 
Liberty  Mills 
New  Holland 
North  Manchester 

Poseyville 

Steeles 

Grant's  Creek 

Owen 

Taylor 

Jacksonville 

Somerset 

West  Franklin 

ST.  JOSEPH. 

Log  Lick 

Cottage  Hill 

Moorefield 

WARREN. 

PULASKL 

Hammonds 

Mount  Sterling 

Baltimore 

Beaver  Creek 

Lakeville 

Patriot 

Independence 

Monterey 

Mishawaka 

Pleasant 

Poolsville 

Moorcsburg 

New  Carlisle 

Quercus  Grove 

Rainsville 

Two  Mile  Prairie 

North  Liberty 

West  Lebanon 

White  Post 

Notre  Dame 

TIPPECANOE. 

Terre  Coupee 

Americus 

WARRICK, 

PUTNAM. 

Battle  Ground 

Frisbie's  Mills 

Brunerstown 

SCO1T. 

Bringham's  Grove 

Lee 

Carpentersville 

New  Frankfort 

Cass 

Lynnville 

Clover  Dale 

Vienna 

Concord 

Newark 

Fincastle 

Dayton 

Newburg 

820 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


WASHINGTON. 

South  Boston 

Hagerstown 

Vera  Cruz 

Canton 
Chestnut  Hill 

Texas 
Walnut  Ridge 

Jacksonburg 
Milton 

WHITE. 

T»      /Y*    I 

Claysville 
Fredericksburg 
Hardinsburg 
Harris  town 

WAYNE. 
Bethel 
Boston 

New  Garden 
Richmond 
Webster 
White  Water 

Buffalo 
Burnett's  Creek 
Cathcart 
Monon 

Kossuth 

Cambridge 

Williamsburg 

Springboro' 

Little  York 

Chester 

WHITLEY 

Livonia 

Cox's  Mills 

WELLS. 

Churubusco 

Martinsburg 

Dalton 

Choppeen 

Coesse 

Millpot 

Dublin 

Murray 

Collamer 

New  Philadelphia 

East  Germantown 

Nottingham 

Popano 

New  Retreat 

Economy 

Ossian 

South  Whitley 

Pekin 

Green's  Fork 

Uniontown 

Summit 

A 

STATE   OF   ILLINOIS. 

ADAMS. 

Versailles 

Nancemont 

Deer  Grove 

Adams 

Walker's  Neck 

Panther  Creek 

Elk  Grove 

Beverly 

White  Oak  Spring 

Virginia 

Jefferson 

Big  Neck 

Lemonte 

Burton 

BUREAU. 

CHRISTIAN. 

Leyden 

Camp  Point 

Arispe 

Mount  Auburn 

Lyons 

Clayton 
Columbus 

Arlington 
Barren  Grove 

Stonington 

Lyonsville 
Maine 

Fair  Weather 

Dover 

CLARK. 

New  Bremen 

Houston 

Enon 

Anderson 

New  Trier 

Liberty 

French  Grove 

Casey 

Niles 

Lima 

Indiantown 

Darwin 

Northfield 

Marcelline 

Lamoille 

Dolson 

Noyesville 

Mendon 

Leepertown 

Johnson's  Mills 

Orland 

Payson 

Lone  Tree 

Livingston 

Palatine 

Ursa 

Milo 

Lodi 

Palos 

Woodville 

Perkins's  Grove 

Margaretta 

Plum 

Princeton 

Martinsville 

Proviso 

ALEXANDER. 

Providence 

Melrose 

Ridgeville 

Cairo 

Selby 

Westfield 

Ringgold 

Clear  Creek  Landing 
Santa  Fe 

Truxton 
Winabago 

CLAY. 

Shaumburg 
Sherman 

Thebes 

Yorktown 

Larkinsburg 

Thornton 

Unity 

Louisville 

Waiksaik 

Rnvn 

CALHOUN. 

Xenia 

Wheeling 

J3UJN  .L/» 

Beaver  Creek 

Belleview 

"Riacpll 

CLINTON. 

Worth 

Dry  Fork 
Elm  Point 
Mulberry  Grove 
Old  Ripley 
Pocahontas 
Rock  Well 

jLJioseii. 
Deer  Plain 
Gilead 
Hamburg 
Monterey 
News 

Aviston 
Crooked  Creek 
Germantown 
Jamestown 
Keysport 
Looking  Glass 

CRAWFORD. 

Bell  Air 
Elkton 
Flat  Rock 
Hutsonsville 
New  Hebron 

BOONE. 

CARROLL. 

Shoal  Creek 

York 

Amesville 

Argo 

Beaver 

Bluffville 

COLES. 

CUMBERLAND. 

Bonus  Prairie 

Cherry  Grove 

Ashby 

Greenup 

Burton's  Corners 

Elkhorn  Grove 

Brushy  Fork 

Woodbury 

Cherry  Valley 
Hunter 

Fair  Haven 
Milledgeville 

Campbell 
Charleston 

DE  KALB. 

Kossuth 

Rock  Creek 

Fuller's  Point 

Blood's  Point 

Park's  Corners 

Savanna 

Hermitage 

Buck  Branch 

Poplar  Grove 

Hitesville 

De  Kalb  Centre 

Precinct 

CHAMPAIGN. 

Modrell's  Point 

Dorset 

Russell's  Store 

Homer 

Oakland 

Genoa 

South  Prairie 

Mahomet 

Paradise 

Hicks's  Mills 

Wilmot 

Jaint  Josephs 

Upper  Embarrass 

Kingston 

Springville 

Lacey 

BROWN. 

CASS. 

La  Clair 

Buck  Horn 

Arenzville 

COOK. 

Line 

La  Grange  Bluff 
Mount  Sterling 

Berryton 
Jersey  Prairie 

Barrington 
Bloom 

Lost  Grove 
New  Lebanon 

Ripley 

Lancaster 

Bremen 

Ney 

POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


821 


Ohio  Grove 

Fiatt 

HENDERSON. 

Pleasant  Valley 

Ross's  Grove 

Fulton  Centre 

Grove  Farm 

Plum  Rivei 

Sandwich 

Lewistown 

Hopper's  Mills 

Rush 

Shabbonas's  Grove 

Liverpool 

Glena 

South  Hollow 

Somonauk 

Marietta 

Oquawka 

Ward's  Grove 

South  Grove 

Middle  Grove 

Picayune 

Warren              $ 

Van  Buren 

Midway 

Shokokan 

Weston 

Williamsburg 

Otto 

Pleasantville 

HENRY. 

JOHNSON. 

DE  WITT. 

St.  Augustine 

Andover 

Cross  Roads 

De  Witt 

Table  Grove 

Bishop  Hill 

Cypress  Creek 

Santa  Anna 

Troy  Mills 

Burns 

Waynesville 

Vermont 

Cambridge 

KANE. 

Zabriskie 

Virgil 

Geneseo 

Aurora 

Waterford 

Green  River 

Banner 

DU  PAGE. 

Woodstock 

Orion 

Batavia 

Addison 

Oxford 

Berkshire 

Babcock's  Grove 
Big  Woods 
Bloomingdale 
Bonaparte 

GALLATIN. 

Gallatin 
New  Haven 

Penny's  Perry 
Wethersfield 

HIGHLAND. 

Big  Rock 
Blackberry 
Burlington 
Collamer 

Brush  Hill 

GREENE. 

Elm  Grove 

Dundee 

Cass 

Athensville 

Elgin 

Cottage  Hill 

Bluff  Dale 

IROQUOIS. 

Favville 

Downer's  Grove 

Breese 

Ash  Grove 

Geneva 

Junction 

Fayette 

Courtwright's  Mills 

Grouse 

Langdon 

Greenfield 

Democrat 

Hampshire 

Napierville 

Jalapa 

Iroquois 

Jericho 

York  Centre 

Kane 

Lam  burg 

Kaneville 

Warrensville 

Letcherville 

Limestone 

King's  Mills 

Wayne  Centre 

Pioneer 

Milford 

Little  Woods 

Rockbridge 

Mount  Langum 

Penfield 

EDGAR. 

White  Hall 

Plato 

Pingree  Grove 

Baldwin  ville 

Rinosa 

Saint  Charles 

Bloomfield 

GRUNDY. 

Sammons's  Point 

Sugar  Grove 

Elbridge 

Clarion 

Swinton 

Embarrass  Point 

Dresden 

JACKSON. 

Udina 

Grand  View 

Hyde  Park 
Mazon 

Bradley 
Murphysboro' 

Winthrop 

EDWARDS. 

Urbane 

K"P"NT)  AT  T 

Mills's  Prairie 

HAMILTON. 

Vergennes 

JV  TjXX  D  n  1  1  1  <• 

.A-usable 

Belle  Prairie 

EFFINGHAM. 

Ewington 
Freemanton 

Griswold 
Night's  Prairie 
Palo  Alto 

JASPER. 
Rose  Hill 
Saint  Marie 

Bristol 
Holderman's  Grove 
Kendall 

Tentopolis 

HANCOCK. 

JEFFERSON. 

Lisbon 
Little  Rock 

FAYETTE. 
Bowling  Green 
Cumberland 
Four  Mile  Prairie 

Augusta 
Chili 
Dallas  City 
Durham 

Blissville 
Jordan's  Prairie 
Moore's  Prairie 
Spring  Garden 

Mansfield 
Naausay 
Newark 
Ohio  Farm 

Hickory  Creek 
Higgins 
Howard's  Point 

Elm  Tree 
Fountain  Green 
Green  Plains 

JERSEY. 
Delaware 

Oswego 
Pavilion 
Plattville 

London  City 

La  Harpe 

Delhi 

Vandalia 

McGary 

Fidelity 

KNOX 

Montebello 

Fielding 

Brush  Creek 

FRANKLIN. 

Nauvoo 

Graf  ton 

Centre  Point 

Cave 

Pilot  Grove 

Jerseyville 

Farmer's  Hall 

Ewing 

Plymouth 

Newborn 

French  Creek 

Frankfort 

Pontoosac 

Otter  Creek 

Galesburg 

Little  Muddy 

Pulaski 

Granite 

Sarahsville 

Rough  and  Ready 

JO.    DAVIESS. 

Hartford 

Saint  Albans 

Avery 

Henderson 

FULTON. 

Saint  Marys 

Baltimore 

Knoxville 

Astoria 

Warsaw 

Council  Hill 

Maquon 

Bernadotte 

Webster 

Elizabeth 

North  Prairie 

Canton 

Wythe 

Gap  Grove 

Ontario 

Copperas  Creek 

Green  Vale 

Persifer 

Cuba 

HARDIN. 

Hanover 

Truro 

Ellisville 

Cave  in  Rock 

Millville 

Union  town 

Fairview 

Martha  Furnace 

Moselle 

Victoria 

Farmington 

Rosiclare 

Mount  Sumner 

Walnut  Grove 

822 


POST  OFFICES    IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


LAKE 

Willow  Creek 

Hudson 

Hillerman 

Abingdon 

Independence 

Angola 

LIVINGSTON. 

Leroy 

MENARD. 

Antioch 

Avoca 

Lexington 

Athens 

Deerfield 
Emmet 

Billing's  Grove 
Indian  Grove 

Lytlesville 
Money  Creek 

Petersburg 
Robinson's  Mills 

Flint  'Creek 

Long  Point 

Mount  Hope 

Yankee  Hill 

Forksville 

New  Michigan 

Randolph's  Grove 

Fort  Hill 

Pontiac 

Rogers's  Farm 

MERCER. 

Fox  Lake 

Reading 

Selma 

Copper  Creek 

Gage's  Lake 

Rook's  Creek 

Senex 

Eliza 

Gilmer 

Sunbury 

Stout's  Grove 

Farlow's  Grove 

Hainesville 

Wilkcsboro' 

Ferdinand 

Half  Day 

LOGAN. 

High  Point 

Hickory 
Lake  Zurich 

Eminence 
Middletown 

MACON. 
Decatur 

Keithsburg 
Meridian 

Lamar 

New  Castle 

Hope  well 

New  Boston 

Libertyville 

Postville 

Oakley 

North  Henderson 

Long^  Grove 

Prairie  Creek 

Perry  ton 

Millburn 

MACOUPIN. 

Pope  Creek 

Newport 

McDONOUGH. 

Barr's  Store 

Pope's  Mills 

Oak  Hill 

Argyle 

Brighton 

Preemption 

Otsego 

Blandinsville 

Bunker  Hill 

Richland  Grove 

Port  Clinton 

Burnsville 

Chesterfield 

Serryse 

Doddsville 

Cummington 

MONROE. 

Wanconda 

Drowning  Fork 

Honey  Point 

Columbia 

Waukegan 

Friendship 

Hoover's  Point 

Eagle  Cliffs 

Wellington 

Hickory  Point 

Locust  Spring 

James's  Mills 

Wentworth 

Hill's  Grove 

Piasa 

Morrison's  Stone  House 

Johnson 

Plainview 

Renault 

LA  SALLE. 

Macomb 

Pleasant  Grove 

Waterloo 

Asbury 

Muddy  Lane 

Scottville 

Clay 
Dayton 

Spring  Creek 
Walkers 

Staunton 
Wooburn 

MONTGOMERY. 

Audubon 

Deer  Park 

Young 

Bear  Creek 

Dimmick 

MADISON. 

East  Fork 

Eagle 

McHENRY. 

Alhambra 

Fillmore 

Earlville 

Alden 

Alton 

Hardinsburg 

Farm  Ridge 

Algonquin 

Collinsville 

Hurricane 

Freedom 

Arthurton 

Godfrey 

Mount  Kingston 

Galloway 

Barreville 

Highland 

Seward's  Point 

Lowell 

Belden 

Marine  Settlement 

Woodsboro' 

Marseilles 

Bliven  Mills 

Moultonville 

Zanesville 

Mission  Point 

Brookdale 

Paddock's  Grove 

Northville 

Chemung 

Ridgeley 

MORGAN. 

Norway 

Cogswell 

Saint  Jacob 

Arcadia 

Ophir 

Coral 

Uroy 

Bethel 

Point  Republic 

Crystal  Lake 

Upper  Alton  . 

Bruckville 

Scott 

Dunham 

Venice 

Concord 

Serena 

Elysium 

Franklin 

Troy  Grove 

English  Prairie 

MARION. 

Lynnville 

Wright 

Erin 

Fosters 

Maradosia 

, 

Grreenwood 

Fredericktown 

Waverly 

LAWRENCE. 

Harmony 

Hickory  Hill 

Pettys 

Hartland 

Mount  Liberty 

MOULTRIE. 

Prairieton 

Hebron 

Racoon 

Lovington 

Ruark 

Highland  Prairie 

Walnut  Hill 

Sullivan 

Russellville 
St.  Francisville 

Loco  Prairie 
VtcHenry 

MARSHALL. 

Whitley's  Point 

Vtarengo 

Bell  Plain 

OGLE. 

LEE. 

Vterona 

2row  Meadows 

Adeline 

Binghampton 

Dstend 

Henry 

Brookville 

Brookfield 

Richmond 

Lawn  Ridge 

Buffalo  Grove 

China 

Riley 

Whitefield 

Byron 

Dixon 

Ringwood 

Daysville 

Equator 
Four  Mile  Grove 
Franklin  Grove 

Romeo 
Solon  Mills 
State  Line 

MASON. 

Havanna 
Pilot  Hill 

Eagle  Point 
Fitz  Henry 
Srand  Detour 

Lea  Centre 

West  Hebron 

Quiver 

Hale 

Malugin  Grove 
May  Hill 
Orid 
Paw  Paw  Grove 

McLEAN. 
Bloomington 
Cheney's  Grove 

Walker's  Grove 

MASSAC. 
jreorge's  Creek 

Killbuck 
Kyte  River 
Lee 
Lindenwood 

POST   OFFICES  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES. 


823 


Mount  Morris 

Broad  Oaks 

Lick  Creek 

UNION. 

Ogle 

New  Liberty 

Mechanicsburg 

Mount  Pleasant 

Oregon 

Rock  Quarry 

Mount  Pulaski 

Toledo 

Paine's  Point 

Nestor 

Union  Point 

Pine  Creek 

PULASKI. 

Pleasant  Plains 

Western  Saratoga 

Story 

Ash  Ridge 

Richland 

Taylor 

Caledonia 

Rochester 

VERMILION 

Wales 

Mill  Creek 

Salisbury 

Georgetown 

White  Rock 

Higginsville 

PUTNAM. 

SCHUYLER. 

Indianola 

PEORIA. 

Florid 

Birmingham 

Myres  Mills 

Brimfield 

Granville 

Brooklyn 

North  Fork 

Brunswick 

Hennepin 

Browning 

Pilot 

Chillicothe 

Magnolia 

Camden 

President 

Klmore 

Mount  Palatine 

Fredericksville 

Richardson 

Elmwood 

Oxbow 

Huntsville 

Ridge  Farm. 

Helena 

Littleton 

Hollis 

RANDOLPH. 

Pleasant  View 

WABASH 

Kickapo 

Chester 

Rushville 

Armstrong 

Kingston  Mines 

Evansville 

Centreville 

Mount  Hawley 

Jones's  Creek 

SCOTT. 

Friendsville 

North  Hampton 

Pollocks 

Exeter 

Mier 

Peoriaville 

Prairie  du  Rocher 

Glasgow 

Rochester  Mills 

Princeville 

Red  Bud 

Manchester 

Robin's  Nest 

Ruma 

Naples 

WARREN. 

Smithville 

Sparta 

Winchester 

Berwick 

Starfield 

Steele's  Mills 

Cold  Brook 

Southampton 

Texas 

SHELBY. 

Denny 

Timber 
Trivoli 

RICHJLAND. 

Big  Spring 
Cochran's  Grove 

Ellison 
Greenbush 

PERRY. 

Bon  Pas 
Calhoun 

Cold  Spring 
Prairie  Bird 

Hat  Grove 
Little  York 

Appleton 
Carnent  Prairie 

Clermont 
Matthews's  Mills 

Westminster 

Monmouth 
New  Lancaster 

Duquoin 
Galum 
Grand  Cote  Prairie 

Parkersburg 
Stringtown 

STARK. 
Dorrance 

Spring  Grove 
Swan  Creek 
Utah 

Iowa 

ROCK  ISLAND 

Elmira 

Mount  Hawkins 
Nine  Mile  Prairie 
Pleasant  Shade 

Andalusia 
Buffalo  Prairie 
Camden  Mills 

La  Fayette 
West  Jersey 
Wyoming 

WASHINGTON 

Elkhorn 
Okaw 

Cordova 

Plum  Hill 

PIATT. 

Cerro  Gordo 

Edgington 
Fishport 

STEPHENSON. 
Alida 

Raneysburg 
Richview 

North  Bend 

Hampton 
Illinois  City 

Buena  Vista 
Cedar  Creek  Mills 

Sassafras  Hill 

PIKE. 

Moline 

Elleroy 

WAYNE. 

Atlas 

Port  Byron 

Howardsville 

Enterprise 

Barry 

Walnut  Valley 

Kent 

Fairfield 

Belmont 

Jackson 

Keeneville 

Chambersburg 
Detroit 

SAINT  CLAIR. 

Fayetteville 

Louisa 
McConnell's  Grove 

Maulding's  Mills 
New  Franklin 

El  Dara 

French  Village 

Oneco 

Florence 

Lebanon 

Ridotts 

WHITE. 

Griggsville 
Keysburg 

Lively 
Marissa 

Rock  Grove 
R.ock  Run 

Burnt  Prairie 
Duncanton 

Kinderhook 

Mascoutah 

Silver  Creek 

Emma 

Martinsburg 

Millstadt 

Wadham's  Grove 

Grayville 

Milton 

Mud  Creek 

Winslow 

Philipstown 

Montezuma 

Prairie  de  Long 

Yellow  Creek 

Roland 

New  Hartford 

Risdon 

New  Maysville 

Shiloh 

TAZEWELL. 

WHITESIDES. 

New  Philadelphia 
New  Salem 

Twelve  Mile  Prairie 
Wiggin's  Ferry 

Armington 
Circleville 

Albany 
Barclay 

Olinda 

Delavan 

Big  Bend 

Pearl  Prairie 

SALINE. 

Dillon 

Clyde 

Perry 

Bankton 

Groveland 

Como 

Pleasant  Hill 

Little  Detroit 

Empire 

Pleasant  Vale 

SANGAMON. 

Mackinaw 

Erie 

Rockport 

Auburn 

Morton 

Fulton 

Berlin 

Tremont 

Garden  Plain 

POPE. 

Buffalo  Heart 

Washington 

Genesee  Grove 

Bay 

Chatham 

Wesley  City 

Hemlo 

824 


POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Kingsbury 
Lyndon 

Chelsea 
Crete 

Vermont  Settlement 
Wallingford 

Harlem 
Harrison 

Mount  Prospect 

Du  Page 

Wilmington 

Kishwaukee 

Portland 

Endor 

Yellow  Head  Grove 

Laona 

Prophetstown 

Gooding's  Grove 

Young  Hickory 

Lincoln 

Rapids 

Hadley 

Medina 

Seneca 

Horse  Creek 

WILLIAMSON. 

New  Milford 

Sharon 

Jackson  Creek 

Bainbridge 

Rockton 

Spring  Hill 

Joliet 

Bolton 

Roscoe 

Sterling 

Lillecash 

Fredonia 

Tyler 

Union  Grove 

Lockport 

Locust  Grove 

Vanceboro' 

Long  John 

Sulphur  Springs 

WILL. 

Momence 

WOODFORD. 

Arnon 

Plainfield 

WINNEBAGO 

Josephine 

Barber's  Corners 

Reed's  Grove 

Ava 

Low  Point 

Bloomville 

Rockville 

Bucklin 

Metamora 

Bullbonus  Grove 

Sherburnville 

Elida 

Spring  Bay 

Channahon 

Westwood 

STATE   OF  MISSOURI. 

AD  AIR. 

Wisemans 

CAMDEN. 

Hainesville 

Chariton  Mills 

Youngers 

Double  Oak 

Plum  Creek 

Dry  Glaze 

ANDREW. 

BENTON. 

Erie 

COLE. 

Boston 

Cole  Camp 

West  Glaze 

Dixonville 

Fillmore 

Duroe 

Hickory  Hill 

Ohio 

Fairfield 

CARROLL. 

High  Point 

Nodaway 

Lessley 

De  Witt 

Jefferson  City 

Rochester 

Mount  View 

Little  Compton 

Look  Out 

Whitesville 

Turkey  Creek 

Pleasant  Park 

Moniteau 

Round  Grove 

Russellville 

ATCHISON. 

BUCHANAN. 

Taos 

Hannegan 
Irish  Grove 

T  •      -1 

Boyer's  Settlement 
De  Kalb 

CASS. 
Morristown 

COOPER. 

Linden 

1~>               11 

Leachman 

Pleasant  Hill 

Bellair 

Russell 

Martin's  Mills 

West  Point 

Carrsville 

AUDRIAN. 
Hickory  Creek 
Salt  River 
Shy  Post 

Platte  River 
Rockhouse  Prairie 
Saint  Joseph 
Walnut  Hill 

CEDAR. 
Bear  Creek 
Eaton 
Fremont 

Clarks  Fork 
Conner's  Mills 
Fair  Point 
Gooch's  Mill 
La  Mine 

BARRY. 

Cassville 
Crane  Creek 

BUTLER. 

Cane  Creek 
Poplar  Bluff 

Green  port 
Saint  Helen 
White  Hare 

Midway 
Mount  Carmel 
Otterville 

Gadfly 
Hazel  Bottom 
Valley  Prairie 
Washbourn  Prairie 

CALDWELL. 
Grand  River 
Mirabile 

CHARITON. 

Brunswick 
Yellow  Creek 

Pilot  Grove 
Pisgah 
Pleasant  Green 
Round  Hill 

Vermont 

CLARK. 

BATES. 

CALLAWAY. 

Alexandria 

Dry  Wood 

Concord 

Ashton 

CRAWFORD. 

Fort  Scott 

Cote  Sans  Dressien 

Athens 

Argo 

Little  Osage 
Marvel 

Fulton 
Hibernia 

Brooklin 
Chambersburg 

Birch  Pond 
Harrison's  Mills 

Papinsville 

Jones's  Tan  Yard 

El  Dorado 

Little  Prairie 

Plainfield 

Millersburg 

Saint  Francisville 

Maramec 

Pleasant  Gap 

New  Bloomfield 

White  Hall 

Montauk 

Spruce 

Portland 

Winchester 

Osage 

Saint  Aubert 

Short  Bend 

BOONE. 

Shamrock 

CLAY. 

Spanish  Prairie 

Bourbonton 

Williamsburg 

Barry 

Spring  Mills 

Clavsville 

Fort  Leavenworth 

Hallsville 

CAPE    GIRARD. 

Randolph 

DADE. 

Middleburg 

Apple  Creek 

Smithville 

Crisp  Prairie 

Nashville 

Cape  Girardeau 

Greenfield 

Rocheport 

Flat  Rock 

CLINTON. 

King's  Point 

Sextons 

Greene 

Beehive 

Rock  Prairie 

Summerville 

Paton 

Castile 

Turnback 

POST   OFFICES   IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


825 


DALLAS. 

Locust  Grove 

Edina 

Newburg 

Buffalo 

Roscoe 

Newark 

Ten  Mile 

Long  Lane 

Tebo 

Taylor's  Store 

Williamsonville 

Pasco 

Waverly 

Woodville 

Round  Prairie 

LACLEDE. 

Shady  Grove 

HICKORY. 

Lebanon 

MADISON 

Black  Oak  Point 

Logan 

Arcadia 

DAVIESS. 

Cross  Timbers 

Oakland 

Mill  Dam 

Clear  Creek 

Elkton 

Mier 

Cravensville 

Pittsburg 

LA  FAYETTE. 

Mine  La  Motte 

Crittenden 

Quincy 

Bagdad 

Lick  Fork 

Urbana 

Blanche 

MARION. 

Pattonsburg 

Chapel  Hill 

Brookville 

Victoria 

HOLT. 

Dover 

Hannibal 

Hollister's  Mill 

Elk  Grove 

Hanson 

DE  KALB. 

Jackson  Point 

Freedom 

Hester 

Grindstone  Point 

Olive  Branch 

Greenton 

Houston 

Tarkio 

Moss 

Laurel 

DE  WITT. 

Rushbottom 

Mount  Hope 

Marion  City 

Remick's  Mills 

Philadelphia 

DODGE. 

HOWARD. 

Snibar 

Sharpsburg 

Saint  John 

Boon's  Lick 

Tabo 

Warren 

Franklin 

Wellington 

West  Ely 

DUKLIN. 

Glasgow 

LAWRENCE. 

MERCER. 

FRANKLIN. 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Bower's  Mills 

Bur  Oak 

Beaufort 

Uniontown 

Buck  Prairie 

Goshen  Prairie 

Blish's  Mills 

Chesapeake 

Middlebury 

Burbois 

JACKSON. 

Hall 

Princeton 

Moselle  Furnace 

Big  Cedar 

Mount  Pleasant 

Oakfield 

Blue  Springs 

Mount  Vernon 

MILLER. 

Port  William 

Fort  Osage 

South  Bend 

Iberia 

Traveller's  Repose 

High  Blue 

Spring  River 

Pleasant  Mount 

Union 

Highland 

Rocky  Mount 

Virginia  Mines 
Washington 

Independence 
Kanzas 

LEWIS. 

Canton 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Lone  Jack 

Elm  Grove 

Charleston 

GASCONADE. 

Oak  Grove 

La  Grange 

Norfolk 

Delphi 

Sibley 

Mavberry 

Ohio  City 

Hermann 

Stony  Point 

Oakley 

Jake's  Prairie 

Westport 

Prairie 

MONITEAU. 

Mount  Sterling 

Tully 

California 

JASPER. 

Jamestown 

GENTRY. 

Blytheville 

LINCOLN. 

Splice  Creek 

Alanthus  Grove 

Coon  Creek 

Auburn 

Gentry  Court  House 

Diamond  Grove 

Cap  Au  Grey 

MONROE. 

Gentryville 
New  Castle 

Duncan's  Mills 
Rural 

Chantilly 
Hawk  Point 

Crooked  Creek 
Florida 

GREENE. 
Ash  Grove 

Sarcoxie 
JEFFERSON. 

Lost  Creek 
Louisville 
Millwood 

Indian  Creek 
Long  Branch 
JY1  cidison 

Bowdark 
Dallas 

Argyle 
Avoca 

New  Hope 
Sulphur  Lick 

Middle  Grove 
Somerset 

Finley 

Glenfinlas 

AVo  o  d  1  a  wn 

Hickory  Barren 

Herculaneum 

LINN. 

Ozark 
Pleasant  Prairie 

House's  Springs 
Rush  Tower 

Coulson's  Mill 

MONTGOMERY. 

Pond  Creek 

Selma 

LIVINGSTON. 

Big  Spring 

Richland 
Saint  Paul 
Walnut  Forest 

Sulphur  Springs 
JOHNSON. 

Fairland 
Spring  Hill 
Utica 

Elk  Horn 
High  Hill 

King's  Mills 

White  Oak  Grove 

Basin  Knob 

Loutre  Island 

Big  Creek 

MCDONALD. 

Middletown 

GRUNDY. 

Bluff  Spring 

Elk  Mills 

Trenton 

Clear  Fork  Mills 

Enterprise 

MORGAN. 

Columbus 

Honey  Creek 

Bvler's  Mill 

HARRISON. 

Globe 

Pineville 

Felix 

Bethany 

Knobnoster 

Florence 

Post  Oak 

MACON. 

HENRY. 

Coutler's  Store 

NEW  MADRID. 

Calhoun 

KNOX. 

East  Fork 

Lost  Village 

Clinton 

Bee  Ridge 

Mechanicsburg 

Ogden 

Deep  Water 

Colony 

Middle  Fork 

Point  Pleasant 

104 


826 


POST  OFFICES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


NEWTON. 

Half  Way 

Wellsburg 

Prospect  Grove 

Cape's  Creek 

Humansville 

Saint  Peter's 

Sand  Hill 

Gates 

Orleans 

Wyaconda 

Grand  Falls 

Sentinel  Prairie 

ST.  CLAJR. 

Oliver's  Prairie 

Chalk  Level 

SCOTT. 

Shoal  Creek 

PULASKI. 

Clay 

Commerce 

NODDAWAY. 
Hallsa's  Creek 

Bellefonte 
Little  Piney 
Pine  Bluff 

Gardner's  Mills 
Hogle's  Creek 
Jenkins's  Bridge 

Cypress 
Pleasant  Plaina 

Maryville 

Relfe 

Monagan 

SENECA. 

Narrows 
Reindeer 

Waynesville 

Oseola 

Looniesville 

OREGON. 

fnhf> 

PUTNAM. 

Putnamville 

ST.    FRANCOIS. 
Big  River  Mills 

SHANNON. 
Munger's  Mill 

*)  oue 

Thomasville 
West  Plains 

QUAPAW. 

Crawford  Seminary 

Iron  Mountain 
Kinkead 
Silver  Spring 

SHELBY. 
Bethel 
Hager's  Grove 

OSAGE. 
Baley's  Creek 
Fredericksburg 
Lane's  Prairie 
Lisle 

RALLS. 

Cincinnati 
Hydesburg 
Lick  Creek 

ST.  GENEVIEVE. 

Avon 
Saint  Mary's  Landing 
Salt  Point 

West  Springfield 

STODDARD 

Bloomfield 
Olio 

Loose  Creek 
Mavais 
Pay  Down 
Westphalia 

Madisonville 
New  Portland 
Pigeon  Creek 
Saline 
Saverton 

ST.  LOUIS. 
Bellemonte 
Bonhomme 

Summer  Hill 
West  Prairie 

SULLIVAN. 

Bremen 

Milan 

OZARK. 

Cow  Skin 
North  Fork 
Red  Bud 
Saint  Leger 

RANDOLPH. 

Huntsville 
Milton 
Mount  Airy 
Penneys 

Bridgeton 
Carondelet 
Central 
Creve  Coeur 
Des  Peres 

Scottsville 

TANEY. 

Bull  Mills 
Cape  Fare 

PERRY: 

Roanoke 

Ellisville 

Port  Perry 

Southland 

Fee  Fee 
Fenton 

TEXAS. 

Ellsworth 

PETTIS 

RAY. 

Florisant 
Fox  Creek 

Jack's  Fork 

Arator 
Bee  Branch 

Camden 
Crab  Orchard 

Jefferson  Barracks 
Manchester 

Licking 
Roubidoux 

Fair  View 

Knoxville 

Oakville 

Heath's  Creek 

Millville 

Rock  Hill 

WARREN. 

Spring  Fork 

Otsego 
Prospect  Hill 

Sappington 
Waltonham 

Hickory  Grove 
Marthasville 

PIKE. 

Tinney's  Grove 

Pinckney 

Ashley 

SALINE. 

Warrenton 

Bowling  Green 
Clarksville 
Elk  Springs 
Frankford 
Louisiana 
Paynesville 

RELFE. 

REYNOLDS. 

Alamode 
Lesterville 
Logan's  Creek 

Arrow  Rock 
Brownsville 
Bryan 
Cambridge 
Cow  Creek 
Elmwood 

WASHINGTON 

Caledonia 
Fourche  a  Renault 
Harmony 
Johnson 

Prairieville 

Hazel  Grove 

Old  Mines 

Spencershurg 
Vannoy's  Mill 

RIPLEY. 

Martinsburg 

Jonesboro' 
Miami 

Richwoods 

Mill  Creek 

Petra 

WAYNE. 

PLATTE. 

Pike  Creek 

Ridge  Prairie 

Cold  Water 

Buena  Vista 

Van  Buren 

Greenville 

Estills  Mills 

Lowndes 

New  Market 
Parkville 

ST.  CHARLES. 

-A-U^UStfL 

SCHUYLER. 
Cherry  Grove 

Patterson 

Ridgley 

Cottleville 

Green  Top 

WRIGHT. 

Ringgold 

Femme  Osage 

Astoria 

Todd's  Creek 

Flint  Hill 

SCOTLAND. 

Cave  Spring 

Weston 

Hamburg 

Dairy 

Hazelwood 

Missouri  ton 

Memphis 

Pleasant  Valley 

POLK. 

Naylor's  Store 

Middle  Fabies 

Waldo 

Bolivar 

Portage  des  Sioux 

Pleasant  Retreat 

Wood  bury 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


827 


STATE   OF   IOWA. 


ALLEMAKEE. 

DECATUR. 

Hickory  Grove 

Palo 

Hardin 

Garden  Grove 

La  Motte 

Paris 

Lansing 

New  Buda 

Maquoketa 

Saint  Julian 

Postville 

Sabula 

Saint  Mary's 

Tom  Corwin 

DELAWARE. 

Spragueville 

Spring  Grove 

Coffin's  Grove 

Spring  Brook 

Springville 

APPANOOSE. 

Colesburg 

Sullivan 

Torah 

Centreville 

Forestville 

Tete  de  Mort 

Moravia 

Rockville 

Wickliffe 

LOUISA. 

Sharon 

Yankee  Settlement 

Columbus  City 

Unionville 

JASPER. 

Concord 

Wells's  Mills 

DES  MOINES. 

Carr 

Grand  View 

BENTON. 

Marysville 

Albrights 
Burlington 
Danville 

Lynnville 
Newton 
Parkers  burg 

Hope  Farm 
Palo  Alto 
Port  Allen 

Dodgeville 

Tool's  Point 

Port  Louisa 

BLACK  HAWK. 

Cedar  Falls 

Green  Bay 
Hawk  Eye 
Huron 

JEFFERSON. 
Abmgdon 

Toolsboro' 
Virginia  Grove 

BOONE. 

Kossuth 

Brookville 

LUCAS 

Belle  Point 

Linton 

Deedsville 

Booneville 

Middletown 

Fairfield 

MADISON.    . 

Rapids 

Parrish 

Glasgow 

Amazon 

Pleasant  Grove 

Libertyville 

BUCHANAN. 

Quasqueton 

Yellow  Spring 

Lockridge 
Pleasant  Prairie 

MA  H  ASK  A. 
Auburn 

DU  BUQUE. 

Walnut 

Belle  Fountain 

CEDAR. 

Gower's  Ferry 

Cascade 
Centretown 

JOHNSON. 
Copi 

Fremont 
Hopevvell 

Pedee 
Pioneer  Grove 

Channingville 
Durango 

vyv/^n 

Seventy-seven 
Solon 

Indianapolis 
Rose  Hill 

Rock  Creek 

Fillmore 

Scott 

Woodbridge 

Fort  Snelling 

JONES. 

Union  Mills 

Hogansville 

Bowen's  Prairie 

Warrens  ville 

CLARK. 

Mosalem 

Castle  Grove 

Glenns 

New  Vine 

Fairview 

MARION. 

Pin  Oak 

Grove  Creek 

Barkersville 

CLAYTON. 

Tivoli 

Monticello 

Bennington 

Elkader 

Weld's  Landing 

Walnut  Fork 

Divide 

Elkport 

Elm  Grove 

Farmersburg 

FAYETTE. 

KEOKUCK. 

English  Settlement 

Garnavillo 

Douglass 

Butler 

Hamilton 

Guttenburg 
McGregor's  Landing 

FREMONT. 

Freedom 
Richland 

Paran  City 
Pella 

Millville 
Monona 

Austin 
Davvsonburg 

South  English 
Springfield 

Pleasantville 
Red  Rock 

CLINTON. 

Florence 
Gas  ton 

Steady  Run 

MARSHALL. 

Brookfield 

McKissack's  Grove 

KISHKEKOSH. 

Mormon  Hill 

Buena  Vista 

Osage 

Timber  Creek 

Camanche 

LEE. 

Elk  River 

HENRY. 

Charleston 

MONROE. 

Lyons 
Massillon 
Spring  Rock 

Crooked  Creek 
East  Grove 
Hillsboro' 

Denmark 
Franklin  Centre 
Pilot  Grove 

Avery 
Half-way  Prairie 
La  Grange 

DALLAS. 

Lowell 
New  London 

Pleasant  Ridge 
Primrose 

Lovilia 

McKay 

Rome 

String  Prairie 

MUSCATINE. 

Salem 

Summitville 

Fair  Port 

DAVIS. 

Trenton 

Tuscarora 

Glen  Dale 

Chequist 

Warren 

Melpine 

Drakesville 

IOWA. 

West  Point 

Moscow 

Florus 

Overman's  Ferry 

Fox 

JACKSON 

LINN. 

West  Liberty 

Nottingham 

Andrew 

Centre  Point 

Oak  Spring 

Bridgeport 

Hoosier  Grove 

PAGE. 

Salt  Creek 

Canton 

La  Fayette 

Soap  Creek 
Taylor 

Copper  Creek 
Cottonville 

Mount  Vernon 
Necot 

POLK. 
Apple  Grove 

Troy 

Garry  Owen 

Oak  Grove 

Dudley 

828 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Freel 

SCOTT. 

Oak  Point 

WASHINGTON. 

Greenbush 

Allen's  Grove 

Philadelphia 

Brighton 

Harvey'-s  Point 

Blue  Grass 

Pittsburg 

Clay 

Hopkins's  Grove 

Le  Claire 

Portland 

Crawfordsville 

Montacute 

Pleasant  Valley 

Union 

Davis  Creek 

Saylorville 

Princeton 

Union  Corners 

Dutch  Creek 

Summerset 

Walnut  Grove 

Utica 

Marcellus 

Three  Rivers 

West  Buffalo 

Winchester 

Pottsville- 

Richmond 

POTAWATAM1E. 

Co-Id  Spring 
Coonville 
Council  Bluffs 
Kaneville 
Macedonia 

VAN  BUREN. 
Benton's  Port 
Birmingham 
Bonaparte 
Business  Corner 
Farmington 
Home 
Indian  Prairie 

WAPELLLO. 

Agency  City 
Ashland 
Blakesburg 
Chillicotha 
Cynthiann 
Dahlonega 
Eddyville 

Wassonville 
Yatton 

WASTNE. 

Cambria 
Grand  River 
South  Fork 

POWESHIEK. 

lowaville 

Fountain  Springs 

Bear  Creek 

Lick  Creek 

Kirkville 

WINNESHIEIL 

Deep  River 

Mechanicsburg 

Old  Mission 

Sugar  Grove 

New  Market 

WARREN. 

STATE   OF   WISCONSIN. 


BROWN. 

Rocky  Run 

Sun  Prairie 

El  Dorado 

Bridgeport 

Wyocena 

Turkey  Grove 

Fair  Water 

Cooperstown 
Fremont 

CRAWFORD. 

Utica 
Verona 

Friendship 
Lamartine 

Green  Bay 

Bad  Axe 

Windsor 

Metomen 

Greenville 

Black  River  Falls 

York 

Oakfield 

Hortonville 

Coon  Prairie 

Owascus 

Lansing 

Elk 

DODGE. 

Rock  River 

Little  Chute 
Mukwa 

La  Cross 
Mount  Sterling 

Asshuppun 
Beaver  Dam 

Rosendale 
Rush  Lake 

Oneida 

Springville 

Burnett 

Springvale 

Warner's  Landing 

Burnett  Corner 

Taycheeda 

CALUMET. 

Chester 

Waupun 

Charlestown 

DANE. 

Clyman 

West  Rosendale 

Dundas 

Albion 

Elba 

New  Holstein 

Ancient 

Emmett 

GRANT. 

Pequot 

Ashton 

Farmersville 

Beetown 

Pigeon  Grove 

Bass  Lake 

Herman 

Cassville 

Stockbridge 

Berry 

Horicon 

Dickeysville 

Black  Earth 

Hustisford 

Ellenboro' 

CHIPPEWA. 

Blue  Mound 

Iron  Ridge 

Fair  Play 

Clear  Water 
Middle  Mills 
Nelson's  Landing 
Ogalla 

Cambridge 
Christiana 
Cottage  Grove 
Cross  Plains 

Juneau 
Leroy 
Lomira 
Lowell 

Fennimore 
Hazel  Green 
Hurricane  Grove 
Jamestown 

Dane 

Mayville 

Lancaster 

COLUMBIA. 

Deerfield 

Neosho 

Montfort 

Bellefountaiu 

Door  Creek 

Oak  Grove 

Muscoda 

Centreville 

Dunkirk 

Theresa 

New  California 

Columbus 

Eolia 

Trenton  Corners 

Pin  Hook 

Fall  River 
Fort  Winabago 
Grand  March 

Fitch  burg 
Grand  Spring 
Hanchettville 

Upton 
Waushara 

Platteville 
Potosi 
Smeltzer's  Grove 

Hampden 
Lodi 

Lake  View 
Madison 

FOND  DU  LAC. 
Alcove 

Ursine 
Wyalusing 

Lowville 

Middleton 

Alto 

Marcellon 

Oregon 

Auburn 

GREENE. 

Oshaukuta 

Pheasant  Branch 

Avoca 

Albany 

Otsego 

Peirceville 

Badger 

Attica 

Pardeeville 

Pine  Bluff 

Bothelle 

Bern 

Pigeon  Grove 

Primrose 

Byron 

Cadiz 

Portage  City 

Rutland 

Calumet  Village 

Clarence 

Port  Hope 

Spring  Dale 

Ceres  co 

Decatur 

Poynett 

S  toner's  Prairie 

Dotyville 

Exeter 

Randolph 

Stoughton 

Eden 

Farmer's  Grove 

POST   OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


829 


Hoosick 

Saint  Mary's 

RACINE. 

Leland's  Mill 

Hoosier  Grove 

Wiota 

Burlington 

Oneonta 

Juda 

Caldwell  Prairie 

Prairie  du  Sauk 

Montezuma 

MANITOOWOC 

Caledonia 

Reedsburg 

Monticello 

Collins 

Hoadley 

Russell's  Corners 

Mount  Pleasant 

Francis  Creek 

Ives's  Grove 

Seven  Mile  Creek 

Nevada 

Manitoowoc 

Kossuth 

New  Glarus 

Manitoowoc  Rapids 

Liberty 

SHEBOYGAN. 

Spring  Grove 

Meeme 

Mount  Pleasant 

Cascade 

Sylvester 

Mishicott 

Norway 

Cedar  Grove 

Walnut  Springs 

Two  Rivers 

Pan  Yan 

Elkhare 

Willet 

Racine 

Gibbville 

MARATHON. 

Raymond 

Green  Bush 

IOWA. 

Wausau 

Rochester 

Howard's  Grove 

Arena 

Salem 

Menter 

Blue  River 
Dodgeville 
Dover 

MARQUETTE. 
Berlin 
Bluffton 

South  Bristol 
Sylvania 
Thompsonville 

Mitchell 
Onion  River 
Plymouth 

Elk  Grove 

Dartford 

Union  Grove 

Rathbun 

Helena 

Grand  Prairie 

Waterford 

Scott 

Highland 

Green  Lake 

Yorkville 

Sheboygan  Falls 

1TT              1 

Linden 

Greenwood 

Worth 

Mifflin 

Hmrisvillc 

RICHLAND. 

Ilidgeway 

Kingston 

Orion 

WALWORTH. 

Waldwick 

Ijtikc  ]VIc\riti 

Richland  City 

Adams 

Wallace 

jVTurke  Still 

Sand  Prairie 

Allen's  Grove 

White  Oak  Springs 
Willow  Springs 

Marquette 
Mantello 

Sextonville 

Baker's  Corners 
Big  Fort  Prairie 

Wyoming 

Moundville 

ROCK. 

Bloomfieid 

Namahkun 

Avon 

Darien 

JEFFEKSON. 

Neshkoro 

Bachelor's  Grove 

Delavan 

Aztalan 

Oasis 

Beloit 

East  Troy 

Bark  River 

Pakwaukee 

Center 

Fairfield 

Cold  Spring 
Concord 
Farmington 
Fort  Atkinson 

Pine  River 
Poy  Sippi 
Princeton 
Rock  Hill 

Clinton 
Cooksville 
Emerald  Grove 
Evansville 

Geneva 
Geneva  Bay 
Genoa 
Heart  Prairie 

Helenville 

Roslin 

Fulton 

Honey  Creek 

Hubbleton 

Roxo 

Inmansville 

La  Fayette 

Ixonia 
Koskonong 
Lake  Mills 

Sacramento 
Tachorah 
Warwick 

Janesville 
Johnstown 
Johnstown  Centre 

La  Grange 
Little  Prairie 
Lvons 

Milford 
Newton  Corners 

Waupaka 
Wautoma 

Leyden 
Lima 

Millard 
Richmond 

Oak  Hill 

Westfield 

Magnolia 

Sharon 

Oakland 

Willow  Creek 

Milton 

South  Grove 

Oenca 

Newark 

Spring  Prairie 

Palmyra 
Rome 

MILWAUKEE. 

"RnflaM 

North  Janesville 
Osborn 

State  Line 
Sugar  Creek 

Sullivan 
Waterloo 
Watertown 

KENOZHA. 

Brighton 
Bristol 

jjUiicr 
Franklin 
Good  Hope 
Granville 
Greenfield 
Milwaukee 
Muskego 
New  Berlin 

Rock  Prairie 
Rock  Valley 
Shopiere 
Spring  Valley 
Summerville 
Teotsa 
Union 

Wnrrpn'u 

Troy 
Troy  Centre 
Troy  Lakes 
Utter's  Corners 
Vienna 
Walworth 
White  Water 

Marion 

Oak  Creek 

vv  arren  s 

WASHINGTON. 

Paris 
Pleasant  Grove 

Root  Creek 
Wauwatosa 

ST.  CROIX. 
Brock's  Crossing 

Addison 
Barton 

Wheatland 
Wilmot 

OUTOGAMIE. 

Falls  of  St.  Croix 
La  Pointe 

Cedarburg 
Cedar  Creek 

Ellington 

Marine  Mills 

Cherry  Hill 

LA  FAYETTE. 

Kaukauna 

Willow  River 

Fillmore 

Argyle 

Fredonia 

Benton 

PORTAGE. 

SAUK. 

Grafton 

Cottage  Inn 

Almond 

Baraboo 

Hartford 

Fayette 

Buena  Vista 

Bear  Creek 

Kewascum 

Georgetown 
Gratiot 

Eau  Pleine 
Grand  Rapids 

Bluff 
Col  lamer 

Mequon  River 
Muker 

Hamilton 

Plover 

Dallton 

Newburg 

New  Diggings 

Stevens's  Point 

Dellona 

Ozaukee 

Shullsburg 

Warsaw 

Freedom 

Saukville 

830 


POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Schleisingerville 

Howards 

Summit 

Fisk's  Corner 

Toland's  Prairie 

Lisbon 

Sussex 

Groveland 

Ulao 

Mapleton 

Vernon 

Koro 

West  Bend 

Marcy 

Waterville 

Lind 

Young  Hickory 

Menominee  Falls 

Waukesha 

Menasha 

Merton 

Makwa 

WAUKESHA. 

Monches 

Neenah 

Big  Bend 

Monterey 

WINABAGO. 

Nekama 

Brookfield 
Bullion 
Delafield 

Mukwonago 
Muskeego  Centre 
Oconomowock 

Algoma 
Appleton 
Black  Wolf 

Nepeuskun 
Oshkosh 
Omro 

Denoon 

Okauchee 

Bloomingdale 

Vinland 

Eagle  vi  lie 

Ottawa 

Butte  des  Morts 

Wanekuna 

Genesee 

Pewaukee 

Clairville 

Waukau 

Golden  Lake 

Prospect  Hill 

Delhi 

Welaunee 

Hartland 

South  Genesee 

Eureka 

Weyauweya 

TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA. 

BENTON. 

PEMBINA. 

WABASHAW. 

Long  Prairie 

Sauk  Rapids 

Pembina 

Red  Wing 

Swan  River 

Reed's  Landing 
Wabashaw 

WASHINGTON. 

DAHKOTAH 

RAMSEY. 

Cottage  Grove 

Fort  Snelling 
Lac  qui  Parle 

Red  Rock 
Saint  Anthony's  Falls 

WAHNAHTA. 

Fort  Gaines 

Point  Douglass 
Taylor's  Falls 

TERRITORY  OF   OREGON. 

BENTON. 

CLATSOP. 

Olympia 

Tuality  Plains 

Forks  of  Mary's  River 

Astoria 

Pacific  City 

Tulatin  Plains 

Marysville 

Lexington 

• 

Pleasant  Hill 

MARION. 

POLK. 

Skinners 
Yoncalla 

LYNN. 
Calapooia 
New  Albany 

Bute  Creek 
Buteville 
Salem 

Lackemute 
Nesmiths 

CLACKAMAS. 

Santyam 

Syracuse 

Fort  Laramie 

Santyam  Forks 

YAM  HILL 

Milwaukie 

Willammette  Forks 

WASHINGTON. 

Chehalem 

Mollalla 
Slough 

LEWIS. 

Harris's  Ferry 
Hillsboro' 

La  Fayette 
North  Yam  Hill 

Monticello 

Linn  City 

Willammette 

CLARK. 

Oak  Point 

St.  Helen 

Yam  Hill  Falls 

STATE     OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Post  Office.                                                       County. 

Post  Office.                                                      County. 

Haydensville        .... 

Placervillc        .... 

Junction      .....        Contra-  Costa 

Mission  San  Jose 

Vernon       

Napa         Napa 

Weaverville    

Nevada  City        .... 

TERRITORY  OF  UTAH. 

Post  Office.                                                           County. 

Post  Office.                                                           Count] 

Miller's  Creek     Davi 

Utah  Lake        ....               .    Utah 

Lecompte  Valley     . 

POST  OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


831 


Post  Office 
Albuquerque 
Frontero 
Las  Vegas 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


County. 
.    Bernalillo 

Socorro 
.     San  Miguel 


Post  Office. 
San  Elizario 
Socorro 


County. 

Socorro 

Socorro 


Post  Office. 
Delaware  . 
Fort  Bridge 


TERRITORY  OF  NEBRASKA. 


County. 


Post  Office. 
Fort  Kearney 


County. 


RATES   OF  POSTAGE. 


Letter  Postage. 

For  a  single  letter,  sent  not  exceeding  3000  miles, 
if  prepaid,  3  cts. ;  if  not  prepaid,  5  cts.  Sent  over 
3000  miles,  if  prepaid,  6  cts. ;  if  not  prepaid,  12  cts. 

For  such  a  letter,  conveyed  wholly  or  in  part  by 
sea  to  or  from  a  foreign  country,  (except  all  cases 
where  different  rates  have  been  or  shall  be  estab- 
lished by  postal  arrangements,)  sent  not  exceed- 
ing 2500  miles,  10  cents  ;  over  2500  miles,  20  cts. 

For  a  double  letter  there  shall  be  charged  double 
the  above  rates  ;  for  a  treble  letter  treble  the  above 
rates,  &c.,  &c.  Every  letter  or  parcel,  not  exceed- 
ing half  an  ounce  (avoirdupois)  in  weight,  is  a  sin- 
gle letter,  and  every  additional  weight  of  half  an 
ounce,  or  of  less  than  half  an  ounce,  is  charged 
with  an  additional  single  postage.  When  adver- 
tised, one  cent  additional  is  charged  on  each  letter. 
For  a  letter  delivered  by  a  carrier,  there  is  an  addi- 
tional charge  of  not  exceeding  one  or  two  cents. 

For  drop  letters,  (not  to  be  mailed,)  each  1  cent. 

For  all  letters  or  pkgs.  (ship  letters)  conveyed  by 
any  vessels  not  employed  in  conveying  the  mail,  2 
cts.  To  this  charge  of  2  cts.  is  added  4  cts.  when  the 
letters  are  not  transmitted  through  the  mail,  but  are 
delivered  at  the  post  office  where  deposited ;  and 
the  ordinary  rates  of  U.  States  postage  are  added 
when  the  letter  is  transmitted  through  the  mails. 


Newspaper,  Pamphlet,  and  Book  Postage. 

1.  Newspapers,  periodicals,  unsealed  circulars, 
and  other  printed  matter,  weighing  not  over  three 
ounces,  pay  1  cent  each,  to  any  part  of  the  U.  S., 
or  half  that  rate,  paid  quarterly  or  yearly,  in  ad- 
vance.    The  same  kind  of  matter,  weighing  not 
over  one  and  a  half  ounces,  half  the  above  rates. 

2.  Newspapers,  &c.,  not  weighing  more   than  1£ 
ounces,  can  be  sent  to  any  part  of  the  state  where 
published  at  half  the  above  rates,  i.  e.,  for  half  a 
cent  not  prepaid,  and  a  quarter  of  a  cent  if  prepaid. 

3.  Small  newspapers,  periodicals,    and  printed 
sheets,  in  pkgs.  of  8  ounces,  at  least,  to  one  address, 
if  prepaid,  are  to  pay  but  half  a  cent  per  ounce. 

4.  Transient  matter  must  be  prepaid,  or  charged 
double  postage,  or  2  cents  for  every  sheet. 

5.  Weekly  newspapers  free  in  co.  of  publication. 

6.  Bills  for  newspapers,  and  receipts  for  payments 
of  moneys  therefor,  may  be  enclosed  in  subscribers' 
papers,  but  nothing  else,  and  no  writing  or  print- 
ing, inside  or  outside,  except  the  address,  under 
penalty  of  paying  letter  postage. 

7.  Exchanges  between  newspaper  publishers  free. 

8.  Books,  bound  or  unbound,  of  not  more  than 
four  pounds  each,  1  cent  per  ounce,   under  3000 
miles,  and  2  cents  over  that  distance.    Fifty  per 
cent,  to  be  added  where  not  prepaid. 


NEWSPAPERS  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES,    1850. 


No. 

Circulation. 

Vo.  copies  cir- 
culated per.  an. 

Dailies, 
Tri-weeklies, 
Simi-weeklies, 
Weeklies, 
Semi-monthlies, 
Monthlies, 
Quarterlies, 

350 
150 
12-5 

2,000 
50 
100 
25 

750,000 
75,000 
80,000 
2,875,000 
300,000 
900,000 
29,000 

235,000,000 
11,700,000 
8,320,000 
149,500,000 
7,200,000 
10,800,000 
80,000 

Total, 

2,800 

5,000,000 

422,600,000 

The  foregoing  table  will  show  the  number  ol 
daily,  weekly,  monthly,  and  other  issues,  with  the 
aggregate  circulation  of  each  class. 

Four  hundred  and  twenty-four  papers  are  issued 
in  the  New  England  States,  eight  hundred  and 
seventy-six  in  the  Middle  States,  seven  hundred 
and  sixteen  in  the  Southern  States,  and  seven  hun- 
dred and  eighty-four  in  the  Western  States. 

The  average  circulation  of  papers  in  the  United 
States  is  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty- 
five.  There  is  me  publication  for  every  seven 
thousand  one  hundred  and  sixty-one  free  inhabi- 
tatits  in  the  United  States  and  Territories. 


832 


PROGRESS   OF  THE  POST   OFFICE. 


Number  of  Post  Offices  and  length  of.  Post  Roads  in  the  United  States,  the  annual  amount  paid  for 
Mail  Transportation,  and  of  Receipts  and  Expenditures  of  the  Post  Office  Department,  from  1790 
to  1851,  inclusive. 


Years. 

Number  of 
Post  Offices. 

Length  of 
Post  Roads. 

Paid  for 
Transportation. 

Receipts. 

Expenditures. 

1790  

75 

1,875 

22,081  00 

37,935  00 

32,140  00 

1795                

453 

13,207 

75,359  00 

160,620  00 

117,893  00 

1800       

903 

20,817 

128,644  00 

280,804  00 

213,994  00 

1805  

1,558 

31,076 

239,635  00 

421,373  00 

377,367  00 

1810  

2,300 

36,406 

327,966  00 

551,684  00 

495,969  00 

1815              

3  000 

43,748 

487,779  00 

1,043,065  00 

748,121  00 

1820  

4500 

72,492 

782,425  00 

1,111,927  00 

1,160,926  00 

1825  

5,677 

94,052 

785,646  00 

1,336,525  00 

1,229,043  00 

1830  

8,450 

115,176 

1,272,156  00 

1,519,300  00 

1,959,109  00 

1835  

10,770 

112,774 

1,533,222  00 

3,152,376  00 

2,585,108  00 

1840  

13,468 

155,739 

3,213,042  61 

4,543,521  92 

4,718,235  64 

1841  

13  778 

155,026 

3,034,813  91 

4,407,726  27 

4,499,527  61 

1842  

13,733 

149,732 

4,192,196  06 

5,029,506  65 

5,674  751  76 

1843  

13,814 

142,295 

2,982,512  47 

4,296,225  43 

4,374,753  71 

1844  

14,103 

144,687 

2,912,946  78 

4,237,287  83 

4,296,512  70 

1845  

14,183 

143,940 

2,898,633  48 

4,439,841  80 

4,320,731  99 

1846  

14,601 

149,679 

2,597,454  66 

4,089,089  97 

4,084,332  42 

1847  .  . 

15,146 

153,818 

2,476,455  68 

4,013,447  14 

3,971,275  12 

1848     

16  159 

163,208 

2,545,232  12 

4,161,077  85 

4,326,850  27 

1849  

16,747 

167,703 

2,577,407  71 

4,705,176  28 

4,479,049  13 

1850  

18,417 

178,672 

2,965,786  36 

5,499,984  86 

5,212,953  43 

1851  

19,796 

192,026 

3,538,063  54 

6,410,604  33 

6,278,401  68 

Statement  of  Mail  Service  in  the  United  States,  on  the  30*A  of  June,  1850. 


States. 

Total  number 
of  Miles. 

Total  annual 
Transportation. 

States. 

Total  number 
of  Miles. 

Total  annual 
Transportat'n. 

Maine      

4  252 

1  369  680 

Florida  

2  607 

384  456 

2042 

736  736 

5  188 

1  318  893 

2519 

964  860 

7262 

1  458  772 

3,071 

2,179,046 

10,314 

2,448  744 

Rhode  Island 

414 

213  304 

4  572 

767  664 

1  852 

1  017  944 

3  664 

541  408 

13  397 

6  148  258 

9  702 

1  818  249 

2  337 

1  003  652 

8  745 

2  489  656 

11  422 

3  455,792 

7  371 

1  441  958 

488 

167,544 

7,554 

1,737,324 

2,438 

1,010,456 

Mississippi  •  

5,460 

1,051,700 

Ohio  

12267 

3,421,535 

Arkansas      

5,625 

796,836 

11  923 

2  574  900 

4  151 

600  332 

North  Carolina  

7,931 

1,683,604 

Texas    

7,698 

897,462 

5  464 

1  170  624 

6,921 

1.670.034 

Total..., 

178,672 

46,541,423 

Statement  of  the  net  Revenue  arising  from  Letter  Postages,  Newspapers,  S$c.,  and  the  amount  credited 
contractors  for  the  Transportation  of  the  Mails  in  the  several  States  and  Territories,  for  the  faoal 
year  ended  30th  June,  1850. 


States  and  Territories. 

Revenue. 

Transportation. 

States  and  Territories. 

Revenue. 

Transportat'n. 

89  761  92 

46  690  25 

75  937  75 

143,798  70 

New  Hampshire.... 

59  902  20 

27  662  00 

55536  01 

84,256  58 

58  965  44 

50  643  93 

86  472  49 

87  121  70 

Massachusetts  

358  120  72 

132,164  84 

83,638  03 

76,225  82 

Rhode  Island  

39  328  34 

12  088  20 

115  184  53 

156  685  71 

110  971  81 

62  176  13 

Ohio      

286  311  24 

138,836  32 

New  York      

933  977  13 

324  970  14 

69  387  69 

39  634  58 

66  156  20 

42  813  37 

T       ' 

116  936  06 

68  464  61 

396  699  91 

146  105  64 

Texas              . 

28  474  12 

114  744  83 

12,521  38 

6  489  87 

Florida  

13  793  24 

31,701  55 

121,864  61 

143  150  97 

60  725  35 

34,759  77 

141,579  13 

169  687  83 

1  874  13 

1,192  89 

46,647  07 

154  977  40 

California     ...         . 

227  152  82 

111,515  87 

64,185  86 

74  142  59 

3  282  54 

9,875  80 

83,787  95 

101,313  23 

243  68 

350  00 

17  215  53 

61  244  90 

Utah 

718  90 

26  568  86 

24  850  05 

11  109  45 

76  108  62 

108  488  80 

Nebraska 

'  25  17 

101.749  42 

146.772  94 

UNITED   STATES  GAZETTEER.  —  STATISTICAL   TABLES. 


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840 


UNITED   STATES  GAZETTEER.  —  STATISTIC AL   TABLES. 


Statement  of  the  Tonnage  of  the  several  Districts  of  the  United  States,  on  the  last  day  of  June,  1851. 


DISTRICT!. 

Registered  tonnage  in  the 

Proportion  of  the  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage  employed  in  the 

Whale 
fishery. 

Steam 
navigation. 

Coasting  trade. 

Cod  fishery. 

Mackerel 
fishery. 

Aggregate  ton- 
nage of  ea.  dist. 

Steam 
navigation,  j 

Tons  and  95ths. 

Passamaquoddy,  Me. 

649.74 

•    9,676.64 
19,632.01 
26,606.55 
17,956.60 
26,066.71 
15,370.72 
51,844.84 
5,722.09 
22,852.81 
20,774.10 
1,307.24 
1,923.62 
1,088.65 
5,173.72 
3,932.31 

1,190.73 
225.16 
5,448.90 
12,774.82 
4,345.48 
732.69 
3,292.71 
6,532.46 
1,745.37 
3,861.00 
301.27 
637.16 
144.90 
1,705.33 

491.38 
59.42 
294.62 
3,249.60 
1,973.00 
241.11 
312.27 
26.01 
387.40 
2,545.85 
51.74 
194.88 
30.06 
481.16 

25,349.38 
22,876.88 
34,899.86 
40,809.25 
44,835.22 
27,571.64 
103,593.51 
19,718.26 
103,795.91 
97,571.70 
2,825.88 
11,204.44 
1,263.66 
25,427.54 
3,932.31 
26,706.80 
492.55 
23,436.11 
30,498.36 
3,948.78 
4,351.51 
342,936.09 
10,723.01 
12,070.50 
131,409.46 
72,997.44 
8,079.19 
26,752.71 
15,552.55 
12,177.63 
10,320.19 
12,757.53 
40,407.67 
20,302.51 
18,308.44 
24,403.60 
4,207.70 
7,105.93 
26,323.21 
605.94 
686.01 
1,985.34 
43,603.13 
12,808.00 
7,391.11 
931,193.74 
2,496.19 
2,608.12 
22,765.89 
14,835.07 
6,797.05 
15,663.41 
5,773.33 
6,639.26 
16,421.79 
222,428.90 
8,210,35 
53,734.34 
6,816.67 
5,064.19 
160,511.64 
12,636.45 
14,469.87 

648.33 

Frenchman's  Bay,  do. 

1,698.60 

Bath,  do. 

2,018.51 
1,395.64 

York    do 

3,240.37 

495.29 
448.10 

4,667.47 

2,777.88 
27.42 
5,110.54 

"3,524.  40 
150.14 
5,536.64 
1,129.12 

15,729.80 
142.82 

9,165.27 
424.38 



3,127.18 
1,034.83 
5,194.77 

38,690.80 
1,273.04 
9,920.44 
7,902.01 
36,488.11 
1,499.80 
2,867.51 
7,101.40 
1,878.47 
3,963.81 
12,362.46 
12,406.34 
4,664.57 
12,446.87 
23,854.35 
4,207.70 
7,105.93 

2,324.85 

Fall  River          .   do 

928.19 
113,601.87 
4,200.08 
3,231.88 
19,055.29 
864.54 
4,482.63 
1,181.23 

4,826.10 
57.81 
240.16 

New  Bedford,....  do. 
Barnstable,  do. 
Edgartown,  do. 
Nantucket,  do. 
Providence,  ....  R.  I. 
Bristol  do. 

213.24 
7,800.57 
78.33 
121.31 
26.40 

220.03 
20,373.00 
386.38 
180.65 





479.22 
262.75 
124.00 
255.67 
2,116.17 
3,742.77 
67^8 
1,661.08 

Newport,  do. 



93.43 
3,768.32 
1,729.33 

189.76 
133.58 
217.64 
242.71 

New  London,  ....  do. 
Stonington,  do. 
New  Haven,  do. 
Fairfield  do. 
Champlain,  .  .  .  .N.  Y. 
Sackett's  Harbor,.do. 
Oswego,  do. 
Niagara  do 

16,346.14 
9,601.69 

•••  

917.30 
343.07 
4,381.91 
100.00 
429.42 
1,985.34 
19,983.56 
128.01 

69,148.89 
5,440.89 





26,323.21 
605.94 
686.01 
1,985.34 
43,603.13 
3,760.72 
3,512.25 
415,062.38 
2,496.19 
44.55 
21,714.46 
13,745.75 
6,797.05 
15,452.52 
5,595.87 
6,639.26 
15,782.53 
149,793.00 
8,210.35 
52,466.18 
5,950.21 
5,064.19 
64,278.77 
12,369.13 
13,576.65 





Oswegatchie,  ....  do. 
Buffalo  Creek,  ...do. 
Sag  Harbor   ...»  do 

4,434.26 
1,210.52 



73*03 
736.38 

Greenport    .    •  .    do 



New  York  do. 

52,392.68 





Cold  Spring    ...»  do 

2,505.90 

Perth  Amboy,...N.  J. 
Bridgetown,  do. 
Burlington,  do. 



2,762.30 
5,020.78 
1,005.01 

'l9,'665.29 
5,960.61 
47,910.94 
2,489.92 

14,285.21 

Newark,  do. 
!  Little  Egg  Harbor,  do 
Great  Egg  Harbor,  do 
Philadelphia,  Pa 









1,052.07 

i 

Pittsburg  do. 
Wilmington,  .  .  .  .  De. 
Newcastle,  do. 
Baltimore,  Md 
Oxford,  do. 

•  



i  

:::::::: 



Vienna,  do. 





UNITED   STATES  GAZETTEER.  —  STATISTIC AL  TABLES. 


841 


Statement  of  the  Tonnage  of  the  several  Districts  of  the  United  States  —  continued. 


DISTRICTS. 

Registered  tonnage  in  the 

Proportion  of  the  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage  employed  in  the 

Whale 
fishery. 

Steam 
navigation. 

Coasting  trade. 

Cod  fishery. 

Mackerel 
fishery. 

Aggregate  ton- 
nage of  ea.  dist. 

Steam 
navigation. 

Tons  and  95ths. 

9,575.38 
2,290.48 
2,124.73 
2,659.58 
18,505.57 
6,381.04 
12,780.68 
1,899.86 
4,303.01 
5,025.00 
4,911.94 
3,849.78 
1,622.79 
3,388.57 
1,000.86 
3,923.89 
6,330.19 
3,275.78 
3,953.30 
1,017.58 
9,979.56 
970.43 
1,230.81 
1,428.15 
16,472.88 
1,503.74 

9,851.59 
2,290.48 
2,124.73 
2,659.58 
22,903.46 
10,111.87 
23,661.25 
2,927.41 
6,835.14 
5,241.52 
5,659.69 
4,361.78 
1,650.84 
3,388.57 
1,037.16 
3,923.89 
12,387.45 
4,891.65 
6,615.58 
1  128  08 

Town  Creek,  do. 
Annapolis,  do. 



274.01 





336.42 
2,309.34 
314.48 
936.30 
79.60 
1,585.68 

Alexandria,  Va. 
Norfolk  .  .  .  do 







Petersburg,  do. 
Richmond,  do. 
Yorktown,  do. 









3,923.89 
3,014.23 
176.59 

Accomac,  c.  h....do. 
East  River,  do. 
Yeocomico,  do. 
Cherry  Stone  do. 
Wheeling,  do. 
Wilmington,...  N.C. 
Newbern,  do. 
Washington,  do. 









Camden,  do. 







12,310.52 
2,414.24 
2,607.00 
1,428.15 
31,910.27 
3,277.19 



86.84 

Ocracoke,  do. 

Charleston,  .  .  .  .  S.  C. 



1,115.85 





5,665.12 

Savannah,  Ga. 





10,449.47 





22,265.69 

8,289.52 

470.49 

489.67 

703.13 
1,095.43 

1,429.87 
2,322.70 

281.60 
309.92 
2,050.36 
1,497.63 
17,941.48 
929.29 
168.48 
165,275.48 
959.05 
3,587.67 

281.60 
309.92 
2,050.36 
4,400.10 
27,327.01 
1,236.21 
168.48 
251,900.14 
1,384.79 
3,587.67 
12,937.90 
34,065.46 
23,103.45 
2,946.10 
36,070.50 
4,858.38 
14,187.18 
3,236.13 
40,319.46 
1  455  40 

79.45 
2,050.36 

13,567.87 
79.35 
168.48 
149,747.72 
538.07 
3,587.67 
12,937.90 
29,568.31 
706.79 
286.80 
11,355.36 
73.35 
12,362.48 
1,153.10 
21,944.17 

Key  West  do. 
Mobile,  Aa  
Pearl  River,  Mi. 









New  Orleans,  ....  La. 



6,905.63 

Nashville,  Te  

Louisville,  Ky  
St.  Louis,  Mo  
Chicago,  Is  
Milwaukie,  Wn  





12,937.90 
34,065.46 
23,103.45 
2,946.10 
36,070.50 
4,858.38 
14,187.18 
3,236.13 
40,319.46 
1,409.34 
3,062.70 
657.49 
571.11 





Cuyahoga,  O. 
Sandusky,  do. 
Cincinnati,  do. 
Miami  do 
Detroit,  Mn. 
Michilimackinac,  do. 









3,667.16 
657.49 
588.52 
1,063.43 
58,063.54 
372.43 

1,330.07 
657.49 
105.54 

San  Francisco,  .  ..Ca. 





15,971.13 
183.36 





4,945.41 
183.66 

Total,  

181,644.52 

62,390.13 

1,854,317.90 

87,475.89 

50,539.02 

3,772,439.43 

521,216.87 

f 

106 


ARMY  AND  NAVY 


OF 


THE    UNITED   STATES 


ARMY. 


THE  army  of  the  United  States,  commanded  by 
one  major  general  and  two  brigadiers,  consists  of 
a  corps  of  engineers,  an  ordnance  department, 
two  regiments  of  dragoons,  one  of  mounted  rifle- 
men, four  of  artillery,  and  eight  of  infantry,  —  in 
the  whole  about  11,000  men,  —  and  is  stationed 
as  follows :  — 


MILITARY    GEOGRAPHICAL   DIVISIONS. 

The  Eastern  Division,  composed  of  the  1st,  2d, 
3d,  and  4th  Military  Departments,  comprises  the 
following  states :  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Ver- 
mont, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Car- 
olina, and  Georgia,  and  the  portion  of  Florida 
and  Wisconsin  E.  of  a  line  drawn  from  Fond  du 
Lac,  Lake  Superior,  to  Cape  Sable,  Florida. 

The  Western  Division,  composed  of  the  5th, 
6th,  7th,  8th,  and  9th  Military  Departments,  is 
situated  within  the  following  limits  :  The  country 
W.  of  the  line  from  Fond  du  Lac  to  Cape  Sa- 
ble, (except  Oregon  and  California,)  embrac- 
ing the  part  of  Wisconsin  W.  of  said  line  ;  Min- 
nesota ;  the  states  of  Iowa,  Illinois,  Missouri, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Louisiana.  Mis- 
sissippi, Alabama,  and  Texas  ;  the  part  of  Florida 
W.  of  said  line  ;  the  Indian  country  W.  of  the 
Mississippi  River  ;  and  the  territory  of  New 
Mexico. 

The  Pacific  Division,  composed  of  the  10th  and 
llth  Military  Departments,  comprises  the  terri- 
tories of  California  and  Oregon. 

The  head-quarters  of  the  army  are  in  Wash- 
ington. 

The  head-quarters  of  the  Eastern  Division  are 
at  Troy,  N.  Y. 

The  head-quarters  of  the  Western  Division 
are  at  New  Orleans,  La. 

The  head-quarters  of  the  Pacific  Division  are 
at  Sonoma,  Ca. 


MILITARY    GEOGRAPHICAL    DEPARTMENTS. 

No.  1 .  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut. 

No.  2.  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  (E.  of  the  line 
from  Fond  du'  Lac  to  Cape  Sable,)  Ohio,  and  In- 
diana. Hefld-quarters  at  Detroit. 

No.  3.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Delaware,  and  Maryland. 


The  head-quarters  of  Departments  No.  1  ami 
3  are  at  Troy,  N.  Y. 

No.  4.  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  and  that  part  of  Florida  lying  with- 
in the  Eastern  Division.  Head-quarters  at  Fort 
Monroe,  Va. 

No.  5.  The  portion  of  Florida  within  the 
Western  Division,  the  states  of  Alabama,  Louis- 
iana, Mississippi,  Tennessee,  and  Kentucky. 
Head-quarters  at  New  Orleans. 

No.  6.  Wisconsin,  (W.  of  the  line  from  Fond 
du  Lac  to  Cape  Sable.)  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  Mis- 
souri, above  the  37th  degree  of  N.  latitude.  Head- 
quarters at  St.  Louis. 

No.  7.  The  country  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  S. 
of  the  37th  degree  of  N.  latitude,  N.  of  Louisiana 
and  Texas,  and  E.  of  Department  No.  9.  Head- 
quarters at . 

No.  8.  That  part  of  Texas  lying  S.  and  E.  of 
a  line  drawn  from  a  point  on  the"  Rio  Grande,  op- 
posite the  southernmost  limit  of  the  island  S.  of 
El  Paso,  containing  the  towns  of  San  Elizario, 
Socorra,  and  Isletta.  to  the  junction  of  the  Ense- 
nada  Choctau  (Choctaw  Creek)  with  the  Colorado 
or  Red  River,  and  down  said  river  to  Arkansas. 
Head-quarters  at  San  Antonio. 

No.  9.  New  Mexico  and  the  territory  N.  and 
W.  of  the  aforesaid  line  from  the  Rio  Grande  to 
and  down  the  Colorado  or  Red  River,  formerly 
claimed  as  a  part  of  New  Mexico.  Head-quarter* 
at  Santa  Fe. 

No.  10.  The  territory  of  California.  Head- 
quarters at  Monterey. 

No.  11.     The   territory  of  Oregon. 


PAY    OF  THE    ARMY. 

Total  Annual  Pay.  Major  general,  $4512; 
brigadier  general,  $2958 ;  colonels  of  engineers 
and  cavalry,  $2196;  colonels  of  artillery  and  in- 
fantry, $1992;  lieutenant  colonels  of  engineers 
and  cavalry,  $1944;  lieutenant  colonels  of  artil- 
ery  and  infantry,  $1740;  majors  of  engineers 
and  cavalry,  $1692  ;  majors  of  artillery  and  in- 
fantry, $1548  ;  captains  of  engineers  and  cavalry. 
$1278;  captains  of  artillery  and  infantry,  $954: 
first  and  second  lieutenants  of  engineers  and 
cavalry,  $968  ;  first  lieutenants  of  artillery  and 
infantry,  $834 ;  second  do.,  $774 ;  paymaster 
general,  $2500;  deputy  paymaster  general. 
$1944;  paymasters,  $1500;  surgeon  general. 
$2500;  surgeons,  from  $982  to  $1788,  according 
to  length  of  service.  Privates,  engineers,  and 
cavalry,  $198  ;  artillery  and  infantry,  $186. 


AEMY  AND  NAVY  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


843 


ARSENALS. 


Posts. 

State  or  Territory. 

Post  Office. 

Kennebec,       .... 

Maine,    

Augusta. 

Watertown, 

Massachusetts,    . 

Watertown. 

Champlain,     .... 

Vermont,        .... 

Vergennes. 

Watervliet, 

New  York, 

Watervliet. 

Rome,     

u      ..... 

Rome. 

Alleghany, 

Pennsylvania, 

Pittsburg. 

Frankford,      .... 

"..... 

Frankford. 

Pikesville,   .... 

Maryland,   .... 

Pikesville. 

Washington,  .... 

Dist*.  of  Columbia, 

Washington. 

Bellona,      . 

Virginia,     .... 

Bellona. 

St.  Louis,        .        . 

Missouri,         .... 

St.  Louis. 

Baton  Rouge, 

Louisiana,    .... 

Baton  Rouge. 

Mount  Vernon, 

Alabama,        .... 

Mount  Vernon. 

Detroit,       .... 

Michigan,    .... 

Dearbonville. 

North  Carolina, 

North  Carolina, 

Fayetteville. 

Charleston, 

South  Carolina,  . 

Charleston. 

Apalachicola, 

Florida,  

Chattahoochee. 

Little  Rock, 

Arkansas,    .... 

Little  Rock. 

MILITARY  POSTS. 


Posts. 

State  or  Territory. 

Post  Office. 

EASTERN  DIVISION. 

Department  No.  1. 

Fort  Sullivan, 

Maine,     

Eastport. 

FortPreble, 

tt 

Portland. 

Fort  Constitution, 

New  Hampshire,     . 

Portsmouth. 

Fort  Independence,     . 

Massachusetts,    . 

Boston. 

Fort  Warren, 

(t 

" 

Fort  Adams,    ) 
Fort  Wolcott,  ( 

Rhode  Island,     . 

Newport. 

Fort  Trumbull,       . 

Connecticut, 

New  London. 

Department  No.  2.  • 

Fort  Brady, 

Michigan, 

Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

Fort  Mackinac, 

"               .... 

Mackinac. 

Fort  Gratiot, 

u 

Fort  Gratiot. 

Detroit  Barracks,    . 

u 

Detroit. 

Fort  Howard, 

Wisconsin, 

Green  Bay. 

Department  No.  3. 

Fort  Niagara, 

New  York,      .... 

Youngstown. 

Fort  Ontario,      . 

K 

Oswego. 

Madison  Barracks, 

« 

Sackett's  Harbor. 

Plattsburg  Barracks.  . 
West  Point,    .... 

(( 

u 

Plattsburg. 
West  Point. 

Fort  Columbus,  ^ 

New  York. 

Fort  Wood,         f 
Fort  Hamilton,   | 

Fort  Hamilton. 

Fort  Lafayette,  ' 

t( 

Fort  Mifflin, 

Pennsylvania, 

Philadelphia. 

Carlisle  Barracks, 

1C 

Carlisle. 

Fort  Me  Henry,   . 

Maryland,       .... 

Baltimore. 

Fort  Washington, 

Fort  Washington. 

Department  No.  4. 

Fort  Monroe, 

Virginia,         .... 

Old  Point  Comfort. 

Fort  Johnson,  ) 
.Fort  Caswell,  J       . 

North  Carolina,  . 

Smithville. 

Fort  Macon, 

t( 

Beaufort. 

Fort  Moultrie,      ) 
Castle  Pinckney,  ) 

Charleston  Harbor,  S.  C-,    . 

Charleston. 

Augusta  Arsenal,    . 

Georgia,          .... 

Augusta. 

Oglethorpe  Barracks, 

"           .... 

Savannah. 

Fort  Marion, 

St.  Augustine. 

WESTERN  DIVISION. 

Department  No.  5. 

Key  West,  .        .        .        . 

Florida, 

Key  West 

844 


ARMY  AND  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


Posts. 

State  or  Territory. 

Post  Office. 

Fort  Brooke,  .... 

Florida,       .... 

Tampa  Bay. 

Fort  Pickens,  I    . 
Fort  McRea,  J 

"      

Pensacola. 

Fort  Morgan, 

Alabama,    .... 

Mobile. 

Fort  Pike,       .... 

Louisiana,       .... 

Fort  Pike. 

Fort  Wood, 

it 

New  Orleans. 

Fort  Jackson. 

it 

« 

New  Orleans  Barracks, 

u 

K 

Baton  Rouge  Barracks,  . 
Newport  Barracks, 

(C 

Kentucky,  .... 

Baton  Rouge. 
Newport. 

*    Department  No.  6. 

Fort  Scott,      .... 

Missouri  

Fort  Scott. 

Fort  Leavenworth, 

u 

Fort  Leavenworth. 

Fort  Kearny, 

"      .        .       Territory, 

Linden,  Mo. 

Fort  Laramie,     . 

U                                                       It 

t( 

Jefferson  Barracks, 

u 

Jefferson  Barracks. 

Fort  Snelling, 

Minnesota  Territory,  . 

Fort  Snelling. 

Fort  Gaines,  .... 

"..... 

Fort  on  Des  Moines  ) 

River,                     )     . 

Department  No.  7. 

Fort  Towson, 

Arkansas  Territory,    . 

Fort  Towson. 

Fort  Washita, 

"..... 

" 

Fort  Gibson, 

« 

Fort  Gibson. 

Fort  on  Canadian  River, 

Department  No.  8. 
Fort  Polk,  .... 

Texas,     

Point  Isabel. 

Fort  Brown,  .... 

« 

Brownville. 

Ringgold  Barracks,  ) 

u 

« 

Davis  Landing.     ) 

Fort  Mclntosh,  Laredo, 

u 

" 

Fort  Duncan,  Eagle  Pass, 

"..... 

San  Antonio. 

Fort  Inge,    .... 

(( 

u 

Fort  Lincoln,  Rio  Seco, 

(I 

u 

San  Antonio, 

(( 

u 

Fort  Martin  Scott, 

u 

Fredericksburg. 

Fort  Croghan,      ) 

(t 

Hamilton  Creek,  \ 

Austin. 

Fort  Gates,  Leon  River, 

(1 

" 

Fort  Graham,  Jose  ) 

U 

« 

Maria  Village,     ] 

u 

Fort  Worth,  Trinity  River,     . 

It 

Fort  Merrill, 

Nueces  River, 

Corpus  Christi. 

Department  No.  9. 

Fort  Marcy,    .... 

New  Mexico, 

Santa  Fe. 

Taos,  ..... 

u 

Albuquerque,          .        . 

u 

Dona  Ana, 

K 

Secorra,          .... 

u 

El  Paso  del  Norte, 

" 

San  Elizario, 

u 

Las  Vegas, 

It 

THIRD,  OR  PACIFIC  DIVISION. 

• 

Department  No.  10. 

San  Francisco, 

California,      .... 

San  Francisco. 

Benicia,       .... 

u 

Benicia. 

Camp  Stanislaus,   . 

u 

Stockton. 

Camp  Far  West, 

(( 

Sutler's  Fort. 

Monterey,        .... 

"..... 

Monterey. 

San  Luis  Rey,     . 

" 

San  Diego,     .... 
Department  No.  11.* 

"..... 

San  Diego. 

Nesqually,  Puget's  )    . 
Sound,                  J 

Oregon,       .... 

Nesqually. 

Fort  Vancouver, 

<( 

Vancouver. 

Fort  Hall  

u 

Linden  Mo. 

. 

'  The  other  posts  in  this  department  are  not  yet  known. 


AKMY  AND  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

NAVY. 

VESSELS   OF  WAR   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES,  1850. 


845 


Name  and  Rate. 

Where  and  when  built. 

Name  and  Rate. 

Where  and  when  built. 

Ships  of  the  Line.     1  1  . 

Guns. 

Guns. 

St.  Mary's,                     20 

Washington,             1844 

Pennsylvania,           1  20 

Philadelphia,            1837 

Jamestown,                   20 

Norfolk,                     1844 

Franklin,                      74 

1815 

Albany,                         20 

New  York,                1846 

Columbus,                    74 

Washington,             1819 

Germantown,               20 

Philadelphia,            1846 

Ohio,                            74 

New  York,                1820 

Ontario,                         18 

Baltimore,                 1813 

North  Carolina,           74 

Philadelphia,            1820 

Decatur,                       16 

New  York,                1839 

Delaware,                    74 

Gosport,  Va.,           1820 

Preble,                          16 

Portsmouth,               1839 

Alabama,                     74 

Yorktown,                    1  6 

Norfolk,                     1839 

Vermont.                    74 

Boston,                     1848 

Marion,                         16 

Boston,                      1839 

Virginia,                      74 

Dale,                            1  6 

Philadelphia,            1839 

New  York,                   74 

Brigs,  4. 

New  Orleans,               74 

Dolphin,                       10 

New  York,                1836 



Porpoise,                      10 

Boston,                      1836 

Independence,  Razee,  54 

Boston,                     1814 

Bainbridgc,                   1  0 

1842 

Frigates,  1st  Class,  12. 

Perry,                            10 

Norfolk,                    1843 

United  States,  (guns)  44 

Philadelphia,            1797 

Schooners,  5. 

Constitution,               44 

Boston,                     1797 

Flirt,                               2 

Transf  d  from  W.  D. 

Potomac,                      44 

Washington,            1821 

Wave,                            1 

Brandy  wine,                44 

1825 

Phoenix,                          2 

"              " 

Columbia,                     44 

1836 

Petrel,                            1 

Purchased,                1846 

Congress,                     44 

Portsmouth,             1841 

Taney, 

Transf  d  from  T.  D. 

Cumberland,               44 

Boston,                     1842 

Steamers,  14. 

Savannah,                    44 

New  York,               1842 

Mississippi,                 flO 

Philadelphia,            1841 

Raritan,                        44 

Philadelphia,           1843 

Susquehanna, 

San  tee,                         44 

Powhatan, 

Sabine,                         44 

Saranac, 

Portsmouth,             1848 

St.  Lawrence,              44 

Norfolk,                    1847 

San  Jacinto, 

Frigates,  2d  Class,  2. 

Fulton,                           4 

New  York,               1837 

Constellation,               36 

Baltimore,                1797 

1  Union,                            4 

Norfolk,                     1842 

Macedonian,                36 

Capt'dl812,  reb't     1836 

Michigan,                       1 

Erie,  Pa.,                  1843 

Sloops  of  War,  22. 

Alleghany,                     2 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,          1846 

Saratoga,                     20 

Portsmouth,             1842 

Vixen,     '                       3 

Purchased,                1846 

John  Adams,               20 

Charleston,  S.  C.,*  1799 

General  Taylor, 

Transf  d  from  W.  D. 

Vincennes,                   20 

New  York,                1826 

Water  Witch,                1 

Washington,            1845 

Warren,                        20 

Boston,                     1826 

Engineer, 

Purchased,                1846 

Falmouth,                    20 

"                         1827 

Massachusetts, 

Transf  d  from  W.  D. 

Fairfield,                      20 

New  York,                1828 

Storeships  and  Brigs,  6. 

Vandalia,                     20 

Philadelphia,            1828 

Relief,                             6 

Philadelphia,            1836 

St.  Louis,                     20 

Washington,            1828 

Erie,                               4 

Baltimore,                1813 

Cyane,                          20 

Boston,                     1837 

Lexington,                     6 

New  York,               1825 

Levant,                         20 

New  York,                1837 

Southampton,                4 

Norfolk,                     1845 

Portsmouth,                 20 

Portsmouth,             1843 

Supply,                          4 

Purchased,                1846 

Plymouth,                    20 

Boston,                     1843 

Fredonia,                       4 

1846 

Rebuilt  in  1823 


(•  Paixhan. 


NAVY  YARDS. 


Portsmouth,  N.  H. 
Charlestown,  Ms. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Washington,  D.  C. 
Norfolk,  Va. 
Pensacola,  Fa. 
Memphis.  Te. 


PAY   OF  THE   NAVY. 

Captains,  (68.)  senior  in  service,  $4500 ;  of 
squadrons,  $4000 ;  others  on  duty,  $3500 ;  on 
leave,  $2500.  Commanders,  (97,)  "in  sea  service, 
$2500;  on  other  duty,  $2100;  on  leave,  $1800. 
Lieutenants,  (327,)  commanding,  $1800;  on 


other  duty,  $1500;  waiting  orders.  $1200.  Sur 
geons,  (69,)  from  $1000  to  $2700,  according  to 
term  and  nature  of  service.  Assistant  surgeons. 
(43,)  from  $650  to  $1200.  Pursers,  (64,)  $1500  to 
$3500.  Chaplains,  (24,)  at  sea,  $1200;  on  leave, 
$800.  Professors  of  mathematics,  (12,)  $1200. 
Passed  midshipmen,  (183.)  on  duty,  $750;  on 
leave,  $600.  Midshipmen,  ( 1 83,)  at  sea,  $400 ;  on 
other  duty,  $350  ;  on  leave,  $300.  Chief  engineers, 
on  duty,  from  $1500  to  $2000  ;  on  leave,  1200  to 
$1400.  Assistant  engineers,  on  duty,  $600  to 
$1000  ;  on  leave,  $400  to  $850.  Boatswains,  gun- 
ners, carpenters,  and  sailmakers,  on  duty,  $700 
to  $800 ;  on  leave,  $500  to  $600. 


CANALS  AND  RAILROADS 


IN    THE 


UNITED  STATES. 


CANALS. 


NEW  ENGLAND. 


The  only  canal  in  New  England,  now  em- 
ployed for  purposes  of  navigation,  is  the  Cumber- 
land and  Oxford,  20£  miles,  from  Portland  to 
Sebago  Lake,  to  which  the  Tongo  River  im- 
provement adds  .30  miles  of  lake  and  river  nav- 
iiration.  The  Middlesex  Canal,  27  miles,  from 
Boston  to  Lowell,  the  Blackstone  CanaL  45  miles, 
from  Worcester  to  Providence,  and  the  Fa.rmingt.on 
Canal,  78  miles,  from  Ne\v  Haven  to  Northamp- 
ton, have  all  been  superseded  by  railroads.  The 
same  is  the  case  with  the  short  canals  constructed 
for  passing  the  various  falls  of  the  Connecticut 
and  Merrimac,  the  navigation  of  these  rivers 
having  been  mostly  abandoned  in  favor  of  the 
railroads  along  their  banks. 

NEW  YORK. 

The  Champlain  Canal  extends  from  the  Hudson 
at  Troy  to  Lake  Champlain,  at  Whitehall.  64 
miles.  'The  Erie  Canal  extends  from  the  Hud- 
son, at  Albany,  to  Lake  Erie,  at  Buffalo,  364 
miles.  This  latter  canal  sends  off  branches,  as 
follows :  Black  River,  from  Rome  to  Carthage, 
~~h  miles,  with  a  feeder  from  Brownville,10  miles  ; 
Chetiango.  from  Utica  to  Binghampton,  97  miles  ; 
Oswego,  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego,  38  miles  : 
Cayuga  and  Seneca,  from  Montezuma  to  Geneva, 
21  miles,  tributary  to  which  are  the  Crooked 
Lake  Canal,  3  miles,  from  Dresden  to  Penn  Yan, 
and  the  Chemnng,  39  miles,  from  Jefferson,  at 
the  head  of  Seneca  Lake  to  Elmira ;  finally,  the 
Genesee  Valley  Canal,  from  Rochester  to  Glean, 
on  the  Alleghany,  108£  miles,  with  a  branch  from 
Mount  Morris  to  Danville,  1 1  miles.  Works  are 
in  progress  to  unite  this  New  York  system  with 
the  Pennsylvania  and  Susquehanna "  system,  by 
canals  extending  from  Binghampton  and  Elmira 
to  the  Pennsylvania  line.  All  the  above,  except 
the  junction  canals  last  mentioned,  are  state 
woi'ks.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  ex- 
tends from  the  Hudson,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Esopus  Creek,  to  the  Delaware,  at  Port  Jervis, 
and  thence  up  that  river  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Lackawaxen,  along  which  it  is  continued  by  the 
Lackawaxen  Canal  to  Honesdale,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  the  whole  110  miles.  The  whole  length 
of  canals  in  New  York  is  near  1000  miles. 


NEW  JERSEY. 

The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal,  42  miles,  from 
Bordentown  to  New  Brunswick,  opens  an  internal 
sloop  navigation  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York. 
The  Morris  Canal,  102  miles,  from  Jersey  City, 
opposite  New  York,  to  Easton,  on  the  Delaware, 
communicates  with  the  Lehigh  navigation,  and 
the  Pennsylvania  Delaware  Canal. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Has  a  canal  system  still  more  extensive  than  that 
of  New  York.  Commencing  at  the  head  of 
navigation  in  the  Susquehanna  at  Havre  de 
Grace  in  Maryland,  the  Tidewater  Canal  extends 
45  miles,  to  Wrightsville,  opposite  the  termination 
of  the  Columbia  Railroad,  from  Philadelphia. 
Thence  the  navigation  is  continued  by  the 
Eastern  Division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  44^ 
miles  to  the  mouth  of  the  Juniata,  from  which 
point  the  Juniata  Canal  extends  W.  127«|  miles  to 
Hollidaysburg.  The  Susquehanna  Canal  continues 
N.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Juniata,  39  miles,  to  the 
junction  of  the  N.  and  W.  branches  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna, whence  the  West  Branch  Canal  proceeds 
to  Lock  Haven,  75  miles,  whence  the  Bald  Ea- 
gle Canal  extends  22  miles,  farther,  to  Belle  Fonte, 
at  the  foot  of  the  main  Alleghany  ridge.  The 
North  Branch  Canal  extends  from  the  junction  of 
the  two  branches,  73  miles,  to  Wilkesbarre,  and 
has  been  continued  thence  by  a  private  company 
90  miles,  to  the  New  York  line ;  from  which  point 
two  short  canals,  now  in  progress  to  Binghampton 
and  Elmira,  will  connect  this  Susquehanna  system 
with  the  New  York  canals.  The  other  canals  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Pennsylvania,  besides  the 
Lackawaxen,  already  mentioned,  a  continuation  of 
the  Delaware  and  Hudson,  are  the  Lehigh  Naviga- 
tion, 46£  miles,  to  Mauch  Chunk,  and  to  the  fall* 
at  Stoddardsville,  4l£  miles  farther  ;  the  Deleware 
division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  from  Bristol, 
at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation  on  the  Delaware, 
60  miles,  to  Easton,  where  it  communicates  with 
the  Lehigh  navigation,  and  with  the  Morris  Canal ; 
the  Schuylkdl  Navigation,  from  Philadelphia  via 
Reading,  to  Port  Carbon,  108  miles;  and  tho 
Union  Canal,  from  Reading  westward  to  the 
Susquehanna,  82  miles.  The  Portage  Railroad, 
66  miles,  over  the  mountains  from  Hollidays- 


CANALS  AND  RAILROADS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


847 


burg  to  Johnstown,  unites  the  eastern  division 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  to  the  Western  Division, 
which  extends  along  the  banks  of  the  Kiskimin- 
itas  and  the  Alleghany,  104  miles,  to  Pittsburg. 
The  Beaver  and  Erie' Canal  extends  136  miles, 
from  the  Ohio  at  Beaver,  to  Erie  on  Lake  Erie, 
with  two  branches  —  the  French  Creek  Feeder,  27 
miles  long,  and  the  Franklin  Canal,  22  miles  long. 
The  whole  length  of  canals  in  Pennsylvania  is 
1280  miles,  848  of  which  are  owned  by*  the  state, 
and  432  by  companies. 

OHIO. 

The  Ohio  Canal  extends  307  miles  from  the 
Ohio,  at  Portsmouth,  to  Lake  Erie,  at  Cleveland, 
with  branches  to  Columbus,  10  miles;  to  Lancas- 
ter, and  thence  down  the  valley  of  the  Hocking 
to  Athens,  65  miles ;  to  Zanesville,  14  miles ;  and 
thence  by  the  improved  navigation  of  the  Mus- 
kingum,  to  the  Ohio  River,  81  miles;  up  the 
Walhonding,  25  miles.  It  is  also  connected 
with  the  Ohio  River  by  the  Sandy  and  Little 
Beaver  Canal,  76  miles,  having  a  branch  of 
10  miles  to  Canton.  It  is  connected  with  the 
canal  system  of  Western  Pennsylvania  by  the 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  or  Mahoning  Canal,  75 
miles  in  length.  The  Miami  Canal,  and  its  ex- 
tension in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  is  181 
miles  in  length  from  Cincinnati  to  Defiance  on 
the  Maumee,  down  which  river  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal  extends  76  miles  farther,  to  Lake  Erie. 
The  Warren  County  Canal,  19  miles  long,  the 
Sidney  Feeder,  13  miles  long,  and  the  St.  Mary's 
Feeder,  11  miles  long,  are  branches  of  the  Miami 
Canal.  The  Ohio  canals  are  mostly  state  works. 

INDIANA. 

The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  458  miles  long,  ex- 
tends from  Toledo,  in  Ohio,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Maumee  into  Lake  Erie,  to  Evansville,  on  the 
Ohio,  following  the  course  of  the  Maumee  as  far 
as  Terre  Haute,  and  thence  by  the  White 
River  valley.  The  portion  in  Indiana  is  376 


miles  long.  The  White  Water  Canal  extends 
from  Lawrenceburg,  on  the  Ohio,  a  short  distance 
below  Cincinnati,  up  the  White  Water  River,  to 
Cambridge,  76  miles.  These  were  originally 
state  works,  but  have  been  transferred  to  private 
companies. 

ILLINOIS. 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  is  113  miles 
long,  from  Chicago  to  La  Salle,  at  the  head  of 
steamboat  navigation  on  the  Illinois.  Originally 
a  state  work,  it  is  now  in  the  hands  of  a 
company. 

KENTUCKY. 

The  Louisville  and  Portland  Canal,  round  tho 
falls  of  the  Ohio,  is  24  miles  in  length.  The  Lick- 
ing, Kentucky,  Green,  and  Barren  Rivers  have 
been  improved  by  dams  and  locks,  and  made 
navigable  for  a  total  distance  of  484  miles. 

DELAWARE. 

The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Sloop  Canal, 
connecting  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays,  is 
14  miles  long. 

MARYLAND. 

Th.6  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  is  184  miles 
long,  from  Cumberland  to  Georgetown,  with  a 
branch  of  7  miles  to  Alexandria. 

VIRGINIA. 

The  James  River  and  Kenhawa  Canal  extends 
up  the  James  River  from  Richmond,  197  miles, 
to  Buchanan.  The  Dismal  Swamp  Canal  and 
branches,  from  Albemarle  Sound  to  Norfolk,  is 
34  miles  long. 

SOUTHERN  STATES. 

There  are  a  number  of  short  canals  in  these 
states,  but  none  of  much  importance. 


RAILROADS. 


Calais  and  Baring,  6  miles. 

Franklin.  Mactiiasport  to  Whitneyville,  9 
miles. 

Bangor  and  Piscatanuis.  Bangor  to  Oldtown, 
12  miles. 

Kennebec  and  Portland.  Augusta  to  Portland, 
60  miles. 

Branch.     Brunswick  to  Bath,  9  miles. 

York  and  Cumberland.  Gorham  to  Portland, 
10  miles. 

* Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence.  Portland,  via  Dan- 
ville and  Mechanics  Falls,  to  the  Canada  line, 
«t  Island  Pond,  150  miles. 

Androscoggin  and  Kennebec.  Danville,  via  Leeds, 
to  Waterviilc,  55  miles. 

Androscoggin.  Leeds  to  Livermore  Falls,  20 
miles. 

Buckfahl  Branch.  Mechanics  Falls  to  Buck- 
field,  13  miles. 

Eastern.  Portland,  via  South  Berwick,  Do- 
ver, Newburyport,  and  Salem,  to  Boston,  105 
miles. 


Branches.      Salisbury,    4    miles,    Beverly    to 
Gloucester.  14,  Salem  to  Marblehead,  4. 

Boston  and  Maine.     South  Berwick,  via  Brad- 
ford and  Lawrence,  to  Boston,  74  miles. 

Branch.     Rollinsford  to  Great  Falls,  3  miles. 

t  Great    Falls   and   Conway.     Great   Falls     to 
Milton.  13  miles. 

Cocheco.     Dover  to  Alton  Bay,  28  miles. 

Neivburyport.     Newburyport  to  Bradford,  18m. 

South  Reading  Branch.     South  Reading  to  Sa- 
lem, 9  miles. 

Essex.     Lawrence  to  Salem,  21  miles. 

Manchester  and  Lawrence,  26  miles. 

New  Hampshire  Central.    Manchester  to  Hcn- 
niker,  26  miles. 

Boston  and  Lowell,  26  miles. 

Lowell,  Nashua,  and  Wilton,  30  miles. 

Concord.    Nashua,  via  Manchester,  to  Concord, 
35  miles. 

Portsmouth  and  Concord,  47  miles. 

Concord  and  Claremont.     Concord,  via  Contoo 
cookville,  to  Bradford,  25  miles. 


848 


RAILROADS  IN  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


Contoocook  Valley.  Contoocookville,  via  Hen- 
niker,  to  Hillsboro',  14  miles. 

Northern  New  Hampshire.  Concord  to  West 
Lebanon,  69  miles. 

Branch.    Franklin  to  Bristol,  9  miles. 
Boston,    Concord,  and    Montreal.      Concord   to 
Haverhill,  80  miles. 

Fitchburg.  Boston  to  Fitchburg,  50  miles. 
Branches.  Somerville  to  Cambridge,  3  ;  West 
Cambridge  to  Watertown,  8 :  West  Cambridge  to 
Lexington,  11  ;  South  Acton  to  Lancaster  and 
Sterling,  9  ;  Groton  to  Peterboro'  and  Shirley, 
23 ;  Groton  to  Lowell,  (Stony  Brook  Railroad,) 
17  miles. 

Vermont  and  Massachusetts.  Fitchburg,  via 
South  Vernon,  to  Brattleboro',  69  miles. 

Branches.  South  Ashburnham  to  Bellows 
Falls,  (Cheshire  Railroad,)  54  miles;  to  Green- 
field, 8. 

Boston  and  Worcester,  44  miles. 

Branches.  To  Brookline,  1  ;  thence  to  Need- 
ham,  (Charles  River  Railroad,)  8;  Auburndale  to 
Newton  Lower  Falls,  1 ;  Natick  to  Saxonville,  5  ; 
Framingham  to  Milford,  13  ;  Graf  ton  to  Mill- 
bury,  4. 

Fitchburg  and  Worcester,  26  miles. 
Worcester  and  Nashua,  45  miles. 

Providence  and  Worcester,  43  miles. 

Norwich  and  Worcester,  66  miles. 
Western.    Worcester,    via    Springfield,   West 
Stockbridge,  and  Chatham,  to  Albany,  156  miles. 

Branches.  Palmer  to  Belchertown  and  Arn- 
herst,  10  miles ;  Pittsfield  to  North  Adams,  20. 

Old  Colony.    Boston  to  Plymouth,  37  miles. 

Branches.  Neponset  to  Milton,  3  miles  ;  Brain- 
tree  to  Cohasset,  (South  Shore  Railroad,)  12; 
South  Abington  to  Bridgewater,  7  ;  South  Brain- 
tree  to  Fall  River,  (Fall  River  Railroad,)  43; 
Middleboro'  to  Sandwich,  (Cape  Cod  Branch,)  28. 

Boston  and  Providence,  43  miles. 

Branches.  Jamaica  Plains  to  Dedham,  6  miles  ; 
thence  to  Blackstone,  (Norfolk  County  Rail- 
road,) 26  ;  Canton  to  Stoughton,  4;  Mansfield  to 
New  Bedford,  ( Taunton  Branch  and  Taunton  and 
New  Bedford,)  31. 

Stonington.  Providence  to  Stonington,  50  miles. 

t  Providence,  Hartford,  and  Fishkill.  Bristol  to 
Willimantic,  50  miles. 

Neio  London,  Willimantic,  and  Palmer,  66  miles. 

New  London  and  New  Haven,  50  miles. 

*  Canal  Railroad.  New  Haven  and  North- 
ampton, 78  miles. 

New  Haven,  Hartford,  and  Springfield,  62  miles. 

Branch.    Berlin  to  Middletown,  10  miles. 

Connecticut  River.  Springfield  to  South  Ver- 
non, 50  miles. 

Ashuelot,  South  Vernon  to  Keene,  23  miles. 

Vermont  galley.  Brattleboro'  to  Bellows  Falls, 
24  miles. 

Sullivan.    Bellows  Falls  to  Windsor,  25  miles. 

Rutland  and  Burlington.  Bellows  Falls  to  Bur- 
lington, via  Rutland,  120  miles. 

Rutland  and  Washington.  Rutland,  via  Castle- 
ton,  to  Troy,  84  miles. 

Western  Vermont.  Rutland  to  North  Benning- 
ton,  52  miles. 

Troy  and  Boston.  North  Bennington  to  Troy, 
32  miles. 

Vermont  Central.  Windsor,  via  White  River, 
to  Burlington,  117  miles. 

Branch.  Essex  Junction  to  Rouse's  Point,  52 
miles. 

Passumpsic.    White  River  to  St.  Johnsbury,  6 1 . 


Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence.     Rouse's  Point  to 
Ogdensburg,  118  miles. 

t  Plattsburg  and  Montreal.  Plattsburg  to  Mooer's. 
20  miles. 

Naugatuck.    Bridgeport  to  Winstead,  62  miles. 
Housatonic.    Bridgeport  to  West  Stockbridge, 
98  miles. 

Danburyand  Norwalk,  22  miles. 
New  York  and  New  Haven,  76  miles. 
Long  Island.     Brooklyn  to  Greenport,  75  miles. 
Haarlem.     New  York  to  Chatham,  130  miles. 
Hudson  River.     New  York  to  Troy,  150  miles. 
Hudson  and  Berkshire.     Hudson  to  West  Stock- 
bridge,  34  miles. 

Troy  and  Greenbush,  6  miles. 
Troy,  Whitehall,  and  Castleton,  via  Saratoga,  84 
miles. 

Schenectady  and  Troy,  20  miles. 
Albany  and  Schenectady,  17  miles. 
Saratoga  and  Schenectady,  22  miles. 
Utica  and* Schenectady,  78  miles. 
Utica  and  Syracuse,  53  miles. 
Rochester  and  Syracuse,  104  miles. 
Buffalo  and  Rochester,  76  miles. 
Watertown  and  Rome.    Rome  to  Cape  Vincent, 
97  miles. 

Oswego  and  Syracuse,  35  miles. 
Cayuga  and  Susquehanna.     Cayuga  to  Oswego, 
70  miles. 

Canandaigua  and  Elmira,  67  miles. 
Rochester,  Lockport,  and  Niagara  Falls,  76  miles. 
Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  22  miles. 
Buffalo  and  State  Line.    Buffalo  to  the   west- 
ern line  of  the  state,  69  miles. 

Erie  and  North  East.     Western  line   of  New 
York  to  Erie,  Pa. 

Buffalo  and  New  York  City.   Attica  to  Hornells 
ville,  60  miles. 

Buffalo,  Corning,  and  Neiu  York.     Corning  to 
Wayland,  45  miles. 

Corning  and  Blossburg,  40  miles. 
Erie.      Dunkirk,    via    Hornellsville,   Elmira, 
Corning,  Owego,  Great  Bend,  to  Piermont,  444 
miles. 

Lackaioana  and    Western.       Great    Bend    to 
Trenton,  50  miles. 

Newburg  Branch.      Oxford   to    Newburg,   19. 
Union,  (late  Ramapo,)  Sufferns  to  Jersey  City, 
33  miles. 

New  Jersey.    Jersey  City,    via    Newark    and 
Elizabethtown,  to  Trenton,  57  miles. 

Morris    and  Essex.      Newark   to    Dover,    44 
miles. 

New  Jersey  Central.    Elizabethtown  to  Easton, 
87  miles. 

Trenton  and  Philadelphia,  30  miles. 
*  Belvidere.     Trenton  to  Belvidere,  63  miles. 
Trenton  Branch.     Trenton  to  Bordentown,   6 
miles. 

Camden  and  Amboy,  65  miles. 
Branch.    To  Mount  Holly,  6  miles. 
Philadelphia  and  Reading.      Philadelphia,  via 
Reading,  to  Pottsville,  93  miles. 
Mauch  Chunk  and  Summit  Hill,  9  miles. 
Mine  Hill.     Schuylkill  Haven  to  Fremont,  12 
miles. 

Little  Schuylkill.      Port  Clinton  to  Tamaqua, 
20  miles. 

Philadelphia,  Germantown,  and  Norristown,  17 
miles. 

Philadelphia  and  West  Chester,  30  miles. 
Columbia  and  Philadelphia,  82  miles. 
Harrisburg  and  Lancaster,  36  miles. 


RAILROADS   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


849 


Cumberland  Volley.  Harrisburg  to  Chambers- 
burg,  56  miles. 

Franklin.  Chambersburg  to  Hagerstown,  22 
miles. 

York  and  Cumberland.  Harrisburg  to  York,  25 
miles. 

Pennsylvania,  Eastern  Division.  Harrisburg  to 
Hollidaysburg,  135  miles. 

Portdge,  32  miles. 

Pennsylvania,  Western  Division.  Connemaugh 
to  Pittsburg,  87  miles. 

Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Baltimore,  98 
miles. 

Newcastle  and  Frenchtoum,  16  miles. 

Baltimore  and  Susquehanna.  Baltimore,  via  Re- 
lay House,  to  York,  57  miles. 

Westminster  Branch,  Relay  House  to  Owen's 
Mills,  9  miles. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio.  Baltimore,  via  Monaca- 
sy,  Harper's  Ferry,  and  Cumberland,  to  Wheel- 
ing, 375  miles. 

Branch.    Monacasy  to  Frederick,  3  miles. 

Winchester  and  Potomac.  Harper's  Ferry  to 
Winchester,  32  miles. 

Washington  Branch.  Baltimore,  via  Elk  Ridge, 
to  Washington,  40  miles. 

Annapolis  and  Elk  Ridge,  21  miles. 

t  Orange  and  Alexandria.  Alexandria  to  Gaines- 
boro',  45  miles. 

Richmond,  Frederick,  and  Potomac.  Acqua 
Creek,  via  Chesterfield,  to  Richmond,  75  miles. 

Branch,  ( Virginia  Central.)  Chesterfield  to 
Charlottesville  and  Woodville,  77  miles. 

t  Richmond  and  Danville.  Richmond  to  Me- 
herin,  65  miles. 

Richmond  and  Petersburg,  22  miles. 

Appomattox.  Petersburg  to  City  Point,  10 
miles. 

Petersburg.  Petersburg,  via  Hicksford,  to  Wei- 
don,  64  miles. 

Seaboard  and  Roanoke.  Portsmouth  to  Weldon, 
80  miles. 

Granville  and  Roanoke.  Hicksford  to  Gaston, 
21  miles. 

Gaston  and  Raleigh,  87  miles. 

*  Wilmington  and  Weldon,  162  miles. 
Wilmington  and  Manchester,  162  miles. 

South  Carolina.  Charleston,  via  Branchville, 
to  Augusta,  137  miles. 

Branches.  Branchville  to  Columbia,  67  miles  ; 
to  Camden,  via  Manchester,  37  miles. 

t  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina.  Columbia  to 
Ebenezer,  78  miles. 

King^s  Mountain.  Chesterville  to  Yorkville,  32 
miles. 

*  Granville  and  Columbia,  with  branches  to  An- 
derson and  Abbeville,  164  miles. 

Georgia  Central.  Savannah,  via  Gordon,  to 
Macon.  191  miles. 

Milledgeville  and  Gordon,  17  miles. 

Macon  and  Western.  Macon  to  Atlanta,  101 
miles. 

Augusta  and  Waynesboro1 ,  21  miles. 

Georgia.    Augusta  to  Atlanta,  171  miles. 

Branches.  Camah  to  Warrenton,  4  miles  ;  Un- 
ion Point  to  Athens,  40  miles. 

South-western.  Macon,  via  Fort  Valley,  to 
Oglethorpe,  50  miles. 

Muscogee.    Fort  Valley  to  Columbus,  70  miles. 

Lagrange.     Atlanta  to  West  Point,  87  miles. 

Western  and  Atlantic.     Atlanta,  via  Kingston, 
to  Chattanooga,  140  miles. 
107 


Rome.     Kingston  to  Rome,  20  miles. 

*  Nashville  and  Chattanooga,  151  miles. 

t  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia.  Dalton  to  Lon 
don,  82  miles. 

West  Point  and  Montgomery,  88  miles. 

t  Mobile  and  Ohio.  Mobile  to  Citronelle,  33 
miles. 

Vicksburg,  Jackson,  and  Brandon,  60  miles. 

Clinton  and  Port  Hudson,  24  miles. 

West  Feliciana.  Woodville  to  Bayou  Sara,  26 
miles. 

Mexican  Gulf.  New  Orleans  to  Proctors ville, 
27  miles. 

New  Orleans  and  Carrollton,  6  miles. 

New  Orleans,  Milnesbury,  and  Lake  Pontchartrain, 
6  miles. 

Alton  and  Sangamon.  Alton  to  Springfield,  70 
miles. 

Sangamon  and  Morgan.  Springfield  to  Naples, 
54  miles. 

t  Milwaukie  and  Mississippi.  Milwaukie  to 
Palmyra,  43  miles. 

Galena  and  Chicago.  Chicago  to  Rockford,  92 
miles. 

Branches,  To  Aurora,  13  miles  ;  to  Fort  St. 
Charles,  7  miles. 

t  Chicago  and  Rock  River.  Chicago  to  Ottawa, 
84  miles. 

Michigan  Central.  Chicago  to  Detroit,  278 
miles. 

Michigan  Southern.  Chicago,  via  Adrian,  to 
Monroe,  247  miles. 

Erie  and  Kalamazoo.  Adrian  to  Toledo,  33 
miles. 

Detroit  and  Pontiac,  25  miles. 

t  Evansville  and  Illinois.  Evansville  to  Prince- 
ton, 27  miles. 

Louisville  and  Frankfort,  65  miles. 

Frankfort  and  Lexington,  29  miles. 

t  New  Albany  and  Salem.  New  Albany  to  Ju- 
liet, 65  miles. 

t  Jeffersonville.  Jeffersonville  to  Rockford,  51 
miles. 

Madison  and  Indianapolis,  via  Edinburg,  36 
miles. 

Shelbyville  Branch.  Edinburg  to  Shelbyville, 
16  miles. 

Shelbyville  and  Knightstown,  27  miles. 

Shelbyville  and  Rusliville,  20  miles. 

Lafayette  and  Indianapolis,  62  miles. 

Peru  and  Indianapolis,  72  miles. 

Terre  Haute  and  Richmond.  Indianapolis  to 
Terre  Haute,  73  miles. 

Indianapolis  and  Bellefontaine.  Indianapolis  to 
east  line  of  the  state,  at  Union,  83  miles. 

*  Indiana  Central.   Indianapolis  to  east  line  of 
the  state,  near  Richmond,  73  miles. 

Dayton  and  Western.  From  the  terminus  of 
the  preceding  to  Dayton,  36  miles. 

Dayton  and  Greenville,  35  miles. 

Cincinnati,  Hamilton,  and  Dayton,  60  miles. 

Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie.  Dayton,  ria 
Springfield,  to  Sandusky,  150  miles. 

Branch.     Carey  to  Findlay,  16  miles. 

Sandusky  Mansfield  and  Newark,  1 1 7  miles. 

*  Central  Ohio.    Dayton  to  Wheeling,  via  Co- 
lumbus, Newark,  and  Zanesville. 

Little  Miami.  Cincinnati,  via  Lovelands,  to 
Xenia,  65  miles. 

Cincinnati  and  Hillsboro1.  Lovelands  to  Hills- 
boro',  37  miles. 

Columbus  and  Xenia,  55  miles. 

Xenia  and  Springfield,  17  miles. 


850 


KAILROADS  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Cleveland,  Columbus,  and  Cincinnati. 
to  Cleveland,  via  Grafton,  135  miles. 

t/ron.    Ironton  to  Jackson  Furnace,  25  miles. 

t  Cleveland  and  Pitlsburg.    Cleveland,  via  Alli- 
ance, to  Wellsville,  100  miles. 

Branch.    Hudson  to  Akron,  8  miles. 


Columbus  I      t  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania.   Worster,  via  Alliance) 
to  Pittsburg,  134  miles. 

Cleveland,  Painesville,  and  Ashtabula.   Cleveland 
to  Erie,  95  miles. 

*  Cleveland,  Norwalk,  and  Toledo.     Grafton  to 
Toledo. 


NOTE.  A  few  of  the  above  roads,  marked  *,  are  not  yet  entirely  finished  for  the  distances  stated.  A  large  number 
of  others,  marked  f,  have  extensive  continuations  in  progress.  Other  very  important  roads  are  under  way,  including 
a  line  (large  parts  of  which  are  already  built)  extending  direct  from  Wheeling,  via  Columbus,  Indianapolis,  and 
Terre  Haute,  to  St.  Louis  5  another  line,  from  Wheeling,  via  Marietta,  to  Cincinnati,  and  thence,  via  Vincennes,  to  St 
Louis,  communicating  from  Wheeling  with  Hempstead,  on  the  Pittsburg  and  Philadelphia  road,  and  by  a  branch  from 
Parkersburg,  near  Marietta,  with  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Road.  An  important  system  of  roads  is  also  in  progress  in 
Illinois,  extending  from  Cairo  to  Chicago  and  Galena. 


COMPARATIVE   SPEED   ON  THE  PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS  OF  THE  U.  STATES, 

(the  speed  being  that  of  the  swiftest  trains.)      From  Fisher's  "American  Railway  Guide." 

NOTE.  —  In  the  compilation  of  the  following  Table,  the  TIME  set  down  is  that  spent  by  trains  moving  along  the  whole 

length  of  the  road,  and  includes  all  the  stoppages  on  the  routes. 


RAILROADS. 

Length. 
Miles. 

Time. 

H.      M. 

Speed 
per  hour. 
Miles. 

RAILROADS. 

Length. 
Mile*,. 

Time 

H.     M 

Speed 
per  hour. 
Miles. 

Albany  &  Buffalo  Route.... 
Androscoggin  &  Kennebec. 
Atlantic  &  St.  Lawrence.  .  . 
Baltimore  &  Susquehanna.  . 

328 
82 
122 
82 
282 
71 
74 
43 
45 
45 
60 
69 
62 
67 
191 
59 
47 
64 
135 
60 
60 
100 
82 
35 
50 
•61 
35 
54 
82 
409 
42 
50 
26 
92 
171 
94 
130 
110 
144 
34 
51 
60 
50 
65 
95 
65 
101 
86 
158 
278 
247 
43 
88 
44 
77 
62 
65 

1015 
330 
600 
430 
1345 
250 
300 
1  15 
125 
2  15 
300 
320 
215 
230 
915 
330 
230 
230 
545 
230 
335 
505 
415 
1  10 
200 
215 
200 
230 
400 
1700 
125 
140 
100 
520 
1030 
600 
610 
5  15 
405 
140 
400 
250 
200 
255 
430 
340 
5  15 
4  15 
930 
1105 
1200 
200 
630 
238 
350 
255 
330 

32.00 
23.43 
20.33 
18.22 
20.51 
25.00 
24.66 
30.44 
31.77 
20.00 
20.00 
20.72 
27.55 
26.80 
20.65 
16.86 
18.80 
25.60 
23.48 
24.00 
16.74 
19.97 
19.29 
29.99 
25.00 
27.11 
17.50 
21.60 
20.50 
27.59 
29.66 
33.12 
26.00 
17.26 
16.28 
15.66 
21.07 
20.95 
35.59 
20.36 
12.75 
21.20 
25.00 
22.33 
21.11 
17.46 
19.24 
20.23 
16.63 
25.27 
20.58 
21.50 
13.54 
16.73 
20.10 
21.26 
18.56 

New  Hampshire  Central.  .  .  . 
New  Haven  &  New  London 

26 
50 
87 
78 
76 
45 
62 
66 
35 
69 
66 
118 
134 
37 
35 
22 
64 
93 
98 
51 
47 
43 
50 
32 
75 
65 
22 
76 
120 
62 
117 
54 
22 
52 
20 
80 
137 
50 
50 
96 
25 
73 
162 
56 
24 
104 
60 
38 
97 
200 
52 
140 
162 
44 
32 
45 

1  15 
2  10 
400 
400 
300 
210 
155 
300 
1  30 
250 
222 
420 
730 
145 
145 
145 
3  30 
345 
4  00 
215 
200 
150 
245 
105 
520 
330 
1  45 
237 
4  15 
155 
630 
600 
45 
155 
50 
330 
530 
400 
200 
430 
100 
425 
550 
225 
55 
710 
345 
140 
425 
730 
140 
1000 
1030 
245 
200 
152 

20.80 
23.15 
21.75 
19.50 
25.33 
20.79 
32.34 
22.00 
23.33 
24.34 
27.89 
27.22 
17-86 
21.15 
20.00 
12.59 
18.28 
24.80 
24.50 
22.66 
23.50 
23.46 
18.18 
19.63 
14.07 
18.57 
12.59 
29.05 
28.02 
32.34 
18.00 
9.00 
29.33 
27.23 
Z4.00 
22.86 
24.72 
12.50 
25.00 
21.33 
25.00 
16.60 
27-74 
23.17 
26.18 
14.51 
16.00 
22-72 
21.94 
26-66 
31.26 
14.00 
15.42 
16.00 
16.00 
24.06 

New  Jersey  Central  

New  York  &  New  Haven  .  .  . 
New  Haven  &  Northampton, 
N.  Hav.,  Hart.  &  Springfield 
New  London  &  Palmer  

Boston,  Concord  &  Montreal 

Buifalo,Corning  &  New  York 
Buffalo  &  New  York  City.  .  . 

Northern  New  Hamshire  .  .  . 
Norwich  &  Worcester.  •••.. 

Northern  (Ogdensburg).... 
Ohio  &  Pennsylvania  
Old  Colony  

Canandaigua  &  Elmira.... 

Champlain  &  St.  Lawrence.  . 

Philadelphia  &  Reading.... 
Phila.,  Wilming.  &  Baltimore 
Portland,Saco  &  Portsmouth 
Portsmouth  &  Concord  
Providence  &  Worcester  .  .  . 
Providence,  Hart.  &  Fishkill 
Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  .... 
Richmond,  Fred.  &  Potomac 
Richmond  &  Danville  

Cinc.,Cleveland  &  Columbus 
Cincin.,  Hamilton  &  Dayton 
Cincinnati  &  Hillsboro'  .... 
Cleveland  &  Pittsburg  
Columbia  &  Philadelphia  .  . 

Connecticut  &   Passumpsic 

Richmond  &  Petersburg  .  .  . 
Roch.,  Lock.  &  Niagara  Falls 
Rutland  &  Burlington  
Rutland  &  Washington  .... 
Sandusky,  Mans.  &  Newark 

East  Tennessee  &  Georgia.  . 
Erie*  

Fall  River  

Fitchburg  &  Worcester  
Galena  &  Chicago  Union.  .  . 
Georgia  

Saratoga  &  Schenectady  .  .  . 
Saratoga  &  Washington... 
Schenectady  &  Troy 

Greenville  &  Columbia  

Stonington.  

St.  Lawrence  &  Atlantic  .  .  . 

Kennebec  &  Portland  
Lackawana  &  Western  

Terre  Haute  &  Richmond  .  . 

Vermont  &  Massachusetts.  . 

Louisville  &  Fftajkfort  V 
Macon  &  Western  

Vicksburg,Brand.  &  Jackson 
Washington  Branch  
Watertown  &  Rome..  .  .  .  . 

Madison  &  Indianapolis.... 
Mad  River  &  Lake  Erie.  .  .  . 

Western 

Mich.  South.  &  Nor.  Indiana 
Milwaukie  &  Mississippi  .... 
Montgomery  <SPVest  Point 

Western  &  Atlantic  ... 

Wilmington  &  Weldon  .... 
Wilmington  &  Manchester.. 
Winchester  &  Potomac  .... 

Nashville  &  Chattanooga.. 

New  Albany  &  Salem  

ROUTES    TO  CALIFORNIA  AND  OREGON. 


NICARAGUA  ROUTE. 

From  New  York  to  San  Juan  del  Norte,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  San  Juan  River,  otherwise  called 
Greytown,  is  2000  miles.  From  New  Orleans 
the  distance  is  about  1400  miles.  There  is  a 
good  pier  at  Greytown,  at  which  passengers  can 
land  without  trouble,  or  they  can  pass  directly 
into  the  river  steamers,  which  ascend  52  miles  to 
the  Castillian  Rapids.  Here  is  a  short  portage 
of  about  300  yards,  the  rapids  not  admitting  the 
passage  of  steamers.  Above  the  rapids  to  San 
Carlos,  at  the  head  of  the  river,  is  27  miles. 
Thence  across  Lake  Nicaragua  to  Virgin  Bay  is 
42  miles.  From  Virgin  Bay  to  San  Juan  del 
Sud.  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  is  a  land  journey  of 
13  miles,  to  facilitate  which  a  plank  road  has 
been  constructed.  The  Transit  Company  have 
now  on  the  river  and  lake  seven  small  steamers, 
and  others  building,  and  the  passage  of  the  Isth- 
mus, 135  miles  in  the  whole,  is  accomplished  in 
about  40  hours,  —  a  time  which  will  be  consider- 
ably diminished  when  the  new  boats  are  ready. 
From  San  Juan  del  Sud  to  San  Francisco  is  about 
2800  miles,  making  the  whole  distance  from  New 
York  about  5000  miles.  This  is  accomplished  in 
from  22  to  28  days,  being  the  shortest  and  most 
expeditious  route  to  California.  Steamers  by 
this  route  leave  New  York,  New  Orleans,  and 
San  Francisco  once  a  fortnight,  on  the  1st  and 
1 5th  of  each  month. 


PANAMA  ROUTE. 

From  New  York  to  A  spin  wall  or  Navy  Bay,  a 
few  miles  eastward  of  Chagres,  via  Kingston,  Ja- 
maica, (the  mail  route,)  is  about  2300  miles.  Via 
Havana  the  distance  is  about  2400  miles.  From 
New  Orleans  to  Aspinwall  is  1400  miles,  or  via 
Havana,  1650.  A  tine  pier  has  been  constructed 
at  Aspinwall,  to  which  the  steamers  come,  the 
passengers  and  freight  being  placed  directly  in  the 
cars  of  the  railroad  which  is  to  extend  to  Pana- 
ma, 49  miles.  About  30  miles  of  the  road  are 
already  finished,  and  the  whole  will  be  by  the 
spring" of  1853.  From  Panama,  touching  at  Ac- 
apulco,  San  Diego,  and  Monterey,  the  distance 
is  3400  miles,  making  the  entire  route  from  New 
York  to  San  Francisco,  via  Kingston,  5750  miles, 
or  via  Havana,  5850.  First  class  steamers  em- 
ployed on  this  route  leave  New  York,  New  Or- 
leans, and  San  Francisco  on  the  5th  and  20th  of 
each  month.  Time,  from  25  to  30  days.  From 
San  Francisco  to  Astoria,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  River,  (distance  700  miles,)  there  is  a 
semi-monthly  mail  steamer. 


CAPE  HORN  ROUTE. 

From  New  York  to  California,  via  Cape  Horn, 
is  about  14,700  miles.  This  distance  is  made  by 
clipper  ships  in  from  100  to  130  days.  Ordinary 
merchant  ships  are  from  one  to  two  months 
longer. 

The  expense  by  all  these  routes  for  first  class 
passengers  is  from  $250  to  $350  each  ;  steerage 
passengers  $150  to  $200. 

OVERLAND  ROUTE. 

There  are  two  principal  starting-places  for  thig 
route,  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  a  few  miles  above  Fort 
Leavenworth,  and  Council  Bluffs,  a  short  dis- 
tance N.  of  the  entrance  of  the  Platte  into  the 
Missouri.  The  road  from  Council  Bluffs  for 
800  miles  up  the  N.  side  of  Platte  River  is  the 
best  natural  one  in  the  world.  The  elevation  is 
less  than  12  feet  to  the  mile.  The  water  coming 
from  the  high  lands  is  fresh  and  cool.  Grass  is 
abundant,  and  on  the  river  bottom  two  weeks 
earlier  than  on  the  route  over  the  plains  from  St. 
Joseph,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river.  Timber, 
"  buffalo  chips,"  and  mineral  coal  are  found  suffi- 
cient to  supply  travellers.  The  large  amount  of 
travel  to  California,  Oregon,  and  Utah  makes  it 
a  great  national  thoroughfare.  Over  100,000 
souls  have  already  travelled  this  road  since  the 
discovery  of  gold  in  California.  The  passage 
from  Council  Bluffs  can  be  safely  made,  with 
wagons  drawn  by  mules  or  oxen,  in  from  60 
to  90  days,  at  an  expense  of  not  over  $100  for 
each  passenger.  If  emigrants  conduct  themselves 
properly,  no  danger  need  be  feared  from  any  In- 
dian tribes  through  which  the  road  passes.  All 
necessary  outfits  and  supplies  can  be  had  at 
Kanesville  and  Council  Bluffs.  An  accurate  Gen- 
eral Directory  has  been  published  by  J.H.  Colton, 
86  Cedar  Street,  New  York,  and  a  Mormon. 
Guide,  by  Mr.  Clayton,  which  will  give  the  emi- 
grant all  necessary  information.  The  forts  of  the 
American  Fur  Company  and  of  the  United 
States  are  usually  prepared  to  render  any  aid 
needed  by  travellers.  Aid  has  also  been  fur- 
nished at  the  California  end  of  the  route  at  the 
expense  of  the  state  of  California. 

DISTANCES  FROM   COUNCIL  BLUFFS. 

Miles.  Mile*. 

Buffalo  Creek,         .        .        .        .239  239 

Ptah  Lake,                            .      M          29  268 

Last  Timber,  .        .        .        .        .      38  306 

North  Bluff  Creek,       ...          19  325 

Wolf  Springs,          ....      18  348 


852 


ROUTES  TO   CALIFORNIA  AND   OREGON. 


Duck  Creek,        ....            7  350 

Lone  Tree, 30  380 

Ancient  Bluff  Ruins,  ...          44  424 

Chimney  Rock,                                  .       21  445 

Scott's  Bluffs,  Capitol  Hills,         .          23  468 

Raw  Hide  Creek,    .        .        .        .41  509 

Platte  River  Ferry,      .                            11  520 

FORT  LARAMIE,     ....        2  522 

Miller's  Peak,      ....           51  573 

Graystone  Bluff,      .                                30  603 

Sandstone  Bluff,          .         .        .            9  612 

River  Fourche  Boisse,             .        .15  627 

Avenue  Rock,      .                          .           64  691 

Willow  Springs,      .         .         .         .         9  700 

ROCK  INDEPENDENCE,       .        .          21  721 

Devil's  Gate, 6  727 

Ice  Springs,          ....          45  772 

Three  Lakes. 23  795 

Quaking  Asp  Creek,   ...            8  803 

SOUTH  PASS, 20  823 

JUNCTION  OF  SALT  LAKE  ROAD,      24  847 

Big  Sandy  Creek,   ....        8  855 

Clay  Mound,        ....            3  858 

Green  River, 47  905 

Lost  River,           ....          14  919 

Quaking  Asp  Grove,       ...      40  959 

Fort  Bridget  Road,      .        .        .          12  971 

Two  Bluffs, 8  979 

Cold  Spring,         .         .         .         .           12  991 

Bear  River, 16  1007 

Same,  via  Fort  Bridget  Road,     .          63  1034 

Deep  Creek,    .        .        .        .        .        5  1012 

Indian  Creek       .        .        .        .          12  1024 

Beer  or  Soda  Spring,      ...      20  1044 

JUNCTION  OF  OREGON  ROAD,              6  1050 

Or,  via  Salt  Lake  City,           .        .  1074 

Head  of  Humboldt  River,    .        .        279  1329 

Sink  of  Humboldt  River,        .        .331  1660 

Summit  of  Sierra  Nevada,  .        .        211  1871 

Sacramento  City,     .        .        .        .140  2011 

San  Francisco,     ....         150  2161 

NUMBER   AND    LENGTH    OF   THE    SEVERAL 
DESERTS  WITHOUT  FEED  OR  WATER,  OR 
EITHER. 
From  Big  Sandy  to  Green  River,  without 

water, 49 

From  Big  Sandy  to  Green  River,  without 

grass, 53 

From  a  point  on  Humboldt  River  to  a  point 

on  the  same,  without  either,        .        .  28 
From  Sink  of  Humboldt  River  to  Carson 

River,  without  either,          ...  69 
From  a  point  on  Carson  River,  to  a  point 

on  the  same,  without  either,        .        .  26 


TO  SALT  LAKE  CITY. 

Same  as  above  to  East  Junction  of 

Salt  Lake  Road,      ...  847 

Junction  to  Fort  Bridger,    .         .         Ill  958 

Fort  Bridger  to  Salt  Lake  City,     .     113  1071 

Salt  Lake  City  to  West  Junction  of 

California  Road,       .         .         .176  1247 

TO  OREGON. 


Same  as  above  to  Junction  of  Ore- 
gon Road,     .... 
Or,  via  Salt  Lake  City    . 

Fort  Hall 

Pannack  River        . 

American  Falls,  .... 

Raft  River, 

Rock  Creek,        .... 

Chute  or  Salmon  Fall  River, 

Crossing  Snake  River, 

Fort  Boisse,    . 

Malheur  River,    .... 

Burnt  River,    . 

Powder  River,     .... 

GRAND  RONDE,      . 

Blue  Mountains, 

Walla- Walla,  on  Columbia  River, 

Umatillah  River, 

John  Day's  River,  . 

Falls  River 

Dalles  of  the  Columbia, 

Cascades, 

Fort  Vancouver,      . 

OREGON  CITY,  .... 


ALTITUDES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL   POINTS  ON 
THESE  ROUTES,  ABOVE  THE  OCEAN. 

Ft. 

Council  Bluffs,  about         ....  900 

Fort  Laramie, 4100 

South  Pass, 7100 

Fort  Bridger, 4500 

Salt  Lake  City, 4100 

From  Salt  Lake  City  to  Sink  of  Carson's 

River,      ....             4000  to  5000 

Summit  of  Sierra  Nevada,          .        .        .  7200 

Sacramento, 100 

N.  B.  The  distances  from  St.  Joseph  are  about 
128  miles  greater.  The  distance  of  Council 
Bluffs  from  New  York,  via  Chicago,  Dubuque, 
Galena,  Cedar  Rapids,  and  Fort  Des  Moines,  is 
1511  miles. 


. 

1050 

1074 

49 

1099 

12 

1111 

10 

1121 

19 

1140 

78 

1218 

28 

1246 

40 

1286 

130 

1416 

29 

1445 

43 

1488 

40 

1528 

28 

1556 

17 

1593 

78 

1651 

25 

1676 

70 

1746 

20 

1766 

20 

1786 

51 

1837 

53 

1890 

34 

1924 

GRAND  DISTANCE   TABLE. 

GRAND  DISTANCE  TABLE 


653 


•\THis  Table  comprises  the  distances  to  and  from  some  of  the  most  im- 

"\^  portant  points  in  the  United  States.     It  was  prepared  in  October. 

"\^  1851,  by  authority  of  the  government,  for  the  regulation 

of 

PLACE. 

cS 

\^  payments  for  travel  to  persons   employed  in  the  public 

M 

"a 

^ 

\^   service.     It  is,  doubtless,  of  great  accuracy,  and 

will 

M 

£ 

'H 

** 

\^     serve,  in  this  work,  instead  of  a  repetition 

of 

ft 

o 

0 

o 

I 

0 

^ 

\^  the  distances  under  the  respective  places 

Augusta,         Me. 

o 

PH 

0 

i 

0 

NV'\             venient    for   crpnpral    Tpfprpnr 

Portland,           " 
Concord,       N.  H. 
Portsmouth,    " 

64 

212 
116 

w 

1481      0 
52   131 

o 

OH 

~ 

0 

03 

J 

1 

en 

1 

i 

Q; 

\ 

~^\^^      (See  next  page.) 

Montpelier,     Vt. 

344 

280   132 

263 

o 



M 

o 

*j 

\ 

Woodstock,       " 

294  230 

82  213 

58 

0 

*£ 

o 

ex 

^ 

^ 

\ 

Boston,            Ms. 

171 

107 

76 

55 

208   158 

0 



CL, 

<£ 

g 

\. 

Worcester,         " 

216 

152 

80 

100 

192   142 

45 

0|_Z_ 

*r 

•£ 

>4 

^^""N 

Providence,  R.  I. 

214 

150 

119 

98 

251 

201 

43 

44|      0^-  a 

£ 

*? 

\ 

Newport,           " 

243 

179 

148 

127 

280  230 

72 

73     20      0|_ 

O 

a 

r2 

<o 

Hartford,          Ct. 

296 

232 

160 

180 

211 

161 

125 

80   124   153       0— 

"3 

?c 

g 

ci 

£P 

.S 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

387 

323 

273 

271 

324 

274 

216 

193   173   182  113       0—  — 

3 

CQ 

03 

o 

o 

Albany,            " 

371 

307 

235 

255 

211 

132 

200 

1551  199,  228!  127   144       0  — 

>> 

ft 

<u 

"o3 

Buffalo, 

698 

634 

562 

582 

505 

426 

527 

482  526  555  454i  471 

327 

0 



£ 

^ 

Syracuse,         " 

519 

455 

383 

403 

326 

2471  348 

303   347|  376   275   202   H8:  179 

0 



W 

^3 

Trenton,       N.  J. 

447 

383 

333 

331 

384 

334 

276 

253   233,  242   173     60,  204  531 

352 

0 

A 

pu, 

Harrisburg,      Pa. 

584 

520 

470 

468 

521 

471 

413 

300  370  379;  310 

197   341    66S 

480 

137 

0 

Philadelphia,    " 

477 

413 

363 

361 

414 

364 

3  "6 

283   263   272;  203 

90   23  4j  561 

382 

30 

107       0 

Erie,                   " 

788 

724 

652 

672 

505 

516 

617 

572   616!  645   544 

514   417     90 

260 

472 

335!  442< 

Pittsburg,          " 

787 

723 

373 

671 

724 

674 

616 

503  573!  582  513 

400|  544   222 

401 

340 

203 

310 

Dover,              De. 

555 

491 

441 

439 

492 

442 

384 

361    341   35i 

281 

168;  312   639 

460 

108 

185 

78 

Wilmington,     " 

507 

443 

393 

391 

444 

394 

336 

313   293   302   233 

120   264'  591 

412 

60 

137 

30- 

Baltimore,      Md. 

579 

515 

465    163 

516 

466 

408 

385!  3f?i  374 

305 

192J  3361  663 

484    132 

84 

102 

Annapolis,         " 

616 

552 

502  500 

553 

5)3 

445 

422  402  411 

342 

2'70   373i  700 

521 

169 

12l|  139 

Washington,D.C  1  619 

555 

505 

503 

556 

5)6 

448 

425 

405 

414   345 

232  376  703 

524 

172 

124 

142 

Richmond,      Va. 

749 

685 

635 

633 

686 

636 

578 

555 

535 

544  475 

362   506   833 

654 

302  254 

272 

Wheeling,         " 

888 

824 

774 

772 

825 

775 

717 

694 

674 

6S3   614 

501 

645   278 

457 

441 

250  i  411 

Norfolk, 

779 

715 

665 

663 

716 

666 

6^8 

585 

565 

574  515 

302  536i  863 

684 

332 

284   3)2 

Lynchburg,       " 

896 

832 

782 

780 

833 

783 

725 

702 

682 

60  li  622 

509   653  980 

801 

449 

401 

410 

Raleigh,        N.  C. 

924 

860 

810 

8)8 

861 

811 

753 

731  710 

719 

650 

537 

681  1008 

820 

477 

4201  447 

Columbia,      S.  C. 

1310 

1246 

11961194 

1247 

1197 

1139 

11161096 

11051036 

923!  1067  1394 

1215 

863 

815|  833- 

Charleston,      " 

1177 

1113 

1063  1061 

1114 

1064 

1006 

983  963 

972  903 

790|  9341261 

1082   730 

682 

700 

Milledgeville,  Ga. 

1474 

1410 

1360 

1358 

1411 

1361 

1303 

1280 

1260  1260  1200  ^8712311558,1379  1027 

979 

997 

Savannah,         " 

1287 

223 

1173 

1171 

1224 

1174 

1116 

1093 

1073108^1013 

900!l044l37l|ll92l  840 

792 

810 

Tallahassee,  Fa. 
St.  Augustine,  " 
Pensacola,         " 
Tuscaloosa,     Aa. 
Mobile, 
Huntsville,        " 
Vicksburg,      'Mi. 
Natchez, 
Jackson, 
New  Or  leans,  La. 

1693 
1638 
1920 
1813 
1863 
1802 
1990 
2313 
1944 
2027 

1629 
1574 
1856 
1749 
1799 
1738 
1926 
2249 
1880 
1963 

1579 
1524 
1806 
1699 
1749 
1688 
1876 
2199 
1830 
1913 

1577 
1522 
1804 
1697 
1747 
1686 
1874 
2197 
1828 
1911 

1630 
1575 
1857 
1750 
1800 
1739 
1927 
2250 
1881 
1964 

158) 
1525 
18)7 
1700 
175) 
1680 
1877 
22  )  ) 
1831 
1914 

1522 
1467 
1749 
1642 
1602 
1631 
1819 
2142 
1773 
1856 

1099 
1444 
1726 
1619 
1669 
1608 
1796 
2119 
1750 
1833 

1479 
1424 
1706 
1599 
1649 
1588 
1776 
2099 
1731 
1813 

1488  1419 
1433  1364 
1715  1646 
16  ''8  1530 
16581589 
15971528 
17851716 
21082039 
17391670 
18221753 

1306 
1251 
1533 
1426 
1476 
1415 
1603 
1926 
1557 
1640 

1450  1777 
13951722 
1677,2004 
157011897 
16201947 
15591886 
17471638 
20701741 
17011684 
17842927 

1508 
1543 
1825 
1718 
1768 
1707 
1817 
1921 
1863 
1932 

1246 
1191 
1473 
1366 
1416 
1355 
1543 
1866 
1497 
1580 

1198m 

11431161 
142511U3 
13181336, 
13681386 
1307J1325 
14951513 
18181836 
1449  1467 
1532  1550 

Shreveport,     ,  " 

2527 

2463 

2413 

2411 

2464 

2414 

2356 

2333 

2313 

23222253 

2140 

228412081 

243212080 

20322050 

Baton  Rouge,  " 

2158 

2094 

2044 

2)42 

2095 

2)45 

1987 

1964 

1944 

19531884 

1771 

1915  1896 

206317H 

1663:1681 

Nashville,       Te 
Memphis,           " 

1761 
188) 

1607 
1816 

1647 
1744 

1645 
1764 

1698 
1687 

1648 
16)8 

1590 
1709 

1567 
1664 

1547 

1708 

15561487 
17371636 

1374 
1606 

1518|  782 
1509  1182 

96111314 
136111415 

1266  1284 
1233,1385 

Frankfort,       Ky. 

1244 

118) 

1108 

1123 

1051 

972 

1073 

1028 

1072 

1101 

1010 

970 

873 

546 

725  1030 

597!  749 

Louisville,         " 

1295 

1231 

1159 

1179 

1102 

1023 

1124 

1079 

1123 

1152 

1051 

1021 

924 

~j$l 

776 

1081 

648i  800 

Cleveland,          O. 

898 

762 

782 

705 

626 

727 

682 

726 

755 

654 

671 

527 

200 

379 

684 

335!  442 

Columbus,         " 

1033 

969 

897 

917 

84' 

761 

862 

817 

861 

890 

789 

806 

662 

335 

514 

819 

386  538 

Cincinnati,         " 

1153 

1089 

1017 

1037 

961 

881 

982 

937 

981 

1010 

909 

926 

782 

455 

634 

939 

506 

658 

Indianapolis,    la. 

1214 

1150 

1078 

1098 

1021 

942 

1043 

99S 

1042 

1071 

970 

940 

843 

516 

605 

1000 

567 

719 

New  Albany,  t  " 

1208 

1234 

1162 

1182 

1105 

1026 

1127 

1082 

1126 

1155 

1054 

1024 

927 

600 

779 

1084 

6-51 

803 

Logansport,       " 

1231 

1167 

1095 

1115 

1038 

953 

1060 

1015 

1059 

1088 

987 

1004 

860 

533 

712 

1064 

638 

790 

Yandalia,        •  Is. 

1380 

1316  1244 

1264 

1187 

1108 

1209 

1164 

1218 

12371136 

1106 

1009 

682 

861 

1166)  733  885 

Springfield,       " 

1426 

1362 

1290 

1310 

1233 

1154  1255 

1210 

1254 

1283 

1182 

1152 

1055 

728 

907 

1212   779|  931 

Chicagg, 

1233 

1169 

1097 

1117 

1040 

961 

1062 

1017 

1061 

1090 

989 

1006 

862 

535 

714 

1066   7131096 

JeffersonCity,Mo. 
St.  Louis, 

1695 
1564 

1631 

15)0 

1559 
1428 

1579 
1448 

1502 
1371 

1423 
1292 

1524 
1393 

1479 
1348 

1523 
1392 

15521451 
14211320 

1421 
1290 

1324 
1193 

997 
866 

1176 
1045 

148110481200 
1350  9171069 

Detroit,           Mn. 

965 

901 

829 

849 

772 

693 

794 

749   793 

822  721 

738 

594 

267 

446 

798 

445 

828 

Lansing, 

1081 

1017 

945 

965 

888 

809 

910 

865   909 

9381  837 

854 

710   383 

5621  914 

56  1|  944 

Little  Rock,    As. 
Austin,            'Ts. 
Galveston,         " 
Madison,        Wn. 

2330 
2698 
2427 
1408 

2266 
2634 
2333 
1344 

2194 
2584 
2313 
1272 

2214 
2582 
2311 
1292 

2137 
2635 
2364 
1215 

2128 
2585 
2314 
1136 

2159 
2527 
2256 
1237 

2114 
2504 
2233 
1192 

2158 
2484 
2213 
1236 

2187 
2493 
2222 
1265 

20862056 
24242311 

21532040 
11641181 

1959 
2455 
2184 
1037 

1632 

2I59K 
2427 
710 

181111865 
2603J2251 
23321980 
8801241 

1683  1835 
2203  2221 
1932  1950 
888  1271 

Milwaukie,        " 

1327 

1263 

1191 

1211 

1134 

1055 

1156 

1111 

1155 

1184 

1083 

1100 

956 

629 

8081160 

8071190 

Iowa  City,        Io. 

1480 

1416 

1344 

1364 

1287 

1208 

1309 

1264 

1318 

1337 

1236 

1253 

1109 

782 

9611313 

9601343 

Dubuque,           " 
St.  Paul's,       Ma 

1444 
1769 

1381 
1705 

1308 
1633 

1328 
1653 

1251 
1576 

1172 
1497 

1273 
1598 

1228 
1553 

1272 
1597 

1301 
1626 

1200 
1525 

12171073   746 
1542  1398|1071 

92512771  9241307 
1250  1602!  1249  1632 

854 


GRAND   DISTANCE  TABLE. 


LENGTH  AND  BREADTH  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  extent  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  in  round  numbers,  and  measuring 
from  headland  to  headland,  from  Calais,  at  the  head  of  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  to  Key  West,  is 
1600  miles.  If  the  bay  coasts  and  minor  sinuosities  were  included,  the  distance  would  be  twice  as 
great.  The  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  measured  in  the  same  way,  from  Key  West  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  is  1300  miles.  The  Pacific  coast  is  1200  miles,  and  the  lake  coast  of 
the  north  1200  miles ;  making,  in  the  whole,  5300  miles  of  coast  bounding  on  navigable  waters. 
The  land  boundary  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States  is  upwards  of  1300  miles  in  extent ; 
that  between  the  British  possessions  and  the  United  States  upwards  of  1600  miles.  Both  these 
land  frontiers,  throughout  almost  their  entire  extent,  are  a  complete  wilderness.  The  greatest 
extent  of  the  United  States,  from  north  to  south,  is  from  the  forty-ninth  degree  of  north  latitude 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  1600  miles  in  an  air  line.  The  breadth,  from  Passamaquoddy 
Bay  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River,  is  2000  miles,  and  from  Charleston  to  San  Diego,  1750. 
Area,  as  estimated  by  the  superintendent  of  the  census,  3,200,000  square  miles. 

PRINCIPAL  ELEVATIONS.  —  Lake  Superior,  641  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  Council  Bluffs, 
912 ;  Sources  of  the  Mississippi,  1400  ;  Blue  Ridge,  1500  ;  Alleghany  Mountains,  (main  ridge,)  2500  ; 
Green  Mountain  range,  3900  ;  Catskill  Mountains,  3800  ;  Peaks  of  Otter,  4260  ;  Ft.  Laramie,  4079 ; 
Adirondack  Mountains,  5000  ;  Mt.  Washington,  (White  Mountains,)  6234  ;  Santa  Fe,  6800 ;  South 
Pass,  7085  ;  Passes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  7200  ;  highest  peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  15,000. 


PLACE. 


Erie,  Pa 

Pittsburg,          " 
Dover,  De 

Wilmington,  " 
Baltimore,  Md 
Annapolis,  " 
Washington,D.C 
Richmond,  Va 
Wheeling, 
Norfolk, 
Lynchburg,  " 
Raleigh,  '  N.  C 
Columbia,  S.  C 
Charleston,  " 
Milledgeville,  Ga 
Savannah,  " 
Tallahassee,  Fa. 
St.  Augustine,Fa 
Pensacola, 
Tuscaloosa, 
Mobile, 
Hunts  ville, 
Vicksburg, 
Natchez, 
Jackson, 
New  Orleans, 
Shreveport, 
Baton  Rouge, 


12941162101 


1107 


Aa. 


Mi 


1633  1501 


2101  2039  1404  1356 1284  1287 


Te. 


Ky. 


la. 


Is. 


Mn 
As 


Wn 
lo 


1513  1381 


1458 1326  1179  1131 1059  1062  1019 


1651 


1921 


6301302125411821185 


1030  1403 
767 
818 
520 
5-56 
676 
737 
821 
808 
906 
949 


Nashville, 

Memphis, 

Frankfort, 

Louisville, 

Cleveland, 

Columbus, 

Cincinnati, 

Indianapolis, 

New  Albany, 

Logansport, 

Vandalia, 

Springfield,       " 

Chicago,  " 

JeffersonCity,Mo 

St.  Louis, 

Detroit, 

Lansing, 

Little  Rock, 

Austin, 

Galveston, 

Madison, 

Milwaukie, 

Iowa  City, 

Dubuque,  •»*/*/    i~«.  j.uuu|.iui/ 

St.  Paul's,      Ma.  1024 1046 17101166 


97-5 


2096  1461 


1622 1490  134.' 
1548  1486  1531 


242 


828 
1234 


13541306123412371194 


1589  1854 


La.  1937 1875  1568 1520  1448 


1806  1744  1699  1651 


714  1087  1039 


906 


358  1022 
1480  1853 


78) 


118611141117 


1413 


1295 
1483 


180617341737 


1594  1532  1485  1437  1365  1368 


19292068202019481951 


5101174112611981235 
8451218117010981117 


858 


Ts.  2608  2546  2239  2191 21 19  2122 


23372275  1966 1920  1848  1851 


685134911301 
604 1268  1220 
757 1421 
721 


DIRECTIONS. 

To  find  the  distance  between  any  two  places,  look  on  the 
page  on  which  the  names  of  both  places  are  found,  one 
at  the  top  and  the  other  on  the  side ;  and  in  the 
angle  where  their  lines  meet  the  distance 
is  given. 

(See  next  page.) 


708 


1341 


1411 


1355  1283  1302 


647 
698 
417 
436 
556 
017 
701 
688 
786 
829 


967 
930 


974  1046  1083 
1805  1733  175! 


1344 


1223  1226 


14141371 


1451 


1579  1582 


6(56 
717 
430 
455 
575 
636 
720 
707 
802 
848 


13011171 


1244 1114 198  J 


11831053151410451260 


1694  1564 


1325 


1908 


1086 


1413 


13731410 

129213291332 

1445148214851615 


1385  1337  1409|  1446 1449  1679 


8891350 


2040  11631318  1057J  748 


1064  1525 


1241 


11951476118713421081 


1408  1278  1819  1270 1425 1164 


1778 


114! 
1305 

669 

720 

439 

458 

578 

639 

723 

710 

805 

&51 
1238 1368 
1120  1250 

9891119 

970  1100 


1012 
1290 
799 
850 
569 
588 
708 
769 
853 
840 
938 


1216 


2079  1949  2490 


1543 
1462 


1734 1771 1774  1904  1119  1984  2051 


1430 


187 


1539  1409  1688  1401 


431 


10561211 
1106,1261 


1233|13881I27 


15561 17 11 


1770192516641355 


57410041159 


974  1282 


847 
898 
617 
630 
750 
817 
901 


940 


987 


950 
1000 
939 


145011411136 


1556  1295 


14371176 


5S<i 


9741360 


99710251411 

716 

735 

855 

916 


9441330 
1000 102811414 


986108511101496 
1029111281156154" 


1398|151515431929  17961093 
,~*n ~-i 167811975 


7891298139714251811 


124613631391 


1755  1740  1424  1732  1887  1626 1317  1312J 11 37  129011316 


1941 


2096 1835  1526 1521 1239  1392,1418 


1808  16782219  1670  1825  1564  1255 12-501  968 1121  1147 


680 
625 
813 


767 
850 


981 
584 
862 


354 
404 
450 
531 
854  1007  1033 


485 

568 


1350 1068  1221 


12781575 


7441130    ....._._ 
763 1149  101611313 


88311269  1136^433 1 146,1652 

n-IA  1  OOA  1  1O7 \1AQ1  13071713 


1197!  1494  1307  171 


1281115781391 


1 015 140 11268j  1565 


1363,1660 
1409!  17C6 


1378  1784 
14731879 
15191925 
W06I2312 
178812194 

1167 1266 1294 1680  1547J1844  1657  206° 
113012471275  1661  *sno"ons  n****" 

i  ti-4  f?  i  o^»o  i  t\nt  i  *f fjn 


15281825 
1777164411941 


1573 1690 1718  2104  19.712238  2081  2487 


1492  1609  1637  2023  1890!2187 


830  1645  1762;  1790 
794 


21762043:23402153,2559 


1609  1726 17542140200712304  21 17  2523 
1984  205ll2079  2465i2332;2629  244212848 


351  28-i 
6141  24; 
507  t 
557 
603 


638 


629] 
710, 


66-t 


721!  747 


852 
502 
840 


1227152413371743 


1247 
878 


13881794 


997129410071513 


1026)1532 


1797 


16382044 
17542160 


20002406 


GRAND  DISTANCE   TABLE. 


855 


LENGTH  OF  SOME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  RIVERS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Missouri,  (including  the  Lower  Mississippi, 
which  is  1200,)  .        . 

Arkansas, 

Upper  Mississippi, 

Ohio,  (including  the  Alleghany,)      . 

Tennessee, 

DelNorte, 

Oregon  or  Columbia,  (inc.  Lewis's  River,) 
St.  Lawrence,  (including  the  great  lakes,)  . 


4100 
1550 
1300 
1050 
720 
1550 
1400 
2300 


Miles. 

Susquehanna, 680 

Appalachicola,  (including  the  Chattahoochee,)  440 
Delaware,  ......          350 

Connecticut,          ......      350 

Hudson, 320 

Potomac, 310 

£ames> 300 

Penobscot, 275 

Kennebec,          ......          150 


PLACE. 


St.  Augustine,Fa 

Pensacola,         " 

Tuscaloosa, 

Mobile, 

Huntsville, 

Vicksburg, 

Natchez, 

Jackson, 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Shreveport,        " 

Baton  Rouge,   " 

Nashville,        Te 

Memphis, 

Frankfort, 

Louisville, 

Cleveland, 

Columbus, 

Cincinnati, 

Indianapolis, 

New  Albany, 

Logansport, 

Vandalia, 

Springfield,       " 

Chicago,  " 

JeffersonCity,Mo. 

St.  Louis, 

Detroit, 

Lansing, 

Little  Rock, 

Austin, 

Galveston, 

Madison, 

Mihvaukie, 

Iowa  City, 

Dubuque, 

St.  Paul's, 


Aa. 


Mi 


Ky. 
O. 


la. 


Is 


954 
1035 
1358 

989 
1072 
1572 
1203 

913 


1191 1066 
1688 1716 


2257 


1051 


187J  5"  374 
381 1  164  603 
881  6641103 
454  295;  641 
364  614,  112 
240!  1009  257 


The  arrangement  of  the  table  in  its 

present  form,  with  the  additions 

thereto,  was    made  by  the 

author  of  this  volume. 


443J  340 
258  155 


796 
559 


304j  131 

40410821136;  951 
256  845,  899,  714!  237 


1739 


147 

1597 

1658 


1824 

18701568]  7421511 


1808  9821751 


8901659!  362 11061299  1052 1495  1519  1364  250  650   0 5   3   c 

82515941  2971041111441087143014841299  185  585!  65i   Q< '  g   2 

1458204812221991!  6941438154111484182718811696  582  982  346|  397!   o! '  3 

1  ^191310871 1856  559130314061349169217461561  447  8'47i  211  262j  135   0  — 
1793'  967|199l!  439 1183|1286 1229 15721626 1441  327  727j  9l|  142;  255  120;   . 
1787  9611730  433  1177;1280!l2231566  16201425  321  721!  141  136!  326  181!  191 
17421654J  8281597  300|1044ll471090J1433il487il3()2  188  5881  68|   3  400!  265!  145 
1729185810321801  5041248|1351 1294U637 1691'1506  392  792  212;  20JJ  376:  252  262 
15451  715*1488  736  9351038J  981(132413781193  716  479^  284  219i  492;  347^  357 
lARQl  7401^11  7.59  958 1061 100411 347 1401J1216  739  502  431  366  618!  628  508 
999  ligsllSOl  1244 1587 1643 1456  979  742  671?  606|  378i  456  590 
99210951038138114351250  773  536  465!  400  846|  662  542 
861  964  907:1250  1304 1119  642  40o!  334|  269;  715J  531i  411 

'  '-"  '"•'  HOj  188  322 
226|  304:  438 
20  687  45011001035143212971432 

„„*  «-»,—,», ^,ilt>^,  «,*,**,»  802 1753 1516 2166 11011249812363 2243 

1472|  621 1  781!  5641003|  789!  686  835!  4001  900  53114821245189518302227,20921972 
Wn.  2432  1758  1032 1701!049l248!135lil294jl637!1691 1506  1029  792  721  656!  553:  631i  765 
•'  2351 1902  1076  1845  10931292  13951 338  1681!1735  1550  1073  83fii  765:  700'  472!  550!  684 
lo. J2-504!  1811  985  1754  1002  120113 '4  12471590,1644 1459  982  745!  674  609,  625!  703;  751 
10151784103212311133412771620167414891012  775;  704:  639'  589  667!  781 


21391602 
20081471 


7761545!  793 
6451414;  662 


.  1989  2076  1250  2019|  76l|l466  1569  1512jl855il909  1724  6491010!  413^  464J 

2105|2040;i2l4!1983|  877  1430  1533  1476  1819!  1874!  1688  761  974^  5291  580j 

16411172;  690,1115'  707  562  665|  608:  951100s1  °'v'  no"   ^^n^-inosi 
17^3  8921052!  835,1274110601  9571106]  671117 


!2468jl841 


964!  914|  992  110G 


The  latitude  and  longitude  of  the 

several    places  named  in  this 

table  will  be  found  in  the 

table  of  latitudes  and 

longitudes. 


01 
2371      0! 

283     87,      0 
152  327J  240 

442!  205   228 
74     97 
595  508 


Indianapolis, 
New  Albany, 
Logansport, 
Vandalia, 
Springfield,        " 
.Chicago,  " 

JeffersonCity,Mo, 
St.  Louis,  "  " 
Detroit,  Mn. 

Lansing,  " 

Little  Rock,    As. 


Austin, 
Galveston, 


Ts, 


371 

240 

337 

301 

1171 


230  559! 


10381242!  929'  9521192 


11  /  1  l./uo \i£r±&\    oil/     &'j&i.LVii     you     OJ'J\1W,I  lt^.t  U 

22372104  2308;  1995  2018  2258  2052 1921 2526  2490 1622 

i  rw»/»'  i  OOO  r»AO«r!l  TOI   1T/<*7  1  nOT  T  woi    i  /? z {\\nt\~  ••Irktii  n!t  n  -*t 


1966 1833,2037  1724 1747  1987 


1781 1650  22551221913511  271| 


Madison,    "VVn. 

317 

653 

327 

377j  290 

175 

418 

387 

443 

407'  1242  2308  2037 

o 

o 

,3 

<3j 

Milwaukie,    " 

398 

697 

246 

421  334 

94 

562 

431 

362 

326128623522081 

81 

0 

& 

Q 

P-< 

Iowa  City,    lo. 

424 

606 

399 

299  212 

247 

471 

340 

515 

47911952261,1990 

213 

294 

0  — 

m 

Dubuque,     " 

485 

636 

363 

360  273 

211 

501 

370 

479 

443,122522912020 

114 

195 

99   0-^-j 

St.  Paul's,   Ma. 

810 

961 

688 

685!  598 

536 

826 

695 

804 

7681550!2616!2345 

385  466 

462|  363)   0 

APPENDIX. 


No.  1 — VALLEJO,  CA.,  SOLANO  CO. 

Capital  of  the  state  of  California.  In  con- 
sideration that  this  should  be  made  the  cap- 
ital of  the  state,  General  Vallejo  and  his  as- 
sociates agreed  to  convey  to  the  state  156 
acres  of  land,  and  to  expend  within  two  years 
$370,000  in  providing  public  buildings.  This 
place  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  sides  of 
lofty  hills,  which  rise  with  a  gradual  undulation 
from  the  waters  of  the  Straits  of  Napa,  just  at 
their  entrance  into  San  Pablo  Bay,  about  30 
miles  E.  of  N.  from  San  Francisco,  8  N.  of  W. 
from  Benicia,  100  S.  W.  from  Sacramento,  and 
about  the  same  N.  W.  from  Stockton.  It  can 
be  approached  by  the  largest  sea  vessels,  and 
through  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Rivers 
easily  communicates  with  the  whole  mining 
district.  In  its  neighborhood,  on  the  Napa  and 
Sonoma,  is  one  of  the  best  farming  districts  in 
the  state.  In  addition  to  a  commanding  view 
of  the  beautiful  valley  of  Napa.  with  its  enclo- 
sure of  sheltering  hills,  the  perspective  embraces 
the  slopes  of  Benicia,  the  Straits  of  Carquinez, 
the  verdant  hills  and  valleys  of  Martinez,  with 
Mare  Island,  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo,  and  in  the 
far  distance  Telegraph  Hill,  dotted  with  white 
houses. 

The  Capitol  stands  on  an  eminence  command- 
ing a  wide  range  of  prospect.  It  is  of  plain  and 
simple  design,  and  will  afford  ample  accommo- 
dations. The  main  entrance  is  by  a  bold  flight 
of  steps  extending  the  full  breadth  of  the  build- 
ing, and  surmounted  by  a  lofty  portico.  The 
lowest  story  or  basement,  which  is  of  solid 
mason  work,  contains  a  hall  intended  for  law 
courts,  about  70  feet  in  length,  40  in  breadth, 
and  12  in  height,  well  lighted,  with  10  massive 
pillars  to  sustain  the  upper  halls.  The  first 
floor,  to  which  the  main  entrance  leads,  by  a 
spacious  hall,  is  to  be  the  session  room  of  the 
House  of  Assembly.  It  has  about  the  same  pro- 
portions as  the  story  below  it,  and  a  ceiling  about 
20  feet  high.  It  is  lighted  by  14  large  windows. 
From  the  entrance  hall,  at  either  side,  a  broad 
winding  staircase  leads  to  the  senate  room,  which 
is  of  the  same  size  as  the  assembly  room,  and 
equally  well  lighted.  The  house  also  contains, 
at  either  side  of  the  entrance  halls,  committee 
rooms,  the  governor's  room,  and  other  state  apart- 
ments. The  apartments  for  the  different  state 
officers  are  separate  from  the  main  building. 
They  are  large  and  well  furnished,  with  rather 
more  space  than  would  seem  necessary  for  state 
purposes. 

In  the  vicinity  of  the  Capitol  there  are  some 
12  hotels  of  large  size  and  ample  accommoda- 
tions. 

108 


No.   «.  — SALT  LAKE   CITY,  UH. 

This  city  and  setlement  of  the  Mormons  is  sito- 
ated  at  an  elevation  of  more  than  4000  feet  on 
the  River  Jordan,  a  tributary  of  Great  Salt  Lake, 
at  the  foot  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Wahsateh 
Mountains,  an  extensive  chain  of  lofty  hills,  form- 
ing a  portion  of  the  E.  boundary  of  what  is  known 
as  the  u  Great  Interior  Basin,"  of  North  Ameri- 
ca. The  Mormon  communion  was  first  organ- 
ized in  1830,  under  the  auspices  of  Joseph  Smith, 
the  prophet  and  founder,  and  after  a  temporary 
residence  at  Kirtland,  O.,  was  removed  to  Jack- 
son co.,  Missouri,  where  by  divine  revelation,  as 
Smith  alleged,  and  the  Mormons  believed,  the 
"  Saints,"  as  they  called  themselves,  were  directed 
to  build  a  magnificent  temple,  according  to  a  plan 
to  be  divinely  communicated  to  Smith.  The 
corner  stone  was  laid,  but  a  strong  excitement 
was  raised  against  them,  and  they  were  compelled 
to  remove  to  Caldwell  co.,  on  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  Missouri,  whence  they  were  soon  after 
obliged  to  fly  to  Illinois,  where  they  founded  the 
city  of  Nauvoo.  Here  they  lived  and  flourished 
for  several  years,  and  completed  the  erection  of 
a  temple,  but  in  1844,  a  strong  popular  excite- 
ment was  raised  against  them,  they  were  atacked 
by  an  armed  force,  and  their  prophet  and  his 
brother  Hiram,  having  submitted  to  be  arrested, 
were  barbarously  murdered  in  the  jail  of  Car-- 
thage.  During  the  year  1845,  these  persecutions 
continued,  and  the  Mormons,  finding  their  con- 
dition no  longer  tolerable,  resolved  to  abandon 
Nauvoo,  and  to  seek  an  asylum  elsewhere.  For 
this  purpose  great  sacrifices  of  property  were 
made,  and  in  February,  1846,  a  portion  of  them 
crossed  the  Mississippi,  and  formed  a  rendezvous 
near  Montrose,  in  Iowa.  Here  they  remained 
exposed  to  intense  cold  and  deep  snows  till 
March,  when,  being  joined  by  several  hundred 
wagons  and  a  large  number  of  women  and  chil- 
dren, they  organized  under  the  leadership  of  Brig- 
ham  Young,  who  was  recognized  as  president  of 
the  church  and  the  prophetical  successor  of  Jo- 
seph Smith. 

In  their  progress  westward,  being  prohibited 
by  cruel  threats  from  passing  through  the  settled 
districts  of  Northern  Missouri,  they  suffered  great 
hardships  in  traversing  the  then  uninhabited  wil- 
derness of  Northern  Iowa ;  but  in  the  course  of  the 
summer  they  reached  the  banks  of  the  Missouri, 
where  they  enclosed  land' and  planted  crops,  on  the 
site  of  the  present  town  of  Kanesville,  still  occu- 
pied as  a  Mormon  settlement  and  forwarding  sta- 
tion for  emigrants.  As  they  were  about  to  cross 
the  river  to  pursue  their  journey,  leaving  a  de- 
tachment to  watch  and  gather  the  crop,  they  re- 
ceived a  requisition  from  the  government  of  the 


858 


APPENDIX. 


United  States  for  500  men  for  the  Mexican  war, 
—  a  demand  their  compliance  with  which  inter- 
rupted their  progress  for  the  season.  Those  who 
remained,  being  principally  old  men,  women, 
and  children,  were  compelled  to  pass  the  winter 
amid  great  sufferings  and  privations,  in  huts  of 
logs,  and  caves  dug  in  the  river  bank.  In  the 
spring  of  1847,  they  again  organized,  and  on  the 
8th  of  April,  a  pioneer  company  of  143  men, 
72  wagons,  175  head  of  horses,  mules,  and  oxen, 
and  provisions  for  six  months,  started  to  seek  a 
home  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Crossing 
those  mountains  by  the*  South  Pass,  about  the 
end  of  July  they  reached  the  valley  of  the  Great 
Salt  Lake,  where  a  piece  of  land  was  selected, 
consecrated  by  prayer,  and  planted  with  crops, 
and  the  nucleus  was  thus  formed  of  the  present 
territory  of  Utah.  Soon  after,  the  ground  was 
surveyed  and  laid  out  into  streets  and  squares  for 
a  large  city,  and  for  protection  against  the  In- 
dians, a  fort  or  enclosure  was  erected  by  means  of 
houses  made  of  logs  and  sun-dried  bricks,  con- 
nected with  each  other,  and  opening  into  a  large 
square.  In  October  the  colony  was  strengthened 
by  the  arrival  of  between  3000  and  4000  persons. 
Agricultural  labor  was  resumed  with  spirit, 
ploughing  and  planting  being  continued  through- 
out the  whole  winter,  and  till  July  following,  by 
which  time  upwards  of  6000  acres  were  enclosed 
and  laid  down  in  crops.  While  their  crops  were 
ripening,  the  colonists  were  reduced  to  great  ex- 
tremity for  food.  Game  being  scarce,  they  were 
obliged  to  subsist  on  wild  roots  and  the  hides  of 
animals  which  they  had  used  for  roofing  their 
cabins.  But  the  crop  proved  abundant,  and 
plenty  has  ever  since  reigned  in  the  valley.  In 
the  autumn,  another  large  immigration  arrived 
under  the  president,  Brigham  Young.  Building 
and  agriculture  were  prosecuted  with  renewed 
vigor,  and  settlements  continued  to  be  made 
wherever  water  could  be  found  for  irrigation. 
Grist  mills  and  saw  mills  were  built ;  and  in  the 
spring  a  settlement  was  commenced  on  Weber 
River,  a  bold,  clear  stream  which  breaks  through 
the  Wasatch  Mountain,  40  miles  N.  of  the  city, 
and  discharges  its  waters  into  Salt  Lake.  An- 
other settlement  called  Provaux  City  was  com- 
menced, near  the  mouth  of  the  Timponogos,  or 
Provaux,  an  affluent  of  Lake  Utah,  about  50 
miles  S.  of  the  city.  On  the  10th  of  March, 
1849,  the  emigrants  assembled  in  convention,  or- 
ganized themselves  as  the  state  of  Deseret,  and 
the  legislature,  which  met  July  2d,  forwarded  a 
petition  to  Congress  for  admission  into  the  Union. 
But,  instead  of  granting  this  petition,  Congress 
passed,  September  9,  1850,  an  act  erecting  the 
territory  of  Utah,  and  Brigham  Young  having 
been  appointed  territorial  governor,  the  Mor- 
mons have  accepted  the  territorial  organization. 
Their  country  is  rapidly  filling  up  with  emigrants, 
collected  by  their  missionaries  from  all  parts  of 
the  world,  but  principally  from  the  Welsh  coun- 
ties of  England,  where  Mormonism  has  made  a 
very  deep  impression. 

Situated  so  far  inland,  and  isolated  by  the  very 
nature  of  the  surrounding  country,  agriculture 
and  the  raising  of  stock  must  be  the  chief  re- 
sources of  this  .new  colony.  Owing  to  the  almost 
total  absence  of  rain  from  May  to  October,  the 
dependence  of  the  farmer  must  be  entirely  upon 
irrigation,  for  which  the  means  are  supplied  by 
the  reservoirs  of  snow  accumulated  in  the  gorges 
of  the  mountains,  and  furnishing  never-failing 


streams,  sometimes  of  considerable  magnitude. 
The  soil,  formed  chiefly  from  the  disintegration 
of  the  felspathic  rock  mixed  with  detritus  of 
limestone,  is  of  the  most  fertile  character,  and 
owing  to  its  loose  and  porous  texture  it  absorbs 
water  in  large  quantities.  The  streams,  which 
come  rushing  down  the  mountain  sides,  when 
they  reach  the  plain  below  dwindle  soon  into  in- 
significant rivulets,  and  are  presently  swallowed 
up  and  lost.  Cultivation  is  therefore  circum- 
scribed within  very  narrow  limits,  being  restricted 
generally  to  a  strip  of  from  one  to  two  miles 
wide  along  the  base  of  the  mountain3,  beyond 
which  the  water  does  not  reach.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  Salt  Lake  valley,  the  land  susceptible  of 
irrigation  stretches  along  the  western  base  of  the 
Wasatch  Mountains,  from  about  80  miles  N.  of 
Salt  Lake  City  to  about  60  miles  S.  of  it ;  the 
latter  portion  embracing,  towards  its  terminus, 
the  fertile  valley  of  Lake  Utah.  This  is  a  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  pure  fresh  water,  30  miles  in  length, 
and  about  10  in  breadth,  abounding  in  fine  fish, 
principally  speckled  trout  of  great  size  and  good 
flavor,  and  surrounded  by  rugged  mountains  and 
lofty  hills,  with  a  broad  green  valley  sloping  to 
the  water's  edge.  This  valley  opens  to  the  north- 
ward, and  through  it  flows  the  River  Jordan,  a  co- 
pious and  powerful  stream,  discharging  into  the 
Great  Salt  Lake.  Soon  after  leaving  the  lake,  the 
Jordan  cuts  through  a  cross  range  of  mountains 
by  which  the  valley  is  divided.  The  river  de- 
scends about  200  feet  in  a  distance  of  2  miles. 
The  E.  side  of  the  lower  valley  is  watered 
by  bold  streams  that  traverse  a  strip  of  allu- 
vion 20  miles  long  and  8  wide,  and  as  an  addi- 
tional means  of  irrigation  the  waters  of  the  Jor- 
dan might  be  taken  out  at  the  falls,  so  as  to  irri- 
gate a  surface  of  about  80  square  miles. 

Beyond  the  Jordan  on  the  W.,  the  dry  and  oth- 
erwise barren  plains  support  a  hardy  grass,  called 
bunch  grass,  which  is  peculiar  to  these  regions, 
requiring  but  little  moisture,  very  nutritious,  and 
in  sufficient  quantities  to  afford  excellent  pas- 
turage throughout  the  year  to  numerous  herds  of 
cattle.  This  same  grass  is  afforded  also  by  the 
hillsides,  but  only  during  the  summer  months. 
It  seeds  in  summer,  and  is  germinated  by  the 
autumnal  rains,  and  grows  under  the  snow.  In 
the  spring,  as  the  snow  line  retires  up  the  slope, 
the  cattle  and  wild  grazing  animals  follow  it  to 
the  mountain  peaks  until  midsummer,  to  be  driv- 
en down  again,  as  the  accumulated  snow,  begin- 
ning on  the  summits,  about  the  equinox,  descends 
in  a  few  weeks  to  the  base.  When  it  rains  in  the 
valleys,  the  snow  falls  in  the  mountains :  and  dur- 
ing winter,  an  immense  quantity  is  drifted  into 
the  canyons,  and  passes  to  the  depth  sometimes 
of  hundreds  of  feet,  whence  the  mountain  streams 
derive  their  supplies.  To  the  northward  in  the 
low  grounds  bordering  the  River  Jordan,  hay  in 
abundance  can  be  procured,  though  rather  coarse 
and  of  inferior  quality. 

Maize,  or  Indian  corn,  has  not  yet  proved  so 
successful,  owing  to  the  early  frosts  occasioned 
by  the  vicinity  of  the  mountains  ;  but  the  climate 
is  particularly  favorable  to  barley,  oats,  and 
wheat,  —  which  produces  from  40  to  60  bushels  the 
acre,  —  to  beets,  turnips,  melons,  and  especially 
potatoes,  of  which  the  quality  is  equal  or  superior 
to  the  best  Nova  Scotia  varieties. 

The  land  immediately  around  the  Great  Salt 
Lake  is  flat,  and  rises  imperceptibly  on  the  S.  and 
W.  for  several  miles  ;  and  where  it  is  not  broken 


APPENDIX. 


859 


up  by  the  abrupt  hills,  it  is  a  soft  and  sandy  loam, 
irreclaimable  for  agricultural  purposes*  The 
whole  western  shore  of  the  lake  is  bounded  by 
an  immense  level  plain  of  soft  mud,  frequently 
traversed  by  small  meandering  rills  of  salt  and 
sulphurous  water,  with  occasional  springs  of  fresh, 
all  of  which  sink  before  reaching  the  lake.  For 
a  few  months  in  midsummer,  the  sun  has  suffi- 
cient power  to  render  some  portions  of  the  plain 
for  a  short  time  dry  and  hard,  during  which  it  is 
often  covered  for  miles  with  a  coat  of  salt  half 
an  inch  thick  or  more ;  but  one  heavy  shower  is 
sufficient  to  convert  the  hardened  clay  into  soft, 
tenacious  mud,  rendering  the  passage  of  teams 
over  it  toilsome  and  frequently  quite  hazardous. 
This  extensive  ai*ca,  for  a  distance  of  75  miles 
from  the  lake,  is  for  the  most  part  entirely  bare 
of  vegetation,  except  occasional  patches  of  arte- 
mesia  and  greesewood,  and  destitute  of  water. 
The  minute  crystals  of  salt,  which  cover  the  sur- 
face of  the  moist,  oozy  mud,  glisten  brilliantly  in 
the  sun,  and  present  the  appearance  of  a  sheet  of 
water  so  perfectly  that  it  is  difficult  at  times  for 
one  to  persuade  himself  that  he  is  not  standing 
on  the  shore  of  the  lake.  High  rocky  ridges  pro- 
trude above  the  naked  plain,  and  resemble  great 
islands  rising  above  the  bosom  of  this  desert  sea. 
On  the  N.  the  tract  of  low  ground  is  narrow,  and 
the  springs  bursting  out  near  the  surface  of  the 
water,  the  grounds  cannot  be  irrigated.  But  on 
the  eastern  side,  including  the  valley  of  the  Bear 
River,  which  comes  in  from  the  N.,  the  land  above 
the  line  of  overflow,  to  which  the  lake  rises 
with  the  spring  freshets,  is  fertile  and  capable  of 
cultivation  between  the  mountain  and  the  shore. 
The  same  is  the  case  with  the  Ogden  River,  which 
breaks  through  the  Wasatch  Mountains  on  the 
W.  To  the  N,  extends  the  valley  of  the  Jordan, 
and  of  the  Utah  Lake,  already  described,  also 
that  of  the  Tuilla,  parallel  to  it  on  the  W.,  wa- 
tered by  a  small  river  of  that  name,  and  separated 
from  it  by  the  Oquirres  Mountains.  The  Bear, 
Ogden,  Jordan,  and  Tuilla  are  the  only  consider- 
able tributaries  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  The 
valleys  of  these  rivers  afford  rich  and  perennial 
pasturage,  and  are  capable  of  cultivation  wher- 
ever thev  can  be  irrigated. 

The  Great  Salt  Lake,  70  miles  long  and  30 
broad,  but  very  shallow,  is  perfectly  saturated 
with  salt,  and  its  waters  are  so  dense  that  persons 
float  cork-like  on  its  waves,  or  stand  suspended 
with  ease,  with  the  shoulders  exposed  above  the 
waters.  Yet  to  swim  is  difficult,  on  account  of 
the  tendency  of  the  lower  extremities  to  rise,  and 
the  brine  is  so  strong  that  the  least  particle  in  the 
eye  causes  intense  pain,  and  if  swallowed  in  any 
quantity,  it  brings  on  strangulation  and  vomiting. 
The  salt  makers  affirm  that  they  obtain  two 
measures  of  salt  for  every  three  of  the  brine. 
This  is  an  exaggeration ;  but  the  analysis  of 
the  water  shows  that  it  contains  20  per  cent,  of 
pure  salt,  and  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  of  other 
salts,  forming  one  of  the  purest,  and  most  con- 
centrated brines  in  the  world.  It  is  a  refreshing 
and  delightful  sport  to  bathe  in  the  Salt  Lake  ; 
but  on  emerging,  the  body  is  completely  frosted 
over  with  salt ;  and  a  fresh  spring,  of  which  many 
break  out  on  the  very  edge  of  the  lake,  is  a  neces- 
sary resort.  The  shores  in  summer  are  lined 
with  the  skeletons  and  larva?  of  insects,  and  of  the 
fish  that  venture  too  far  from  the  mouth  of  the 
rivers ;  and  these  form  banks  that  fester  and  fer- 
ment, emitting  sulphurous  gases  offensive  to  the 


smell,  but  not  supposed  to  be  deleterious  to  health. 
These,  often  dispersed  by  storms,  are  at  last 
thrown  far  up  on  the  beach  to  dry  into  hard 
cakes  of  various  dimensions,  on  which  horses  can 
travel  without  breaking  them  through ;  but  the 
under  side  being  moist,  the  masses  are  slippery 
and  insecure 

There  are  several  beautiful  islands  contained  • 
in  the  lake,  two  of  them  of  considerable  magni- 
tude, with  a  mountain  ridge  through  the  centre 
2000  feet  high,  affording  fresh  springs  of  water 
and  good  pasturage.  Around  the  contour  of 
those  islands,  and  along  the  adjacent  mountains, 
on  the  whole  circumference  of  the  lake,  the  eye 
traces  three  principal  terraces,  each  about  50  feet 
above  the  other.  At  the  base  of  the  hills  around 
the  lake  issue  numerous  warm  springs,  that  collect 
in  pools,  inviting  aquatic  fowl  during  winter  by 
their  agreeable  temperature  and  the  insect  larvae 
which  they  furnish.  Along  the  brackish  streams 
from  the  saline  springs  grows  a  thick,  tangled 
grass,  and  the  marshy  flats  are  covered  with  fine 
reeds  or  dense  fistulas.  In  early  summer  the 
shepherd  boys  fill  their  baskets  with  the  eggs  de- 
posited in  that  cover  by  the  goose,  the  duck,  the 
curlew,  and  plover ;  or,  taking  a  skiff,  they  can 
row  to  the  Salt  Lake  Islands,  and  freight  to  the 
water's  edge  with  those  laid  there  for  successive 
broods  by  the  gull,  the  pelican,  the  blue  heron, 
the  crane,  and  the  brandt. 

From  Provaux  City,  the  settlement  on  the 
Tinpanogos,  already  mentioned,  N.  to  Ogden 
City,  on  Ogden  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Weber, 
a  distance  of  90  miles,  the  base  of  the  Wasatch 
range  is  already  studded  with  flourishing  farms 
wherever  a  little  stream  flows  down  the  moun- 
tain side  with  water  sufficient  for  irrigation,  while 
in  the  gorges  and  canyons  (the  name  given  to  the 
narrow  passes  of  the  mountains,)  where  alone 
any  trees  are  to  be  found,  are  erected  the  saw 
and  grist  mills. 

To  the  S.  of  Lake  Utah,  on  one  of  its  tribu- 
taries, another  city  has  been  founded,  called 
Paysan,  and  130  miles  farther  on  the  road  to  Cali-. 
fornia,  another,  named  Marti,  in  what  is  called 
San  Pete  valley,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Sevier,  or 
Necolet  River.  Still  farther  S..  near  Little  Salt 
Lake,  250  miles  from  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  a 
fourth  settlement,  called  Cedar  City,  has  been 
laid  out,  in  a  spot  possessing  the  advantage  of 
excellent  soil  and  water,  equal,  it  is  said,  to  those 
of  Great  Salt  City  itself,  and  plenty  of  wood,  iron 
ore,  and  alum,  with  some  prospect  of  coal.  It  is 
the  ultimate  object  of  the  Mormons,  by  means 
of  stations,  whenever  the  nature  of  the  country 
will  admit,  to  establish  a  line  of  communication 
with  the  Pacific,  so  as  to  afford  a  new  route  for 
their  emigrants.  With  this  view  they  have  re- 
cently made  a  purchase,  and  established  a  colony 
at  no  great  distance  from  San  Diego,  on  the  coast 
of  California,  which  settlement  they  design  to 
connect,  by  intermediate  stations,  with  those  on 
the  Little  and  Great  Salt  Lakes. 

Several  other  settlements  have  been  established 
within  the  year  past,  including  one  in  the  Tuilla 
valley,  and  another  on  the  line  of  communication 
with  San  Diego,  which  has  been  called  Fillmore 
City,  and  made  the  seat  of  the  territorial  govern- 
ment. By  an  act  of  the  last  session  of  Congress, 
an  United  States  mail  route  has  been  established 
on  this  line,  from  Great  Salt  Lake  City,  via  Amer 
ican  Fork,  Provo  City,  Springfield,  Payson's 
Summit  Creek,  Nephi  City,  Fillmore  City,  Red 


860 


APPENDIX. 


Creek,  Paravan,  Johnson's  Springs,  and  Cold 
Creek,  to  Santa  Clara,  near  the  southern  border 
of  Utah  and  thence,  via  San  Bernardino,  near 
which  is  the  Mormon  settlement,  to  San  Diego, 
in  California. 

The  City  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  stands  in  the 
lower  valley  of  the  Jordan,  at  the  western  base  of 
the  Wasatch  Mountans,  in  a  curve,  formed  by  the 
projection  westward  from  the  main  range,  of  a 
lofty  spur  which  cuts  it  off  from  the  Great  Salt 
Lake,  which  is  distant  about  20  miles.  It  is  laid 
out  upon  a  magnificent  scale,  being  nearly  4 
miles  in  length  and  3  in  breadth ;  the  streets  at 
right  angles,  8  rods  wide,  with  sidewalks  of  20 
feet;  the  blocks  40  rods  square,  divided  into  8 
lots,  each  containing  1  acre  and  a  quarter.  By 
an  ordinance  of  the  city,  each  house  is  to  be 
placed  20  feet  back  from  the  front  line  of  the  lot, 
the  intervening  space  being  designed  for  shrub- 
bery and  trees.  On  the  W.  it  is  washed  by  the 
Jordan,  while  to  the  southward,  for  20  miles,  ex- 
tends a  broad  level  plain,  watered  by  streams 
descending  from  the  mountains,  and  all  of  which 
is  capable  of  irrigation  from  the  Jordan  itself. 
The  plain,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Jordan,  ex- 
tending north  to  the  lake,  is  low  and  barren. 
Through  the  city  flows  an  unfailing  stream  of 
pure,  sweet  water,  which,  by  an  ingenious  mode 
of  irrigation,  is  made  to  traverse  each  side  of 
every  street,  whence  it  is  led  into  every  garden 
spot.  On  the  E.  and  N.  the  mountain  descends 
to  the  plain  by  steps,  which  form  broad  and  ele- 
vated terraces,  commanding  an  extended  view  of 
the  whole  valley  of  the  Jordan,  which  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  rugged  mountains,  stretching  far  to 
the  southward,  and  enclosing  the  Lake  of  Utah. 
On  the  northern  confines  of  the  city,  a  warm 
spring  arises  from  the  base  of  the  mountains,  the 
water  of  which  has  been  conducted  by  pipes  into 
a  commodious  public  bathing  house.  At  the 
western  point  of  the  same  spur,  about  3  miles 
distant,  another  spring  flows  in  a  bold  stream 
from  beneath  a  perpendicular  rock,  with  a  tem- 
perature of  128°  Fahrenheit,  too  high  to  admit 
'the  insertion  of  the  hand. 

The  houses  of  the  city  are  built  principally 
of  adobe,  or  sun-dried  brick,  which,  when  well 
covered  with  a  tight  projecting  roof,  jnakes  a 
warm,  comfortable  building,  presenting  a  very 
neat  appearance.  Buildings  of  a  better  descrip- 
tion are  being  introduced,  though  slowly,  owing 
to  the  difficulty  of  procuring  the  requisite  lumber, 
which  must  always  be  scarce  and  dear  in  a  coun- 
try so  destitute  of  timber. 

Upon  a  square,  appropriated  to  the  public  build- 
ings, an  immense  shed  has  been  erected  on  posts, 
capable  of  containing  3000  persons.  It  is  called 
the  Bowery,  and  is  used  as  a  temporary  place  of 
worship,  until  the  construction  of  the  great  temple, 
which,  in  grandeur  of  design  and  gorgeousness 
of  decoration,  is  —  so  the  Mormons  say  —  to  sur- 
pass all  the  edifices  which  the  world  has  ever  seen. 

Energetic  measures  are  in  progress  for  a  wool- 
len factory,  the  raw  material  being  furnished  from 
the  sheep  "raised  in  the  valley.  A  pottery  is  com- 
pleted, cutlery  establishments  have  been  success- 
fully commenced,  and  extensive  arrangements 
are  going  on  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar  from 
the  beet  root,  which  succeeds  to  perfection  in  the 
valley.  Among  the  English  Mormons  are  many 
possessed  of  great  manufacturing  skill. 

Several  appropriations  of  land  and  money  have 
been  made  for  the  establishment  of  a  university. 


the  grounds  of  which  are  laid  out  and  enclosed 
on  one  of  the  terraces  of  the  mountain,  over- 
looking the  city.  A  normal  school,  for  the  edu- 
cation of  teachers,  is  already  in  operation,  and 
school  houses  have  been  built  in  most  of  the  dis- 
tricts, both  in  the  city  and  country. 

Salt  Lake  City  is  a  stopping-place  for  the  Cali- 
fornia emigrants,  a  large  part  of  whom  pass 
through  it.  Distant  from  Council  Bluffs,  171 
miles;  from  San  Francisco,  1114  miles;  from 
New  York,  via  Dubuque,  2372  miles. 


No.  3.  — ROCKTON,    N.  Y.,  HERKIMER    CO. 

Situated  74  miles  W.  from  Albany,  and  21  E. 
from  Utica.  Formerly  called  Little' Falls.  The 
Mohawk  River  descends  here  about  42  feet  in  the 
distance  of  three  fourths  of  a  mile,  by  two  long 
rapids,  separated  by  a  stretch  of  deep  water, 
affording  hydraulic  power  to  a  vast  extent,  only 
a  small  part  of  which  is  yet  employed  for  man- 
ufacturing purposes.  The  upper  rapid  is  the 
most  considerable,  i  The  name  of  Little  Falls  is 
by  way  of  contrast  with  the  Great  Falls  of  Co- 
hoes,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river.  This  vicinity 
is  much  resorted  to  in  consequence  of  the  wild 
and  romantic  scenery  of  the  gap  through  which 
the  river  passes,  crossing  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  range  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains.  The 
river  bed  is  granitic  gneiss,  very  hard,  but  easily 
quarried  for  building  stones,  and  abounding  with 
quartz  crystals,  which,  under  the  name  of 
"  diamonds,"  are  offered  for  sale  to  visitors  by 
the  children  who  collect  them.  The  wooded 
hills  rise  steep  on  both  sides  from  350  to  400  feet, 
consisting  of  sandstone,  above  which  are  exten- 
sive beds  of  blue  limestone,  much  used  for  build- 
ing purposes.  This  defile  is  2  miles  long, 
with  a  medium  breadth  of  100  rods,  and  through 
it  pass  the  Erie  Canal  on  the  S.  side  of  the  river, 
and  the  Utica  and  Schenectady  Railroad  and 
the  Mohawk  Turnpike  on  the  N.  The  canal 
ascends,  in  the  space  of  a  mile,  by  4  locks,  a 
distance  of  40  feet,  and  is  supplied  with  water 
by  a  feeder  carried  aross  the  river  by  a  handsome 
aqueduct  of  3  arches,  one  of  70,  and  two  of  50  feet 
span.  At  one  point  the  brow  of  the  hill  projects 
into  the  river,  by  which  the  canal  is  carried  by 
expensive  diggings  and  embankments,  a  part  of 
the  river  bed  being  taken  into  the  canal. 

The  village  is  principally  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
river,  and  though  the  space  is  apparently  con- 
fined, there  is  still  breadth  sufficient  for  a  large 
town.  It  contains  upwards  of  300  dwellings, 
and  is  supplied  with  water  from  a  spring  in  the 
hills,  300  feet  above  the  tops  of  the  houses. 

No.  4.  -  FALMOUTH,  ME.,  CUMBERLAND  CO. 

A  pleasant  town  at  the  head  of  Casco  Bay, 
6  miles  N.  of  Portland,  which  formed  a  part  of 
it  until  1786.  It  is  watered  by  the  Presumpscut, 
and  has  a  number  of  vessels 'employed  in  coast- 
ing and  fishing.  Some  vessels  are  built  here. 
Both  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Ken- 
nebec  and  Portland  Railroads  pass  through  it. 

No.  5.—  FREEPORT,  ME.,  CUMBERLAND  CO. 

This  town  has  a  small  harbor,  and  is  sit- 
uated at  the  head  of  Casco  Bay,  on  the  Ken- 


APPENDIX. 


861 


nebec  and  Portland  Kailroad.  19  miles  N.  E. 
from  Portland.  It  is  mainly  an  agricultural 
township,  but  has  some  ship  building  and  navi- 
gation. 

No.  6.  —  FARMINGTON,   ME.,  C.    H.  FRANK- 
LIN CO. 

Situated  on  Sandy  River,  a  western  branch 
of  the  Kennebec.  At  the  junction  of  the  Little 
Norridgewock  is  a  handsome  village,  where  the 
court  house  is.  29  miles  N.  W.  from  Au- 
gusta. Two  miles  up  the  Sandy  is  another  beau- 
tiful village,  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  academy. 
The  soil  is  of  superior  quality.  There  is  con- 
siderable trade  in  lumber,  and  some  manufac- 
tures. 

No.  7  —  GOLDSBORO',  ME.,  HANCOCK  CO. 

This  large  township,  which  lies  between 
Frenchman's  Bay  on  the  W.  and  the  large  and 
deep  inlet  of  Goldsboro'  Harbor  on  the  E.,  is 
nearly  surrounded  by  water,  and  has  several 
good  harbors.  99  miles  E.  from  Augusta.  It 
is  engaged  in  navigation  and  the  fisheries. 


No.  8.  — FARMINGTON,  N.  H.,  STRAFFORD  CO. 

Lies  36  miles  E.  N.  E.  from  Concord,  and 
18  N.  W.  by  N.  from  Dover,  by  the  Cocheco 
Railroad.  The  Blue  Hills,  or  Frost  Mountains, 
extend  nearly  through  the  town,  affording  much 
fine  scenery.  The  principal  village  is  on  the 
banks  of  the  Cocheco.  There  is  a  famous 
rock," not  far  from  the  village,  weighing  many 
tons,  and  so  exactly  balanced  on  other  rocks, 
that  it  can  be  made  to  vibrate  several  inches  by 
the  hand. 


No.  9.  —  CIRCLEVILLE,  O.,  C.  H.  PICKA- 
WAY  CO. 

Township  and  town.  The  town,  which  lies 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Scioto,  was  laid  out  in 
1810,  on  the  site  of  some  remarkable  ancient 
circular  mounds.  26  miles  S.  of  Columbus,  and 
19  N.  of  Chillicothe.  It  is  a  thriving  business 
place,  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  level  country. 
Opposite  the  town  the  bottom  land  on  the  Seioto 
is  diked  for  several  miles,  to  preserve  it  from 
overflow. 


I 


